www.final-yearproject.com | www.finalyearthesis.com SEMINAR REPORT WIND TURBINE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA By, SANDEEP S ETAHECH039 29-10-2010 Ohio in 1888. . Modern wind turbine generators are highly sophisticated machines. Modern wind generators The first wind powered electricity was produced by a machine built by Charles F. Direct current electricity production continued in the form of small scale. There was then a general lull in interest until the 1970's when the fuel crises sparked a revival in research and development work in North America and Europe.com | www. representing 14% of their national electricity consumption.700 wind turbines. Brush in Cleveland. safe. clean.1 INTRODUCTION Wind energy is a renewable form of energy resource which is plentiful. materials technology and mechanical. Wind is a clean. renewable form of energy. In Europe the first windmills were seen much later. At the end of the 19th century there were more than 30. In 2001 Denmark alone had 2000 Megawatts of electricity generating capacity from more than 5. Hero of Alexandria used a simple windmill to power an organ whilst the Babylonian emperor. During the 1980's installed capacity costs dropped considerably and wind power has become an economically attractive option for commercial electricity generation.dc). It had a rated power of 12 kW (direct current . stand-alone systems until the 1930's when the first large scale AC turbine was constructed in the USA. electrical and control engineering and capable of producing several megawatts of electricity. widely distributed.final-yearproject. probably having been introduced by the English on their return from the crusades in the Middle East or possibly transferred to Southern Europe by the Muslims after their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. It was in Europe that much of the subsequent technical development took place. led by improvements in aerodynamic and structural design. Large wind farms or wind power stations have become a common sight in many western countries. used windmills for an ambitious irrigation project as early as the 17th century BC. and produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation. Hammurabi. taking full advantage of state-of-the-art technology.000 windmills in Europe. Wind power technology dates back many centuries.www. used primarily for the milling of grain and water pumping. Because of these reasons wind energy has always been a reliable form of energy for ages. There are historical claims that wind machines which harness the power of the wind date back beyond the time of the ancient Egyptians. The Persians built windmills in the 7th century AD for milling and irrigation and rustic mills similar to these early vertical axis designs can still be found in the region today. By the late part of the 13th century the typical ‘European windmill’ had been developed and this became the norm until further developments were introduced during the 18th century.com CHAPTER 1 1.finalyearthesis. final-yearproject. Table shows the classification system for wind turbines.www. for stand-alone applications and for connection to small grids.finalyearthesis. there has been a parallel development in small-scale wind generators for supplying electricity for battery charging.com | www.com To a lesser degree. Scale Rotor Diameter Power Rating Micro <3 m 50 W to 2 kW Small 3 m to 12 m 2 kW to 40 kW Medium 12 m to 45 m 40 kW to 999 kW Large >46 m >1 MW . are used for homes.1 Working of Wind Turbine A wind turbine is a machine that converts the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. Single small turbines. wind turbines use wind to make electricity. The wind turns the blades. telecommunications dishes.com CHAPTER 2 2. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery. If the mechanical energy is converted to electricity. below 50 kilowatts. which connects to a generator and makes electricity. electrically.finalyearthesis. such as a pump or grinding stones.www. or water pumping. Utility-scale turbines range in size from 50 to 750 kilowatts. the machine is usually called a windmill.final-yearproject. Brake: A disc brake which can be applied mechanically. Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes the blades to "lift" and rotate. like a fan. Instead of using electricity to make wind. which spin a shaft. A wind turbine works the opposite of a fan.com | www. . the machine is called a wind generator. The various components of a wind turbine are given below: Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller. or more commonly a wind turbine (wind energy converter WEC). or hydraulically to stop the rotor in emergencies. final-yearproject. taller towers enable turbines to capture more energy and generate more electricity. The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes. Nacelle: The rotor attaches to the nacelle. Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive. and brake. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive. Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind. Rotor: The blades and the hub together are called the rotor. Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind. Turbines cannot operate at wind speeds above about 65 mph because their generators could overheat. . Some nacelles are large enough for a technician to stand inside while working. Tower: Towers are made from tubular steel (shown here) or steel lattice. Pitch: Blades are turned.www. High-speed shaft: Drives the generator. Gear box: Gears connect the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increase the rotational speeds from about 30 to 60 rotations per minute (rpm) to about 1200 to 1500 rpm. the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. Generator: Usually an off-the-shelf induction generator that produces 60-cycle AC electricity. Because wind speed increases with height.com | www. or pitched. low. Wind direction: This is an "upwind" turbine. out of the wind to keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity. the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. so-called because it operates facing into the wind. which sits atop the tower and includes the gear box. Low-speed shaft: The rotor turns the low-speed shaft at about 30 to 60 rotations per minute.com Controller: The controller starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph) and shuts off the machine at about 65 mph. generator. Other turbines are designed to run "downwind".finalyearthesis. controller. the wind blows the rotor downwind.and high-speed shafts. A cover protects the components inside the nacelle. facing away from the wind. Onshore. and because in high winds.com CHAPTER 3 3. despite the problem of turbulence. offshore. There are several types of HAWT: These four. most HAWTs are upwind machines. Most have a gearbox. These windmills were pointed into the wind manually or via a tailfan and were typically used to grind grain. or to operate a radio receiver. 3. Wind turbines can also be classified by the location in which they are to be used. operated at tip speed ratios (defined below) not better than one. invented in 1876 by Griffiths Bros and Co (Australia). or even aerial wind turbines have unique design characteristics. They typically had many blades. while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor.1 Horizontal axis Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower. Some had small direct-current generators used to charge storage batteries. .www. were developed in Europe.finalyearthesis. the blades can be allowed to bend which reduces their swept area and thus their wind resistance. were used by Australian and later American farmers to pump water and to generate electricity.1.1 Classifications of wind turbines Wind turbines can be separated into two types based on the axis about which the turbine rotates. Turbines that rotate around a horizontal axis are more common. Since a tower produces turbulence behind it. the turbine is usually pointed upwind of the tower. Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent the blades from being pushed into the tower by high winds. usually with wooden shutters or fabric sails. the blades are placed a considerable distance in front of the tower and are sometimes tilted up a small amount. Downwind machines have been built.1. and had good starting torque. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane.com | www. Windmills were also located throughout the USA. which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable for generating electricity.(or more) bladed squat structures. and must be pointed into the wind. In the Netherlands they were also used to pump water from low-lying land. 3. Such devices are still used in locations where it is too costly to bring in commercial power. Vertical-axis turbines are less frequently used. They are horizontal axis wind turbines and vertical axis wind turbines. to provide a few lights. and were instrumental in keeping its polders dry. Because turbulence leads to fatigue failures and reliability is so important.1 Modern Rural Windmills These windmills. because they don't need an additional mechanism for keeping them in line with the wind.1.final-yearproject. The American rural electrification connected many farms to centrally-generated power and replaced individual windmills as a primary source of farm power in the 1950's. Additionally. especially in the North-eastern region. so the tower doesn't need to support it. It is also difficult to mount vertical-axis turbines on towers. high efficiency. meaning they must operate in the often slower.com | www. In case of a control unit failure. This is the type of turbine that is used commercially to produce electricity. A (microprocessor type) control unit controls the sails either manually or automatically.1. and that the turbine doesn't need to be pointed into the wind.com Wind turbines near Aalborg. and pointed into the wind by computer-controlled motors.final-yearproject.2.1.1.1 Windmill with rotational sails This is a new invention. 3. sometimes two-bladed or even one-bladed (and counterbalanced). Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft running vertically. resulting in lower energy extraction efficiency. near the ground. The rugged three-bladed turbine type has been championed by Danish turbine manufacturers.finalyearthesis. The blades are usually coloured light gray to blend in with the clouds and range in length from 20 to 40 metres (60 to 120 feet) or more. These have high tip speeds of up to 6x wind speed. but the frame would remain intact. This windmill has three sails of variable surface area. This windmill starts making electricity above a wind speed of 2m/s.www. Key advantages of this arrangement are that the generator and/or gearbox can be placed at the bottom. and low torque ripple which contribute to good reliability. . The speed is controlled through a magnetic rev counter that expands or contracts the sails according to wind speed. more turbulent air flow near the ground.2 Vertical axis 12 m Windmill with rotational sails in the Osijek Croatia. Denmark A standard doorway can be seen at the base of the pylon for scale 3. Its sails contract and expand as the wind speed changes. strong winds would tear the sails. 3.1. Drawbacks are usually pulsating torque that can be produced during each revolution and drag created when the blade rotates into the wind.2 Common modern wind turbines Usually three-bladed. The Banesh rotor and especially .www. including free-flow (rivers. 3. creeks). Newer Darrieus type turbines are not held up by guy wires but have an external superstructure connected to the top bearing.com | www.2. they generally require some external power source. and a lower blade speed ratio which lowers blade bending stresses. They sometimes have long helical scoops to give a smooth torque. It is differentiated from others by its capability to unitize most of the air mass passing through redirecting it to flow over the upper chamber of the airfoils. a higher coefficient of performance. the Flettner vents (commonly seen on bus and van roofs). or an additional Savonius rotor. They always self-starting if there are at least three scoops. The advantages of variable pitch are: high starting torque. V. 3.2. Solidity is measured by blade area over the rotor area. via ocean wave surface currents. more efficient operation in turbulent winds.5 Savonius wind turbine These are drag-type devices with two.2. but produce large torque ripple and cyclic stress on the tower. Also.1.4 Giromill A type of Darrieus turbine. tidal. 30 m Darrieus wind turbine in the Magdalen Islands 3. because the starting torque is very low.com 3. oceanic currents and wave motion.1. but also to a variety of hydroelectric applications. a wide.2. which contributes to poor reliability.finalyearthesis. to start turning. Straight.(or more) scoops that are used in anemometers. relatively flat torque curve. They have good efficiency.1.final-yearproject.2 Neo-AeroDynamic This has an airfoil base designed to harness the kinetic energy of the fluid flow via an artificial current around its centre.1. The torque ripple is reduced by using 3 or more blades which results in a higher solidity for the rotor. or curved blades may be used. these lift-type devices have vertical blades. and in some high-reliability lowefficiency power turbines.3 Darrieus wind turbine "Eggbeater" turbines. and causing a lift force all around. a lower blade speed ratio. It is applicable not only to wind. The cycloturbine varieties have variable pitch to reduce the torque pulsation and are self-starting. The newest Windstar LAVTS stand 50 feet tall. In stormy areas with extended shallow continental shelves (such as Denmark). For similar reasons. Vertical-axis rotors each with their own 50-75kW generator are placed in three to any number of rotors in linear arrays with each rotor’s blades passing within two feet of its neighbor.1.1. Repairs and maintenance are usually much more difficult. 3.com the Rahai rotor improve efficiency with blades shaped to produce significant lift as well as drag. reducing the average cost. Offshore wind turbines are outfitted with extensive corrosion protection measures like coatings and cathodic protection however some of these measures may not be required in fresh water locations. which is more expensive to install than cables on land. the average wind speed is usually considerably higher over open water.3 Offshore Offshore wind turbines near Copenhagen Offshore wind development zones are generally considered to be ten kilometres or more from land. as their apparent size and noise can be mitigated by distance. making them less visible. have 1500 and 3000 square feet of swept area per rotor and are designed to be placed in the turbulent winds within the understory of wind farms.com | www. In this configuration. with many offshore wind farms. the center rotors gain an increase in output and efficiency (reaching the high efficiencies of HAWTs). Each rotor unit has a dual braking system of pneumatic disc brakes and blade pitch. Offshore wind turbines are less obtrusive than turbines on land. and generally more costly. In most cases offshore environment is more expensive than onshore. offshore wind farms tend to be quite large—often involving over 100 turbines—as opposed to onshore wind farms which can operate competitively