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“ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OFYASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA) ” By DR.SOBAGIN.M.V B.A.M.S DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF “DOCTOR OF MEDICINE” (AYURVEDA) In RASASHASTRA GUIDE DR.M.C.PATIL M.D.(R.S) Prof. Head of the Department of Rasashastra. CO-GUIDE DR. GIRISH.N.DANAPPAGOUDAR M.D(R.S) Lecturer. Department of Rasashastra. DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA, POST GRADUATE STUDIES & RESEARCH CENTER, D.G.M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE. GADAG –582103 FEBRUARY- 2006 Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103 Department of Post Graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S DECLARATION I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA ” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr.M.C.Patil. Professor & HOD, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D. G. M Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag –582103 Date: Place: Gadag. Dr. Sobagin.M.V P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103 Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103 J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S CERTIFICATE I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA ” is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin .M.V in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka. Date: Place: Gadag. Guide Dr.M.C.Patil. M.D.(RS) Head of the department Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103 Department of Post graduate Studies in RASASHASTRA D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College & Post Graduate cum Research Center Gadag –582103 Dist: Gadag J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S CERTIFICATE I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA ” is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati (M.D) in Rasashastra of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka. Date: Place: Gadag. Co-Guide Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar M.D.(RS). Lecturer Rasashastra Post Graduate cum Research Center D.G.M. Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103 ENDORSMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTATION J.S.V.V. SAMITE’S ENDORSEMENT I here by declare that this dissertation entitled “ THE PREPARATION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA (ECZEMA) ” is a bonafide and genuine research work done by Dr.Sobagin.M.V under the guidence of Dr.M.C.Patil Professor, HOD Department of Post Graduate Studies & Dr.Girish.N.Danappagoudar Lecturer, Department of Rasashastra, Post Graduate Studies in D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College, Gadag. Seal & Signature of the HOD. Seal & Signature of the Date: Principal: Place: Gadag. Date: Place: COPYRIGHT I here by declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this dissertation in print or electronic format for academic / research purpose. Date: Place: Gadag Dr.Sobagin . M.V P.G.Schalor, Dept. of Rasashastra, Post Graduate cum Research Center, D.G.M.Ayurvedic Medical College Gadag –582103 © Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka . . . . . He has been very kind to guide me in the preparation of thesis & for who extraordinary efforts.(UG) DGMAMC. Lecturer in Rasashastra.K. This work carries some sweat memories to express & record about some distinguished personalities by whom I had been inspired during the course of this thesis.C. I am extremely greatful & obliged to my co-guide Dr. tremendous encouragement & most valuable thought provoking critical suggestions. for patiently going through the draft of thesis & correcting with precious remarks which have been very useful. Gadag.Gachchinamath HOD.N Danappagoudar. MD(Ayu) Head of Dept. Gadag.Girish .Rasashastra dept. . I am thankful to Dr.B. Gadag. made me to complete this work. of RS. for providing all necessary facilities for this research work.Gadag.Patil.Patil principal.MD(Ayu). Prof.Dr.M. I express my deep sense of gratitude to my respected guide Prof.Dr. DGMAMC. It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr.R. Asst. DGMAMC & PGSRC. Dilipkumar B.G. PGSRC.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My father & mother is the only Inspiration. for being kind & affectionate through his valuable suggestions & advises. PG studies & Research center DGMAMC. MD (Ayu). I wish to convey thanks to my teacher Prof. PGSRC for kind advise encouragement during the study. of Rasashastra & other P.Tippanagouda. Koteshwar Rao.M.Doddamani MD (Ayu). Dr. J. V. I acknowledge the valuable help given to me by Dr. Prof.Suresh. S.Jagadish Mitti MD (Ayu).Patil Medical pharma.D.Lecturer.Mundinamani.Jaggal for their deep cooperation and involvement in the study.B. Saswihalli.B.S. Asst.Hiremath.Hiremath. having helped me in carrying out analytical works.N. R.Dr. Chandur. Dr.Paattanashetti. I sincerely thank my beloved classments Dr.G Dept who have directly or indirectly helps my thesis work.T. B. I am glad to express my heartiest thanks to Dr. S.S.College Gadag. Dr. during my clinical trail and encouraged me all the time during this work.H. V. and seniors Dr. PGSRC. Dr.S.Pradeep. who extended this co-operation in investigations. Dr.Dr. for their timely help & constant co-operation during my PG work. I am also thankful to scholars of PG Dept. Lab technician.Mulkipatil M. P. I wish to convey my thanks to beloved librarian. I wish to convey thanks to all UG & PG lectures of DGMAMC. Ghanti. Dr. K. DGMAMC. and for giving kind suggestions.Dr. Gadag.D(Ayu) for their support during my PG study.. . Dr. I am thankful to Sri. & Expected their co-operation & support during my PG work. for their deep co-operation and involvement in the study. I sincerely thank my beloved friend Dr.I am greatful for the support and advise given by Dr. Sri.Shashikant Nidagundi MD(Ayu) Lecturer.Santoji. Gadag. Asst.Sureban for providing many valuable references in the study. Lastly I prey my deep homage & tribute to my grand parents for the love & affection rendered through out my career. sisters & other family members for their love & affection rendered through out my career. I am highly indebted to my beloved parents.I tender my sincere thanks to Nandakumar. I express my thanks to all the persons who have helped me directly & indirectly with apologies for my ability to identify them individually. Let me express my thanks to all patients. Gadag February 2006 Dr: Sobagin. Hospital staff. I wish to thank the physicians .M. statistician for his help in statistical evaluation & results. those were on trial for their consent for enrolling in this clinical study & obedience to advises. nurses & non teaching staff for their timely assistance in completion of this work.V . House surgeons. B.H - Ashtanga Hridaya 19. H.S - Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara.S – Bela Samhita 20. R.R. Y.T – After treatment 25. A.S – Harita Samhita 21.ABBREVIATION 1. A. Ch. K. + Mentioned . M.T - Rasa Tarangini 2. R. A. R.S - Charaka Samhita 16.P - Bhava Prakasha Nighantu 14.P. S. D.N - Madanapala Nighantu 12.S - Sushruta Samhita 17. 26.S - Ashtanga Sangraha 18.M - Rasamritam 6. R. 4 A. _ Not mentioned.S - Rasa ratna Samuchchaya 3. B.N - Dhanvantari Nighantu 15.T – Before treatment 24. K.N - Kaideva Nighantu 11.N - Raja Nighantu 13. B. R. R.P - Ayurveda Prakash 5.S – Kashapa Samhita 22. R.R - Yogaratnakar 23.Chu - Rasendra Chudamani 10.J - Rasa Jala Nidhi 9. Guna Karma and Rogaghnata 44 11. Showing Daiva Apacharaja According to different authorities 58 14. Showing Sapeksha Nidana 66 18.N0. 1. Indications of Sindhuura 40 8. 30 3. Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to different authorities 57 12. Synonyms of Girirsindhoora 38 6. Topic Page. Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasoushadhi leading to Kushta utpatti 58 15. Indication of Yashada bhasma 33 5. Showing Poorva Roopas common in Kushta According to Various authors 63 16. Synonyms of Sasyaka 42 9.LIST OF TABLES Sl. Pharmacological properties 32 4. Guna of Girirsindhoora 39 7. No. Shodhana dravya according to different authorities 43 10. Observation of patient based on Sex 98 . Synonyms of Yashada 27 2. Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma 87 19. Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika according to various authors 65 17. Observation of patient based on Age 97 20. Shodhana media according to various authorities. Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to different authorities 58 13. Showing grades of “Pidika” before treatment in Group A & B 104 30. Showing grades of “Varna” after treatment in Group A & B 104 29. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-A 109 40. Showing grades of “Kandu” after treatment in Group A & B 105 35. Showing grades of “Vedana ” before treatment in Group A & B 106 36. Showing grades of “Pidika” after treatment in Group A & B 104 31. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A) 111 42. Showing grades of “Kandu” before treatment in Group A & B 105 34. Showing grades of “Srava” before treatment in Group A & B 105 32. Showing grades of “Vedana ” after treatment in Group A & B 106 37. Observation of patient based on Marital rates 99 23. Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B) 112 . Observation of patient based on Occupation 101 25. Observation of patient based on Vicharchika lakshanas 103 27. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A) 111 43. Observation of patient based on Religion 100 24. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-A 107 38. Showing grades of “Varna” before treatment in Group A & B 104 28. Observation of patient based on Education 99 22. Observation of patient based on Economical Status 102 26. Showing grades of “Srava” after treatment in Group A & B 105 33. Assessment of Subjective parameters of Group-B 108 39.21. Assessment of Objective parameters of Group-B 110 41. Showing overall Result of the study 117 .44. Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group –A & B (After Treatment) 113 46. Showing the Result of the study in Group-B 116 48. Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B) 112 45. Showing the Result of the study in Group-A 115 47. LIST OF GRAPHS Sl.N0. No. Topic Page. Showing overall Result of the study 117 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS 1. . Patients photos with Trail drug.Observation of patient based on Religion 100 4.Showing the Result of the study in Group-A 115 6.Observation of patient based on Age 97 2.Observation of patient based on Sex 98 3.Showing the Result of the study in Group-B 116 7. 1. Raw drugs of the Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila 2.Observation of patient based on Occupation 101 5. Fineness of particle test. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila according to Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no 146-147 and 21 chapter shloka no 162-163 Analytical study: Yashadamrita malahara is subjected to physico chemical analysis i. Here Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila are utilized to find out their comparative efficacy in the management of Vicharchika. skin disease is very common pathological condition. In modern science there are number of drugs for Vicharchika (Eczema). Refractive index. Flow rate. Acid insoluble ash and for Sindhooradi taila Loss on drying at 1100c. Yashada shodhana and marana according to Rasatarangini 19 chapter shloka no b. Saponification value and including organoleptic character . b. c.ABSTRACT Back ground: Kushta. Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila. Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema. Acid value.e. Boiling point. Specific gravity. which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as explained in classics. Comparative clinical of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika (Eczema) METHODS: Pharmaceutical study: a. Among this. . . but a successful remedy is yet to come out. Ash value. Physico-chemical analysis of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila. Objectives: a. Modern physico-chemical analyses are proved that both yogas are slandered. Taila kalpana. Study duration. Subjective & Objective criteria. Sasyaka. Marana. The dravyas which are mentioned in the classical procedure of shodhana definitely induces the disease curing property 2. Results: Individually both groups showed highly significant in subjective as well as objective parameters. Yashada.Clinical study: 30 patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnose are taken from the OPD section of PGRCDGM Ayurvedic medical collage hospital Gadag. By clinical study and statistical value it is proved that Yashadamrita malahara is choice remedy in sravi Vicharchika and Sindhooradi taila in rooksha Vicharchika. Interpretation & Conclusion: 1. . Shodhana. Malahara kalpana. Comparatively group B shows more significant than the group A. Key words: Vicharchika. Physico-chemical analysis. Girisindhoora. Eczema. 3. V. I. PROCEDURE REVIEW 5-25 2. CLINICAL STUDY 93-95 OBSERVATION & RESULTS 96-117 DISCUSSION 118-127 VII. CONCLUSION 128-129 VIII. DISEASE REVIEW 53-73 IV. VI. INTRODUCTION II.CONTENTS Page Number. OBJECTIVES 1-2 3 III. DRUG REVIEW 26-52 3. PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY 74-86 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. METHODOLOGY 1. SUMMARY 130-133 BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURE – 1 MASTER CHART ANNEXURE – 2 CASE SHEET . ANALYTICAL STUDY 87-92 3. . . to achieve the aims of Rasashastra. skin disease is very common pathological condition. Both yogas are indicated in Kushta rogas. which is one type of the Kshudra Kushta as explained in classics. Kushta. Which is based on its own fundamental principles theories or concepts.e. In addition to it being the largest organ of the body. one of the branch of Ayurveda. It reflects the Physical. Among this. glandular and neuromuscular elements is part of the Curparate system. Rasashastra.e. Eg: Yashadamrita Malahara containing metal like Yashada and Sindhooradi Taila containing minerals like Sindhoora and Sasyaka. developed by Nagarjuna the pioneer of Rasashastra. i. which are used for externally. “Atharvanaveda”. It also excretes some of the wastes of the body metabolism. chemical and biological toxic agents. Skin is not only covering of the body tissues and organs. So sometime he knowingly or unknowingly expose to the certain influences. Which are deeply rooted into the oldest scriptures of Hindu veda i. Parpati rasayana.Introduction INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is the most ancient system of medicine. which causes the skin disorders. It is an encyclopedia of ancient eternal medical wisdom in spite of its antiquity.000 years old) it is being practicing today all over the world. Kupipakwa rasayana and their utility. 1 . Pottali rasayana. (3. Vicharchika can be correlated to eczema. mesenchymal. which is well. Kharaliya rasayana. Metal and minerals are also used in Bhaishajya Kalpana such as Malahara and Taila Kalpana. Skin has been defined as the mirror of the body. He practiced Ayurveda by using Rasadravya’s i. Lohasiddhi and Dehasiddhi. mental and psychological state of the individual. It is barrier protecting the underlying tissues from physical. Now Rasashastra holds topmost place in Ayurveda due to its unique preparation’s – Rasabhasma’s. In present day the life style of the human being become change.e metals. gems etc. minerals. but being composed of epithelial. 11. This dermatological problem is difficult to manage along with medicaments of various prescriptions and methodologies have been tried out but a successful remedy is yet to come out.9% seborrhea and 9. 8.5% of patients had atopic dermatitis.4 /1000 persons. oozing and crusting.2% had seborrhea dermatitis and 3% had seborrhea capotes and 2% dermatitis. they protect the skin from external irritants and from sunlight. where the skin becomes discolored causing Shyava varna. edema. Cases when treated by number of medicine have a high rate of relapse and hypersensitivity in due course.Introduction It is difficult to determine the true incidence of a disease like eczema. But local applications are more beneficial than the other process. School surveys in India for skin disease in 1986-1990 demonstrated that 2. It is causing a peculiar dermatological manifestation.5% cases respectively were suffering from eczemas. In USA in a sample population survey of persons aged 1 to 74 years conducted from 1971-74. 2 .07% had lichen simplex chronicus. Vicharchika is skin disease which posses a great problem in the skin. 37% gravitational. the prevalence of eczema was 18. In oxford and Glasgow it is revealed the fact that 26-9% and 33. thus allowing an active pharmacological effect on the skin. Because they are quick absorbable. these prominent signs are associated with Kandu.2% nummular. A British study on Hospital attendance from 1977-1981 showed that 27. 63% of them exogenous. surface being exudates and Pidikayukta. 0. promotes percutaneous absorption of the incorporated drug. Ayurveda claims number of therapy for Vicharchika has been explained. vascularisation.2% exogenous eczemas. Eczema is non-contiguous inflammatory disease of the skin responses to endogenous or exogenous stimuli characterized by erythema. Hence we find no satisfactory remedies for Vicharchika in cotemporary medical service. Kushtaghna.Introduction According to Rasatarangini as indicated the Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhoora taila especially in Vicharchika. Vrunashodhaka and rapaka action. Keeping in the view of the above facts it was felt to conduct a study to analysis the efficacy of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika with a view to find out therapeutically efficacious. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA AND SINDHOORADI TAILA AND COMPARATIVE STUDY ON VICHARCHIKA ” 3 . The present work …… “PREPARATOION. safer and cost effective. Kandughna. The present yogas are acts as a Kaphapittashamaka. Comparative clinical evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika . Physico-Chemical study of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila 3.OBJECTIVES 1. 2. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila. With Agni samskara 3. Upanaha. the medicine intended for external use only. Indications are also same. Differences. MALAHARA KALPANA Malahara Kalpana is not explained in Samhita Period. It’s reference in Samhita kala 4. Both are used externally 2.Review of Literature. In between Lepa Kalpana and Malaharakalpana there is no much difference regarding usage. Yogaratnakara adopted the term ‘Malahara’ from word ‘Malaharam’ – a unani preparation. Lepa Malahara 1. Without Agni samskara 2. Malaharakalpana etc. Should be prepared fleshy and used 3. 1. But preparation of method is different. Bahiparimarjan The later one called Bahiparimarjana means. Herbal & mineral drugs are used 1. Metal and Minerals 2. Different forms of external applications are described for the convenience of treatment of different diseases like Lepa Kalpana. 5 . After 14th A. Used up to 2 year 4. As it mentioned in Ayurveda. Antaparimarjan 2. Malahara Kalpana PROCEDURE REVIEW I. the treatment is of two types.D Similarities: 1. Takra. Gomutra. Preparation of Sikta taila b. Spoon 2. Poorva karma: 1. 6 . Mixing of churna / bhasma into sikta taila 3. Eg: Yashada Marana as per classics. Uses 1. which is taken for Malahara preparation. Paschat karma 1. Pradhana karma 3. Collection of raw drugs like 1. Sikta 2. Poorva karma: a. d. 4. In Yashadamrita Malahara – Yashada shodhana in Nirvapa in Taila. Paschat karma: a.Review of Literature. 2. Cloth d. Marana of main drugs. Vessel c. Collection of Raw drugs. Shodhana of main drugs. Storage c. 1. Kanjike. Collection of equipments like a. Pradhana karma: a. Chullika b. Marana: If necessary. c. Main drugs 3. Shodhana: Shodhana of main drug. Malahara Kalpana Preparation of malahara: Dividing into 3 processes. Collection of equipments b. Tila taila 3. Poorvakarma 2. Kulattha kwatha for 7 times. Malahara Kalpana 2. as per the formulation. 2. The first method is said to be followed during winter season and the second one during summer season. add the fine powder of various ingredients and mix well. Sikta taila. The fine powder may be of Tankana. 7 . Method 11 One part of pure bees wax and 6 parts of Tila taila are mixed and melted over mild fore. Mixing of fine powder into Sikta taila: The base of the Malahara kalpana i. If any physical impurities are seen in the wax (after melting) it should be filtered through a cloth. Haratala etc. to this. rest of the procedure is similar to that of first method. Method 22 Here. used as an emollient or as a base in the preparation of different ointments. Gairika. Manashila. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste. Sikta Taila is a mixture of bee’s wax and oil. Rasatarangini has described 2 methods of preparation of Sikta taila. Gandhaka. Preparation of Sikta taila.e. 5 parts of oil is said to be added to 1 part of bees wax. instead of 6 parts of oil. Girisindhoora. When the wax melts and becomes a homogenous liquid mix well and stop heating. It is soft. Mriddara shringa. Kajjali. smooth ointment like substance. Pradhana Karma: 1.Review of Literature. Sanskrit – Snehapala. Tila taila:4 Nomenclature:Latin – Sesamum indicum. Malahara Kalpana 3. Tikta. Vishada. Kannada – Yellu enni Tamil – Nallannai Hindi – Til Ka tail Properties: Rasa – Madhura. Vrunaropaka Indications – Bhagna. Picchila Karma – Sandhankar. Teekshna Himasparsha. Uses: Vruna Shodhaka and Ropaka Kushtaghna Varnya etc. Self life – 1 year. Kushta etc. Sara. 2.Review of Literature. Qualities of Sikta:3 Rasa – Madhura Guna – Snigdha. Pavitra. Paschat Karma: 1. Guru. Sesamum oil. Kashaya Veerya – Ushna Vipaka – Madhura Guna – Sukshma. Family – Pedaliaceae English – Gingelly oil. 8 . Vyavayi. Visarpa. Jahla etc. Vikasi. Storage: Prepared malahara must be preserved in wide mouthed plastic or glass container having tight fitting. kandu. aggravates pitta. deepana. netrya.4% 9 . preenana. balya. it is said to cure all diseases. lekhana.1% Stearic acid – 4.3% Aracidic acid – 0. balya. Combination: Saturated fatty acids. brimhana. vrushya.4% Linoleic acid – 40. does not aggravate kapha. Palmitic acid – 9.8% Unsaturated fatty acids. twachya.Review of Literature. Malahara Kalpana Actions:Vataghna. Oleic acid – 45. krimighna. pachana. In combination with different drugs. Endodermic ointments: These ointments are meant for action on deeper layers of coetaneous tissues. 