Yatra naryastu pujyante ramante tatra Devata, yatraitaastu na pujyante sarvaastatrafalaah kriyaah" is an often-quoted Manu's saying.Manusmriti (3.56) - which translated reads, 'wherever women are given their due respect, even the deities like to reside there and where they are not respected, all actions remain unfruitful'. Women Held in Highest Esteem "It is clear that the internal evidence of the Manusmriti that the anti women picture of Manu presented by some is baseless and contrary to facts. The provisions concerning women in Manu have been inspired by his sense of respect, justice and goodwill and his concern for their security and equality with men. Here are some facts of evidence in support:Maharshi Manu is the first great man of the world to have given the society the highest ideal about women which adds remarkably to the dignity, status and self respect of women. Yatra Narestu pujyantey ramantey tatra devata Yatreta too na pujyantey sarva tatrafla kriya. (Manusmriti 3-56) The correct meaning of the verse is: Gods (who stand for divine qualities, good deeds, sweet nature and blessings for the family, for obedient children and other coveted possessions) make their abode in the household in which women are treated with respect. However, where they are not shown any respect, all ventures and undertakings end in a smoke. There can be no better proof to show the reverential attitude of Manu towards women than the extremely respectful and beautiful adjectives used for women by him. He says that women in the family are instrumental in bringing good luck to the household, they are respectable; they are illuminating by their very presence and decorative in appearance they are a symbol of prosperity they are the mistresses and the sole managers of the household; they are heavenly in influence; they are conducive to a smooth worldly journey (ix-11,26,28;v-150). He adds that people wishing for their welfare must respect women, and that those families and households in which women have to suffer slights, go to dogs. According to him the real happiness and welfare of a household lies in the happiness and welfare of the women in it (Manu Smriti III-55-62). So he instructs the husband and the wife in the household to remain happy and satisfied with each other, not to act against each other and not to indulge in any such activity as may lead to their separation (Manu Smriti IX-101-102). Only one verse will suffice to bring out Manu's feelings: Prajnarth mahabhaga pujhra grihdipatya Istriya triyashc geheyshu na visheshosti kashchan (Manu Smriti 1-26). It means that women bring good luck to a household through procreation; they deserve respect and reverence; they irradiate the house with their presence. In fact there is no difference between the goddess of wealth and women." 2. SON AND DAUGHTER HAVE EQUAL STATUS "Those unacquainted with Manu's code will be pleasantly surprised to be informed that Manu is the first law-giver to have ordained that son and daughter enjoy an equal status in the family. He has given this concept a constitutional validity. He says: “putrena duhita sama” (Manu Smriti 9-130) which means that daughter is at par with son in every respect." 3. SON AND DAUGHTER:EQUAL PARTNERS IN PARENTAL PROPERTY. "Manu regards both the son and the daughter as equal heirs to parental property. This opinion finds a mention in the Manusmriti in ChapterIX-130,192. This very view has been quoted in the Nirukta as follows: Avishashna putrnam dayo bhavti dharmata Mithunana visergadoo manu svembhuvobriveet (Nirukta iii-1-4) It means in the beginning of the creation Svayambhu Manu ordained and decleared that there is equal right for son and daughter in the ancestral parental property. Manu has infact enhanced the importance of girls in the house-hold by laying down that only daughters (and not sons) are entitled to inherit the personal property of the mother(Manusmriti IX-131)". 4. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SAFETY OF WOMEN'S PROPERTY "Manu has ensured that nobody usurps the property of women under the impression that they are weaklings. He has laid down that people making such attempts, howsoever close they may be to the concerned woman, should be given the same punishment as has been presctribed for thieves (Manusmriti IX-212, III-52, VIII-2,29)." 5. STRINGENT PUNISHMENT FOR CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN "Manu has tried to ensure the security of women by laying down that the kidnappes and killers of women should be awarded capital punishment and the rapists be banished after being tortured (VIII-323, IX0232, VIII-352). Manu has given clear instructions for the redressal of all difficulties, big or small, facing women. Men have been instructed not to quarrel with mother, wife and daughter (IV-180). There is a provision for punishment to persons levelling false charges against them; to those deserting women even when they are innocent; to those who fail to fulfil conjugal obligations towards women (VIII-275,389, IX4)." 6. MARITAL FREEDOM TO WOMEN"Manu has an ideal approach on the subject of marriage of women. He has conceded to her the freedom of marrying a man of her choice who in her opinion is the most suitable for her (IX-90,91). He has allowed remarriage of a widow and has also sanctioned Niyoga (temporary attachment to a member of the opposite sex for a definite purpose such as procreation, etc)(IX-176,56-63). Marriage is a symbol of affection and respect for girls and, therefore, according to Manu dowry in any form is highly improper and hence forbidden(III-51-54). Earnestly wishing for happiness to women he suggests that it is better to remain unmarried lifelong than to marry a wicked and vicious man (IX-89)." 7. JOINT OBLIGATION AND WOMAN'S INDISPENSABILITY IN THE PERFORMANCE OF RELIGIOUS RITES. "The participation which women get in every field of activities of men in India as sanctioned by Vedic religion is of unique nature and is not to be seen elsewhere. Here no religious rite, no social ceremony and no household venture can be accomplished without women being associated. Manu also has the same creed to propound. So he entrusts the job of accomplishing religious rites and ceremonies to women, and gives directions that such rites should not be carried out without their participation. (IX11,28,96)/ During Vedic period women enjoyed all rights such as the right to study the Vedas, right to the wearing of YAJNOPAVITA(sacred thread), right to doing YAJNA(sacrificial ceremony), etc. They used to embellish the position of Brahma (the director) in the yajna ceremony. They would acquire the position of seers (exponents) of Vedic hymns after having received high education. Manu who regarded Vedas as of AXIOMATIC AUTHORITY in all religious matters was a great advocate of high education and all religious rights for women as ordained in the Vedas. That is why he rules that all the rights relating to women should be carried out under their own supervision with the chanting of Vedic hymns by them (II4,III-28)." 8. PREFERENCE TO WOMEN "The admirers of 'Ladies first' culture will be gratified to learn that Manu has instructed that we should step aside to make way for women on a priority basis. He also rules that the newly married women, the unmarried girls, ailing expectant and old women should be provided food first and then alone should husband and wife in the family take meals together(II.138, III.114, 116). All these provisions in Manu indicate the high degree of sense of respect and affection he had for womenfolk." 