even with much smaller installations. extruded aluminum blades attached at each end to a central rotating shaft and are operated as Linear Array Vortex Turbine Systems (LAVTS). Offshore towers are generally taller than onshore towers once the submerged height is included. and offshore foundations are more difficult to build and more expensive. than on onshore turbines. Power transmission from offshore turbines is generally through undersea cable.2.finalyearthesis. and may use high voltage direct current operation if significant distance is to be covered which then requires yet more equipment. .6 Windstar turbines These lift-type devices made by Wind Harvest have straight. The offshore environment can also be corrosive and abrasive in salt water locations but locations such as the Great Lakes are in fresh water and do not have many of the issues found in the ocean or sea. turbines are practical to install — Denmark's wind generation provides about 25-30% of total electricity demand in the country.final-yearproject. While there is a significant market for small land-based windmills. This increased efficiency is protected under patent (number 6784566) as the "vortex effect". Because water has less surface roughness than land (especially deeper water). 3. offshore wind turbines have recently been and will probably continue to be the largest wind turbines in operation.www. Capacity factors (utilisation rates) are considerably higher than for onshore and near-shore locations which allow offshore turbines to use shorter towers. Denmark plans to increase wind energy's contribution to as much as half of its electrical supply. because larger turbines allow for the spread of the high fixed costs involved in offshore operation over a greater quantity of generation. and thus avoid the need for a yawing mechanism. Near-shore wind farm sitting can sometimes be highly controversial as coastal sites are often picturesque and environmentally sensitive (for instance.com | www. Wind farm sitting can sometimes be controversial. 3. The turbines would create a fine aerosol. because a primary source of wind is convection from the differential heating and cooling of land and sea over the course of day and night. Local winds are often monitored for a year or more with anemometers and detailed wind maps constructed before wind generators are installed. This is done to exploit the topographic acceleration where the hill or ridge causes the wind to accelerate as it is forced over it. instead of electricity. the normal way of prospecting for wind-power sites is to directly look for trees or vegetation that are permanently "cast" or deformed by the prevailing winds. particularly as the hilltop. having substantial bird life).2. The additional wind speeds gained in this way make large differences to the amount of energy that is produced. One concept for offshore turbines has them generate rain.1. For example. which is envisioned to increase evaporation and induce rainfall. a floating turbine might orient itself downwind of its anchor. Great attention must be paid to the exact positions of the turbines (a process known as micro-sitting) because a difference of 30 m can sometimes mean a doubling in output. Local residents in a number of potential sites have strongly opposed the installation of wind farms.finalyearthesis. Sea shores also tend to be windy areas and good sites for turbine installation.1 Advantages of vertical wind turbines Easier to maintain because most of their moving parts are located near the ground. 3. although these methods are less reliable. aquatic habitat.1.5 Onshore Wind turbines near Walla Walla in Washington Onshore turbine installations in hilly or mountainous regions tend to be on ridgelines generally three kilometres or more inland from the nearest shoreline. Issues that are shared within near-shore wind development zones are ornithological (including bird migration and nesting). Another way is to use a windspeed survey map or historical data from a nearby meteorological station. Winds at sea level carry somewhat more energy than winds of the same speed in mountainous areas because the air at sea level is denser. For smaller installations where such data collection is too expensive or time consuming. transportation (including shipping and boating) and visual aesthetics.final-yearproject.4 Near-shore Near-shore turbines are generally considered to be within a zone that is on land three kilometers of a shoreline and on water within ten kilometers of land. This is due to the vertical wind turbine’s shape. hopefully on land. Wind speeds in these zones share wind speed characteristics of both onshore wind and offshore wind.com There are some conceptual designs that might make use of the unique offshore environment. having substantial bird life). 