3. Classification of Ointments: I. antiseptics. The ointments are mainly used as protective or emollient for the skin. 2. They may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative. According to their therapeutic properties based on penetration 1. The absorption of medicaments by the tissues from the ointments. exerted while applying the ointment. 2. Condition of the patient skin 4. 3. Properties of the drugs incorporated. subended or emulsified in an ointment base. These types of ointments are mainly used as protective. They are partially absorbed and act as emollients. stimulants and local irritants. They usually contain medicament or medicaments dissolved. local anti-infectices and parasiticides. Degree of friction. Malahara Kalpana OINTMENTS IN MODERN VIEW 5 Ointments are semisolid preparations meant for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. They are not absorbed. Site of application 5. applied to the skin depends upon different factors as follows. Duration of application 6. 1. used in the formulation. Properties of the base.Review of Literature.Epidermic Ointments These ointments are meant for action on epidermis and produce local effect. 10 . Daidermic ointments: These ointments are meant for deep penetration and release the medicaments that pass through the skin and produce systemic effects. Oleaginous bases 2. It should melt or soften at body temperature and be easily applied. 2. The factors such as the action desire nature of the medicament to be incorporated and the stability of an ointment are to be considered. There are no single ointment bases. It should not retard healing of the wound. Water soluble bases 11 . The base should be non-irritating and should have no therapeutic action. Characteristics of an ideal ointment: 1. 4. The medicament must be finely divided and uniform the distributed through the base. Classification of ointment bases: 1. 6. which serves as carries or vehicle for the medicament while selecting a suitable ointment base. 5. So it becomes necessary to use more than one ointment base in the preparation of ointments. According to their therapeutic uses: 1. 3.Review of Literature. Emulsion bases 4. Anti-inflammatory etc. It should be chemically and physically stable. Ointment bases:The ointment base is that substance or part of an ointment. Malahara Kalpana II. which possess all the qualities of an ideal ointment base. Antibiotic ointments 2. It should be smooth and free form grittiness. Antifungal 3. Absorption bases 3. The constituents of hydrocarbon basis are. Soft paraffin (petrolatum). The carbo-waxes are water soluble. The emulsifying ointment is prepared from emulsifying wax. Wool alcohol. Malahara Kalpana 1. The watersoluble bases consist of water-soluble ingredients. vegetable oils.Review of Literature. Emulsion bases: These bases are semisolid or have a cream like consistency both o/w and w/o emulsions are used as ointments base. The w/o type of bases are greasy and sticky. Non-emulsified bases 2. Hard paraffin. and Liquid paraffin 2. 4. Cholesterol The water in oil emulsions is capable of absorbing more water and has the property of non-emulsified bases. which are popularly known. animal fats and waxes. Bees wax. hydrocarbons. Oleaginous bases:Their bases consist of water insoluble.Wool fat. The oil in water type of emulsions bases is more popular because there can be easily remove form the skin or cloths by washing with water. Eg: Hydrous wool fat (Canolin) 3.Eg:. Water soluble bases:These are commonly known as “Greaseless ointment bases”. non-volatile and inert substances. Absorption bases: These bases are generally a hydrous substance. as “Carbo-waxes”. The Absorption bases are two types:1. which have the property of absorbing (emulsifying) considerable quantities of water but still retaining their ointment like consistency. Such as polyethylene glycol polymers. Water in oil emulsions The non-emulsified bases absorb water and aqueous solutions producing w/o emulsions. 12 . white soft paraffin and liquid parathion. fulfills all the requirements of an ideal ointment base. which govern the selection of an ideal base for ointments – A. 3. Pharmaceutical factors A. Malahara Kalpana Selection of Dermatological Vehicles:There are large numbers of ointment bases. But none of the above discuss ointment base.e. cuetaneous absorption. The substances. Due to this reason lesser proportions of the medicament is needed when emulsion bases are used. Dermatological factors:1.Review of Literature. i. Systemic absorption where as “Penetration” indicates passage through the skin i. More ever they are irritant to the skin. Effect on skin function: Greasy bases may interfere with the skin function like heat radiation and sweet excretion. Miscibility with skin secretions and Serum. 13 . Skin secretions are more rapidly miscible drug in more rapidly and completely released to the skin. are most readily absorbed. Dermatological factors B. It is proved scientifically that animal fats and fixed oils penetrate more readily through the skin in comparison to mineral oils (paraffin). The water-soluble bases and o/w emulsion bases provides a cooling effect rather than the heating effect.e. 2. Absorption and Penetration: Absorption means actually entry into blood stream. which are soluble both in oil and water. The o/w emulsion bases release the medicament more readily than oleaginous bases or w/o emulsion bases. These have already been discussed. These bases mix readily with skin secretions. following one the factors. which are available in the market. Because they may cause damage to the newly formed tissues of the skin. Pharmaceutical factors. lard and paraffin. Stability: Fats and oils of animal and vegetable sources are more liable to undergo oxidation provided. 7. 14 . Due to this the emulsion bases are preferable as they are softer and spread more readily over the area to which they are applied. Wool fat. Freedom from irritant effect: The ointment bases used should be non-irritant Greasy bases cause irritation and may cause Edema.Review of Literature. The emulsions particularly o/w type are easily removable with water. 6. Compatibility with skin secretion: Generally neutral ointment bases are preferable because they do not cause discomfort in use and are compatible with majority of medicaments. Emollient properties: Under normal conditions. liquid paraffin are comparatively more. Therefore the ointment bases used should possess emollient properties that should be able to keep the skin moist. Dryness and brittleness of the skin cause discomfort to the skin. Eg: Glycerin. Stiff and sticky ointment bases are not suitable. All bases used should be of high standard of purity. continuous hydration occurs which keeps the skin sufficiently moist. B. They are preserved properly soft paraffin. a. 5. propylene glycol. Malahara Kalpana 4. Ease of application and removal: The ointment bases used should be easily applicable and at the same time they should be easily removable. They should withstand the climatic condition. c. a. The method is used when the base is soft and the medicament is insoluble in the base.Review of Literature. Chemical reaction 4. Add remaining quantities of the base until the medicament is uniformly mixed with it. Preparation of Ointments: Ointments are prepared by following methods: 1. Fusion 3. Weigh the required quality of an ointment base. Emulsifying properties: Hydrocarbon bases can absorb only a small amount of aqueous substances where as some animal fats like wool fat can take up about 50% of the water. They should neither be too hard nor too soft. The following procedure is used to get a uniform ointment. Therefore animal fats are used in the preparation of creams. Emulsification Triturating method:It is the most commonly used method for the preparation of ointments. Consistency: The ointments produced should be of suitable consistency. Triturate the solid medicaments with a small amount of the base on an ointment slab with the help of stainless steel ointment spatula until a homogenous product is formed. Solvent properties: Suitable solvents should be selected for the proper dispersement of the medicaments of an ointment. d. Malahara Kalpana b. Finally powder the solid medicaments b. c. 15 . Triturating method 2. will have Guru. dose and various formulations have been described in detail. To preserve the drug or drugs for longer time. which is called Sneha Dravya. To enhance the absorption of drugs. SNEHA KALPANA Sneha Kalpana is well known since Samhita period. To obtain extra benefits of specific Taila or Ghrita used. The nomenclature of Sneha Kalpana is sum of words Sneha and Kalpana. In Ayurveda Ghrita and Taila Kalpana are included is Sneha Kalpana. In Sharangadhara Samhita Madhyama Khanda the definition of preparation. 4. 3. Advantages of Sneha Kalpana: 1. 16 . Snigdha. 2. To extract the fat Soluble active principles of plants and minerals. Drava gunas. Mrudhu. Sushruta and Ashtanga hridaya have explained same as Charaka. where Sneha means fat or fatty material and Kalpana stands for pharmaceutical process of medicaments. In Charaka Samhita Kalpasthana 12th chapter. Malahara Kalpana II. Sheeta. Sara. when used topically in fatty medias. extraction of taila and taila paka including tests and standard of taila paka are mentioned in detail. method of preparation.Review of Literature. Sukshma. The substance. Manda. same way if there is no specifications of Kalka and Kwatha in such conditions mentioned dravadravya. 4 parts of taila/ghrita and 16 parts of drava dravy as Snehakalpana. ¼ reduced Kwatha. Paka should be done in Mandagni up to Snehasiddhi lakshanas are seen. According to Vagbhata: In Snehapaka preparation the quantity of water. is not mentioned in such condition 1 part of dravadravya. sneha. 17 . 16 parts of water is advised. ¼ of Sneha Kwatha is advised for Snehapaka. 4 parts of water and ¼ part of Sneha Kalka is added. Mentioned quantity of Kwatha and Swarasaare added. Sneha. ¼ of Kwatha Sneha. 1/16 part of kalka is advised. ¼ part of Sneha. quantity of the water. in such conditions one part of the aoushada. According to Sushruta: When there is no specifications of drava dravyas then water is advised. According to Charaka:While preparing Sneha Kalpana. According to Navaparibhasha:Murchit Sneha 1 prasta or ½ prasta. aoushada dravya and Kalka is not mentioned. Kwatha can be prepared. Kalka. Sneha murchana should be done. According to Vaidaka paribhasha pradeep. 4 parts of Sneha.Review of Literature. Malahara Kalpana Definition6:The medicaments prepared by using 1 part of Kalka dravya. According to Bhashajya ratnavali: Before doing Snehapaka. Give mandagni and do stirring continuously with dravi upto Siddi lakshanas are attained. Review of Literature. amadosha and ugrata etc bad characters of crude form of Sneha. Pradhana karma 3. Sneha will get the active principles of Murchana dravyas too. before subjecting the drug to Snehapaka. odour. Paschat karma. taste. Darvi(stirrer). Poorva karma:a. Collection of drugs: 18 . Koshti. Tula yantra. Khalvayantra. Poorva karma 2. b. It is a refining process of both Sneha (Oil and Ghee). by doing Murchana Samskara Sneha dravya will appreciated with good smell and colour. results and efficacy of drug are expected from Murchana. 1. Sieve. Such SnehaKalpans should be subjected to a primary process known as Murchana. Collection of equipments: Sneha patra. There is no reference to Murchana either in Laghutraya or in brihatraya. General Method of Preparation of Snehapaka: In generally Snehapaka vidhi can be divided into 3 stages. The main aim of Snehamurchana is to remove the durgandha. apart from these becauses of Murchana Sneha will get such capability to receive more principles while the preparation of Snehapaka and also veerya of the Sneha is enhanced. because of Murchana Samskara. Acharya Govinda das the author of Bhaishajya ratnavali is the first personto mention about this. Malahara Kalpana Murchana7:Sneha Kalpanas are widely used in Ayurvedic practice both internally and externally. It increases solubility of active principles and absorbility to get maximum property. 1. Better colour. 19 . including mentioned Sneha and jala.Review of Literature. Malahara Kalpana Classically mentioned drugs. The preparation like taila. Heating pattern8:Always Taila paka should be prepared mrudu and madhyamagni only. stirred continuously with dravi. then the pieces of kalka bolus are added little by little into the Sneha. Malahara Kalpana c. first Murchita ghrita has to be collected and melted in a Snehapatra with gentle heat. 2 days Dugdha 3. Ghrita and Guda should be completed within a day to gain more potency by being prepared in more than a day. 1 day Vrihi and Mamsa rasa 2. Time taken for the completion of Snehapaka varies according to nature of dravyas. 2. In case of Taila. 5 days Takra and Aranal 20 . do Yavakuta choorna of that and prepare paste by mardana with little quantity of water. Systematic mixing of the ingredients: It is ghritapaka. 3 days Swarasa 4. boiled and stirred continuously. Pradhana Karma: a. the kalka and drava dravya are mixed together the Sneha is then added.Review of Literature. So that the kalka is not allowed to adhere the vessel. b. this is followed because to avoid over burning of the kalka and over the whole contents is maintained over Mandagni. If it is dry. Preparation of Kalka: The drugs from which Kalka is to be prepared if it is fresh or wet should be washed well and ground into a paste in a khalva yantra. Duration Dravadravya 1. When flower is used as Kalka dravya. madhyama and kathina dravyas by adding 4. the following confirmation tests can be observed. Sneha Siddhi Lakshana16:When Snehapaka Completes.8 and 16 parts of water respectively.Review of Literature. a. 21 . c. d. 3. When dravadravyas more than 5. If dravadravyas are not mentioned in any of the Sneha preparations. then padavashta Kashaya should be prepared from mrudu. odour and taste of the ingredients become marked when Snehapaka is over. Foam is observed when taila paka completes. If Kalka dravya is not mentioned in any Sneha preparations. 2. d. Malahara Kalpana c. If decoction is drava dravya. then each drava dravya should be taken in the same quantity as that of Sneha. Factors to be known while preparing Sneha Kashaya. There should not be any sound when Sneha kalka is sprinkled over fire. If drava dravyas are less than 5 then the total quantity of all the liquids should be 4 times to that of Sneha dravya12. then water to be used to replace the drava. 1. Sneha and dravadravyas there is an identical opinion in Brihatrayas9-11. On the contrary it subsides in ghee. It should be 4 times the quantity of oil used13. then it must be prepared by using the dravya itself 14. 5. Regarding the proportion of Kalka. Specific colour. b. 4. in any of the Sneha preparation then its quantity should be 1/8th of that of oil 15. Snehakalpa becomes wick like (Varti) when rolled between two fingers. Sneha with Amapaka will not have any potency and heavy for digestion. 22 . According to pharmacopia in Ayu. Kharapaka Sneha will have slightly hard. 1. Mrudu 2. the most important once are only three. but avoid of moisture content. Usually glass jars (wide mouth) are used for packing purpose of Ghrita. c. Dagdhapaka Sneha will have hard and brittle kalka. b. the Kalka should be squeezed (after the paka) at hot stage only Gandha paka dravyas should be added gently with stirring. Where as taila preservation narrow mouthed glass or plastic bottles are used. Preservation:Ghrita can be preserved in glass or polythene containers and usually tailas are preserved in glass or plastic bottles. Expiry date18: a.Review of Literature. Madhyama 3. Collection: In order to obtain optimum quantity of Sneha. b. Malahara Kalpana e. Khara Remaining two are Ama and Dagdha paka Mrudu paka Sneha will have Kalka with little quantity of moisture Kalka of Madhyama paka Sneha will be soft. when the Sneha is in luke warm state. part-I Ghrita and taila preparations. Paschat Karma:a. According to Sharangadara expiry date of Snehakalpana is mentioned as 4 months. Types of Snehapaka17:Through Snehapakas are five in number. It causes burning sensation and is unfit for therapeutic use. maintains the potency for about 16 months. the kalka. Always Snehapaka should be prepared in mridu and madhyamagni only. The kalka is taken out from the ladle and tested from time to time to know the condition and stage of the paka. 4. Sneha should be pure. at this stage. 2. 10. the size of the Sneha patra should be selected. drava dravya quantity also to estimated. 7.Review of Literature. Sneha required preparing with Gomutra like kshara dravya combination Sneha may produce excessive phena. taila may come out if it is having narrow mouth. because during the process. Thus Sneha may come out of the Snehapatra during pakavasta. During Snehapaka maintain the intensity of fire through the operation in order to get desirable grade of temperature. the moisture in the kalka also becomes to evaporate. The mixture is stirred constantly and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not stick to the bottom of the vessel resulting into a carbonization. if it is poured taila may come out from the vessel. Increasing or decreasing order should not alter the quantity. 9. In particular Snehakalpana whatever the quantity of Sneha is prescribed that much quantity of Sneha only is supposed to be taken. 3. Hence while stirring only kwatha has to be added slowly. If in particular formulation Sneha quantity is not mentioned then one seru Sneha has to be taken and on the bases of Sneha quantity. Gentle boiling of Sneha is to be maintained continuously. When all drava dravya have evaporated. Malahara Kalpana Precautions should be taken for the preparation of Snehakalpa19: 1. If taila is hot suddenly kwatha should not be poured. Depending upon the quantity of Sneha. it has to be stirred more often and carefully to ensure that the kalka does not stick to the bottom of the vessel. 5. Taila patra should be wide mouthed. 23 . 6. 8. clear and without sturry. Eg: Gargles.Mixture 1. eardrops. Douche 4. Mouth wash 2. liniments and lotions. Classification:Classification into 2 groups. That is prepared by dissolving a solid. Liquids meant for external administrations. douches. Elixir 1. A true solution is a clear homogenous mixture. Syrup External Application on skin used in Mouth Instilled into body 3. Liniment 1. 1. It is represented by true solution. Malahara Kalpana Liquid dosage form20:Liquid dosage forms commonly used in pharmacy are either monophasic or biphasic. eye drops. nasal drops. Gargles 1. throat pains. Monophasic liquid dosage form refers to liquid preparation in which there is only one phase. Ear drop 3. Lotion 2. 2. Nasal drop 4. syrups and elixirs. mixtures. 2. Monophasic Liquid dosage form Internal 1.Review of Literature.1. Linctus 2. Liquids meant for internal administration. for eg. liquid or gas in a liquid. mouth wastes. Throat paint 3. Nasal spray 24 . Not to be applied to open wound or broken skin. Malahara Kalpana Liquid to be applied to the skin:1. A liniment should not be applied to the broken skin because it may cause excessive irritation. rubefacient.Liniment should be stored in tightly closed air tight containers in a cool place.Review of Literature. The liniments are usually applied to the skin with friction and rubbing of the skin.” Storage: . 25 . The liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions. “The label should carry the warning. alcohol helps in the penetration of medicament into the skin and also increases its counter irritant and rubefacient action. Soap is also included as on the ingredient in some of the liniments. liniments contain medicaments possessing analgesic. In alcoholic liniment. soothing and counter irritant or stimulating properties. which help.The label must state “for external use only” and shake the bottle well before use. Liniments: The liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations meant for application to the skin. Container: -The liniment should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to distinguish it from preparations meant for internal use. In oily liniments arachis oil is commonly used which spreads more easily on the skin. in easy application of liniment on the skin. Generally. Labeling: . Labeling:. They are applied direct to the skin with the help of some absorbent material. Some times on long standing lotion have a tendency to separate out. Malahara Kalpana 2. 26 .Review of Literature. Containers:.Calamine lotion) Alcohol is sometimes included in aqueous lotions for its cooling and soothing effect Eg. Bacterial and molds grow in certain lotions is no preservative is added care must be taken to avoid contamination during preparation of the lotion. Therefore the container must be labeled “Shake well before use” Storage: - Lotion should be stored in well filled. Where as the addition of glycerin in a lotion keeps the skin moist for sufficient long time and does not allow the preparation to dry. soothing or protective purposes. (Eg. such as cotton wool or gauze soaked in it. Lotions may be used for local action as cooling. -Salicylic acid lotion. They are generally applied for antiseptic action. Lotions:Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application without friction.Lotion should be dispensed in coloured fluted bottles in order to distinguish them from preparations meant for internal use.The containers should be labeled “ For external use only”. well closed in an air tight container in a cool place. Rasadarpana Vernacular names: Latin – Zincum Sanskrit – Yashada Hindi – Jasta English – Zinc Bengal – Dasta Gujarat – Jasad Tamil – Tulanagam Malayalam – Nagam Chinese - Tutenague 26 . Drug DRUG REVIEW YASHADA: Historical background: Yashada as ancient Indian chemists knew a metal from the 15th A. Rasamrita 5. the minerals of Yashada they were known even in the Samhita period.Review of Literature.D as Madanapala the author of Madanapala Nighantu is the first scholar to mention it.D it was used and known by the name of Rasaka or Kharpara satwa that is quite evident from the synonyms (Ritikrit. Ayurveda prakasha 2. 