Westermann TablesMaterials Classification and categories Ferrous metals Iron Plastics Nonferrous metals 1 Steel Structural steel Cast iron Grey cast iron Aminoplasts Phenolplasts Alloy cast iron Solders Copper alloys Al alloys Zinc alloys Vulcanized fibre Carbon steel Alloy steel Alloy tool steel Carbon tool steel Tool steel Cast steel Copper, Lead Zinc, Tin, Nickel, Al PVC Malleable iron Whiteheart malleable iron Blackheart malleable iron General properties of materials Chemical elements Specific weight—Melting points—Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion Symbol Element Specific weight gf/cm 3 Melting or solidification point °C 961 660 1063 704 1283 271 0.000 012 0.000 013 0.000 008 0.000 001 0.000 029 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 013 007 017 012 006 084 058 026 023 005 071 007 3550 3600 850 321 775 1492 1800 1083 1535 2443 63 826 180 650 1244 2610 98 2415 0.000 020 0.000 024 0.000 014 Ni P Pb Pt Ra S Sb Se Si Sn Ta Th Ti U V W Zn Zr Hg Cl H He N Ne O 2.25 3.52 1.55 8.64 6.9 8.8 7.1 8.9 7.86 22.42 0.86 6.18 0.53 1.74 7.3 10.21 0.97 8.55 Nickel Phosphorus Lead Platinum Radium Sulphur Antimony Selenium Silicon Tin Tantalum Thorium Titanium Uranium Vanadium Tangsten Zinc Zirconium Mercury Chlorine Hydrogen Helium Nitrogen Neon Oxygen 8.9 1.82 11.35 21.45 5.00 2.06 6.69 4.5 2.4 7.3 16.6 11.2 4.52 18.7 5.96 19.27 7.13 6.5 13.5 1453 44 327 1769 700 113 630 217 1410 232 3030 1827 1812 1132 1730 3380 420 1852 – 39 – 101 – 259 – 272 – 210 – 249 – 219 Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion α Symbol Element Specific weight gf/cm 3 Melting or solidification point °C Coefficient of linear (thermal) expansion α 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 013 124 029 009 064 011 037 008 023 007 011 009 Ag Al Au Ba Be Bi C Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cu Fe Ir K La Li Mg Mn Mo Na Nb Silver Aluminium Gold Barium Beryllium Bismuth Carbon Graphite Diamond Calcium Cadmium Cerium Cobalt Chromium Copper Iron Iridium Potassium Lanthanum Lithium Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Sodium Niobium 10.5 2.7 19.3 3.74 1.85 9.75 0.000 004 0.000 026 0.000 005 2 Specific Weight—Melting Point—Coefficient of Thermal Expansion—Shrinkage Westermann Tables Specific weight = Weight per unit volume (gf/cm3 or kgf/dm3) 1 Melting point (Fusion point) = Temperature at which particular material starts melting 1° C α 1 Materials Material Steel Cast steel Grey cast iron High-speed steel Tungsten carbide Constantan Invar (36% Ni) Brass Al bronze Al cast bronze Tin bronze Lead bronze Al-alloy (Al, Cu, Mg) Mg-alloy Babbitt metal Plexiglass 1150…1250 ≈ 2000 ≈ 2000 ≈ 1600 Coefficient of linear (thermal) = Increase in length of unit length of a solid for temperature rise of 1°C. expansion α Specific weight gf/cm 3 Melting point °C 1350…1450 Iron and Steel Chrome steel Nickel steel Tungsten carbide Invar Chromium Constantan Electron Aluminium Magnesium Gold Silver Zinc Tin Lead Nickel Platinum Brass Brouce Plexiglass Glass Porcelain 1450 ≈ 900 Material 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 012 010 012 006 0015 007 015 024 023 026 014 019 030 023 029 013 009 018 017 010 008 003 Coefficient of linear expansion 7.85 7.85 7.2 9.0 14.75 8.89 8.7 8.5 8.4 7.6 8.6 9.5 2.8 1.8 7.5...10.1 1.2 ≈ 900 ≈ 650 ≈ 650 300…400 Alcohol at 18°C Petrol at 15°C Copper sulphate Water at 4°C 0 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 –84 –78 –194 –43 Acetylene at 0°C Carbon dioxide at 0°C Air at 0°C Propane at 0°C 1.17 1.90 1.29 2.00 0.79 0.72 1.11 1.0 –110 –150 Shrinkage = difference in volume of the mould compared with the volume of the casting after cooling, in percent Material Grey cast iron Cast