3. The airfoils or rotor blades are . and political support has resulted in the blocking of construction of some installations.www. often coastal sites preferred are often picturesque and environmentally sensitive (for instance. Can be cheaper because of higher production volume. ridgelines and passes can have higher and more powerful winds near the ground than up high because of the speed up effect of winds moving up a slope or funnelling into a pass combining with the winds moving directly into the site. which gives the turbine blades the best angle of attack. so the turbine collects the maximum amount of wind energy for the time of day and season. in general higher capacity factors and efficiencies. Solving this problem requires a superstructure to hold a top bearing in place to eliminate the downward thrusts of gust events in guyed wired models.2. the wind speed can increase by 20% and the power output by 34%. A VAWT that uses guyed wires to hold it in place puts stress on the bottom bearing as all the weight of the rotor is on the bearing. Vertical wind turbines have a higher airfoil pitch angle. 3. Ability to wing warp. This can be overcome by using structures to funnel more and align the wind into the rotor (e. Can be sited in forests above the treeline. reducing the need for this bearing and its cost. every ten meters up.3 Advantages of horizontal wind turbines Blades are to the side of the turbine's center of gravity.g.final-yearproject.2 Disadvantages of vertical wind turbines Most VAWTs produce energy at only 50% of the efficiency of HAWTs in large part because of the additional drag that they have as their blades rotate into the wind. larger sizes and. usually by first connecting to a gearbox. Mesas. There may be a height limitation to how tall a vertical wind turbine can be built and how much sweep area it can have. "stators" on early Windstar turbines) or the "vortex" effect of placing straight bladed VAWTs closely together. Smaller VAWTs can be much easier to transport and install. In these places. giving improved aerodynamics while decreasing drag at low and high pressures. Guyed wires attached to the top bearing increase downward thrust in wind gusts. Usually have a lower Tip-Speed ratio so less likely to break in high winds. Most VAWTS need to be installed on a relatively flat piece of land and some sites could be too steep for them but are still usable by HAWTs. Tall tower allows placement on uneven land or in offshore locations. Tall tower allows access to stronger wind in sites with wind shear. . VAWTs placed close to the ground can produce more power than HAWTs placed higher up.com connected by arms to a shaft that sits on a bearing and drives a generator below.2.com | www.finalyearthesis. hilltops. 3. Most VAWTs have low starting torque.www. Does not need a free standing tower so is much less expensive and stronger in high winds that are close to the ground. Most are self-starting. As the rotor blades are vertical. Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely adjusted gives greater control. Ability to pitch the rotor blades in a storm. In some wind shear sites. a yaw device is not needed. helping stability. Low height useful where laws do not permit structures to be placed high. to minimize damage. . Downwind variants suffer from fatigue and structural failure caused by turbulence. Supply of HAWTs is less than demand and between 2004 and 2006. The tall towers and long blades (up to 180 feet long) are difficult to transport on the sea and on land. turbine prices increased up to 60%. The very nature of the way in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected by the turbine.finalyearthesis. more laminar wind flows.www. turbulent winds because their yaw and blade bearing need smoother.final-yearproject. The air flow at the blades is not the same as the airflow far away from the turbine.4 Disadvantages of horizontal wind turbines HAWTs have difficulty operating in near ground. needing very tall and expensive cranes and skilled operators. the aerodynamics of a wind turbine at the rotor surface includes effects that are rarely seen in other aerodynamic fields. Offshore towers can be a navigation problem and must be installed in shallow seas. In addition. The FAA has raised concerns about tall HAWTs effects on radar in proximity to air force bases. Horizontal-axis wind turbine aerodynamics The aerodynamics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine are complex. Transportation can now cost 20% of equipment costs. Their height can create local opposition based on impacts to viewsheds.com | www. Tall HAWTs are difficult to install. all major manufacturers were booked up with orders through 2008.2.com 3. At the end of 2006. HAWTs can't be floated on barges. Tamil Nadu (4889. Coimbatore and Tiruppur Districts having more wind Mills from 2002 onwards. the Muppandal wind farm.1 MW) and other states (3.765 MW). Orissa (2MW). holding some 52 percent of market share in India.www.6% of the country's power. and the increasing reliability and performance of wind energy machines has made wind power a favoured choice for capacity addition in India.25 MW). mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (4900.7 percent of market share in global wind turbine sales.Sunkaramudaku.23 MW). Rajasthan (745. is located near the once impoverished village of Muppandal.159 MW). Spain (19.5 MW). and it generates 1.8 MW). Suzlon’s success has made India the developing country leader in advanced wind turbine technology.69 MW. India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.765 MW) Tamil Nadu is the state with the most wind generating capacity: 4889. In Tamil Nadu.20 MW).777 MW). In February 2009.Murungappatti (MGV Place). emerged on the global scene in the past decade.com | www. as Indian-owned company. India is the world's fifth largest wind power producer. Kethanoor. As of 31 October 2009 the installed capacity of wind power in India was 11806. USA (35. the largest in the subcontinent.765 MW at the end of March 2010. 