9. MANU NOT IN FAVOUR OF UNRESTRAINED FREEDOM TO WOMEN "It will be only pertinent to clarify in this context that Manu is an admirer of virtues and a great detractor of vices. So he accords all respect to the virtuous ladies and provides for all punishment to the vicious women. One of the characteristics of these provisions of Manu is that he is not in favour of unlimited liberty for women which may make her unsafe and consequently be extremely harmful to her. So he has warned women against jumping the security cover provided to her by the father or by the husband or by the son because such a misadventure on her part can bring a bad name to two families - one her parents' and the other her in-laws' (V-149,IX-56). However, by no means does it mean that Manu is anti-women's lib. This only implies that the first social requirement of women is security which may be provided to her by the State's law and order machinery or some man or by her own valour. Her own valour, more often than not, fails to protect her in a world dominated by sensual dacoits have required male protection and patronage. However, it will not be proper to assess Manu's contentions in the present day political perspective. Today there is a law-enforcing government and yet thousands of women have been criminally assaulted and thus compelled to go to dogs. Rape and subsequent killing of women is the order of the day and the rule of law is rendered ineffectual. The real import of Manu's words can be realized vis-a-vis a situation when there is looseness in administration consequent upon a change in the system of government following violent incidents. It is in such a situation that Manu's words prove to be perfectly true. This analysis make it clear that the provisions made by Manu are neither anti-shudra nor anti women. They are in fact, extremely fair, just, impartial and even -handed. Manu has said nothing objectionable, nothing exceptionable." E - SPURIOUS INTERPOLATIONS IN THE MANUSMRITI AND THEIR SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION "The aforementioned discussion leads us to the inevitable conclusion that the Manusmriti does have in it a large number of verses carrying noble canons and commandments. However, it is also a fact that the extremely objectionable verses which anti-Manu writers have been quoting and underscoring are imputed to Manu and his Manusmriti. This makes the scripture a carrier of paradoxes. If the later type of verses were also accepted as really from the original Manusmriti it would mean that the book has in it on the one side just and fair rules and regulations and unfair and unreasable and hence despicable proposals and postulates on the other. The crucial question is:Is it an acceptable position that a book should originally carry in it such paradoxes and self contradictory statements and commandments? When there are no apparently self contradictory statements in the composition of even ordinary writers of average intelligence how can there be such paradoxical statements in the write-up of such a legal luminary and religiously righteous sage. A plain, simple and introvertible explanation to this is one and only one: The just and noble laws are those giving the consideration to a man's potentialities, actions and abilities are originally written by Manu and those against these principles, and putting a premium on partial, unreasonable and unjust approach are interpolations added to the Manusmriti from time to time designed to suit the vested interests of interpolators. This explanation gets upheld as correct and just if we make a reference to Manusmriti itself. The original verses are contextually relevant and written in a sober style which mataches with the principles of due consideration for an individual's merits, actions and potentialities so clearly upheld by Manu. The interpolated verses are in a different style and are not only irrelevant and out of context but also thematically discordant. Thus we can determine which verses are original and which ones are interpolated. In brief can be stated the following as guiding principles for telling the original from the interpolated:Again the verses quoted in this article suggesting that women should be given due regard, should enjoy social freedom, have equality with men and have the right to education including the right to study the The commentaries available on it bear a direct testimony to this fact. which verses are subsequent motivated additions and why. regarding some of the misgivings about the Manusmriti and their resolution in a convincing manner. As a matter of fact a larger number of additions. He has pointed out some interpolated verses and has urged scholars to identify other such verses for expurgating this great work. The scholars of all shades and hues are unanimous on the issue of interpolations in the Manusmriti. Rabindranath Tagore and other national leaders and scholars too are of the same opinion.Vedas are original and those negating these postulates are interpolations. British researchers like Wooler. alterations and interpolations have been carried out in it. Till than the extra verses in the former had not been assimilated in the main body of the commentary and so had to be given in large brackets. After deletion of interpolations he came out with two editions. The Manusmriti is also sailing in the same boat. Dayananda a great Vedic scholar who had understood the dominating spirit of Manusmriti(without interpolations) could successfully debate with the orthodoxy . So it was subjected to manipulations by vested interests.the so called custodians of Vedic Dharma and meet them on on their own ground. Keith and MacDonell and the Encyclopaedia Americana also accept that the Manusmriti carries a large number of interpolations.000 verses has gradually become a stupendous volume of about one lakh verses. . "Maharshi Dayanand. conclusively and finally. It is essential to make it clear here that the interpolated verses are no longer a subject of controversy. There are 170 more verses in Kullukabhatta‟s commentary (12th century) than those found in that of Meghatithi (9th century). the founder of the Arya Samaj regards only the original and interpolations-free Manusmriti as authentic. The Mahabharta which originally carried only 10.Jolly. Dr. This book carries an appraisal of the book on the strength of arguments based on internal evidence and tells the original verses from the interpolated ones on the basis of universally acceptable yardsticks. Some readers may be interested in going deep into the question of which verses are original and why. It is a fact of history supported by written evidences that they have been made motivated additions to the ancient Sanskrit literature from time to time. The later-day commentaries carry a larger number of verses. Today's Ramayana carries hundreds of more shlokas and those in a hand-written version which is about one thousand years old and which is still lying preserved in the Nepalese archives.” The teachings of Vedas and Maharishi Manu had a great impact on Swami Dayananda Saraswati and on account of their scriptural authority that he could continue his tirade against obnoxious customs and evil practices. THIS IS THE LATEST RESEARCH ON INTERPOLATIONS IN THE MANUSMRITI.Surendra Kumar has attempted to pin point the interpreted shlokas with reason and logic on the basis of 7 measures and held 1471 verses as interpolated out of 2685 verses of Manusmriti. We should not drag such invaluable and important heritage of our country in the dirty politics of vested interests. Mahatma Gandhi in his book entitled „Varna Vyavastha‟ accepts that the objectionable verses found in the Manusmriti are subsequent motivated insertions. and thus should not desecrate it by subjecting it to indignities and insults. Hence the need of the hour is hour is that the original Manusmriti should be reckoned as authentic. Instead they have been accepted as such decisively." Note: Dr. one Vishudha Manusmriti with 1214 uninterpolated verses and the other present Manusmriti of 2685 verses. J. There is a variation in the number of verses found in other commentaries. and the opposition to Manu on the basis of interpolated shlokas should be rebutted because Manu and Manusmriti are worth taking pride in and not something condemnable. Delhi. regarding the interpolated verses clearly stating why they are decisively and conclusively interpolated and not original. The reason obviously is that it is more related and relevant to the day-to-day conduct and concerns of human beings. 