1. Ritihetu. Rasajalanidhi 3. In Rasashastra period following Rasa-texts are explained Yashada. Through it was used for making an alloy known as Pittala (Brass) for long as a separate metallic element it was known much later. Rasatarangini 4. Ranjaka) attributed to Rasaka and Kharpara. As regards Rasaka and Kharapara. as the 7th dhatu or metal in his text. Before the 15th A. Tamra. Bhavamishra and others followed him in a later period. §d 3/2 According to ancient classics Yashada is one among the sapta dhatus and belongs to pootiloha group. Mexico.Review of Literature. Japan. 27 . China. It melts quickly on heating and produces bad smell (Loathsome) while being melted.S.M R. Kashmir. Punjab.N 1 Yashada - + + - + - 2 Yasada - - + + - - 3 Jashada - - + - - - 4 Jasada + - + - + - 5 Ritihetu - + + + + - 6 Kharparaja - - + - + - 7 Rangasankamsh - + - - - - 8 Yashaka - - - - + - 9 Rangasadrasha + - - - - + 10 Ditihetu + - - - - + 11 Yashaja - - - - - + 12 Kharapara Satva - - - + - - Table No-1 Prapti Sthana: Usually Yashada is not available in muktavasta (native form) but in the form of mineral like Zinc blende (ZnS).N A. Oxide (Zno).No Name M. In India Bihar. U.P. Spain. Australia. Description: ±dg®dPdaTdz§Sd £dd«T®da›da ¡d¯dQ±df±dI¶a | ¬ddîUµaŸdz£dy «d£dZ ±d§£dQd£d®ddye›deT±daªd®dZ || Ad. Russia. Madras. Rajasthan.A. Drug Synonyms of Yashada 21-26 Sl.T R. Peru.D B. Carbonate (ZnCO3) It is found in Canada.P R. and Sweden. CONCEPT OF SHODHANA AND MARANA Invention of metal brought a great change in the life style of early man. he understood their uses and utilized them for various purposes. which are free from adverse effects by virtue of unique procedures (Shodhana and Marana) adopted by them in detoxifying the metals. Drug Bhoutika gunas of Yashada: Varna (colour) – Shweta Sparsha (Touch) – Mrudu.±dd.Review of Literature. snigdha Apekshita gurutwa – 7. Rasavaidyas too had the knowledge of toxic effects of metals and minerals but were using Rasoushadhies.±da 28 . nirmala. Till last century even in western medical sciences. metals were used for therapeutic purposes but after observing some of their toxic effects. dhrutadrava (easily melting) and guru in nature. Hence Rasoushadhies are widely used by Ayurvedic physicians without the fear of adverse effects. snigdha. these procedures not only make a mineral or metal free from the toxic effects but also make them to absorbable and therapeutically effective with a minimum dose for a maximum and quick result. mrudu. During Samhita period metals were used only in the form of raja (churna) but after the 8th century a scientific study of metals was carried out for their therapeutic values. i. When observed medicinal values in metals he started using them as medicine. is best one.e. A¬§d «ddÎddî§dSddye›d£®dd£dŠ AèŸdyT§d‚±da›d£ddZ | e´d§d‚«ddTdy›SdQdSd£®dd£dŠ Adz°d¥dªãdye¥dI¶TdyT±dZ || T. Yashada must be bright and shining on cutting. the usage of some metals was ceased. As he went on investing various metals. which is having following characters.1 Melting point – 4290C Boiling point – 9800C Grahya Yashada Lakshana:According to Rasatarangini the Yashada. 1. Samanya shodhana 2. Ayurvedic acharyas were of opinion that when a medicine is administered in a particular disease it should only cure that disease but should not cause any other diseases or adverse effect. so as to enhance the pharmacological action of a drug. which are essential for further procedures. impurities and toxic qualities are removed from the drug and to induce certain qualities. Merits: 1. to avoid this. Yashada has an explosive tendency.Shodhana has been divided into two. Pithara yantra: .£d-2/52 µ Shodhana is a process by which impurities are removed from a substance by implementing prescribed methods like Mardana etc. These procedures not only remove the toxic effects of a drug but also the various herbs used to act on metals.It contains mainly one metal (loha) bhanda and is covered with iron or mud lid having 2 cms hole at its center. 29 . Keeping the above in consideration various Shodhana and Marana procedure are explained in Rasashastra classics. 2. Drug While preparing medicine. Classification: . while pouring in shodhana dravya it may cause injury. These procedures involve physico-chemical action in order to activate the inorganic substances (may be from nireendriya state to sendriya state). This indicates by shodhana. one special apparatus is designed and this is known as Pithara yantra. Shodhana28: - DeÔÝzTdz°d¥dzZ ±ddØa e¸¶Sd£dy §dy°d¦ddeQI¶a | «d¬de®deŸJµ¦£d¤dy Sdd£dg ¯ddy¥d¦da £deQUµdyŸŸSd£dy || T. Vishesha shodhana.Review of Literature. Takra (Butter milk).No Drug RT AP RJ RD RM Duration 1 Godugdha + - + + + 21 times 2 Kadalimula swarasa - - + - - 7 times 3 Sudhajala + - - - - 7 times 4 Nirgundi swarasa + - - - - 7 times 5 Snuhi dugdha + - - - - 7 times 6 Arka dugdha + - - - 7 times Table No-2 30 . Shodhana media according to different authorities. Aranala/kanjika (Weak organic acid). Sl. Kulaththa (Horse gram decoction).Samanya shodhana of Yashada29: The common procedure for group of dravya or metal is called Samany shodhana. In rasagranthas explained vishesha shodhana by nirvapana in different shodhana media mentioned below.Review of Literature. Drug 1. 2. 7 times in each media. Gomootra (Cow’s urine). £dz¬dy £d¸y¶ ›d®dd«dgÎdy UµT¦dd¬dy Ig¶¬d£¤dŠ¡dy | ¸¶«dde¦d°dyŸSd£d§£da Q„d®dy Q„d®dy £dg ±d§£d¥dd || ±®dPdd‰eQ¬ddyUµ§dÎddPdda ¯dgeÔTy°dda §d‚¯d±Sd£dy || T.T. each time fresh drava dravya is to be taken. Vishesha shodhana30-34: Generally samanya shodhana is planted to remove certain impurities but Vishesha shodhana is a plan to induce certain therapeutic values in particular drug.±d 5/13 In this Yashada is melted and poured in medias like Tila taila (Sesame oil). Definition: The process by which metals. Formation of Chakrika 4.e. Bhavana 3. 5. By this molten metal is converted into a powder form.Review of Literature. Then filtered through the cloth when cooling 31 . Pootiloha marana generally consists of following steps. In this method shodhita Yashada put into loha patra and subjected to Agni. 1. Marana is process by which metal looses its original state still retains its originality. it melts easily when subjected to puta after shodhana. This Marana process converts into fine state of smaller molecules and makes the light as to be highly absorbable and assimilated after administration. Drug Marana: Marana means “Killing” and converting a metal into non-reversible and final form i. stirred it carefully with loha shalaka till Yashada completely converts into powder form. drying and ignition to convert bhasma is known as Marana. Sealing of Sharava 6. Jarana 2. This is convenience can be rectified adopt another procedure known as Jarana. Arranging the chakrikas in Sharava. After melting the Yashada. Marana converts process drug into a biological acceptable form. So does not reduce to bhasma. Marana of Yashada: As the melting point of Yashada is low. Puta (heatings) But Rasatarangini has explained a different method for the Yashada marana in 4th method 35 . 2. bhasma. 1. minerals or any hard substance is subjected to soaking. T + + + + + + 2 A. 3 By observing the above table Yashada bhasma is having the following properties.N + + - + + + 6 M.N + + + + + + Table No. Further 7 to 10 heating at the above-mentioned temperature range was found necessary for its complete marana. Drug and again remaining part of Yashada is subjected to Agni.M + + - + + + 5 B. repeat the process till whole Yashada is converted completely into bhasma form.No Name of classics Kashaya Tikta Katu Sheeta Sheeta veerya KP hara 1 R.J + + - + + + 4 R. research work has been done on this metal and on that basis this metal needs 7000C temperature maintained for 1 hour for its marana and to make its bhasma completely free from the presence of free metal content. Rasa – Kashayatikta Guna – Sheeta Veerya – Sheeta Doshaghnata – Kaphapittashamaka 32 .P + + - + + + 3 R. In Rasamrita also explained. Pharmacological Properties36-41 Sl.Review of Literature. Agnidagda Vruna 33 .Review of Literature. Vruna 2. Vicharchika 3. Sl.N M.N 1 Prameha + + + + + + 2 Pandu + + + + + + 3 Shwasa + + + + + + 4 Vruna and Vrunasrava + - - - - - 5 Rajasrara + - - - - - 6 Netraroga + + + + - - Table No-4 Indication of yashadamrita Malahara48: 1. Indication of Yashada bhasma40-47.No Disease RT AP RJ RM B. In Rasagranthas and Nighantu Yashada bhasma is used in various disease listed as below. Drug Therapeutic Uses: Yashada bhasma was chiefly used for external application in some disease. China. Zinc minerals are generally found associated with lead and Copper-minerals. Refining 34 . It has also been located in certain parts of Kashmir. In addition it is also one of the constituents of dry cell batteries. copper and as far as possible from Iron. Zinc Silicate – ZnSiO4 The major producers of Zinc are Canada. Australia. A belt of Zinc covers an area of about 30 square meters in the Zawar and Udaipur region of Rajasthan. which resembles tin in many respects and is used for making alloys.Review of Literature. Russia. Carbonate –ZnCO 3 (Calamine) 4. 1. Now a day it is used mostly for coating for coating iron vessels to prevent them from roasting. China. 2. Smelting and Distillation 4. Drug MODERN DESCRIPTION OF ZINC 49: Zinc is a metal. It is usually found in native in the form of 1. USA. Roasting 3. Japan. Concentration. The process involves the following operations. Spain. Sulphide – ZnS (Zinc blends) 2. and Sweden. Oxide –ZnO (Zinc cite) 3. Mexico. In India found in Rajasthan. Extraction: An extensive community followed by floatation is directed at separating Zinc from lead. Peru. Occurrence: Zinc is not found in native forms rather it is obtained almost from minerals. 58 0C 4. 35 . bluish. Drug Roasting to ZnO is essential for all-purpose. Further. Zinc may be rolled out into sheets or drawn into wire between 1000C and 1500C. Zinc is shiny. 7. but becomes superficially tarnished in moist air. 9. Zinc melts at 419. the heating at high temperature with Coal converts them into Zinc. It has specific gravity at about 7. 6. but it reverts to a brittle condition and may be readily powdered under the hammer. 2. The chemical reactions in the process are as under. It is highly acted upon by acids and alkalis. It is soluble in dilute acids. 2 ZnS+3O2 2 ZnO+2SO2 ZnCO3 ZnO+CO2 ZnO+C Zn+CO Outline of extraction of Zinc metal. It is unaffected by dry air. 8. Zinc possesses a crystalline structure. At high temperature it burns in air producing a greenish white flame. Ore Zinc blende Concentrated Ore Pure Zinc Roasting Refining Zinc Oxide Crude Zinc Distillation Properties: 1.Review of Literature. 3.15 gm/ cubic centimeter at 200C 5. white brittle metal. It acts as nervine tonic. small amount by bile and urine. Elimination: Through stool. It is attached by acids to form corresponding salts ZnO+H2SO4 It is attached by acids to form soluble alkali Zincates ZnSO4+H2O ZnO+2NaOH Na2 ZnO2+H2O Therapeutic properties: Absorption: Zinc salts are absorbed from GI tract and stored in liver.Review of Literature. leucorrhoea. The white fumes of Zinc oxide are condensed and collected. So it is used in most of the skin disease and varicose ulcer 5. It is a white powder it is known as Philosopher’s wool. 2. spleen and kidney. Emetic like copper. 36 . Even zinc enhances the insulin binding capacity so used in Diabetic mellitus. Drug ZINC OXIDE (Yashada bhasma) It is prepared by burning Zinc in air or by igniting Zinc carbonate. sedative. Good antiseptic. Astringent. 2 Zn+O2 ZnCO3 2ZnO ZnO+CO2 Properties: 1. Uses50: 1. antispasmodic and astringent. It checks the bleeding and secretion from the broken skin by precipitating the secretion and providing soothing and protective effects. Mild soothing local sedative. Relieves chronic inflammation like gonorrhea. otitis and even eye disorders. 4. 6. 3. most of Rasagranthas mentioned as a Sadharana rasa.Review of Literature. Sindhoora. Nagasambhava etc. Some authors are called it is a red oxide of mercury. Now a day what type of Sindhoora available in market is chemically lead proxide. Eng - Read lead. But Rasataranginikara clearly mentioned that it is lead oxide and addition to it by seeing the synonyms it is originated from Naga. But Bhavaprakasha. And also it is prepared from the Mriddarshringa (PbO) by heating 400 to 450C it becomes red colour called Sindhoora. Drug GIRISINDHOORA51: Girisindhoora is well known in ancient days. Rasataranginikara included in Upadhatu. Vernacular name: Sans - Raktanga. Arab - Isrenj Bengali Gujarat Sindhoora Kannada Marathi Tamilu - Sagappusindhooram Telagu - Yerrasindhooram Malayalam - Chinturam Persi - Suraj-Sang Hindi - Inglur 37 . Red oxide of lead. 38 . Punjab.Review of Literature. Grahya lakshana59: Sukshma kanayukta. This is compound of lead and other things. Guru. Rajasthan. Bright in colour. Snigdha. Clear. It is dry red. This is found in small quantities inside rocks in big mountains. Mrudu. Drug Synonyms of Girisindhoora51-58: Sl. In India found in Kashmir.No Synonyms RT RRS RM RJ 1 Sindhoora + 2 Nagaja + 3 Nagagarbhaja + 4 Nagarenuka + 5 Mangalya + 6 Bhalasoubhagya + 7 Ganeshabhoosham + 8 Shringarabhooshana + 9 Rakarenu + 10 Sisaka + 11 Sisaja + 12 Rasagarbha + + 13 Rasasindhoora + + 14 Nagaja 15 Nagarakta + 16 Sriman + + 17 Vasantamangal + + 18 Raktaraja + + 19 Vanapishta + + + BP KN MN RD + + + + + + + + + + + Table No-5 Occurrence: It is found in the form of mineral. Drug Shodhana and Marana: Most of Authorities are not mentioned Shodhana and Marana because it is in oxide form. Rasa – Katu. Tikta Veerya – Ushna Guna – Ushna Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka Guna of Girisindhoora Sl. Few authors are mentioned about Shodhana. subjected to bhavana with Godugdha60 and Amladravya61. Guna62-66: No were mentioned internal administration.Review of Literature. but can be used external only.No Text Katu Tikta Ushna Ushna Dosha rasa rasa Guna Veerya Shamaka 1 RRS + + + + Tridosha 2 DN + - - + - 3 BP - - + + - 4 RN + + - + - 5 RC - - + - - Table No-6 39 . heavy. This is known as Sindhoora.No Disease RRS RT + RC BP MN MN KN DN 1 Netra + 2 Kushta + 3 Kandu + 4 Vruna shodana. While collecting the material initial and last portions should be discarded and remaining portion is then washed with water and dried.Review of Literature. Drug Rogaghnata67-74 Indications of Sindhoora. ropana + 5 Bhagna sandhana + + 6 Visha + + 7 Kshudra kushta + 8 Pama. to get it reached with oxygen and form a red colour covering on the external surface of lead. which is red. For this lead is kept in crucible or iron pan and heated in an open atmosphere. fine and smooth. Sl.Sidma Vicharchika + 9 Visarpa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Table No-7 Description75 : Sindhoora is prepared from lead. is considered best. The Sindhoora. 40 . crystalline powder. Used as ointment or liniment in eruptive skin disease as eczema. 4. It is a mixed oxide and is regarded to be a mixture of lead monoxide and lead dioxide -2 PbO. 3. It is bright. orange. pustular eruption etc. skin and stored in central nervous system. red. It is reduced to metallic lead on heating to carbon. to promote maturities of boils and abscesses and the healing processes in all kinds of ulcers and wounds. liver and bone. On heating to 600 C it decomposes to give lead monoxide.Review of Literature. local sedative and stimulant. 5. It is insoluble in water. kidneys. Drug MODERN DESCRIPTION OF RED LEAD 76: (PB 3O4 ) It is prepared by heating lead monoxide in a reverberate furnace to a temperature 0 of 450 C 2 Pb O+O2 2Pb 3O4 Properties: 1. Elimination: Slowly by the urine. 2 Pb 3O4+O2 6Pb O+O2 6. 3. Uses: 1. 4.PbO2 2. antiphlogistic. Allays itching and control excessive discharge. In the blood 90% is present in RBC’s. On heating it turns violet & then black but regains its original colour on cooling. Pb 3O4+4C 3Pb+4CO Pb 3O4+4CO 3Pb+4CO. An ointment made of Sindhoora and Pippali powder with Navaneeta is applied in chronic eczema. granular. sweat and stool. 2. Good astringent. Therapeutic properties77: Absorption: Lead salts are absorbed in the blood from GIT tract. 41 . carbon monoxide or hydrogen. Have feeble action on the broken skin. Vernacular names: Hindi – Nilottha.Review of Literature. Drug SASYAKA: Sasyaka is well known drug from ancient time. By the evidence of Charaka Samhita from 3200 years used as medicine and most of Rasagranthas are explained Sasyaka as a Maharasa. In Charaka and Sushruta in the name of Tuttha and Amrutasanga used in various places. Synonyms of Sasyaka 78-84: Sl.No Paryaya RM RT RD 1 Tuttha 2 RN BN DN MN + + + + + + + Tutthaka - + + + - - - 3 Tuttyanjana - + + - - - - 4 Mayuraka - + + - + - - 5 Mayurtutthka - + - + - - - 6 Shitthagriva + + - + + + + 7 Tamragarbha - + - + - - - 8 Amritasanga + + - - - + + 9 Vitunnaka - - - - + - - 10 Amritodbhava - - - + - - - 11 Neelashmaja - - - + - - - 12 Shilakantha - - - + - + + 13 Haritashma - - - + - - - Table No-8 42 . Blue vitriol Latin – Cupri Sulphus. Tuttiya Marati – Moracute Gujarathi – Morathuthu Telagu – Mailututham Eng – Copper Sulphate. Germany.No Dravya/Method RRS RT 1 Raktavargadravya bhavana + + 2 Snehadravya sinchana + 3 Nimbuswarasa bhavana 4 Gomutra swedhana RJ RM + + + + + RSS + + Table No-9 43 . Later it solidified and turned into Sasyaka. Sweden.. In India Bihar and Rajasthan. Grahyalakshanas86:That which looks like the colour of Mayurakantha . England. Drug Origin85: The Garuda consumed Harital visha after drinking the Amrita. France. Hence he vomited the poison mixed with the Amrita on Niligiri Mountain. Praptisthana:It is occurs in the form of native & artificial. Both yield copper as their Satwa. That which occurs in nature is called Swabhavaja and that which is made artificially is called Tuttha.Review of Literature. snigdha and guru. Shodhana87-91:Shodhana dravya according to different authorities Sl. Spain. Review of Literature. Drug + + 4 RM + + + + 5 RD + + + 6 RJ + + + 7 R.Cu 8 RN 9 DN 10 BN 11 MN + Rasayana chakshusy + Bhedana + + Lekhana AP + Vamaka 3 Kapha pitta RRS Sheeta veerya 2 + Ushana veerya Laghu RT Kshara 1 Stula Madhura Kashaya + Grantha + Sl.No Katu rasa Guna Karma of Sasyaka 92-102 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Table No-10 Rogaghnata 103-113:Indications of Sasyaka Sl.No Disease RT RRS 1 Krimi + 2 Shula + + 3 Kushta + + 4 Switra + 5 Amlapitta + 6 Ashmari 7 Kandu 8 Arsha 9 Vruna 10 Visha RM RJ RD RC AP + + + + + + + + + + + + RN + DM BN MN + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Table No-11 44 Review of Literature. Drug MODERN DESCRIPTION OF COPPER SULPHATE 114(CUSO4. 5H2O) It is a blue coloured crystalline copper mineral, which is available occasionally in nature form also. Now a day it is prepared artificially by combining Copper with Sulphuric acid. Laboratory preparation: It is prepared by the action of cupric oxide, Carbonate or hydroxide in dilute Sulphuric acid followed by evaporation & crystallization. CuO+H2SO4 CuSo4+H2O CuCO3+ H2SO4 CuSo4+H2O+CO2 Cu (OH) 2+ H2SO4 CuSo4+2.H2O Manufacture: On a large scale Copper Sulphate is obtained by boiling copper tailings with Conc. H2SO4. Blue solution of Copper Sulphate is formed. Cu+ 2H2SO4 CuSo4+SO4+2H2O. Treating copper scrapping in hot dilute. Sulphuric acid in presence of air also obtains it. 2Cu+2H2SO4+O2 2CuSo4+2H2O. In another process, the mineral Copper Pyrites (Cu2S, Fe2 S3) is roasted in air, Iron oxide and Copper Sulphate is formed. The roasted mass is treated with water, copper sulphate dissolves and is separated by filtration. On crystals of CuSO4.5H2O. is formed. 45 Review of Literature. Drug Properties: 1. Specific gravity 2.1 to 2.3 Hardness – 2.5 2. It is bluish green in colour. 3. Synthetic form is only bluish in colour and opaque. 4. It is easily soluble in water. 5. It looses all the water of crystallization when heated up to 250 C & forms white amorphous powder. CuSO4. 5H2O CuSO4 +5H2O It becomes blue when few drops of water added to it. 6. On electrophoresis, Copper gets separated from its solution. 7. Its solution is acidic; hence blue litmus turns red, when dipped in its solution. Chemical Composition:Mineral form of Blue vitriol has chemical composition Cu2 FeSO4. It contains 50-70% Copper, 15-16% iron and sulphur. Synthetic form isCuSO4. 5H2O– CuO – 31.8% SO3 – 32.1% H2O – 36.1% Therapeutic properties: Absorption: Copper Sulphate absorbed with difficulty in minute quantities either when given by mouth or from wounds and other mucous surfaces. And stored in liver, spleen and kidneys. Elimination: Through stool, urine, bile, saliva and sweat. Uses115: 1. It is powerful astringent, antiseptic, stimulant, styptic and mild caustic. 2. It is applied indolent ulcers, exuberant granulations, sinuses and fistula in ano, eczema, impetigo and eye disorders. 3. As emetic. 46 White 2.Shuklarka. Vrittamallika Varities:. Rooksha. Shwetarka. madar alban. Srilanka. Mandur. Shuklarka 4. Arkaparna. 4. Anti-Inflammatory. 2. 