4.61 MW). The village had been selected as the showcase for India's $2 billion clean energy program which provides foreign companies with tax breaks for establishing fields of wind turbines in the area.000 MW of additional wind power capacity will be installed in India by 2012. and by 2006 had captured almost 7. with an annual power production of 8. Suzlon is currently the leading manufacturer of wind turbines for the Indian market.899 MW by the end of 2009.149 MW) and China (25.2 State-level wind power There is a growing wind energy installation in number of states across India. The short gestation periods for installing wind turbines.KongalNagaram. Kerala (46.com CHAPTER 4 4. Suzlon. supplying the villagers with electricity for work. Not far from Aralvaimozhi. Anthiur are the high wind power production places in the both districts. West Bengal (1. Germany (25.104 MW) are ahead of India in fifth position. It is estimated that 6.final-yearproject. Enercon is also playing a major role in development of wind energy in India.896 MW. Gudimangalam.Gomangalam. Karnataka (1350. Chittipalayam. Wind power accounts for 6% of India's total installed power capacity. Although a relative newcomer to the wind industry compared with Denmark or the US. The worldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 157.45 MW).5 MW).finalyearthesis. Maharashtra (1945. Andhra Pradesh (132. Shriram EPC bagged INR 700 million contracts for setting up of 60 units of 250 KW (totalling 15 MW) wind turbines in Tirunelveli district by Cape Energy. . and has significantly increased in the last few years. Madhya Pradesh (212. especially. Poolavadi.1 Wind Power generation in India The development of wind power in India began in the 1990s. Gujarat (1580. com Maharashtra (1942. To encourage investment in wind energy development in the state. Chitradurga.3.5 billion for installing 126 wind turbines in Samana that will generate 100. Mehsana and Vadodara centres. Both projects are expected to become operational by early next year.final-yearproject. for setting up the wind farm comprising 34 turbines of 1.finalyearthesis. ONGC Ltd has commissioned its first wind power project. Both projects are being executed by Enercon Ltd. they have a total installed capacity of 29. Ltd.5-mw each. The 13. which is banking heavily on wind power. For this purpose. Samana has a high tension transmission grid and electricity generated by wind turbines can be fed into it. has identified Samana as an ideal location for installation of 450 turbines that can generate a total of 360 MW. The ARA wind farm was commissioned in June 2008 and the ANA wind farm.www. ONGC has targeted to develop a captive wind power capacity of around 200 MW in the next two years. ARA and ANA are Acciona’s first wind farms eligible for CER credits under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).5 MW Anaburu (ANA) wind farms are ACCIONA’S first in India. . Gadag are some of the districts where there are a large number of Windmills.15 billion. Located in the Davangere district. Each facility has signed a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM) for off-take of 100% of the output. the Vankusawade Wind Park (201 MW). The Gujarat government.com | www. is investing close to Rs. making it one of the states in India which has a high number of wind mill farms. CLP. according to government sources. Suzlon has been heavily involved. and it is learnt that the first three turbines had begun production within 43 days of starting construction work. a substation at Sadodar has been installed.2 MW Arasinagundi (ARA) and 16.5 million) in different projects in the area. Gujarat (1782 MW) Samana &sadodar in jamanagar district is set to host energy companies like China Light Power (CLP) and Tata Power have pledged to invest up to Rs.7 MW and comprise a total 18 Vestas 1. in September 2008. near the Koyna reservoir in Satara district of Maharashtra. Power from this Rs 308 crore captive wind farm will be wheeled to the Gujarat state grid for onward use by ONGC at its Ankleshwar. The 51 MW project is located at Motisindholi in Kutch district of Gujarat.8 MW power.65MW wind turbines supplied by Vestas Wind Technology India Pvt. ONGC had placed the EPC order on Suzlon Energy in January 2008.8. through its India subsidiary CLP India. Chitradurga alone has over 20000 wind turbines. the government has introduced a raft of incentives including a higher wind energy tariff. Tata Power has installed wind turbines in the same area for generating 50 MW power at a cost of Rs. a joint venture between Enercon