455-Khari Baoli.Radhakrishnan. This edition of the Manusmriti will prove very useful in securing information regarding the original subjects taken up in the scripture for discussion. They are urged to refer to the Manusmriti(Complete) in Hindi published by the Arsh Sahitya Prachar Trust. is one metrical work of the Dharmaśāstra textual tradition of [1] ancient Vedic Sanatana Dharma. [7] a Philologist and a judge of the British Supreme Court of Judicature in Calcutta who had great respect [8] for the book. who beseeched him. presently called Hinduism.. in India. [2] or rishis. compilation of which is called 'Manusmriti'. also known as MānavaDharmaśāstra(Sanskrit: मानवधममशास्र). Shochanti jamyo yatra vinash utuashu. Manuic Laws of India prevailed during ancient times. Manusmriti (3-57) says that the society in which women are depressed is soon vanished.tatkulum. na shochanti tu yatritaa vardhatey tadhi sarvada Manusmṛti (written also as Manusmriti or Manusmruti) (Sanskrit: मनुस्मत ृ ि). on 'how to lead the life' or 'way of living' by various classes of society. The text presents itself as a discourse given by the sage Manu. Veteran sages Manu and Bhrigugave them a discourse in some 2685 shlokas. some 10. to tell them on. in the vedic state of 'Brahmavarta'. Society where women are free from suppression always moves forward. Generally known in English as the Laws of Manu. after the great floods. Apart from Indian subcontinent. Go ABOUT . Manu became the standard point of reference for all future [6] Dharmaśāstras that followed it.Swami Dayananda's attempts to relieve the cribbed and cabined womanhood of India were fully backed by his inspirational Vedic knowledge which provide for a lofty position to women both at home and in the society. Manusmriti was first translated into English in 1794 by Sir William Jones. search. which formed the territory calledGreater India.000 years ago. how to face such calamities in future by organising themselves and [3] lead an organized life with the "guidelines for all the social classes".. to a congregation of seers. or Dharmic discourse to vedic Rishis. in [4] neighbouring countries also. A copy of the Scripture (with [5] English translation) is available online. Re-imagining a World Beyond Capitalism and Communism February 21. 2013 EvoPsych: what's good and what's not February 15. Roy's recent article . February 8. ARCHIVES AJITA KAMAL FORUMS OUR NETWORK REGIONAL GROUPS INDIAN SKEPTIC CONTACT US SCIENCE & PHILOSOPHY PSEUDOSCIENCE & RELIGION HUMOR & CREATIVE ARTS FREETHOUGHT ACTIVISM POPULAR MOST DISCUSSED COMMENTS 1. 2013 NIRMUKTA ON FACEBOOK Nirmukta FB Page .How to stop this madness?February 11. Not Equalist? Hinduism: Religion. 2013 Kumbh Mela . 7. Culture or Way of Life? Biocentrism Demystified: A Response to Deepak Chopra and Robert Lanza‟s Notion of a Conscious Universe How Ashoka The Great Gave Brahmins A Song With Which They Conquered India COMMUNITY FORUMS A. 2. The Status Of Women As Depicted By Manu In The Manusmriti Cow‟s Excreta as Medicine: Insult to Humanity Why “Innovate. 4. 2013 On how I landed up in Nirmukta: An anecdote of my journey into Atheism. 3. Achieve and Lead” isn‟t enough – A BITSian‟s Perspective Why Feminist. 6. 2013 Pankaj Ravindran (Sri Sri-like quack) exposed on Raj TV (Tamil channel) February 14. 5. Nirmukta FB Group INDIAN ATHEISTS . REGIONAL GROUPS Bangalore Freethinkers Chennai Freethinkers Delhi Freethinkers Hyderabad Freethinkers Kochi Freethinkers Kolkata Freethinkers Mumbai Freethinkers Pune Freethinkers NIRMUKTA MEDIA OUT CAMPAIGN . the Manusmriti is the word of Brahma. divided into 12 chapters. It is presumed that the actual human author of this compilation used the eponym „Manu‟. accordingly. apologists often quote the verse: “yatr naryasto pojyantay. Tamil. Translations available in: Hindi. Kannada. ramantay tatr devt a[3/56] (where women are provided place of honor.. 2. According to Hindu mythology. PATWARI AUGUST 27.INDIA. gods are pleased and reside there in that household) .” – 2/214. which has led the text to be associated by Hindus with the first human being and the first king in the Indian tradition. hatred and discrimination against women. Here are some of the „celebrated‟ derogatory comments about women in the Manusmriti : 1. are capable of leading astray men in this world. “Avidvam samlam………. Women. and it is classified as the most authoritative statement on Dharma . Telugu.In solidarity with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Science and Reason. for that reason the wise are never unguarded in the company of females.The scripture consists of 2690 verses. it is likely that he belonged to a conservative Brahman class somewhere in Northern India. Bengaliand Marathi INDIAN CSICOP Indian Committee For Scientific Investigation Of Claims Of The Paranormal.. NATURALISM LOGOS You are here: Home » Pseudoscience & Religion » Organized Religion » The Status Of Women As Depicted By Manu In The Manusmriti WRITTEN BY HIRDAY N. but they deliberately forget all those verses that are full of prejudice. “Swabhav ev narinam …. 2011 7:29 PM 64 COMMENTS The Manusmriti also known as Manav Dharam Shastra. Although no details of this eponymous author‟s life are known. . Both become slaves of desire. not only a fool but even a learned and wise man.” – 2/213. While defending Manusmriti as divine code of conduct for all including women. is the earliest metrical work on Brahminical Dharma in Hinduism. It is the nature of women to seduce men in this world. Nirmukta members proudly present OUT Campaign . the status of women as depicted in the text has been interpreted as Hindu divine law. Hindu apologists consider the Manusmriti as the divine code of conduct and. true to their class character. one without hair or having excessive hair and one who has red eyes.. one who is often sick. those from a low caste.. 6. “Shudr-aiv bharya………” – 3/12.” – 3/9. trees. “Naudwahay……………. should not have his meals in the company of his wife and even avoid looking at her. .” – 5/151. Wise men should marry only women who are free from bodily defects. Wise men should not marry women who do not have a brother and whose parents are not socially well known. 10. When twice born [dwij=Brahman. degrades himself and his whole family . Food offered and served to Brahman after Shradh ritual should not be seen by a chandal. it can lead to temptation. A female child. snakes. 8. 4. a pig.” – 3/15. true defender of his class. One should not marry women whose names are similar to constellations. “Mrshyanti……………. “Heenjati striyam……. even in distress they should not marry Shudra women. slaves or those whose names inspires terror. ….” – 3/14. Kshatriya and Vaish] men in their folly marry low caste Shudra women. “Shudram shaynam……” – 3/17.” – 3/10. with beautiful names. must not look at women who applies collyrium to her eyes.” – 2/215.becomes morally degenerated .. soft limbs and small teeth.” – 4/43.” – 4/217. “Chandalash ……………” – 3/240. moderate hair on the head and body. one who is massaging her nude body or one who is delivering a child. 11. 15. “Balye pitorvashay…….. One should not accept meals from a woman who has extra marital relations. “Nraksh vraksh ……….” – 5/150. and a menstruating women. Although Brahman. they are responsible for the degradation of their whole family.a dog. “Yasto na bhavet …. Kshatriya and Vaish men have been allowed inter-caste marriages. 7.3.” – 3/8. 18. One should not marry women who has have reddish hair. guests also refuse to have meals with him and he is bound to go to hell after death. In no circumstances is she allowed to assert herself independently. mountains. A Brahman in order to preserve his energy and intellect. A Brahman who marries a Shudra woman. rivers. Furthermore. The offerings made by such a person at the time of established rituals are neither accepted by God nor by the departed soul.. grace/gait like an elephant. “Na ajyanti………………. birds. “Daiv pitrya………………” – 3/18. “Na ashniyat……………. young woman or old woman is not supposed to work independently even at her place of residence. “Balya va…………………. daughter or sister. 