Zimbardo

PowerPoint Presentations to Accompany 5th ed.Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Ann L. Weber Prepared by David Lundberg-Kenrick This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-42428-7 1 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 Chapter 1 Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7 2 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 True or False? Your brain makes a painkiller similar to heroin True: Naturally produced chemicals called endorphins are closely related to heroin 3 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 True or False? Many things that happen to us leave no record in memory True: Most of the information around us never reaches memory, and what does reach memory often gets distorted 4 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 True or False? You are born with all the brain cells you will ever have False: Recent research shows that some parts of the brain continue producing new cells throughout life 5 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . True or False? Both center patches are the same shade of gray 6 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . 7 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background8 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . True: The patch on the right appeared darker due to perceptual contrast with its background9 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . and may change throughout your life 10 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .True or False? Intelligence is a purely genetic trait that does not change throughout a person’s life False: Intelligence is the result of both heredity and environment. the single most common disorder. may affect up to a third of the population at some point in their lives 11 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .True or False? The most common form of mental disorder occurs in 30% of the population True: Depression. True or False? Repeated exposure to the same face leads us to like it less False: Familiar people (and their faces) are generally liked more than less familiar people 12 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . with many specialties. psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes 13 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . but fundamentally.What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology is a broad field. What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology is not Mere speculation about human nature A body of folk wisdom about people that “everybody knows” to be true 14 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . fortune telling) 15 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudoscience Pseudoscience – Any approach to explaining phenomena in the natural world that does not use empirical observation or the scientific method (e. astrology.g. graphology. teaching of psychology and applied psychology 16 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .What Do Psychologists Do? Psychology is a broad field with many specialties. grouped in three major categories: experimental psychology. What Do Psychologists Do? Experimental psychologists Conduct most research across psychological spectrum May work in private industry or for the government Often teach at college or university 17 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . What Do Psychologists Do? Applied psychologists Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems I/O Sports School Engineering Rehabilitation Clinical Counseling 18 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots? Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions. including structuralism. functionalism. Gestalt psychology. and psychoanalysis 19 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . behaviorism. Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 20 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 21 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 22 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events 23 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind 24 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . trait. developmental. cognitive. clinical.What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today? Seven main perspectives characterize modern psychology: the biological. behavioral. and socio-cultural views 25 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Seven Modern Perspectives of Psychology Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait Sociocultural 26 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait View of Human Nature: We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and environmental influences What Determines Behavior: Neural structures. biochemistry. evolutionary advantages of behaviors27 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . and innate responses to external cues Focus of Study: Sociocultural Nervous and endocrine systems. Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive View of Human Nature: People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives What Determines Behavior: Clinical Behavioral Trait Interaction between heredity and environment Focus of Study: Sociocultural Patterns of developmental change and their underlying influences 28 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . including sensation. learning. perception. memory. and language 29 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait View of Human Nature: We are informationprocessing systems What Determines Behavior: Interpretation of experience by means of mental processing Focus of Study: Sociocultural Mental processes. Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait View of Human Nature: We are driven by unconscious motives What Determines Behavior: Psychodynamic view stresses unconscious conflicts Humanistic view focuses on self-concept and need for personal growth Focus of Study: Sociocultural Counseling and psychotherapy 30 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . history of rewards and punishments Focus of Study: Sociocultural “Laws” connecting our responses to stimulus conditions in the environment 31 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait View of Human Nature: We respond to surroundings according to principles of behavioral learning What Determines Behavior: Stimulus cues. Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait View of Human Nature: Individual differences result from differences in our underlying patterns of stable characteristics What Determines Behavior: Each person’s unique combination of traits Focus of Study: Sociocultural Fundamental traits. Using trait patterns to predict behavior 32 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . social learning Focus of Study: Sociocultural Social interaction. cross-cultural differences 33 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . socialization. human behavior must be interpreted in social context What Determines Behavior: Cultures.Perspective Biological Developmental Cognitive Clinical Behavioral Trait View of Human Nature: We are social animals. social norms and expectations. like researchers in all other sciences.How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Psychologists. use the scientific method to test their ideas empirically 34 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Empirical investigation – An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data Scientific method – A five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments 35 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . criticizing. and replicating the results 36 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing. criticizing. and replicating the results Hypothesis – A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study Operational definitions – Exact procedures used in establishing experimental conditions and measurement of results 37 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing. criticizing.The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing. and replicating the results Independent variable – The variable manipulated by the experimenter Randomization – Using chance alone to determine presentation order of stimulus 38 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing. the responses of participants in a study 39 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . and replicating the results Data – Information gathered by researcher and used to test hypothesis Dependent variable – The measured outcome of a study. criticizing. and replicating the results Based on statistical analyses of results. the hypothesis is accepted or rejected 40 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing. criticizing. criticizing.The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing. and replicating the results Click to continue on to Types of Psychological Research 41 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Types of Psychological Research Experiments Experimental condition Control condition Correlational studies Correlation coefficient Survey Naturalistic observations Case studies 42 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . or interprets results Researchers must also attempt to control confounding variables 43 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . collects data.Sources of Bias Personal bias Observer bias Expectancy bias Bias could affect the way an experimenter designs a study. Controlling Bias Blind control Double-blind control 44 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Ethical Issues in Psychological Research Deception Debriefing Animal research 45 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Questions Science Cannot Answer The scientific method is not appropriate for answering questions that cannot be put to an objective. empirical test Ethics Morality Religious beliefs Preferences 46 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . Professional Organizations in Psychology American Psychological Association American Psychological Society Student groups 47 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 . End of Chapter 1 48 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2006 .