Table of Contents Table of Contents – Geography CHAPTER 07: MINERALS IN INDIA ........................................................................ 1 MINERALS IN INDIA: ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Classification: ............................................................................................................................... 1 Distribution of Minerals (India): .................................................................................................... 2 Review Questions and Answers: ............................................................................................. 3 Miscelleous questions / home work ......................................................................................... 8 Previous Years Board Questions: ........................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER 08: AGRICULTURE IN INDIA ............................................................... 11 CHAPTER MAP: ......................................................................................................................................... 11 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA: ............................................................................................................................. 11 Types of Agriculture in India: ........................................................................................................... 11 Problems of Agriculture in India: ..................................................................................................... 12 Solution: ..................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 09: FOOD CROPS ................................................................................ 13 Main crop seasons: ......................................................................................................................... 13 Rice: ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Wheat: ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Millets: ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Jowar, Bajra, Ragi: ..................................................................................................................... 14 Pulses:........................................................................................................................................ 15 Food Crops of India: ................................................................................................................... 16 Review Questions and Answers ............................................................................................ 17 CHAPTER 10: COMMERCIAL OR CASH CROPS & DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS AND THEIR REQUIREMENT .................................................................................... 26 Commercial or Cash Crop: .............................................................................................................. 26 Definition: ................................................................................................................................... 26 Types of Cash Crops: ................................................................................................................ 26 Plantation crops:......................................................................................................................... 28 Oil–Seeds of India: ..................................................................................................................... 33 Beverages Crops:....................................................................................................................... 34 Fibre Crops Of India: .................................................................................................................. 34 Review Questions and Answers ............................................................................................ 34 Miscelleous questions / home work ....................................................................................... 43 Previous Board year questions:............................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 11: INDUSTRIES IN INDIA (MINERAL BASED & AGRO–BASED)..... 49 Manufacturing Industries: ................................................................................................................ 49 Need of Industrialization: ................................................................................................................. 49 Factors affecting the infrastructure of Industries: ............................................................................ 49 Geographical Factors: ................................................................................................................ 49 Commercial Factors: .................................................................................................................. 50 Classification of Industries:.............................................................................................................. 50 Distribution of Industrial Regions: ................................................................................................... 50 Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography ................................................................................................. 84 CHAPTER 14: SOURCES OF WASTE ............................ 77 Air Transport: ............. 78 Review Questions and answers: ........................................................................ 59 CHAPTER 12: MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Bio–medical wastes ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91 Greenhouse gases ................................................................................................................. 62 Review Questions and Answers: ................................................................................. 85 Waste can also be classified into the following categories: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Characteristics: .............................. 51 Review Questions and Answers ....................................................................... 86 Agricultural waste .......................................................................Agro–based Industries: ................................. 62 Petrochemical:............................ 78 Miscelleous Questions / home work ....................... 61 Heavy Electrical Industry: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 90 Waste on land : .......... 91 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 ..................................................... 87 Municipal waste .......... 90 Greenhouse effect and global warming: .......................... 83 Previous Years Board Questions: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 85 Types of waste: ..................................... 90 Introduction:............................................... 86 Industrial Waste:....................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 Major International Airports: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76 Rail Transport: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 60 SYNOPSIS: ....................................................................................................... 71 Previous Years Board Questions: ........................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER 13: TRANSPORT ........................................ 77 Factors affect water transport: .................................................... 90 Common water borne diseases ............................... 77 Water Transport: . 90 Transmission of Diseases ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 85 Sources of Waste ........ 88 Nuclear waste........ 51 Sugar Industry: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 Miscelleous questions / home work ................ 60 Iron and Steel Industry: .................................................................. 85 What is waste? ................................... 50 Textile Industry: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 76 Road Transport: ............................................... 62 Electronic Industry: ....................................................... 59 Previous Board year questions:......................................................................... 60 Heavy Engineering Industries: .................................................................. 52 Miscelleous questions / home work .................................... 76 INDIAN TRANSPORT: ....................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 15: NEED FOR MANAGEMENT OF WASTE ............................................................................................................. 86 Domestic Waste: ...................................................... ....................................................................................... 102 CHAPTER 18: REDUCE-REUSE-RECYCLE......................................................................................................................................................................................... 101 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) ............................................................................................................................................................ 94 Effect on Terrestrial Life ....................................................................................................... 93 Pollution .... 91 Depletion of Ozone Layer........................................................................ 95 Effects on Plants : ................................................... 98 Transportation of Municipal Solid Wastes: ............................................................................................................................................... 100 Secondary Treatment of Water ............................................................................................. 94 Effects of Toxic Particulate Materials ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 98 Storage of Municipal Solid Waste ............... 101 Scrubber ................................................................................................. 99 Advantages of Composting ...................................................... 98 Municipal Waste Management: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Table of Contents Effects of Global Warming are: .......................................................................... 99 Mechanical Method: ................................................................................................................... 97 Dumping ................................................................ 97 Sanitary Landfill .............................................................................................................................. 94 Health hazards ............................ 93 Spoilage of Landscape: .............................. 99 Primary Treatment:..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Segregation ......................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Biomagnification: ........................................................................ 93 Eutrophication: ........ 93 Introduction: ............ 94 Effects on Human Beings:............ 103 Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 96 Case study: Minamata tragedy .................................................................................................................................................... 99 Manual Method............................................................................................................. 95 Effect on Aquatic Life: ........................................................................................................................ 96 CHAPTER 17: SAFE DISPOSAL OF WASTE ....... 101 Advantages of Incineration................................................................................................ 102 Advantages of ESPs ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER 16: IMPACT OF WASTE ACCUMULATION ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 95 Example: .......................................................................................................................... 92 Waste management .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 91 Acid Rain .............................................................. 92 Effects of Acid Rain ........................................................ 94 Spread of Disease Through Contamination: ........................................................................ 101 Incineration ........................................................................................... 98 Collection of Municipal Solid Wastes ................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Advantages ................................................................................. 98 Segregation of Municipal Solid Wastes: ............................ 92 Soil Health ................................................................................................................................................................................. 97 Plantation at Landfill Site.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 99 Drainage and Treatment of Effluents ......................................................................................................... 100 Tertiary Treatment of Water: .................................... 98 Composting: ................ 95 Effects on Animals and Birds : ........................................................................................... 103 Introduction: . .................. 103 Reusing the Waste: ....................................... 103 Recycle of Waste: .............................. 106 Review Question and Answer: ..............Reducing the waste ............................ 104 Government initiatives .. 104 Paper: ................................................................................................................................................. 115 Previous Years Board Questions: .................................................................... 116 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 107 Miscelleous questions / home work ........... 104 Social Initiatives ........................................................................... 105 Individual Initiative: ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 103 Plastic: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Iron Ore) → Classification → Distribution Minerals in India: Classification: Metallic Minerals Iron ore. however. engineering. Assam. Petroleum is an important fuel. It is used in industries. phosphates and coal. Manganese. South Asian region generally lacks petroleum. aluminium. uranium. Unfortunately. The terrain of Bihar. Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also carry good reserves of iron and manganese ores. An appraisal of the total mineral resources of India so far known to geologists brings home the fact that the mineral wealth of India is not inconsiderable for a country of her size and population. the wide range of heavy machinery for mines. which man has been used in his development throughout the ages. coal is divided into the following varieties: z Anthracite coal: It has a carbon content of 90% and burns without smoke leaving a little ash. coal. mica. As one looks around. z Bituminous coal: It has a carbon content of 50% to 80%. copper. The prosperity of a country depends to some extent on this fuel. Assam also bears tertiary coal. Petroleum. mineral fertilizers – all these bear ample testimony to the indispensability of minerals in the’ life of man. z Peat: It has least carbon content and inferior to the other varieties. mills and factories. West Bengal. mica. Petroleum All minerals and mineral products are derived from rocks forming the earth’s crust. there are some oil fields Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 1 . The ever-changing techniques of construction. Gujarat. Depending upon the carbon content and moisture. Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra are the main coal producing States of India. Jharkhand and Orissa possesses the largest concentration of ore deposits such as iron. railways.Chapter 07: Minerals in India 1 Chapter 07: Minerals in India → Minerals in India (Coal. The various mineral products of the rock system of India are the ores and minerals. India is the largest producer of coal in South Asian region. the raw materials for road. The vast alluvial plain tract of northern India is devoid of mines of minerals. Jharkhand. rail and air transport etc. demand an ever-increasing use of metals and minerals. Tamil Nadu has workable deposits of iron. manganese. z Lignite: It is brownish in colour and has a carbon content of about 40%. Maharashtra and Assam have crude oil (petroleum). manganese. The most important source of power in Indian Subcontinent is coal. Madhya Pradesh. the tractor farming. Bihar. limestone. and bauxite. thorium. bauxite Non–Metallic Minerals Limestone Minerals Fuels Coal. Nature has made a very unequal territorial distribution of minerals in Indian region. etc. West Bengal’s minerals are confined to coal and iron ore. Andhra Pradesh. thermal power plants. limestone and lignite. Katni Kolhapur Salem Belgaum Kheda It is the main ore for aluminium. hard steel for machinery tools. Orissa. There is a wide variety of special steel to suit special purposes such as fatigue and acidresisting steels. bleaching powder. Orissa : Mayurbhanj. Removes impurities e. Jharkhand ranks next to Orissa in the production of iron ore. Cuttack. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . rail wagons. z 15 refineries are in public sector. It’s uses have increased thousand fold since man discovered steel. Iron is extracted from its ores – haematite and magnetite.P.P. z Reliance Petroleum Limited is the only refinery in the private sector. Distribution of Minerals (India): a) Metallic: Minerals (Imp. Iron is a metal of universal use. coaches shipping industry and household appliances. Keonjhar M. stainless steel and other special steels for defence weapons.P. To make steel tough and rust proof. Goa and Andhra Pradesh are the main producers of iron in India. Manganese: – Very rich – Annual Production: 1. Karnataka. Mayurbhanj. The iron ore of Singhbum is of the highest quality. the main areas of mineral oil deposits are: z Offshore in Maharashtra (Mumbai High is the largest producer of mineral oils in India. Bauxite (ore of aluminium): – Sufficient – Annual Production: 1. Chindwara Bhandara. Maharashtra Gujarat Orissa Karnataka : : : : : Balaghat. India produces only one-third of her requirements. which is used in aircrafts.) Iron ore: – India is very rich: ¼ of the world’s reserves – Annual Production: over 40 Million Tonnes 2 States and important Producing Centres /Other Countries NE Peninsular India(mainly the Chhotanagpur region) Bihar : Singhbhum.g.2 in India and Pakistan. Chhattisgarh. glass and electrical industries. Nagpur Panch Mahal Keonjher Chitraldurg Used as raw material for iron and steel industry. sulphur. z The Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemical Limited is a joint sector refinery. Jharkhand. Iron-ore occurs in a large scale in India. Ranchi Jabalpur. metallic iron is obtained.) z Digboi and Naharkatiya in Assam z Kalol and Ankleshwar in Gujarat The crude mineral oil is refined in refineries. The remaining twothird requirements are met by imported petroleum.6 Million Tonnes M. Shambalpur and Koraput. In India. Maharashtra Tamil Nadu Karnataka Gujarat : : : : : : Palamau. which are oxides of iron. When these are smelted with coke. There are 17 refineries in India. For manufacture of heavy chemicals. reflectors and mirrors.7 Million Tonnes Bihar M. Orissa accounts about one-third of total output of iron in India. The most important deposits occur in Sundargarh. : Bailadila Karnataka : Kudremukh Tamil Nadu : Salem Goa Uses Used in the manufacture of iron and steel. automobiles. magnetite and limonite are iron ore deposits. 3) a) Name important ores of iron. carbonate. Assam India’s largest area is at Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.11 million tonnes of reserves. Sibsagar Gujarat : Ankaleshwar. silver and gold. kerosene. Iron and steel industry. Shimoga M.) Coal: – Just sufficient – 102. A lot is being consumed on the national front. Jammu & Kashmir. India occupies ninth position in world production. phosphorus. paraffin wax. Ans: a) Haematite. gypsum. Used for electricity generation. Kaveri and Godavari basin.P. Naharkatiya Dibrugarh. Coal is the most widely used source of energy by industries and power generation. Moran.0 million tonnes Assam Petroleum is the source of primary commercial energy. diesel. Mehsana Mumbai high. c) Minerals: Fuels: (Imp. Raipur Uses Used mainly in the manufacture of cement. Products obtained are Petrol. Used for automobiles and aeroplanes. Only few occur are also mineral fuels. lead. Karanpura West Bengal : Raniganj M. as most of the iron and steel industries are located in mining areas. Used as flux in iron and steel industry. tar etc. Jodhpur Karnataka : Bijapur. vaseline. and sulphur. in a pure state. benzene. antimony. They exist in chemical compounds. zinc. hardness and are used for extraction of non metals like heaviness. copper. Ans: i) Iron–ore is one of the most important mineral products of the Indian subcontinent. iron. etc. The metals can be melted. 2) Why does India export iron ore on a large scale? Give two reasons. mica. Korba Orissa : Talcher Also in AP.P. Kuddapah Gujarat : Junagarh. India exports this to countries like Japan. (Imp) Petroleum: – India is poor – 12. Bihar : Jharia. paper glass and fertilizers.2 million tones States and important Producing Centres /Other Countries AP : Guntur. ii) The quality of iron-ore found is haematite.0 million tonnes – Lignite Coal 3. But it is also being exported on a large scale as the demand for steel has increased globally. : Durg. coal and petroleum are nonmetallic minerals. offshore areas of Andaman and Nichobar Islands. b) Which of these ores are found in India? c) Give two features of these iron deposits. Jaipur. Kalol Khambat. production of chemicals. Gridih. REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: Section I: [2 Marks] 1) What is the difference between metallic and non-metallic minerals? Name one each of the most abundant of these minerals found in South Asia. : Singrauli. Kachchh Rajasthan : Ajmer. : Digboi. Ans: Metallic Minerals Non–Metallic Minerals These minerals are those which possess the Some minerals that have no metals in them physical properties of lustre. Largest consumers of coal are Indian Railways. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 3 . It is a good variety.6 million tonnes th – 7 largest production in the world 234. tin. In South Asia the most abundant ores are Minerals like limestone. Bokaro.Chapter 07: Minerals in India 3 b) Non–Metallic: Minerals Limestone: – Enough – 30. P. Numaligarh. i) Important oilfields in India are Mumbai High–it is an off shore oil reserve. Kathana. ii) Other oil fields of the Eastern region are Digboi. Name the largest deposits of oil and natural gas in India. (b) Tamil Nadu and (c) Karnataka. Naharkatiya and Moran in Assam. Bongaigaon near Guwahati and Digboi in Assam. i) Name the oldest oil field in India. (a) Andhra Pradesh – Cuddapak and Chabali. Oil–Refineries: East Coast West Coast Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. b) Maharashtra – Ratnagiri. It is refined in the refineries of Trombay. c) Jharkhand – Singhbhum and Palamau Name a few areas where iron ore is found in: (a) Andhra Pradesh. (b) Tamil Nadu – Salem and Tiruchirapalli and (c) Karnataka – Kemmangundi. Some crude oil is also obtained from Mumbai High. Name the important oil fields in India. Name the refinery associated with it. Raigarh and Satara districts. The largest reserve of oil and natural gas is in Mumbai High. ii) Oilfields of the Eastern region: Digboi.P. ii) They have a low sulphur content. Kosamba. Name the chief iron-ore producing areas in: (a) Chhattisgarh. Keonjhar. Nunmati Bappapunga. Badampahar.4 4) Ans: 5) Ans: 6) Ans: 7) Ans: 8) Ans: 9) Ans: 10) Ans: 11) Ans: 12) Ans: 4 b) Haematite is widely found in India. Naharkatiya and Moran in Assam. which is transported through pipelines for more than 1200 km from the Gulf of Kachchh. Bohnai etc. (b) Maharashtra and (c) Jharkhand a) Chhattisgarh – Bastar and Durg districts. ii) Name three other oil fields in the same region. Chennai in Tamil Nadu Kochi in Kerala Haldia near Kolkata Mangalore in Karnataka Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . The important inland centers of oil refineries are: i) Nunmati. Cuttack. Naharkatia. Navgaon in Gujarat. ii) Sundargarh. Rudra Sagar. Nunmati Bappapunga. Hansapunga. Trombay (HPCL and BPCL) in Mumbai. Sanand. Name the source of crude oil for Mathura and Panipat oil refineries. Kiriburu. Hansapunga. Koraput. c) i) Iron ore deposits in India are not very far from the areas producing them. Mathura (U. It accounts for nearly one-third of the iron output in India.) and Panipat (Haryana) oil refineries import crude oil. Name two coastal oil–refineries. i) The first oil well was drilled at Digboi in Lakhimpur district of upper Assam in 1867. iv) Panipat in Haryana. Koyali. i) Which Indian state leads in the production of iron ore? ii) List the important iron-ore fields in the state of Orissa. Name two inland centers of oil refineries in India. Kolar. i) Orissa. Rudra Sagar. Baba Budan Hills. Mayurbhanj. iii) Oilfields of Western region: Ankleshwar. Cambay in Gujarat. The region produces more than one third crude oil output of India. one on the east coast and the other on the west coast of India. iii) Mathura in U. ii) Barauni in Bihar. used near the source of production.Chapter 07: Minerals in India 5 13) Name the types of rocks where mineral oil is usually found. The Indian subcontinent is rich in mineral resources. Hospet. (ii) It has the low heating value Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 5 . shale and limestone. solar energy. They are located in rock strata and consist of coking and non–coking coal. through its reserves are small. Most of it is exported. (ii) These are going to last forever. Ans: i) Most of the iron ore of South Asia is produced in India. The regions with good quality may not be very well developed. It is therefore. Since coal is a bulky mineral. Ans: The two main drawbacks of coal found in India are: i) India does not have extensive deposits of the high grade coal i. (ii) These are going to last just for 100–200 years. on the other hand. b) Tertiary beds. Ans: Mineral oil is a product of decomposition of organic remains embedded in sedimentary rocks of the Tertiary period. but they are still being exploited. Satari Ponda. 17) Name two main areas of iron ore in Goa and in Karnataka. Jharkhand. Thus this is destroying valuable resources. Over mining causes the quality of the mineral to degenerate. ii) Most of the coal produced is bituminous coal containing 50% to 80% of carbon content. Reserves of magnetite and haematite are found here. 18) What is meant by the term Gondwana deposits? Ans: i) The coalfields in India are divided into two classes. Bihar and Orissa including Madhya Pradesh. ii) 98% of Indian coal comes from this belt. The infrastructure may not be good. The Gondwana region has high grades of coal. Petroleum is usually found in sedimentary rock formations like sand–stone. Mineral oil. Sanguem. Ans: Conventional sources of energy: (i) These are non–renewable sources of energy eg. (ii) It has the highest heating value. There are two types of minerals-metallic and non-metallic. Ans: i) Minerals are important for the growth and development of the nation. (iii) These do not cause any pollution. The locations found may not be ideal for exploitation. It can be transported through pipelines with minimum transportation cost. Gondwana deposits of coal are found in strata extending from Bengal. the transportation by road or rail is costly and time–consuming. It is free from moisture but has sulphur and phosphorus in small quantities. (iii) These cause air and water pollution. is a fluid substance. Important deposits are at Bellary. But they are on the verge of extinction as they are not evenly distributed in the subcontinent. Anthracite coal. The laying of the pipelines is the only initial cost. Non–conventional sources of energy: (i) These are renewable sources of energy eg. wind energy. 20) Distinguish between Anthracte and lignite coal Ans: Anthracite: (i) This is the best quality coal containing over 80% carbon. 15) State two main drawbacks of the coal found in India. About 60% of India’s coal reserves are of inferior quality. and the Bababudun Hills. a) The Gondwana system. 14) Explain why coal is often used near the source of production and mineral oil is often transported to great distances Ans: Coal is a cheap and heavy mineral. The good quality haematite ore is mined at Sahqualim. 19) Under the present day system of consumption. coal and petroleum. Lignite: (i) It is a lower grade coal containing about 60% carbon.e. minerals are on the verge of extinction. 16) Distinguish between the conventional and non–conventional sources of energy. ii) The quantity and quality also vary. ii) Karnataka is the fifth major producer of iron ore. Goa is the largest producer of about 27% iron ore. Do you agree? Give three reasons. e. Lignite coal the second variety is mined in Neyveli. ii) Two–thirds of the crude oil is imported. Ans: i) Large deposits of mineral oil is obtained from the continental shelf area. and limonite). It is mined from the Keonjhar district. in Tamil Nadu in Neyveli. ii) Indian coals are huge reserves mostly found in the Gondwana series in Peninsular India. India has about 6. inferior quality found in Bihar. Giridih. limestone and manganese producing areas. iii) Industrially. iron ore is very useful. 4) What are the uses of mineral oil? Ans: i) Petrol and Diesel obtained from mineral oil are used as fuel for automobiles. e. Bassein and Aliabet off the coast of Maharashtra and Gulf of Khambat. Jharia. Malabar coast. Oil refineries are set up along the coast to avoid transportation cost. About 2% of Indian coal is new (tertiary type). dolomite. This industry is regarded as an index of a nation’s business activity and the standard of living. Jharkhand. Coal is also mined in the Mahanadi region–Madhya Pradesh. Karanpura. paraffin wax. under the following heads: i) Distribution of coal in India. 5) Describe in detail the factors regarding coal production. Raniganj which has the oldest coal field. Indian coal is mostly peat i. off the coast of Mumbai. Orissa. Kachchh. ii) Kerosene oil. a self propelled jack–up type of drilling platform. Krishna and Kaveri deltas and Sunderbans.6 Section II: [3 Marks] 1) With reference to iron ore. Khambhat.e. These cities are also large consumers of petroleum and petroleum products as they are important industrial centres. (ONGC) of India. tar and vaseline are used in industry. off the coast of Mumbai. discovered oil on the continental shelf area. Karnataka in Kemmangundi and Bababudin Hills. 6 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Tamil Nadu in Salem and Maharashtra in the Lohara hills. Kochi and Chennai. Jharkhand in Singhbhum and Palamau district. Thus it is a key to other industries 2) Why are most of India’s oil refineries located along the coasts of India? Give two reasons.6% iron-ore reserves of the world. Andhra Pradesh in Guntur. Drilling of oil done in the sea with the help of self–propelled jack–up type of drilling platform is known as “Off–Shore Drilling. Konkan. ships and locomotives. is used as a domestic fuel and also used for the generation of electricity. Palna in Rajasthan. Haldia near Kolkata. Vishakhapatnam. aeroplanes. Talcher–Son river region in Madhya Pradesh in the Kanan Valley.” Mumbai High: The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. Madhya Pradesh and Orissa. what type of iron ore does India produce and where? How has it contributed to its industrial development? Ans: i) Iron ore produced in India are mainly the haematite type (the other two types are magnetite. Oil has been found in Mumbai High. As the ore is found near the coal. (ii) Demerits of Indian coal. in Andhra Pradesh in Singereni. Bokaro. it is well utilised in the iron and steel industry. Ans: i) It is found in the Damodar region (West Bengal) i.g. iii) By products such as lubricants. Mumbai.g. In Maharashtra coal is mined in the Wardha valley. ii) Iron ore deposits are found in Goa and Orissa which accounts for nearly one-third of the ore production. teryline. which is a by product of petroleum. off the coast of Maharashtra about 176 km northwest of Mumbai. 3) What is “Off–shore Drilling”? What do you understand by Mumbai High? Ans: Crude oil reserves are found in the coastal region and the off–shore continental shelves. Chhattisgarh in Bastar and Durg district. e. (iii) Need for conservation of coal resources. hence the refineries are situated near major sea ports. This variety has a high ash content and low carbon content. It is known as ‘Mumbai High’ because the syncline of the rock structure in which the oil has been found is higher than the normal height. Drilling of oil is done here with the help of Sagar Samrat. good quality coal is found in Goa. Bituminous coal which is good quality coal is very less in India. The smoke causes heavy pollution to the surrounding areas. Ans: The coalfields in India are classified into two groups. iii) Lignite coal: It is used in the production of thermal electricity. sulphur. Low grade should be blended with superior quality. Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. By–products such as tar. iii) Lignite coal: It contains 40% carbon. 10) What are the uses of coal? Ans: Uses of coal are as follows: i) Coal is extensively used as domestic and industrial fuel. New techniques in mining for production influx should be introduced. They are very small and labour-intensive. ii) Bituminous coal: It has 50–80% carbon content. Steps should be taken to prevent wastage of coal. Orissa. Ans: a) The different types of coal are: i) Anthracite coal: It has 90% carbon content. and phenol are obtained during conversion of coal to coke. New modern techniques are necessary as obsolete methods cause a lot of damage. iii) It can be converted into other forms of energy like gas and oil. Hence new reserves of coal should be explored. 9) Name the following: (i) The oldest coal field in India. i) Gondwana coal fields: found mainly in Peninsular India in the states of Jharkhand. It is brown or brownish in color. fertilizers. explosives. Mention the characteristics of each type. 6) Mention three environmental factors that must be kept in mind during mining activities Ans: i) The mines in India are lack of infrastructure. Public and Private sector participation should be encouraged. ammonia benzol. and the iron and steel industry. It is most widely found and used in India. Jammu and Kashmir. (iii) Any two states in India important for production of coal. Coal is an important raw material for various industries like chemicals. specially coal.Chapter 07: Minerals in India 7 iii) Coal conservation means progress in industry. ii) The largest coalfield in India is the Jharia coalfield. Madhya Pradesh. Ans: i) The oldest coal field in India is Talcher coalfield in Orissa. plastics and paints. ii) Bituminous coal: It is used in the smelting of iron ore and also in the generation of thermal electricity. ii) Tertiary coal fields: They include the coal–fields of Assam. 8) Name the main coal bearing areas of India. b) The three types of coal found in India and their uses are as follows: i) Anthracite coal: It is used in manufacturing of iron and steel and steam generation. (ii) The largest coalfields in India. Rajasthan and Punjab. ii) Coke obtained from Bituminous coal is used in the smelting of iron ore. iii) Jharkhand and West Bengal are two states important for the production of coal. perfumes. It is jet black in colour and burns slowly without smoke or soot. High grade coals are used in iron steel industry and steam generation. iii) The mines should have facility for disposal of waste. It has large quantities of ash and moisture. loss of life and property. In India the main consumers of coal are the Indian railways. West Bengal. It is clean to handle and has high heating value. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 7 . Name the three types of coal found in India and state the uses of each. 7) Name the different types of coal produced in India. as this waste causes pollution which is hazardous to health. dyes. Coal is used in the generation of thermal electricity. ii) The mines incur heavy losses due to fires in the mines. Used for coke required for smelting of iron ore. Thus environmental pollution is seen. Makum coalfields (extending from Naga Patkai ranges (Nazira) to Lakhimpur district (Jeypore). Raniganj. z The coal is of good quality. iii) The coal–fields in the valley of river Godavari.8 11) Write a brief note on Gondwana coal. Name two States that have petroleum deposits. Jayamkondam of Trichy district. Name two States that have huge deposits of the Gondwana coal. Where is the oldest oilfield located in India? Name two main coal bearing areas of India. 2) Name two States in India where iron-ore is found on a large scale. The distribution of coal fields is as follows: z Assam. which has low carbon percentage and high percentage of moisture and sulphur. which include Jharia. Name on eimportant oilfield in India. 12) What do you understand by tertiary coal fields? Name the regions of such coalfields. Where is the largest aluminium plant in India located? Give two uses of limestone. The Gondwana coalfields are largely located in: i) The valley of the river Damodar. Bokaro & Karnapura ii) The coal–field in the valley of river Mahanadi. z Rajasthan: Pallan in southern Rajasthan and Umarsar in Gujarat have deposits of lignite coal. PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD QUESTIONS: 1) Describe in detail coal under following heads: a) Distribution of coal in India? b) Demerits of Indian coal (any two). It also includes coal fields of Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. but it contains variable quantities of sulphur and phosphorous. Giridih. z Tamil Nadu: Neyveli area of south Arcot district account for 90% of the lignite of reserves. Name the Coalfield in West Bengal. Name the two main belts of India whre oil is found. MISCELLEOUS QUESTIONS / HOME WORK 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) What is a mineral? Name the quality of Gondwana Coal reserves. c) Need of conservation of coal (two points). Ans: The Tertiary group of coalfields account for about 2–3% of the total coal production. The coal found here is lignite coal. Mannargudi and East Veeranam account for a large part of the lignite coal out put. largely used by the railways. It is mostly moisture free. steamer companies and the tea– factories. Mention two uses of coal. Ans: Gondwana coal is mainly Bituminous coal. What are the advantages of the anthracite coal? Why petroleum is called ‘liquid gold’? Name two uses of iron ore. 8 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography [2000] [2005] Volume 2 of 4 . The tertiary coalfields are located mainly in Assam and Rajasthan. Why is an oil refinery located either close to an oilfield or in a coastal city? Name one oil refinery in the private sector. [2007] Name two states with large deposits of coal. Name an important coal producing State in India and a coal-mine located in that State. Name the four types of coal. ii) Name any two raw materials derived from coal. Which is the best quality iron ore? [2009] Name one centre in each of the following states where iron is mined: i) Orissa ii) Jharkhand. iii) the largest deposits of which are found in Balaghat in Madhya Pradesh. Name a region which has natural gas deposits. i) Name two varieties of iron ore used in industry. [2012] Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 9 . Which of these is the best for industrial purposes? Justify your answer. Name the mineral: i) which is converted to aluminium ii) which is used in the manufacture of cement. Which country in South Asia is the large the producer of bauxite? Why bauxite is considered an important mineral? [2006] Name the different types of iron ore found in India. ii) Oil refineries are located close to oil fields or near ports. [2005] State two main drawbacks of the coal found in India. Name two states in India where manganese is found. Which variety of coal is popular for domestic use? Give a reason for your answer. ii) Name one use of the mineral. i) Mention two reasons why minerals are important? ii) Name one area in Orissa and one area in Chhattisgarh where iron ore is mined. [2008] Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil? Name any two oil refineries of India? Name any two off–share oil fields of India. What is lignite? Name the two areas where lignite is found in India. iii) the location of coal fields is an important factor in industial development.Chapter 07: Minerals in India 3) a) b) c) 4) a) b) c) 5) a) b) 6) a) b) c) d) 7) a) b) c) d) 8) a) b) c) d) 9) a) b) c) d) 10) a) b) c) d) 9 Name two important oil fields in India. Name the leading producer of manganese in India. Name the two states where limestone is found. What is lignite? Name one place in India where it is mined. Mention two uses of natural gas. [2011] i) Name two leading states producing Manganese. Name the different types of iron ore found in India. Mention two important uses of limestone. ii) Name an old and a new mineral oil producing area. i) Name the oldest and the largest coal field in India. Name two important industrial uses of manganese. Name the two main belts of India where oil is found. State one use of manganese. Name the coal fields in the states that you have named. [2010] What grade of iron-ore is mostly mined in India? Name two leading iron-ore producing states. i) Mention two uses of mineral oil. ii) How is the low grade iron ore utilized? Give geographical reasons why: i) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes. Describe two main uses of aluminium. ii) Name one important area that has large coal deposits in the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal. d) i) Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil? ii) Name two coastal and two inland oil-refineries in India? [2013] 12) a) Mention any two uses of manganese. b) Name any two industrial products for which limestone is used as a source of raw material. b) Which of the different varieties of coal is used for domestic purposes and why? c) Name the mineral used in the manufacture of: i) Cement ii) Aluminium iii) Synthetics d) Which State is the leading producer of the following minerals? i) Coal ii) Oil iii) Manganese [2014] 10 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . c) i) Name two industries that use a high quantity of coal.10 11) a) Name the ore of aluminium. Beverage crops) Agriculture in India: The cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops and rear livestock is known as agriculture. in India. Extensive Farming: z It is practiced in regions where the population size is small and land is enough. Here. Rotation of crops is practiced. Mixed farming keeps the farmers better–off and more secure. As the yield decreases after two or three years. In India. There remains no surplus to sell in the market. other north–eastern hilly states and in the Himalayan region. per acre yield is low but overall production is in surplus due to less population. Shifting agriculture. Millets) → Cash crops or commercial crops (Oil seeds. Shifting Cultivation: z It is the oldest type of agriculture. Fibre crops.Chapter 08: Agriculture in India 11 Chapter 08: Agriculture in India Chapter Map: → Agriculture → Types → Crop seasons → Problems of agriculture and solution → Classification of crops → Food crops (Rice. Mizoram and Nagaland. Wheat. the patch is abandoned and a fresh clearing is made. This type of farming is practiced in tribal areas of Assam. Mixed Farming: z It is another type of farming in which cultivation of crops and rearing of animals are done together on the same farm. This method of farming is carried on in jungles of north–eastern parts of India. Agriculture is done with the help of machines. is carried in the hill of Assam. A patch of land is cleared for cultivation. extensive farming is practiced in the Terai region of Sub–Himalayas and in parts of North–western India. This is also as ‘slash and burn’ method. it is known as Jhumming. because their income comes from various sources. Types of Agriculture in India: Subsistence Farming: z It is the type of agriculture in which farmers work hard to grow enough food to survive only. Arunachal Pradesh. In our country. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 11 . Due to the illiteracy. These small and fragmented holdings cannot promote modern agriculture. Agriculture is done with the help of manual labour. fibre crops and oilseeds. These crops usually cater to the export market and earn foreign exchange. Majority of land holdings in India are very small. farmers cannot use modern scientific methods of cultivation. They include sugarcane. tea or banana is grown. this type of farming is done. A single crop like rubber. sugarcane. tobacco. Farming co–operatives. Annually two or three crops are grown due to the demand of food for the large size of population. An unsound credit system and the poverty of the farmer they do not have capital to invest in improvements. Intensive farming is widespread in the irrigated areas of the Northern Plains and coastal strips of South India. It is usually practiced in areas where the population is sparse and plenty of spacious land is available and market economy is well–developed. Plantation Agriculture: z It is also a type of agriculture in which trees or bushes are planted on huge estates. coffee.12 Intensive Farming: z In regions where the size of population is big but land is less. floods. Solution: Improving the health of the farmers. improved hybrid seeds. Giving them letter credit facilities. Commercial Farming: z z This system of agriculture involves cultivation of crops for sale in the market. Problems of Agriculture in India: The problems faced by Indian agriculture are as follows: Soil erosion due to heavy monsoon rains. coffee and rubber are cultivated. Plantation farming is carried on in some parts of India like the hills of south India and North–East states of India where tea. These crops are called commercial or cash crops. gusty winds and insufficient vegetation cover have increased the infertility of the soil. In equal distribution of rainfall is the cause of the failure of rain –fed crops. offering incentives and bonus to farmers. chemical fertilizer and educating the farmers in modern scientific methods of cultivation Reclaiming land and preventing fragmentation. Introduced scientific farming programmes 12 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . in a regular distance. It is a kharif crop. after 4 to 5 weeks when saplings attain 25 to 30 cm of height they are transplanted in to prepared rice fields. groundnut. Soil: Alluvial topsoil clayey impervious subsoil Methods of Cultivation: z z z z Board-casting: The seeds are scattered all over the field after ploughing it. cloves. The products grown in this season are mainly vegetables and fruits. saffron Fibre Crops cotton. cotton and jute are the principal crops grown in the Kharif season. pulses and some oil–seeds are grown in this season. rubber. Rabi: This season starts after the rainy season. sunflower. Kharif: The Kharif season begins with the onset of the monsoons in June–July. May and June. jute Rice: Rice is the staple food of millions of people in India. Dibbling method: Dibbling is the dropping of seed at regular intervals in the furrows made by the plough. as well as time consuming. pulses. It is labour saving also. tobacco coffee. Rabi season is cooler and drier than the kharif season. Rice. The crop grows in the rainy season and harvesting takes place in the beginning of November. This is done before the onset of monsoon. The main advantage of this method is that the seeds fall in the furrows in a systematic way. millets. barley. mustardseed Spices Pepper. Then the Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 13 . Oilseeds linseed. Zaid: This is the summer season for growing crops which remain till April. tea. Sowing begins in October–November and harvesting takes place in the beginning of summer in March–April. gram. seasame. bajra. India is the largest producer of rice. Wheat. The germination rate of the seeds is high and the wastage of seeds in minimal. ginger. Drilling method: In this method. maize. turmeric. rapeseed. jowar.Chapter 09: Food Crops 13 Chapter 09: Food Crops Main crop seasons: There are three main crop seasons in India. rice. MAIN CROPS IN INDIA Cereals wheat. Cash Crops Plantations sugarcane. ragi. After China. groundnuts. Geographical Requirements: z z z Temperature: 22°C to 32°C average 24°C. Rainfall: 150 cm to 300 cm. the seeds are dropping in a straight line at the regular intervals through a bamboo shaft attached to the plough which makes furrows. chillies. Transplanting Method: Transplantation is the sowing of seeds which is usually done in well prepared seed beds call miseries. Jowar. Bihar. It is easy for applying fertilizers. when temperatures are low. Bajra. Geographical Requirements: z z z Temperature: 10°C to 15°C (When growing). Types of Rice: z z Upland type: grown on terraced fields on the hill slopes at higher elevations. Ragi: Jowar. 20°C to 25°C (When ripening) Rainfall: 50 to 100 cm Soil: Well drained clayey. It involves: The use of better quality seeds of the high yielding varieties (HYV). the soil is moist and easily ploughed and fertilized. Bajra and Ragi is a kharif as well as a rabi crop. the field is dry. Low land type: grown in flat. Andhra Pradesh. Distribution: z Punjab and Haryana. West Bengal. now a days because as it yields three times the normal quantity. Japanese Method: This method is very popular and best method. loamy or black soil and alluvial soil also Methods of Cultivation: z z Wheat sown in October–November after the monsoon rains. Millets: ¾ The tern ‘millets’ refer to a member of inferior grains which serve as food grains for the poorer sections of the society. Rajasthan. and Ragi are kharif crops. Jowar. Bajra. It is a labourious tasks. Uttar Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh. Millets are called dry crops. Irrigation also done regularly during the period of growth Heavy manuring done both in the nursery and the field. Wheat: Wheat is the world’s most important food crop for more then 1/3 of the world population winter but in India it ranks after rice in importance. The grain appears at the end of January and harvesting is done just before the intense summer heat sets in at the beginnings of March.14 z surplus water is drained so that by the time the grains ripen. Transplantation of the seedlings in equal distant rows. low–lying areas. Plenty of sunshine is beneficial to ripening and early harvesting. Geographical Requirements: z z z Temperature: 27°C to 32°C Rainfall: 50 cm to 120 cm Soil: Inferior alluvial soil or sandy soil. Distribution: z Tamil Nadu. Orissa. The sowing of seed in raised nursery beds. Assam. 14 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Punjab. Chapter 09: Food Crops 15 Geographical Requirements: z z z Temperature: 27°C to 32°C Rainfall: 50 cm 100 cm (Ragi) Soil: Dry Soil. Haryana. Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh Pulses: z Pulses are enlivened as kharif and as Rabi crops. Distribution: z Uttar Pradesh. Maharashtra. Geographical Requirements: z z z Temperature: 20°C to 25°C Rainfall: 50 cm to 75 cm Soil: Dry light soil Distribution: z Punjab. Maharashtra. Madhya Pradesh Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 15 . Uttar Pradesh. Punjab. clayey loams are the best. Haryana. Madhya Pradesh. and Gujarat. Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu. and Moong (Kharif) Masur (Rabi and kharif both) Millets: Jowar (K & R) Bajra Ragi (Kharif) Wheat (Rabi) Second most imp. Rice can be grown by broadcasting. Mostly by broadcasting method. dibbling. Haryana. Arhar: Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra. Bihar. Uttar Pradesh. Northern Plains. Eastern Coastal plains especially the Deltas of Krishna. loamy soils Alluvial topsoil. Bihar. West Bengal. Andhra Pradesh. Ragi: Karnataka. It is sown by broadcasting. Punjab. and Rajasthan. Punjab. and Uttar Pradesh. Area and States 16 Food Crops of India: Volume 2 of 4 . Jharkhand and Tamil Nadu are the leading rice producing states. Uttar Pradesh. Kaveri. Rajasthan. staple food crop of India Crop 20°C to 25°C 27°C to 32°C 27°C to 32°C 27°C to 32°C 25°C to 25°C when ripening 10°C to 20°C when growing 22°C to 32°C Average 24°C When ripening Temperature 50 cm to 75 cm 50 cm to 100 cm 50 cm to 100 cm 20 cm to 100 cm 50 cm to 100 cm (winter rain beneficial) 150 cm to 300 cm Rainfall Dry light soils Grown on a variety of soils but clayey loams are more suitable. Tamil Nadu. Uttar Pradesh. In India. and Bihar. Any type of soil is suitable Variety of soils Clayey. clayey impervious subsoil Soil Dibbling method. Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh. Chhattisgarh. and threshing is generally done by hands. Jowar and Bajra: Maharashtra Kamataka. drilling. and Andhra Pradesh. dibbing and drilling methods. ploughing. Moong. Bihar. transplanting and Japanese method of cultivation. Tamil Nadu. Mahanadi and Godavari. Masur: Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh. Jharkhand. Gujarat. sowing harvesting. food crop Rice (Kharif) Most imp.16 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Pulses Gram (Rabi) Arhar. Haryana. Transplanting method is the best Methods of farming Gram: Punjab. where the spacious land is available for large farms and market economy has taken its roots. Rabi season is cooler and drier than the kharif season. wheat. Give Reasons: Jhumming is forbidden. ii) It is grown in the summer months of April May and June. Hence. fertilizers. ii) Maximum yield is produced with the help of irrigation. Kharif: The Kharif season begins with the onset of the monsoons in June–July. preponderance of food crops over other crops is the most important feature of Indian agriculture. known as ‘zaid’. iii) Its main products are seasonal fruits and vegetables. iii) This kind of farming is generally practiced in areas of sparse population. drilling is considered to be the best method of sowing of seeds. groundnuts. barley. i) This method of farming is not an environment friendly method as it involves in deforestation and burning increases the level of greenhouse gases. cotton and jute are the principal crops grown in the Kharif season. Give Reasons: Drilling is the best method of sowing of seeds i) In the drilling method. i) It is more common in tropical countries because there is no fear of frost ii) Tea and rubber plantations in India are its examples. Sowing begins in October–November and harvesting takes place in the beginning of summer in March–April. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 17 . What is known as the zaid season? i) Besides Rabi and Kharif crops. Why are the leguminous crops an important component of any cropping system? The leguminous crops are important component because it is helpful to maintain fertility of soil by nitrogen supply. Wheat. ii) In order to establish a good foreign exchange from food crops that are surplus. specially after the Green Revolution. pulses and some oil–seeds are grown in this season. just after the rabi crops are harvested. maize.Chapter 09: Food Crops 17 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Short Answers: [2 Marks] 1) Ans: 2) Ans: 3) Ans: 4) Ans: 5) Ans: 6) Ans: 7) Ans: 8) Ans: 9) Ans: What is meant by the term Agriculture? Agriculture can be defined as the cultivation of the soil in order to grow crops and rear livestock. millets. food must be well processed in industrial units so that they can be preserved and stored. ii) Moreover. the farmers also grow an extra – crop. Thus rotation of this crop reduces fertilizer needs. What are food crops? Why is it necessary to establish industrial processing units for food crops? i) Since India has to feed a large population. Jhumming is forbidden. The crop grows in the rainy season and harvesting takes place in the beginning of November. maize. the method is wasteful and yield per hectare is also low. What are the advantages of commercial farming? i) In this type of farming mechanised agriculture is practiced and farmers grow crops for the market. What are Rabi and kharif crops? Rabi: This season starts after the rainy season. millets. and scientific methods of farming and use of hybrid seeds. the seeds are dropped in a straight line at regular intervals through a bamboo shaft attached to the plough which makes furrows. only one crop is grown in the whole plantation. More than 2/3rd of the total cropped area is taken up by the cultivation of food crops like rice. Therefore. What is meant by monoculture? Monoculture or single crop plantation. ii) This method requires more labour and time but is economical in the use of seed. Rice. iii) It provides a large part of the market for industrial goods. rice can be grown best? Ans: Rice can be grown in a variety of soils but alluvial soil with subsoil of impervious clay is ideal of its cultivation. 11) Why is the area under the cultivation of wheat on the increase? Ans: i) The use of package technology or the Green Revolution in India in late sixties has helped high yielding varieties of wheat which are drought – resistant and also able to survive wide fluctuations in rainfall. 15) How are pulses harvested? Ans: The pulse crops mature in about 150 days or about five months. It is generally grown as a dry crop in areas having moderate rainfall between 50 cm and 75 cm. Temperature and rainfall: Gram is a rabi crop which requires temperatures between 20°C to 25°C during its growth. ii) It is also the source of raw material for many key industries e. these plants are pulled out. implements. ii) In this method. and institutional support also helped in the increase of wheat production. Hence. ii) Use of chemical fertilizers. 14) What are the soil and climatic conditions suitable for the cultivation of grams? Ans: Soil: Gram can be cultivated in comparatively less fertile alluvial soils. iv) It accounts for a substantial portion of India’s exports. pesticides. Ans: The following problems are faced by the Indian agriculture: 18 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . it gives an enough yield. 16) Where is intensive commercial farming done in India? Ans: Intensive farming is widespread in the irrigated areas of the Northern Plains and the coastal strips of South India. b) It does not require any extra effort to grow and can grow well even in high temperatures like in drought conditions. sugar. machinery etc. Deep medium black soil is ideal for its growth. weeds get buried. ii) What is the common feature of all millets? Ans: The common feature of all millets is that they belong to the grass family. irrigation. agriculture said to be the backbone of the Indian economy 18) State two problems faced by Indian agriculture. When leaves of plants become dry and begin to shed. 13) What are the advantages of transplantation method of sowing rice? Ans: i) Use of transplantation method increases the yield of rice crops compared to other methods.18 10) i) Why are millets widely grown? Ans: a) Millets are used widely used as animal fodder and bird seed. Then they are thrashed by trampling under the feet of bullocks or with sticks to get the seeds. 12) In which type of soils. Moreover. Short Answers: [3 Marks] 17) Why is agriculture said to be the backbone of the Indian economy? Ans: i) Agriculture not only provides food to human beings but also fodder. especially the farm inputs like fertilizers.g. millets are widely grown. textile and edible oil. Hence. machinery crop protection measures. They are dried for a few days. The impervious subsoil does not allow water to drain away and retains the water to stagnate in the fields. the problem of weeding is reduced because at the time of puddling. It is grown either with dry–farming method or as an irrigated crop. With reference to the types of farming in India. z It is both a kharif and a rabi crop. iii) What are the advantages of this type of farming? i) The plantations usually cater to the export – market and earn foreign exchange ii) It involves large number of labourers like managerial labour. answer the following question: i) Give the meaning of the term plantation farming. iv) Due to small uneconomic holdings due to farm fragmentation. z It grows on a variety of soils of Peninsular India. They do not have capital to invest in improvements. viii) Indian agriculture is mainly of subsistence type. gusty winds and insufficient vegetation cover have increased the infertility of the soil and reduced the yields per hectare. in the southern states of Karnataka. hence it provides employment opportunities to a large section of the population. rubber or spices on a large scale. About 72% of the total area is devoted to food crop to meet the requirements of the country. Plantations are large tracts of land used for cultivation of a single agricultural crop like tea. iii) Due to the illiteracy the farmers are reluctant to use modern scientific method of cultivation. coffee. half of the farms in India are less than 1 hectare in size and 4 percent are of 10 hectares. With reference to jhumming. daily wage labourers. Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh. seasonal and unequal distribution of rainfall is the cause of the failure of rain fed crops. fertilizers and pesticides to ensure good quality crops. ii) Where is it practiced in India? It is practiced in the North east hill states. There is no surplus to export. Un reliable. less use of manures and pesticides and low quality seeds. v) Farmers are disinterested in improving the land or taking the risk of trying new methods of cultivation or new varieties of seeds. They cannot use tractors or agricultural machines on these small holdings. iii) What are its disadvantages? It is not an environment – friendly method as it involves deforestation and burning increases the level of greenhouse gases. Differentiate between the following: Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 19 . z Ragi grows in areas of less rainfall. ii) Who introduced plantation farming to India? The European colonists introduced plantation farming to India. answer the following question: i) How is jhumming carried out? In this type of farming there is continuous shifting from one clearing in the forest to the other due to loss of soil fertility. They belong to absentee landlords who are indifferent to land improvements. Jharkhand. ii) Soil erosion due to heavy monsoon rains. Many of them do not use new and better quality seeds. There are inadequate irrigational facilities in such areas.Chapter 09: Food Crops 19) Ans: 20) Ans: Ans: Ans: 21) Ans: Ans: Ans: 22) 19 i) More than 60% of the cultivated land depends on the vagaries of the monsoon rainfall. xi) Average productivity of crops is low due to outdated farming practices. vii) An unsound credit system and the poverty of the farmers are serious problems. They often suffer the burden of heavy inherited debts. It is a health hazard and produces low crop yield. In which region is Ragi grown in Indian? Why? Ragi is mainly grown in Peninsular India. Chhattisgarh. floods. vi) The system of land tenure is such that most of the farmers do not own the land cultivated by them. Wheat. rice. rich manure and fertilizers. Between 67% of our population depends directly or indirectly on agriculture. 26) What is mixed farming? Mention advantages of this farming to the small farmers. crops with the help of machines. 23) Intensive farming and Extensive farming. so no extra care is intensively in order to have the maximum needed to maintain the soil–fertility. Subsistence farming Commercial farming Subsistence farming is practiced in the This kind of farming is practiced for the sale densely populated regions of the world for the of the crops in the market. methods of agriculture are used. iv) It contributes 30% to the national income. Ans: Advantage of fallow land: The decayed natural vegetative matters helps to increase the plant nutrition in the soil. This kind of farming may be intensive This kind of farming may be intensive or primitive. farmers raise more In this type of farming. Latest knowledge and modern and implements. This piece of land is called fallow land. are the main crops. the farmer than one crop from the same field by making specializes in a couple of major commercial use of irrigation facilities. 25) Why is agriculture called the mainstay of the Indian economy? Ans: i) Agriculture is the main stay of Indian economy. Mechanisation in farming is a unique feature quality seeds and water supply through with the absence of human and animal irrigation are used to maintain the high yield labour. 24) i) What is meant by fallow land? Ans: Fallow land: The much used land is often allowed to rest or lie fallow for period of time. so the farmer uses it The farms are huge. There is little use of modern tools extensive. There are bumper crops. fish and bee keeping. 27) Differentiate between Rabi. ii) It provides raw material to the industries. so that the natural forces could act on the soil. The land is limited. Farms are small and scattered and the yields Farms are large and yield is very high. ii) In this farming equal importance is given animal rearing. Ans: Mixed farming is a system of farming on a particular farm to sustain and satisfy the essential needs of the farmers. Give an example of each. where holdings are large. It supplements the farmer’s earning in the lean season. Rice and wheat North Western India. sugarcane are main crops. ii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of leaving land follow. Kharif and Zaid crops.20 Ans: Subsistence farming and Commercial farming. 20 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . It includes rearing of live stock and poultry. output. Disadvantage: The marginal farmers can’t afford to get more production by leaving the land to rest. iii) India earns foreign exchange by exporting agriculture products. Intensive farming is widespread in the Extensive farming is practiced in the Terai irrigated areas of the Northern Plains and the region of the Sub–Himalayas and in parts of coastal strips of South India. are not large. Generally sole purpose of the farmer’s subsistence. iii) Farmer remains busy in their work throughout the year. Intensive labour. practiced in areas of sparse population There is no surplus left for sale. Ans: Intensive farming Extensive farming In this type of farming. Advantages: i) The small and marginal farmers in rainfed regions cannot take the risk of growing specialized crop. May and in June and harvested in the June after the rabi season. Even in the mid-March. the state experiences 10° to 15° C of temperature which favours the wheat crop in ripening. autumn season in the beginning of November. barley. loamy. castor. b) Millets and pulses are called ‘Dry Crops’. particularly the Deccan Plateau. The favourable factors are as follows: i) It is region of alluvial soil deposited by the rivers of Punjab ii) Punjab has ideal climatic conditions for growing wheat. sesamum. They utilize nitrogen from air. and well drained helping the wheat crop to grow well. iii) Water requirements are supplemented by network of irrigation canals. c) Which is a useful ‘rotation crop’? Why? i) Pulses form an important part of the Indian diet and are grown in the Rabi season. The principal kharif crops are Its main products are rice. linseed. Pulses include a number of crops (dals) which provide protein. Why is wheat growing important in Punjab? Although Punjab is not the biggest producer or wheat in India. a) The geographical conditions in Punjab are most suitable for growing wheat. so they are used as rotating crop. 28) Ans: 29) Ans: Ans: Ans: Ans: Kharif crops Zaid crops Summer crop Extra crop They are sown at the It is grown in the summer beginning of the rainy season months of April. groundnut and vegetables. seasonal fruits and jute. iii) In winters. yet wheat is the most important crop of Punjab. They help in restoring the soil fertility. ii) They are leguminous plants. gram. tobacco and mustard. iii) They are dry crops and required less water. ii) The draining of perennial rivers makes the soil clayey. The main crops are wheat. iv) Rain from Western Disturbances is a boon for wheat crop in Punjab. cotton. i) These crops mature early and are drought resistant crops. v) The Punjab’s farmers are very laborious. which are fed by Bhakra Nangal Project. Harike project and Beas project. Give two reasons why the growing of pulses is important in India. Punjab experiences following climatic conditions: i) Punjab receives winter rain due to western disturbances which is beneficial to the wheat crop. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 21 . Owing to following reasons the growing of pulses is important in India: i) Pulses include a very important part of the Indian–diet particularly for the vegetarian population because of protein content of the pulses. April-mid the temperature ranges 20°C to 25°C which again is ideal for wheat cultivation. iv) They serve as excellent fodder for cattle. iii) Hence they are called as ‘Dry Crops’. They are leguminous plants with root nodules which have the capacity to fix and use atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Large holdings and improved techniques are favourable for wheat growing.Chapter 09: Food Crops 21 Ans: Rabi crops Winter crop Rabi crops are sown in the winter season (October– November) and harvested in the beginning of summer (March–April). ii) They are and therefore cultivated in the drier parts of monsoon lands. millets. maize. The three aspects of the Japanese method of rice cultivation are: i) Use of high yielding paddy hybrids called JAPONICA. Rice is not the main crop in the Deccan Plateau due to the following reasons: i) Rice grows best in heavy loam and alluvial soil with sub–soil of impervious clay which allows water to stagnate in the fields. v) Heavy manuring done both in the nursery and the field. They are grown in the drier parts. iii) Transplantation of seedlings in rows. iii) The man–made factor. f) Rice is not the main crop in the Deccan Plateau. which is inadequate for growing rice. They take only three months to mature. Jowar is grown in Maharashtra as they can be grown in deep black soils. loamy and well drained soils owing to the flow of various river channels. iii) Bajra can be grown in arid conditions with less rainfall. Deccan plateau has a hot dry climate with little moisture in the air and temperature above 30–35°C. Irrigation facilities are also not widely available. which increases output tremendously. the heads with grain are cut by hand. and the grain is used as food. After harvest. ii) Rice needs warm or hot humid climate. iii) Rice needs abundant rainfall ranging between 150 cm–300 cm. The two factors favouring the cultivation of wheat are as follows: i) The winter rain due to western disturbances received in Punjab helps the wheat crop for speedy germination. This facilitates weeding and fertilizing. Sowing is done by the broadcasting method. it grows on sandy soil as in Rajasthan. the stalks are used as cattle fodder. iii) Pulses serve as an excellent forage (food for cattle) and grain concentration in the feed of cattle. For wheat in Punjab: i) Give two natural factors and one man–made factor that favour the cultivation of wheat.22 Ans: 30) Ans: 31) Ans: 32) Ans: 22 ii) The crops are rotated with other crops to maintain or restore soil fertility. They act as fertilizer to the soil. They can be grown on lands which are not suitable for rice and wheat production because of deficient rainfall and poor soil. ii) The state has clayey. which are not suitable for growing rice. ii) There are three types of millets in India – jowar. vast tracts of flat land are not available for water to stand in the fields. The sowing is done in the middle of June and harvested in November. Give three main aspects of the Japanese method of rice cultivation. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . in rainfall from 50 to 120 cms and in medium to deep black soils. with temperature between 18°C to 35°C. When the harvest is ready. bajra and ragi. It also supplies protein in a vegetarian diet as there is an absence of animal protein in a vegetarian diet. This is common name for several species of the grass family. It requires 5–10 in of standing water during the early part of the growing season. Why millets are called “dry crops”? Why is bajra grown in Rajasthan and jowar in Maharashtra? i) Millets are called “dry crops”. The high–yielding Mexican wheat and hybrids led to the maximum yield in acreage. They can survive in high heat and drought conditions. Due to the terrain. on boards or floors. ii) Sowing of seeds in raised nursery beds. They can be grown in areas of high temperature ranging from 27°C to 32°C. favouring the cultivation of wheat includes introduction of Green Revolution in 1967–68. iv) Irrigation is done to ensure the required supply of water during the period of growth. Deccan plateau has mainly black cotton soil or red soil. whereas other crops take five months. The plant is given for cattle fodder and grain from the heads is separated by threshing. The Deccan Plateau region receives an average of 50–100 of rainfall. Hence rice cannot be widely grown on the Deccan Plateau. if the facility of irrigation is available. whereas rice is sown in summer (Kharif). state why a) Bajra is grown in Rajasthan? Ans: Bajra is grown in Rajasthan because it needs sandy soil and dry climate. b) Jowar is grown in Maharashtra. Hence. done before flowering of the plants. it requires flooded fields at the time of early growth and during transplantation. It grows in areas where the temperature does not rise beyond 20°C in winter during growing period. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 23 . Rainfall: Rice plant requires good rainfall ranging between 100 cm and 200 cm. areas. Ragi can grow on a variety of dry soils. ii) Wheat requires cool and moderate climate. It requires plenty of water and bright sunshine. It is grown in March – April and harvested in It is sown in June and harvested in October September – October. Most of the rice grown in India is low land variety. Frequent showers before ripening helps in increasing the size of the grain. whereas rice requires hot and humid climate. 37) State the differences between cultivation of upland rice and low – land rice. first the the seeds are sown in small and well prepared seeds are sown in already enriched and plots. It needs a lot of irrigation. Ans: Two staple food crops of India are wheat and rice. Warm and dry climate is good for its ripening. c) Ragi is grown in Tamil Nadu. Rice can be grown in areas with less rainfall. and November This crop is used for local consumption. 34) Mention the climatic conditions required for rice cultivation in India Ans: Rice is a crop of hot and wet regions in the tropics. iii) Wheat requires less than 18°C temperature and medium rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm. Ans: The Deccan plateau in Maharashtra has drier black soil hence Jowar is grown here. 38) Distinguish between transplantation method and Japanese method of rice farming. 36) With reference to the type of soil only. Ans: Upland Rice Lowland Rice This type of rice is grown in terraced field on This type of rice is grown in flat low lying hill slopes. i) Wheat is sown in winter (rabi). 35) With reference to wheat: a) During which part of the year is it grown in India and why? Ans: Wheat is grown in the winter in India because it requires cool and moist weather with a temperature of less than 20°C during its growth. first In Japanese method of rice farming. Harvesting is carried out when ears are nearly Top–dressing with nitrogenous fertilizers is ripe. wheat cannot be cultivated in the eastern and southern parts of India. whereas rice requires a temperature from 25°C to 30°C and rainfall more than 100 cm. About 15 cm high saplings are transplanted at About 15 cm to 20 cm high saplings are regular intervals in other fields. Ans: It is grown in Tamil Nadu since it requires less rainfall and can be either grown with the dry farming or as an irrigated crop. It is cultivated without irrigation. Ans: Transplantation Method and the Japanese Method of Rice Farming: Transplantation Method Japanese Method In transplantation method of rice farming. It also requires 200 frost free days. Temperature: Rice plant requires temperatures ranging between 16°C and 20°C during the growing season and 18°C to 32°C during the harvesting season. b) Why is it not grown in the southern and eastern parts of India? Ans: Wheat is a Rabi crop in India. well–drained nursery beds.Chapter 09: Food Crops 23 33) Compare and contrast the geographical conditions required for the growth of the staple food crops of India. transplanted in rows in another field. 24 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Explain the method. This is because: i) Rainfall in India is uncertain and is concentrated to four months. 42) Why yield of rice is very low in India as compared to other countries of the world? Ans: Currently. When the plants are about 15 cm high.days. Ans: The three crops of rice grown in West Bengal are as follows: i) Aus (autumn) crop is sown in May-June and harvested in September-October. Ans: Rice can be sown in the following five ways: i) Broadcasting: It is simply scattering or throwing seeds over the soil by hand. In this method a) The good quality seeds are sown in well-drained nursery beds already enriched with manure. iii) Boro (summer) is sown in November-December and harvested in March-April. seeds are dropped at regular intervals in ploughed furrows. top-dressing is done with nitrogenous fertilizers. etc. the mixture of ammonium-sulphate and superphosphate fertilizers are used. c) Planting is done in rows at appropriate distance and then irrigation is provided as needed. seeds are dropped through shafts of bamboo which is attached to the plough. 41) In West Bengal which three crops of rice are grown in a year? Explain. though labour intensive. drilling machines are used in place of bamboo. In this way. China and Korea is about three times that of India. This method. The sapplings are then uprooted when they grow to 15 to 20 cm in height and replanted in rows in another field. Then they are transplanted at regular intervals in fields. The mixture is used again after one month of transplanting. are watered well. Ans: Transplanting Method: a) In this method. iv) Farmers do not use efficient methods of cultivation. iii) General fertility of Indian soils is less because these have been cultivated from the last 5000 years. they are uprooted by hand in small bunches. ii) There is a lack of assured water supply through irrigation in rice growing areas. pesticides. seeds fall in straight line. c) Harvesting is done when ears are nearly ripe. ii) Aman (winter) is sown in June-July and harvested in November-December. iii) Drilling: In this method. ii) Dibbling: In this method. This crop accounts for 85% of the rice produced in West Bengal. 43) Discuss briefly different methods of rice cultivation. The water is supplied abundantly till the plants become mature. prepared plots. the water in the field is drained off. carefully. as the seedlings grow. Before flowering of the rice plants. the average yield of rice per hectare is 1756 kg. This method is practised in areas where labour is scarce and soil is not much fertile. b) Huge amount of compost manure is used in the field before transplanting. It is the lowest in the world. first the seedlings are sown in small.24 39) What improved methods of cultivation can raise rice production in India? Ans: Japanese Method: A popular method known as the Japanese method of rice cultivation is being popularized in India in order to increase the productivity of rice. but about two weeks before harvesting. Now-a. v) Holdings are very small. vi) Widespread poverty in the rural areas prohibits the use of adequate amount of fertilizers. If the green manure is used. This crop is grown in low-lying marshy land of poor quality. This method of rice sowing is used in Northern Plains of India. gives better yields. The per hectare yield of rice in Japan. b) The fields. 40) State the advantages of growing rice in nurseries. prevent an unnecessary shift of population from rural to urban areas. When they become 15 cm to 20 cm tall after about four weeks of time. This transplantation is done mainly by human labour. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 25 . v) Japanese method: a) In India. tobacco are also important agro –industries. This helps in weeding and fertilising. d) Transplanting is done in rows at regular intervals. ii) Commodities such as tea. being a source of income. iii) Agriculture products. 44) What is the importance of agriculture in India? Ans: i) Agriculture provides raw materials for agro–based industries such as raw cotton for cotton textiles Jute. oilseeds and spices are exported to industrialized countries and consequently are great foreign exchange earners. abundant application of fertilizers is done at proper stage of the growth of the crop. These provide employment to many and help to develop the rural area as well. v) Intensive and extensive cultivation both are practiced but the former is more important. cotton and jute textiles. first seeds are sown in the nurseries.Chapter 09: Food Crops 25 iv) Transplantation: In this method. tobacco. cashew nuts. they are uprooted and planted again in the flooded fields. In this way. better quality seeds are used. c) Seeds are sown in raised nursery beds. e) In this method. iv) Indian agriculture has two outstanding features i. the importance of agriculture to India can be assessed. b) In this method. Sugar. wide variety of tropical and temperate crops are grown. the Japanese method of rice cultivation is becoming popular because this method gives three times higher yield of rice than any other method.e. well drained. All the principal oil. linseed. soyabean sunflower. Uses: Nuts are eaten raw or roasted As a cooking medium. loamy. sesame. Method: Broadcasting: drilling. Castor Seed. Andhra Pradesh. rape seed or mustard etc.26 Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops & Distribution of Crops and Their Requirement → Commercial or Cash Crops → Definition → Types of Cash Crops → Oil Seeds: (Groundnut. (Tea. manufacturing of soap. Jute. Wool) Commercial or Cash Crop: Definition: Cash crops are those that are primarily grown for sale and not for use by the grower and his family for example: Sugarcane Types of Cash Crops: Oil Seeds: Vegetable oils are produced from a large member of crops. castor.16C Geographical conditions: Temperature: 20°C to 25°C Rainfall: 50 cm to 100 cm Soil: Dry. As a fodder for animals. Light and Sandy soil. Groundnut. 26 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Ground Nut (Kharif): Origin: Brazil . Maharashtra. Sugarcane) Beverages. Seeds. Sesame. Rajasthan and Punjab. hydrogenated oil. are grown in India. Coffee) → Fiber: (Cotton. Soyabean or Rape seed or Mustard) → Plantation: (Rubber. Silk. Area: Gujrat. Linseed. Area: Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh. foder Area: Gujrat. Alluvial soil.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 27 Sesame (Karif / Rabi): Position: 1st position. ink. Geographical conditions: Temperature: 21°C Rainfall: 40 cm to 60 cm Soil: Light. Printing. Karnataka Soyabean (Karif): Protain sources Geographical conditions: Volume 2 of 4 Temperature: 13°C to 24°C Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 27 . Uttar Pradesh. Oil cake for cattle. varnishing. Sandy soil. Red soil Uses: Caster seed is used in points. Chhattisgarh. perfume. as a manure. Maharashtra. Area: Bihar. ink and plastics and for medicinal purposes Used as a manure. Temperature: 26°C to 30°C Rainfall: less than 50 cm Soil: Alluvial and black soil. medicinal. Sunflower (Karif / Rabi): Polyunsaturated fatty acid. Gujrat. Black soil Uses: As a cooking oil. Karnataka Use: Oil cake for Animals. Area: Madhya Pradesh. as well as poison. Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan and Maharashtra. Karnataka. seasoning of wood. cooking oil–(good for heart) Castor Seed (Karif): Geographical conditions: Temperature: 20°C to 25°C Rainfall: 50 cm to 75 cm Soil: Deep loamy Soil. Maharashtra Linseed (Rabi): Geographical conditions: Temperature: 15°C to 20°C Rainfall: 45 cm to 75 cm Soil: Clayey loom mainly / Alluvial Uses: It is used for making paints varnishing. Bihar. The liquid latex is marketed in drums or tanks. is made for the latex to flow.28 Rainfall: 40 cm to 60 cm Soil: Any type of soil but moisture retentive. Sometimes part of the fresh latex is put into machines called separators which remove part of the water from the latex. well–drained soils or laterite soils. lubricants. Trees are tapped for about 200 to 300 days. as also to avoid likely rain and heat of the sun. Oil cake is used for cattle feed and fertilizers. weighed. But its chief importance is that it is elastic and therefore useful for water–proofing. deep friable.m. Geographical conditions: z Temperature: Between 25°C and 35°C. coagulated into coagulum (soft spongy blocks) by the addition of acetic acid and formic acid. Jharkhand. Plantation crops: Rubber: 4th position Rubber is the coagulated sticky milk or latex of the rubber tree. Rape Seed or Mustard (Rabi): Geographical conditions: Temperature: 10°C to 20°C Rainfall: 25 cm to 40 cm Soil: Alluvial (heavy and light) Uses: Mustard is used for cooking oil. A tapping panel is made at V shape. soaps. about 2 mm. Areas: Uttar Pradesh. Acidic soil needs irrigation Uses: As a vegetable oil. elastic substance is required. Care is taken not to damage the cambian–the paper–like skin exposed after the removal of the bark–when a cut. artificial meat. the latex is strained to remove the impurities. Rainfall: 150 cm to 200 cm. Ammonia or some other preservative keeps the latex from coagulating and prevents spoiling. It should never fall below 21°C. by removing the outer bark. Tapping of Rubber: Tapping is normally done daily in the early hours of the morning before 6 a. a native of the Amazon forest. It is then passed through a series of rollers to squeeze the surplus water and if necessary the sheets are hung up to dry. margarine. milk. sauce. red in parts. Gujrat. Areas: Maharashtra. The final drying of the rubber sheets is done in 28 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Processing of Rubber: At the factory. February and during the rains. insulation and where a strong. and is known as Hevea brasiliensis. It is stopped by noon and suspended in January. well–distributed throughout the year. seasoning pickles. Punjab. The latex drips and collects in the coconut shells attached to the tree. as latex flows freely then. rich. Orissa. Assam. Soil: Alluvial. West Bengal. z It holds air. keeps out moisture and does not readily conduct electricity. Uttar Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh. The rubber sheets are then graded packed in bales and exported. Irrigation may be necessary as the growing season is usually 9 months. Process: Boil with line then it will form crystal brown sugar. The leaves appear soon after. Molasses: It is a kind of dark brown syrup) Bagasse: Rejected cane–after being crushed – is ploughed into the soil fed to cattle and used as fuel for mills. Area: Kerala. Rainfall: 100 cm to 150 cm plenty of water during the growing period is required. Within two weeks the buds on the nodes swell and burst and young stalks emerge from the soil. Karnataka. However. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Sugarcane: Sugar cane is a tall. water logging has to be avoided as it reduces the sugar content. Geographical conditions: z Temperature: 20°C to 30°C. the stem of which is used to produce can sugar and sucrose. India is the largest producer. Sowing Methods: By seeding which are sown between January and April. shoe polish and carbon paper. Beverages (Tea): It is a beverage crop and a plantation crop.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 29 smoke houses where the temperatures vary from 45°C to 60°C. Tamil Nadu.5 m to 2 m apart) furrows. Khandsari–powdered gur or jaggery and Icing sugar. Sugar cane is soil–exhausting so the soil regularly needs nitrogen fertilizers. Pressmud: This is used to make wax. Andhra Pradesh. and piled with fertilized soil. tropical and semitropical grass. After the crop has been cut the stem begins to grow again and produces a second crop called ratoon. equidistant (1. Sugar–cane juice. There are three main kinds of tea: Black Green Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 29 . Ratoon cropping is the process by which the cane is cut close to the ground where the sugar content is concentrated. Maharashtra. Soil: Soil should be alluvial or lava soil and well drained. Products and By Products: Sugar. khandsari Area: Uttar Pradesh. consumer and exporter of Black tea. followed by the appearance of nodes and internodes. Frost is injurious to the growth of sugar cane plant. gur. planted in horizontal. perennial. The sett method consists of cutting of two or three joints taken from the top of a healthy cane. Geographical conditions: z Temperature: 24°C to 30°C but 25°C is most suitable Rainfall: 150 cm 375 cm Soil: The soil must be well drained and rich in nitrogen sandy loams are the best. Tamil Nadu. labour intensive crops. Karnataka. Sugar cane is sown between January and April. from Arabia) z Coffee is a leading tropical commodity in international trade and is the most abundantly produced of the non–alcoholic beverages. but does not impair its flavour Drying: Leaves are placed on conveyor belts in an over to dry them and give them black colour. Area: Assam (Brahmaputra Valley and Surma Valley) West Bengal (Duars and Darjeeling) Tamil Nadu (Nilgiri) Kerala Coffee: Introduced by Muslim fakir (Bababudan hills in 17 C. Cardamom.8 million bales in 199–99) followed by USA) Geographical conditions: z 30 Temperature: 21°C to 30°C and at least 200 frost free days. there are mechanized processes on coffee estates. flavour and taste of coffee are the result of roasting. Seeds are pounded to remove the outer covering. Rolling: This twists the leaf to break its cells. Soil: Must be black lava. Palni and Anaimalai Hills) Fiber crops: (Cash) 4th rank Cotton: Cotton is the most important fibre used in making clothing. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . fermenting. pulping. Types of Coffee: Arabica: which is a superior quality Robusta: which is the cheapest Liberica: mainly used to make instant coffee. The colour. China is the world’s leading producer of cotton (18. well drained. red and laterite are ideal. Geographical conditions: z Temperature: 30° C and above Rainfall: 150 cm to 200 cm well distributed throughout the year. Fermentation: The leaves are allowed to ferment and this reduces the amount of tanmic acid in the tea by half. Areas: Karnataka.30 Oolong tea Processing Black of Tea: Withering: The gathered leaves are first withered or dried in the sun for a day or two to extract moisture. Special processing Methods: Wet Method or Parchment Method: This method is used for parchment of coffee which consists of removal of the skin. Nowadays. Tamil Nadu and Kerala are three main commercial coffee producing states (Nilgiri. volcanic soils. Dry Method or Native Method: The covering is removed by drying in the sun. washing and drying. with humus. exposing their juice to the air for fermentation which helps to give tea its special flavor. Blending: Experts blenders and tea testers further blend the various grades of tea to give it special aroma and make many proprietary brands. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 31 . Abundant sunshine is required during ripening and picking. A beetle called boll weevil lays eggs inside the boll and destroys the crop. cleaning and drying in the sun. After ginning. washing. The longer staples from sturdier threads and hence are considered superior. Tamil Nadu. Orissa. Humidity: 90% Rainfall: 150 cm to 200 cm Soil: A rich. Processing: Retting is followed by rinsing. Bihar. well distributed during the period of growth. of Uttar Pradesh. Jute: Jute is a long. Cloudy weather is detrimental to the healthy growth of cotton plants. Terai region. Storms and windy weather are harmful to the cotton pods as they fall off. which develops in the cotton ball. Both the fibre and the plant from which it comes are commonly called jute.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 31 Rainfall: 50 cm to 75 cm. so at least 200 frost free days are necessary for the crop to grow. so the infected plants have to be destroyed. Most of these processes in India are carried out manually. A single pair of boll weevils can produce between 10 to 13 million young ones in a single season and they are extremely difficult to exterminate. Rain should be experienced only during the earlier part of the growing period.8 cm (26 mm) Long Staple – above 2. Sunshine during picking time is essential to ripen the pods. Assam. etc. Short Staple – less than 2. Andhra Pradesh. It is then graded and made into bundles which are pressed into bales. pest control. Uttar Pradesh (Producing long staple) Problems of Cotton Cultivation: Frost destroys the plant. lint is packed in bales and sent to factories to be made into thread. Tripura. Area: Gujrat. alluvial soil formed in delta regions with comparatively flat topography is ideal Area: Volume 2 of 4 West Bengal.2 to 2. Jute is known as the golden fibre because of its colour and value as a foreign exchange earner. Madhya Pradesh. Abundant cheap skilled labour is required for picking. Tossa (25%) Geographical conditions: z Temperature: The temperature should be 24°C to 35°C o have an average of 27°C during the period of growth. shiny fibre that can be spun into coarse strong threads. loamy.2 cm (24 mm) Medium Staple – 2. z Types of Jute: White (75%). Punjab. (200 frost free day to mature the crops) Cotton grade: Cotton is graded according to the length of the staple. If Rabi. The other pests are pink boll worms and wilt. Maharashtra. it requires irrigation and has to be protected against ball weevils. Otherwise the fibre becomes muddy and discoloured.8 cm (27 mm) Ginning: Ginning is the separation of seeds and short fibres or linters from the raw material fibres or linters from the raw material fibre called lint. soft. gunny bags. rope. Now it is also used for making upholstery. carpets. Mesta is a substitute for jute. It is a coarser fibre. string. shopping bags and sail–cloth. inferior to jute in quality and strength and is used for making gunny bags. It tolerates drier condition and is grown in more or less the same areas Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Uses: It is used for making cloth to wrap bales of cotton. fibres and twine. sack cloth. furnishing material.32 32 Method: Drilling and Broad Casting. Karnataka. Haryana. Karnataka. Jharkhand. cosmetic purposes. Karnataka. Being a high protein content. Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Maharashtra. Bihar. artificial leather and medicinal emulsions. Rajasthan. insulation Of the total production. Andhra Pradesh. Rajasthan and Punjab. Jharkhand. Haryana. 33 . It is used as a substitute for non vegetarian foods. Uttar Pradesh. Orissa and West Bengal. Chhattisgarh. vanaspati. especially sarson. Orissa. Cosmetic hair oil. Karnataka. Kerala (75%). Uttaranchal. varnishes oil–cloth. Punjab. Oil is used for cooking purpose and pickles. for manufacturing perfumes and medicines. Karnataka. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Uses Groundnut can be eaten raw. oil cloth and printing ink. Tamil Nadu Punjab. Uttaranchal and Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh. Punjab. Uttar Pradesh. Gujarat. Punjab. Uttaranchal. Tamil Nadu. Uttar Pradesh. West Bengal. Pradesh. Maharashtra. Soyabean oil is used making oil and other edible products. Maharashtra. Andhra Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh. Jharkhand. oil–cakes are used as an important cattle feed. Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh. sandy soils along the coast or alluvial flat lands or seaside of tropical lands 175 cm to 300 cm Alluvial soil. Madhya Pradesh. prous. Oil is used as edible oil. Madhya. Coconuts (Generally K) Rubber Sugarcane Volume 2 of 4 21°C to 35°C Average 25°C 20°C to 30°C Area Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh. and Haryana. Bihar. Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu and Punjab Andhra Pradesh. Chhattisgarh. Oil–cakes are led to mulch cattle and pigs Used in paints and varnishes. For water–proofing. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Uttar Pradesh. 50% is processed into jaggery (gur). Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu. Andhra Pradesh. Gujarat. Karnataka. Uttaranchal. Tamil Nadu. Maharashtra. Uttaranchal. oil requisites. Tamil Nadu. Bihar.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 33 Synopsis: Important Cash Crops of India Oil–Seeds of India: Crop Groundnuts Temp. Karnataka. 20°C to 28°C Rainfall 50 cm to 75 cm Soil Dry and light sandy loam Sesamum (til or gingelly) (K &R) 22°C to 28°C 40 cm to 70 cm Light. sandy soils or black cotton soils Linseed (not edible) (R) 10°C to 30°C 45 cm to 75 cm Clayey loamy soils Castor seed (Medicinal) (K & R) 20°C to 30°C No specific amount is required Deep loamy soil Soyabeans (K & R) 20°C to 30°C 50 cm to 100 Any type of soil Rape (Sarson) Mustard (Rai) (R) 10°C to 32°C 50 cm to 100 cm Alluvial soils Sunflower seeds (K) 21°C to 32°C (Average 25°C) 20°C to 27°C 50 cm to 100 cm Regur soil preferable 150 cm to 300 cm Loose. Andhra Pradesh. roasted salted or sweetened. Gujarat. Castor oil is used in paints. Maharashtra. Chhattisgarh Uttar Pradesh. Assam. Chhattisgarh. Gujarat. 30% into white sugar and 20% into khandsari. Used for cooking oil. deep soil with good drainage 100 cm to 170 cm Well–drained rich alluvial lava soil it is a soil– exhausting plant and requires water during most of its growing season. Gujarat. Leaves are used as vegetable. Chhattisgarh. soyabean may be eaten or made into soya– sauce. Andaman and Nicobar Islands Kerala. Orissa and Maharashtra Maharashtra. Concentration of sugar industries in the southern states in increasing. Groundnut oil is used for manufacturing soap. Tamil Nadu. Used as edible oil. Rajashthan. soaps and cosmetics. Maharashtra. Fibre is used as coir leaves and trunk for house construction. Residue–cakes are used as cattle feed. plastics. medicines and lubricants. Andhra Pradesh. retting is done. dried and roasted. and a major part of it develops at about 27C. i) Molasses is dark brown syrup that comes out during the manufacture of sugar. Haryana. Crop: Coffee Temp.34 Beverages Crops: Crop: Tea Temp. India is the 2) Rolling: Tea leaves are pressed in rollers to break their cells. Kerala. Anaimalai Hills in the South 5) Cutting and packing: It is the last stage. After harvesting. Molasses is used to manufacture fertilizers. Tamil Nadu. Manipur. Himachal 1) Withering: Tea leaves are spread on racks for 15 to 20 hours. Ans: The process of separating the jute fibre from the stem is known as retting. Frost high–yielding plants. Harvested plants are tied into bundles of 20 cm to 25 cm diameter and immersed in soft running water for two to three weeks. tea in the world. ii) Bagasse: This is the rejected or crushed sugarcane pulp. Uttaranchal. After picking from fields. Bihar and Chhattisgarh. which loosens the fibre. Orissa. Andhra Pradesh. West Bengal. Distribution Processing Gujarat. outer cover Fibre Crops Of India: Crop Temperature Rainfall Soil Cotton (Kharif) 23°C to 32°C. The highest yield of cotton comes from Punjab. clonal planting. friable loams with a little iron and porous sub–soils By sowing seeds in germinating beds. from which the juice has been extracted. cotton is sent for ginning in factories. 10°C to 35°C (Average which allow water to percolate are ideal (stagnant water Another method is to use cuttings from (distributed of 25°C is ideal). Black tea. Sown by broadcasting dibbling and drilling methods. Robusta coffee and Liberica i) Wet method: Berries are fermented. West There are five stages of processing black tea: There are three varieties: Bengal (Darjeeling). Arunachal largest producer of black Pradesh. Assam. Area Karnataka. Processing Varieties and Uses The three types of coffee are: Arabica Coffee berries are processed in two ways: coffee. pruning is must. Green tea and Pradesh. Then it is packed into bales and sent to mills. After retting jute is packed in bales and sent to mills. Maharashtra. Madhya Pradesh. 80 cm to 120 cm (well– distributed) Water retentive black or lava soil and light well– drained alluvial soil. Tamil Nadu. Oolong tea. Jharkhand. between 450 m to 1800 m sheltered from the sun by shady trees. Tripura. Bihar. well drained transplanted on coffee estates. Soil Methods of Farming Well–drained subsoil. Cardamom Hills are important coffee producers. hence grown on hill slopes) ins injurious Area Processing Varieties and Uses The Assam Hills region. raw material in the manufacture of paper. fibre board. washed. Young plants are hill slopes. 34 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Seeds are sown in nurseries and then Loamy soil with humus content. throughout the year) near the roots is harmful. ii) Dry method: Berries are dried in the sun and then pounded to removed coffee. weathered volcanic. Fibre is obtained from the stalk by beating small bundles of stalk with a wooden mallet. Jute (Kharif) 27°C to 34°C 170 cm to 200 cm Alluvial soil found in flood plains and deltas Methods of farming Broadcasting and drilling methods. REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Short Answers: [2 Marks] 1) What are the commercially important by-products of sugarcane? What are their uses? Ans: The commercially important by-products of sugarcane are molasses and bagasse. Regular altitude are suitable. Rainfall Soil Methods of Farming 150 cm to 250 cm Light. It is used as cattle-feed. synthetic fibre and as an organic fertilizer and fuel for mills. Nilgiri Hills. Sensitive to cold and frost Rainfall 125 cm to 250 cm well–distributed throughout the year. 2) Explain the process of separating jute fibre. industrial alcohol. Uttar Pradesh. the Nilgiris and 3) Fermentation: Tannin in tea is oxidized and colour changes and flavour develops. 18°C to 28°C. Punjab. rum and yeast. 4) Firing or Drying: Fermented leaves are passed through ovens over a belt. 9) State two characteristics of plantation agriculture. Assam are the important states where mustard and rapeseed are grown extensively. The quality of Indian coffee also fluctuates frequently depending upon climatic and soil conditions in India. Orissa and Maharashtra. West Bengal. Karnataka. Seeds are pounded to remove their parchment. Rajasthan. coffee and rubber. Punjab. ii) Lack of knowledge of the use of chemical fertilizers. Tamil Nadu. 91 per cent of the total area under rubber lies in Kerala alone. ii) The production in plantation agriculture. Then they are dried and cured. Machines remove the thin skin of the berries called parchment. It is due to the lack of high-yielding plants. c) Light rain during growing and clear sky with bright sun-shining during harvesting. etc. to prevent water-logging. Ans: Uttar Pradesh. manual labour is applied to get enough production for the farmer and his family. Haryana. 6) Discuss some of the problems being faced by the coffee industry in India. Ans: The total production of coffee in India is low as compared to other countries of the world. whereas the production in commercial farming is meant for markets. pesticides. 8) Give two reasons why the yield of Indian agriculture is low as compared to world standards. Ans: The two characteristics of plantation agriculture are: i) The purpose of plantation agriculture is not only earning cash but also on a much larger scale that resembles the factory production. such as tractors. Tamil Nadu Karnataka and Maharashtra. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 35 . It is also grown in Andhra Pradesh. such as tea. scientific methods of cultivation. Dry or Native method: The outer covering of berries is removed in this method by drying them under the sun. Bihar. mountainous slopes are preferred for tea cultivation. 7) Mention two features which reflect a shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming. Ans: Kerala. b) Why hill slopes are preferred for tea cultivation? Ans: Tea plant cannot tolerate stagnant water around its roots. ii) In subsistence farming. poor and outdated management techniques and unimpressive use of manures and pesticides. 11) a) Which two types of groundnut plants are grown in India? Ans: (i) Bunch type and (ii) Runner type. coffee beans are fermented and washed in tanks several times. whereas machines. 4) Answer the following questions regarding tea cultivation in India: a) What are the main varieties of tea? Ans: There are three main varieties of tea: (i) Black Tea (ii) Green Tea (iii) Oolong Tea. 12) In which states of India mustard and rapeseed are grown extensively. 10) Why is cotton grown widely in the Deccan Plateau? Ans: The following geographical conditions are favourable in Deccan Plateau for growing cotton: a) Availability of black/ regur soil suitable for growing cotton. soil characteristics. 5) In which two ways coffee berries are processed? Ans: Wet or Parchment method: In this method. So. requires huge machines. are used in commercial farming to achieve higher yields. b) Which are the main groundnut producing areas in India? Ans: Gujarat is the leading producer of groundnut in India. Ans: The two reasons are: i) Decreasing fertility due to overuse of land and primitive farming methods. Ans: Two features which reflect a shift from subsistence farming to commercial farming are: i) Subsistence farming is meant to satisfy the bare needs of the farmers. and special skill to produce and to market it. and Andaman and Nicobar Islands are the rubber producing areas of India.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 35 3) Give the areas of rubber production in India. b) Frost free season. This process is known as curing. iv) Setts: It is a piece of sugarcane with two or three joints which is sown. Hence. iii) Tapping: Tapping is a process of wounding the bark of a rubber tree. Roasting of coffee gives aroma and flavour to coffee. Its oil-cake is also used as animal feed. Andhra Pradesh. Medium staple cotton: found in Rajasthan. 14) Why Kerala leads in rubber production in India? Ans: Rubber is an equatorial plant. and rainfall of about 100 cm. vii) Curing: After harvesting. (iv) Setts. (vii) Curing and (viii) Clonal planting. (v) Topping. India ranks fourth in cotton production in the world.heads by plucking from a tobacco plant. so it is cheaper. Loamy alluvial and black soils are suitable for safflower plant. It is a superior quality and most expensive. vi) Retting: It is a microbiological process of removal of jute fibre from its stalk. It has high temperature and heavy rainfall throughout the year. Tamil Nadu Short staple cotton: is less than 19 mm long. From this cut on the bark. the oil of safflower is used in the manufacture of paints and varnishes as it has good drying properties. v) Topping: It is the removal of flower . it is known as ‘clonal planting’. even in rubber. ii) a) Coffee Arabica: 75% of the coffee produced in India is of this variety. This loosens the fibres to remove it from the stalk. (ii) Ginning. ii) On the basis of length. 4) Answer the following questions related to sugarcane cultivation in India: a) What do you know about sugarcane plant? Why is it an important cash crop? 36 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . What are its varieties? Ans: i) Cotton is one of the most important fibre crops of India. viii) Clonal planting: When tea bushes are raised from cutting of high-yielding mother plants rather than from seeds for better yield. found in Uttar Pradesh. strength and structure there are three varieties of cotton: Long staple cotton: longest fibre. This activity creates the required aroma or flavour. There are three varieties of coffee grown commercially. used to make fine quality cotton found in Punjab. Other than cooking purposes. (vi) Retting. It also has well-drained soil suitable for rubber cultivation. 2) What are the two main types of coffee grown in India? What is the purpose of the third type of coffee? Ans: i) Coffee thrives well in a hot and humid climate. Haryana. Ans: Safflower is grown in the Rabi season.36 13) Mention the geographical requirements of safflower plant and also mention its uses. with temperatures ranging from 18°C to 28°C. After harvesting the jute. Ans: i) Inter Culture: It is a type of agriculture in which more than one crop is grown simultaneously. etc. Short Answers: [3 Marks] 1) Name the most widespread fibre crop of India. Kerala gets rainfall from the southwest monsoons as well as from north-east monsoons. 3) What do you understand by the following technical terms: (i) Inter-culture. The plant is sensitive to frost and cold. the tobacco plants are stung on a bamboo pole for 10 to 15 days. It requires a temperature of 10 °C to 20 °C. plants are submerged in stagnated water for two or three weeks. The climate of Kerala similar to the climate of equatorial region. ii) Ginning: It is a process of separating seeds from the raw material which is known as lint. latex oozes out which is collected in a pot. (iii) Tapping. b) The second variety of coffee is Robusta: The cost of production of this variety is less and the yield per acre is higher. It is a tropical and subtropical crop. Kerala leads in rubber production in India. They provide basic raw material (cotton fibre) to the cotton textile industry. c) The third variety of coffee is Liberica: It is cultivated in a small area and its main purpose of produce is its use in making instant coffee. it begins to grow again and produces a second crop called ratoon. ii) Their seeds and oil are used as condiment in the preparation of pickles and for flavouring curries and vegetables. extreme temperatures in summer and winter reduce the yield per acre.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 37 Ans: Sugarcane is a tropical plant and it belongs to the grass family. is used in the manufacture of paper. d) How is sugarcane propagated? Ans: Though sugarcane can be grown from seeds but generally all commercial plantings are made from stalk cuttings of two or three joints from the top of a healthy cane. temperature between 20°C and 30°C is required. iv) The residue or the oil-cake of mustard and rapeseed is used as cattle feed. there is more application of scientific methods of cultivation in south than in the north. There is no extra expenditure on preparing the fields and planting. Also. Rainfall: Sugarcane grows ideally in areas having rainfall between 100 cm and 200 cm annually. After crushing sugarcane. rich. Its oil is not suitable for human consumption. 50% is processed into gur. hence. Irrigated lands are suitable for its growth. sugarcane is cut close to the ground and its root is not plucked. h) How is sugarcane processed after its harvesting? Ans: After harvesting. in the north. It is a rabi crop. It is an important cash crop as it is the main source of sugar in India. There are more frost free days in south than in the north. known as setts. Its leaves are narrow and long. the yield per hectare in the Deccan is higher because there are more favourable geographical conditions. it is cheaper as compared to replanting the crop. 5) What is the economic importance of mustard and rapeseed in India? Ans: i) Mustard and rapeseed oil is used as cooking medium in a large part of India. This is because sugarcane plant exhausts the soil. f) What is the advantage of ratoon cropping? Ans: Ratoon crop matures earlier than plant crop. since it requires alternate spells of wet and dry conditions. After some time. In this method. 30% into white sugar and the remaining 20% into khandsari. 6) a) What is linseed? State whether it is edible or non-edible. It can grow up to the height of three metres. juice is boiled with lime and then filtered. b) What are the geographical requirements of temperature and rainfall for sugarcane cultivation in India? Ans: Temperature: For sugarcane cultivation. sugarcane should be crushed within 48 hours. The plants start growing in about two weeks. after extracting juice. j) Why is the yield of sugarcane higher in the Deccan rather than Northern Plain? Ans: Although the total area under cultivation of sugarcane is more in northern India. Very high and very low temperatures slow down the growth of sugarcane plant. Alluvial soils of the Ganga plain and the black and laterite soils of South India are ideal for sugarcane cultivation. otherwise its sugar content will decrease. are planted in furrows at a distance of about 30 cm. Linseed is non-edible. Ans: It is a seed obtained from a fibre plant known as flax. It is a long duration crop and its growing period is about 10 to 12 months. g) What is the disadvantage of ratoon cropping? Ans: Generally. there is no need for fresh plantation. Risk of pests and diseases also increases in ratoon cropping. two ratoon crops are obtained from each planting. c) Which soil is best suited for sugarcane cultivation? Ans: Wet drained. It has a thick jointed stem which contains sugar. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 37 . Ratoon cropping yields thinner canes with lower sugar content. In ratoon cropping. These cuttings. e) What do you mean by ratoon cropping? Ans: This is yet another way of growing a new crop of sugarcane. Moreover. It cannot withstand frost. Its waste cane. i) What is produced from sugarcane juice? Ans: Of the total production of sugarcane in India. iii) Leaves of these plants are used as green vegetable. oil-cloth. 10) What are the three varieties of coffee grown in India? Ans: Arabica: 75 per cent of the coffee produced in India is of this variety. They are harvested after they bloom but before seeds are produced. The cut is made half-way around the circumference of the tree and sloped down to the right. and wool and cotton in bales. and Kerala are the chief areas of tea production in India. it earns a lot of foreign exchange for India. b) Which are the important areas of tea production in India? Ans: Hill slopes in the Brahmaputra and Surma valleys in Assam and the hill slopes of the Nilgiris. Anamalai and Palanis in Tamil Nadu. strings and tarpaulins. After Assam. c) How is jute sown in India? Ans: Jute is generally sown in February on lowlands. The plants are cut close to the ground or they are uprooted by flooding the fields. If the cut becomes deep. fertilizer and transport industries. When the plants are 15cm tall they are transplanted. d) How is harvesting of jute done? Ans: After sowing. i. it will damage the cambium which is a paperlike thin skin between the bark and the wood of the tree. tea industry supports plywood. It is mainly used to make instant coffee. Liberica: This variety is cultivated in a small area. ii) Tea industry provides employment to more than a million people in India. Rubber trees are tapped between 200 and 300 days a year. A rubber tree gives latex from 25 to 30 years. water-proof fabrics. the jute crop matures in about four to six months. iii) Its oil-cake makes cattle feed.38 b) What are its uses? Ans: i) It is widely used as drying oil and is also used for varnishes.. b) What are the different uses of jute in India? Ans: Jute fabric or sack cloth is used for packing several commodities such as rice. West Bengal is the second important tea growing state of our country. It is thus called ‘golden fibre’. In tapping. 38 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . ii) Linseed oil is used for seasoning of wood. Ans: i) Tea is an important foreign exchange earner for our country. It is also used in the manufacture of carpets. Robusta: The cost of production of this variety is less and the yield per acre is higher. Its harvesting takes place between July and September. broadcasting method is used. 7) a) Why is jute called ‘golden fibre’ in India? Ans: Jute fibre is yellowish in colour. This is a superior quality and most expensive. But. Tapping is not done during rains as mixing of water may dilute the latex. Moreover. seeds are thrown in shallow furrows. when they are 3–4m tall. 9) a) Discuss the importance of tea industry in India. first. paints. a cut is made about 1 to 1. upholstery. 8) a) How is tapping done in rubber cultivation? Ans: The process of obtaining latex or sap from the rubber tree is known as tapping. c) Why is tapping considered a skilled job? Ans: Tapping of latex from a rubber tree is really a skilled job because a tapper has to make a cut which is only 2 mm deep. wheat. and linoleum etc. Karnataka. iii) Through its demand. and in March to May on highlands in well ploughed fields. For sowing. hence it is cheaper. printing ink. A zinc pipe is adjusted in the vertical groove through which the latex comes out. ropes. rugs. b) When is tapping done and when is it not done? Ans: Tapping is done early in the morning because in the morning the latex of rubber flows freely. etc. now–a-days.e.5 metre above the ground level and at an angle of 30° from the horizontal. drilling method is being used for sowing jute. The fibre is then dried in the sun and pressed into bales.3 weeks.3 days these bundles are submerged into water for retting and left for 2 . It loosens the bark and facilitates removal of fibre from the stalk. iii) Its seed contains 50 % oil. are some plantation crops. plantation crop requires huge machines and scientific methods of cultivation. etc. capital. retting is carried out. resembles the factory production. seeds are not planted. Plenty of water is required for retting. Rainfall: 50 to 75 cms. Production of a.After harvesting. This method is known as clonal planting. crops. After this stripping. 12) What are the climatic conditions necessary for the cultivation of castor seed? Name two prominent castor seed growing states in India. A close watch is kept and as soon as it is easy to separate the fibre from the stalk. ii) After the retting is complete. ii) Climatic conditions necessary for it are: Temperature: 20°C to 25°C. It cannot withstand frost. After 2 . Ans: i) Jute .Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 39 11) What is the distinction between Cash crop and Plantation crop? Ans: Cash crop Plantation crop This type of crop is grown for the purpose of The purpose of a plantation crop is also earning cash on a small scale by individual earning cash but on a much larger scale that farmers. coffee. High temperature quickens the process. Retting is a microbiological process. rinsing. it. The states it is grown in are Andhra Pradesh. iv) Packing rubber in bales for marketing. It does not require a special skill to produce It requires special skill to produce and market and market it. A cash crop can be grown by manual labour. washing and cleaning is done. Its production does not require a huge Its production requires a huge capital. They are then dispatched to jute mills. iii) Drying and smoking of rubber. b) What is ‘clonal planting’ in tea cultivation? Ans: In this method of tea growing. rubber. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 39 . Gujarat and Karnataka. the plants are tied into bundles. jute and tobacco are some cash Tea. Cotton. 13) a) Why do tea farmers construct drains all over the tea plantation area? Ans: Farmers of tea plantation construct one metre deep drains all over the plantation of tea to drain out surplus water as stagnant water is harmful to the roots of a tea plant. ii) Pressing of rubber to squeeze out water. Ans: i) Castor seeds are a subtropical crop. the bark is peeled from the plant and the fibre is removed. 15) How is rubber processed before marketing it? Ans: The following steps are involved in the processing of rubber: i) Coagulation of rubber by adding acids into it. rather cuttings from good high-yielding mother plants are used. In the north it is a Kharif crop and in the south it is a Rabi crop. 14) Mention two methods of processing and curing jute. Soil: It grows best on deep loamy soil. All this has to be done by hand. It is tolerant of drought conditions. varnishes. It grows best on deep loamy soil. The use of hybrid Coimbatore cane produces the maximum sugar cane and sucrose per hectare. 19) Explain the increasing importance of Maharashtra and southern states for sugarcane production. 18) Name and describe the methods by which rubber is propagated. Irrigation and fertilizers are widely used to ensure a good crop of sugarcane. it is strong and used for blending milder ones. printing ink. Oil . where the mills are a distance away. about 250 cm. oil cloth and transparent paper. loamy soil of the alluvial region as well as black cotton soil of the Deccan Trap. Modern sugar factories are located close to the plantations unlike in the northern states like Uttar Pradesh. 17) Describe the conditions necessary for the growth of two non-edible oilseeds in India. Hence. About 40% of the tea in the country is produced here. The oilcake makes cattle–feed. soaps. ii) The temperature conditions are favourable being above 20°C. Ans: i) Tea is classified as an important beverage and a plantation crop. in varnishes. Unhealthy plants are eliminated in the early stage and good care is given to the rest of the healthy plants. 40 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Ans: Rubber can be cultivated or propagated in the following two ways: i) Propagation by seeds: In this method. Rainfall: It can resist drought. The conditions here are most favourable because this region receives heavy rainfall. ii) Castor seed is a Kharif crop and also poisonous. ii) Propagation by bud grafting: In this method. The climatic conditions required are temperature 10°C to 20°C. It is unfit for cattle and human consumption. Uses of castor seed: The oil is used to manufacture paints.planned plantations and the use of modern scientific agricultural methods. plastics. the Bay of Bengal branch. A leaf is also tied on the graft to provide shade. paints. The southern states and Maharashtra have well. The graft is then bound for a few weeks. printing ink. good quality seeds are germinated before planting. seedlings are planted in the nurseries. After germination.speed engines and aeroplanes. buds from high yielding rubber tree is grafted on the seedling of about 5 cm high. the original trunk is cut off just below the union.40 16) State three reasons behind the abundance of tea plantations in Assam. Linseed is obtained from a fibre plant known as flax. The main tea producing areas are (1) North East India. Temperature: It requires 20°C to 26°C. Its oil is not suitable for human consumption. labour is available in plenty. first of all.cloth. It is also used as lubricant for high . Frost is harmful. When new shoot starts coming out or the graft is established. Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are becoming increasingly important for the production of sugar cane and sugar because of their ideal geographical conditions. water-proof fabrics and linoleum. the Assam hill region is the largest tea producing area in the world. iii) Use of Linseed: Widely used as drying oil. Assam produces the most popular tea and has a pungent taste. The Sugar cane Research Institute is located at Coimbatore and is successfully conducting research on improved hybrid varieties with much higher sugar content. the new shoot or the grafted section becomes the main part of the tree. The capital investment is tremendous due to the sugar lobby. from the South West Monsoon winds. What is their use? Where are they grown? Ans: i) The two non-edible oils in India are linseed and castor seed. Soil: It is best grown on clayey. In North East India. Morning fog helps and frost never occurs. Ans: Maharashtra and the southern states of Tamil Nadu. (2) South India. After this. Rainfall: 80 cm to 150 cm is adequate. It is a Rabi crop. iii) Moreover. leading to a loss of sucrose due to delay in crushing the cane. hand picking of tea leaves is made easy. 48 hours between harvesting and crushing of sugarcane gives decreased sugar content of the sugarcane. whereas on steep slopes soil erosion has turned out to be a major problem.e. Then they are made into bundles. is washed in clean water. so obtained. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 41 . It also requires a high relative humidity of 80 per cent and above. loamy and well-drained soil is ideal for jute cultivation. v) Then this dry fibre is made into bundles and sorted according to quality and pressed into bales and transported to manufacturers. But in India. vi) The support price determined by the government of sugarcane does not consider the quality of sugarcane. Ans: The following are the problems faced by sugarcane farmers: i) Canal irrigation is ideal for providing alternating dry and wet conditions for sugarcane. They consist of several leaves and a bud. 24) Why is rubber grown on flat or gently sloping land? Ans: Due to the following considerations rubber is grown on gentle slopes: i) On flat or gentle slopes. So. ii) Soil erosion becomes less on relatively gentle slopes. iv) The fibre. ii) In south India. hence. cutting and getting fibre. Ans: Making of jute is a labour-intensive process which involves the following stages: i) Harvested plants are left on the fields for two or three days so that their leaves dry up and shed. digging of canals is very difficult. densely populated areas like West Bengal are highly suitable for jute. machines can be used to clear the original vegetation. A delay of more than 2 days. ii) Rainfall: It requires more water. b) What are ‘flush’? Ans: Shoots in a tea plant are known as flush. ii) Then these bundles of 20 cm to 25 cm in diameter are immersed into water for retting and left there for two to three weeks. canals are often non-perennial. Fertile. iii) Soil: It is grown in the areas of new alluvium. This makes the outer bark loose and helps in the removal of the fibre from the stalk. iv) Labour: It is a labour intensive crop.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 41 20) a) What is the role of pruning in tea cultivation? Ans: Periodic pruning keeps the bush at a convenient height and encourages the growth of new shoots with soft leaves. iii) Sugarcane cultivation requires large quantity of manure and fertilizers as it is a soilexhausting crop. iii) Terraced farming on steeper slopes may add to the cost of rubber cultivation because the formation of terraces requires additional labour. This factor makes the supply of water uncertain. iii) When the retting process is considered complete. 23) Describe the processing of jute right from its fields to the mills. It requires large number of workers in planting. there is no incentive for better crop. i. areas having 170 cm to 200 cm rainfall are ideal for jute growing. This process is called retting. rainfall received is low in interior parts of the Deccan. c) What do you mean by ‘fine plucking’? Ans: Plucking of two leaves and a bud from the tea bush is known as fine plucking. Also. farms growing sugarcane are away from the factories. So. 22) What are the geographical conditions necessary for the growth of jute? Ans: i) Temperature: Jute is a tropical crop and requires a high temperature between 24°C and 34°C. ten to twelve reeds are taken out from the stalk of the jute plant and are beaten with a wooden mallet to loosen the fibre. 