3. It is showing healing potential on dermal wound. Vrunashodhana. Alarka. antihelmentic and Procoagulant activity. Japan. It is laxative and is beneficial in skin diseases and ulcers. Teekshna Vipaka – Katu Rasa – Katu. Raktarka. Pachaka. Tikta Veerya – Ushna Dosha – Kaphapitta shamaka. Africa. Iron. According to Rajanighantu. Shweta mandar Habitat: . Chemical composition: Small amount of yeast. Research works reported the presence of a powerful bacteriocytic and vermicidal action. Ksheeraparna. Arka 2. resin & rubber. Drug ARKA116: Gana – Bhedaneeya. 1. Vasuka.There are two varieties depending on the colour of the flowers. Swedopaga Family – Asclepiaceac Kula – Arka Kula Latin – Calotropis English – Madar Sanskrit – Red calotropis . Raktashodhaka etc. Catorropin.Laghu. Rajarka 3. Arkanama White calotropis . Trypsin. Bluish red. Modern:117 1. Uses:Externaly – Vedana sthapana. Kushtaghna. 47 . madar fluabil. Jantughna Internally – Deepaka.Toolaphala. Shothahara.Review of Literature.All over India in dry & pungent soil. Some plants have sugarika gum.1. Properties: Guna . Supushpa. Harita. 48 . Kushtagna. Deepana. Sangli is an important marketing center. Krimighna. Internal – Raktaprasadana. 2. Another work reported that the alcohol extract and essential oil from curcuma longa showed bactericidal activity. Curcumin is responsible for its colour. Raktashodhaka. liver and certain skin disorders. It is applied in pains and as an antiparacytic for many skin affections. 3. Properties:Guna – Ruksha. Laghu Veerya – Ushna Rasa – Tikta. Modern:119 1. Jayanti. Chemical Composition:. Krumighna Habitat – All over India. Kanchani. Kandughna. Vishaghna Kula – Haridra Kula Family – Scitaminae Latin – Curcuma longa English – Turmeric Sanskrit – Haridra. Drug HARIDRA118: - Gana – Kushtaghna. It is used in disorders of blood. Vrunashodhana and Ropana. Katu Vipaka – Katu Dosha – Kaphavatashamaka Uses:External use – Shothahara. 4. Nisha. Jantughna. Varnya. Vedanasthapana.Review of Literature. Showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both exudative and proliferative inflammation. Turmeric oil has a peculiar odour & taste. In Maharashtra.1% Volatile oil. Krimighna. eicosenoic (7-8%). Tantubha.Review of Literature.5%). Kothaghna. 5. Tikta Veerya - Ushna Vipaka - Katu Dosha - Vatakaphashamaka Uses:Raktashodhaka. Verities:1.Superior 2. 4. Shweta . Chemical Composition:Glycocides of arachidic (0. Powerful disinfect or antiseptic. legnoceric(1-2%).5-10%)acids. Katuka. myristic(0. Kushtaghna. Sneha. Antihistamine and anti pruratic. Rakta Habitat:. Kadambak. 49 . erusic(4060%). Laghu Rasa - Katu. linoleic(14-18%). 2. 3. Improved epidermal barrier function. Drug SARSHAPA TAILA 120:Kula – Rajika Family – Crucifereae Latin – Brassica alba Sanskrit – Sarshapa. Highly successful in promoting the absorption of scar tissue. Modern:121 Research works shows 1. Kandughna. Siddhartha. Vasodilatation by stimulation of afferent A beta fibers. behenic(2-3%).All over India. Properties: Guna - Snigdha. oleic (20-22%). Aruchi. Guna - Teekshna. Tikta. Grahini. Pleeha. Ushna Dosha – Kaphavata shamaka Karma – Deepana. Kanji 125 :Kanji prepared with the manda of half boiled kulmash dhanya is khanji. Takra 123 Rasa – Madhura. Laghu Rasa - Amla Dosha - Kaphavatashamaka Karma - Rechana. According to Indian matria medica. Drug Description of drugs used for Shodhana:1. Teekshna. Amapachaka 2. Vyavayi Vipaka – Madhura Veerya – Ushna Doshakarma – Kaphavata Shamaka Karma – Vrishya. Tila taila 122 Rasa – Madhura. Mootraroga. Gulma. Kshariya Karma – Deepana. Pachana When applied externally it cures Daha and Jwara. Kashaya Guna – Laghu. Gomutra contains ammonia in concentrated form it is used in both internal and external medication. 4. Udara. 50 . Arsha. Panduroga nashaka 3. Marichadi taila. Teekshna. Vishada. Ushna. Kashaya Guna – Ushna. It also has a laxative & purgative nature. So it is used in various medicinal preparations like Punarnava mandoor. It is good bioavailability enhancing drug. Medhya. Amla. Gomutra124 :Guna – Laghu. Shotha.Review of Literature. Sukshma. Nirgundi 127 :Latin name - Vites nigundo Family - Verbinaceae Sanskrit - English - Five leaved chaste French tree Kan - Bili yakki Useful part – Root.Review of Literature. flower & leaves Sephalika Properties:Rasa - Tikta.Leaves are externally used as a ant parasitic and powerful discutient. nerving. Drug 5. Kasahara 6. Action:. Kashaya and Katu Guna - Rooksha Dosha - Kaphavata shamaka Veerya - Ushna Vipaka - Katu Chemical composition: . fruit. traces of alkaloid & a colouring matter. fruit contain an acid.Leaves contain a colourless essential oil of the odour of drug and a resin. Grahim. penasa. Kulattha 126 :Guna – Ushna Rasa – Kashaya Vipaka – Katu Dosha – Kaphavata shamaka Karma – Gulma. Internally expectorant. 51 . Properties:Guna – Laghu Rasa – Amla Veerya – Anushna Vipaka – Madhura Dosha – Kaphavatashamaka Karma – Deepaka. sugar. Jantunmari. citrate. phosphoric acid. Bengal. Shodhana. Raktastambhaka. Vahnibeja. Rajnimbuka Habitat . Amlajambeera. Kasa Chardihara. Virechaka.Review of Literature. Drug 7. Rochana. mucin and alkaloids. Assam.All over India. Amlasara. Chemical composition:7-10% Citric acid. Nimbuka128 Kula - Jambur Family - Rutaceae English - Lime Latin name - Citrus acid Sanskrit - Nimbuka. Maharashtra. 52 . malic acid. specially in Himalaya pradesh. Deepana. Vahni. In Panineeyakala. Pravahika and Vicharchika. The explanation and treatment of Vicharchika is available in Nidana Sthana 5th chapter and in Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter of Charaka Samhita. Vedic Period (2500BC-100BC) The earliest knowledge of Ayurveda is derived from the Vedas. In Brihat Samhita. In Athrvaveda the disease Kushta is explained and mentioned that Pama is a variety of Kushta. The affected individual undergoes severe discomfort and disfigurement. Vayupurana. Samhita Kala (1000BC-100AD) Maximum contribution towards Ayurveda was given during this period. especially from Athrvaveda. Sushrutha Samhita deals with Vicharchika. Vicharchika is explained as variety of Kushta. which comes under Kshudra Kushta. its Symptomatology and its Chikitsa in Nindana Sthana 5th chapter and Chikitsa Sthana 9th chapter. Astanga Hrudaya also deals Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta and few Yogas have been indicated for the treatment of Vicharchika in Nidana Sthana 14th and Chikitsa Sthana 19th chapter. Markandeya Purana the description of Kushta and its Chikitsa are available. In Vishnupurana. by adding NUL Pratyaya and making the names to be similar as Prachardika. In Amarakosha129 Pama. 53 . Vicharchika are quoted as synonyms. while naming the Rogas the particular style was adopted. Historical Review The historical aspects of the disease Vicharchika in terms of Kushta can be traced from Vedic period itself.Review of Literature. Disease VICHARCHIKA Vicharchika is one of the most commonly encountered skin diseases. Kacchu. 54 . e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶d¶’ 130. Hareetha Samhita.Review of Literature. These books include chiefly the Chikitsa aspect where the particular Chikitsa for Vicharchika is also available. in which the main clinical manifestations are Kandu. ¯Sdd®d. ' ±d I¶¦Ngµ §dfdNµI¶. Disease Bhela Samhita. Pidaka. Kashyapa Samhita all has dealt Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta and separate Yogas have been explained under its context. Vaidya Vinoda. description on Vicharchika. which means that cutaneous eruption with. Sharagadhara deals only the varieties of Kushta under which Vicharachika are also mentioned. Brihat Yoga Tarangini etc. the word Vicharchika comprises of root word "Charcha" with "Vi" Upasarga. Acharya Charaka. Nighantu Kala (800AD – 1700AD) In Madhava Nidana. Sidda Bheshaja Manimala. Kalyanakaraka. Paribhasha The term Vicharchika is defined as one of the variety of Ekadasha Kushta. Siddhaprayoga Latika. Bhavaprakasha. were written in this period. Kashyapa. Yogaratnakara. and Madhavakara give same opinion. Rasayoga Sagara.. Nirukti According to Monier Williams Sanskrit – English dictionary. itch and scab. Vagbhata. Ayurveda Prakasha. Vangasena. Shyava Varna and Srava. ©dUgµàd®d. Yogaratnakara. and Chakradatta in all these books the description of Vicharchika and its treatment is available. Vrindavaidyaka. Gadanigraha. Adhunika Kala (1700 AD onwards) Books like Bhaishajya Ratnavali. its Symptomatology is available. Basavarajeeyam. Bhavamishra. • Panchakarma Apacharaja. Aharaja.e. • Oushadhi Kritha. Disease Where as Acharya Sushruta defines Vicharchika as "T¡Sddyíe£d I¶¦Ngµ®díe£d è¡ddZ ±d é´d: ªd®de¦£d ›dÎdyd°dgg e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶dSd«dŠ "131 i. the Samanya Nidanas described in the context of Kushta holds good for Vicharchika also. Bhedas The Bhedas of Vicharchika can be made on the basis of guna and doshic predominance.Review of Literature. As Vicharchika is one among the different types of Kushta. • Daiva Apacharaja.12 and 13 respectively. Viharaja and Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas according to different authors shown in table No 11. On the basis of Guna - Rooksha Vicharchika Sravi Vicharchika On the basis of Doshic predominance - Pitta Pradhana Kapha Pradhana Nidana Specific Nidanas for each variety of Kushta are not described in Ayurvedic classic. 55 . a skin disorder associated with Atikandu. Atiruja and Rookshata of the Twacha. The various causative factors responsible for Kushta can be categorized as follows • Aharaja. • Viharaja. may result in Kushta. Such accumulation results in Shithilata of Dhatus leading to manifestation of Kushta. but by improper application of Panchakarma measures. there will be residual Doshas in the body. Panchakarma Apacharaja The Panchakarma procedures are adopted to eliminate the Aggravated Doshas. Disease Oushadhikritha Some of the Rasadravyas when used in impure state though being Kushtaghna Dravyas.Review of Literature. which again aggravates and accumulated in the Shakadi Marga.14 different Oushadhikrita Nidanas are shown. 56 . In table No. Yavaka Lavana. 12.H. 7. 18. 10. Adhyashana Matsya Dugdati Sevana Amlati Sevana Guru Ahara Gramya Udaka with Anupamamsa Sevana Sneha Dadhi Sevana Lakucha & Kakamachi Matsya and Payasa Ahitashana Drava Snigdha Ahara Navanna. 8.Review of Literature. Type of Ahara Ch. SL No.S B. 26. 17.S Su. 1. A. 5.S. 24. Kulattha. Guda Chilichima with Milk Madya Amla Dravya with Milk Guda with Milk Matsya Nimba with Milk Mamsa with Madhu Papodaka Vidagdha Ahara Sevana Guda with Mulaka Havi Prashana + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + + + - + + + + + + + + + + - - + - Table No-11 57 . 23. 16. Atasi Moolaka. Satata Madhu Sevana Tila. 9. 25. 2. Disease Showing Aharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors. 13. 14. H. 22. 19. Pista. 3. 11. 21. Viruddahara Ajeerna. 6. 20. 15. 4.S. 28/7 7. H. Sl.P 5/160 8.No . + + + + + + + + - + + + + + - + + - Chardi Nigraha. 6. Sheetambu Sevana Ratri Jagarana Ajeernepi Vyayamam Vyavaya after Vidahi Ahara Sevana Gramya Dharma Sevana Table No-12 + + + + - Showing Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors.S Su. Vanga Kilasa Kushta R. Vegavarodha Sheetambu Snana after Atapa Sevana Diva Swapna Mithya Vihara Vyavaya. 2/103 3. + - Showing Usage of Improperly Purified Rasaushadhi Leading to Kushta Utpatti. Roupya Makshika Mandala Utpatti AP 4/11 4. Sl. Bhaya. Vaikranta Kilasa Kushta A.H.S Papakarma + + Vipran Gurun Garshayatan + + Poorvakruta Karma + + Gohatya Use of money acquired by theft. 5. 8. 2/18 5. Loha Kushta Utpadaka A. Gandhaka Kushta Utpadaka AP. 3. Types of Daiva Apacharaja Nidanas Ch.Su B. 11. RT5/8 2. Atisantapa Shrama. Haratala Sphota Utpadaka R. 6. 1. Type of Ahara Ch.Su Su. Rasa Oushdhi Nidanas Parada Kushta Utpatti Kushta Utpatti Reference AP. Abhraka Kushta Utpatti AP. 3. 1. + Sadhu Ninda and Vadha + + Table No-13 AH + + + + + B. 2.P 3/224 Table No-14 58 .Review of Literature.S - H.R S 3/69 6.S. 1. 7. Disease Showing Viharaja Nidanas According to Different Authors. A. 2.S. 9. Sl.19.No. No. 4. 5. 10.T. 4.S. Sparsha is Indriyartha. It is the seat of Bhrajaka Pitta. Twacha is the Sarabhaga of Mamsa Dhatu. When Mamsa Dhatu is involved in the pathogenesis of skin disorders it may manifest as Vicharchika. While describing Rakta Pradoshaja Vyadhis. but has not included Vicharchika. The Adhishtana of Vicharchika can be inferred as the fourth layer. As the adhisthana of Vicharchika is not mentioned by any Acharyas and considering Vagbhata’s opinion that fourth layer of Twacha is the Adhishtana of various types of Kushta. Switra etc. The maintenance of healthy skin depends on the state of Mamsa Dhatu. Vagbhatacharya mentioned that all types Kushta occurs in fourth layer. According to charaka and Vagbhata Twacha is divided into six layers. Vayu and Akasha are the Indriya Dravyas present in Twacha.. During the process of Parinama of Shukra and Shonita and after the formation of Garbha Twak and all other Dhatus begin to form just as the cream of milk being formed during boiling of milk. and Sparshagnana is Indriya buddhi. Disease Twacha Shareera Vivechana Twacha is considered one among the sapta dravya responsible for the manifestation of Kushta. Charaka mentions Kushta one among them. So the knowledge of twacha and kriya is important. 59 . whereas Sushrutha describes 7 layers. Mamsa Vivechana Mamsa.Review of Literature. one among the Sapta Dravyas causing Kushta. Meda Pusti and Mala Pusti are the functions of Mamsa Dhatu. Rakta Vivechana Rakta is one among the Kushtakaraka sapta drayas. Vicharchika being a variety of Kushta can be considered as Rakta Pradoshaja Vyadhi. Twak is considered as Upadhatu of Mamsa Dhatu and one among the Pancha Jnanendriya. Charmadala. He also mentions some specific varieties of Kushta like Dadru. So that the Kushta Samanya Samprapti should be considered for Vicharchika also. If these vitiated Doshas are not brought into normalcy. Samprapti All the classical textbooks of Ayurveda have explained common Samprapti of Kushta. they enter into deeper and deeper Dhatus. It is a Mala of Rasadhatu and stays in Twak. The vitiated Doshas vitiate Twacha. Thus the vitiated Vata deposits Pitta and Kapha on the skin through the medium of their channels and spread them over the surface of the body. Even though Kushta is classified into Maha Kushta and Kshudra Kushta. The areas of the skin in which the morbid Doshas are deposited become marked with Mandalas or skin patches. They are named differently based on the site and nature of skin.Review of Literature. According to Sushruta The deranged Vata along with Pitta and Kapha enters into the Siras. There is no separate Samprapti emphasized by any author. Mamsa and Ambu and combination of these Sapta Dravyas will be localized in between Twak and Mamsa and produce different varieties of lesion at different sites over the skin. Disease Laseeka It is a kind of Udakamsha and is included among the Dravyas resulting in Kushta. which are transversely spread over the surface of the body.133 60 . Rakta. ‘®d|£ddQSd±ÎdSddy QgÝ£®d›d‚™£d «dda±dda©dg Ÿd Qdy°dSde¦£d ±dd Ig¶Ýd¦ddaa ±d§£dI¶dy Q„®Sd ±da›dUµ‚’ 132. Kushta Samprapti According to Different Acharyas According to Charakacharya The vitiated Sapta Dravyas are considered as Sannikrusta Hetus for Kushta. i. 61 . These vitiated Doshas with Dhatus. This produces Shithilikarana and Vaivarnya. The disease Kushta manifests wherever the morbid Doshas get lodged. Kleda plays an important role in the pathogenesis because both Pitta and Kapha being Drava Dhatus are considered as Kleda karaka Sannikrishta Nidanas.Review of Literature. Rakta.134 Madhavakara . Sheeta and Pichchila Guna and Pitta by Sneha. "By Nidana Sevana Agnimandya takes place leading to vitiation of three Doshas with the predominance of Pitta and Kapha. Drava and Ushna Guna leads to accumulation of Kleda. Mamsa and Ambu enter the Tiryakgata Siras and lodges in the Twacha". Along with Kleda vitiated doshas takes Ashraya in Twacha leading to the clinical manifestation of Vicharchika. After going through the Samanya Samprapti of Kushta Vicharchika Samprapti can explained as follows. Bhavapraksha and Yogaratnakara explains Samprapti similar to that of Charaka .. Disease According to Vagbhatacharya Due to Nidana Sevana the Doshas gets vitiated and spread to Tiryakgata Siras and vitiates Twacha. Kapha Dosha due to Sneha. Mainly Pitta and Kaphakara Nidanas result in the vitiation of Kleda initiating the process of Pathogenesis.e. Laseeka and Asruk. Swedovaha Srotodusti : Sanga and Atipravrutti Udbhava sthana : Amashaya and Pakwashaya Sanchara Sthana : Tiryakgata sira Adishtana : 4th layers of Twacha Vyakta sthana : Twacha Rogamarga : Bahya Swabhava : Chirakari Purva Roopa The common purvaroopas are mentioned in the context of Kushta. Rakta . Mamsa and Ambu Agni : Jataragni. Pidaka.15. Sravata. The same also applies to Vicharchika. Srotas : Rasavaha. Dhatwagni mandyajanya. 62 . Dhatwagni Ama : Jataragni mandyajanya. Rakta. Which are applicable to all eighteen varieties of Kushta.Review of Literature. Different Purva Roopas common in Kushta according to different authors is shown in table No. Shyavata.Mamsa and Ambu Vicharchika ( Kandu. Raktavaha. / Rookshta) Samprapti Ghatakas Of Vicharchika Dosha : Pitta pradhana Tridosha/ Kapha pradhana Tridosha Dooshya : Twak. Disease Schematic Presentation of Samprapti Nidana Sevana Dosha Prakopa Doshas moves in Tiryakgata Siras Srotodusti (Sanga and Atipravrutti) Doshas lodges in Twacha Vitiation of Twacha. Ushmayana + - - - 11. Rookshatwa - - + - 17.Review of Literature. No. Nistoda + - + - 8. Raga - - - + 19. Kota + - + - 16. Gourava + - - - 12. Atisweda + + + + 3. Dourbalya - + - + 20. Pipasa - - - + 18. Atislakshnata + - + + 5. Disease Showing Purva Roopas Common in Kushta According to Various Authors. Kandu + + + - 7. Vaivarnya + - + + 6. 1. Purvaroopas Ch. Paridaha + + + - 10. Parushya + + - - 4. Pidaka - - - + 22. Visarpagamana + + - - 14. Pariharsha + - - - 21.S Su. Shrama + - + - 15. 15 63 . Suptata + + + - 9.S AH KaS Asweda + + + - 2. Sl. Shwayathu + + - - 13. Ativedana - - - + Table No. ©dUgµàd®d. Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara describes Vicharchika as ' ±d I¶¦Ngµ §dfdNµI¶. According to Charaka it is a kapha pradhana vyadhi ( Kapha praya Vicharchika). when the vitiated Pitta. ¯Sdd®d. here Karmataha Vruddhi of Kapha. Kandu is also Vruddhi Lakshana of Sweda. Pitta Dushti leads to Krishna Varna.Review of Literature. Vicharchika is pitta pradhana vyadhi "T¡Sddyíe£d I¶¦Ngµ®díe£d è¡ddZ ±d é´d: ªd®de¦£d ›dÎdyd°dgg e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶dSd«dŠ " 136 According to Vagbhata "±d I¶¦Ngµ §dfdNµI¶. localise in twacha and Rakta. 64 . Acharya Charaka. Acharya Vagbhata has mentioned that Rakta becomes blackish colour in Purvaroopavastha as Pitta Pradhana Tridosha vitiates it. Disease Roopa In our classics the specific lakshanas of Vicharchika are mentioned. Shyavata Shayava Varna could be due to the vitiation of Rakta by Dosha. Srava It occurs because of Dravyataha Vruddhi of Pitta. According to Sushruta. he used the word Laseeka. ¯Sdd®d. Acharya Kashyapa mentions that Kandu is due to Ambu. e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶d¶’ 135. the Pidakas manifest. So each lakshanas can be analyzed as follows: Kandu Kandu is one among the Kapha Vruddhi Lakshana. ¬de±dI¶dQSd e®dŸddeŸd‰I¶d¶ "137 Acharya Vagbhata instead of Srava. Pidakas Pidakas are the characteristic feature of Vicharchika. P Y. It is due to Gunataha Vruddhi of Vata.Review of Literature.S AH B.S Su. Rookshata As Acharya Sushruta has mentioned that the Vicharchika is a Rooksha variety. 65 . 16 Upashaya Anupashaya After investigating a disease with the help of Nidana.S K. Rookshata - + - - - - - 7. the aggravated Vata Dosha may play a predominant role.R Kandu + + + - - + + 2. Lakshanas Cha. Raji - + - - - - - 8. Pidaka + - + + - + + 3. Praklinnata - - - + - - - 9. Vedana may be felt. one may be still doubt in diagnosing the disease and also to adopt the proper line of treatment. Shyava varna + + + + + + + 4. Srava + - + + + + + 5. 1. In such case Upashaya and Anupashaya will help us to some extent. When the lesion of Vicharchika are extensive . Rakta Varna - - - + + - - Table No. This symptom is due to Vikruta Vata Dosha. Atiruja Acharya Sushruta tells Ruja attributed to Vedana. Atiruja - + - - - - - 6. Samprapti.S B. No. Purvaroopa and Roopa. Showing the Roopas of Vicharchika According to Various Authors. Paka - - - - + - - 10. Sl. Disease Raji The fissure formed at the affected part of Twacha is called Raji. Viharas which is comfortable or gives relief either by acting directly the cause of the disease or the disease itself or to both. Peeta. as these may also act as the aggravating factors of the presenting symptoms. Ruja. Kapha Daha.. Ahara and Vihara is called Anupashaya. Kapha Kandu. Arati Neela. Pada Table No. the causative factors themselves may be taken as Anupashaya. Koorpara Parva Sphik. Kachchu Pitta Teevra Daha - 2. Dadru Pitta . - Sphik. However. Kapha Kandu Tamra Ustanna. Daha Shweta. if the patient feels discomfort by the use of Oushadha. Mandalavata - Pama Pitta. The opposite of Upashaya i. In our classics. Disease The Oushadhas. Showing the Sapeksha Nidana Sl. No. Pani. Shataru Pitta. Pani. are called Anupashaya138. the Pratyatma Lakshanas can make the Upashaya Anupashaya of Vicharchika and which relieves such Symptom are considered as Upashaya.e. Asita Sthoolamoola Bahu Srava Bahupidaka 4.17 66 . Lohita.Review of Literature. Name Dosha Vedana Varna Pidaka Sthanas 1. So it is necessary to rule out such possible disease to obtain right diagnosis. Sapeksha Nidana Certain diseases though they are different from Vicharchika but exhibits some similar signs and symptoms. Aruna Sravayukta Bahu 3. Ahar. 67 . Rakta Mamsa can be considered as Kashta Sadhya Vyadhi. Madhavakara has accepted the Sushrutas explanation but he has considered those varieties of Kushta in which Meda. in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Vamana should be done and in Pitta Pradhana Kushta Virechana and Raktamokshana should be done140. Chikitsa The general line of treatment explained for Kushta is applicable to Vicharchika also. Kapha Pittaja and Vata Pittaja Kashta are Kashta Sadhya. According to Charaka Ekadoshaja and Vata Kaphaja Kushta are Sadhya. Along with this he adds.Review of Literature. Raktaja and Mamasagata Kushta is Kashta Sadhya and Twakstha Kushta is Sadhya. By looking at the above explanations Vicharchika that is Pitta and Kapha Pradhana Vyadhi with the involvement of Twak. Daha.139 According to Sushruta. Dooshya and signs and symptoms have explained Sadhyasadhyata of Kushta. If it proceeds to further Dhatus it becomes Asadhya. Disease Sadhyasadhyata Various authors mentioned. If the disease pathogenesis reaches to the Medodhatu it is Yapya. the patient who has got full control over his sense organs and the disease pathogenesis is affecting only twak. Asthi and Majja Dhatu are involved as Yapya. Trishna. on the basis of involvement of Doshas. In Vata Pradhana Kushta Sarpi Pana should be done. Acharya Vagbhata gives the same opinion like that of Charaka and Sushruta. according to the Doshic predominance Shodhana has to be adopted. Kushta having all signs and symptoms with Bala Kshaya. As per Charka. Rakta and Mamsa are Sadhya. Agnimandya and Krimi is Asadhya. Nimbadi Dravyas must be administered and in Kapha Pradhana Kushta Saptahva. But depending on the patient’s condition Samshodhana and Raktavasechana should be done and the Dravyas like Bhallataka.Review of Literature. Shilajatu. 