steel Malleable iron Brouce Gun metal Shrinkage 1% 2% 1.6% 1.5% 1.5% Material Brass Copper Tin, lead Zinc alloys Al, Mg alloys Shrinkage 1.5% 1% 1% 1.5% 1.25% Westermann Tables System of Designation of Iron and Steel Steel < 0.5 % < 0.8 % < 0.1 % < 0.25% Alloy steels Steels required to receive heat treatment Carbon tool steels Low alloy steels < 5% special alloying element High alloy steels > 5% special alloying element Silicon Manganese Al or Ti or Copper > 0.5 % > 0.8 % > 0.1 % > 0.25% 3 IS:1762–1961 IS:4843–1968 Plain carbon steels Steels not required to receive heat treatment The System of Designation is as follows 1. Letter St 2. Minimum tensile strength in kgf/mm2 1. Letter C for Carbon 2. Index number for carbon following letter C, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent e.g. C 35 Carbon steel having an average of 0.35% Carbon e.g. T 90 Tool steel having an average of 0.90% Carbon e.g. 15 Cr 65 Chrome steel with average percentages of C = 0.15 and Cr = 0.65 Alloy index number is assigned as follows: Nominal or average alloy content 1. Up to 1 percent. 2. 1 percent and over. Alloy index number Average alloy content up to 2 decimal places underlined by a bar Rounded to the nearest whole number. Up to 0.5 rounded down, 0.5 and over rounded up. Letter T for Tool steels Index number for Carbon following letter T, denoting average Carbon content in hundredths of a percent e.g. 20 Cr 18 Ni 2 Chrome Nickel Steel with average percentages of C = 0.20; Cr = 18 and Ni = 2.00 1. Average C content in hundredths of a percent without prefix C and with prefix T for Alloy Tool Steels 2. Chemical symbols of the significant elements arranged in descending order of percentage contents 3. Alloy Index indicating the average percentage of each alloying element e.g. St. 42 Steel having a minimum tensile strength of 42 kgf/mm2 Applicable for steels which are standardized on the basis of their tensile strength without detailed chemical composition System of Designation of Plain Castings Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for mechanical properties OR 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Symbol for chemical composition similar to the designation of steels CS-Steel Castings FG-Grey Iron Castings Steels with special limits for maximum S & P, receive the suffix “K”, e.g. C 35 K To indicate the treatment given to the steel, symbols are used, e.g. T 90a, “a” is used to indicate annealing (ref. Page 4, Add. symbols) System of Designation of Alloy Castings 1. Symbols indicating the type of castings 2. Average carbon content in hundredths of a percent following the type symbols of castings 3. Chemical symbols for the significant elements arranged in descending order 4. Alloy index number for the average percentages of alloying elements SG-Spherical or Nodular Graphite Iron Castings Malleable Iron Castings CS 125—Unalloyed steel castings with minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 CSM 35—Unalloyed special steel castings with minimum tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2 GS 50 Cr 1V 20—Alloy steel castings with average percentage of C = 0.50; Cr = 1.00; V = 2.20 CSH—Heat resistant steel castings CSC—Corrosion resistant steel castings FG 15—Grey iron castings with minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm2 FG 35 Si 15—Special grey iron castings with minimum total carbon percentage = 3.5 and average Silicon percentage = 1.50 AFG—Austenitic flake graphite iron castings SG 80/2—Spheroidal or NoduBM 35—Black heart malleable lar graphite iron castings with iron castings with minimum minimum Tensile strength 80 tensile strength 35 kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2 and minimum