9.Brahman men can marry Brahman.” – 3/11. Accordingly. Vaish and even Shudra women but Shudra men can marry only Shudra women. “Uchayangh……………. he should not look towards her when she is having her meals or when she sneezes/yawns. Girls are supposed to be in the custody of their father when they are children. women must be under the custody of their husband when married and under the custody of her son as widows. loses Brahman status and his children too attain status of shudra. 13. 16.. Wise people should avoid sitting alone with one‟s mother. “Matra swastra ………. 5. A Brahman. redundant parts of the body [such as six fingers]. their children adopt all the demerits of the Shudra caste. nor from a family exclusively dominated/managed by women or a family whose 10 days of impurity because of death have not passed. 17.. Since carnal desire is always strong. 14. Kshatriya. 12.” – 4/44. “Na Brahman kshatriya. a cock. “Bhartaram……………. 33. becomes the embryo and is born again of her. “Asheela kamvrto………” – 5/157. the act is not punishable.” – 8/370. she is to be punished and kept in isolation. “Na ast strinam………. “Imam hi sarw………. nor make vows or observe a fast. “Vidwayam……………. 28. 30. 26. In case a man from a lower caste enjoys sex with a woman from a higher caste. but by no means a second one. and yet women must constantly worship and serve their husbands. “Ya to kanya……………. “Kanyam bhajanti……. After death. proud of the greatness of her excellence or her relatives.” – 9/3. She must not even mention the name of any other men after her husband has died. But on the contrary. sleeping for unreasonable hours and dwelling -are six demerits of women 31. association with wicked persons.19. immutable temper and natural heartlessness. she enters womb of Jackal. 29. ..” – 8/364. “Vyabhacharay…………” – 5/167. roots of vegetables and fruits. under her husband as a woman and under her son as widow. 25. And if a person satisfies his carnal desire with women of his own caste. immoral and devoid of any good qualities..” – 5/158. 23. the King shall arrange to have her thrown before dogs at a public place. “Pita rakhshati……….” – 9/6. Even physically weak husbands must strive to control their wives. rambling around. At her pleasure [after the death of her husband]. violates her duty towards her husband. “Kamam to………………” – 5/160. “Panam durjan………” – 9/13. if women enjoy sex with lower caste men. “Naita rupam……………” – 9/14. because women are lacking in strength and knowledge of Vedic texts. she is to be kept under the custody of her father as child. 27. 35.. Women have no divine right to perform any religious ritual. While performing namkarm and jatkarm. be sexual perverts. Any women violating duty and code of conduct towards her husband. be anointed with clarified butter and silently beget one son. they are not loyal to their husbands. 34. let her emaciate her body by living only on pure flowers. “Utmam sevmansto……. she may obtain offspring by cohabitation with her brother-in-law [devar] or with some other relative [sapinda] on her inlaw‟s side. “Devra…sapinda………” – 9/58. The husband. In case women enjoy sex with a man from a higher caste. separation from her husband. she shall instantly have her head shaved or two fingers cut off and made to ride on Donkey. Because of their passion for men. In case a woman tears the membrane [hymen] of her Vagina. It is the duty of all husbands to exert total control over their wives. 24.” – 9/60. “Pati bharyam ………. This explains why women are called Jaya. is disgraced and becomes a patient of leprosy. In case a women. Vedic mantras are not to be recited by women. Since women are not capable of living independently. Such women are not loyal and have extra marital relations with men without consideration for their age. Consuming liquor. 20. He who is appointed to cohabit with a widow shall approach her at night.” – 8/365. On failure to produce offspring with her husband. Men may be lacking virtue. Women are impure and represent falsehood. 22.” – 8/369. after the conception of his wife.” – 9/8. “Poonshchalya…………” – 9/15. the person in question is to be awarded the death sentence. 32. he should be asked to pay c ompensation to the women‟s faith. 21. Her only duty is to obey and please her husband and she will for that reason alone be exalted in heaven. “Na asti strinam………” – 9/18. ” – 9/80. Introduction (1) People. with pure intent her brother-in-law [devar] will cohabitate with her until she conceives.” – 9/93.36. males between the age of 24 and 30 should marry a female between the age of 8 and 12. Confucianism into HRM. In case a Brahman man marries Shudra woman. It is universal and non- . 2003). Islamic. 1. There has also been an increasing interest in integrating spirituality and management as the numbers of articles on spirituality in management journals are increasing (Kale and Shrivastava. Although several studies have been done to integrate other schools of thought such as Christianity. Buddhism. In accordance with established law. some relevance and contributions of the Bhagavad-Gita in HRM is explored in this paper. “Ati kramay……………” – 9/77. 38. “Yatha vidy……………. 40. “Vandyashtamay……. but she who is quarrelsome may be superseded without delay. and many other spiritual schools of thought.” – 9/177.” – 9/70. Kedah MALAYSIA. “Trinsha………………. 2.. In case of any problem in performing religious rites. their son will be called „Parshav‟ or „Shudra‟ because his social existence is like a dead body. SRW with Reference to the Bhagavad-Gita & Human Resource M anagement (HRM) By Balakrishnan Muniapan Email : [email_address] Sungai Petani. Any women who disobey orders of her lethargic. Based on text and content analysis of selected verses from the Bhagavad-Gita . meditation. Vedanta. 3. The Bhagavad-Gita is an ancient Indian spiritual and philosophical text and is more than 51 centuries ago. 37. yoga. 39. Chinmayananda (2003) asserted that from time to time an ancient philosophy needs intelligent re-interpretation to apply effectively in the context of modern times. “Yambrahmansto……. The Bhagavad-Gita is a sermon given by Sri Krishna to Arjuna regarding the correct technique of life. alcoholic and diseased husband shall be deserted for three months and be deprived of her ornaments. Abstract In line with the growing interest in SRW. the sister-in-law [bhabhi] must be clad in white garments. this paper explores the Bhagavad-Gita and its contributions and relevance to the field of HRM. transpersonal psychology. Taoism. limited studies have been done to explore and also to integrate the Bhagavad-Gita (Vedanta) into HRM. today is exploring philosophy. A barren wife may be superseded in the 8th year. she whose children die may be superseded in the 10th year and she who bears only daughters may be superseded in the 11th year. 2001). Objectives of the Paper The broad purpose of this paper is to explore the contribution and the relevance of the Bhagavad-Gita. the 5 Pandavas and 100 Kauravas to claim the kingdom of Hastinapura. The Mahabharata narrates the war between two cousins. The author of this paper. which is the interpretation of ancient literatures. 6. Methodology Qualitative research methodology called hermeneutics. The Mahabharata was composed by Sri Vyasa Muni (son of Parasara Muni) and was written by Sri Ganesa and it has 110. The BhagavadGita appears in 700 verses (of which 575 are uttered by Sri Krishna) in Bhisma Parva of the Mahabharata and consists of 18 chapters. one of the oldest languages in the world. The Mahabharata was written in the Sanskrit language. consultant and of the Bhagavad-Gita as a student for many years. which presents one of the Indian ( Vedic ) views on HRM. The battlefield represent our body where an unending battle is raging between the forces of good and evil. Introduction (2) 5. The translation of the Bhagavad-Gita requires a good mastery of Sanskrit . The Bhagavad-Gita was given on the battlefield before the commencement of the war.000 verses. The philosophy of BhagavadGita should not be viewed from spiritual perspectives only but also as a guide in developing HRM effectiveness as HRM is culture specific and culture has a great impact on HRM and each country and community has to develop its own system of HRM (Sharma. Hermeneutics is also concerned with the usage of language and the process of using language. also has the knowledge and experience of HRM as a lecturer. As a result the main English translation of the Bhagavad-Gita verses quoted in this paper is based on the authoritative translation of AC Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The background for the Bhagavad-Gita is the epic Mahabharata.sectarian and its teachings are applicable not only to Indians and Hindus but to everybody 4. . 