68 . the Kushta must be treated with Snehapana primarily. the usage of Lepa and other Shamanoushadhi will definitely relieve Vicharchika. Mantha should be administered. Disease A specific periodicity for conducting Shodhana karma is mentioned by Sushruta which is supported by most of the scholars of Ayurveda. In Pitta Pradhana Kushta Ghrita prepared out of Patola. Mamsa : along with Raktagata line of treatment Arishta. must be administered142 Acharya Vagbhata opines that. In Vata Pradhana Kushta the Taila or Ghrita prepared by Dashamoola. Vamana karma has to be carried out once in a fort night. If Kushta lodges in Twak : Samshodhana.. Erandadi Dravyas must be administered. Lepana. Sushruta further explains Chikitsa of Kushta based on the involvement of Dhatus. Kashayapana and Shonita Avasechana. Nasyakarma has to be carried out on every third day and Raktamokshana is advocated biannually141. Rakta : Samshodhana. Virechana once in a month. When it involves Medo Dhatu the disease is considered as Yapya. Chitraka Siddha Ghrita must be administered143. etc. So after attaining Koshta Shuddi by repeated Vamana and Virechana and undergoing Raktamokshana. So the Pathya Apathya explained under Kushta can be considered here. Phala Varga : Triphala. 69 . Sarshapa and Agaru Mootra varga : Gomutra. Adaka and Bakuchi. Nimba. Swedana.Review of Literature. Matsya and Anoopamamsa Ahara Yoni Varga : Tila taila Ikshu Varga : Guda. Soorya Tapa. Chitraka. Dadhi Madya Varga : Madyas Vihara: Divaswapna. Guruninda and Guru Gharshana. Papakarma. Ahara Shookadhanya Varga : Purana Shali. Mamsa Varga : Jangala Pashu Pakshi Shaka Varga : Patola. Ikshurasotpanna Varga Gorasa Varga : Dugdha. Lavana Shamidhanya Varga : Masha. Punarnava. Disease The most commonly used palliative medicines and external applications are as follows 144 : Madhusnuhi Rasayana Patola Muladi Kwatha Churna Nimbadi Churna Kushtarakshasa taila Swarna Makshika Bhasma Arogya Vardhini Gutika Manjishtadi Taila Siva Gutika Brhat Manjishtadi Kwatha Churna Nalapamaradi taila Tamra Bhasma Haratala Bhasma Gandhaka Rasayana Chitrakadi Taila etc. Khadira and Chakramarda. Pathyapathya Our Acharyas have not dealt with precise Pathya Apathya of Vicharchika Separately. Kakamachi and Brihati. Ustra and Ashwa. Tila and Kulattha Shookadhanya Varga : Navanna Mamsa Varga : Mamsa. Masoora. Vyayama. Pathya. Apathya Rasa : Amla. Hingu. Lashuna. Godhuma. Shastika Shali. Vyavaya. Shyamaka Shamidhanya Varga : Mudga. urticaria and migraine. Allergic Dermatitis is inflammation of the skin due to hypersensitivity. according to some only those dermatitis. eczema. However. Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of hypersensitiveness in man. which may lead either to immunity or allergic diseases. It is thus synonymous with dermatitis. which have allergy at the background should be called eczema and others should be termed dermatitis.Review of Literature. Both these terms applied to variety of skin diseases with the specific histopathological changes though originally applied to large number of skin diseases of unknown origin now a day the term is more restrictive since many diseases have been identified and classified. Allergy or hypersensitivity 149.150. Dermatitis 146-148 The term Eczema and Dermatitis are being used Synonymously and referred to distinctive patterns of the skin which can be either acute or chronic due to number of causes including Allergy. let us now Review the explanations on Allergic Dermatitis. which include asthma. 70 . The term Allergy was introduced in 1906 by von parquet to designate ‘uncommitted’ biologic response. Disease ECZEEMA (ALLERGIC DERMATITIS) With a background of comprehensive descriptions on Vicharchika by Ayurvedic Classics. A person who is overly reactive to a substance that is tolerated by other people is said to be hypersensitive. absorbed or in close proximity with the skin or other wise due to peculiar Idiosyncrasies. but over a period of time the term allergy is taken to mean IgE Mediated allergic disease145. It has been seen almost all the cases of dermatitis are due to hypersensitivity to various allergens that are. hay fever. 71 . Popular drugs include penicillin. Once sensitized the individual remains hyper sensitive to that particular antigen. viii) Substances : Leather. Later a rupture either spontaneously or by scratching and a clear serous fluid exudes. Plants. Disease A hyper sensitive person starts secreting IgE antibodies those bind to allergens forming IgE–allergen complex. In some instances a vesicle is so minute has not to be obvious. anti hypertensives. the more acute dermatitis. Common allergens include i) Food : Milk. These enlarge and often coalesce. In mild cases the inflammation subsides rapidly. the greater degree of enythema.Review of Literature. Perfumes. In response the mast cells and basophiles secrete histamines. Vegetables. accompanied by itching and burning. some times nearly whole skin is involved. Typhoid. Nail polish. vii) Microbes : Salmonella typhi. As the disease subsides there is less erythema and vesicle formation later papules and scales begin to form. vi) Chemical in plants : Poison ivy. pruritis or itching and vesiculation. and other antibiotic. Fish. Pollen. iii) Vaccines : Pertusis.etc Cardinal clinical features 151 of Allergic Dermatitis The vesicle is a constant primary lesion. Soya. Egg. which initiate allergic inflammatory manifestations like skin or lungs. Peanuts. The first sign is the patch of erythema. Wheat etc. Chemicals. Deodorant. iv) Venoms : Honybee. ii) Drugs : Almost all drugs are capable of inducing allergy. Clothing. Dust. Wasp. at much more frequently fresh crop of vesicles start up around the edge of earlier patches while new lesions formed in other parts. Exudation continues once the surface of the skin has been broken and the exuded serum then dries to form crusts. Snake v) Cosmetics : Hairdye. Whenever the allergen gets into the system the body reacts immediately through inflammation these reactions can be systemic or local. Detergents. this is soon covered with numerous tiny vesicles. Corn. II. Thus the cardinal features of Allergic dermatitis what ever the type or whatever the cause are erythema. crusting. these are permeated by acute inflammatory cells. rupture of vesicles. Here dermis contains perivascular nuclear infiltrate or eosinophil. Classification 142. healing and Lichenification. i) Endogenous – Here the dermatitis is as a result of endogenous cause where the pathology is dominated by hypersensitivity reactions or atopy without an external cause. vesicle formation. acanthuses. varying degree of paracaratosis in the horny layer and formation of surface crusts containing degenerated leucocytes. Based on Etiology. paracaratosis. Nummular dermatitis. iii) Chronic – Shows hyper caratosis. Itching is a constant symptom and varies more with the temperament of individual than the stage of disease. here spongiosis and vesicles are smaller and epidermis shows moderate acanthuses. Disease If the disease becomes chronic patches of Lichenification due to long scratching are formed. Seborrhoeic eczema. bacteria and fibrin. The upper dermis shows perivascular chronic infiltrate fibrosis. 72 .Characterized by considerable spongiosis (intercellular oedema) leading to formation of intraepidermal vesicles or bullas. The upper dermis shows congested blood vessels and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates or eosinophil especially or around small capillaries. I. ii) Subacute – Many follow acute stage. pruritis. Histological i) Acute . vesicles are absent but slight spongiosus may be present.Review of Literature. elongation of Retie ridges and broadened dermal papillae. Ex : Atopic dermatitis. scale formation. Infectious eczematous dermatitis.153. Review of Literature. Disease ii) Exogenous – As the name implies is inflammation of the skin from an external source it may either be localized to a small area of skin or general in its distribution. Depending on the intensity of the irritating factor it can be acute, sub-acute or chronic. There are literally hundreds of Substances that can be produce dermatitis and they may act by direct irritation or by effected individual having become sensitized to them or due to a personal idiosyncrasy. Ex : Allergic contact dermatitis, Irritant Contact dermatitis, phyto and photo dermatitis, drug allergy. iii) Occupation – Usually is a result of continuous exposure to skin irritants in many occupations. Ex : Strong cleaning agents or soaps, in laundry work, wet works, solvents, detergents, vegetable juices, plants, weeds insecticides different dyes, chemicals etc. Investigations 154 Patch testing to allergies This is used in suspected cases of allergic contact dermatitis. Patch testing to irritants (Which cause reactions in everybody) is not advised. Prick testing This is used for few patients with stubborn atopic dermatitis if found or inhalant allergens are suspected an exacerbating factor. Radio allergosorbent Test (RAST) is done for the levels of allergen specific IgE. Routine blood test A specific type of blood cell called an eosinophil is elevated in allergic conditions. Management 155, It includes • Explanation, reassurance and encouragement. • Avoidance of contact with allergens / irritants. • Anti inflammatory like cortisone, Antihistamines and Antibiotics. 73 Methodology – Pharmaceutical study METHODOLOGY PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY Collection of drugs used in the preparation of Yashada bhasma: All the raw drugs needed for the preparation for the compound are collected from local market and some drugs are collected from college garden as well as pharmacy section of DGMAMC GADAG. Every drug was identified according to Ayurvedic standards. Practical study: The things, which are mentioned in Ayurveda, are better understood by getting the knowledge in two ways i.e. Theoretical study and Practical. Because as saying, as doing is very difficult task. This theory is especially applicable to Rasashastra, because the drugs, which are mentioned in Rasashastra, are considered as visha or they have visha guna, but after processing some processes those drugs become ‘Amruta’. So this denotes the importance of practical knowledge. The processes, which are mentioned in the Rasagranthas, seem to be very easy, but they will prove difficult during the practical. A detailed description of the steps taken to prepare the trial formulations includes different processes like Shodhana, Jarana and Marana, Malahara and Taila kalpana. 74 Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Practical no.1: 1. Name of the preparation: Yashada samanya shodhana in Tila taila for 7 times. Date of commencement : 10 – 03 -- 2005 Date of completion : 10 – 03 - 2005 Reference : R.R.S - 5/ 13 2. Equipments: Small iron pan with long handle, cloth. Iron vessel with lid having hole about 2-cm.at center (pithara yantra), Burner. 3. Drugs: 1. Raw Yashada 2. Tila taila - 500 gms - 2.5 lt 3. Water - Q.S 4. Procedure: a. Sufficient quantity of taila to immerse the metal was taken in Pithara yantra. b. Raw Yashada about ½ kg was heated in iron pan till it melts. c. Molten Yashada was immediately poured into Pitharayantra and allowed for selfcooling which took about 15 to 20 minutes. d. Cooled metal was taken out, washed with hot water to remove the oiliness and wiped with cotton and cloth. e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times, each time fresh taila was taken for the procedure. f. Second process onwards during melting, scum with oil was observed on the surface of molten Yashada, which has been removed by iron spoon. 5. Observations: 1. Time taken for melting was 13 – 15 minutes on medium flame. 2. When molten Yashada was poured in Tila taila it produced crackling sound. 3. Second process onwards scum with oil was observed on the surface of molten metal. 4. Colour of the oil becomes slightly blackish. 5. After the above procedure the metal was golden colour coating, but the shining is decreased slightly. 75 Sufficient quantity of Takra was taken in Pithara yantra.S 5 / I3 2.15 minutes on medium flame. Name of the preparation: Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Takra for 7 times.490 gms b. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and allowed for self-cooling.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study 6. Burner 3. Date of commencement : . Taila shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts. b. Precaution: 1. Water . Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times each time fresh Takra was taken for the procedure.11 – 3 – 05 Reference : – R. Observation: a. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton cloth.Procedure: a. 5. Melting should be done on medium flame. Result: Initial weight of the metal – 500 gms Final weight of the metal – 490 gms Weight loss – 10 gms Practical no. 7. d.Small iron pan with long handle.diameter at the center ( Pithara yantra ). When molten Yashada was poured in Takra crackling sound was heard. e.Takra .5 ltr c.s 4. 76 . 2 1.R. Equipmnts: .q. b. Time taken for melting was 13 .11 – 3 – 05 Date of completion : .Taila shodita Yashada . Cloth Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm. c. Drugs: a. at center (Pithara yantra).6 ltr c. Result: Initial weight of metal – 490 gms Final weight of the metal – 480 gms Weight Loss – 010 gms Practical no.Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Gomutra for 7 times. 77 . Takra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts. c. Water .R. Drugs: . Name of the preparation: . Cloth Iron vessel with lid having holed about 2cm.12 – 3 – 05 Reference :– R. The colour of Takra turned to yellowish and maximum quantity of Takra reduced due to evaporation. b. 3 1.q. the shining of metal was increased. e.a. Takra shodhita Yashada .s 4. 7.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study c. 6. Date of commencement : .Small iron pan with long handle. Sufficient quantity of Gomutra was taken in Pithara yantra.12 – 3 – 05 Date of completion : . Equipments: . Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed for self-cooling. b.480 gms b. Procedure: a. Care should be taken while pouring into Takra to avoid explosion. After the above procedure the metal became brittle rough disintegrated surfaced. Medium flame should be maintained.S 5 / I3 2. Gomutra . Second time onwards while melting the crackling sound was heard due to presence of water molecules and scum was observed on the surface of molten Yashada d. Precaution: a. Burner 3. 5. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron spoon. Precaution: a.S 5/ I3 2. Result Initial weight of metal – 480 gms Final weight of the metal – 470 gms Weight loss – 10 gms Practical no. Burner 78 . Date of commencement : . e. Equipments :. After the above procedure the metal became brittle.Small iron pan with long handle. b. To avoid explosion the lid of the Pithara yantra should be sealed properly 7. Observation: a. Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.4 1. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times each time fresh Gomutra was taken for the procedure. Medium flame should be maintained. Cloth Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton cloth.R.13 – 3 – 05 Date of completion :. Yashada melts within 13-15 minutes producing crackling sound. f. b.13 – 3 –05 Reference :– R. The colour of Gomutra turned in to blackish and quantity was reduced. the shining of metal was reduced.diameter at the center (pithara yantra). Scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada d. Name of the preparation :.Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kanji for 7 times.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study d. c. e. 6. Water . Explosive sound was heard when molten Yashada poured in Gomutra.Kanji . Second time onwards scum was formed on the surface of molten Yashada and was removed by iron spoon. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton cloth.Gomootra shodita Yashada – 470 gms b. Date of commencement :- 14 – 3 – 05 Date of completion :. Precaution: a.14 – 3 –05 79 .s 4. c. g. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and allowed for self-cooling. d. After the above procedure the metal turned to a shining big granule. 8. Medium flame should be maintained. 7. b.q. Result: Initial weight of metal – 470 gms Final weight of the metal – 455 gms Weight loss – 15 gms Practical no. Name of the preparation :-Samanya shodhana of Yashada in Kulattha kwatha for 7 times.5 1. f. Gomutra shodhita Yashada was heated in iron pan till it melts. b.a. e. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times each time fresh Kanji was taken for the procedure. Observation: a. Procedure: a.3 ltr c. Drugs :. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron spoon. c.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study 3. Sufficient quantity of Kanji was taken in Pithara yantra. 6. The colour of kanji became dark & more quantity was evaporated. Vishesha shodhana of Yashada in Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa for 3 times. Yashada melts within 13 . d.8 ltr c. b. c. Cloth. Procedure: a.455 gms b. Name of the preparation :. Kanji shodhita Yashada is melted in iron pan on medium flame. b. Kanji shodhita Yashada . Kulattha kwatha .S 5 / I3 2. Sufficient quantity of Kulaththa kwatha was taken in Pithara yantra. The colour of Kwatha turned in to dark & much quantity was evaporated. Precaution: Explosive chances are avoided by sealing the lid of Pithara yantra. each time fresh Kulaththa kwatha was taken for the procedure. After the above procedure some part of the Yashada became powder form. Result Initial weight of metal – 455 gms Final weight of the metal – 435 gms Weight Loss – 20 gms Practical No.15 minutes producing crackling sound. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water & wiped with cotton cloth. Burner and Pithara yantra 3. 80 .R. f. 7.S 4. Observation: a. Water .Small iron pan with long handle. 5. 6 1.Q. 6. Preparatory procedure: 1part of yavakuta churna of Kulattha was boiled with 16 parts of water in earthen pot over a mrudu agni till liquid is reduced to ¼ of the original quantity. d. Drugs :.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Reference :– R. 8. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra & allowed for self-cooling.a. Equipments :. Dried metal was once again subjected to above said procedure for 6 more times. c. When molten Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra explosive sound was heard. Half liter of Nirgundi swarasa was mixed with 10 gms of Haridra churna and was taken in Pithara yantra. d. Procedure: a. Dried Yashada was once again subjected to above said procedure for two more times. Yashada melts within 13 .R.S 4.S 5/156 2.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Date of commencement : .Q. Cloth. Burner Iron vessel with lid having hole of 2 cm diameter at the center (Pithara yantra).15 – 3 – 05 Date of completion :. Nirgundi swarasa . 6. Cooled metal was taken out washed with hot water up to removal of yellowish tinge of metal and wiped with cotton cloth. Equipments: .Small iron pan with long handle.1. Burner 3. c. Observation: a. b.15 minutes producing crackling sound. Samanya shodhita Yashada – 435 gms b. Preparatory procedure: Nirgundi swarasa preparation. c. Molten Yashada was poured immediately to the Pithara yantra and allowed for self-cooling. b. Water . When molted Yashada was poured in Pithara yantra more explosive sound was heard. 81 . Each time fresh Nirgundi swarasa with Haridra churna was taken. 5. later putapakwa vidhi was followed to obtain swarasa.15 – 3 –05 Reference :– .a. Scum formation on the surface of molten Yashada was removed by iron spoon.R. Drugs :. Fresh Nirgundi leaves were taken and subjected to mardana till it became fine kalka. Samanya shodhita Yashada is melted in iron pan on medium flame.5liters c. e. Haridra churna .30 grams d. 18 – 3 – 05 Date of completion :- 23 – 3 –05 Reference :– RT 19/116-119 2.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study d. 3.415gms 4. Equipments :. brittle and most of it became powder. (At 7500 c) c. The colour of swarasa turned in to dark green and much quantity was reduced.7 1.435 gms Final weight of the metal . Observations: a. and then collecting the fine powder by sieving through the cloth.Big iron pan with long handle. After complete melting of Yashada. Yashada starts became into powder form within 1hour (7500c). 