of Germany and Mumbai-based Mehra group. Suzlon operates what was once Asia's largest wind farm.23 MW) There are many small wind farms in Karnataka. Work on the project had begun in February 2008. Ahmedabad.15 billion ($189. Karnataka (1340.25 MW) Maharashtra is second only to Tamil Nadu in terms of generating capacity. S.2008 and under successful operation. For ACC. the official noted.9 million tpa to 1.final-yearproject.00 MW. Rajasthan is emerging as an important destination for new wind farms. Expected to cost around Rs 60 crore. The contribution of non-conventional energy in the total 6. cement major ACC Ltd has proposed to set up a new wind power project in Rajasthan with a capacity of around 11 mw. Govt. It has a generating capacity of 23.www.5 MW) The first wind farm of the state was set up at Kanjikode in Palakkad district. ANERT is engaged in the field of development and promotion of renewable sources of energy in Kerala.3 per cent share in India's total capacity. consistent with the requirement of the World Bank's disclosure policy.1-mw wind power project at Gudhe village near Panchgani in Satara district of Maharashtra. All the 25 WEGs have been commissioned on 31.com | www. accounting for a 6.5 MW) Gurgaon-headquartered Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd is in an advanced stage of commissioning a large wind farm in Jodhpur district of Rajasthan.8 MW) In consideration of unique concept.5 per cent. he added. this would be the second wind power project after the 9-mw farm at Udayathoor in Tirunelvelli district of Tamil Nadu. . a share the Kerala government wants to increase by 30 per cent. which was inaugurated by chief minister V. Government of Kerala. The agency has identified 16 sites for setting up wind farms through private developers. As of 2007 end.5 million tpa through a modernisation plan.095 mw power potential is just 5. the wind farm will meet the power requirements of the company's Lakheri cement unit where capacity was raised from 0. Kerala (26. 12 mw had been completed so far. The remaining capacity would come on line shortly. A senior official told Projectmonitor that out of the total 31. It is also the nodal agency for implementing renewable energy programmes of the Union ministry of non-conventional energy sources. These are included below. GFL commissioned a 23. an autonomous body under the Department of Power.5 MW of electricity. Achuthanandan in April 2008. ANERT will establish a demonstration project to generate 2 mw of power at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district in association with the Kerala State Electricity Board.5 mw capacity. To start with. The project. Other wind farm sites include Palakkad and Thiruvananthapuram districts. although it is currently not amongst the top five states in terms of installed capacity. The project is slated to cost Rs 21 crore. this would be the largest wind farm. In 2006-07. is setting up wind farms on private land in various parts of the state to generate a total of 600 mw of power. aims at generating 10. The Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT). For the INOX Group Company. of Madhya Pradesh has sanctioned another 15 MW project to MPWL at Nagda Hills near Dewas. this northern state had a total of 496 mw. In an independent development.com ACCIONA is in talks with the World Bank for The Spanish Carbon Fund which is assessing participation in the project as buyer for CERs likely to arise between 2010 and 2012. Both the wind farms will be grid-connected and will earn carbon credits for the company.finalyearthesis. Rajasthan (738. Madhya Pradesh (212. A new wind farm project was launched with private participation at Ramakkalmedu in Idukki district. An environmental and social assessment has been conducted as part of the procedure and related documents have been provided.03. Suzlon experts are looking for the best site.3 India’s Potential in wind power generation .10 MW as there was only 0. Suzlon will invest around Rs 250 crore initially. According to SP Gon Chaudhuri. without taking recourse to the funding available from the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (Ireda). power companies are being encouraged to buy power generated by units based on renewable energy. said this had encouraged the private sector companies to invest in this field.com | www.finalyearthesis.Mega 50 MW wind energy project soon for country.final-yearproject. said Gon Chaudhuri.www. chairman of the West Bengal Renewable Energy Development Agency. Suzlon aims to generate the power solely for commercial purpose and sell it to local power distribution outfits like the West Bengal State Electricity Board (WBSEB).com West Bengal (1.5 MW addition in 2006-2007 and none between 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 Bengal .10MW) The total installation in West Bengal is just 1. who is also the principal secretary in the power department. In West Bengal. there is a composite wind-diesel plant generating 1 MW. generating a total of around 1 MW. for which it is looking at coastal Midnapore and South 24-Parganas districts. Suzlon Energy Ltd plans to set up a large wind-power project in West Bengal Suzlon Energy Ltd is planning to set up a large wind-power project in West Bengal. At present. 