9. confidence and to increase his (Arjuna) effectiveness due to his (Arjuna) intra-personal conflict. there is no doubt that the principles propounded in the Bhagavad-Gita are useful for managers to mould their character and strengthen the self in improving their HRM effectiveness 8. as such other Indians who are not Hindu will find it difficult to accept the Bhagavad-Gita However. and appraising”. training. sociology. Bhagavad-Gita and HRM The Bhagavad-Gita was delivered by Sri Krishna to boost Arjuna‟s declining morale. Unlike the western approach to HRM. rewarding human resources and maintenance of human resources (Mondy et al (2000). 4) defines HRM as “the policies and practices involved in carrying out the „people‟ or human resource aspects of a management position. rewarding. goal setting and many others aspects of management which can be used as a guide to increase HRM effectiveness. Limitations The Bhagavad-Gita is perceived as a spiritual and philosophical text. anthropology. which focuses in exploring the external world of matter and energy. motivation. . transformational leadership. 7. as such it is not directly related to HRM The BhagavadGita is also perceived only as an Hindu scripture. conflict management. HRM activities in organization can broadly classified into four namely acquisition of human resources. social psychology. which was to fight or not to fight the war at Kurukshestra Sri Krishna gave not only spiritual enlightenment but also the art of self management. development of human resources. HRM HRM is an interdisciplinary field with contributions from various fields such as psychology. screening. which focuses on exploring the inner world of the self. including recruiting. stress. motivation. the Bhagavad-Gita recommends a HRM approach. economics and finance (Muniapan. anger management. political science. p. 2005) Dessler and Tan (2006. G. which arise from mental concoction. It does not become you. embarked on the following sermon:. Strengthening of the Mind as the Essential HRM (1) Sri Krishna. thus purified.G. But the strong and virile one is heroic. 10. the mind is the best of friends . then he is to be in pure transcendental consciousness. 2.35) 13. (B. He cannot achieve anything great. to revive Arjuna‟s motivation 11. and when his mind. He is the accomplisher of everything in life”. guide. (B. as a result even a small obstacle coming in its way may make it lose initiative. O Krishna. developer). A rjuna said: For the mind is restless. more difficult than controlling the wind. 1992. (B. it seems to me. but it is possible by constant practice and by detachment.G. p. do not yield to this degrading impotence. is good for nothing.6. 6. 6. Sri Krishna also described that for one who has conquered the mind. obstinate and very strong. Sri Krishna described that when a man gives up all varieties of desire for sense gratification. played the role of teacher (HR trainer. Give up such petty weakness of heart and arise.3) Sri Krishna desired that Arjuna as well as all the readers of Bhagavad-Gita could cast off weakness of heart in performing duties.55) . turbulent.6) In defining „ Shitaprajna‟.“ O son of PrthA (Arjuna). the mind will be the greatest enemy. 2. (B. Strengthening of the Mind as the Essential HRM (2) HRM programs in organizations should focus in creating and developing managers and organizational members to be strong and be mentally fearless as an untrained mind is very weak and unstable . 12.34) S ri K rishna said: O mighty-armed son of Kunti (Arjuna).G. When Arjuna saw his friends and relatives. but for one who has failed to control their mind. finds satisfaction in the self alone. and to subdue it is. 119) “he who is soft and weak minded like the puffed rice soaked in milk. it is undoubtedly very difficult to curb the restless mind. he was de-motivated Sri Krishna. a person with stable intelligence. The mind of the manager must be firm in driving the organizational resources (HR) towards vision and mission. O chastiser of enemy” (B.G. In the words of Sri Ramakrishna (Chidbhavananda. time. eyes. for doing so is better than not working. symbolize the mind .18. determination. ministers. 15. including kings. the five horses represent the five senses (tongue. and the passenger is the self . the driving instrument. 16. (B.G 3. I n the chariot of the body. stress.21) When Sri RAma was faced with similar situation ( Uttara Kanda of Ramayana ). Sri Krishna motivates and encourages Arjuna to do his duty and not to run away from the battlefield. Perform your prescribed duty.G. HRM through Duty and Setting Example (2) The manager (leader) in the context of organization needs to set example to their followers as whatever the leader does. among others. community leaders.53). The reins. The organizational interest or the duty must always be above the self (Muniapan. anger. the followers will follow and whatever standards or example the leader sets people in general will follow . HRM through Duty and Setting Example (1) Duty is given great importance in the Bhagavad-Gita . Sri Krishna stressed the aspects such as controlling the mind. One cannot even maintain one‟s physical body without work (B. Duty in the organizational context goes beyond contractual agreement in the employment relationship . This lesson in leadership given by Sri Krishna is not only limited to leaders in the work organization but each and every leader. Personal management includes all aspects of management of oneself such as managing life.8) Sri Krishna further stressed that duty needs to be done without attachment and for those who do their duty without attachment will attain the supreme goal (B. 2005).G 3. . 14. the driver is the intelligence . fathers or teachers. he exhibited his role as an ideal king when he banished his beloved wife SitA. 17.G. Personal Management (1) The Bhagavad-Gita stresses the importance of personal management first before personnel management (HRM) . nose and skin). 3. ears.51.19) Sri Krishna instructed Arjuna to perform his work (duty) for the sake of educating the people in general. fear and self-control In explaining the position of a self realized person (B. they should not let the mind to be controlled by the senses. M anagers should use their intelligence to control the mind. 18. Motivating employees . conditioned by the effort‟s ability to satisfy some individual need”. HRM & Motivation The term “motivation” refers to the driving forc e (internal and external). complete delusion arises.63) 18. Arjuna. self-control. Sri Krishna was not only his friend but also his mentor and teacher. honesty. Sri Krishna stressed the qualities such as peacefulness. The self realized masters could impart their knowledge because they have seen the truth. purity. knowledge.34). false pride and anger as essential part of self management. When memory is bewildered. The need to create a learning culture and learning organization is an important task of the manager. courage in battle. The manager as a mentor or teacher should have the knowledge and experience to develop their student‟s ability to perform their duty towards the organization. Sri Krishna identified qualities such as heroism. 20. 2.G. free from false ego. For Arjuna.G. Sri Krishna highlighted the need for a teacher when he told Arjuna to learn the truth by approaching a spiritual master and inquire from him submissively and render service unto him. wisdom and religiousness and in describing the qualities of ksatriyas \(administrative managers) (B. power of speech. 