elongation PM 70—Pearlitic malleable iron 2% on gauge length equal to five castings with minimum tensile times the diameter of test bar strength 70 kgf/mm2 WM 42—White heart malleable iron castings with minimum tensile strength 42 kgf/mm2 ASG—Austenitic spheroidal or nodular graphite iron castings ABR—Abrasion resistant iron castings Tensile strengths are on 30 mm Dia Test Bars as-cast. 4 Additional symbols Denoting special properties Steel quality A–Non-ageing quality E–Stabilized against stress corrosion L–Control cooled to ensure freedom from flakes D–Fully killed D2–Semi killed e.g., St 42 An–Non-ageing steel with 42 kgf/mm2 15 Cr 3c–Chromium steel with average percentages minimum tensile strength-normalizedof C = 0.15, Cr = 3.0 and case carburized E–Electric Furnace Steel; R–Open Hearth Steel; BO–Basic Oxygen R–Rimming quality G–Grain size controlled H–Hardenability controlled I–Inclusion controlled M–Structural homogeneity guaranteed by Macro-etch test a–Annealed or softened c–Case carburized d–Hard drawn, cold reduced h–Hot-rolled n–Normalized o–Spherodized p–Patented q–Hardened and tempered s–Stress relieved t–Tempered Treatment given Westermann Tables Grey iron castings IS:210–1970 Transverse test Code for designation FG 15 FG 20 FG 25 FG 30 FG 35 FG 40 15 20 25 30 35 40 15 20 25 30 35 40 800 900 1000 1100 1350 1500 34.0 38.2 42.4 46.7 57.3 63.7 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 Parts requiring no special grades for general structural purposes Parts subjected to severe strains such as cylinder parts, etc. For extraordinary use IS:2108–1962 IS:2640–1964 IS:2107–1962 Phosphorous contact % Max 0.12 0.20 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.15 Typical applications Grades Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2 Breaking load Min, kgf Corresponding transverse rupture stress kgf/mm2 Deflection Min, mm Typical applications } } Malleable iron castings Code for designation BM 35 BM 30 PM 70 PM 45 WM 42 WM 35 A C A E A B 35 30 70 45 42 35 21 – 55 28 26 – 14 6 2 7 4 3 149 163 241 to 285 149 to 201 217 217 Grades Tensile strength, Min, kgf/mm2 0.5% Proof stress, Min, kgf/mm2 Elongation % (gauge length = 3 dia of test bars) Min Brinell hardness HB Max Thin walled castings; mass production parts wheels, keys, Parts for locks and sewing machine parts. Steel castings Code for designation CS 55 CS 47 CS 41 CS 65 CS 85 CS 125 1 2 3 65 85 125 17 12 5 0.050 0.050 0.050 1 2 3 55 47 41 12 17 18 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.050 0.050 Grades Tensile strength Min, kgf/mm2 Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min, S % Max P % Max Typical applications IS:1030–1962 Used for general engineering purposes instead of grey iron castings if greater strength and tenacity are to be met. High strength, good toughness and high abrasion resistance properties; used in transportation equipment and agricultural machinery parts. IS:3038–1965 IS:2856–1964 Alloy steel castings for high temperature service Grades Tensile Elongation % Yield stress or 0.5% proof strength on 5.56 S0 gauge Min, kgf/mm2 length, Min stress Min, kgf/mm2 55 47 52 49 52 63 63 42 49 20 18 17 17 15 17 17 15 15 35 25 31 28 31 43 43 21 25 C% Si % Mn % S% Max 0.20–0.25 0.25 Max 0.15 Max 0.20 Max 0.08–0.15 0.20 Max 0.20 Max 0.25 Max 0.30 Max 0.15–4.40 0.20–0.50 0.40 Max 0.60 Max 0.35 Max 0.75 Max 1.00 Max 1.25–1.45 0.50–1.00 0.40–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.30–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.30–0.70 0.60 Max 0.70 Max 0.60 Max 1.00 Max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 P% Max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Typical applications 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 