8. Drug :a. It is completely converted into bhasma form at the end of 8th hour. b. Precautions: Because of throny surface proper care should be taken while removing the metal from shodhana media. After this procedure the Yashada became thorny.20 gms Practical No. Then the heat was stopped and allowed to self-cooling. 7. Burner. Vishesha shodhita Yashada about 415gms was taken in big iron pan and melted on medium flame. 82 .. Remaining part of course powder of Yashada was once again subjected to above said procedure continued until complete Yashada was converted into fine powder. d.Shodhita Yashada . Cloth. the process is continued with stirred through chalani until complete Yashada is converted into powder. Result: Initial weight of metal . The colour of Yashada turned into Grayish. e. 5. Procedure: a.Name of the preparation :.415 gms Weight Loss . b. Chalani.Marana of Yashada Date of commencement : . 7. c. d. b. Girisindhoora was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.26-3 -05 Reference :– RJ -3 2. Equipments :-Khalvayantra. 5. Date of commencement : . When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out continuously until it becomes powder form. Care should be taken while doing the Mardana for avoids the wastage. Initially Mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material. Girisindhoora b. The colour of Girisindhoora turned into bright red. Medium flame should be maintained. spoon 3. Nimbu swarasa – 200 gms –100ml 4. Precautions: a. Girisindhoora was taken in the Khalva yantra. b. b.a. After 1 hour material was become semisolid consistency. Drugs :.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study 6.25 -3 -05 Date of completion :. 6.8 1. 83 . Procedure: a. Result Initial weight of Yashada – 415 gms Final weight of the metal – 320 gms Weight loss – 95gms Practical No. Precaution:a.Name of the preparation :. Observations:a. c. Girisindhoora completely turned into fine powder form after six hours.Shodhana of Girisindhoora in Nimbu swarasa for 3 times. Nimbuswarasa was added in the Khalva yantra. e. Care should be taken while stirring with chalani for avoided hot Yashada course powder damaged to skin or cloth. Methodology – Pharmaceutical study 7. Sasyaka was once again subjected above said procedure for 2 more times.27-3-05 Reference :– RT 21/112 2. Initially mardana was done slowly to avoid the spillage of material. 6.a. b. Equipments :. Sasyaka completely turned into powder form after 1 hour. Drugs :.Shodhana of Sasyaka in Nimbu swarasa Date of commencement : . Nimbu swarasa added into the Sasyaka. When it attained semisolid consistency the mardana was carried out continuously until it became powder form. 84 . Sasyaka was taken in the Khalva yantra. The colour of Sasyaka turned into green colour. After 20 minutes was became semisolid consistency. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage. Result: Initial weight of Girisindhoora – 200 gms.5 gms. 5. d.25 gms Weight gained . c.27-3-05 Date of completion :. Final weight . e.9 1. Final weight . 7.Name of the preparation :. Procedure: a. Result: Initial weight of Sasyaka – 20 gms. Observation: a. Nimbusarasa – 20gms – 10 ml 4. b. Practical No.30 gms.230 gms Weight gained . Sasyaka b.Khalva yantra 3. c. Precaution: a. 85 . Procedure: a. Result: Final product – 1180 gms. Burner 3. Precaution: a. Sikta was melts in Tila taila within few seconds.28-3-05 Reference :– RT 19/146-147 2.300 gms 4.10 1. 7. After cooling it becomes a soft butter like paste. e. This vessel was subjected over mild fire. 6. Equipments :.. Yashada bhasma. Sikta – 150gms b.Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara Date of commencement : . Then vessel was removed from the agni and allowed for self cooling.28-3-05 Date of completion :. Care should be taken while doing the mardana for avoided the wastage of the material. d. Cloth.Vessel. 5. b. Above-mentioned quantity of Sikta and Tila taila was taken into vessel. c. Drugs :a.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Practical No.Khalva yantra. Observation: d. Spoon. Tila taila – 750 gms c. Name of the preparation :. Yashada bhasma was added into Sikta taila after melting and stirred well. During Sneha paka stirring was done continuosly for avoided kalka is adhere the vessel. Cloth. Kalka should be squeezed at hot stage. Result: Final weight of product – 1900 ml 86 . d.Methodology – Pharmaceutical study Practical No. Spoon.480gms f.Name of the preparation :. Taila paka should be prepared madhyamagni only. e.Preparation of Sindhooradi Taila Date of commencement : . 6. Jala .2 gms c. Drugs :.2 lts d. Equipments :. The whole kalka and dravadravya are mixed together. Shodhita Sasyaka . Taila paka was completed in two days. Sarshapa taila was then added.Ulukula yantra. boiled and stirred continuosly.480gms e. b. c. b. Arka patra and Haridra was taken in Khalva yantra and prepared kalka. c. Shodhita Sindhoora – 200 gms b.11 1. Haridra . Shodhita Sindhoora and Sasyaka were added into kalka.30 –3 -05 Reference :– RT – 21/162-163 2. Foam was observed when taila paka completed.29 -3 -05 Date of completion :. Sneha was filtered at hot stage through the cloth. Burner 3. Arka . c. 7. Vessel. 5.16 lts 4.a. The colour of taila was become into green colour. After getting the Snehasiddi lakshana. b. Precaution: a. Observation: a. Procedure: a. Sarshapa taila . Yashada bhasma also assessed according to the Ayurvedic parameters also. like Finess of particle test.2 micrometer to about 100 micrometer. According to microscope method the fine powder was sprinkled on the slide covered with covering slip & placed on a mechanical stage. Organoleptic characters and Physico chemical analysis done J. In initially standardization of minometer was carried out by coinciding the lines of both oculo minometer style minometer and standardized by using the formula SM -------.T Pharmacy college Gadag. Acid insoluble ash of Yashada bhasma and Boiling point. The size of the particle was calculated using the standard value. Refractive index.X 10 = m OM In the next step. Ash value. The particles are measured alops an orbitarily chosen fixed lines covered by the particles using the oculominometers. The Finess of particle test: It can be possible to use the ordinary microscope for particle size measuring in the range of 0. Hence it is essential to adopt modern analytical methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico . 87 . Showing Ayurvedic tests of Yashada bhasma Name of the sample Varitaratwa Rekhapurnatwa Shlakshnatwa Nischandra + + + + Yashada bhasma Table No-18 1. Specific gravity.Methodology – Analytical Study ANALYTICAL STUDY The metallic and mineral preparation of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia should be analyzed for physical and chemical properties to confirm the genuinely & safety before administration to the patients. Loss on drying at 1100c Acid value and Saponification value of Sindhooradi Taila.chemical changes occurred during the process. the style minometer was removed & the mounted slide was placed on a mechanical stage & focused. Flow rate. 3. after that the level of the Yashada bhasma in the cylinder is once again noted & the value ‘I ’ is calculated with respect to the Vo & V value. Angle of repose (θ): . The curved wall is lined with sand paper to prevent preferential slip at this surface. bhasma is subjected to flow property test i.Methodology – Analytical Study 2. The cylinder is rotated about its horizontal axis until the powder surface cascades. If the value comes between 200– 400 indicates reasonable flow potential. If the value ‘ I ’ is below 15% usually having good flow rates. Flow property: Yashada bhasma is very fine powder so to maintain the actual dose and for better dispensing.It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between the free standing surface of a powder heap & the horizontal plane i. Flow rates: A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to flow is given by application of a compressibility index “ I ” I= [1 – V ] x 100 Vo Where ‘ v ‘ is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being subjected to a standardized tapping procedure. 88 . Vo = volume before tapping procedure In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken and is filled with Yashada bhasma. The level of the Yashada bhasma should be noted.e. “ Angle of repose ” by which we can analyze either the powder having very good flow property.e. Then at a height of 2 cm continuous 10 tapping should be done. good property or a bad flow property. tan θ = 2h / D Where D is the diameter of the circle & ‘h’ is the height of the powder heap This test involves the hollow cylinder half is filled with Yashada bhasma with one end sealed by transparent plate. collect the residue on an ashless filter paper. The thermometer is read when the evaluation of bubbles just stops. 6. The mean of the two readings is taken to be correct boiling point of the liquid under examination. Acid insoluble ash: Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. bubbles issue in a rapid stream from the lower end of the capillary.Methodology – Analytical Study 4. The presence of impurities raises its boiling point. Determination of Ash: Method: Incinerate about 2 to 3 g. cool and weigh. extract the charred mass with hot water. Method: Capillary tube method. incinerate the residue and filter paper add the filtrate. collect the insoluble matter in a Gooch crucible. The experiment is repeated with a fresh liquid in a new capillary and the boiling point recorded as before. wash with hot water and ignite to constant weight at a low temperature. When the boiling point is reached. accurately weighed. evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant weight at a low temperature. of the prepared sample in a tarred platinum or silica dish at low temperature until free from carbon. Calculate the percentage of ash with reference to the moisture free drug. Boiling point: An organic liquid boils at a fixed temperature. Calculate the percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the moisture free drug. or on an ashless filter paper. If a carbon free ash cannot be obtained in this way. The beaker is heated and the bath liquid stirred continuously with a ring stirrer. 89 . is dropped into it. The glass tube containing the liquid and capillary is then tied along side a thermometer so the liquid stands just near the bulb. which is characteristic of that substance. A few drops of the liquid are placed in a thin walled small test tube. 5. The thermometer is then lowered in a beaker containing water or Sulphuric acid. A capillary tube sealed at about 1 cm from one end. Procedure: A pycnometer of 25 ml. filtered with necessary. The sample is filtered through a dry filter. 8. The pycnometer is next filled up to the mark with the sample. and take the reading after half a minute. It is filled up to the mark of water at the required temperature and weighed. all weighing being taken in air. Procedure:Circulate water through the instrument at the required temperature. Refractometers: Commercial instruments are normally constructed for use with white light but are calibrated to give the refractive index in terms of the sodium D wavelength. Capacity is cleaned. Place a drop of the liquid between the prisms. It varies with the wavelength of the light used in the measurement. 90 .Methodology – Analytical Study 7. Refractive Index: The Refractive index (n) of a substance is the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to its velocity in the substance. The specific gravity is determined by dividing the weight of the sample expressed in grams. Temperature control: A suitable device should be used for circulating water at the required temperature through the Refractometer. Specific gravity: The specific gravity of a liquid is the weight of a given volume of the liquid at the specific temperature compared with the weight of an equal volume of water at the same temperature. It may also be defined as the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the since of angle of refraction. Refractive indices are started in terms of sodium light of wavelength 9893A at a temperature of 200 unless otherwise specified. at the same temperature and weighed. dried and weighed. The maker’s instructions relating to a suitable light source should be followed. 028 gm oleic acid. Dissolve about 5gm of the fat or oil. of ml of N/10 alkali used X 5. The free fatty acid content is also express as FFA. and titrate with N/10 Potassium hydroxide. heated on electric oven up to 1100 c and again weighed. Acid Value: The Acid value of an oil or fat is defined. and shaking constantly until a pink colour which persists for 15seconds is obtained. as the number of milligrams of Potassium hydroxide required neutralizing the free acid in one gram of the sample. Method : Mix 25ml Ether with 25ml alcohol (95%) and 1ml of 1% phenolphthalein solution and neutralize with N/10 alkali (few drops). 91 .Methodology – Analytical Study 9. N/10) alkali = 0. Loss on drying at1100: One gram of Yashada bhasma accurately weighed. 10. in the mixed neutral solvent. Accurately weighed. The difference in weighed was calculated & the result is attached. The titration should preferably not exceed about 10ml.61 Acid value = Weight of sample in gm. No. calculated as oleic acid% (1ml. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein (1%) solution and titration the excess alkali with N/2 hydrochloric acid (titration=a ml) carry out a blank at the same time (titration=b ml). potassium hydroxide in 20 ml of water and dilute to one liter with alcohol (95%) Allow standing overnight and decanting off the pure liquid. Attack a reflux condenser and heat the flask in boiling water for one hour. Saponification value: The saponification value of an oil or fat is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty resulting acids from the complete hydrolysis of 1 gram of the sample. of the oil or fat into a conical flask and add exactly 25ml of the alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. shaking frequently. Alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide: Dissolve 35-40 g. of sample 92 . Method: Weight 2g. In g.1 Saponification value = Wt.Methodology – Analytical Study 11. (b-a) x 56. . . . G. Literary aspect of disease was collected from the various Ayurvedic classics. 93 . Patients: The patients with confirmed diagnosis of Vicharchika (Eczema) were selected from the O. magazines and journals. 2. The information regarding the disease is updated from Internet search. Rasaratna samuchchaya etc Rasagranthas and modern inorganic chemistry and processed in pharmacy section of P. The materials are studied as under: 1. 3.G. Methods of collection of data: a.P. Ayurvedic medical college hospital Gadag. Literary aspect of the study regarding the drug was collected from the Rasatarangini.evaluation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika. patients will be selected between the age of 16 years to 60 years.G. 2. Rasamrita.chemical analysis of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila 3. Section of P.M.D.R.R.C. The patients of Vicharchika will be diagnosed according classical features and dermatological studies. Inclusive criteria: 1.Methodology – Clinical Study CLINICAL STUDY This clinical study was conducted after proper understanding of classical explanations. For this clinical study clinical symptoms and the management of Vicharchika are taken into consideration. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila 2. Objectives of the study: 1.C.DGM Ayurvedic medical collage according to the classical methods.D. observations and management of Vicharchika. Clinical. Irrespective of sex. Physico. Pidaka 3.05 the test is highly significant. These differences are subjected for the statistical analysis by applying paired and unpaired ‘t’test and nonparametric test (if necessary) if ‘p’ value is less than 0. The grouping is as follows: Group A – Yashadamrita malahara Group B – Sindhooradi taila e. as required. Vedana vishesha 94 . d. Follow up: 15 days. Posology: For external application. Sample size: A minimum of 30 patients are selected and 15 in each group randomly selected. c. Study design: Patients of Vicharchika with confirmed diagnosis selected as for simple random sampling method with pretest and post test design all patients will be assigned to a two group. g. Duration of treatment: 21days. h. Kandu 5. f. Srava 4. Exclusive criteria: The patients who are suffering from any other systematic disorder will be excluded.Methodology – Clinical Study b. Subjective parameters: As designated in texts 1. Assessment of result: Results of the treatment were assessed on the basis of difference between the baseline data and assessment data of the subjective and objective parameters. Varna 2. Methodology – Clinical Study Objective parameters: 1. Vedana vishesha: 0 . Responded : Reduction of only one subjective symptom. Moderately responded : Reduction of 2 subjective symptoms.Normal 1. Much responded : Complete subsidence of 3 or 4 subjective symptoms.Mild 2 – Moderate 3 . Total count 3. Not responded : No reduction of subjective symptoms. Over all Assessment of results: The overall assessments of results in the present study were grouped into the following categories.Mild 2 – Moderate 3 .Normal 1.Severe 2.Normal 1.Severe 4.Severe 3. Srava: 0 .Mild 2 – Moderate 3 . Pidika: 0 . so here assessment of results is made only with subjective parameters. Varna: 0 . Differential count 4.Mild 2 – Moderate 3 . Hemoglobin 2. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 5. 95 . Absolute eosinophile count Grades of subjective Parameters: 1.Mild 2 – Moderate 3 .Normal 1.Normal 1. Cured : Complete subsidence of all the subjective symptoms. Kandu: 0 .Severe 5.Severe As the objective parameters are not suggesting any role in the assessment of results in this study. physico chemical study of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on Vicharchika” is presented in 4 parts for both preparations. a. When Arabians comes to India for business. antioxidant etc. Literary study 2.Discussion DISCUSSION The study entitled “ The Preparation. Many times they used it as a nutritive. Yashada might knew to the ancient Ayurvedic scholars. In drug review Yashada is discussed according to ayurvedic as well as modern concept. b. d. 118 . Yogaratnakara was the first person who mentioned Malahara kalpana and Rasataranginikara was the only one person who mentioned Yashadamrita malahara. because its alloys are already mentioned before 15 AD and only its medicine value may be detected later.e Drug review and Disease review. Pharmaceutical study 3. 1. then this metal became popular by name the “Jashada” due to its multidimensional pharmacological property and they used it for preparing ornaments. So in 15th AD it is mentioned by Madanapala and next by Bhavamisra. Analytical study 4. c. Clinical study YASHADAMRITA MALAHARA 1. Even modern science believed that zinc is a one of the trace elements of the body. Under disease review Ayurvedic concept of Vicharchika and modern concept of Eczema (allergic dermatitis) is discussed.i. Literary study: Literary study explained under two headings. Discussion Vicharchika is said to be exist since Vedic period. Our Acharyas like Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata described Vicharchika as a variety of Kshudra Kushta. For the present study Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila are selected due to their Vicharchikahara property. Although Vicharchika is Tridoshaja Vyadhi it is Pitta and Kapha pradhana Vyadhi. The lakshana of Vicharchika are Varna, Kandu, Pidika, Srava and Vedana vishesha According to modern science the Eczema and dermatitis are being used synonymously and referred to distinctive pattern of the skin which can be either acute or chronic due to number of causes including allergy. Allergy is the term applied to the natural or spontaneous manifestations of hypersensitiveness in man, which includes Asthma, Hay fever and Eczema, Urticaria and Migraine. The clinical features of allergy are erythema, itching, burning, oozing etc. 2.Pharmaceutical study. Shodhana: Shodhana not only intended to remove the impurities or toxic material, but also makes the metal suitable for further procedure & enhances its potency. In present study samanya shodhana was carried out by doing nirvapana in Tila taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji, Kulaththa kwatha for 7 times in each. and Vishesha shodhana with nirvapana in Haridrayukta Nirgundi swarasa for 3 times. In the above said medias Tila taila is neutral where as other medias contain several acidic compounds, hence some of them are acidic in nature. During processing with these drugs the organic acids act slowly on metal and help in attainment of brittleness. 119 Discussion Scum was observed in molten surface, this is because of high temperature molten Zinc reacts with external air (steam) and liberates hydrogen forming Zinc oxide (scum). Explosive sound is produced because Melting & pouring Zn ZnO2 + H2 In shodhana media (Aqueous in nature) When molten metal was poured in shodhana media, it breaks the water molecules & releases hydrogen gas immediately this produces explosive sounds. The intensity of sound depends upon the concentration of hydrogen gas released at that time. At the same time oxygen is reacts with the metal forms Zinc oxide i.e. ZnO. Weight loss after shodhana might be due to scum formation on molten surface that is removed. Vishesha shodhana is intended to bring diseases specification to drug. In Yashada vishesha shodhana, Nirgundi & Haridra are used where Nirgundi is best Kapha vata shamaka & Raktashodhaka. Haridra used for shodhana not only converts Yashada into shodhita form but also helpful in Vicharchika, as it has a kapha shamaka, Raktashodhaka, kushtaghna, krimighna, varnya etc. properties. Hence Nirgundi and Haridra are selected for this procedure. Marana: For pootilohas one intermediate procedure is mentioned prior to prepare the bhasma. Several jarana methods mentioned for Yashada, but in this study I have taken agnijarita yashada bhasma preparation. In this procedure Yashada is heated in an iron pan for a long duration i.e. more than 7500c. Due to continuous heat specific gravity of a metal may decrease, and mass volume increases. Hence metal looses its metallic bonds. Rubbing with iron ladle vigorously create a pressure on brittle elements converting into powder form i.e.bhasma form. This is irreversible phenomenon. 