444) defines motivation as “the willingness to exert high levels of effort to reach organizational goals. Robbins. Personal Management (2) In describing qualities of brahmanas (intelligent managers) (B. and from delusion bewilderment of memory. intelligence will be lost and when intelligence is lost one falls down (B.giving up sense gratification. resourcefulness. 18. asked Sri Krishna for guidance and Sri Krishna guided not only Arjuna. 18. being free from attachment and hatred. body and mind control. generosity and leadership.G. taking the role of student. determination. HRM & the Need for a Teacher In the Bhagavad-Gita (4. In the organizational context. austerity.43). The Bhagavad-Gita gives the importance to personal management before personnel management (HRM). which explains behavior. S (2003. power. Sri Krishna described that from anger. p. 19.42). but also the entire Pandavas to win the war. He lifted his arms ready to fight the war. This is due to Sri Krishna. This is transformation management (leadership). . Arjuna's illusion has now gone. This is a lesson in HRM . 22.towards high performance is the task of every manager. encourage followers to question their own way of doing things. Although the level of motivation varies among individuals. energized and acted according to Sri Krishna‟s instruction. Arjuna was motivated. He (Arjuna) stood steady on the ground with bow and arrow in hand. Conclusion Modern HR managers and consultants can benefit from the philosophy of Bhagavad-Gita . 21. as quoted by Narayana (1998) who explained what happened after the Bhagavad-Gita . which can serve as a guide in HRM. Sri Krishna focused on the internal (intrinsic) motivation more than external (extrinsic) motivation. Transformational leaders (HR managers) exhibit charisma. Sri Krishna motivates and energizes Arjuna to do his duty. In many verses of the Bhagavad-Gita . Transformational Leadership After hearing 575 verses from Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad-Gita . He is motivated to win the war for the Pandavas. 23. 1993) cited in Krishnan and Srinivas (1998). however the BhagavadGita has remained and will remain to be relevant and continue to contribute to HRM for many centuries to come. Many new western HRM approaches will continue to emerge. who became the adviser for Arjuna and transformed him (Arjuna) and the Pandavas to victory. Mere imitation of western HRM approaches may not be appropriate in the Indian (Asian) context due to differences in the cultural environment. Sri Krishna demonstrated transformational HR leadership qualities in developing and guiding Arjuna to victory in the war. the manager firstly must understand the employee‟s need. and treat followers differently but equitably based on follower need (Bass and Avolio. Written thousands of years ago. and many other spiritual schools of thought. there will be Victory Thank You B alakrishnan M uniapan [email_address] It is widely acknowledged that religion has a powerful influence over the human behavior. Introduction: The Bhagavad-Gita is not simply a fountain of wisdom for philosophers. limited studies have been done to explore and integrate the Bhagavad-Gita into HRM. There has also been an increasing interest in integrating spirituality and management as the numbers of articles on spirituality in management journals are increasing (Kale and Shrivastava. drawn up opposite one another on the field. Buddhism. transpersonal psychology. It has a view of the ways religious life and treats of the paths of knowledge. How Krishna is acting in different potencies. Key Words: Human Resource Management. Islamic and Confucianism into HRM. meditation. problems that have bothered humanity in one way or the other. Taking perspectives from the sculpture. poor. today is exploring philosophy. Human beings carry these learning‟s to organizations. The Bhagavad-Gita is one of the best known and most frequently translated of the Vedic religious text. his cosmic form. Wherever there is Sri Krishna and Arjuna. 2003). It has mystery as Krishna demonstrates Arjuna. It is universal and non-sectarian and its teachings are applicable not only to Indians and Hindus but to everybody. The philosophy of Bhagavad-Gita should not be viewed from spiritual perspectives only but also as a guide . The broad purpose of this blog is to explore the contribution and the relevance of the Bhagavad-Gita. may be. Knowledge. in a dormant fashion. which presents one of the Indian ( Vedic ) views on HRM. Although several studies have been carried out to integrate other school of thoughts such as Christianity. Bhagavad-Gita. Taoism.. Vedanta. for its setting is a scene of two great armies. [continues] People. poised for battle. 24. An interesting perspective is that we may integrate these learning‟s with firms Human Resource Management. All religions have put forth basic guiding principles and tenets for mankind to follow. yoga. is also explained in the text. The Bhagavad-Gita is a sermon given by Sri Krishna to Arjuna regarding the correct technique of life. banners flying.. this paper presents a managerial grid to link its various learning‟s with Human Resource models and practices. discipline & faith and inter-relationships. Bhagavad-Gita. works. It reveals several secrets of the path to managerial processes. It has drama. Bhagavad-Gita enlighten us on strategies and managerial techniques leading to a balanced state of affairs providing guidance to resolve conflict. Leadership 1. Learning‟s. in developing HRM effectiveness as HRM is culture specific and culture has a great impact on HRM and each country and community has to develop its own system of HRM Page 1 Arsha Vidya Newsletter . The Gita teaches how one‟s aim in life can be achieved. which is to be studied by anyone interested in Indian philosophy. by doing his duty with devotion. integrating many different threads of Indian philosophy. Let me bow with folded hands to Indian Maharishi Veda Vysa.April 2012 23 Abstract One of the greatest contributions of India to the world is Holy Gita which is considered to be one of the first revelations from God. and meditation. Among all the sacred texts of India. of Mahabharata which was compiled by Veda Vyasa. The eighteen chapters of the Bhagavad-Gita are found in the Bhisma-parva (23-40). Many philosophers. who contributed to the world the “supreme knowledge” through his writings on various sacred texts. the Gita greatly influenced the east and the west. It gives correct solution to all the problems in human life. transcendentalists were deeply influenced by its insights. Gita is one of the most popular and accessible of all Indian scriptures. and . howsoever it may be difficult. One has to do his duty as mother looks after a child. psychology.Their . devotion.thousands of individuals struggling with many problems have found comfort and wisdom in its pages. Max Muller and Charles Wilkins who first translated to English in 1784. Jung. The influence of this most renowned of all the Indian scriptures has spread far beyond its religion of origin to inspire figures as diverse as Henry David Thoreau. All dimensions of human life have been explained in this. Its concern is to help us get out of the problems that we ourselves have created in our own minds. and the problem that he faced arose at a certain height of ethical concern in the midst of an actual and symbolic battlefield (Kurukshetra. for more than five millennia. served as a guide to liberation through a life of knowledge. spirituality. which is also Dharmakshetra). Bhagavad Gita And Management We may say that Arjuna to whom the teaching is addressed is a representative man. G. Bhagavad-Gita has. The Gita gives answers for any problem in any relationship. It begins with Sri Krishna teaching the essence of human being that he is not the body but the immortal soul. and action without aiming the fruits of attachment to results. Ralph Waldo Emerson. The greatest significance of the Gita lies in the fact that it proposes a solution to a central typical problem of