CSN–C20 CSw–C25 Cast parts which preferably are to withstand temperatures between 300°C to 525°C Parts which to be fusion welded Westermann Tables Specification on Structural and Heat treatable Steels General structural steels IS:1977–1969; IS:2062–1969 IS: 226–1969; IS: 961–1962 Elongation % on gauge length 5.65 S0 , Min Typical applications Intended for general engineering purposes. Intended for all types of structures weldable upon certain conditions. Can be subjected to fusion welding. Intended for use in structures where fabrication is done by methods other than welding. Intended for use in structures where welding is employed for fabrication and where guaranteed weldability is required. 26 23 23 23 20 0.20 0.27 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 — — 0.25 0.07 0.07 0.055 0.07 0.07 0.055 C% Max S% Max P% Max Designation of steel St 32–O St 42–O St 42–S St 42–W St 58–HT 42–54 58 Min 26.0 36.0 24.0 35.0 32–44 42–54 42–54 — 26.0 26.0 — — 24.0 Tensile strength kgf/mm2 Yield strength for thicknesses upto 20 mm 20–40 mm 5 St 55–HTW 55 Min 36.0 35.0 20 0.20 0.055 0.055 Standard sizes of hot-rolled products made of general structural steels IS Number Page 21 22 — 20 20 IS: 4432–1967 Temperatures for Carburizing Softening Case hardening 760–780 760–780 770–800 810–840 810–840 780–820 780–820 760–780 760–780 760–780 780–820 780–820 780–820 800–820 — 800–920 870–900 850–880 850–880 850–880 850–880 860–880 860–880 — — 860–880 860–880 850–880 900–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 900–930 880–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 880–920 880–920 900–930 900–930 900–930 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–680 650–660 620–650 600–630 650–660 650–660 630–650 630–650 630–650 °C Annealing Typical applications 1732 1863 1864 3954 Round and square bars Bulb plates Unequal angles Channel sections for general engineering purposes 19 — 21 22 IS Number Product Page 808 1173 1252 1730 1731 Beam, channel and angle sections Tee bars Bulb angles Plates, sheet and strip Flats Product Case hardening steels Designation of steel C10, C14, 19 S11 14 Mn IS14, 11Mn2 15 Cr 65 17 Mn 1 Cr 95 20 Mn Cr 1 16 Ni 80 Cr 60 16 Ni 1 Cr 80 13 Ni 3 Cr 80 15 Ni 4 Cr 1 20 Ni 2 Mo 25 20 Ni55 Cr50 Mo 20 15 Ni Cr 1 Mo 12 15 Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 15 16 Ni Cr 2 Mo 20 50 60 60 80 100 70 85 85 135 85 90 100 110 135 17 17 13 10 8 15 12 12 9 12 11 9 9 9 Case hardened Tensile strength Elongation % Min Min kgf/mm2 These steels are used for components requiring high wear resistant surfaces, coupled with tough cores to resist shock loads and strength to give longer service life. Flame and induction hardening steels Designation of steel Properties in quenched and tempered conditions Tensile range 0.2% proof Izod impact Surface stress, Min Min. kgf.m hardness kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2 obtainable HRC 60 to 75 70 to 85 70 to 85 60 to 75 70 to 85 80 to 95 80 to 95 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105 36 44 40 40 46 56 48 48 56 66 66 5.5 3.5 2.8 4.8 4.8 5.5 2.8 2.8 5.5 5.5 5.5 45–50 55–61 60–63 53–59 53–59 53–59 57–62 57–62 54–60 54–60 49–54 Hardening temperature For oil For water quench quench IS: 3930-1966 Typical applications C 30 C 45 T 70 37 Mn 2 40 Mn 2S 12 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 50 Cr 1 50 Cr 1 V23 40 Ni 3 40 Ni2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31 Ni3 Cr 65 Mo 55 860–890 830–860 810–840 850–870 850–870 840–860 850–870 850–870 830–860 830–840 850–880 860–890 820–850 780–810 840–860 840–860 830–850 840–860 840–860 840–870 810–830 820–840 These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels for flame and induction hardening are used when high cold strength and good impact properties are required. 