4. the 50 MW project would supply grid-quality power. at Frazerganj. Gon Chaudhuri. At Sagar Island. S Banerjee. He said there are five wind-power units in West Bengal. said the project would be the biggest in West Bengal using wind energy. private secretary to the power minister. The generating units are being offered special rates. Lower elevation areas also show promise with speeds at 100m height ranging from 6. If a hybrid system is used a careful cost-benefit analysis needs to be carried out. 2.economics The cost of producing electricity from the wind is heavily dependent on the local wind regime.4 Environmental concerns Wind power is a clean renewable energy source.www.com India has a coastal area of more than 6000 km. A careful matching of the load and energy supply options should be made to maximise the use of the power from the wind . India has a wind potential of 65000MW. Seasonal changes in the wind speed and availability. According to an assessment of AWS Truewind. . 4.some television frequency bands are susceptible to interference from wind generators. The significant resource coupled with continued government support makes India a very attractive location for wind development.wind rotors.a load which accepts a variable input is ideally matched to the intermittent nature of wind power. • Visual impact . this needs to be considered when sitting a machine.5 m/s to 8 m/s. As mentioned earlier the power output from the wind machine is proportional to cube of the wind speed and so a slight increase in wind speed will mean a significant increase in power and a subsequent reduction in unit costs. but running costs are low and so access to initial funds. There are land areas with excellent wind project potential where wind speeds exceeds 9 m/s at 80m hub height in same of the higher elevations. with considerable speed. There are. Land availability for wind power generation 3. at a really high value. subsidies or low interest loans are an obvious advantage when considering a wind-electric system. Capital costs for wind power are high. They include the following: • Electromagnetic interference .modern wind machines are large objects and have a significant visual Impact on their surroundings. gearboxes and generators create acoustic noise when functioning. Quality of wind potential.finalyearthesis. The factors which depend on the capacity of electricity that could be generated are: 1. • Noise .final-yearproject. 4.com | www.5 Cost . Some argue that it is a positive visual impact. however some environmental considerations to keep in mind when planning a wind power scheme. others to the contrary. So this makes the availability of wind energy. renewable energy sources are in abundance. however. there are several financial and fiscal incentives provided to the wind power producers at the federal and state government level. . Apart from the above. the dissemination of wind energy for power generation is not likely to reach its maximum utilization potential in another 20 years. recently China has overtaken India to the fourth position in the world in terms of installed wind power capacity.final-yearproject.finalyearthesis. however. installation of high-powered wind turbines in the place of old. institutional. outstanding regulatory and policy issues need to be urgently addressed. unstable policies of the state governments as observed in the past and poor institutional framework increase the risk associated in the wind sector. For the large-scale penetration of wind energy in India it is critically important to assess realistic potential estimates and identify niche areas to exploit the wind energy resource.com | www. Wind power penetration is not constrained by technical problems with wind power technology. and market barriers. Wind energy technology is currently making a significant contribution to the electric power generation in India. At present.1 Conclusion In India. It is observed that in India. but by regulatory. even with highly favourable assumptions. if India has to match the growth rate in the global wind energy sector. The growth trends of wind power development in the six Indian states indicate that more than 90% of wind energy potential in India can be exploited by 2030. It is observed that the presence of such non-economic barriers have a significant negative impact on the effectiveness of policies to develop wind power. development of offshore wind farms and development of hybrid turbines are some of the important needs toward the rapid growth of wind industry in India. intercropping of small windmills among bigger machines.com CHAPTER 5 5.www. which can contribute significantly to its growing energy demand. Therefore. lower capacity machines. irrespective of the type of incentive scheme. A preliminary assessment of the status of wind power development in potential states of India indicates that there should be a stable and uniform national policy to make wind power projects financially attractive across the country.