human life that presents itself at a certain critical stage of development. The best philosophy. Aldus Huxley. The ancient science of life is called the Srimad Bhagavad-Gita from the great country India that invented the number zero. C. The Gita teaches the first masterly attempt at harmony and synthesis. religion and yoga are contained in the Gita. the meaning of not only the entire Gita. Sri Sanakacharya the great philosopher of India said that. . spiritual and emotion. in the 15th chapter. fearful. It comes into our life and gives us spiritual perspective to our attitudes. .April 2012 24 original language. social. rich or poor. It provides “all that is needed to raise the personality of man to the highest possible level” and self improvement which means self guided improvement in physical. has shown the way of life for all men. During times of commotion we may feel unsure. the sublime and ennobling counsel of the Gita has endeared it to truth-seekers of East & West alike. tense and confused. is presented briefly and completely. mental. The Gita teaches the philosophy of human psychology.translations stand out from all the others first of all for its careful faithfulness to the Page 2 Arsha Vidya Newsletter . how to operate in the world. without attachment. but also for the extensive tools for understanding. but also all that is known in the entirety of the Vedas. behaviour and personality. Almost al the freedom fighters of India strongly believed that they got inspirations and motivation from Gita. Through the centuries. The spiritual philosophy and management lessons in this holy book were brought in to light of the world by saints. philosophers and other eminent personalities and they call the Bhagavad-Gita the essence of Vedic Literature and a complete guide to practical life. Its gospel of devotion to duty. learned or ignorant. you have also the negation of this ability. expansion of intellect and then only one can . a special realisation. you are able to unfold your inner potential and that is freedom and that is happiness all of us are seeking. In the Gita Krishna says: “Change your attitude toward work. One has a special mission. Always one will see that within him the shadow & the light are equal: you have ability. They stress the importance of spiritual and ethical values for corporate and personal success. We expect energy to get task done. Swami Vivekananda said that system of education should aim at character building. Otherwise we come to a state where we are just for the gross rewards. and each one individually can face all the obstacles necessary to make one‟s realisation perfect.who have sought for light in life. When you change your attitude (not geared toward rewards) and continue to do your work. achieving strength of mind. Energy exists in all human beings to fulfil the purpose of the aim of the life. But if one discover a very black hole. universal truths of life that speak to the needs and aspirations of everyone which is relevant even today in Gita. It is up to him to know how to understand the one to realise the other. be sure there is somewhere in him a great light. Their followers in their respective establishment are continuing their mission by keeping this lantern burning always knowing the wishes of the modern generations. The Lord Krishna reveals the deep. Maharishi interprets the Indian philosophy. religion and culture for modern day managers so that they may attain excellence in whatever work they are engaged. a thick shadow. Furthermore the death of the body does not harm the soul. society and nation.April 2012 25 with deep misgivings. (Gita 2-. shake it off. he feels to kill his relatives and friends would be a great sin. Those people can bring a lasting and transformative effect and will be assets for their family. (Gita. Sri Krishna says that you speak like a wise person but grieving over something.stand on one‟s own feet. Arjuna got mentally depressed in the battle field when he saw his relatives with whom he has to fight. Lord Krishna says O Arjiuna from where has this delusion come? How could this delusion come upon a great person such as you. Please instruct me. Arjuna face the . as the immortal quote of the Gita runs. In this condition I am asking You to tell me for certain what is best for me.2&3). To motivate him the BhagavadGita is preached in the battle field Kurukshetra by Lord Krishna to Arjuna as counselling to do his duty while multitudes of men stood by waiting. obstructing the path to heaven? O Arjuna give up this faint-heartedness. This kind of mental weakness is unbecoming to a strong person such as you. Arise and fight. (Mental health has become a major international public health concern now). the wise do not grieve for. On the eve of battle Arjuna is filled Page 3 Arsha Vidya Newsletter . Now I am Your disciple.2-11). Arjuna said that now I am confused about my duty and have lost all composure because of miserly weakness. and a soul surrendered unto You.(Gita 2-7). the Gita will lead you to God both the intellectual way and the devotional way. there are many who are contended and happy but are not achievers. But on the other hand if you are a devotee of Lord Krishna and read it with devotion. motivation. So if you study the same in a logical manner. it only depends on you and you are your own alchemist. confidence and to increase his effectiveness. where a peaceful atmosphere with sunlight flows and serene atmosphere prevail.problem of conflict between emotions and intellect. Gita also shows how challenge as an opportunity to find the way to success. One should be a great achiever and at the same time should live a peaceful life and it can be assured that a study of Gita will serve both these purposes. What is needed today is a combination of these two qualities. have great social prestige yet do not enjoy life. The Gita contains the unwritten laws of the universe. then also you will achieve salvation. On the other hand. and Truthfulness etc. stress. May the womb of nature embrace all with tranquil blessings from this day forward? Let this attract one‟s attention affecting them positively. Sincerity. So. you will achieve salvation. Indian Vedic contribution is a reservoir of Vibrant Information and Harmonious Creativity. and . In the storm of life we struggle through myriads of stimuli of pressure. Today there are innumerable professionals and industrialists who are great achievers. It is a sanctuary of the self a creative venue which serves as an enduring expression of lightness. The Gita was delivered by Sri Krishna to boost Arjuna‟s declining morale. Gita teaches Honesty. In all organizations. Today it has found its place as an alternative to the theory of modern management and also as a means to bring back the right path of peace and prosperity for the human beings. creed. in the office or factory and in Government. policies and practice. Management is a systematic way of carrying out activities in any field of human effort. medical and judicial domain of the world. If only we could stop for a moment and allow this to happen. priorities. if we look closely to ancient techniques we shall discover the magnificent way to understand and realize the ones around us and mostly ourselves. Introduction In this modern world the art of Management has become a part and parcel of everyday life. and religion. and managers are always involved . We are so suppressed by the routine of this every life style that most of us seem helpless. However.April 2012 26 entered the managerial. management principles come into play through the management of resources. May all beings be happy (Loka Samastha Sukhino Bhavanthu) is the essence of Indian philosophy? The ancient Indian philosophy of keeping mind and body for the well being has Page 4 Arsha Vidya Newsletter . Management is a continuing process.multi problems that seek for a solution and answer. finance and planning. where a group of human beings assemble for a common purpose irrespective of caste. be it at home. Managers strive to be effective and efficient and these principles help them. professional