21) State the problems that are faced by sugarcane farmers in India. wrung and spread out in the sun to dry. iv) Cultivation of sugarcane on very small farms becomes highly uneconomic. Continuous drought is harmful to this crop. v) In many cases. Frost is harmful for the tea plant. Rainfall: Tea plant requires heavy rainfall ranging between 50 cm and 250 cm.42 25) Ans: 26) Ans: 27) Ans: 28) Ans: 29) Ans: 42 iv) Therefore. i) Withering: This step removes the excess moisture from the tea leaves. High humidity and dew help in the rapid growth new leaves of a tea plant. This step exposes the natural juices to fermentation. Shady trees are planted a year in advance. Describe the major steps in the processing of tea. Temperature: Groundnuts are grown best in the areas with temperatures ranging between 20°C and 28°C. Mention two problems faced by the sugarcane cultivations in India and state the role of the Central Government in solving these problems. ii) Coffee seeds are planted in specially prepared seed beds. Two problems faced by the sugarcane cultivations in India are as a follows: i) Sugarcane cultivation requires a large quantity of manure and fertilizers as its is soil exhausting crop. Temperature: An ideal temperature for the growth of tea crop is between 13°C to 35°C. they are transplanted in the fields. Generally. vi) Blending: To maintain consistency in the flavour of tea throughout the year. i) Before sowing the seeds of coffee. The role of Central Government in solving these problems is very important as: a) The support price which is determined by the Government for sugarcane would be considered on the quality of sugarcane. Rainfall should be well-distributed throughout the year. different teas are blended together. vii) Packing: Tea needs a lot of care while packing to protect its flavour. ii) Rolling: To get the characteristic flavour. What are the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of groundnuts in India? Groundnuts are grown in India as a Kharif and also as a Rabi crop. ii) Sugar mills are far from the sugar-farms leading to delay in ‘crushing’ and a loss of sugar content. After about 45 to 50 days. land is cleared from unwanted bushes and trees. plywood cases with a lining of aluminium foil paper are used in the packing of tea to keep it fresh and to retain its flavour. tea leaves are partially oxidised to change the colour of the leaves. the leaves are twisted to break the cells. and thus. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . b) The Government has been trying to help the mills as many of them were old-fashioned. Terraces are formed on the hill slopes and contour drains are provided. What are the climatic and soil conditions required for the cultivation of tea? Tea plant can be grown in varying climatic conditions and from sea level to 2000 metres of altitude. Soil: Tea requires very fertile soil containing organic matter with an element of iron. iv) Drying: In this process. They are being relocated near the sugar–farms. It requires light loamy soil with a porous sub-soil for its growth. v) Sorting: Tea leaves are sorted according to decreasing size. tapping of latex becomes easier on gently sloping land. iii) The same coffee plant is replanted in coffee estate when it is of six months to two years old. closed. How does coffee planting take place? Discuss. iii) Fermentation: In this step. tea leaves are put on a conveyor belt and passed through an oven under high temperature. Long spells of dry weather are not tolerated by tea plants. Groundnut needs dry and warm weather conditions at the time of ripening. What are the geographical requirements for the cultivation of sunflower seed? Also mention its area of production. and Jharkhand. iv) Its oil-cake is used as cattle feed. Soyabean is an important source of oil.e. It is nutritious as it contains vitamins A and B. Uttar Pradesh. What is mixed farming? Where is intensive commercial farming done in India? Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 43 . lubricants. Frost. vi) They are good source of iron and calcium and are low in cholesterol and starch. Sunflower needs cool and moist climate at the time of sowing and early growth and warm. b) Which are the leading sesame growing states of India? Major sesame producing states are Gujarat. and margarine. It can be grown in areas of less rainfall i. a) Mention the climatic and soil conditions suitable for sesame (till) in India. i) Groundnut oil forms an excellent cooking medium as refined oil and vanaspati ghee. v) Soyabean contains all the 22 amino acids required for a balanced and healthy growth. China. ii) Its seeds are rich in protein. iii) Oil-cake of sesame makes an ideal food for mulch cattle and pigs. Uttar Pradesh. Japan. and Maharashtra. MISCELLEOUS QUESTIONS / HOME WORK 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) What is meant by the term ‘agriculture’? How is agriculture a consumer of industrial products? Mention the advantages of mixed farming. v) Groundnut is eaten raw and roasted. Rajasthan. vii) Flour made from Soyabeans is gluten-free. This rainfall should be well-distributed during the flowering stage. Soil: Dry sandy soils and the black cotton soil are suitable for the cultivation of sesamum. Temperature: It requires a temperature of about 21°C to 23°C. sunny weather at the time of flowering and harvesting. perfumery and medicinal purposes.Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 30) Ans: 31) Ans: Ans: Ans: 32) Ans: 33) Ans: 43 Rainfall: Groundnut is a drought-resistant tropical leguminous crop. ii) It is a versatile plant its beans may be eaten as vegetable or can be made into different types of food. candles. red and black soils. iii) It has been an ancient food crop of India. c) What are the uses of sesame or give its economic significance? Sesame is used in different ways as follows: i) Sesame oil is used in cooking. and Korea. Groundnut is thus an important cash crop. iii) It is a leguminous plant which enriches the soil. It is grown mainly in Madhya Pradesh. severe droughts and stagnant water are harmful to groundnut plants. Name two disadvantages of shifting cultivation. carbohydrates and minerals. Soil: Well-drained light sandy loam.. so these can be eaten fried or with sugar. 50 cm to 75 cm. What are the characteristics of Soyabean? i) This temperate crop requires summer temperature of about 21°C & a rainfall of about 100cm. iv) Its beans contain proteins much more than meat. Heavy rains and prolonged droughts are negative to this plant. Gujarat. Madhya Pradesh. Andhra Pradesh Tamil Nadu Karnataka Maharashtra. ii) It is used in the manufacture of soaps. State the economic importance of groundnut. Rainfall: Rainfall of 40 cm to 50 cm is suitable for sesame cultivation. 12) In which region is ragi grown in India? Why? 13) What kind of soil is needed for the cultivation of millets? 14) State the climate conditions suitable for the cultivation of pulses. 21) Differentiate between Ratooning and Sett methods of sugarcane cultivation. 44 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . 18) Why is the sugarcane production increasing in Maharashtra? 19) What are the advantages of ‘Ratooning’? 20) Name the state in the Deccan region which is the largest producer of sugarcane. 34) Write a short note on processing of cotton. 17) With reference to sugarcane cultivation in Uttar Pradesh answer the following: i) The quality of the soil for its cultivation. 15) How does the cultivation of pulses usually help in restoration of fertility of the soil? Sugarcane: 16) Name the leading sugarcane producing State in India.44 7) What do you understand by dry farming? 8) What are the geographical conditions suitable for the cultivation of rice? 9) Name the state that produces the highest quantity of rice in India. 11) Compare the climate conditions for wheat cultivation with those for rice cultivation. 37) Why are floods beneficial for the growth of jute? 38) What are the climate requirements for growing jute? 39) In what way is Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta suitable for jute cultivation? 40) Name two articles made of jute. Cotton: 30) What are fibre crops? Give two examples of plant fibre crops. Jute: 35) Which is the most important fibre crop grown in West Bengal? 36) State the soil conditions that favour the growth of jute in Assam. 25) State the main uses of linseed oil? 26) Name one state where consumption of mustard oil is popular. 31) What conditions of soil favour cotton growth? 32) Why is dry weather necessary at the time of harvest? 33) Mention the climatic conditions necessary to grow cotton. 24) With reference to groundnuts. Describe where they are cultivated and the purpose for which they are used. besides production of cooking oil. 28) Give two uses of oilseeds. iii) Name one state which is the largest producer of groundnut. 27) Name two non-edible oilseeds. ii) The climate that is suitable for its growth. 29) Briefly describe how soyabean is cultivated. 10) Write a short note on upland rice. answer the following questions: i) Which two states in India are the leading producers of groundnut? ii) Mention the main uses of groundnut. Oilseeds: 22) What geographical requirements and climate conditions are suitable for the cultivation of groundnuts? 23) Name some of the important oilseeds in India. Chapter 10: Commercial or Cash Crops … 45 PREVIOUS BOARD YEAR QUESTIONS: 1) Name one crop each with which the following processes are associated: a) Retting b) Ginning [2000] 2) After oil extraction. [2001] 15) Name four important medicinal plants grown in India. [2000] 6) Outline two remedial steps being taken by the government to boost agricultural production. what other uses can the oil seed be put to? [2000] 3) What is ‘crop rotation’? [2000] 4) Name two states which are leading producer of wheat in India. 2003] 25) State two differences between intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture [2003] 26) Name the months when the Kharif and Rabi crops are: a) Sown and b) Harvested [2004] 27) Name three coarse grains gown in India. c) State two characteristics of plantation agriculture. [2002] 16) Name the two major jute products. [2002] 21) Do you think that the cultivation of pulses is lagging behind in recent times? Give two reasons to justify your view. (Mention two reasons). 2003] 24) Why millet is called dry crop? [2000. [2001] 11) Name any two non–edible oilseeds grown in India. Why are they so called? [2004] 28) Why is cotton grown widely in the Deccan Plateau? [2004] 29) Explain briefly the following terms: a) Ginning b) Transplantation c) Broadcasting d) Ratooning [2004] 30) State the importance of the tobacco crop to the Indian economy. [2001] 13) Why is it necessary to crush sugarcane within 24 hours of harvesting? [2001] 14) Name two medicinal plants. [2000] 5) Name one state which is leading producer of groundnuts. [2004] Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 45 . [2003] 23) In the context of the Indian agriculture. [2001. Which particular element is lost in a large quantity from the soil during the cultivation of this crop? [2004] 31) What is meant by mixed farming? State one advantage of this type of farming. [2002] 17) Name one area in India where jute is cultivated widely. [2002] 18) Which state is the largest producer of sugarcane in India? [2002] 19) What are the two methods of cultivation of rice? Which one is known for its better yields? [2002] 20) Name an area of wheat cultivation in India and state why is it suitable for the cultivation of wheat. b) Give two characteristics of plantation agriculture are low as compared to world standards. 2001. [2003] 22) Mention two problems faced by the sugarcane cultivators in India and state the role of the Central Government in solving these problems. answer the following: [2003] a) Mention two features which reflect a shift from subsistence arming to commercial farming.[2000] 7) What is a Rabi crop? [2001] 8) Is wheat a Rabi or a Kharif crop? In which state of India is the largest amount of wheat grown? [2001] 9) What is ‘ratooning’? [2001] 10) Give two of the advantages of rationing. [2001] 12) State the economic significance of tobacco crop in India. [2009] 48) a) Study the picture given and answer the following questions: 46 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . [2005] 40) Describe two geographical conditions which favour the growth of this crop. b) Why are the following trees commonly grown in a coffee estate? (i) Dalap and Silver Oak (ii) Orange and Plum [2006] 44) State three important aspects of the Japanese method of rice cultivation.46 32) Why tea is considered a labour intensive crop? Name two States in India where tea is widely grown. iii) Tea plantations are found on hill slopes. [2005] 41) State two geographical requirements for the growth of cotton. [2006] 43) a) Name two main varieties of coffee. d) i) What are the geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of groundnuts? ii) What climatic condition adversely affects the groundnut crop? iii) Name two non-edible oilseeds grown. ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of ratoon cropping. b) India is the largest producer of Tea. c) In which season is wheat grown in northern India? What are the rainfall and soil requirements of this crop? d) Explain Why: i) Pluses are grown as rotation crops. Give two reasons for this. c) i) The yield of sugarcane is higher in the Deccan. [2006] 42) Mention two differences between shifting agriculture and plantation agriculture. d) Define the following terms: i) Ginning ii) Arabica. c) Explain the following methods of propagation and name the crop associated with each. [2005] 38) Explain briefly why: a) Tulsi is used as a medicinal herb b) Wheat is grown as a Rabi Crop [2005] 39) Give two reasons for pulses being grown extensively in India. b) Which state is the leading producer of Jute ? Give any two factors responsible for this. [2006] 45) a) Mention two differences between subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture. b) State two geographical requirements for the growth of rubber. Name one important plantation crop. Name any two pulses. [2007] 46) a) i) When are Kharf crops (1) sown and (2) harvested? ii) Name a cash crop which is also a Kharf crop. [2005] 36) Which oilseed is inedible by man? State any two uses of its oil. ii) Millets are referred to as dry crops. [2004] 33) State the conditions necessary for the cultivation of rubber [2004] 34) State one medicinal use each of the following: a) Neem b) Brahmi [2004] 35) Mention two problems associated with agriculture in India. [2005] 37) Describe any two main features of Subsistence Agriculture. State the climatic factors necessary for its growth. i) bud grafting ii) ratoon cropping. [2008] 47) a) Explain two important characteristics of plantation farming. Give on ne benefit off this method d of planting this t crop. Mention two cclimatic facto ors which affect the cotton cultivattion adversely. r i) Name two Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tuto orials – X ICS SE – Geograph hy 47 . Answer the e following qu uestions with h reference to o sugarcane: i) Mention two t different ways in whicch it is propa agated. an o leading sta ates in the prroduction of rice. i) Tea bush ii) Tapping of rubber tre ees is usuallyy done in the morning hou urs. [2012] iii) The prop pagation of paddy p by tran nsplantation. Name the state in Indiia which lea ads cotton cu ultivation. State two geographical With references to the cultivation c of coffee in So outhern India: e two varietie es of coffee plants p grown on commerccial scale. Explain the following: agation of ru ubber by the bud grafting method. ii) Mention the t climatic conditions c which favour the t cultivation of the crop p being plante ed. i) The propa ii) The prop pagation of su ugar cane byy rotoonig. ii) Why is a lot of labourr required forr its cultivatio on? ar the sugar fields? f iii) Why must the sugar mills be nea ollowing: Give geographical reasons for the fo hes are prune ed at regularr intervals. iii) Name on Explain the following terrms: [2011] g b) Plantation Farming c) Drilling D a) Withering What is the e importance of agriculturre in India? Mentain M two factors. i) Jute has to ii) Tea is grrown on hill slopes. s iii) Silver oa ak and banan na trees are grown on co offee plantatio ons. Which climatic c and soil conditions favour the cultivatiion of cotton in the state mentioned? Give geographical reasons for the fo ollowing: t be retted. ca ardamom and d pepper vines? ne state whe ere coffee is grown g extensively. Distinguish between Inttensive comm mercial farming and Extensive commercial farming. nswer the following: With reference to rice cultivation. i) Name the ii) Why are coffee estate es inter-planted with oran nge trees. f Name a sta ate which prroduces shorrt staple cottton.Chapter 10: 1 Commerc cial or Cash Crops C … b) c) d) 49) a) b) c) d) 50) a) b) c) d) 51) a) b) 47 i) Name the e crop which is being plan nted. Mention any two proble g requirementts for the gro owth of wheat in India. [2010] iii) Oil cake is a useful residue. ems of agricu ulture in India a. 48 c) d) 52) a) b) c) d) 48 ii) Give two advantages of growing rice in nurseries. ii) Clonal planting is the best method for tea propagation. i) Name two states where coffee plantations are found. Give a geographical reason for each of the following: i) Cotton grows widely in Maharashtra. Mention three differences in the geographical conditions and cultivation of rice and wheat. [2014] Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . iii) Oilseeds are an important commercial crop grown in India. ii) What conditions of soil and climate are favourable for the cultivation of coffee? Explain in brief the following: i) Retting ii) Ginning iii) Broadcasting [2013] How has poverty and fragmentation of land become problems of agricultural India? Mention any two features of plantation farming stating two examples. For example. ¾ Industrial development not only provides opportunities for employment but also helps in modernizing agriculture which forms the base of the Indian economy.Chapter 11: Industries in India 49 Chapter 11: Industries in India (Mineral Based & Agro–Based) → Manufacturing Industries → Need of Industrialization → Factors affecting the infrastructure of Industries → Classification of Industries → Distribution of Industrial Regions → Agro–based Industries → Textile Industry → Sugar Industry Manufacturing Industries: ¾ The term ‘manufacture’ means the making of goods or wares by manual labour or by machinery. ¾ Manufacturing industries are engaged in processing and altering of raw materials and semi– finished products into finished products. the amount of raw materials used in the manufacture of a watch is small and coasts very little. but the finished product (watch) is expensive and valuable. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 49 . ¾ Similarly. ¾ Moreover. ¾ For example. Factors affecting the infrastructure of Industries: ¾ The infrastructure of an industry depends on two factors. A country is considered a wealthy one when it succeeds in transforming its raw materials into a variety of manufactured goods. of the cheapest source of energy. ¾ Manufacturing may be defined as the processing of raw material to enhance its value. the cost of raw materials used in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products is much less than that of the final product (medicine). Supply. geographical and commercial. It has to be ground into flour and then baked to be used by humans. especially on a large scale. wheat is not directly used in its raw form. industrialized countries have a favorable balance of trade as they earn a lot by exporting their products. Need of Industrialization: ¾ Industrial growth of a country determines the strength of a nation. Geographical Factors: The constant and assured supply of raw materials. Agro–based Industries: ¾ Those industries which their raw materials from agriculture are called agro–based industries. The Northern Industrial Region: The Ganga– Yamuna Valley belt. Efficient means of transport. State Government also plays an important role to give concession in taxes. Climate also plays a major role in the location of an industry. Trained and motivated technical management. Classification of Industries: Classification of Industries Raw Material Light Agro-based Product Heavy Size Large Scale Ownership Others Medium Scale Medium Scale Mineral-based Private Sector Public Sector Joint Sector Location and Market Village Cooperatives Functions Cottage Primary Secondary Tertiary or Basic or consumer Ancillary Distribution of Industrial Regions: ¾ In India. Madurai. Coimbatore and Chennai. Availability of skilled labour at reasonable wages. Textile industry and sugar industry are examples of agro–based industry. The Eastern Industrial Region: Damodar Valley belt. An easy access to the market. Commercial Factors: Capital in the setting up and expansion of an industry. The Southern Industrial Region: Cities of Bangalore. Hyderabad. Industries are classified in various ways according to various dimensions.50 Proper supply of water. four areas with higher concentrations of industries are: The Western Industrial Region: Mumbai–Pune and Vadodara–Ahmedabad belts. 50 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . The important centres of woollen industry are Dhariwall. Cotton industry provides living to farmers cotton–boll pluckers and workers engaged in ginning. They include rayon. z Imbalanced distribution of sugar mills. peninsular India. Coimbatore. Sugar industry in India suffers from various problems such as: z Inferior quality with low sugar content. irregular supply from substitutes and labour problem. Jute industry is concerned with the production of Hessian (cloth used for wrapping bales of raw cotton. terylene.. and rugs. a small scale industry. Silk textile industry. The jute industry is concentrated in west Bengal. Ludhiana. and Jharkhand. called synthetic fibres. fast changing fashion and design uneconomical unit. Gur or jaggery and khandsari are made from sugarcane juice by indigenous method. Amritsar. acrylic and nylon. Gwalior and Kolkata. Distribution of sugar cane: Maharashtra. Bangalore and Hyderabad. On the basis of raw materials used. northern India. Inadequate supply of raw material. Kanpur. spinning. are produced by chemical processes. Molasses. silk textile and jute textile. Ahmedabad. But it really made a start in Mumbai when a cotton textile mill was set up there exclusively out of Indian capital in 1854. the textile industry can be divided as – Cotton textile. Sholapur. The problems faced by cotton textile industry are inadequate supply of raw material. and sugar is produced by sugar factories. z Less and irregular supply of raw material. The first woollen mill was set up in Kanpur (U.Chapter 11: Industries in India 51 Textile Industry: Textile has traditionally meant a woven fabric. The first textile mill set up near Kolkata in 1818. competition in the world market are some problems faced by jute industry. Srinagar. Madhya Pradesh. Handloom and Khadi industry retains our hoary trade of providing large scale employment in one’s home and cottages.) gunny bags. carpets. Jamnagar. woollen textile. Man–made fibres. Bagasses and Press mud are the by–products of sugar industry. etc. U. weaving dying designing and packing. provides employment to over five lakh people.P. The term comes from Latin word ‘texere’. Cotton textile industry is one of the greatest industries of India. z Short period of crushing season. Jute is a long. Ahmedabad. Delhi. outdated machinery. The other states that produce jute–goods are Bihar. Madurai. out– dated machinery and low productivity of workers. Bangalore.5 lakh skilled and unskilled workers. It employs about 2.P) in 1876. Andhra Pradesh. the second agro–based industry after cotton textiles. and competition in foreign markets and synthetic fibre. Kolkata. There are two varieties of silk – mulberry silk and non–mulberry silk. The important centres of cotton textile industry in India are Mumbai. Jute industry. Indore Nagpur. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 51 . Delhi. soft and shining fibre that can be spun into coarse thread. Mumbai. Sugar Industry: Sugar industry is one of the most important agro–based industries in India. plays an important role in the economy of our country as it provided employment to over 4 million people. meaning to weave. India is second in the world production of sugar. khadi.. its sucrose content goes on decreasing with time. These cooperative societies have access to better facilities like better seeds. brass. z New machinery and crushing devices ensure more yield. i. Ans: Industries are large or small on the basis of the number of workers employed and the amount of capital invested. 5) Classify industries on the basis of ownership. ii) Cottage industries depend on raw materials which are available locally. 4) What are the salient features of the cottage industries in India? Ans: i) Cottage industries in India are traditional in their techniques and production of goods. irrespective of number of workers employed is known as a small scale industry. 2) What is a small scale industry? Ans: An industrial unit which has an investment of not more than Rs. vegetable oil manufacturing antis etc. gur. Ans: i) Industries situated in rural areas and also catering to the demand of local markets are considered village industries. work as artisans and craftsmen and work with stone. irrigation. machinery and other expenditures are called large scale industries. fertilizers. v) Cottage industries provide subsidiary occupation with agriculture or animal husbandry. in relation to export markets have placed these states in a very advantageous position for the further expansion of the sugarcane industry. So there is a longer production period. are known as cottage industries. for example. and cotton textiles are the examples of large scale industries.e. iii) Units are established in the huts. Industries employing a large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers and investing huge capital for the purchase of raw materials. z The excellent transport facilities. z The sugarcane farms in South India have bigger area and are managed by the cooperative societies.52 Wastage of some amount of cane due to pressure on sugar mills at the same time. khandsari. especially in the states of Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. cottage industries are located in towns also. Tendency of the Industry to Migrate to the South: z In South India the favourable maritime climate free from the effects of summer loo and winter frost is best suited for growing superior varieties of cane.7. cottages or houses of the producers. iv) Labour is not hired in these industries. ivory. z Sugar is a weight losing crop. wood and cane. loss of sugar content due to transportation is minimum. Ans: i) Public Sector Industries ii) Private Sector Industries iii) Joint Sector Industries iv) Co-operative Sector Industries 52 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . ii) Industries in rural areas. rather work is done by the members of the family. z The cane is of superior quality with higher yield. Iron and steel. 3) What do you understand by village and cottage industries? Give examples. in which the members of the family. the black soil is well drained. etc. Since the factories in southern India are located near the fields. z The black soil here is more fertile than the alluvial soil of the northern India. etc. Besides this. z REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Section I: [2 Marks] 1) What are large scale industries? Give two examples. Sometimes.5 lakh. Ans: Public sector industries are owned and controlled by the government or its agency. 7) ‘Agriculture and industry are complimentary to each other. jute. vegetable oil and sugar industries are examples of agrobased industries. differentiate between Basic and Consumer industries. is used in the manufacture of fertilizers. West Bengal and Orissa. 12) With the help of an example. dark brown syrup. Ans: The area of concentration of industries spread over the three states of Bihar. Industries which depend for their raw materials on minerals are known as mineral-based industries. run. post and telegraphs are public sector industries. 15) What factors have favoured the localization of the cotton textile industry in Mumbai? Ans: i) India’s first successful modern cotton textile mill was set up in Mumbai. silk and synthetic fibre. Railways. After extraction of juice crushed sugarcane is called bagasse. for example. iron and steel and ship-building industries. Sericulture is of two types: (i) mulberry and (ii) non-mulberry.. yeast. Ans: The rearing of silkworms to produce raw silk is known as sericulture. etc. Ans: Those industries which use agricultural products as their raw material are known as agro-based industries. Cotton and jute textiles. while industry contributes in raising the productivity of agriculture by providing fertilizers. Sugar industry/ Plastic industry. It is known as the ‘Lancashire of India’ as the black cotton soil in the hinterland of Mumbai produces cotton which is the basic raw material for this industry. machines. Also discuss how they are commercially important. 9) Explain why there is industrial concentration in Bihar. Consumer industries are those industries which produce various items to fulfill the day-to-day requirement of the consumers eg. So. The mulberry sector accounts for nearly 90 per cent of the natural silk produced in India. Agro based industries such as cotton. West Bengal and Orissa is known as Chhota Nagpur plateau or Damodar valley belt which is rich in various minerals. alcohol. Private sector industries are those which are owned and controlled by private houses or individuals. It occupies an important place in terms employment generation. Iron and steel industry. It is the oldest among the modem manufacturing industries. Ans: Basic industries are those industries on which various other industries depend eg. fuel. wool. electricity etc. Fresh mulberry leaves are fed to the silkworms and thread is unravelled from the cocoons on small spinning machines. cheap labour and a dense network of roads and railways attract the industries in this region due to lower economic costs. 14) What industries are included under the term ‘textile industry’? What are the raw materials for each of them? Ans: Textile is a broad term which includes all the five fibres–cotton.Chapter 11: Industries in India 53 6) Differentiate between public sector industries and private sector industries. Agriculture provides raw materials for certain industries. Ans: Those industries which use agricultural products as their raw materials are known as agro-based industries. the Birla Jute Mills is a private sector industry. 10) What is ‘sericulture’? Also mention its two types. organic fertilizer. availability of raw material. Ans: Agriculture and industry depend on each other for their growth. Moslasses. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 53 . cotton textiles. jute. Ans: The by-products are molasses and bagasse. explain how agro based industries are different from mineral-based industries. vegetable oil and sugar industries. food processing depend on agriculture. It is used as cattle feed. 11) Name the by-products of the sugar industry. 8) What are agro-based industries? Give examples. and raw material in paper mills. The textile industry of India is the first manufacturing industry in India.’ Discuss. For example. pesticides. 13) With the help of an example each. for example. for use in agriculture. ii) They can be started with low investment by using local raw material and local talent encouraging optimum use of national resources. owned and managed on a co-operative basis by those who are producers of the raw materials of these industries. The cooperative movement has made greater headway in the south than in north. location and nature of product. choice. These are. iii) Banking facilities and cheap hydroelectric power available from the Tata hydroelectric grid from the Western Ghats are advantageous to Mumbai’s cotton industry. ii) The government has set up cooperative societies like ‘IFFCO’ and ‘KRIBHCO’. What are cooperative industries? Which category of industries is ideally suited to it? Industries can be classified on the basis of sources of management. There is growing demand in Northern India to nationalize the sugar industry. specially in Gujarat. machinery and the export of finished goods. Mumbai–Pune region is the most important industrial region of India. diversification. styles. Mumbai-Pune region is the most important industrial region of India because of the following reasons: (i) Availability of raw materials (ii) Sufficient power resources. Sugar is seasonal industry and so labour cannot be employed in this industry throughout the year. Name the important centres of silk in Karnataka and Assam.54 16) Ans: 17) Ans: 18) Ans: 19) Ans: 20) Ans: ii) Mumbai’s location as an international port helps in the import of good. The sugar mills are owned and managed by the farmers so they have work throughout the year. long–staple cotton. iii) Mulberry is grown as bush plantation. Subtantiate the statement giving two reasons. In Karnataka – Bangalore and Mysore. size. 2) Why more than 60 per cent of Sugar mills of India are located in the sugar belt comprising Uttar Pradesh and Bihar? Ans: It is because of the following reasons: i) The Ganga plain has fertile soil and heavy rainfall suitable for sugarcane cultivation. Section II: [3 Marks] 1) Why is Karnataka famous for the silk industry? Ans: The following conditions in Karnataka favour the growth of silk industry in Karnataka: i) Suitable climatic conditions for silk production. Khadi and handloom sector of textile is competing with modern industry with its innovative colours. ii) Availability of soft water in large amount. In Assam – Nagaon. raw material. Also. i) The co-operative industries are based on a management basis. as the name suggests. (iv) Proximity of port. Kamrup and Goalpara. Explain why. That is why sugar mills in cooperative sector have an advantage over those in the private sector. (iii) Availability of transport facilities. The industries ideally suited for these are sugar mills run by farmers producing sugarcane. What makes Khadi and Handloom sector of the textile industry still very important even in this modern large-scale industrial era? Give two reasons to justify your answer. the dairy industry. rate and corporate ethics. 54 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . The following are the reasons of its importance: i) It is a widespread industry which provides large employment and contributes about one-fifth of the total cloth production. is a co-operative industry. Sugar mills in the cooperative sector have an advantage over those in the private sector. 5) State four geographical factors which should be kept in mind while setting up an agrobased industry. More than half of its production comes from local sources and with low investment. the main source of energy used in sugar factories is available from nearby coal mines of Bihar. iv) There is a strong sugar lobby in Maharashtra which invests in sugar industry and tries to get maximum returns. iv) This industry accounts for the largest proportion of foreign exchange. 7) Why is there an increasing demand for handloom materials? Ans: i) The Khadi and handloom industry supplies more than one-fifth of the cloth produced in the country. compared to other sugarcane producers in the world.Chapter 11: Industries in India 55 ii) Cheap labour is easily and regularly available from this densely populated plain of India. The Handloom and Khadi industry provides employment to 100 lakh people in the country and curbs migration to cities. 6) Despite being the largest producer of sugarcane. ii) These products are run by the cooperative sectors. ii) Labour is comparatively cheaper in south India. ii) As this industry is primarily agro-based and hence seasonal. Ans: i) Sugar mills in the south are in the co-operative sector. iv) This sugar belt is also a large consumer of sugar. people do more work and get better dividends here under co-operative movement. there are fluctuations in the output of sugarcane. ii) It is the most widespread industry found in most of the states of India. iii) Facilities for proper storage of the raw materials as well as finished products. 4) What are the four special features of the cotton textile industry in India? Ans: The four special features of cotton textile industry in India are: i) It is oldest and largest industry in India. iii) This industry provides employment opportunities both in rural and urban areas. The two important non-geographical factors are: Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 55 . These products are in great demand are relatively cheap and help to build the Indian economy with foreign exchange earnings. is ranked second in its production as the yield per hectare is low. iv) There should be a good demand for the product. Thus. Ans: Four geographical factors to be considered are as follows: i) Proximity to growing areas. Fluctuations in the production of sugarcane occur because of the erratic nature of the monsoons. 3) Why sugar industry has shown tendency to shift towards the south? Give four reasons. ii) A well developed transport system. Ans: The infrastructure of an industry depends on geographical factors and non-geographical factors. This has resulted in low productivity and shortage of supply of sugarcane to mills. sugar mills are closer to the fields. This proximity prevents the loss of sugar content in transportation. So easy market is available. why is India ranked second in world production of sugarcane? Ans: i) India despite being the largest producer of sugarcane. iii) In south. iii) Coal. 8) State two non–geographical factors that determine the location of industries in India. raw material which is weight loosing. That is why big industries are always located near railway junctions or highways. as most of the industries requires huge investments. They set up industrial zones where it supplies land. these units help in earning additional income. v) Market: Market is the ultimate destination of all products manufactured in industries. fuel is a must. loans. The government plays an important role in the planning and location of industries. of course. sugar industry and iron smelting industry are attracted towards the sources of raw materials. government encourages industries in backward areas by granting subsidies. Discuss the factors affecting the location of industries. labour with inherited skills is immobile and industry goes there to get their services. iii) Use of local raw material in these industries helps in the optimum utilisation of national resources. Nearness to the consumers not only saves transport cost but also helps the industry to know about changing habits and preferences of consumers. In some cases. Coal is the cheapest source of power but it is bulky and involves high transport costs.56 9) Ans: 10) Ans: 11) Ans: 56 i) Capital: The most important factor in setting up an industry. vii) Miscellaneous factors: Finance. That is why industries are set up in metropolises. Important factors affecting the location of individual industries can be enumerated as follows: i) Availability of raw materials: Those industries which use heavy and bulky raw material of small value tend to be located near the source of raw material. tax concessions. vi) Government policies: For balanced economic development. Why cotton textile mills are concentrated in and around Mumbai and Ahmedabad? The following reasons are responsible for concentration of a large number of cotton textile mills in Mumbai and Ahmedabad: Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . are some of the other factors which also affect the localisation of industry. water and electricity. iii) Labour supplies: Each industry requires a particular type of cheap but adequate supply of labour. iv) Their products earn a lot of foreign exchange for the country. cement industry. How do the cottage industries play an important role in the Indian economy? i) Cottage industries provide jobs to millions of people. glass industry in Firozabad and dyeing and printing industry in Farrukhabad. cottage industries play a significant role in our national economy. Ports also developed as industrial centres due to the facility of import and export at cheaper costs. It is because.. for example. ii) Technical know how is necessary. v) These industries generate seasonal as well as perennial employment for labour. Hence. Those industries which use large quantities of coal are generally found near the coal mines. labour migrates to the industrial centre because labour is mobile and seeks bright prospectus for regular work at high wages. has helped in the dispersal of industries away from coal mining areas. Financiers and capitalists are available in big cities. climate and personal preferences. ii) Power resources: To run the machinery. cheap land and electricity. Electrochemical and Electrometallurgical industries which require a large amount of cheap electric power are installed in areas producing electricity in abundant quantity. momentum of early start. etc. if transported from a distance will increase the cost of the final product. Industries which require highly skilled labour are attracted towards big urban centres. Transmission of electricity. In industries where a large number of workers are required. these industries create not only wages for people but also check their migration to urban areas. besides solving problems of public pollution and disparities. etc. iv) Transport: Cheap and efficient means of transport are essential for carrying raw materials and labour to the factory and finished products to the market. So. Thus. Maruti car factory in Gurgaon has attracted labour from almost all parts of the country. ii) These industries can be started with low investment. Thus. Chapter 11: Industries in India 12) Ans: 13) Ans: 14) Ans: 15) Ans: 57 i) Raw materials: Raw cotton is easily available from the nearby cotton growing areas of the Deccan plateau. ii) Climate: Mumbai and Ahmedabad enjoy maritime climate in which thread of cotton does not break. These countries are equipped with latest and advanced machinery. iv) Competition in global market: Our products face tough competition in international market from countries like Japan. skilled and unskilled labour are easily available here. vi) Port facility: Mumbai and Kandla are the ports which handle import of machinery and export of cotton textile products. lock-outs and market rivalry have also made the industry sick. iii) Delay in transporting sugarcane to the mills in some parts of the country also results in the lowering of the sucrose content. This decreases the efficiency of workers. i) It is a seasonal industry in which labour cannot be employed throughout the year. Discuss the problems of the sugar industry in India at present. iv) In large parts of India. farmers get less return. we have to import fine quality cotton from other countries. required for this industry. iii) Source of power: The Western Ghats provide suitable conditions for the generation of cheap hydro-electricity. v) Labour: These textile centres being old. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 57 . Therefore. vi) The by-products of sugar industry are also not utilized properly. What are the types of silk produced in India? Where is it exported? Where does India import its silk from? i) There are two varieties of silk (a) Mulberry and (b) Non-Mulberry. India ranks second in the world production of sugar. vii) Finance: There is no dearth of financial and banking institutions to make available finances for the growth of this industry. It fluctuates depending on the climatic conditions. Thus. Punjab and Haryana. sugarcane is grown by small cultivators who sell their produce directly to the mill owners. v) Rivalry: Strikes. i) Old and outdated machinery: Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries of India. as they are not organised. uneconomic. i) The industry faces problems as the crushing season is short. ii) Fluctuations in the production of raw material: Production of cotton is uncertain. So it has a major problem of old and outdated machinery which are inefficient and. iv) Transport facility: Both Mumbai and Ahmedabad are connected to the rest of India by developed means of transportation. ii) The areas producing sugarcane are far away from factories. The northern sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh. What major problems are being faced by the Indian cotton textile industry? Explain. The sucrose content decreases rapidly after 24–48 hours of harvesting the cane. Korea. hence. the USA and Taiwan both in cost and quality. ii) In general. iii) Poor quality of cotton: Fine quality of cotton is not produced in India. especially in the north sugarcane grown is of lower quality. For manufacturing fine and costly cloth. This leads to a higher cost of sugar compared to the one produced in other countries. our sugar factories do not have work all the year round. This increases the cost of sugar and decreases the sucrose content. It makes the supply of raw material irregular. What are the problems faced by the sugar industry in North India? Give any two reasons. Bihar. v) Sugar mills are old methods of production are inefficient and uneconomical. The people adopted Khadi clothes instead of foreign goods. trade fairs are organised for Khadi products. ii) Most of the silk products are of high-grade artistic designs. iii) India produces about 60% of raw silk. and Middle East countries. Hongkong. East African countries. Orissa and Meghalaya. Malaysia. ii) Availability of soft water in large amount. iii) The Khadi industry has now become a major foreign exchange earner. en. To boost the economy. ii) The pure silk industry is important in Bangalore because of the large scale rearing of silkworms on the mulberry leaves. and muga found in Assam. They have established the All India Handloom Board where credit facilities are available from banks and financial institutions. Singapore. Non-mulberry varieties are tassar. state the following: i) What is its historical importance? ii) What measures have been taken for its improvement? iii) What is its role in the Indian economy? Ans: With reference to the Khadi industry. Bangalore. 16) With reference to Khadi. i) The Khadi industries are the traditional primitive industries of India. b) The craftsmen are poor and have no technical knowledge. 18) Why Karnataka is famous for the silk industry? Ans: The following conditions in Karnataka favour the growth of silk industry in the state: i) Suitable climatic conditions for silk production. sheep are reared for wool which is essential material for weaving the carpets skilled traditional craftsman is also available. They began access on mill cloth to encourage handloom production. f) There are no proper facilities for cheap credit. d) The products are unable to keep up with the fast changing latest fashions. These industries are carried out by the village people on a small scale. ii) Remedial steps are taken by the government to improve the industry. mulberry is grown as bush plantation. Bihar. Srinagar and Himachal. They played an important role in India’s freedom struggle. UK and other European countries. The rest is imported from Japan and Italy. e) The Khadi and handloom products face stiff competition from mill–made cloth. c) The looms are outdated. iii) In Karnataka. Ans: i) Carpet-making as a cottage industry has developed in Kashmir valley because in this area. 17) Discuss the problems faced by Handloom and Khadi industries. A large quantity of silk goods is exported to Sri Lanka. Imported silk has a high import duty and is of superior quality. Belgaum. 58 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Besides woollen carpets are in great demand. Ans: a) The quality and quantity of raw materials are not satisfactory. ii) The pure silk handloom industry is important in Bangalore. USA. 19) Explain why: i) Carpet-making as a cottage industry has developed in the Kashmir valley.58 Mulberry silk is found in Mysore. Give geographical reasons for the following: i) The woolen industry is a localized industry in India. Mention the problems of small-scale and cottage industries. textile industry: i) Which is the country’s most important manufacturing center? ii) State two geographical reasons for its importance. [2012] Name any two large sugar producing states. Why are cottage industries important in India? Mention any two special features of the cotton textile industry in India. Give two reasons by why the state of Punjab is the largest producer of woolen textiles. What factors have favoured the localization of the cotton textile industry in Mumbai? What are the problems of the cotton textile industry? Why is Kolkata an important jute textile producing centre? Name two important centres for each of the following industries and state the facilities they are enjoying at these centres: a) Cotton Industry b) Silk Industry c) Woollen Industry d) Jute Industry 9) Name two other types of silk apart from the mulberry. [2011] Give two reasons why the woolen industry has not developed as well as the cotton industry in India. Mention three problems of the sugar industry in India. Mention three factors that have helped the sugar industry flourish in the peninsular region rather than in northern regions of India. Mention three main problems of the Jute textile industry in India. Name an important State where these industries are located. [2014] Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 59 . one each in north and south India. In what way does the cotton industry contribute to the economy of India? Mention any three relevant factors. [2013] Name two textile industries using any animal fibres. With reference to the cotton. State two factors which favour the silk industry in Karnataka.Chapter 11: Industries in India 59 MISCELLEOUS QUESTIONS / HOME WORK 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) What is meant by ‘agro-industry’? Name the leading agro-industry in India. Name an agro-based industry based in the following industrial centres: i) Ahmedabad ii) Mysore State three favourable conditions responsible for the growth of the jute industry in West Bengal. Give two reasons for each of the following: i) Kolkata is an important cotton manufacturing centre even though West Bengal is not a leading producer of cotton. ii) The wool industry is not as well developed as compared to the cotton industry in India. 10) Why Uttar Pradesh has been relegated to the second place in terms of sugar production? 11) What are the reasons for higher output of sugar in Tamil Nadu? PREVIOUS BOARD YEAR QUESTIONS: 1) a) b) c) d) 2) a) b) c) d) 3) a) b) c) d) 4) a) b) c) d) Name and define two important by-products of the sugar industry. iii) Sericulture flourished in Karnataka. Mention three problems of the jute textile industry in India. ii) It is necessary to crush sugar cane within 24 hours of harvesting. ¾ In India. ¾ Steel is produced by refining iron and mixing it with other metals. ¾ The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) was started in 1907 at Sakchi in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. But it is never found in pure form in the earth’s crust. Other elements used in alloy steel include nickel. aluminium. ¾ Almost all kinds of steel contain some manganese. gutter covers. is cast into huge ingots which are rolled into different shapes and sizes. cement industry. Durgapur (West Bengal). the first public sector plant. The molten material runs off into moults or pigs. at high temperatures. so obtained. To obtain iron. 60 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Bokaro (Jharkhand). ¾ There are three chief methods of steel making – the basic oxygen process. silicon and manganese. drain–pipes. weights. ¾ Most steel is produced from molten pig iron. Iron and Steel Industry: ¾ Iron and steel industry is a basic industry and is a key to other industries. ¾ The major iron and steel plants are at Jamshedpur (Jharkhand). (the raw materials) for the production of steel. ¾ Iron is one of the most abundant chemical substances in the earth’s crust. the beginning of the iron and steel industry was made with the setting up of Tata Iron and Steel Company. railings etc. coke and limestone. silicon etc. chromium. ¾ The place. ¾ The Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant.60 Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries Mineral Based Industries → Iron and Steel Industry → Heavy Engineering → Petrochemical → Electronics Synopsis: Those industries which are based on minerals are called mineral–based industries. ¾ Almost all iron occurs in ores. ¾ The steel. and chemical industry are examples of mineral–based industries. Burnpur (West Bengal). Bhadravati (Karnataka). coal and manganese. Iron and steel industry. Rourkels (Orissa). for example. and the open–hearth process. the electric furnace process. was started in 1957 in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh. ¾ The Kharki and Subarnarekha rivers were the source of water supply. which contains impurities such as carbon. ¾ All these impurities are reduced by melting the pig iron and oxidizing the impurities. copper. Vijaynagar(Karnataka). phosphorous. to set up the plant. Vishakhapatanam(Andhra Pradesh) and Salem(Tamil Nadu). In general. steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Bhilai (Chhattisgarh). is combined in reducing agents. was chosen because there were deposits of iron ore. Kolkata railway route. dolomite etc. Heavy machines and Tools. ¾ The major problems which are being faced by iron and steel industry are as under: Lack of capital investment. It was set up in the plant. for the production of steel. Korba thermal power station for electricity supply and Kolkata–Nagpur railway line for transportation purpose. It is located in the Hazaribag district of Jharkhand. was chosen because of the following factors: ¾ Easily availability of raw material such as iron ore. and low quality of iron–ore are some of other problems being faced by iron and steel industry of India. ¾ Abundant labour and good transport facilities. It was set up with the help of a German firm Krupps and Deemang. ¾ It is situated on Mumbai. ¾ Automobile industries manufacture or assemble automobiles such as buses. ¾ The Vishakhapatnam Steel Plant in Andhra Pradesh and the Salem Steel Plant in Tamil Nadu are the two new steel plants of India. Lack of specialization of producing items. coal. ¾ Anundant labour available from nearby areas. ¾ Bokaro Steel Plant was established in 1972 with USSR. The place to set up the plant was chosen because raw material such as iron ore. The geographical factors for setting up this plant are as under: ¾ Raw material is easily available. to set up the plant. a large number of cheap and technically skilled labour. ¾ Cheap and regular hydroelectricity and water are available from Damodar river ¾ Indian Iron Steel Company (IISCO) came under public sector in 1972. ¾ Cheap hydroelectricity is available from Hirakud power project and water supply from Brahmani River. the river Tendula for water supply. heavy industries require bulky raw material. to set up the plant. huge capital for investment. ¾ The other reasons for chosen the place were availability of cheap and abundant labour. ¾ Durgapur Steel Plant was started in 1959 at Durgapur in the Burdwan district of West Bengal. ¾ Automobiles. Low quality of products has not been able to complete in international market.Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 61 ¾ It was set up in the collaboration with the USSR. India is at seventh place in the production of automobiles. Heavy Engineering Industries: ¾ As the name depicts. scooters tractors. ¾ Damodar River for water supply. ¾ Vijayanagar Steel Plant has been set up at Hospet near Bellary district of Karnataka. trucks. and limestone are easily available. coal. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 61 . cars. Heavy Electrical Industry. Aircrafts. hot–rolled galvanized sheets. problems of skilled labour. The place. motorcycles. Ship–building. coal and limestone. was chosen because there were deposits of iron ore. It produces rails. ¾ Water is also one of the basic requirements of industries but heavy industries require water in huge quantity. Lack of sophisticated and modern techniques of steel production. limestone. Less demand due to high cost. Railway Locomotive. ¾ Roukela Steel Plant was started in 1959 in Sundargarh district of Orissa. Lack of good quality coal. inadequate supply of power. etc. ¾ The ship–building industry assembles ships by purchasing some parts from other industries and producing some by of its own. Bangalore. Petrochemical: Petrochemical industries produce petrochemicals. medicines. Heavy Engineering Corporation of India and the Praga Tools Limited Secunderabad are examples of Heavy Machines Tools Industry. agri. and synthetic rubber. butadiene. benzene. and Lucknow. The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an aircraft industry which has its units at different places like Kanpur. ¾ It includes items such as generators. The basic materials of the industry are ethylene. fertilizers. and PCL manufactures polyester filament yarn. produces machines and tools used by other industries such as textile. Bangalore. The Integral coach Factory at Perambur in Tamil Nadu. etc. (Six units) The Industan Cables Factory – Ruprarainpur. Petrochemicals are used in making of such products as detergents. The Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala in Punjab are the public sector units of Railway Locomotives. Electronic Industry: The electronic industry is also one of the fastest growing of all industries. The Bharat Electronics Limited produces defence equipments. fertilizers. and sales of electronic products make up one of the largest and most important industries in the world. toluene. The four major public sector shipyards are the Cochin Shipyard at Kochi. as its name depicts. and Hindustan Motors Ltd. chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas. xylene. transmission. ¾ Railway Locomotives produce coaches. paper. ¾ Heavy Machines and Tools. turbines. switch gears. distribution and utilization of power. are some of the automobile industries. wagons and engines. Chittranjan Locomotive Works in West Bengal. Ashoka Leyland. IPCL manufactures petrochemicals like polymers. propylene. Ind. synthetic fibres. cables etc. i. The Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd. paints.e. manufacture. The Bharat Electronics Limited. at Vishakhapatnam. This industry requires a bulk of iron and steel. etc. Hindustan Shipyard Ltd. at Bhopal. West Bengal. are electronic industries. Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL) and Petrofils Co–operative Limited (PCL) are two big organizations of petrochemical industry. and gases carbon monoxide and hydrogen. cement. ¾ The Hindustan machine Tools. boilers.P. ¾ Aircraft industries manufacture aircrafts such as MIG or Pushpak. plastics. The development.62 ¾ Maruti Udyog Limited. The Indian Telephone Industries produces equipments required by post and telegraph departments and overseas communication services.. 62 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . field. The Electronics Corporation of India Limited produces transistorized modular systems for nuclear applications and for use in medical. Heavy Electrical Industry: ¾ It consists of equipments used for the generation. The Diesel Locomotive Works at Varanasi in U. the electronics Corporation of India Limited and the Indian Telephone Industries. ¾ There are three companies in the public sector for manufacturing these equipments: The Heavy Electrical Ltd. transformers. vi) Finished products are imported through Kolkata port. nails. iii) Purification: Impurities of pig iron are oxidized to convert it into steel. etc. ii) Fuel in the form of coal is obtained from Raniganj and Jharia coalfields. this plant was set up in the private sector. v) Kulti and Bumpur are well connected with roads and railways. It was taken over by the Government on 14 July 1904 with a view to improve its working. electronic items. 4) When was the first steel plant set up in India? Ans: The history of the modem iron and steel industry in India began in 1870 when the Bengal Iron Works Company set up its plants at Kulti (Burnpur)in West Bengal. 2) How do you differentiate between heavy and light industries? Ans: Industries which use heavy or bulky raw materials and also produce bulky products are known as heavy industries. engineering goods and household items. furniture. 3) Why is Iron and Steel Industry considered a basic or key industry? Ans: Steel industry is considered a basic industry because all other industries depend on it for their machinery. b) When was the IISCO nationalized? Ans: Originally. 5) What are the four sections of an integrated iron and steel plant? Ans: i) Mixing of raw materials: In this section. iv) Rolling of steel: Huge ingots of steel are rolled into different shapes and sizes such as rods. washing machines. Steel is omnipresent in all equipments. ii) Consumer or secondary industries are those which produce primarily goods for consumption by people. utensils. T. Steel is required in the manufacture of all types of machines and their products right from a small safety pin to a huge ship. cosmetics etc. sheets. beams.Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 63 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: Section I: [2 Marks] 1) What are key and consumer industries? Give examples. for example. which later on is turned into steel ingots. called blast furnace. bicycles. for example. Ans: i) Those industries on which so many other industries depend are called basic or key industries. iron ore. 1874. Ans: i) High quality iron ore is obtained from Chhota Nagpur Plateau which is 277 km away. The company is now wholly owned subsidiary of the SAIL. iron and steel industry or heavy machinery industry are key industries as they provide steel and machines to rest of the industries. plates. computer. 6) What is the difference between an Integrated Steel Plant and a Mini Steel Plant? Ans: In an integrated steel plant. 8) Discuss the locational advantages available to the IISCO. 7) a) Where is the Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) located? Ans: The IISCO is located at Burnpur near Asansol in West Bengal. It is about 210 km away from Kolkata. iron ore is changed into pig iron by melting. For example. do not do all the activities rather they use steel scrap in electric furnaces and make liquid steel. coking coal and limestone are mixed in the proportion of 4 : 2 : 1. ii) Making pig iron from iron ore: In a high steel structure. TV. or watch manufacturing units. Mini steel plants.V. watches. iron and steel industry. industries whose raw materials and finished products both are not heavy are called light industries. iv) Water is available from the Damodar River which is just 4 km away from this plant. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 63 . On the other hand. all the four processes are carried out in one complex from mixing of raw material to shaping the metal. on the other hand. are the examples of the consumer industry. Manganese is also mixed. iii) Gangpur in Orissa supplies limestone. Sulphuric acid is used in synthetic fibres. Such kinds are (i) bidi making. and detergents. ii) Coal is obtained from Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Two petrochemical products are lubricating oil and plastic. This plant was established in 1972 with Soviet assistance. Name any two Petrochemical products. soap. v) The Karnataka Electricity Board provides 130 to 150 MW of electricity. Ans: Two advantages of Petrochemicals are that they are used as basic material in many industries and in manufacturing synthetic fibres. (b) Easy availability of large capital. It tends to be located near areas of the iron and steel industry. (iii) shoes and (iv) carpentry. at Uttarpara. just 32 km away. Caustic soda is used in the manufacture of paper. soap. iv) Limestone and dolomite are available within a distance of 200 km. textiles. 11) What are heavy inorganic chemicals? Also discuss their uses. It is also economically stable in these two states. Ans: i) Heavy Engineering Industries provide us with product essential for infra-structural growth of the nation. location. 64 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . railways and machines without which industrial growth is not possible. 12) State two advantages of Petrochemicals. soda ash and caustic soda are included in heavy inorganic chemicals. and in oil refineries. i) High quality iron ore is available in Karnataka. ii) In the labour-intensive industries local labour is employed. iii) Water is available from Tungabhadra Project. and fertilizers. nature of products. Ans: i) The real development of the automobile industry began in 1947 with the establishment of Premier Automobiles Ltd. textiles. at Mumbai. rubber. and Hindustan Motors Ltd. Ans: The Vijaynagar Steel Plant has been set up near Hospet in Bellary district of Karnataka.g. There are large scale medium and small-scale industries. The units are mostly found in Maharashtra and Gujarat as these regions are mostly abundant in petroleum and coalfields. banking credit and skilled labour. Ever since then it has progressed. nitric acid. rayon. ii) Two main requirements of Heavy Engineering Industries are: (a) Proximity to raw material centres. paper. ii) The petrochemicals raw materials are easily available e. for the Udex plant at Koyali (Gujarat) raw material is available from the nearby refinery. Ans: i) The industries can be classified on the basis of the source of its raw materials. 13) i) State the importance of the Heavy engineering Industries in the industrial development India. The industry has become market oriented requiring ready market facilities for cartage. Soda ash is used in glass. paints. 14) What is the status of India’s automobile industry? State two aspects. size. Ans: Sulphuric acid. They use hands instead of machines for manufacturing. (ii) cracker making. Kolkata. 15) Why are petrochemical industrial units found mainly in Maharashtra and Gujarat? Give two reasons.64 9) Where is the Bokaro Steel Plant located? When and with whose help this plant was set up? Ans: The Bokaro Plant is located in Bihar on the right bank of the Damodar River. ii) Mention two main requirements of Heavy Engineering Industries. They provide us with heavy vehicles. sales. ii) Port cities are considered favourable locations for export-import facilities. 16) Name four labour intensive industries. management. near the confluence of the Damodar and Bokaro rivers. 10) Discuss the location and geographical advantages available to the Vijaynagar Steel Plant. plastics. Ans: i) Petrochemicals are those chemicals and compounds which are derived from petroleum resources. ii) It removes regional disparities in the task of industrialization of the country. The factors determining this industry are its major raw materials collected from coal and petroleum fields. ii) They are cost effective. Chanda and Bastar district of M.S. ingots. 19) What factors determine the location of petrochemical industries? State two of them. Ans: i) Products are not produced on large scale so cost of production is high. It was set up with the help of U. c) It gets coking coal from Korba coalfields of M. It provides transport facilities. The industry derives its raw materials from coal and LPG.P. is available in these areas. at Bailaidila in Visakhapatnam. 18) State three advantages of the decentralisation of industries. ii) Products are produced on large scale. b) It meets its iron ore requirements from the iron ore mines of Durg.Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 65 17) Where are the proposed steel plants being located? Ans: i) The iron and steel industry is an index of a nation’s business activity. Ans: The iron and steel industry is concentrated in the north-eastern part of the country due to the following reasons: a) All the essential raw materials (iron ore) etc. power and other facilities are also available in this region. These industries are concentrated in petroleum and coal field regions. d) The water supply is made by the Damodar River and its tributaries.R. Short Answers: (3 Marks) 20) a) Differentiate between mini steel plant and integrated steel plants. Therefore it is a basic industry. and cheaper as they are produced on a mass scale. b) State two advantages of integrated steel plants. Vijaynagar in Andhra Pradesh and at Salem in Tamil Nadu. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 65 . raw materials Ans: It is located at Bhilai in Madhya Pradesh. So cost of production is less. Ans: i) Petrochemicals are those chemicals and compounds which are derived from petroleum resources. 21) Give four reasons why the iron and steel Industry is concentrated in the northeastern part of the country. c) Labour. It enjoys the following localisation facilities: a) It is situated on the Kolkata-Nagpur railway line. 22) Describe in brief about the Bhilai Steel Plant. and economically stable. The plant at Salem was set up to produce stainless steel sheets. It also gets electric power from Korba Thermal Power Station. b) There is a good network of railways and roads in these areas so finished goods can be easily distributed with in the country and also exported to other countries. ii) Three more iron and steel plants are being constructed by the government at three locations. Its raw material is easily available. Ans: i) All the processes of steel making and steel shaping are done at one complex. Fertilizers are produced from it. coke-making. Ans: Integrated steel plant Mini steel plant An integrated steel plant is one where all Steel plants that do not process at one plant processes are carried out in one complex are known as mini steel plants or furnaces. and Jharia coalfields of Bihar. from handling of raw material.S. iii) It leads to a more equitable distribution of national income in the country. ii) Big machines can not be manufactured in mini steel plant. c) Mention main disadvantages of mini steel plants. Ans: The decentralisation of industries has the following advantages: i) It provides employment opportunities in every region of the country thus keeping a check on the concentration of population in certain pockets in the country. with reference to location.P. They use steel scrap in the electric furnaces steel making and rolling and shaping of the to make liquid steel which is turned into steel. Jharkhand. is easily available from mines spread over Jharkhand. ii) These units use steel scrap/ sponge iron from big steel plants as raw material and. answer the following questions: i) What was the ‘status’ and former name of the Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Plant? ii) Where is it located? iii) What is its specialty? iv) Name the power stations that supply electricity to this plant. coal is conserved.g. Madhya Pradesh. dolomite and mica. and limestone from Nandini mines. Why most of our steel plants are concentrated around Chota Nagpur Plateau region? The following geographical factors have contributed to the localisation of this industry around Chota Nagpur Plateau region: i) Iron ore.. the basic raw material for this industry. iv) Regular supply of power is made available from nearby Damodar Valley Corporation. Manganese: Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Bihar. Chhattisgarh and Orissa. v) It gets limestone from Mandi Gudda. iii) Other minerals required for iron and steel industry. ii) It is located at Bhadravati in Karnataka. These steel plants have the following characteristics: i) Mini steel plants use electric arc furnace and induction furnace to produce steel. steel castings and special steel and alloy. manganese. viii) From Kolkata port there is a facility of importing machinery and exporting products.66 23) Ans: 24) Ans: 25) Ans: 66 d) The manganese comes from Bhandara and Balaghat districts of M. ix) Policy of the Government in localisation of public sector steel plants in this backward region has also been responsible for the concentration of steel plants around Chhota Nagpur Plateau. Thus. v) Cheap labour is available from the tribal areas of Jharkhand. Main Products: (a) Rails (b) Pig iron (c) Merchant products (d) Heavy structural. help in recycling of iron and its optimum utilization. g) It gets thermal power from Korba Thermal Power Project. e) It gets water from Tandula and Gondli water reserviors. 32 km away? vi) From where does it get its other raw materials? i) The Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Plant was formerly a private sector company named Mysore Iron and Steel Company. vi) Financial institutions in Bihar. West Bengal and Orissa. ii) Jharkhand and West Bengal are the home of coal. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . thus. the cheap source of energy for the industry. vi) It gets its other raw materials from following places: Iron-ore: Kemmanguddi near Bhadravati.. etc. iv) Electricity to this plant is supplied from the Mahatma Gandhi Hydroelectric Power Station and Sharavati Hydroelectric Power Plantation.P. iii) It specializes in producing pig iron. With reference to the Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Plant. e. What are the salient features of Mini Steel plants in India? There are more than 216 mini steel plants in addition to large–scale integrated iron and steel plants. 32 km away. are available in Chota Nagpur Plateau. and West Bengal provide ample finance to this industry. v) What does it get from Mandi Gudda. f) The Vishakhapatnam Port provides the sea outlet facilities. vii) This region is connected to the rest of India by important roads and railway routes. this steel plant is set up. Its location at Jamshedpur is due to the following factors: i) The basic raw material iron ore is available from Mayurbhanj (Orissa) and Singhbhum (Jharkhand). iii) Manganese ore is obtained from Balaghat district. iv) Limestone is supplied from Nandini quarries which are about 25 km away. v) Durgapur is located on Deihi-Kolkata railway line. b) i) The Durgapur steel plant obtains iron ore from Singhbhum (Jharkhand) and Keonjhar (Orissa). iv) Hydroelectricity is available from the Mahatma Gandhi Hydroelectricity Project and the Sharavati Hydroelectricity Project.Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 26) Ans: 27) Ans: 28) Ans: 29) Ans: 67 iii) Mini steel plants do not require huge investments as they do not carry out all the processes of steel making. ii) Limestone is available from Mandiguddu quarry which is 23 km to the east of this plant. iv) Huge requirements of water are met from Subarnarekha and Kharkoi rivers where at their confluence. vi) This plant gets water from the Tendula Canal. vii) Bhilai is connected with Mumbai-Kolkata railway route. It started production in 1959. iv) The D. alloy steel including stainless steel. vi) It is connected by a canal with the Hooghly river and Kolkata port. Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. vi) Kolkata port which handles its export and import is also not very far.V. They can produce mild steel. iii) Coal. The DhalliRajhora Range is the famous source of iron ore just 97 km away. What are the situational advantages available to the Bhilai Steel Plant? i) High grade iron ore is available from the district of Durg. What are the locational advantages available to the Visveswaraya Steel Plant in Bhadravati? The locational advantages are as follows: i) Iron ore is available to this plant from Kemmangundi mines in Bababudan Hills just 41 km away. v) Jamshedpur is connected by Kolkata-Mumbai railway route. v) The Korba Thermal Power Station provides cheap electricity. ii) Coal is obtained from Jharia. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 67 . v) Requirements of water are met from Bhadra as this plant is situated on the left bank of this river. a cheap source of energy. the former West Germany and the former Soviet Union. provides electricity and water required by this steel plant. a) Where is the Durgapur Steel Plant located? When and with whose help it started production? (b) What are the facilities available to the Durgapur Steel plant? a) The Durgapur Steel Plant was set up in Burdhman district of West Bengal with the help of British. ii) Coal mines of Raniganj and Jharia are just 111 km away from this plant. is obtained from Jharia (Jharkhand) and hydroelectricity from the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC).C. v) Small steel plants can be easily constructed in industrial towns to meet the special steel requirement reducing transport costs. vi) Bhadravati is connected by railways with ports and important centres of trade and commerce. iii) Limestone and dolomite are obtained from Birmitrapur and manganese from Barbil in north Orissa. which is required in large quantities being in proximity. saves the transport cost. Chanda and Bastar. What suitable geographical conditions are available at Jamshedpur Steel Plant? The Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) is the oldest steel plant of India. This bulky raw material. Raniganj and Korba coal-fields. ii) Manganese is available from Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj and limestone from Gangpur (Orissa). iii) Manganese is made available from Madhya Pradesh. ii) Bokaro and Jharia coal-fields which are 65 km away from this plant supply coal. iii) Most of the iron and steel’ plants are ‘Public Sector Undertakings. vi) Less demand due to high cost. iv) Mini steel plants are becoming more popular. inadequate supply of power and low quality of iron ore are some of the other problems being faced by iron and steel industry of India. ii) Export of chemicals and drugs helps to earn foreign exchange for India. Kanpur. Delhi. leather. paints. Mumbai. Bonaigarh. ii) Coal is available from Jharia. iii) Limestone and dolomite are available from Bhavanathpur and Palamau. Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts. b) What are the geographical advantages available to the Rourkela Steel Plant? Ans: i) This plant obtains iron ore from Bonaigarh. dyes. fertilizers. iv) Cheap hydroelectricity is available from the Hirakud Power Project and huge amount of water from the Brahmani River. ii) Per worker lower production in the plants of the SAIL. 32) What are the major problems being faced by iron and the steel industry of India? Ans: The major problems faced by iron and steel industry of India are as follows: i) Lack of good quality coking coal. problems of skilled labour.68 30) a) Where is the Rourkela Steel Plant located? With whose assistance this plant was set up? Ans: The Rourkela Steel Plant is located in Sundergarh district of northern Orissa. iv) Cheap and regular hydroelectricity and water are available from the Damodar River. etc. 31) What are the geographical factors which determine the location of Bokaro Steel Plant at Bokaro? Ans: i) The Bokaro Steel Plant gets iron ore from Noamundi. detergents. Ans: i) Iron and steel industry use heavy and bulky raw material of small value so it is located near the source of raw materials to reduce its high transport costs. v) Low quality of our products has not been able to compete in international market. iii) Limestone from Birmitrapur and dolomite from Hirri quarries in Madhya Pradesh are available. Ans: Centres for the manufacture of heavy chemicals are: Kolkata. iii) By its several products this industry helps in raising the standard of living. It was set up with the help of a German firm Krupp and Demog. 34) With reference to the iron and steel industry in India give logical explanations for the following: i) The location of this industry is governed by its close proximity to raw material. rubber. ii) This industry is not found in western India. v) Rourkela is situated on Mumbai-Kolkata railway route. Chennai. iii) Lack of sophisticated and modem techniques of steel production. ii) This industry is not found in western India because of lack of raw material such as iron ore in this region. soap. varnishes. glass. Talcher and Korba coal-fields. 68 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . medicines. Amritsar and Bangalore. iv) Lack of specialisation in producing items. 33) Answer the following questions on the Chemical Industry of India: a) What is the importance of the chemical industry in India? Ans: i) The chemical industry provides raw material to other industries like textiles. b) Name the centres of heavy chemicals in India. Barsha and Kiriburu. at Trombay. Cheap labour is found due to illiteracy and high population here. b) It does not create enough jobs commensurate with huge investment. alloy steel including stainless steel. They can produce mild steel. for this industry. The Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd. ii) Water is obtained from the Bhadravati River. which later on is turned into steel ingots. in Ranchi produces castings. i) The heavy engineering industries are set up in the Chota Nagpur Plateau region as it requires heavy and bulky raw materials. It leads to a surge in spending and has a direct effect on the consumer price index. Orissa and West Bengal. iii) Intensive labour is required providing considerable employment in this area. Manganese comes from Shimoga and limestone from Bundiguda that is just 25 kms away. It produces polypropylene. paper. Naldhari in Gujarat. textiles and sugar are consumer industries. These industries are the ones that convert the raw materials into primary goods for direct use by the consumers. Why are most of the heavy engineering industries connected to the Chota Nagpur region? Give three reasons. ii) The Indian Petrochemical Corporation Ltd. The factors responsible for the setting up of the Bhadravati or Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Plant at Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Karnataka are: i) The availability of raw materials like iron ore is obtained from Kemmangundi in Chikmagalur district. Name three production units of the petrochemical industry. d) A long waiting time before it begins to yield dividends. iv) Mini steel plants are becoming more popular because they do not do all the activities rather they use steel scrap in electric furnaces and make liquid steel. The plant is situated on the main railway line. butyl spirit. forgings and rolls for tools and building plants for the iron and steel industry found here. The three production units are: i) The first petrochemical complex was established by Union Carbide India Ltd. ii) They require enormous amounts of power which is generated from the Dye. What is a consumer industry? Give an example of it. i. The technology and management is done by the multinational. and their products. synthetic organic chemicals and polyester fibres. basic infrastructure. iii) Petrofils Cooperative Ltd. Hydroelectric power is from the Sharavati and Mahatma Gandhi hydroelectric projects. (PCL) is a joint-venture company of the Government of India and the Weavers Cooperative Society. Damodar Valley Project. Petrochemicals are those chemicals and compounds which are derived from petroleum resources. ethyl acetate. ii) Bakeries. in terms of their location. These are available in the states of Bihar. Why was Bhadravati in Karnataka selected for setting up a steel plant? Give two reasons.Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 35) Ans: 36) Ans: 37) Ans: 38) Ans: 69 iii) Most of the iron and steel plants are Public Sector Undertaking because of the following reasons: a) An iron and steel plant requires huge investment. etc. iii) The growth in this industry leads to growth in the fast food industry leading to changes in the consumer’s nutrient intake and public health. charcoal was earlier used for smelting iron ore. What does growth of a consumer industry indicate? i) Consumer industries are also called secondary industries. (IPCL) at Jawaharnagar near Vadodara in Gujarat manufactures and distributes various petrochemicals such as polymers. particularly efficient means of modem transport and communication. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 69 .e. It produces polyester filament yarn at its three plants located at Vadodara. c) It requires continual updating of technology. These use the raw materials directly for the finished products. Ans: Aircraft Industry i) The aircraft industry started with a private company. Engine division. 41) State three important factors that govern the setting up of a heavy engineering industrial region. Chennai and Pune. and entertainment industries. Foundry and forge division. Onida and Philips together had a market share of 83% in TV sales. ii) The Synthetic Drugs Plant at Hyderabad. state the following: i) Why is it only in the government sector? ii) Three locations and their manufactures. iii) Two other uses of these aircraft other than for defence purposes. As they use heavy and bulky raw materials so they should have close proximity to the raw material used. Ans: i) The heavy engineering industries are set up according to certain factors.70 39) With reference to the development of the aircraft industry in India. The main centres are Mumbai. They also produce the Kiran jet trainer. 42) Answer the following questions on the Chemical Industry of India: a) Where are organic chemicals manufactured in India? Ans: Organic chemicals are produced at Mumbai. The industry also requires good means of transport as there is large cost involved. Kolkata. iii) They require enormous amounts of power be it hydel or thermal. Kulti. communication equipment. Overhaul division. but was taken over by the government in 1942. Other than that they are used for transport with aircraft for this purpose manufactured at Kanpur. So the power plants should be available to these regions.. Kolkata. ii) The three main manufacturing centres of HAL are a) Bangalore: Aerospace division. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) have become pillars of this industry where components and subsystems are electronic. ii) Cheap and highly skilled labour which is technically sound. the audio industry also flourished. jet fighters and helicopters. Helicopter division b) Kanpur: Transport Aircraft division c) Lucknow: Accessories division d) Nasik: Aircraft division e) Hyderabad and Korwa: Avionics division f) Koraput: Engine division iii) Aircraft are used for defence purposes. Different parts of the aircraft are manufactured at different places due to security reasons. Aircraft division. 40) State the importance of Electronics in the field of space technology and entertainment. Pimpri (Maharashtra). i) Our space technology is supported by the electronic industry. ii) Entertainment: The television and audio industries too bloomed in 1990 as a result of the progress made by the electronic industry. Ans: Electronics is a modern industry. Jharia. b) Where in India are fine chemicals produced? Ans. 70 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . We have successfully launched indigenously built satellites such as the Apple. and INSAT series. iii) The Hindustan Organic Chemicals at Kolaba. BPL. Jamshedpur. It has given new dimensions to medical treatment. Videocon. The Bangalore complex manufactures Light Krishak and Pushpak aircraft used for agricultural purposes. Fine chemicals in India are produced at: i) The Hindustan Antibiotics Ltd. and Hirapur. These are generally brought from nearby villages. space. Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 71 43) a) What does Ashoka Leyland produce? Name three centres where its units are established. [2005] Name three by-products of the sugar industry. Ans: Ashoka Leyland produces trucks and buses. Give one important use of each. [2001] Mumbai-Pune region is the most important industrial region of India. Ans: Maruti Udyog Limited. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand). Which is the largest mineral-based industry in India? Why is it called a key industry? List the three basic steps involved in steel making. b) Tree plantation is essential in and around Heavy Industrial areas. etc. [2001] Give two reasons to show why the sugar industry has flourish in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. differentiate between Basic and Consumer Industries. Give two reasons justifying this statement. produces? Where are its units? Ans: Maruti Udyog Ltd. c) What does Maruti Udyog Ltd. [2004] Give reasons why: a) The woollen industry is concentrated in North India. produces a range of cars such as Maruti 800. and Pune (Maharashtra). [2005] Mention three main problems faced by the cotton textile industry in India. Its units are at Gurgaon in Haryana. Its units are at Chennai (Tamil Nadu). [2005] Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 71 . Why is the iron and steel industry concentrated in the Chotanagpur region? Which is the oldest and privately owned steel plant? What are the main requirements needed for setting up a heavy engineering industry? When and where was the machine tool industry started? What are the basic requirements of the automobile industry? Why are traditional raw materials being replaced by petrochemical products? PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD QUESTIONS: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) Give two reasons to explain why there is a need for rapid industrialization in India. [2005] State four geographical factors which should be kept in mind while setting up an agro-based industry. [2004] The ‘Khadi and Handloom Sectors of the Textile Industry cannot be ignored’. b) Name a few well-known automobile industries. [2000] Why is there an increasing demand for handloom materials? [2000] Name a state famous for mulberry silk. [2003] Why is the woolen textile industry not as well developed as the cotton textile industry in India? [2003] With the help of an example each. [2002] Give four reasons to justify that the rayon textile industry in India has a great future. [2002] Give two reasons for the following: “The silk handloom industry is important in Mysore. MISCELLEOUS QUESTIONS / HOME WORK 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) Name the basic raw materials used in iron and steel industry. Zen. What factors affect the location of an integrated steel plant? What is an integrated steel plant? What are mini steel plants? Name the major steel plants in the Public Sector. Ashoka Leyland. Premier Automobiles etc. Substantiate the statement giving two reasons. Hindustan Motors Limited. 72 15) Mention two problems faced by the sugar industry in India. [2006] 16) State two steps taken by the government to overcome the problems faced by the jute industry in India. [2006] 17) Mention three factors that favour the concentration of the cotton textile mills in Mumbai. [2006] 18) State three reasons why the woollen textile industry has not developed in India. [2006] 19) a) State two reasons of the concentration of the sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh. b) Mention two ways in which the agro-based industries have affected the economy of India. c) i) Which is the largest jute producing State in India? Name two centres of jute industry in that State. ii) Name two jute products. d) State three main problems fed by the cotton textile industry in India. [2007] 20) a) From where does the iron and steel plant of Bhadravati get its iron-ore? b) Copy the names of the following two places and write the name of the most important product associated with each: i) Raniganj ii) Digboi. [2000] 21) a) i) Name the foreign collaborators of the following iron and steel plants: 1) Bhilai 2) Rourkela 3) Durgapur 4) Bokaro. ii) Explain the term ‘mini-steel plant’. iii) Give any two reasons favouring the location of iron and steel plants in North-Eastern part of Deccan. b) Give one important centre of production for each of the following: i) Diesel Locomotive ii) Aircraft iii) Ship-building. [2001] 22) a) With reference to Tata Iron and Steel Company, answer the following: i) When and where was it set up? ii) From where does it get its supply of iron ore, coal, limestone and manganese? b) Name the four centres of iron and steel in the public sector which are located in a single geographical region. With whose collaboration was each one of them set up? [2002] 23) With reference to the iron and steel industry in India, give logical explanations for the following: a) The location of this industry is governed by its close proximity to raw material. b) This industry is not found in western India. c) Most of the iron and steel’ plants are ‘Public Sector Undertakings. d) Mini steel plants are becoming more popular. [2003] 24) With the help of an example, explain how agro-based industries are different from mineral-based industries. [2003] 25) State two main uses of heavy chemicals. In which two industries are fine chemicals mainly used? [2004] 26) Why are the Iron and Steel Industries concentrated in the Damodar Valley region? [2004] 27) With reference to the Cement Industry in India, answer the following questions: a) State the importance of this industry. b) Name two important raw materials used in the industry. c) Name two centres of the industry in Haryana. d) Mention any two problems faced by the industry. [2004] 28) State the importance of Electronics in the field of: a) Space Technology b) Entertainment. [2005] 29) Where do the Bhilai Iron and Steel Industry get its supply of? a) Iron-ore b) Coal c) Limestone d) Manganese. [2005] 30) a) State the importance of the Heavy Engineering Industries in the industrial development of India. 72 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 73 b) Mention two main requirements of Heavy Engineering Industries. [2005] State two advantages of Mini Steel plants. [2006] a) State two geographical factors which were taken into consideration for the setting up of the Durgapur Iron and Steel Plant. b) Mention any one problem faced by the Iron and Steel Industry in India. [2006] Name the following in India: a) A product of the heavy engineering industry. b) Two petrochemical units. c) A centre of the silk industry. [2006] a) Mention two reasons for the concentration of steel plants in the Chota-Nagpur Plateau region. b) Name four petrochemical products. c) What is the importance of the Heavy Engineering industry for the industrial development of India? Name two Heavy Engineering industrial units in India. d) i) What are integrated steel plants? ii) Name one integrated steel plant in the Public Sector. From where does this plant get its requirement of iron ore and coal? [2007] a) Mention two reasons why the sugar industry has developed in Maharashtra. b) Give two reasons for the importance of the silk industry in India. c) Give three factors that favour the cotton industry in Kolkata. d) i) Explain why sugarcane must be crushed within 24 hours of harvesting. ii) Name four sugar milling centres in the northern plains. [2008] a) Mention two reasons for the importance of the Electronic industry in India’s development. b) What is a petrochemical industry? Mention two reasons why petrochemical products are replacing traditional raw materials. c) i) Mention two characteristics of a mini steel plant. ii) From where does the integrated steel plant at Jamshedpur get its iron ore and coal? d) Name the following: i) A shipbuilding yard on the west coast of India. ii) A centre where diesel locomotives are manufactured. iii) The foreign collaborator of the iron and steel plant at Rourkela. [2008] a) Why is the silk industry considered as a small scale industry? Name the two types of silk produced in India. b) Name two important silk-weaving centres in Karnataka. c) Name any two by-products of the sugar industry. Give two uses of each. d) Explain two factors affecting the development of the cotton textile in India. [2009] a) Which city is known as the electronic capital of India? Name any two major centres of electronic products. b) Most of the petrochemical units are in Maharashtra or Gujarat. Give two reasons to explain why. c) With reference to Visheswaraya Iron and Steel Ltd., answer the following: i) Name the state in which it is located. ii) From where does it get iron ore and power supply? d) Give one important centre of production of each of the following. i) Integral Coach Factory (ICF) ii) Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) iii) The Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT) [2009] a) What is sericulture ? Name any two types of silk. b) Classify industries on the basis of the nature of products. Give one example of each. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 73 74 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) 74 c) i) Mention two reasons for the importance of the cotton textile industry. ii) Mention one reason responsible for its poor performance. d) Give geographical reasons for the following: i) Kolkata has many cotton mills though cotton is not grown in West Bengal. ii) Karnataka is an important centre for silk. iii) India produces very little cane-sugar though it is one of the largest producers of sugarcane in the world. [2010] a) Mention Iwo reasons for the development of the petrochemical industry in India. b) What is the difference between a public sector industry and one which is in the private sector? Give an example of an industry in each of the two sectors. c) i) How is it advantageous for a mini steel plant (1) to use electric furnaces (2) not to be located close to the location of the raw material? ii) From where does the integrated steel plant at Bhilai get its requirement of iron and coal? d) Name the following. i) A city in India where MIG aircraft are manufactured. ii) A centre where railway coaches are manufactured. iii) The foreign collaborator of the iron and steel plant at Durgapur. [2010] a) Name and define two important by-products of the sugar industry. b) Give two reasons why the state of Punjab is the largest producer of woollen textiles. c) Mention three main problems of the Jute textile industry in India. d) With reference to the cotton textile industry: i) Which is the country’s most important manufacturing centre? ii) State two geographical reasons for its importance. [2011] a) Which iron and steel industry of India is located away from the main coal areas ? What is the main source of energy in the absence of coal? b) Give two geographical reasons for the growth of IT industries in Bangalore. c) With reference to the Bokaro Steel Plant, from where does it get its i) coal ii) iron ore iii) water supply? d) Name one important centre each for the production of the following: i) Tractors ii) Electronic goods iii) Petro chemicals. [2011] a) What are petrochemicals? Name any two products made from petrochemicals. b) Why has the electronics industry grown in importance? c) Mention three advantages that a mini steel plant has over an integrated steel plant. d) Name: i) A city on the east coast of India which has a ship building yard. ii) The iron and steel plant set up with German collaboration. iii) A city which has a plant manufacturing Maruti cars. [2012] a) i) What is the significance of the Electronics Industry in recent times? ii) Name two cities that have leading Software Companies. b) Name the steel plants that were set up with Russian collaboration. c) Explain three reasons as to why there is a large concentration of iron and steel plants in the Chhota Nagpur Region. d) What industrial product are the following centres noted for? i) Gurgaon ii) Perambur iii) Chittaranjan [2013] a) Name one integrated iron and steel plant in the private sector. Where does it obtain its iron and coal from? Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 d) Name a manufacturing centre for each of the following industries: i) Engines for MIG aircraft ii) Diesel locomotives iii) Software [2014] Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 75 . iii) The electronic industry has made an impact on both entertainment and education.Chapter 12: Mineral Based Industries 75 b) Name two raw materials used in the petrochemical industry and state two advantages of petrochemical products. ii) Mini steel plants cause less pollution than integrated steel plants. c) Give a reason for each of the following: i) Vishakhapatnam is a leading centre for ship-building. Roads can be constructed in hilly areas as they can negotiate steep slopes and sharp bends.76 Chapter 13: Transport → Indian Transport → Road transport → Rail transport → Water transport → Air transport Indian Transport: India is a land of vast distances from north–south as well as from east–west. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Road can act as feeder to railways Roads are more flexible than railways Roads are more accessible to different places than railways. Amritsar to Delhi is called Sher Shah Suri Marg now. Rapid increase of vehicles on the road created more air pollution. The Golden Quadrilateral: The Golden Quadrilateral Connects Delhi – Mumbai – Chennai – Kolkata by 6 lane super high way National high way: The main roads were constructed and maintenance by Central Public works Department is called National High way. They connect state capitals. It is more expensive than rail transportation On the basis of importance and maintenance Indian roads can be divided into. big cities and important posts. One such road was constructed by Sher shah. Advantage: z z z z They are cheap and easy to construct and maintain. which connected. So development of cheap and efficient means of transport is essential for the progress of the nation. Road Transport Railway Transport Water Transport Air Transport Road Transport: Importance: z Roads are important as they are necessary in the transportation of people and goods over short and medium distances. Transportation is mainly divided into three major. Disadvantage: z z z z z 76 Roads are not suitable for long distance travelh Heavy goods cannot be transported easily by roads. The presence of waterfalls.Chapter 13: Transport 77 North South Corridor: East–West Corridor and North–South Corridor Compromise National High way Connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and East–West Corridor Connecting slicher (Assam) to Probonder (Gujrat). Two important express ways are Mumbai – Pune express way and the Kolkata – Durgaur express way. Another is 0. It is time consuming and as well as expensive also The tracks are not able to carry increased loads and accidents are becoming quite frequent Repair and maintenance of bridges constructed is very important. z Metre Gauge: The distance between the rails is 1 metres 25% – of the railways is metre gauge. The first rail way was started in India in 1853 between Mumbai and Thane. One important inland waterway is Ganga. Port: z z A port is a place on the coast with docks where cargo can be unloaded and distributed through land. Silting of the river bed reduced the depth and creates problems for navigation. Indian railways comprise 3 gauges: z Broad Gauge: It has a distance of 1. Water in rivers is sometimes reduced due to the diversion of water for irrigation. It serves the needs of both passenger and freight. Water ways are unable to compete with road and railways because of its slow speed. There are 12 major ports in India. Limitations: z z z There is a big operational problem to the Indian Railway to shift from one gauge to another gauge. Rail Transport: ¾ Railway system is the life line of the countries inland transport.762 metres. There should be sufficient demand to make it profitable. sharps bends along the rivers course minders the developments of waterways. Water Transport: ¾ The inland water ways and coastal waterways are the most important water ways are the cheapest means of transport for large and bulky loads. More than 70% of the Indian railways is broad gauge. Ports of West Coast: Mumbai Port (Nhava Sheva / JNPT) Kandla (Gujrat) Kochi (Kerala) Marmagao (Goa) Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 77 .610 metres. z Narrow Gauge: This rail is two of types: One is 0. Fast west Corridor: Express Ways have been constructed to construct to ensure soft and smooth travel between important towns.676 meters between two rails. This type is restricted on hilly areas only. Factors affect water transport: Regular flow of Sufficient Water. Ans: Rural areas. and the amount of freight that can be carried is restricted by the lack of space. 5) Give any two advantages and two disadvantages of roadways. Major International Airports: Indira Gandhi International Airport (New Delhi) Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (Kolkata) Sahar International Airport (Mumbai) Meenambakkam International Airport (Chennai)2 REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: 1) Name the organization who is responsible for the development. desert and backward areas. 78 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . ii) It links remote and inaccessible areas such as hilly. Aircrafts of one type or another have made it possible to reach the most remote parts of the earth when speed and time are important constraints. Limitations: z z z Cost of air transport provision of air terminal facilities as well as cost of take up and landing rights are all very expensive. Ans: i) Golden Quadrilateral ii) North–south and East–west corridors 3) Name any two major Express Highways of India.) Air Transport: ¾ Air transport is the fastest mode transport. ii) A large section of the highways has inadequate road pavement thickness. Ans: i) Ahmedabad – Vadodara expressway ii) Delhi – Gurgaon expressway 4) Name the areas where density of roads is low. Ans: Advantages: i) Road transport is a fast. It has limited carrying capacity. Disadvantages: i) Riding quality of roads is poor. Weather conditions can also hamper air transport.78 New Mangalore (Karnataka) Port of East Coast: Tuticorin (Tamil Nadu) Chennai (Oldest artificial howrbour) Vishakhapatnam (land locked Port in) Paradeep (Orissa Andhra Pradesh) Kolkata and Haldia Port (W. Ans: National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). This mode of transport is indispensable. flexible and demand responsive mode which is capable of providing door to door service. maintenance and management of highways in India. tribal. Large scale air transport is still quite luxurious. 2) Name two projects undertaken by NHAI. bridges are often weak and distressed.B. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 79 . 17) Enumerate the problems faced by our railways. canals. Why? Ans: The great plains have more railways due to: a) High density of population b) Rich in agriculture c) Greater industrial activity d) Level land or plain land. freight and passengers. c) Thefts and damages of railway property is common. They are the lifelines of the country for large scale movement of traffic. d) Railway accidents due to the negligence of authorities is a major problem of Indian railways. b) North-South and East-West corridors. ii) Expressway which is the part of GQ Highway Project. 11) What is the name of the National Airlines of India? Ans: Air India. 9) What is meant by an expressway? Ans: Expressways are cemented six–lane roads. Mumbai. They are constructed and maintained by the central government. 15) Name four international ports of India.) ii) Seas and ocean routes. 14) Name the places that are connected by: a) Golden Quadrilateral. b) North-South corridor connects Srinagar to Kanyakumari and East-West corridor connects Silchar to Porbundar. Ans: A Various problems faced by our railways are as follows: a) Passengers travel without tickets due to lack of proper vigilance.5 km. 10) What are the chief means of transportation in India? Ans: India has every mode of transport system: b land. Ans: a) Golden Quadrilateral connects Delhi. e) The signalling and the safety systems are all outdated. 12) Why are railways important? Ans: Railways are important because they are the main arteries of inland transport. 16) The great plains have more railways than the Himalayan Mountains. Ans: a) i) Ahmedabad–Vadodara expressway ii) Delhi–Gurgaon expressway b) Its special features are SOS telephones at every 1.676 mm b) 1. CCTV surviliance. Chennai and Kolkata. backwaters.Chapter 13: Transport 79 6) a) Name the i) India’s first expressway that opened in 2001.000 mm c) 762 mm and 610 mm 8) What is the another name of board gauge railway line on the west coastal lowland? Ans: Konkan Railway Line. designed to provide smooth high–speed movement without any obstacles like traffic or speed breakers. 7) What is width of: a) broad gauge?b) metre gauge? c) narrow gauge? Ans: a) 1. b) They pull chains unnecessarily resulting in the delay of trains. Ans: a) Mumbai b) Kochi c) Kandla d) Vishakhapatnam. 13) What are National highways? Ans: National Highways are roads which connect one state with the other and are of national importance. creeks etc. and a 32 – lane toll plaza at the Delhi–Haryana border. air and water Land: i) Roads ii) Railways Air: i) National ii) International Water i) Inland (river. b) Give the special features of Delhi–Gurgaon expressway. (ii) Carriage of heavy and bulky commodities over a long distance is very costly. Demerits: (i) Waterways are very slow. b) Metre gauge: width between the rails – 1. (ii) Unsuitable for perishable items. (ii) Heavy and bulky commodities can be transported by railways. 80 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . b) Rail Transport Merits: (i) It is suitable for long distance. Ans: a) Construction cost of roads is much lower than that of railway lines. it will ensure higher speed. 22) Where and why is the rail transport the most convenient means of transportation in the northern plains? Ans: Rail transport is most convenient means of transportation in the northern plains due to level land. c) Narrow gauge: width between the rails – 0. d) Air Transport Merits: (i) It is the fastest mode of transport.0 m. 19) What are the three types of railway gauges in India? What is the disadvantage of three gauge. there is less water in the rivers. Different gauges create difficulties in the smooth flow of traffic. cheaper transport and will reduce the inconvenience of changing trains during a journey. Demerits: (i) Unsuitable for short distance. Demerits: (i) They are unsuitable for long distances.76 m. 20) Give a merit and a demerit for each of the following transport systems in India. If gauges all over become uniform. (ii) As the water is being utilized for irrigation. desert and forest areas. (ii) They can be constructed in hilly. c) Road transport provides access to difficult terrains. as it is expensive. 21) State any three merits of roadways.80 18) How does road transport score over railway transport? Ans: a) Road transport requires less investment than railway. c) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slopes and as such can traverse mountains such as the Himalayas. b) Maintenance cost is also low. c) Inland water Transport Merits: maintenance cost is less.67 m. (ii) It does not connect the rural areas. high population density rich agricultural resources and greater industrial activity. Demerits: (i) It is an expensive mode of transport. b) Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography. d) Roads facilitate the fast transportation of perishable goods and thereby stimulate their production. a) Road transport b) Rail transport c) Inland water transport d) Sea transport e) Air transport Ans: a) Road Transport Merits: (i) The roads link the rural areas to the urban areas. (ii) It can go over unsuitable topography and hilly terrains.railway system? Ans: Three gauges are: a) Broad gauge: width between the rails – 1. b) The economic benefits of the Golden Quadrilateral project are: i) It will interconnect many major cities and ports. It is the first phase of the National Highways Development Project. rail–road crossing etc. This is being done by widening roads. industrial and mining area and cities and towns of national importance. These are mostly unsurfaced. iv) It will provide vast opportunities for transport of agricultural produce from the hinterland to major cities and ports for export. workshops. three–wheelers or tractor vehicles allowed. It consists of building 5. grade separation. iii) It will help in the industrial growth of all small towns through which it passes. 28) Differentiate between : a) National Highways and State Highways b) Broad gauge and metre gauge. Mumbai. 27) a) Why the traffic on National Highways has been growing? b) Explain what steps are being taken by the Government to provide hindrance free traffic movement Ans: a) The traffic on National highways has been growing due to industrialization in the country. ii) It will give a stimulus to truck transport throughout India. Kolkata and Chennai. narrow and zig–zag tracks unsuitable for heavy mechanized traffic 24) a) Name the scheme which was launched to provide connectivity to rural areas as part of a poverty eradication measure. emergency phones. toilets. These are mostly unsurfaced and lack bridges and culverts.846 km of four / six lane express connecting Delhi. iii) No two–wheelers. b) The Government is taking steps to utilize latest technologies and improved management techniques to provide hindrance–free traffic movement. first aid etc. These roads link villages with district roads. 25) a) What is the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Project? b) Give any two economic benefits of the GQ Ans: a) The Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) is the largest express highway project in India. Ans: a) i) The National Highways are constructed and maintained by the Central Governments. ii) separate tunnels for traffic. An extra lane provided on each side as a hard shoulder. port towns. bridges. v) It will provide job opportunities in its construction. iv) Provision of motels. These highways are maintained by the Central Government i) Golden Quadrilateral. 26) What are the National Highways? Also write the names of its two major projects? Ans: National Highways are highways which run through the length and breadth of the country and connect state capitals.Chapter 13: Transport 81 23) Differentiate between district and rural roads? Ans: District Roads Rural Roads These roads connect towns and large villages with one another and with district headquarters. construction of bypasses. ii) North–south and East–west Corridors. v) Complete fencing to avoid humans and animals crossing the expressway. b) What are the special features of Mumbai–Pune expressway? Ans: a) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna b) The special features of Mumbai–Pune expressway are : i) Six–lane concrete highway with 7m – wide divider. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 81 . While the State Highways are constructed and maintained by the State Government. 676 mm The distance between rails is 1. district headquarters. tourists centers and minor ports with in the state.82 ii) The National Highways are main highways running through the length and breadth of the country connecting major ports. While the State Highways provide connectivity to important towns and cities as wells as with National Highways or State Highways of the neighbouring states. ii) It is vital for our internal transport as well as for the links with other countries. State any two advantages of airways? i) Air transport is the fastest and comfortable mode of transport. iv) Air transport is run on petroleum (non–renewable source of energy). Its total route length is 9. b) 29) Ans: 30) Ans: 31) Ans: 32) Ans: 33) Ans: 82 Broad Gauge Meter Gauge The distance between rails is 1. Give any two advantages and two disadvantages of water transport? Advantages of Waterways: i) It is the cheapest mode of transport. state capitals. length while the length of state Highways is about 128000 km. iii) The National Highways facilitates inter–state transport and movement of defence personnel and materials in strategic areas. large expenditure on servicing.548 Km.082 km. Express these in the full form? a) IWAI b) NHDP c) NHAI d) EMUs a) Inland Waterways Authority of India b) National Highways Development Project c) National Highways Authority of India d) Electric Multiple Units. primarily road connectivity to major ports in India.442 km. In addition to this NHAI is also responsible for implementing other projects on National Highways. important towns.5 m. It is responsible for the development maintenance and management of National Highways. iv) Remote areas which are not served by railways or roads have to depend on air transport alone. ii) It depends on weather conditions. a) What is the width of (i) single lane and (ii) multi–lane National highways? b) When was the NHAI constituted? Also explain its responsibilities a) (i) 3.000 mm. The total route length is 51. ii) It is suitable for heavy and bulky goods. ii) Water transport is limited to area where rivers are navigable and oceanic routes exist. iv) The National Highways has about 70. large industrial and tourist centres. iii) The airport infrastructure demands heavy investment. While the State Highways provide linkages with the National Highways.75 m (ii) 3. iii) It is essential for defence of the country and plays a crucial role in times of emergency. replacement and renewals. Disadvantages of Waterways: i) Water transport depends on the conditions of weather. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . b) The NHAI was constituted in 1988. State any two disadvantages of airways? i) It is very costliest mode of transport. It is currently undertaking the developmental activities under NHDP in phases. Chapter 13: Transport 83 34) a) Name the : i) biggest port of India ii) first corporatized port of India. to ease this pressure. 20) a) What is the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) Project? b) Give any two economic benefits of the GQ. 9) Name the two cities which have Metro rail network. 10) Give the number of Zones the Indian Railways have. 25) Write two advantages and two disadvantage of railways. b) How many categories are there of the International Highways? Explain. b) When was Airport Authority of India established? c) Why has the railway system been divided into 16 zones? Ans: a) i) Mumbai ii) Ennore b) April 1. the railway system has been divided into 16 zones MISCELLEOUS QUESTIONS / HOME WORK 1) Name the organization who is responsible for the development. 24) a) What is the width of (i) single lane and (ii) multi-lane National highways? b) When was the NHAI constituted? Also explain its responsibilities. 11) What is the width of: a) broad gauge? b) metre gauge? c) narrow gauge? 12) What is the another name of board gauge railway line on the west coastal lowland? 13) Differentiate between district and rural roads. Its huge size has put pressure on the centralized management system. 17) What is meant by an expressway? 18) What are the chief means of transportation in India? 19) Explain the role of roads in the economic f development of the country. 2) Name the Mughal ruler who built the famous Grand Trunk (GT) road. 6) Name the areas where density of roads is low. 26) Explain the three categories of track system followed in India. 14) When and why was the Border Road Development Board setup? 15) a) Name the scheme which was launched to provide connectivity to rural areas as part of poverty eradication measure. 21) What are the National Highways? Also write the names of its two major projects. 1995 c) The growth of Indian Railways in the past 150 years has been phenomenal. 22) When and where did the railways begin in India? 23) Differentiate between: a) National Highways and State Highways b) Broad gauge and metre gauge. Therefore. b) Give the special features of Delhi-Gurgaon expressway. maintenance and management of highways in India. ii) Expressway which is the part of GQ Highway Project. b) What are the special features of Mumbai-Pune expressway? 16) a) What are International Highways? Give the purpose of such type of highways. 3) What are advantages of transport system? (Any three) 4) Name two projects undertaken by NHAI. 5) Name any two major Express Highways of India. 8) a) Name the: i) India’s first expressway that opened in 2001. 7) Give any two advantages and two disadvantages of roadways. 27) What is the name of the National Airlines of India? Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 83 . d) What is the Golden Quadrilateral? Mention any two ways in which it will help in the economic development of the country. [2013] 4) a) Why is road transport in India considered more useful than rail transport? State two reasons in support of your answer. i) An important inland waterway of north east India. In which state the Nehru Trophy Boat Race (Vallankali) is held? Name the: i) biggest port of India ii) first corporatised port of India. c) Name the following. Give any two advantages and two disadvantages of water transport. Express these in the full form a) IWAI b) NHDP c) NHAI d) EMUs When and where did the air transport begin in India? Explain the role of Air India in the air transport. On which river system does the National waterway No 1 lie? Write the number of major and non-major ports of India. b) Name two areas where helicopter services may be used? c) Mention any three problems being faced by the Indian Railways.84 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) What is Pawan Hans? State any two advantages of airways. [2011] 2) a) Why has the importance of inland waterways declined? Give any two reasons. ii) Name a port on the east coast which is often hit by cyclones during the months of October and November. ii) One expressway with its terminal cities. On the outline map of India. State any two disadvantages of airways. Which is the second largest port in terms of volume of traffic handled and is the oldest artificial harbour on the east coast of India? Why is road transport difficult in the northern mountainous areas? What are the advantages of railways compared to roadways? Give two reasons to explain why water transport is considered to be cheap. d) Mention two advantages and one disadvantage of air transport. [2012] 3) a) Give one disadvantage of air transport. Why is it still a popular means of transportation in India? b) i) Give two reasons why peninsular rivers are not ideal for navigation. What are the advantages of air transport? Name the international airports of India’s metro cities. PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD QUESTIONS: 1) a) Why is road transport favoured in the northern plains of India? b) Give reasons to explain the lack of rail transport in Northern India. [2014] 84 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . show the Major sea ports. b) Mention one advantage and one disadvantage each of inland waterways. worn out. wrappers.Chapter 14: Sources of Waste 85 Chapter 14: Sources of Waste What is waste? ¾ Waste is a general term used to describe any material that is discarded because it has served its purpose and is no longer useful. ¾ According to the Environment Protection Act. decaying fruits and vegetables. These wastes result from industrial processes. including cans. carbon monoxide. contaminated or otherwise spoiled.e. and oil spills. mobile phones and electronics. 1990. etc. i. and vegetables. ¾ Waste has weight. bottles.. hospitals. food left-overs. Waste can also be any material that remains at the end of a process and has no further use and so it is thrown away. Waste can also be classified into the following categories: Toxic z z Toxic wastes are the wastes which pose a serious threat to human health and environment. etc. offices and factories. ¾ It produces odour and smell. etc. restaurants.. plastics. radioactive wastes and the electronic waste or e-waste generated by broken or unwanted electrical appliances such as computers. crop residues. crop residues. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 85 . ¾ It occupies some space. nitrogen oxides. corroded metal pieces. and smog which is formed as a hazy mixture of gases when fuel exhausts react with sunlight. Liquid Wastes: z it includes sewage from toilets of houses. or an effluent. from the use of chemical fertilisers in agriculture. or another unwanted surplus substance arising from the application of any process. and rubbish. etc. from the biomedical waste generated in the hospitals. body parts of dead animals. and any substance or article which requires to be disposed of as being broken. sulphur dioxide etc. ashes. Gaseous Wastes: z It includes fuel exhausts containing carbon dioxide. Characteristics: ¾ ‘Waste’ is a matter. Types of waste: Solid wastes : z It includes garbage. waste is defined as: any substance which constitutes a scrap material. Oil Refineries: z Petroleum industry can cause environmental problems. expired medicines. ashes. discarded clothes. shops. crop residues. breweries and meat processing units produce organic wastes. Industrial Waste: Wastes from various types of small and large scale industries are called industrial wastes. bottles. Food Processing Units: z 86 Remnants. etc. cadmium. sand paper. body parts of dead animals. hydrocarbons and organic acids. waste paints and lubricants.. Industrial wastes include chemicals (lead. bottles. including cans. photographic wastes. waste products of dairies. polythene bags. bits of paper. i.e. sewage from toilets. empty metal and aluminium cans scrap metals. metals. plants or to the environment is called Non-toxic Waste. chemicals etc. plating sludges. fruits and vegetable peels. restaurants and schools that do not pose a serious problem to animals. plastics. food left-overs. wastes may be in the form of fibres used to wipe off Oil. ashes from burning coal. Their waste include inorganic sulphur compounds. rags. Burning produces oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which become toxic at high concentration. uranium and mercury and their compounds. nickel. For example. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . batteries. are some of the examples of domestic wastes. industrial by-products. These industries include petrochemical plants and oil refineries. Mining: z z Wastes generated during mining operations or excavations are called mining wastes. glass pieces. in a textile industry. cyanide. decaying fruits and vegetables. arsenic paints. packets.) Industries use a great deal of fuels for energy that produce waste gases and other materials. The dust emitted by cement industry a potential health hazard. mercury. wrappers.86 Non-Toxic z z z Non-Toxic wastes are the waste includes garbage. chlorinated solvents. and rubbish. offices. beryllium. cotton. The waste produced by households. These can be toxic or hazardous Cement industry : z Cement manufacturing industries produce various coarse and fine particles. etc Some of the toxic wastes are arsenic. Sources of Waste Domestic Waste: Wastes generated due to domestic activities are called domestic wastes. asbestos.. organo-chlorine pesticides. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from power stations cause health hazards because of their link with acid rain. corroded metal pieces. Food leftovers. lead. etc. paper products. pesticides residues. cellulose fibres and chemicals are rejected as waste material in paper industry. in the production of sugar. These include straw from Barley. In some fields. The effluents contain chlorine. Animal Waste: z These include excreta of farm animals. cadmium. the water reaches the groundwater level and these chemicals contaminate the groundwater. The effluents from these industries contain acids which have corrosive effects. These chemicals can affect the surface water during drainage and storm runoff. Pesticides and Insecticides: z z Pesticides and insecticides are toxic substances. sulphur dioxide etc. coir setting. dairy. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 87 .Chapter 14: Sources of Waste 87 Paper Industry: z Some of the wood chips. Chemical Industries: z These include manufacturing industries. rice. animal slurry and animal bedding such as poultry litter Processing Waste: z z It includes the waste produced by agro–based industries like sugar. lead. food processing. phosphorus or potassium. Some of the insecticides like DDT and aldrin. Metal Industries: z These industries discharge effluents containing copper. fertiliser. They are used to eliminate some of the insects or pests. chromium. For example. the extracted sugarcane juice is subjected to a series of purification processes for making it free from dirt. pesticides and several other industries. sorghum. Processing waste comprises waste water and solid wastes generated during the manufacturing processes. zinc etc.. affect humans and animals directly or through the food which they consume. cotton. edible oil. soyabean and alfa-alfa Process Residues: z These are the materials left after the processing of the crops into useful products. so separated is known as press mud. alkali manufacturing. beans. which are considered highly poisonous for the fish. In this purification process the solid waste. colour and organic matter. rye wheat and stalks from corn. oats. Agricultural waste Agricultural wastes include the following : There are two types of crop residues Field residues: z These are the materials left in an agricultural field or orchard after the crops have been harvested. Fertillisers: z z Agricultural fertilisers have components of nitrogen. which are toxic to man as well as to aquatic life. jute retting and pulp and paper. It requires safe disposal. Non-degradable or non biodegradable wastes are the wastes which cannot be degraded or broken down through microbial activities. 