6 Steels for hardening and tempering Properties in hardened and tempered condition Designation of steel C 30 C 35 Mn 75 C 40 C 45 C 50 C 55 Mn 75 40 S 18 40 Mn 2 S12 20 Mn 2 27 Mn 2 35 Mn 2 Mo 45 55 Cr 70 40 Cr 1 40 Cr 1 Mo 28 40 Cr Al I Mo 18 40 Ni 3 35 Ni 1 Cr 60 30Ni4 Cr 1 40Ni 2 Cr 1 Mo 28 31Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 40 Ni 3 Cr 65 Mo 55 120 to 135 830 to 850 830 to 850 Oil upto 660 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 60 to 75 80 to 95 80 to 95 70 to 85 60 to 75 60 to 75 70 to 85 100 to 115 90 to 105 80 to 95 80 to 95 90 to 105 90 to 105 90 to 105 120 to 135 120 to 135 120 to 135 40 40 38 38 54 54 48 40 44 46 80 66 60 60 70 70 70 130 130 10 0 130 860 to 890 850 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 — 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 — 830 to 860 — — — — 860 to 890 840 to 880 830 to 860 830 to 860 810 to 840 810 to 840 830 to 860 840 to 870 860 to 900 840 to 880 840 to 860 800 to 850 850 to 880 850 to 880 850 to 900 850 to 860 820 to 850 810 to 830 830 to 850 830 to 850 Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Water or oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Water or oil Air or oil Oil Oil 550 to 660 530 to 760 550 to 660 530 to 670 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 550 to 660 500 to 700 550 to 700 550 to 720 550 to 700 550 to 650 550 to 660 > 250 550 to 660 upto 660 These wrought unalloyed and alloyed steels in the form of billets and bars for general engineering purposes are intended to be used in the hardened and tempered condition Tensile strength kgf/mm2 Yield Normalizing stress Min, temperature kgf/mm2 °C Hardening temperature °C Quenching medium Tempering temperature °C Typical applications Westermann Tables IS: 5517–1969 Cold rolled carbon steel sheets IS: 513–1963 Tensile strength (for design purpose only) kgf/mm2 28 28 28 0.10 0.50 0.040 0.040 (2) Improved surface (3) Best surface 0.15 0.12 — 0.50 0.060 0.050 0.060 0.050 (1) Scale-free Coarse or rough Medium or dull Fine or bright C% Max Mn % Max S% Max P% Max For all types Delivery Surface condition finish Typical applications Types O: Ordinary D: Drawing DD: Deep drawing EDD: Extra deep drawing 28 0.10 0.50 0.035 0.035 Course or rough for enamelling and lacquering Medium or dull for general purposes (not suitable for plating) Fine or bright for electroplating Note: Sheet conforming to this standard are of weldable quality and are suitable both for fusion and spot welding. Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip IS: 1079–1968 Grade O-1079 D-1079 DD-1079 EDD-1079 St 34-1079 St 42-1079 St 50-1079 St 52-1079 — — 27–40 27–39 34–42 42–50 50–60 52–62 — — — — 21.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 Tensile strength kgf/mm 2 — — 23 25 25 22 20 20 Yield stress kgf/mm2 Elongation % Min C% Max — 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.25 0.30 0.22 Mn% Max — 0.50 0.50 0.50 — — — — S% Max 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 P% Max 0.060 0.050 0.040 0.035 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 Delivery condition Hot-rolled Annealed Normalized and Descaled Typical applications Used for cold formed structural members and for other general engineering purposes Westermann Tables Spring steel Designation of steel 50 Cr IV 23 55 Si 2 Mn 90 1 2 0.45–0.55 0.50–0.60 0.50–0.80 0.80–1.00 0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.90–1.20 — 0.1–0.30 Steels in the form of Barm and — flats for manufacture of volute, helical and laminated springs for automative suspension. IS: 2507–1965 Annealed at °C Typical