120 Discussion Weight loss of bhasma after marana due to oxidation process, the elements are definitely looses their atomic weight. Preparation of Yashadamrita Malahara. Here sikta taila is used as a base and the main ingredient is Yashada bhasma. Tila taila is best kapha shamaka, lekhana, krimighna, and twachya, where as sikta is sandhanakara, vrunaropaka, kandughna and kushtanashaka. That’s why sikta taila is taken as base for the Yashadamrita Malahara. So it not only acts as a base it also helps in the curing disease. 3. Analytical study: 1. The end product is subjected for organoleptic characters it is inert, smooth, free from greasy. So it is easily applicable and does not produce irritation or sensitization of the skin. 2. This malahara contain Yashada bhasma so to confirm the standared and completion of oxidation of Yashada. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma is subjected to “Total ash and Acid insoluble ash test”, the values are Total ash 100% and Acid insoluble ash 29% so it is proved that bhasma prepared by Agnijarita method is genuine one and it is completely converted into Vijatiya to Sajatiya i.e. completely oxide form. 3. This compound is only indicated externally so to know either the bhasma is absorbable through normal skin orifices or not. To confirm the particle size of the Yashada bhasma, sample is subjected for “Fineness of particle test”. This test was done in microscope it is evident that the particle sizes of Yashada bhasma Arithmetic mean is 5.4 micrometer. Mean volume surface diameter is 1.57 micrometer. So by this it is know that Yashada bhasma particles are very fine in nature, which definitely absorbs through normal skin orifices. 121 33%) and male patients (73. which are found in normal range comparing to before and after treatment. Rasa – Madhura. Yashadamrita malahara was found highly significant with P<0. Tikta Veerya – Ushna Guna – Sukshma. Vyavayi. The demographic data shows that most of the patients comes under middle age group (73. In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of action of Yashadamrita malahara on Vicharchika. In objective parameters variations are not more. Kandu and Pidika. Tikta Guna – Sheeta Veerya – Sheeta Doshaghnata – Kapha pitta shamaka Karma – Vrunaropaka. Probable mode of action of Yashadamrita Malahara. Clinical study: In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the treatment of Yashadamrita Malahara in the management of Vicharchika.33%) have been cured.02). Vrunashamaka Tila taila.33%) have been much responded. Vikasi. 2 patients (13. All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna. 3 patients (20%) have been moderately responded.33% in Srava(P<0. Krimighna 122 .The pharmacodynamic properties of Yashada bhasma is Rasa – Kashaya. Sara. Karma – Lekhana.33% of the patients completely relieved from Varna.Discussion 4. Twachchya. 40% were relieved from Pidaka and 40% were relieved from Kandu and 93. Teekshna. 5 patients (33. Out of 15 patients. Vishada.33%) have responded and no patients were found unresponded. which suggests that it was seen more in middle age and males. Kashaya. In this group out of 15 patients 5 patients (33. Guru. 6 patients have srava and 7 patients have Vedana vishesha of varying degree before and after the treatment.001 in Varna with 33.33%). b. it reduces the chronic inflammation it checks the bleeding and secretion from broken skin by precipitating the secretions. So by this yoga main dominated doshas i. c. Even in modern science also. it is expected to be zinc has a good antiseptic. Kapha pitta in sravi Vicharchika. that means tutthya is artificial form of copper sulphate. both are used internal as well as external followed by shodhana.Madhura Guna – Snigdha. SINDHOORADI TAILA 1. astringent. Rasa . Sasyaka is well known ancient Ayurvedic authorities and it is used in various pathological conditions. pidikayukta Vicharchika. where as Bhavaprakasha and Rasataranginikara consider it as a upadhatu. it provides soothing and protective effect to skin. Because grahyalakshana of sasyaka do not correlate with the tutthya. but most of the authorities not mentioned shodhana and Marana. Pichchala Karma – Sandhanakara. It may be due to its external limitation. Girisindhoora is well known to ancients and they included it in sadharanarasa. Sindhoora found in mineral form. Kushtaghna. So it is best in srava. But some authorities mention bhavana with godugdha or amlavarga dravya. kandu. Where as sasyaka is natural. Many times Sasyaka and Tutthya used synonymsly but both are different.e. a. 123 . Literary study: In drug review ingredients of Sindhooradi taila are discussed according to Ayurvedic as well as modern concept. local sedative action. The drugs used in the shodhana also induce the kapha pitta property in the Yashada bhasma. By this it may be argued that Girisindhoora might be the derivative of the metal and even chemical analysis also proved that it is lead pro oxide. Vrunaropaka. Kandughna.Discussion Sikta. amritikarana n various pathological condition. marana. trachoma. Krimihara. Vrunaropana and shodhana. Vrunashodhana and ropana. Krimighna and Kushtaghna. antiseptic. Girisindhoora is Tridoshashamaka. 2. it is best Raktashodhaka. Kandughna. Vedanashamaka. which are indicated in eczema. eczema. Even it can be used internally. but the colour of Sindhooradi taila was changed might be due to chemical reaction with organic matter and also quantity of Sindhoora is less than kalka dravya. Haridra has Kaphavatashamaka. Vedanashamaka. b. ulcers etc. Kothaghna and Krimighna. d. Pharmaceutical study. Even modern science also used in various ointments and liniments. and Vrunaropaka karma. The intention is the preparation of taila of the above combination might be to store the active principle of compound drug and make it suitable for application. In Sindhooradi taila Rasataranginikara used sarshapa taila because it mitigates the vata and kapha. c. Kushtaghna. Disease review is done in last chapter. e. Kushtaghna. it can kill the bacteria fungi and protozoa. Even modern science also used as local astringent on broken Skin. eruptive skin disease. as a lotion. 124 . Various types of Taila kalpanas mentioned in the classics. Vrunashodhaka and Kushtaghna. Arka and Haridra. a. Kandughna. Kandughna. Arka. Sasyaka has Kaphapittashamaka. Haridra and Sarshapa are used as a traditional medicine in various pathological conditions. ulcers. Shothahara. it is used to destroy excerbent granulations.Discussion d. these two drugs used as a kalka dravya along with Sindhoora and Sasyaka in the preparation Sindhooradi taila. Shothahara. Girisindhoora is red in colour. Kushtaghna. Arka has Kapha pitta shamaka. 3 patients have srava and 9 patients have vedana vishesha of varying degree before and after the treatment. In this clinical study out of 30 patients 15 patients were selected for the treatment of Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika. By this it is confirmed that taila is very clear and not viscid.001 in Varna with 46. 80% were relieved from Pidaka and 80% were relieved from Kandu and not significant with P>0. Out of 15 patients. So this taila only indicated externally then also it will not produces any free radicals by the absorption. the value of this test is 0. There by it is confirmed that classically prepared this taila is samyak siddha taila.865 i. because by this procedure unsaturated taila is converted into saturated fatty acid. To know the concentration of saturated or unsaturated fatty acid. Analytical study. 3.608 and “Specific gravity test”. 125 .Discussion 3. Clinical study.66% of the patients completely relieved from Varna. compound is subjected to “Acid value test and Saponification test”. the value of this test is 1. which suggests that it was seen more in middle age and males. 4. 1. Sindhooradi taila was found highly significant with P<0. To confirm either taila is highly viscid or the clear solution. All the 15 patients presented with subjective symptoms like Varna. Kandu and Pidika. their by is absorbed very quickly.33%). 2. When the compound is subject to the test “Loss on 1100c”. value is 0. The demographic data shows that most of the patients come under middle age group (93.e.05 in Srava.33%) and male patients (73. unsaturated fatty acid concentrations and Saponification value 200 that is saturated fatty acid. compound is subjected to “Refractive index test”. and then it is comes to know that the compound has Acid value 5. So it is confirmed that taila is free from water molecule and no chance of microorganism growth.86.86% w/ w and boiling point is 1200c to 1250c. Kushtaghna.Vedana sthapana. Vedanasthapana. 126 . Katu Veerya – Ushna Doshaghnata – Kaphavatashamaka Karma. Arka Guna: Laghu. and no patients were found doesn’t responded. antiseptic. Tikta Veerya – Ushna Doshaghnata – Kaphapitta shamaka. Kushtaghna. Jantughna Haridra: Guna – Ruksha.Shothahara. 2 patients (13. Sheeta Doshaghnata – Kaphapitta shamaka Karma – Vrunaropaka.Discussion In this group out of 15 patients 7 patients (46. Kushtaghna. ulcers etc Sasyaka Rasa – Kashaya. In objective parameters variations are not more. Kandughna. Kandughna etc It is a local stimulant and indicated in eczema. eruptive skin disease. kshara Veerya – Sheeta Guna – Laghu. Varnya. Kushtagna. Tikta Guna – Ushna Veerya – Ushna Doshaghnata – Tridosha shamaka Karma – Vrunaropaka & shodhaka. In the present study an effect has been made to discuss the probable mode of action of Sindhooradi taila on Vicharchika.66%) have been cured. eczema. ruksha. Krimighna etc Act as local astringent on broken skin. Karma . teekshan Vipaka – Katu Rasa – Katu.The pharmacodynamic properties of Girisindhoora is Rasa – Katu. destroy excerbent granulations. which are found in normal range comparing to before and after treatment. Vrunashodhana & Ropana. Shothahara. Probable mode of action of Sindhooradi taila. ulcers. 6 patients (40%) have been much responded. Vrunashodhana. Laghu Vipaka – Katu Rasa – Tikta.33%) have been moderately responded. Kushtaghna. which is Kapha pradhana Kushta vyadhi. both the formulations are having similar significant value for Kandu. DISCUSSION ON COMPARATIVE CLINICAL STUDY This study is conducted as a comparative clinical study on Vicharchika by observing above all data and by statistical result. Tikta Vipaka – katu Doshaghnata – Vatakaphashamaka Karma . But group A (Yashadamrita malahara) is highly significant for Sravi Vicharchika and group B (Sindhooradi taila) is significant for Rooksha Vicharchika. So this yoga is best in the Vicharchika. By observing these properties all drugs are having kapha shamaka and Kushta. 127 . Krimighna.Raktashodhaka. It is proved that. Kandu & Kothaghna.Katu. Kandu and shothahara etc properties.Discussion Sarshapa: Guna –Snigdha laghu(oil) Veerya – Ushna Rasa. 2. But by physico – chemical analysis it is proved that even agnijarita Yashada bhasma as it passes all the bhasma pariksha same as Yashada bhasma which is prepared by following Jarana as a intermediate procedure. By physico – chemical analysis it is proved that Sindhooradi taila is very clear and not viscid. and it is proved by these two formulation containing Rasadravya on Vicharchika.Conclusion CONCLUSION 1. so no chance of microorganism growth. Agnijarita Yashada bhasma mainly indicated in external use. 1. but by statistical value it is proved that Yashadamrita malahara is choice remedy in Sravi Vicharchika and Sindhooradi taila in Rooksha Vicharchika 128 . As Rasaushadies are mainly meant for asadhya vyadhis. 2. These two formulations quoted by Rasataranginikara in Vicharchika. their by is absorbed very quickly without producing any free radical and is free from water molecule. The drugs used in shodhana definitely modify the drug suitable for further procedure and induce the disease curing property. 3. So in this view a comparative clinical study with big size sample with long duration can be carried out. But by rasadravyayukta yogas disease is subsided. As it passes all the bhasma pariksha same as Yashada bhasma which is prepared by following Jarana as a intermediate procedure. 129 . Agnijarita Yashada bhasma mainly indicated in external use. 2. So it needs animal experiment for its toxicity study. In Kushtaroga repeated shodhana followed by shamanoshadhi is mentioned.Conclusion SCOPE OF THE FURTHER STUDY 1. Observation based on age. 2. Observation based on marital status. 3. 6. Observation based on occupation. Observation based on education. Total 30 patients were taken randomly selected for the above mentioned study. Observation based on religion. Observation based on Vicharchika lakshanas 96 . The entire patients were assessed before and after treatment. Observation based on economical status. Both subjective and objective changes were recorded according to the performa of case sheet. 5. 7. 8. 1. The collective data is grouped into 8 categories. 4.Observation and Results OBSERVATION AND RESULTS The present comparative clinical study was meant for evaluation of efficacy of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika. Observation based on sex. 66 41-50 05 33. Age No.66 03 10. 5 patients belongs to 21-30.66 % 16.00 51-60 02 13.66 16-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 Age Graph-1 97 .66 21-30 01 06.of patients in years Group A % Group B % 16-20 02 13.00 08 26.66 05 16.33 07 46.66 %) belongs to the age group 31.00 Total 15 99. 3 patients belongs Percentage to 51-60.19 In the present observation from both groups maximum number of patients 8 (26.98 Total % Table No.66 02 40.66 04 26.33 03 20.98 30 99.66 10 6.of patients No.Observation and Results Observations of patients based on Age.00 02 06. and 2 patients comes under 16-20 and 41-50 age group 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 40 26.66 31-40 05 33.40.98 15 99.33 01 06.33 00 00. 99 Table No.of patients Group A % Total % Group B Male 11 73.66 08 26.of patients % No.66 04 26.66 30 20 10 0 Male Female Sex Graph-2 98 .33 70 60 50 % 40 26.33 11 73.-20 From the both groups a total of 22 male (73. This shows that the exposure for the disease Vicharchika is more in males because they work outside exposing to different Nidana. Percentage 80 73.66%) are reported.33 Female 04 26.99 15 99.66 Total 15 99.Observation and Results Observations of patients based on Sex Sex No.99 30 99.33 22 73.33%) and 8 females (26. Observations of patients based on marital rates: Marriage No.66) from both groups are reported. 99 .66 Total 15 99.66 Total 15 100 15 99.-21 Even though there is no specific relation to the disease.33 Un-Educated 05 33.33 06 40 11 36.33 Un-Married 03 20 05 33.of patients % Group A No.66 09 60 19 63.66 22 73. It explains that educated 19 patients (63.of patients % Total % Group B Married 12 80 10 66. but awareness to the Ayurvedic treatment and faith is observed in this study.of patients % Total % Group B Educated 10 66.-22 In this study many are married i.Observation and Results Observations of patients based on Education Education No.99 Table No.33 08 26.33) and unmarried are rest of 8 patients from both groups.99 Table No.of patients % Group A No.99 30 99.22 patients (73.33) and uneducated 11 patients (36.e.99 15 100 30 99. of patients Group A % Total % Group B Hindu 13 86.33 Muslim 02 13.00 Total 15 99.-23 Present study explains Hindu.99 15 100 30 99.66 12 80 25 83. It does not mean that others are not having this problem. Muslim are reported with problem of Vicharchika.66 %) belong to Muslim religion. The area in which study undertook has 2 groups of populations. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 83.00 00 00 00 00.Observation and Results Observations of patients based on Religion Religion No.33 03 20 05 16.33%) belongs Percentage to Hindu religion and 5 patients (16.66 Hindu Muslim Religion 0 Others Graph-3 100 . Out of 30 patients 25 patients (83.99 Table No.66 Others 00 00.33 % 16.of patients % No. 33) belongs to the student.00 07 23.66 05 33. 30 26.66 Employee 03 20.66 23.66 04 26. 7 patients (23.66 03 20. 6 patients (20%) belongs to business.33 05 16.33 Housewife 04 26.98 15 99.Observation and Results Observations of patients based on Occupation Occupation No.4 101 .98 Table No.of patients Group A % Total % Group B Agriculture 04 26.33%) belongs to the agriculture.33 15 % 10 5 ss Bu si ne ye e pl o Em H ou se w i fe en t St ud ltu re 0 Ag ric u Percentage 20 16.33 Student 03 20.66 20 Occupation Graph .of patients % No.00 Total 15 99.33 25 13.00 02 13.33 06 20.66 %) belongs to the housewife.98 30 99.00 01 06.-24 In this study we consider the 5 categories of occupation for the convenience of studies.66 04 13. Out of 30 patients 8 patients (26. 5 patients belongs to the employee 4 patients (13.66 08 26.66 Business 01 06. 66 % 23.-25 It refers to the physical and psychological status of an individual patient.33%) belong to Percentage poor class and no patients belong to higher class.99 Table No.33 20 13.99 30 99.of patients % No. 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 76.66 13 86.33 07 23.00 00 00.00 00 00.99 15 99. 7 Patients (23. Out of 30 patients 23 patients (76.66%) belong to middle class.00 Total 15 99.of patients % Group A Total % Group B Pour 50 33.33 0 Pour Middle class Higher class Status Graph .33 Middle class 10 66.5 102 .Observation and Results Observations of patients based on Economical status Status No.66 Higher class 00 00.66 23 76. 00 15 100 3 20.66 03 020 1 06.00 Table No. Before the treatment 15 patients have the complaint Varna.00 Vedana 07 46.66 06 040 0 00. Pidika. Before the treatment 7 patients have the complaint Vedana in group A and 6 patients in-group B.00 15 100 3 20.00 Srava 06 040 01 06. 103 .66 15 100 7 46. After treatment 1 patient in-group A and I patient in-group B has the same complaint.-26 The above table shows the number percentage of the patients complaining the Vicharchika lakshana before & after the treatment.Observation and Results Observations based on Vicharchika lakshanas Symptoms Group A Group B B % A % B % A % Varna 15 100 10 66.66 Pidika 15 100 09 60. Before the treatment 6 patients have the complaint Srava in-group A and 3 patients in group B.66 01 06. Kandu in both groups.66 Kandu 15 100 09 60. After the treatment 10 and 7 patients have Varna. 9 and 3 patients have Pidika and Kandu in group A and group B respectively. After the treatment 1 patient complaint in-group A and no patients have same complaint in-group B. 22 3 20 15 B - - 2 13. of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A - - 4 26.-27 Showing the grades of “Varna” After treatment in group A & B No.of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A - - 3 20.66 8 53.66 7 46.66 - - Table No.-29 Showing the grades of Pidika After treatment in group A & B No.33 7 46.00 15 B - - 2 13. of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 6 40 9 60 - - - - 15 B 12 80 3 20 - - - - Table No. No.33 3 20 10 66.66 6 40 Table No.-28 Showing the grades of Pidika before treatment in Group A & Group B.-30 0 – Normal 1 – Mild 2 – Moderate 3 .Observation and Results Observation related to response to the treatment Showing the grades of “Varna” Before treatment in group A & B No.66 3 20 - - 15 B 7 46.33 7 46.Severe 104 .66 Table No.66 1 6.00 6 40 06 40.of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 5 33. 33 - - 15 B 12 80 1 06.33 12 80 Table No.Severe 105 .33 - - Table No. No.Observation and Results Showing the grades of Srava before treatment in Group A & Group B.00 - - - - Table No.33 1 6. of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 9 60 4 26. No. of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 14 93.-34 0 – Normal 1 – Mild 2 – Moderate 3 .-31 Showing the grades of Srava after treatment in Group A & Group B. Of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 06 40 8 53.-32 Showing the grades of Kandu before treatment in Group A & Group B.33 8 53. No.33 1 6.33 5 33.22 15 B 1 6.6 - - - - Table No.66 2 13. Of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 2 13.66 - - 15 B 12 80 3 20. No.22 1 6.6 - - - - 15 B 14 93.66 2 13.66 2 13.-33 Showing the grades of Kandu after treatment in Group A & Group B. Severe 106 .66 - - - - 15 B 15 100. Of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 14 93.-36 0 – Normal 1 – Mild 2 – Moderate 3 .66 - - - - 15 B 6 40.Observation and Results Showing the grades of Vedana before treatment in Group A & Group B.00 9 60.00 - - - - Table No.33 1 6.-35 Showing the grades of Vedana after treatment in Group A & Group B. No.22 7 46. Of patients Group Grade 0 % 1 % 2 % 3 % 15 A 8 53.0 - - - - - - Table No. No. ESR and AEC Assessment Of Subjective Parameters Of Group A (Yashadamrita Malahara) Sl. 1 – Mild. Pidika.No OPD Varna BT AT Pidika Srava Kandu BT AT BT AT BT AT Vedana Vishesha BT AT 1 1154 3 2 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 2 1198 2 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2351 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 4 2490 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 5 2553 3 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 2600 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 2948 3 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 8 3153 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3432 2 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 10 3908 1 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 11 3922 3 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 12 3985 2 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 13 4115 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 4051 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 15 4118 2 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 Table No. Srava and Vedana vishesha. The results obtained in the two groups were assessed on the basis of Varna. DC. and Hb%.Observation and Results RESULTS 30 patients were studied in two groups with 15 patients in each. Group A patients treated with Yashadamrita Malahara and group B patients were treated with Sindhooradi taila. AT-After Treatment 0 – Normal. TC. 2 – Moderate. Kandu.Severe 107 . 