88 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Municipal waste Municipal waste is the waste generated in a municipality or a local government area. styrofoam products. offices. They are resistant to natural processes of decomposition. body parts. dirty water and numerous other substances. synthetic pesticides. leather shoes take 30-40 years. parks. cans. courts. In addition to the mineral and organic matter in the waste water. bottles. tin cans take 50-100 years. typewriter ribbons. radioactive fall-out. glasses. plastics. These wastes include: z needles. Example crude petroleum. They become breeding ground for harmful insects and rodents. glass bottles take a million years to decompose. schools. dead plants arid animals all belong to this category. restaurants. laundries and laboratories. bathrooms. domestic etc. etc. food wastes. However. stale food. etc.88 z Agricultural wastes can cause environmental problems. some industrial effluents and metals like lead Bio–medical wastes Bio-medical wastes are the wastes that are generated during the diagnosis. they can be decomposed. libraries. wrappers. over a long period of time. xerox paper bits. Leaves. tea leaves. lavatories. syringes. paper dirt. Biodegradable wastes can easily serve as alternate sources of energy. z pathological wastes such as blood. tissues. plant remains. Such waste is produced by shops. vegetable matter. egg shells. Municipal. rubber. hospitals. if they are not disposed of properly. soiled dressings. Biodegradable wastes can be further classified into: Simple Biodegradable Waste: These wastes are easily broken down by natural processes of decomposition. faecal remains. Burning of wheat or rice straw gives rise to smoke which pollutes the environment. domestic and agricultural solid wastes that can be degraded by micro-organisms are called degradable or biodegradable wastes. soapy wastes. cotton pads. dry leaves. carbon papers. z infectious wastes like of cultures and stock of infectious agents. Domestic sewage is the waste water from kitchens. and is collected from public waste bins. human foetuses and chemicals used for pathological tests. paper packets. treatment and immunisation of human beings or animals. z wastes from surgery and autopsy. cooked items. pencil shavings. Gobargas (biogas) is an example of conversion of biodegradable wastes into energy. vegetable peels. faeces. polymer. banks. broken pens. For example. Examples of this type of waste are vegetable wastes. DegradabIe and Non-degradable Wastes z z z z z z Municipal wastes generated in various offices include used paper cuttings. domestic sewage also comprises human excrement such as urine. groundnut husks. Complex Biodegradable Waste: The waste material that comes under this category is not easily decomposed. waste water. body fluids. Sewage: z Municipal sewage is the liquid waste which is extremely foul in nature. glass pieces. tissue papers. We must be careful while disposing of waste material under this category. The leakage of nuclear radiations from nuclear reactors and nuclear research laboratories is a significant source of nuclear waste. tubes. gloves. This dust often comes down o the earth mixed with rain. Some of it percolates down through the soil into groundwater reservoirs or is carried into streams arid rivers. During nuclear tests. etc. chemicals. expired medicines including pills. These rays are highly penetrating Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 89 . whose disintegration results in radiation emission which may be highly injurious. Nuclear waste Nuclear waste is the radioactive waste generated from nuclear energy industry Radioactive elements such as uranium and radium have highly unstable atomic nuclei. polythene bags. empty plastic bottles. containers having innocuous or inert gas and aerosol from hazardous wastes. blades and other glass material.. capsules. radioactive dust may encircle the globe at altitudes of 3000 metres or more.Chapter 14: Sources of Waste z z z 89 used and discarded medical instruments such as scalpels. Medical X-rays constitute about 18 per cent of artificial radiations used in radiotherapy for diagnostic purposes. etc. anthrax. Rodents: Plague. Industrialisation and urbanisation pollute water in the following manner. etc. Nature has recycled waste materials for millions of years. Waste causes pollution. Hence. Human population has increased so rapidly during the last century that the environment is now threatened by our activities and the wastes they produce. Bacterial: Cholera. gastro-enteritis. hydrated diseases. There are also other pollutants like radioactive substances. Tsetse fly: Sleeping sickness. etc Sandfly: Kala-azar. which in turn causes the damage. Sewage contains organic matter that cannot be decomposed Industrial and commercial waste has toxic agents including metal salts and complex synthetic organic chemicals. Human beings are affected by pollution: z z by drinking contaminated water. Hence. Fertilisers and pesticides produce pollutants. dysentery. chikungunya. diarrhoea. diarrhea 90 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . encephalitis etc. diarrhoea etc. mosquitoes. cholera. there is an urgent need for management of waste Transmission of Diseases Waste on land : Various diseases spread on an epidemic scale due to waste accumulation on land and water bodies. Protozoan: Amoebiosis. degradation of soils and contamination of water sources There is a close connection between waste. Human beings are affected by pollution. filaria. Here is a list of common diseases spread by mosquitoes. Pet animals z Dog – Rabies. dengue. (Black fever) sandfly fever. typhoid. rodents and pet animals.90 Chapter 15: Need for Management of Waste Introduction: We move waste from one place to another but never get rid of it completely. pollution and the damage to the environment. by using contaminated water for purposes of personal hygiene and recreation. Housefly: Typhoid. Mosquitoes: Malaria. rodents and pet animals transmit these diseases. Common water borne diseases Viral: Viral hepatitis. z Cat – Dermatophytosis. there is an urgent need to manage waste disposal in an effective manner. yellow fever. salmonellosis etc. etc. flies. The waste is a breeding ground for such vectors. Vectors like flies. Much damage is done to the environment by the pollution of air. dysentery. the Ozone layer plays an important role in our life.Chapter 15: Need for Management of Waste 91 Helminthic: Roundworm. Concentration of solar radiation produces much heat. As the increase in temperature will be uniform all over the surface of the world. Causes of ozone layer depletion: when the Oxides of Nitrogen (NO and NO2) come in contact with Ozone (O3). They are: z Carbon dioxide (CO2) z Methane (CH4) z Nitrogen oxide (Nitrous oxide) z Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). Global Warming is also known as Greenhouse Effect. Effects of Global Warming are: Global temperature is likely to rise by 2°C to 5°C during the next century. In the second layer. Greenhouse effect and global warming: The rate of absorption of solar radiation by earth and its emission back into space as infrared waves balances the heat on the earth. Besides this. The carbon dioxide and other gases form a blanket around the globe which prevents the passage of infrared waves from the earth back into space. In spite of its low density. the sea level will rise by a few metres and most of the cities on the seashore may be submerged and coastal eco-life will be adversely affected. The warming up of the atmosphere is due to the greenhouse effect. there will be serious climatic changes. Due to the presence of Ozone layer. their chemical reaction destroys Ozone layer. z Water vapour. which in turn will effect the groundwater table. Depletion of Ozone Layer ¾ The atmosphere is mainly divided into five layers (i) Troposphere (ii) Stratosphere (iii) Mesosphere (iv) Ionosphere (v) Exosphere. This phenomenon is similar to that of a greenhouse in which the glass enclosed area gets heated up due to the insulation from the rest of the environment. the Stratosphere which lies at the height of 20 km to 50 km from the Earth’s surface. These gases are known as Greenhouse Gases. supersonic aeroplanes move through the stratosphere and emit huge amount of Nitrogen gas which depletes the Ozone layer. lies the Ozone layer. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 91 . This phenomenon plays a very important role in maintaining surface temperature of the earth. which have strong power to damage the Ozone layer. thredworm. Due to rise in temperature by 2°C to 5°C. Higher temperature will cause rise in transpiration. La. Ozone layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun and protects the life on the Earth from their harmful effects. Another important causative factor of Ozone layer depletion is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). making the earth a very warm place. Hence. there is a chance of melting of ice caps on the Earth’s poles. This will bring various changes in wind arid rain pattern. Greenhouse gases There are five gases which are mainly responsible for the Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming. ultraviolet rays and Infrared rays from the sun cannot reach the Earth surface directly. Then. nitric acid and nitrous acid. public awareness of the health hazards of waste is necessary. Precipitation from air as acid rain and dry deposition of pollutants on land surface contribute to soil pollution. cardboard from used paper. availability of phosphorus. Soil Health ¾ Soil is the foundation for a healthy biosphere.g. These acids. paints. Le. fences and railings. cans and steel) from old articles. Plastic become brittle when they come in contact with ultraviolet rays. paper and metals (like aluminium. fish and other animals on continental shelves get affected by ultraviolet rays. Burning of coal. containers. foam and thermal insulating materials in spray and packaging industries. nitrogen. Plant leaves get burnt and dry. ¾ Chemicals and minerals in the soil react with chemical pollutants. During the use of such materials. wood or petroleum produce sulphur and nitrogen. Effects of Acid Rain Acid rain increases acidity in the soil and destroys forests and crops. biological nitrogen fixation in soil is affected by acid rain. 92 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . ¾ During rain. These pollutants combine with plant nutrients and the plants are consumed by animals. bottles. Therefore. There is need to manage the waste properly. e. etc. bridges. that is use the same product several times. These two react with oxygen and are converted into their respective oxides–sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. a lot of CFCs ultimately get dispersed into the atmosphere The ultraviolet rays cause genetic disorders which ultimately affect heredity. Increased concentration of ultraviolet rays disturb ecological balance in marine ecosystem. Transformation of sulphur. Acid Rain ¾ Acid Rain means the presence of excessive acids in rainwater. monuments. For example acid rain produced by the pollutants from the Mathura oil refinery has been turning the white marble surface of the Taj Mahal into yellow. statues.92 All the developed and developing countries are using CFCs–type chemicals as refrigerants in aerosol. It affects the human nervous system by causing neurological diseases. these oxides react with large quantities of water vapour in the atmosphere to form acids like sulphuric acid. ¾ Polluted soils cause reduction in mineralisation and decomposition processes. We can reuse the materials for packaging. for example. We can reduce our use of resources. Reduction. Aquatic species are affected due to acid rain. sulphurous acid. It corrodes buildings. when they precipitate together with rain or snow form acid rain. We can recycle materials such as glass. which are soluble in water. since it contaminates air and water. plastics. It poses a serious threat to human health. Acid rain affects the plant growth. Green algae. ¾ We can recycle the used items to make new material. Reuse and recycle. Destruction of the soil is synonymous with the destruction of the biosphere Waste management ¾ One of the easiest ways of management of waste is the ‘3-R’ system. Animals eat such grass and get affected by toxins. insects. ¾ For example. wells etc. industrial. ¾ Decomposition of wastes produces harmful gases that pollute the air around us.Chapter 16: Impact of Waste Accumulation 93 Chapter 16: Impact of Waste Accumulation Introduction: ¾ Accumulated solid wastes when left uncared. ¾ During rains. particulates (small particles) and toxic heavy metals such as lead and mercury. start decomposing. fuel wood or petroleum produces sulphur and nitrogen which react with oxygen and are converted into their respective oxides–sulphur oxide and nitrogen dioxide. ¾ Many monuments are affected by acid rain. ¾ Industrial waste contains harmful chemicals. Pollution ¾ Pollution is caused by man by the addition of waste toxic chemicals through the atmosphere into the biosphere. Examples are: the Parthenon of Athens. ¾ Burning of coal. Both open dumps and landfills may contain toxins that seep into the soil and the water bodies and cause soil and water pollution respectively. live in the accumulated waste heaps and carry germs of various diseases to human habitations. ¾ A chemical reaction occurs between the acid of the acid rain and the buildings. A number of pathogenic (disease-causing) bacteria.) and cause water pollution. These toxic chemicals and heavy metals get deposited in animal tissues and harm living things along the food chain. Open dumps not only ruin the natural beauty of the land but also provide a home to rats and other disease carrying organisms. ponds. ¾ Flies. virus and fungi grow in these wastes. ¾ The uncontrolled burning of accumulated waste creates smoke and other air pollutants that release toxic substances into the environment and cause air pollution. ¾ All this leads to outbreak of epidemics and other health hazards. grass gets some toxic chemicals from the soil. rodents etc. the Taj Mahal of Agra. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 93 . commercial. Spoilage of Landscape: ¾ Much of the worlds solid waste is simply dumped onto vacant land and left to decompose. ¾ Both open dumps and landfills may contain poisonous substances that seep into the groundwater or flow into streams and lakes. municipal and agricultural wastes. ¾ The main sources of waste are domestic. Agriculture and the food processing industry are considered to be the largest contributors to the total annual production of solid wastes. rainwater may take the decomposed waste along with pathogens (disease causing germs) to our water bodies (rivers. the colosseum of Rome. It exerts a pressure on the monument surface leading to corrosion of its body. ¾ The handling of solid wastes is a problem because most disposal methods cause harm to the environment. if not managed properly. Cadmium: Causes cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. plants and animals. z Radioactive waste. The water logging results in breeding of mosquitoes in the stagnant water which spread diseases like malaria and chikungunya. Asbestos: Causes asbestosis. Small fish feed on these zooplanktons and large fish in turn consume these small fish. kidney damage. Algae and phytoplankton use carbon dioxide. Health hazards Spread of Disease Through Contamination: Several incidents around the world have demonstrated the potential harm of accumulation of waste on human health. When nutrients become abundant due to waste accumulation. remains externally harmful to human health for many years Effect on Terrestrial Life ¾ Terrestriai life includes all the organisms that live on land – human beings. Waste dumped near a water source percolates through the soil into the water bodies and contaminates the water. Waste that is not properly managed is a serious health hazard. Affects mucus membrane of eyes and lungs. They serve as food for microscopic animals (zooplankton). the growth of phytoplankton and algae increases. inorganic nitrogen and phosphate from the water as food. light and heat into the water body is reduced. although present in small quantities. Consequently. it produces a large quantity of methane gas. This causes death of most of the aquatic organisms. Mercury: Causes nerve and brain damage. industrial effluents and fertilisers from agricultural fields. causes behavioural disorders and can also cause death. ¾ As accumulated waste decomposes. Nickel: Causes respiratory problems. Effects of Toxic Particulate Materials Lead: Affects blood system.94 ¾ These animals directly or indirectly pass on these toxins to the human beings through their dairy products or meat. The process of eutrophication takes place due to introduction of nutrients and chemicals through discharge of domestic sewage. seas and lakes results in the accumulation of toxic substances in the water bodies and further in the food chain through plants and animals. lung cancer and affects heart. 94 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . shortness of breath and lung cancer. weight loss. z Arsenic is another chemical that has been shown to cause cancer. draining water of all its oxygen. Beryllium: -Causes berylliosis. Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers. This is highly explosive. the penetration of oxygen. Causes shortness of breath. kidney damage. lung cancer. Eutrophication: It is the process of depletion of oxygen from water bodies occurring either naturally or due to human activities. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tuto orials – X ICS SE – Geograph hy 95 . Biom magnificattion: T The tem Biomagnifica B ation meanss increasin ng the c concentration n of variouss toxic subsstances alon ng the f food chain. Sanitary S land dfills are not fit for human n settlements s because methane m and carbon dioxiide gases s start coming up in the firsst two years. an acts in nsects. smells fou ul. Two T categoriies of waste that cause greatest g dam mage to aqua atic life are – pesticides. z dust deposited on le eaves blockk the stoma ata of plantts. Sometimes these animals con nsume toxins s or nond degradable s substances like plastic ca arry bags pre esent in the waste w and die e due to choking. Effec ct on Aq quatic Liife: W Waste accum mulation can cause signifficant damag ge to aquatic life. z Decrease e in transpirattion. A small amo ount of toxicc constituen nt which is neither e excreted norr metabolised. z Reduction n in the rate of o photosynthesis. number n of leaves and number off grains per spike s in case e of crops like e wheat. The T toxins ca ause: z different ty ypes of leaf injuries. gets incre eased as th he food c chain movess upward from m one trophic level to th he next a the toxicc constituentss become co and oncentrated. pigs p and cow ws are direcctly affected by waste w when they fe eed on the waste for fo ood. Burning g of waste in the open dump yards causes smo oke and foul smelling a air. which w run o agricultural lands and off d industrial and a domestic c wastes tha at are improp perly dispose ed of into w water bodiess. Effec cts on Animals and d Birds : S Scavangers and stray animals like dogs. both fre esh water and d marine. d rats. rats a and other aniimals that s spread disea ases. These d decrease the e rate of transpiration and inhib bit the absorp ption of nutrie ents from so oil. Plant life is affe ected either by direct d deposition off harmful toxiins from wasstes or indirectly through soil. z reduction in biological nitrogen fixa ation. z smoke em mitted by burrning of wasste causes re eduction in ro oot and shoo ot lengths. Toxic substances at the level of primary p p producers ge et concentra ated at each trophic le evel as t they move up p the food ch hain.Chapter 16: 1 Impact of Waste Accum mulation 95 Effec cts on Hum man Bein ngs: A Accumulation n of solid waste looks ugly. z premature e leaf fall. The T wastes consumed c byy animals alsso lead to ma any diseasess and other p problems. Effec cts on Pla ants : W Waste accum mulation hass dangerous effect on plant life. The T phenom menon of concentrated toxic t deposition at t higher tro the ophic level iss known as bio-accumulation. Marine pollution is a great threat to sea-life (plants and animals). it reaches brain to cause progressive irreversible damage. Mercury in Minamata contaminated and killed different sea bird species feeding on fishes. Case study: Minamata tragedy Minamata. Fishing in Minamata Bay was banned in 1957. a coastal town of Japan. as mercury was identified to be the reason for toxicity.96 Example: Carelessness and the deliberate dumping of wastes and oil spills in the seas and oceans pollute water and damage beaches. pesticide industry etc. Pesticides with mercury add a considerable proportion of mercury to natural water bodies. In 1953 some fishermen fell ill in Minamata and their illness was detected to be caused by consuming fishes caught from the Minamata Bay. Methyl mercury can break the barrier between blood cells and nerve cells. had a factory of Vinyl Chloride in 1952. Oil spills decrease the penetration of light and hamper the photosynthesis process. liver and kidney problems and damage the nervous system. Mercury contamination also results from wastes of other industries like paper and pulp industry. 96 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . They also retard the rate of oxygen uptake by water and adversely affect the development of marine organisms. increase their susceptibility to disease and affect their reproductive processes. The epidemic in Minamata is now known as Minamata Disease. They also lead to gastrointestinal irritation. chlorine industry. it used to discharge effluents with methyl mercury into the sea. Thus. ponds or lakes and if the water seeps down it could pollute the groundwater. metals. the waste is packed and dumped daily at the site and is covered with earth to prevent insects or rodents from entering into the landfill. These sweepings can be converted into compost and used for the maintenance of these gardens and parks. recycling it or disposing it in any other accepted waste disposal method. Sanitary Landfill In this method. production of methane from the decomposition of organic matter. cloth. ¾ Another danger of open dumping is that rainwater could carry the harmful substances to the nearby streams. z In the second phase.. ¾ It should be the duty of each household to segregate domestic waste into different dustbins like biodegradable and non-biodegradable and then convert biodegradable ones into other useful products like compost or gobar gas. Physical. that are the carriers of harmful diseases. etc. this is the cheapest method and does not need much planning. ¾ Urban residential colonies should undertake collective efforts for safe disposal of domestic waste as well as sweepings from the gardens and public parks. Even in colonies various types of dustbins are used to segregate glass. the waste is segregated before it is disposed of. Dumping ¾ In this method. aerobic bacteria deplete the available oxygen and as a result the temperature increases. The burning of waste material in the open dumps pollutes the air. methane. ¾ However. chemical and biological reactions take place generating different gases like carbon dioxide. The waste undergoes the following five phases: z During the first phase of operation. and the system returns to aerobic state. The waste then is subjected to bacterial decomposition. ¾ They give out foul odour. files insects etc. waste materials are dumped in open low lands far away from the city.Chapter 17: Safe Disposal of Waste 97 Chapter 17: Safe Disposal of Waste Segregation ¾ In industrialised countries like Japan. z Phase three establishes population of bacteria and the beginning of methanogenic activity. and each type is handled separately by reusing it.e. z In the fourth phase the methanogenic activity becomes stabilized. This method is not environment friendly. z The fifth phase depletes the organic matter. i. ammonia and hydrogen sulphide. Advantages z It is free from air pollution from burning. The sanitary landfill system of disposing of waste is essentially a biological method. anaerobic conditions become established and hydrogen and carbon dioxide are evolved. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 97 . paper. The open pits spoil the sight of the area and become a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Storage of Municipal Solid Waste Storage facilities as following: z Storage facilities should be set up and established by taking into account quantities of waste generation in an area and its population density. z Manual handling of waste should be avoided. This condition should apply till the landfill is stabilised. z Horticultural and construction wastes should be separately collected and disposed of. Plantation at Landfill Site A vegetative cover should be provided over the landfill site in accordance with the following specifications: z Locally adopted non-edible perennial plants that are resistant to drought and extreme temperatures should be planted. z Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes should not be mixed with municipal solid. office complexes commercial areas. The storage facility is to be so placed that it is accessible to users. Waste should not be visible to public. restaurants. z The plants grown should be such that their roots do not penetrate more than 30 cms. Municipal Waste Management: Collection of Municipal Solid Wastes The following steps should be taken by the municipal authorities: z Organising house-to-house collection of municipal solid wastes. dry leaves) should not be burnt. This prevents the wastes from being scattered. Transportation of Municipal Solid Wastes: Vehicles used for transportation of wastes should be covered. z Waste (garbage. nor exposed to open environment Segregation of Municipal Solid Wastes: ¾ The municipal authorities should undertake phased programme to ensure community participation in waste segregation.98 z The health problems are minimised since files. wastes. z Stray animals should not be allowed to move around waste storage facilities. z Devising collection of waste from slums and squatter areas or localities including hotels. z These facilities are to be so designed that wastes stored are not exposed to open atmosphere and are aesthetically acceptable and user-friendly. rats and other pests cannot breed in the landfill because of the covered wastes a it is mostly free from fire hazards. z Storage facilities or ‘bins’ should have ‘easy to operate’ design for handling. z Selected plants should have the ability to thrive on low-nutrient soil with minimum nutrient addition. 98 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . transfer and transportation of waste. Chapter 17: Safe Disposal of Waste 99 Composting: ¾ Composting of waste is an aerobic (in the presence of air) method of decomposing solid wastes. z It suppresses plant diseases. Then the compost is left for another month without turning for the process to take effect. These contaminants need to be removed from waste waters so that the treated water can be used for beneficial purposes. For example. has undesirable components which are harmful to the environment and human health. z It prevents pollution by preventing pollutants in storm water run-off from draining into water resources. Advantages of Composting The major benefits of composting are: z It enhances soil nutrients and water retention capacity of soils. Manual Method In India. ¾ The composting process produces carbon dioxide and heat which can be used for various purposes like cooking. both the manual as well as mechanical methods of composting are used. Mechanical Method: In the mechanical process. used in Bengaluru and adopted by other cities in the country. both domestic and industrial. The material is riot turned at all but it decomposes completely in about five months. This method of composting is known as the Indore Method. z It absorbs odours and degrading volatile organic compounds. The waste material is placed in layers about one metre deep. ¾ The micro-organisms help to stabilise the organic matter. This method 0f composting is known as the Bengaluru Method. Layers of vegetable waste and night soils are alternated in a shallow hole dug in the ground. ¾ The treatment of waste water is carried out to the required degree in three basic stages. In the rural areas composting refuse and night soil mixtures are dumped together which produce manure for the fields. fungi starts working in the first week after dumping of the material. ¾ The organic wastes from households are made to undergo decomposition in such a way that bacteria and other micro-organisms break them down and produce a safe. ¾ Moisture content is an important factor in aerobic composting. The mixture is turned regularly for about three months to provide air to the mixture. Drainage and Treatment of Effluents ¾ Waste water. z It rejuvenates poor soils by adding humus. ¾ It may be necessary sometimes to add water to maintain moisture content. ¾ The process involves decomposition of organic waste into humus known as compost which is a good fertiliser for plants. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 99 . clean and soil-like material called compost. 100 ¾ These are – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary treatment stages. However, the specific stages required for water treatment may vary depending on the quality of the waste water and the desired quality of water, as well as the cost of treatment. Primary Treatment: The primary treatment of waste water includes physical separation of suspended solids as well as odour and colour. Screening and Settling: z z z z It is the first stage of primary treatment which is used to remove coarse solids like sticks, rags, boards and other large objects from waste water. Here, the waste water is passed through screens such as a wire mesh, a perforated sheet or a set of parallel steel bars which remove the coarse particles. Waste water also contains inorganic solids such as pebbles, sand, silt, egg shells, glass and metal fragments along with heavier organic matter such as bonechips, seeds etc. Together these materials are known as grit. To remove these impurities, the waste water is made to enter a grit chamber where the flow velocity of water decreases. This reduced flow velocity of waste water allows the grit to settle down. The grit is then removed from the grit chamber either by hand or mechanically. Water free from suspended coarse solids and grit then flows into a sedimentation tank. Sedimentation: z In this process, the water is first of all stored in large basins. Storing the water for a long time in reservoirs, allows sand particles, clay, silt and other suspended materials to settle at the bottom of the basin as sludge. The sludge is removed as underflow either by vacuum suction or by taking it to a discharge point at the bottom of the basin for withdrawal. The clear liquid obtained above is called the overflow and contains no readily settleable matter. Coagulation or Flocculation: z z In this process, the sedimented water is subjected to a chemical process. The primary purpose of this process is to remove turbidity from water. Turbidity is a cloudy appearance of water caused by small particles suspended therein. Water with high turbidity is difficult to disinfect properly. By flocculation turbidity as well as many suspended bacteria in the water is removed. A coagulant such as aluminium sulphate or alum is added to the water. The coagulant facilitates the agglomeration or flocculation of fine particles suspended in water. The coagulant reacts with water and forms a bulky precipitate. The agglomerated particles, known as floccules, are again separated by sedimentation or filtration. Filtration: z It is a physico-chemical process for separating suspended impurities from water by passing it through a barrier of sand matrix of fibrous material or coal particles. This process removes microorganisms as well as the remaining fine particles Secondary Treatment of Water Water treated by primary treatment still contains a large number of pathogenic arid nonpathogenic organisms as well as high quantity of organic matter. The organic matter has a high demand for oxygen which must be reduced so that the waste water becomes suitable for discharge into water bodies. Therefore, it has to undergo the process of secondary treatment. In this method, the organic matter is biologically degraded by microorganisms. Hence, it is also known as biological treatment. 100 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 Chapter 17: Safe Disposal of Waste 101 The waste water after primary treatment enters a tank where the organic matter is brought into contact with sludge, heavily laden with micro-organisms. Air is introduced into the tank in the form of bubbles through diffusers. The micro-organisms in the sludge digest the organic matter in the waste water coming from the primary treatment tank and reduce the HOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) to an acceptable low level. After this, the water leaves the aeration tank and carries with it the suspended biomass, i.e., the sludge having organic matter. A part of this biomass is used again to consume more organic matter from waste water and hence named ‘activated sludge’. The remaining sludge is removed from the system and disposed of as landfill. The treated water, free from impurities flows to another tank. This method of waste water treatment is known as ‘active sludge’ method. Tertiary Treatment of Water: Tertiary treatment, also called Advanced Waste Treatment, is the collective name given to the processes that are used to improve the quality of water that has received primary and secondary treatment. The pollutants removed in this process may include nutrients such as phosphorus or nitrogen, which may support algal growth in water bodies; and organic materials such as pesticides and insecticides which give a peculiar colour, taste and odour to water and lead to health problems. The purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide water quality adequate for industrial, agricultural, domestic and recreational uses. The purpose of the treatment is also to minimise the probability of human exposure to viruses and other pathogens in order to get rid of the micro–organisms, chlorine or bleaching powder is added to the water to disinfect it. Sometimes disinfection is carried out by using ultra-violet light, ozone or silver ions. Incineration ¾ Incineration is the process of controlled high temperature oxidation of primarily organic compounds that release thermal energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. ¾ In short, incineration involves burning of wastes at a very high temperature. The waste to be burnt is fed into an incineration chamber (or kiln) and combustion consumes or destroys the organic component. Advantages of Incineration incineration as a system of waste disposal has the following advantages: z It is a useful technology to deal with large quantities of organic hazardous wastes that have high calorific value and cannot be dealt with by other methods. z Incineration kills pathogenic organisms and reduces the volume of the waste. z It is useful to dispose of petroleum and plastic wastes in chemical industries. z Incineration of combustible waste produces much heat that can be used to produce steam from water which in turn can be utilised to generate electricity. Scrubber Scrubber is a device that employs spray of water to catch pollutants during emissions. In this process, water is introduced into a spray tower by means of a spray nozzle which allows downward flow of water. As the polluted gas flows upwards, the particulates present in the gas Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 101 102 ccollide with the water droplets d sprrayed from the spray nozzles. n Under the influence of g gravitational force, the liq quid droplets containing th he particulates settle at the bottom. Electrostatic c Precip pitators (ESPs) ( ¾ ESP P is a device that is used d for removin ng a wide ran nge of particu ulates including mists fro om gases. ESP Ps are used in i power plan nts, smelterss, cement pla ants and blasst furnaces. ¾ Elecctrostatic pre ecipitator works on the e principle of o electrosta atic precipita ation, i.e. electrically e charrged particulates presen nt in the polluted gas arre separated d from the g gas stream under u the influ uence of the electrical fielld. ¾ In th he removal process, p the polluted gas is made to o enter the Electrostatic E Precipitator.. The gas flow ws upwards between b the high voltage wire and gro ounded colle ecting surface e. The high voltage v in the wire lonises the gas and d the negativve ions move towards th he grounded surface and d pass on theirr negative ch harge to the dust d particles. ¾ The en these neg gatively charg ged dust particles are drrawn toward ds the positivvely charged d particles colle ector surface e, where they finally get deposited. Knocking K on these platess makes the e particles fall into i a hopper tray for disp posal. Adva antages of o ESPs T The advantag ges of using ESPs are th he following: z ESPs are economical to operate. z They prov vide high efficiencies, uptto 99 per cen nt. z They are dependable and predicta able. z They do not n produce a moisture plume. 102 Universal Tuto orials – X ICS SE – Geograph hy Volu ume 2 of 4 This would save trees which are normally used for making paper pulp. we also use recycling process by treating the waste before it is used in a manufacturing process. Reusing the Waste. Flyash is also used in making of the roads and filling up low-lying areas. ¾ They segregate them and supply them to specialised artisans who make utility articles from such material and make a living from their skill. shoes or chappals are made from old tyres. lamps are made from tin cans. ¾ In developing countries like India. Thus. and Recycling the Waste. Incineration can be used to get rid of inflammable wastes. tin cans are reused. etc. Bagasse can be used in the manufacture of paper pulp. non. Waste can be effectively managed by using the following three strategies: Reducing the Waste. water bags are made from leather. ¾ Bricks are made from flyash. ¾ Waste Concentration: By using scientific techniques such as precipitation and evaporation the amount of liquid waste can be reduced. bottles. Waste collectors. Bagasse is also used for making packaging material of dairy Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 103 . broken pieces of crockery. ¾ Segregation of Waste: First of all. for instance glass. These materials have some value. In zinc electroplating chlorides are used in the process instead of using the sulphate salt in order to eliminate the production of cyanides. etc. thus. Recycle of Waste: ¾ Besides reusing the materials by using physical processes.hazardous waste are separated from hazardous waste rather than dumping them together. help in making new production processes. For example. we have tonnes of bagasse from sugarcane during a particular season. a beautiful garden (Rock Garden) has been created by Nek Chand in Chandigarh using waste products like tin cans. wood fibre and paper products. steel tyres. ¾ Example: In India. ¾ Some solid wastes from the industry can be utilised directly. some of the waste materials like old glass bottles. Reusing the Waste: ¾ In our houses and in industries many materials are discarded as wastes. Many waste collectors roam about in residential areas and industrial units to collect the solid wastes.Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 103 Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle Introduction: ¾ In the modern industrial world. Reducing the waste ¾ Change of Process: By changing a modem method to make the best use of raw materials reduces the waste generation in industries. rubber. metal pieces. they reduce the burden of waste disposal. Flyash from power plants is used as a cement substitute. waste has become an environmental and public health hazard. ¾ For example. paper bags. The force in the hydropulper is so great that the sheets of paper are rapidly broken down to a slurry. and To make laws and acts for environment protection and to initiate penal measures against those who violate these laws. It is then fed into another unit for the removal of dirt and tar. To monitor development through Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of major project proposals. plastic coatings. The fibres in the paper are retained and unacceptable materials are drained off. etc. roads. Plastic is non. control and develop a country’s forests. The pulp of waste paper is passed over a riffer system. ¾ The Government’s environmental policy focuses on the following areas: To check degradation of land and water through Wasteland Management and Restoration of river water quality programmes. Waste paper has grit. industries. major irrigation systems. ink. used and discarded cloth and used paper. The conveyor belt feeds the paper to a hydropulper where it is smashed in water at about 38°C. dams. Recycled paper is used for printing only a few times because with each recycle the fibres become weak. 104 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Most of the used paper is made into cardboard. The recycled plastic bags are harmful because the melting of plastic and plastic products breaks some polymer chains into smaller units which are harmful. etc. The paper slurry is thickened before it is fed into the paperboard machines. paperboard. tar. mangroves and protection of endangered species. biosphere reserves. paper clips. ¾ The Government is not just the protector of the country’s environment but also has a major responsibility for sustaining environmental conscience. wetlands. recycled or buried in landfills. means of transportation. ¾ In India. The bonds of carbon in plastic are impossible to break down through a physical or chemical process. the Ministry of Environment and Forests is the main nodal agency for generating environment consciousness and making and implementing schemes for environmental protection. Government initiatives ¾ The Central and State Governments own. The plastic bags which are extensively used in India are made from recycled plastic.104 products. The recycled product is weaker than similar product made from fresh fibres. Waste paper is fed on to a conveyor belt. Paper industry recycles pieces of wood from furniture industry. They have to be incinerated. sand. Plastic: Plastics are recycled by plastic manufacturers. To provide for conservation of natural resources by direct action such as declaration of reserved forests. power stations. railways. etc. About 80 per cent of the plastic waste is recycled in India. ports. rubber bands.biodegradable. Paper: The paper industry segregates waste paper from a huge discarded dump. plan and execute a nationwide programme for the prevention. file a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) and get their problems solved. For the construction of such big dams large areas of forest and agricultural lands get submerged in water. People lose their ancestral home as well as their community life and traditional occupation. ¾ The government has a major role in environmental protection. This has reduced air pollution in Delhi to a considerable extent. They can also take measures for reducing the use of electricity and finding alternative sources of energy. specially vehicular pollution can be uinimised by adopting car pool method. So it is the duty of each individual to see that his / her actions do not pollute the environment. under the laws of the land. ¾ Building of a dam disrupts the ecosystem of the river and destroys the aquatic as well as terrestrial life around it. Social Initiatives ¾ Environmental protection is not the responsibility of the government alone. ¾ Therefore. ¾ The government sets up various committees under the charge of experts to evaluate the impact of various projects on environment. etc. All sections of the society have to participate in this endeavour. If air and water resources in an area are unfit and do not meet the acceptable standard. For example.Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 105 ¾ The Environment Protection Act (1986) empowers the Central government to coordinate actions of State Governments. group housing societies can initiate steps for waste management by making provisions for segregating wastes. and transformation through highly efficient biotechnology to produce environment friendly products. An important issue which has been hotly debated in recent decades is the adverse effects of constructing big dams. taking measures for recycling wastes like making compost pits. the society has to play an important role in maintaining environmental standards in the following ways: Society is made of individuals together. ¾ For example. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 105 . It is the government’s duty to find out ways and means of improving efficiency of existing technologies and introduce new ecofriendly technologies. ¾ Another serious consequence of building big dams is the large scale displacement of people from their homes. These developments have adverse environmental and socio -economic consequences. If suitable action is not forthcoming they can. ¾ Eco-friendly technology is based on renewable resources as raw material as well as energy. They have to face the uncertainties of resettling in unfamiliar and often inhospitable locations. Air pollution. ¾ Environmental activists have been urging the Government not to construct big dams. Displacement disrupts the entire life-cycle of the people. the government initiated the development and use of CNG in automobiles instead of petrol and diesel. Groups of individuals together can make a huge difference in maintaining environmental standards. to reduce vehicular pollution in Delhi. control and abatement of environmental pollution. It is ultimately the society that suffers due to environmental degradation. This will also save huge amounts of money spent on importing petroleum from other countries. ¾ The Government has to ensure that environmental standards are strictly followed to prevent any damage to the environment caused by the construction of big dams. the people of the area can organise themselves and force the responsible agencies to take necessary action. This would reduce demand on wood and save trees. Use CFC-free refrigerators. Recycle used paper.visits use bicycle or go on foot. they can provide infrastructure for using solar energy in place of electricity. Save electricity by not wasting it when not required because electricity saved is electricity generated without polluting the environment. Use rechargeable batteries. Use eco-friendly products.106 z z Community can play a significant role in environmental protection by creating awareness and educating people about the need to conserve and manage natural resources. For example: they can make provisions for rainwater harvesting in their colonies to conserve rain water. Cut down the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as they destroy the ozone layer. laundry detergent and shampoo. Use organic manure instead of commercial inorganic fertilizers. Group Housing Societies and Residents Welfare Associations (RWAs) can play a significant role in conserving natural resources. Use chemicals derived from peaches and plums to clean computer chips and circuit boards instead of CFCs. as trees can absorb toxic gases and purify the air by releasing oxygen. Rechargeable batteries will reduce metal pollution. Reduce the use of paper by using computer storage system. ¾ It can be done by following ways: 106 Use carry bags made of paper or cloth instead of polythene. Decrease the use of automobiles. Help more in pollution prevention than pollution control. city. Use biodegradable dish washing liquid. state or national level but also at the global level. they can make arrangements for collecting and segregating waste and turning the biodegradable waste into compost: Individual Initiative: ¾ The role of every individual in environmental protection is of great importance because if every individual contributes substantially. Promote reuse and recycling wherever possible and reduce the production of waste. This will reduce eutrophication of water bodies. For short. Adopt and popularise renewable energy sources. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . Do not use styrofoam cups that have chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) molecules in them which destroy ozone layer. Plant more trees. Use mass transport system. the effect will be visible not only at the community. e. e. 13) Mention the types of waste on the basis of decomposition. Ans: Industry. 7) Define tanneries. produced as a result of various agricultural operations is termed as agricultural waste.g.g. poultry and harvest waste. 3) Mention any three types of domestic wastes.. Ans: Coal and petroleum. Most of the domestic waste is dumped on land in the form of refuse. plutonium and Thorium. 10) What is agricultural waste? Ans: Unusable materials. 4) Mention any three types of industrial wastes. 15) What is non–biodegradable waste? Give two examples. Ans: Paper. household and municipal. Ans: Non-biodegradable waste includes that material which does not breakdown or decompose in the soil. Ans: Uranium.. Ans: Tanneries are major source of pollution because tanneries use harmful chemicals. 16) What is complex biodegradable waste? Ans: The waste material which does not decompose easily and has resistance to break down are called Complex biodegradable waste. agriculture.” Justify. faecal matter etc. 11) Mention any two agricultural wastes. 2) Mention any four waste producing sources. liquids. oil refineries and nuclear power plant. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 107 . Ans: Mining.Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 107 REVIEW QUESTION AND ANSWER: Section I: [2 Marks] 1) What is waste? Which is most common place of disposal? Ans: Waste is any material or substance that is of no further use and has been discarded. Ans: Tanneries are the factories where leather is made from the skirts of dead animals. Ans: Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable 14) What is biodegradable waste? Give two examples. 6) Mention any two fuels used by cement industry. Ans: Fruit and vegetables peels. 5) Mention any two kitchen wastes. are called Simple biodegradable waste. 17) What is simple biodegradable waste? Ans: The waste that gets decomposed quickly through natural processes like dead remains of animals and plants. 12) What is incineration? Ans: The process of burning waste in large furnaces is known as incineration. These skins are tanned with chemicals. plastic goods and batteries. fruits and vegetables. 9) Mention the major raw materials used in the generation of nuclear power. 18) What is biomedical waste? Ans: Biomedical waste (BMW) consists of solids. liquid or solid. Ans: Biodegradable waste includes that material which breakdown or decompose in the soil. sharps and laboratory waste that are potentially infectious or dangerous and are considered biowaste. polythene bags and synthetic clothes. 8) “Tanneries are major source of pollution. Ans: Waste from agriculture. and scavenges. “The waste accumulation damages the aesthetic of the area. How textile industries cause pollution? A large amount of water is used to dye the flberes. hotels and restaurants. horticulture and sludge. What do you understand by landscape spoilage? Landscape spoilage refers to the unpleasant looks presented by an area. insects and other vermin attracted to open dump sites may pose health risks. methane and nitrous oxide. it gets mixed with a number of chemicals and becomes toxic. ii) Plastic waste clogs the drains. “We should not throw plastic bags in open”. can be useful to man”. It adversely affects the health of people and their living standard and environment also. i) The agricultural waste can be used to generate energy. Justify by giving two reasons. How indiscriminate dumping of waste cause adverse effects on public health? i) Diseases like diarrhea. “The agricultural waste. ii) The uncontrolled dumping of urban waste damages the beauty of the countryside. ii) If solid waste is burnt it may release harmful gases which can harm the health of nearby people. Household waste. a) Municipal waste includes solid and liquid waste generated by homes and offices.water. especially when heated. a) What is municipal waste? b) Mention any two non-biodegradable municipal wastes. CFC also. What type of waste is released from the thermal plants? Gaseous waste. i) Plastic is a non-biodegradable waste which does not breakdown or decomposes in the soil. malaria and plague are the. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . i) When the waste is dumped in an improper way. vectors. are susceptible to open burning and exposed to the elements. ii) Animal waste alongwith other plant material can be used in a compost to make manure. i) Rodents. What is open dumping? An open dumping is defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed off in a manner that does not protect the environment. Hospitals. Dump sites with scrap tires provide an ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes. What are the main sources of Municipal Waste? Mention any four. Carbon dioxide. rats. When this water released as waste. construction and demolition. result of such dumping of wastes. dysentery. clinics and nursing homes. Name the gases contributing potentially to Global Warming and Climate Change phenomenon. which can multiply 100 times faster than normal in the warm stagnant . street sweeping. b) Plastic and glass. commercials. flies etc. clinics and dispensaries. the landscape of the area gives unpleasant look. ii) Areas of waste accumulation normally become the breeding place of insects. if handled or managed properly. Mention any two health effects of open dumping. Why is styrofoam harmful to the environment? It is not recyclable and also releases toxic chemicals like styrene.108 19) Ans: 20) Ans: 21) Ans: 22) Ans: 23) Ans: 24) Ans: 25) Ans: 26) Ans: 27) Ans: 28) Ans: 29) Ans: 30) Ans: 31) Ans: 32) Ans: 108 Name the places that generate the biomedical waste.” Justify by giving two reasons. Give two reasons. Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 33) Ans: 34) Ans: 35) Ans: 36) Ans: 37) Ans: 38) Ans: 39) Ans: 40) Ans: 41) Ans: 42) Ans: 43) Ans: 44) Ans: 45) Ans: 46) Ans: 47) Ans: 48) Ans: 49) Ans: 109 Mention any four sources of industrial waste. Chemical units, thermal power plants, petrochemical plants and oil refineries. What is a radioactive pollution? The radioactive pollution is defined as the physical pollution of air, water by the radioactive materials. The ability of certain materials to emit the proton, gamma rays and electrons by their nuclei is known as the radioactivity. What is Eutrophication? The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates is known as eutrophication. Name the diseases leads by polluted air. Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer. Mention any two harmful gases. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide Mention any four sources that lead to radioactive pollution. Nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons, transportation, disposal of nuclear waste and uranium mining. Mention any three sources of marine pollution. Drilling of oil, accidental and deliberate discharge of crude oil and dumping of industrial waste into ocean. What is biomagnifications? The increasing concentration of a substance, such as toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain. As a result of biomagnifications, organisms at the top of the food chain generally suffer greater harm from persistent toxin or pollutant than those at lower level. Name the gases released in the process of mining. Methane and carbon monoxide. Mention any two serious effects of radiation. i) Radiation can lead to severe health hazards. ii) Effects of non-ionizing radiation at low levels are certain but ionizing radiation at high levels can cause cancer and increase in chromosome damage. How does groundwater get polluted? Various types of chemicals are released as waste by the factories and agricultural practices. Many of these chemicals are soluble in water. The water slowly seeps down to join underground water. Name any two organisms that spread the virus among people. Mosquitoes and flies How do workers in matchbox factory get affected from pollution? Workers that work in the matchbox factory is exposed to phosphorous which causes bone diseases. What is oil spilling? Release of liquid petroleum/ mineral oil into the environment is called oil spilling. Mention any four sources of oil pollution. Oil spill, garbage dumping, accumulation of toxic materials and industrial waste. Which is the most serious pollutant in the air? Sulphur dioxide. Mention any two harmful effects of carbon monoxide. i) It affects the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. ii) In some cases it can have negative impact on the vision also. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 109 110 50) Ans: 51) Ans: 52) Ans: 53) Ans: 54) Ans: 55) Ans: 56) Ans: 57) Ans: 58) Ans: 59) Ans: 60) Ans: 61) Ans: 62) Ans: 63) Ans: 64) Ans: 65) Ans: 66) Ans: 67) Ans: 68) Ans: 110 Name a pollutant which is released by vehicles. Lead. What is Waste Management? Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. Mention the forms of safe disposal of waste. Solid, liquid and gaseous. Mention any three methods of solid waste disposal. Segregation, dumping and composting. What is segregation? Segregation refers to the separation of waste into different categories of waste. Segregation depends upon the waste disposal technique. The most popular segregation is biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Mention any three forms of solid waste. Garbage, construction debris and industrial waste like chemicals. What is dumping? Dumping is an activity of depositing waste in an area. What is composting? Composting is a biological process in which microorganisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into humus-like substance. What is incineration? Reduction in weight and volume of solid waste disposal is called incineration. What is sewage? The wastewater discharged from domestic premises like residences, institutions and commercial establishments is known as sewage. What is air scrubber? Mention two methods of disposal. The air scrubbers are the anti-pollution devices used to trap the particles from the emissions of the gaseous waste. Air scrubber and Electrostatic precipitators. What is electrostatic precipitator? Electrostatic precipitators is an electric device to remove suspended impurities like dust, mist, fume etc. from the air. Name the 3Rs of waste management. Source Reduction, Reuse and Recycle Mention the steps involved in the process prior to recycling. i) Collection of waste from doorsteps, commercial places etc. ii) Collection of waste from community dumps. iii) Collection/ picking up of waste from final disposal sites. Name any four products which can be recycled and reused. Old copies, bottles, plates and clothes. Which is the apex administrative body in India for environmental protection? National Council for Environmental Policy and Planning. Mention two examples of preliminary operations. i) Screening and communication for the removal of debris and rags. ii) Grit removal for the elimination of coarse suspended matter that may cause wear or clogging of equipment. What is the principal function of primary treatment? To act as a precursor to secondary treatment Mention any two advantages of waste recycling. i) It leads to less utilization of raw materials. ii) It reduces environmental impacts arising from waste treatment and disposal. Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 111 69) What is source reduction? Ans: Source reduction can be defined as a product that results in a net reduction in the generation of waste compared to the previous or alternate version. 70) Mention any two devices which help in gaseous waste disposal. Ans: Air scrubber and electrostatic precipitators. 71) What is pyrolysis? Ans: Pyrolysis or destructive distillations is a process to decompose solid waste chemically by heat in oxygen reduced atmosphere. 72) Name any two legal provisions for waste management. Ans: i) Environment Protection Act (1986). ii) Biomedical Waste (management and handling) Rules 1998. 73) What is the main objective of primary waste management treatment? Ans: To remove organic matter. 74) Which is the most common method used for primary waste management treatment? Ans: Sedimentation. 75) Name any three items which can be recycled. Ans: Paper, plastic and glass. 76) “The removal/ control of nutrients in wastewater treatment are important for several reasons.” Explain. Ans: i) Wastewater discharges to confined bodies of water cause or accelerate the process of eutrophication. ii) Wastewater discharges to flowing streams reduce dissolved oxygen. Section II: [3 Marks] 1) Mention the waste generated by following industry units. (a) Cement factories (b) Oil refineries (c) Construction units Ans: a) Dust and harmful gases. b) Waste water, chemicals and harmful gases. c) Concrete, plaster, metal, wood etc. 2) How the following pollutes the environment? (a) Thermal plants (b) Nuclear plants Ans: a) i) Thermal plants release harmful gases in the air which causes air pollution. ii) Burning of coal leaves behind ash which causes air water and soil pollution. b) i) Uranium and Plutonium are the raw material used in the generation of nuclear energy. These wastes remain radioactive for thousands of years. ii) These wastes release harmful radiations which can lead to air, water and soil pollution. 3) How the following products add to environmental pollution? (a) Styrofoam (b) Glass Ans: a) i) It is not recyclable. ii) It releases toxic chemicals like styrene, especially when heated. b) i) Many organic and inorganic material are used to make glass. ii) Plastic, which is non-biodegradable, is also used to make glass. 4) Distinguish between biodegradable and non- biodegradable waste. Ans: Biodegradable Waste Non-biodegradable Waste These can be decomposed through the These cannot be decomposed through the action of bacteria fungi and other living action of bacteria, fungi and other living organism. organisms. These include fruit and vegetable peels, These include plastic, cans, glass etc. grass, wood, paper, clothes, dead remains of plants and animals etc. Most of these don’t cause much harm to the Most of these are very harmful for the environment. environment. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 111 iii) Dumping of industrial wastes into ocean is another reason for marine pollution. streams and sea contaminate the water. ii) Some of the constituents of plastic. spleen. The liquid waste released by tanneries is very toxic and gives out foul smell.e. It also causes irritation in eyes. the tanneries add solid. i. Ans: i) In air. iii) The radioactive materials are passed through the land to water and cause an adverse effect on the aquatic animals. plastic releases a host of poisonous chemicals including dioxin into the air. 6) “Threshing of food grains generates a lot of waste. Ans: i) Threshing release large amount of straw and dust in the atmosphere. bone marrow. breathlessness and spasm of larynx. sterility. Ans: i) A lot of waste is generated in the mining operations. Tailings are another form of waste. When it reacts with some compounds..112 5) “Plastic is a non-biodegradable product. The wastes often contain toxic materials such as mercury. most serious pollutant is the sulphur dioxide. 11) Mention any three causes of marine pollution.” Explain. 8) With reference to tanneries answer the following questions (i) Define tanneries (ii) How these units pollute the environment? Ans: i) Tanneries are the factories where leather is made from the skins of dead animals. ii) The strontium has the ability to aggregate in the bones and form a bone cancer and leads to tissue degeneration. It can even pollute the groundwater. In some cases the overlying rocks are removed. To reach the underlying mineral deposits in earth. marine life and also the air we breathe. ii) In the process of making leather. Its concentration in human body causes cough. liquid and gaseous waste. Ans: i) Drilling of oil can lead to oil spill which can destroy the marine life. iv) Plastic wastes clog the drains and thus hit especially urban sewage system. ii) It also becomes an allergic agent. ii) Tailing is a significant threat to the environment because it can result in the generation of acids and alkaline and alkaline drainage. Mining of uranium is risky because of random gas that is released during the mining. the waste material from the ore. 9) Mention any two ill effects of sulphur dioxide. ii) Threshers working in the fields releases harmful gases. Ans: i) Plastic causes serious damage to environment during its production process and during its disposal process. as when burn. A lot of dust is also released into the atmosphere. skin cancer. 10) Mention any three ill effects of radioactive substances. eye and damage to the lung. The fuel and the coolant produce a large amount of pollution in the environment. such as benzene and Vinyl chloride. iii) When plastic is burn. it makes sulphuric acid which can damage the lungs.” Explain. ii) Accidental and deliberate discharge of crude oil into the ocean by cargo ships is regarded as one of the prime causes of pollution of the water body. iv) The nuclear power generates a lot of energy which is used to run turbines and produces electricity. Choked drains provide excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes besides causing flooding during the rainy seasons. are proved to cause cancer. dioxin and radioactive materials. 112 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . lymph. Once oil is spilled it can neither be removed nor can it be contained because oil and water do not mix. They reach to human through the food chain. soil. The plastic wastes being dumped into rivers. Ans: i) The iodine may affect the White Blood Cells. which contaminate the water of ocean. it has its own disadvantages. iv) Deposition of sediments from mining leads to ocean pollution. and other gases and liquid hydrocarbons spoil earth and air. 7) Describe the waste generated from the mining operations. a lot of top soil has to be removed. the crop residue is the major agricultural waste. especially the asthmatic patients. Ans: i) Oil spilling is hazardous for the marine life. cholera etc. It seriously affects the life cycle of coral reefs thriving in the ocean. 15) Explain the effects of agricultural waste. Although most of agricultural waste is biodegradable. since it blocks the sunlight. Ans: i) Numerous insects. ii) People who work in the deep mines inhale the fine coal dust. Plants growing in that area may absorb these chemicals and get infected. as they swallow the floating bags. v) Dumping of industrial wastes such as pesticides. processing these materials and making them into new products. the ash floats in air and affects the health of people. When the fish is eaten by humans. Many farmers are involved in dairy farming which makes the air stinking. ii) Mosquitoes are known for spreading malaria. processes and ancillary system. This could lead to the failure in the reproductive system of mammals and birds. It kills the much needed organic life in the soil. It reduces the amount of waste that is thrown into the community dustbins thereby making the environment cleaner and the air fresher to breathe. iii) After burning. For example. this could lead to food poisoning. in most cases it is not handled properly and affects environment adversely. thereby preventing respiration. bacteria and virus grow on the routing waste which are capable of spreading several diseases like diarrhea. Its particles remain suspended in air which affects the health of people. iii) Flies carry the virus and spread it in the adjoining areas. ii) Toxic waste has direct effect on marine life and affects the human beings indirectly.” Explain. Ans: Pollutants of waste enter the environment and become a part of food chain which accumulates in the bodies of organisms at different levels. Many gases are also released in the process of mining like methane and carbon monoxide. It leads to a disease called black lungs.Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 113 12) Mention any three effects of marine pollution. Ans: i) Workers are infected with silicosis. Plastic items such as bottles and bags could choke and suffocate the sea animals. People fall sick and start vomiting. a lung disease. 13) Mention any three effects of solid waste. 17) What is recycling? Ans: Recycling involves the collection of used and discarded materials. the fishes could consume the poisonous chemicals. iii) Workers that work in the matchbox factory are exposed to phosphorus which causes bone diseases. Plastics are known to be a major cause for the death of turtles. Ans: i) Agricultural activities generate a lot of waste. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 113 . 14) “Terrestrial life is affected with the waste. 18) What is Preliminary wastewater treatment? Ans: Preliminary wastewater treatment is the removal of such wastewater constituents that may cause maintenance or operational problems in the treatment operations. iv) Plastics dumped into ocean can affect the marine life seriously. Humans consuming these plants may also get infected. It affects the process of photosynthesis of marine plants. mistaking them for jelly fish. especially DDT can accumulate in the fatty tissue of animals. Activity of threshing also releases a lot of waste in the form of straw. insecticides and pesticides used by the farmer mix with the water. Animals drinking that water may get infected. The oil spilled in the ocean could clog up the gills of fishes. ii) After harvesting. Farmers often burn this waste in the fields. iii) Carbon dioxide is hazardous for marine life including coral reefs and free-swimming algae. as they eat them thinking that they are food. 16) Mention any three effects of mining and industrial waste. When the harmful toxic waste is dumped into the ocean. In this treatment a portion of the suspended solids and organic matter is removed from the wastewater. iii) Government should educate the people through publications. has made the Biomedical Waste Rules to safeguard the public and health care workers from the risk arising from Biomedical Waste. iv) Untreated wastewater usually contains numerous pathogenic or disease causing microorganisms and toxic compounds. should sewage be treated before disposal? Explain. These are eco-friendly sources of energy whereas burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum pollutes the environment. which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants and legal blooms. iv) Government should frame strict laws and should execute them properly. iii) It makes soil easier to cultivate. where such sewage is disposed. This will help in protecting the forest as lot of forested land is submerged in water because of dam. 21) What is the role of government in saving environment? Ans: i) Instead of building large multi-purpose projects the government should opt for small dams. These may contaminate the land or the water body. Ans: i) Environment Protection Act 1986: This act provides for the protection and improvement of environment and other connected matters. ii) The vehicles should be regularly checked so that minimum smoke emits from them. iv) Motor Vehicles Act. switching off electric appliances when not in use. maintenance of vehicles in proper conditions. thereby causing fish kills and other undesirable effects. 114 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 . insurance. 1989: The Act lays down the responsibilities of the driver of the vehicles like license. ii) The government should also go for the renewable sources of energy like wind. iv) It helps keep the soil cool in summer and warm in winter. 20) Why. closing all taps when not in use. Ans: i) It supplies essential elements needed by the plants. iii) Wastewater may also contain nutrients. As per these rules the thickness of the carry bags made of virgin plastics or recycled plastics cannot be less than 20 microns. carry bags and containers. 1999: The objective of these rules is to regulate the manufacture and use of recycled plastics. 22) What is the role of individual in saving environment? Ans: i) Everybody should follow the techniques of simple living such as the use of solar cooker and minimum use of cooking gas. It aids in preventing soil erosion by keeping the soil covered. will consume the dissolved oxygen for satisfying the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of wastewater and thus deplete the dissolved oxygen of the stream. 23) Give a brief description of various legal provisions of waste management. v) It helps in controlling the growth of weeds in the garden. Ans: i) The decomposition of the organic materials contained in waste can lead to the production of large quantities of harmful gases ii) Untreated wastewater containing a large amount of organic matter. 1998: The Central Govt. thus leading to eutrophication of the lakes and streams. films and other materials aiming at increasing awareness of environmental problems.114 19) Mention some benefits of composting. Carry bags and containers made of virgin plastic are to be in natural shade or white. if discharged into a river/stream. ii) Biomedical Waste (management and handling) Rules. ii) It helps reduce the adverse effects of excessive alkalinity. acidity or the excessive use of chemical fertilizer. iii) The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules. solar and biomass energy. The Act also empowers the centre and state governments to make rules as and when needed. that dwell in the human intestinal tract or may be present in certain industrial waste. Impact of Waste Accumulation 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) What impact does the decomposition of waste in the open areas have on human health? Why are radioactive wastes more hazardous than other wastes? Name the disease caused by mercury contamination in Japan. c) Why could the Nuclear waste be injurious? 14) Describe with examples how the following become a health hazard: a) Industrial Waste. How is this waste used as a raw material in another industry? 3) Give two examples of toxic wastes. c) Nuclear Waste. What is known as eutrophication? Explain the impact of waste accumulation on human health. 11) a) How do the fertilisers contaminate the groundwater? b) What is the impact of pesticides and insecticides on human beings and animals? 12) What are bio-medical wastes? 13) a) What is known as Nuclear waste? b) Give the sources of nuclear waste. 5) Name the sources of Municipal waste. What are the three R’s of waste management? What is Greenhouse Effect? How is it related to Global Warming? State the consequences of Global Warming. Name three water-borne diseases. Name three water-borne diseases. 6) Distinguish between a) Toxic and Non-Toxic Waste. 2) Name the solid waste generated by the sugar industry.Chapter 18: Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 115 MISCELLEOUS QUESTIONS / HOME WORK Sources of Waste: I) Short Answer Questions 1) What is known as waste? Give two examples of agricultural wastes. Need for Management of Waste 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Name three diseases which occur because of waster accumulation on land. b) Degradable and Non-degradable Waste. What is acid rain? Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 115 . Name three monuments affected by acid rain. 4) Give two examples of bio-medical waste. b) Bio-medical Waste. 7) What is meant by domestic waste? 8) How does it differ from industrial waste? 9) Why are the effluents from chemical industries harmful? 10) Explain briefly the environmental problems associated with agricultural wastes. Name two diseases which are spread through pet animals. What role does the ozone layer play to protect life on earth? What is Acid Rain? How is it caused? Explain the need for management of waste. Explain how recycling of waste to produce paper can reduce deforestation. What is biomagnification? What can be its effects on human beings? What is known as the Minamata Disease? What caused it? Safe Disposal of Waste 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) Name two useful products which can be made from biodegradable domestic waste. Give one example of reusing of waste. What is meant by the primary treatment of water? Explain the process of sedimentation in the primary treatment of water. What can an individual do to reduce waste at home as well as in the office? What harm is done to the environment by building big dams? PREVIOUS YEARS BOARD QUESTIONS: 1) a) i) State the main objective of the treatment of gaseous waste. ii) The Minamata Disease. What do you mean by recycling of waste? Explain clearly how waste can be reduced by changing the process of production. What is a sanitary landfill? How is waste disposed of in a sanitary landfill? What steps should be taken by the municipal authorities for the safe disposal of solid waste? How is compost made? Give three advantages of using compost. Name the sugarcane waste which can be recycled into useful products. What service is indirectly done by the rag-pickers for the disposal of waste? Explain the role of segregation of waste in the safe disposal of waste.116 8) 9) 10) 11) Why is the handling of solid wastes a major problem? Explain how eutrophication affects aquatic life. Why should we avoid using polythene carry bags and styrofoam cups? Explain the role of government in waste management. Give two advantages of using ESPs Reduce-Reuse-Recycle 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) What are the three R’s of waste management? Name the processes involved in reducing the waste. 2) a) How does accumulation affect the environment? b) What is acid rain? Mention two of its effects. Give an example of reusing waste effectively. Why is the secondary treatment of water known as the biological treatment? What is the need for tertiary treatment of waste water? What is incineration? Explain the process of electrostatic precipitation. ii) Name two common diseases caused as a result of gaseous pollution. 116 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography [2013] [2014] Volume 2 of 4 . iii) The Chernobyl Disaster. b) What was the cause of the following? i) The Bhopal Tragedy. Give three examples to show how social initiatives can help minimise the use of resources. c) Calculate the distance in kilometers along the cart–track linking Moti Bhatamal (928758) and Antroli (953764) d) Which is the chief form of irrigation shown in the map extract? Give an evidence to justify your answer. Attempt all questions from Part I and any five Questions from Part II. [1] An international airport in Eastern India [1] Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography 117 . e) Give one reason to explain why the streams in grid square 9478 do not join a river. Marks: 80 Instruction: You will not be allowed to write during the first 15 minutes. This time is to be spent in reading the question paper. h) i) What is the general direction of the Balaram Nadi? ii) Which bank of the main river does the Balaram Nadi join? i) What is the main occupation of the people living in the area shown in the map extract? Give one reason to support your answer. Part I (30 Marks) (Attempt all question) Question 1) Study the Survey of India Map Sheet and answer the following questions: [20] a) Give the six figure grid reference of: i) Δ 364 ii) The temple at Rampura b) Mention any two features seen in the map extract which show that the region has seasonal rainfall. mark and name: [10×1=10] Hyderabad [1] Cotton producing area in south [1] The Satpura Hills [1] The Rann of Kachchh [1] An area of South India with winter rainfall and an area with winter rainfall in North India.UT Sample Paper 117 UT Sample Paper: Geography Recommended Time: 3 hours Max. The time given at the top of this paper is the time allowed for writing the answers. j) What is meant by scale of a map? What is the scale of the map extract provided to you? Question 2 a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) On the outline map provided. f) What do the following represent? i) Black broken lines in 9575. Identify another grid square in the map extract that has similar streams. [2] Gulf of Manner [1] Mumbai High [1] The capital city of India. ii) Black curved lines in 9879 g) Identify two landforms shown by the contours in grid square 9876. [3] d) Mention two important uses for each of the following varieties of trees: teak. iii) Why has the Western Ghats great potential for hydroelectric power? [2] [2] [3] [3] Question 7) a) Why are minerals called exhaustible resources? What are mineral ores? b) What is the significance of coal? c) How is iron ore exported? Name some of the importing countries of India’s iron ore. iii) Mumbai is not hot in summer nor cold in winter. (iii) bajra? [3] d) Difference between khaddar and bangar soils and say where either of them is found. [2] c) Name the parts of India that are affected by cyclones and depressions and explain the cause of these. What is created during this erosion? [2] b) Why is desert soil not suitable for agriculture? [2] c) What kind of soil do you need for (i) wheat. [2] c) i) What are the temperature and rainfall requirements of Tropical Monsoon forests? ii) Mention any two varieties of trees found in these forests. d) i) How is crude oil transported to refineries. ii) Why are most refineries near the coasts? iii) Name two refineries which are located away from the coast. sandalwood. 118 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography [2] [3] [2] [3] Volume 2 of 4 . ii) Kolkata gets rain from SE winds. (ii) cotton. d) i) Mention two dams on the Bhakra Nangal project? ii) Name the states it helps by irrigating large areas. [3] i) Delhi has a high annual range of temperature. b) Why is well irrigation popular in many parts of India? c) Mention reasons to explain why water scarcity occurs.118 Part II (50 Marks) (Attempt five questions from this part) Question 3) a) Why does Cherrapunji receive higher rainfall than Shilong? [2] b) How do the western Ghats affect the rain bearing winds that blow in the region? Name the winds. Question 4) a) Name two regions where gully erosion is prevalent. mahogany. [3] d) Explain giving reasons. [3] Question 6) a) i) What is irrigation? ii) Name two primitive methods of irrigation. [3] Question 5) a) Explain the difference between ‘deforestation’ and ‘afforestation’ [2] b) Mention two disadvantages of Tropical Rainforests. iii) Which was the first public sector unit to be set-up? d) With reference to TISCO. d) North Eastern India does not have an efficient system of transportation. Explain why.UT Sample Paper 119 Question 8) a) What are the three kinds of coffee grown in India? Which two states lead in its production? [2] b) What is the green revolution? [2] c) Name three important aspects of the Japanese method of rice cultivation. [2] b) What are the major problems affecting the cotton textile industry of India? [3] c) State four geographical factors which should be kept in mind while setting up an agro based industry. [3] d) What is millet? Why are they called tough crops? Name one leading state for each millet. ii) From where does it get power? iii) Why is its location an advantage in reference to transport? Question 11) a) Mention two reasons to explain the need for an efficient transport system? b) What are some of the problems affecting rail transport? c) i) Why do so many people still use air transport. Volume 2 of 4 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography [2] [2] [3] [3] [2] [2] [3] [3] 119 . i) Give its full form and location. [3] Question 10) a) What is the difference between heavy electrical and light electrical? b) Mention two geographical reasons for the growth of IT industries in Bangalore. c) In reference to petrochemicals: i) What are its basic requirements? ii) State three advantages. inspite of its high costs? ii) Name two international airports in India. [2] d) Name any three by-products of the sugar industry. [3] Question 9) a) Mention two reasons to explain the location of the jute textile industry in West Bengal. Give one important use of each. : S– _____________ Test No.120 Attach The Map Along With The Main Answer Sheet Name: ___________________________________________ UT Roll No.: __________________ Batch: ________________ Date: ______________________ 120 Universal Tutorials – X ICSE – Geography Volume 2 of 4 .