work and personal life is that we don‟t seem to enjoy what we are doing. Management need to focus more on leadership skills e.in some way with the principles of: planning. organizing. and good managers will use them. We need weekend getaways if work is perceived as drudgery and an avoidable aspect of our life.g. participative and empowering in how visions and goals are established and carried out. These management principles are universal and applicable to all types of businesses and organizations. influencing. Such a perspective can never get the best from work place that modern business management is worried about. Today the children say “I am bored”. Young professionals want to adopt the western model of “weekend getaway”. that everyone feels . and guiding others to accomplish them. It also asserts thatleadership must be more facilitative. controlling and decision making. we get bored. Stress management is a big issue today.: establishing vision and goals. communicating the vision and goals. These principles are not isolated but are interwoven throughout the manager‟s thoughts and actions. What is this boredom? Why does it happen? Because we don‟t enjoy what we are doing. Today‟s life is so. These principles are designed to help managers accomplish organizational objectives. One of the biggest problems that we are facing in our daily life. Managers must combine and coordinate these principles and must maximize their value to achieve their goals. gain and loss. Generally people think that earning lot‟s of money and enjoying it. We forget about the true happiness in life and how it can be attained.38) Having made pleasure and pain. In our life we either run after money or we try to make our near and dear ones happy in life. we face lot of tensions and our mind is full of stress all the time. due to one reason or the other. is the aim of life and Page 5 Arsha Vidya Newsletter . engage thou in battle for the sake of battle. much pain comes in our life. they may give you joy for the time being. thus thou shall not incur sin. Money and material things may give us joy at present but when these material things are not in our life. Whatever things we acquire or whatever relations we make on this world stage is only in between your birth and death. victory and defeat the same.April 2012 27 they think that can give them happiness in life. Tato yuddhaaya yujyaswa naivam paapamavaapsyasi. (Gita. In this busy life. Some day. Till the time these relations are with you. Sukhaduhkhe same kritwaa laabhaalaabhau jayaajayau.2. We all are very busy at our work place & in our home life also. We all know that we have come to this world alone & shall leave this world alone only. these things or relations shall leave you . But in the absence of these relations our mind feels pain & sorrow. Same is the case with human relations.to be very busy in this hectic day to day life. Whatever we seek to learn. Similarly the messages will be vast but what we get from it depends on our capacity to absorb. Based on the state of feelings. he will not be able to find perfect love in life. There is plenty of water in an ocean. separation shall occur from these one day. each person can understand the Gita depending on the stage that they have reached in the spiritual path. We do not seem to address why one should get stressed in the first place. Any infatuation to material things or relations is going to give you pain only. Each person who reads the Gita. It can give lessons to a beginner as well as a pundit. but what you can bring away from it depends on the size of the vessel that you take. can understand it from a different level. whenever. Most of the knowledge and help we get from the modern day thinking is to suppress or divert our attention from the issue of stress. we can get it from the Gita. Unless one seeks a perfect and permanent thing in life. The Gita can be compared to a wish fulfilling tree. It also offers direct ideas and sets us in a state of contemplation. understand complex things that we go through in simple terms (just as the example of birth and death). Gita also offers perspectives on how to manage certain things in life.within this lifetime or ultimately you have to leave all these in the end. The . They implicitly operate with an assumption that stress will be inevitably generated and the solution lies in doing something about it once we are stressed. “Let us kill it or run away from it by some means after it happens” is the basis for stress management. Only then we can attain fulfilment in our lives. technical systems such as production and office operation have great effect on social system such as personal. This creative problem solving is accomplished through four functions of management: planning. By repeated reading and studying only we can achieve this.basic message of the Gita is the same and its purpose is to transform humanity to divinity. This concept places importance on labour and lower-level office work and ignores other managerial knowledge. Socio technical systems approach. We should approach it with devotion and commitment and not only try to learn the teachings. Managing is not a pure science and hence . We should therefore not take such a book lightly. Page sponsored by: A Well Wisher Page 6 Arsha Vidya Newsletter . leading and controlling. but more importantly strive to practice it. In this concept managing is treated as mathematical processes. Management is creative problem solving method. The intended result is the use of an organization‟s resources in a way that accomplishes its mission and objectives.April 2012 28 Some people assert that this really isn‟t a change in the management functions rather it‟s re-emphasizing certain aspects of management. It is viewed as a purely logical process and is expressed in mathematical symbols and relationships. organizing. Treating an organization as formed of different systems is known as systems approach.cannot be completely modelled. Successful planning is a process. It is the foundation for success. Samuel Certo. This „ripple effect‟ influences the effectiveness of the organization. and 6) . in the Principles of Modern Management. Systems theory was first applied in the fields of science and engineering. A change in any one of these systems may affect all or some other systems to varying degrees. 5) Develop plans to pursue the chosen alternative – a manager should develop strategic and tactical plans. 4) Choosing the best alternative for reaching objectives – evaluate the alternatives based on your assumptions and choose. It also has found wide acceptance in the practice of management. 2) Listing alternative ways of reaching objectives – a manager should list several available alternatives. It is the first management principle that must be developed and all the others are interrelated to it. Just as human body is formed of different interdependent systems so is also an organization. 3) Develop premises upon which each alternative is based – these premises are assumptions and these assumptions will help you work through the alternatives. To understand the interactions and the consequences between the various systems of the organization the managers should posses the ability to get a perspective view. suggests there are six steps in the planning process: 1) Stating organizational objectives – the objectives must be clear for proper planning. to make their weaknesses irrelevant. and empowerment.Putting the plans into action – organization can not benefit until the plans are put into action. His groundbreaking work turned modern management theory into a serious discipline. decentralization. and he influenced or created nearly every facet of its application. Its task is to make people capable of joint performance. both short plans and long range plans. and has coined such terms as the “knowledge worker. privatization. including corporate social responsibility. says the Management Guru Peter Ducker whose career as a writer. consultant and teacher spanned more than six decades.” It .
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