3 .-37 BT-Before Treatment. Severe 108 . 3 .-38 BT-Before Treatment.No OPD Varna Srava Pidika Kandu Vedana Vishesha BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT 1 1102 3 2 3 1 0 0 3 1 1 0 2 1179 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2320 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 0 4 2484 3 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 5 2545 1 0 3 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 2557 3 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 7 2837 2 1 2 1 1 0 3 1 1 0 8 3103 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9 3430 3 1 2 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 10 3635 3 0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 11 3436 1 2 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 12 3439 3 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 13 4043 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 4068 2 1 2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 15 4132 3 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 Table No. 1 – Mild. AT-After Treatment 0 – Normal.Observation and Results Assessment of Subjective Parameters of Group B (Sindhooradi taila) Sl. 2 – Moderate. 5 12 14 13 6200 6300 5 4 3 2351 480 460 10 10 13 14 4800 5000 3 3 4 2490 550 560 10.2 13 14 7900 8000 2 2 15 4118 390 410 12.8 20 18 5400 5200 6 5 6 2600 450 440 9. 2 – Moderate.Severe 109 .5 12 07 08 4500 4600 5 4 11 3922 540 520 12.-39 BT-Before Treatment.8 12 11 5300 5100 1 22 2 1198 520 530 11.4 10 11 12 8800 9000 3 2 13 4115 240 250 12 11 15 14 8500 8200 2 3 14 4051 360 320 13 13. 3 .4 10 11 6800 7000 3 2 8 3153 400 430 13 12. AT-After Treatment 0 – Normal.No OPD AEC Hb% ESR TC DC (E) BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT 1 1154 580 560 12 11.8 10 12 13 5200 5300 2 2 7 2948 500 490 10.Observation and Results Assessment of Objective Parameters of Group A (Yashadamrita Malahara) Sl.8 08 10 7200 7100 4 4 9 3432 450 460 12 13 09 10 9800 9600 1 2 10 3908 480 460 11.4 12 06 06 5400 5500 3 2 12 3985 450 410 10.5 10 18 16 6200 6400 4 4 5 2553 600 580 11 10.2 10.5 13 12 12 6300 6400 1 2 Table No. 1 – Mild. 2 14 12 6600 6400 3 5 7 2837 430 418 11.8 10 08 06 9200 9000 3 4 14 4068 230 225 10 10. AT-After Treatment 2 – Moderate.Severe 110 .5 10 08 6300 6400 5 4 9 3430 503 494 13 13 12 10 3500 4000 3 3 10 3635 550 536 12 12.2 6 04 7000 6800 1 2 12 3439 465 460 10.5 12 12 7100 7200 1 3 15 4132 403 328 11 11.5 11 14 14 5000 5200 4 3 4 2484 525 510 11 11 12 12 5500 5300 6 6 5 2545 450 438 10. 0 – Normal.4 10 10 5400 5500 4 6 Table No.4 12. 3 .-40 BT-Before Treatment.No OPD AEC Hb% ESR TC DC (E) BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT BT AT 1 1102 600 590 10 102 16 12 4000 4200 5 4 2 1179 602 600 12 12.4 20 18 6700 6500 4 4 3 2320 500 480 10.4 14 12 3800 4000 6 5 11 3436 302 295 10 10.5 10 12 6400 6500 2 3 6 2557 475 468 10 10.5 12 8 06 6800 6700 4 3 8 3103 498 470 12.8 10.Observation and Results Assessment of objective parameters of Group B (Sindhooradi taila) Sl.5 10 14 12 8500 8200 2 2 13 4043 256 248 9. 1 – Mild. 118 6.32 2.4 0.593 0.S Pidika 1.733 0.001 H.S Srava 0.D S.666 7.37 18.-41 Subjective parameters in Group – A statistical analysis showed highly significant Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-A) Parameters Mean S.824 < 0.639 0.153 11.S Table No.33 70.Value P.02 H.S Table No.32 < 0.E T.001 H.333 0.113 0.751 < 0.333 0.-42 Objective parameters in Group – A statistical analysis showed highly significant.287 0.Observation and Results Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-A) Parameters Mean S.Value P.E T.01 H.S ESR 1.639 0.074 5.45 < 0. 111 .186 7.4 0.211 < 0.S DC 0.457 0.Value Remarks Varna 1.17 9.02 H.723 0.166 < 0.733 0.S Hb% 0.507 0.D S.165 6.130 3.466 0.66 10.866 < 0.001 H.001 H.487 0.Value Remarks AEC 20.53 < 0.076 < 0.125 10.165 2.S Kandu 1.001 H.S Vedana vishesha 0.664 < 0.S TC 173.001 H.001 H. 07 < 0.507 0.S Vedana vishesha 0.76 4.35 < 0.05 H.738 > 0.153 1.05 H.Value Remarks Varna 15.001 H.154 < 0.001 H.046 6.67 < 0.S Vedana vishesha 0.-43 Subjective parameters in Group – B statistical analysis showed highly significant Statistical analysis of Objective parameters (Group-B) Parameters Mean S.933 0.130 3.933 0.S Table No.E T.153 13.Value P.S Srava 1.66 7.46 < 0.Value P.703 0.66 103.587 3.4 0.S Pidica 0.S Kandu 2.36 < 0.289 5.179 0.181 10.536 > 0.6 1.001 H.27 26.Value Remarks Varna 1.06 0.26 17.05 H.001 H.D S.181 5.D S.165 15.75 < 0.Observation and Results Statistical analysis of Subjective parameters (Group-B) Parameters Mean S.639 0.S Kandu 206.05 H.593 0.703 0.326 < 0.-44 Objective parameters in Group – B statistical analysis showed highly significant 112 .121 0.293 0.593 0.S Srava 0.001 H.533 0.S Table No.S Pidika 2.E T.266 0.001 H. 29 0.6 0.value p.S 0.06 A 0.S 0.S Table No.22 1.826 > 0.33 115.27 AEC Hb% t.54 B 6580.66 90.05 N.E A 0.264 0.258 0.066 B 0.49 A 6126.507 0.76 0.133 3.06 Srava B 0.00 A 458.315 B 11.908 A 10.value Ramarks 0.2 0.133 3.05 N.066 0.020 0.05 H.763 > 0.S.066 1.74 A 11.14 23.15 1.21 29.414 0.048 0.066 0.617 0.S 1.S 37.66 1.44 399.231 > 0.196 1.05 >0.S 0.163 A 0.Observation and Results Statistical analysis of comparative study of Group-A & B (After Treatment) Parameters Group Mean S.632 0.518 0.E B 437.00 > 0.666 0.27 A 12.425 2.866 1.D S.05 N.723 0.466 12.S 0.05 N.414 0.743 0.066 0.05 N.564 > 0.159 B 0.-45 113 .S 0.666 1547.28 375.20 0.191 Varna B 0.05 N.326 ESR TC DC 0.333 0.186 A 0.084 Kandu Vedana Vishesha P.191 2.S 548.258 0.106 A 0.258 0.22 >0.00 0.05 H.05 N.251 1.273 B 2.0 1454.130 Pidika B 0.06 0.00 00.197 < 0.439 < 0.6 0.866 0.779 B 10. Much responded c.05). Comparative overall Assessment of therapeutic response of Group A & group B “ Evaluation of efficacy of Yashadamrita Malahara and Sindhooradi taila in the management of Vicharchika” has the following data of result assessed on the basis of subjective and objective parameters. Responded e. the parameter Varna. For the declaration it is classified as a. The Kandu shows highly significant (P < 0. The final result in the study is declared. Statistical evaluation is done carefully. The mean effect of the parameter Srava is same in both the groups. Pidika shows more highly significant in-group B than group A before and after the treatment. Kandu. except the parameter Kandu all other parameters shows not significant. p – value. The parameter Vedana vishesha shows same effect in both the groups. but over all group B performance is better than group A in all the parameters except Srava.value).Observation and Results When compare the mean effects of two groups after the treatment. Individually both groups show highly significant. Not responded 114 . (By comparing t – value.01 by comparing t . In subjective parameters (as P< 0. Moderately responded d. mean and SD) In objective parameters in both groups show highly significant. Cured b. Result Graph-5 115 .33%) patients.33%) patients 33. 5 (33.33 33.33 Much responded 5 33.33 Moderate 3 20.00 Table No.33 13.33 Responded 2 13.33%) patients have cured.33 20. Much responded in the schedule are 5 (33.-46 In-group A there is no patient who doesn’t not responded.00 Total 15 99.33 % nd ed d e re sp o N ot Re sp o nd e er at on d sp re uc h M od ed 0 Cu re d 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 M Percentage showed significant improvement.33 Not responded 0 00.Observation and Results Showing the result of the study in Group-A Result Patients % Cured 5 33. Moderate responded in the schedule are 3 (20%) patients and responded 2 (13. 33 Responded 0 00.66 40 40 % 30 13. Percentage 50 46. 7 (46.66 Much responded 6 40.99 Table No.33%) patients showed significant improvement. Moderate responded in the schedule are 2 (13.Observation and Results Showing the result of the study in Group-B.00 Not responded 0 00. Result Patients % Cured 7 46.66%) patients have cured.00 Moderate responded 2 13.-47 In-group B there is no patient who doesn’t respond.00 Total 15 99.33 20 10 0 Cured Much responded Moderate responded 0 0 Responded Not responded Result Graph-6 116 . Much responded in the schedule are 6 (40%) patients. 99 30 99.66 Responded 2 00.Observation and Results Showing overall result of the study Result Cured Patients.33 05 16.00 0 00.66%) patients show significant improvement and fall under responded. Much responded in the schedule are 11 (36.33 6 40.00 0 00. Group.98 Table No.00 11 36.00 5 33.33 2 13.00 - - Total 15 99.66 20 6. 12 (40%) patients have cured.66%) patients and Moderate responded in the schedule are 5 (16.99 15 99. 50 Percentage 40 40 36. A 5 Much responded % % Total % 33.66 30 16.66%) and 2 (6.33 Patients Group.66 Moderate 3 13.66 Not responded 0 00. B 7 46.00 02 06.66 10 0 0 Cured % Much responded Moderate Responded Not responded Result Graph-7 117 .-48 In this study there is no patient who comes under not responded.66 12 40. Observation and Results 118 . Observation and Results 119 . Observation and Results 120 . Observation and Results 121 . causative factors. synonyms according to different authorities. definition of Vicharchika. Review of Literature is dealt in two main headings i. b) Disease review deals about etomology.e. nidana. a) The chapter Drug review deals about the ingredients of the Malahara and Tailakalpana both in ayurveda & modern view. Eczema starting from definition. and marana. pharmacological properties and pharmaceutical processes according to different acharyas i. 130 . roopa. 2. including its indication in different diseases explained in detail.e about the first reference. occurrence. In the introduction Aims & objectives of the Rasashastra. 3. its genuinity was confirmed by physico-chemical analysis.” In this study an attempt was made to prepare genuine Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila by following the classical procedures. 1. samprapti and line of treatment according to various authorities. direct and indirect references including its historical background. c) In the same chapter next part deals about the modern concept of Vicharchika i. Drug review and Disease review and Procedure review. grahya & agrahy lakshana.Summary SUMMARY The present study entitled “The preparation of physico-chemical analysis of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila and comparative clinical study on Vicharchika.e shodhana. importance of Malahara and Taila kalpanas.e. description of Vicharchika & necessity for the assortment of this research work is explained in brief. its first material. i. Aims & Objectives of the present study are mentioned in the Objective chapter. classification. signs & symptoms and treatment. and its clinical efficacy was evaluated checked by clinical study. C and Hospital Gadag. discussion about the Vicharchika patients as well as probable mode of action of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila in Vicharchika is explained. Conclusion: The essence of the research work has been reported.e. rationalities behind shodhana. Discussion: First drug & disease discussion has been done in both the view i.Summary 4. METHODOLOGY:. In pharmaceutical study detail explanation about Yashada shodhana. The clinical study was done application of the Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila in two groups for 21 days and the patients were accessed for the same. a. 5. malahara and taila kalpana were discussed appropriately. In analytical discussion role of physico-chemical analysis of Yashada bhasma. In clinical study.A. demographic and various disease relevant points. 6. The patients of Vicharchika after the complete diagnose were selected. malahara and taila kalpana is discussed and in clinical discussion. analytical & clinical study.e ayurvedic as well as modern aspect. b. preparation of Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila is explained. 131 . The analytical study deals about chemical analysis of Yashada bhasma. In the part of pharmaceutical discussion.M. Yashadamrita malahara and Sindhooradi taila carried out in Sri JT pharmacy collage Gadag c. marana.G. 7. The patients were assessed according to the subjective & objective criteria and results are given with the help of statistical values P & S. D. repeated special camps were conducted by postgraduate department of Rasashastra.M.D etc. Agnijarita Marana.It deals about pharmaceutical. Girisindhoora and Sasyaka shodhana. Results: Patients were observed on the basis of various angle i. Shri Ramakrishnan 1st edition. 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Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana Sthana 14th chapter 18th Sloka. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Part-I Nidana Sthana 5th chapter 13th Sloka. 2000 pp-450. 5th chapter. Agnivesha Charka Samhita Redacted by Charaka and Dridabala with Ayurveda Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta. Sloka13 Ambikadatta Sastry 11th edition. Ganga Sahaya Pandya ed. Varanasi.T. 1997 pp-248. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Nibanda Sangraha Commentary by Dalhanacharya. Y. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana. Varanasi. pp-452. Achary ed. Charaka Samhita Part-II. 2000 pp-195. Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana. pp-442p. Ganga Sahaya Pandya ed. Y. 1998 pp-446. Varanasi.Varanasi. 132. Amarakosha. Ibid 7th chapter.2002 pp 525. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana Sthana 14th chapter 3rd Sloka. Acharya ed. Chikitsa Sthana. 133. Varanasi. Chikitsa Sthana 9th chapter 43rd Sloka. 1970. 139. Krishnadas Academy. pp-452. Varanasi. Acharya Sushruta Sushruta Samhita Nibanda Sangraha Commentary by Dalhanacharya. Varanasi. 141.T. Chikitsa Sthana 1st chapter 10th Sloka. Agnivesha Charaka Samhita Part-II Chikitsa Sthana 7th chapter 26th Sloka. Sadashiva Shastry ed. Nidana Sthana 5th chapter. 1994 pp-252. Agnivesha Charka Samhita Redacted by Charaka and Dridabala with Ayurveda Dipika Commentary by Chakrapanidatta. Shah. Recent Advances in Allergy. Siddartha N. Harshmohan. Department of Health. 19th ed. . F. David Sons Principles and Practice of Medicine. The Ayurvedic Formulary of India Part-I. Great Briton. Vagbhata Ashtanga Hrudaya Commentaries of Arunadatta Hemadri Nidana sthana 19th chapter 1-3 Sloka. F. Ibid 149.Dudley Heart 11th edition. Controller of publications. Frenchs index of Differential Diagnosis. Edinburgh. API Text book of Medicine. Edvin R Chilvers. Tortora. 2nd ed. Practice of Dermatology by P. New Delhi. Sadashiva Shastry ed. 144. 151. Hunter. 147. pp-129. pp-187. Johnwiley and sons Inc.. CBS Publishers and distributors. David Sons Principles and Practice of Medicine. Christopher Haslett Edvin R Chilvers. Bonnie Roesch ed. 1978 pp-300. 1934 pp-5. Frenchs index of Differential Diagnosis 11th edition. London.Dudley Heart ed. George W. 1979 pp-821. John A. J and A Churchill Ltd. Varanasi. 5th ed. 7th edition. Churchil living stone Edinburgh. 154. Ibid pp-1074. Chaukhamba Surabharati Prakashana.19th edition. Ltd. 152. Hunter. John right and Sons Ltd. 155. Delhi. 7th edition. 1st edition. Text book of Pathology. 153. Behl. 1979 pp-821-822. Gerard J. Bristol.Bibilography 143. New Delhi. Bristol. New York.N. John A. 148. 2001 pp-798. Published by physicians of India.1056. 150. 1055. Christopher Haslett.A. 145. 146. Great Briton.A. 2005 pp-796.2002 pp-711. pp-896. pp-1072. Bray. Jaypee brothers Medical Publisher Pvt. John right and Sons Ltd. Mumbai. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. Churchil living stone. Bibilography . Sobagin.No. No. D.Marital status: Married Middle Higher Unmarried 10.V P.M.Concent: I -------.Name of the patient: O.Father’s Name/ Husband’s Name: D.O.Gadag. Religion: Hindu Muslim Christian 6.I. Ayurvedic Medical College.P. Sex: Female 5. Investigator’s signature Patient’s signature .G.D.G.C 3. Guide : Dr.-------.C. 2.G.N.Age: Male 4.Son / Daughter / Wife of----------.Economical status: Poor 9. Occupation Student House wife Others Agriculture Others 7. I have been informed to my satisfaction by attending the purpose of the clinical evaluation and nature of drug treatment.Educational status: 8. 1.M.D.M.Patil Dr. Result: Well responded Responded Not responded 12.O.Exercise my free will in the said study.Danappagoudar M.Special clinical trial proforma for Vicharchika Post graduate and research center (Rasashastra) Shri D.Scholar M.(Ayu) Sl. I am also aware of my right to quit at any time during the schedule.D(Ayu) Co guide: Dr.Address: Tel11. A) Pradhana Vedana Sl.No. C) Vedana Vrittanta. E) Chikitsa Vrittanta: F) Koutumbika Vrittanta: Irregular Climate Infections Drugs Others . 1 2 4 5 6 Complaints Varna Pidika Srava Kandu Vedana vishesha P/A Duaration B) Anubandhi Vedana (Savadhi). Specific enquires in following headings: Mode of onset: Sudden Course: Episodic Gradual Continous Insidious Initially episodic Duration: Periodicity: Seasonal Aggravating Factors: Trauma D) Poorva Vyadhi Vrittanta. G) Vayaktika vrittanta: 1) Ahara: Vegetarian Mixed diet Dominant Rasa in food 2) Vihara: 3) Vyasana: Tea Smoking 4) Jataragni bala: Coffee Gutaka Pravara 5)Rajaha: Tobacco Others Madhyama Regular Irregular Avara Alcohol Sama Menopause H) Rogi pareeksha: Samanya pareeksha: Pulse rate bpm Pulse rhythm Blood Pressure Heart rate Respiration rate /min o Temparature F Skin(hard/smooth) Skin colour Ashtasthana pareeksha: Sl.No.No. 1 Nadi 5 Shabdha 2 Mala 6 Sparsha 3 Mootra 7 Drika 4 Jivha 8 Akruti mm of Hg /min . Sl. Dashavidha Pareeksha: 1) Shareera prakriti: V P 2) Manasa prakriti: V P 3) Sara: Pravara 4) Samhanana: Pravara Madhyma Avara 5) Satmya: Pravara Madhyma Avara 6) Satwa: Pravara Madhyma Avara 7) Vyayama shakti: Pravara 8) Vaya: Bala 9) Desha: Jangala K VP K KP VP KP Madhyma Madhyma Youvana Anupa 1) Nidana: 2) Poorva Roopam: 3) Roopa: 5) Upashaya & Anupashaya: Upashaya Anupashaya VK VPK Avara Avara Sadharana Vikrititaha pareeksha: Dosha Adhistana Srotodusti VPK Vrudda 10) Akriti: 4) Samprapti: VK Dushya Srotas Rogamarga . 6. Arista Lakshanas: 8. Sadhyasadhyata: I) Special examination of Vicharchika Treatment shedule Before th 7 day VARNA Shyava Shyvalohita Rakta Tamra PIDIKA Swabhava Sankhya Sthana Akara Varna SRAVA Varna Gandha Pramana Swaroopa KANDU Adhishtana Avadhi Prakopaka kala VEDANA VISHESHA Adhishtana Avadhi Prakopaka kala After 21 day st Fallow up . Upadrava: Jwara Arochaka Hrillasa Swarabheda Kshaya 7. J) Lab Investigations: Before gm % mm/h mg/dl % Cells/Cumm Hb % ESR RBS TC AEC After gm % mm/h mg/dl % Cells/Cumm DC N E B M L Before % % % % % After % % % % % K) Chikithsa: Yoga : Yashdamrita Malahara & Sindhooradi taila Posology : Required quantity Duration of treatment: 21 days . Follow Up -15 days L) Pathya: M) Apathya: N) Investigators Note: Signature of Guide Signature of Scholar . . F=Female. ST=Student. M=Muslim.MASTER CHART-I Demographic Data of GROUP-A Marital OPD Age Sex M Education F Ed UEd status M Un M + Religion Occupation H M O A ST HW - + - - - - - E Economical Status Bu PC MC HC + - - + - 1154 42 + - + 1198 35 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - + - - 2351 55 + - - + + - + - - + - - - - - + - 2490 45 + - + - + - + - - - - - - + - + - 2553 38 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - + - - 2600 37 + - - + + - + - - + - - - - - + - 2948 22 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - - + - 3153 44 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + - 3432 45 + - + - + - + - - - - - + - - + - 3908 60 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - + - - 3922 40 + - + + - + - - - - - + - - + - 3985 17 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - + - - 4051 40 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - - + - 4115 18 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - - + - 4118 48 - + + - + - - + - - - + - - + - - M=Male. HC=High Class. H=Hindu. UEd=Uneducated. O=Others. E=Employee. A=Agriculture. SE=Secondary Education . MC=Middle Class. PC=Poor Class. Bu=Business. Ed=Education. HW=House Wife. F=Female. M=Muslim. Ed=Education. O=Others. PC=Poor Class. ST=Student. E=Employee. H=Hindu.MASTER CHART-II Demographic Data of GROUP-B. UEd=Uneducated. SE=Secondary Education UnM= Un Married . HC=High Class. MC=Middle Class. Bu=Business. A=Agriculture. HW=House Wife. Sex Age OPD M Education F Marital status Religion Occupation Economical Status Ed UEd M Un M H M O A ST HW E Bu PC MC HC 1102 27 + + - - + - - + - - - - + - + - 1179 50 + + - + - + - - - - - + - - + - 2320 60 + - + - + - + - - - - - - + - + - 2484 38 + - - + + - + - - + - - - - - + - 2545 25 + - - + - + + - - - - - + - + - - 2557 45 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + - 2837 32 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - + - - 3103 41 + - - + + - - + - - - - - + - + - 3430 22 + - + - - + + - - - + - - - - + - 3635 48 - + + - - + + - - - - + - - - + - 3436 50 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + - 3439 25 + - + - - + - + - - - - - + - + - 4043 50 + - + - + - - + - - - - - + - + - 4068 37 + - + - + - + - - + - - - - - + - 4132 44 - + - + + - + - - - - + - - - + - M=Male. SHLOKA Preparation of Yashadamrita malahara: eÎdI¶°d‰a e±d™¤d£dz¬d¦£dg §dj®dd£de®de¥d±dde¥d£d«dŠ | £ddy¬dIz¶I¶e«d£da QØd£dŠ Sd¯dQa ®de²¦d¡ddeT£d«dŠ || šd¬®dyíe£d«d±dmPddy ´dgQy„ «dQ‰SdyQe£dSd£¦d£dZ | ±d«ddšSdd£ddy «d¬ddUµTdy Sd¯dQd«dm£d ±daëdI¶Z || RT 19/146-147 Preparation of Sindhooradi taila £dz¬da ±d°d‰§d±daªdj£da ¯dgªda Q¯d§d¬ddye¦«d£d«dŠ | e¦d¯ddI‰¶§dÎdI¶¬I¶¦£dg QS¥ddeÙa¯de£d£ddy¬dI¶«dŠ || §d¬ddye¦«d£da¢Ÿd e±daQjTa £dg£Sda Te™£dŸd£dgÝSd«dŠ | £dz¬d§ddI¶e®d¥dd¦dy¦d §ddŸdSdyÏdz¬d§ddI¶e®d£dŠ || e±daQjTd¥Sde«dQa £dz¬da eªd°de›ªdZ §deTI¶fe£d‰£d«dŠ | §dd«dde®dŸdeŸd‰I¶|±R¶dyLµ´d£dI¶PNjµe£dI¶d§dUµ«dŠ || RT.21/162-164 .