applications Grade C% Mn % Si % S % max P % max Cr % V% Typical applications Hot-rolled spring steel IS:3431–1965 7 Cold-rolled steel strip for springs Grade Designation of steel C 45 C 65 C 75 C 98 55 Si 2 Mn 90 50 Cr I 50 Cr IV 23 Spring steels for use under elevated temperatures Grades 1S 1D 2S 2D Steels for Screws Manufacture Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of machine screws Designation of steel — — 1 2 0.15 0.15 0.30–0.65 0.30–0.65 0.065 0.065 0.060 0.060 44–55 kgf/mm2 55–71 kgf/mm2 Grade Tensile strength C % max Mn % S % max P % max Typical applications Used for the manufacture of machine screws by the cold reading process. IS: 1976–1960 S denotes static stressed springs; D denotes dynamic stressed springs 150 145 175 175 0.45–0.55 0.45–0.55 0.50–0.60 0.50–0.60 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60 0.90–1.20 0.90–1.20 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.15–0.30 0.15–0.00 — — Used for manufacturing cold formed helical springs, volute springs, etc. working under elevated temperatures. Classification Tensile strength (for wire dia up to 7 mm) min C% Si % Cr % Va % Typical applications IS:4454–1967 1 3 5 8 9 10 11 120–145 120–145 120–160 160–180 160–200 170–230 190–240 60 60 65 70 80 80 80 0.40–0.50 0.60–0.70 0.70–0.80 0.90–1.05 0.50–0.60 0.45–0.55 0.45–0.55 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 1.50–2.00 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 830–860 810–840 780–810 770–800 830–860 830–860 830–860 600–650 600–650 600–650 620–660 640–680 640–680 600–680 Cold rolled steel strip for the manufacture of springs for various purposes. Tensile strength kgf/mm 2 Hardened Annealed and tempered max C% Si% Hardened in oil at °C Carbon steel wire for the manufacture of wood screws C10 C 15 10 S 11 Boilor Steel Plates Grades Tensile strength kgf/mm2 min Elongation % min 26 25 20 Tensile strength Elongation (normalised and % min tempered) N/mm2 min 440–590 440–590 490–640 460–610 Yield strength min kgf/mm 2 29.5 32.3 36.6 22 22 16 15 C% Si % 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.040 0.050 0.050 C% max Si % S % max 1 2A 2B Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel 16 Mo 30 15 Cr 90 Mo 55 10 Cr 5 Mo 55 14 Cr 45 Mo 60 V 27 Seamless Steel Pipes Designation of steel Y St 30 Y St 32 Y St 37 42.2 44.3 46.4 Tensile strength min kgf/mm 2 C% max 0.29 0.31 0.29 37–45 42–50 52–62 P % max 0.040 0.050 0.050 S% max — — — 460 N/mm2 460 N/mm2 460 N/mm2 0.17 0.22 0.17 0.30–0.65 0.30–0.65 0.60–0.95 0.055 0.055 0.08–0.15 0.055 0.055 0.055 IS: 1673–1960 Used for the manufacture of wood screws by the cold heading process. IS: 2002–1962 Typical applications Plates which are required to be either welded, flanged or flame cut plates of non-flanging quality (low tensile) Plates of non-flanging quality (high tensile) IS: 2002–1962 P% max Typical applications For high-temperature service 0.12–0.20 0.10–0.20 0.15 max 0.10–0.35 C% max 1.25 1.35 1.25 0.12–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.55 max 0.10–0.35 S% max 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.040 0.040 0.030 0.040 For high test line pipes 0.040 0.040 0.030 0.040 P% max 0.05 0.05 0.05 Used when the wall of pipes reach temperatures up to 580° C and are exposed to high pressure; can be fused and are welded; can be bent or folded in cold state. IS: 1979–1971 Typical applications Cover pipes intended for use in oil industry. For dimensional requirements IS: 4431; 2507; 2591; 2002; 6630; 1979 may be referred 8 Cold Rolled Steel Strips for general engineering purposes Temper of strips No. 1—Hard No. 2—Half Hard No. 3—Quarter Hard No. 4—Skin Rolled No. 5—Dead Soft Steels for Rivet Bars Designation of steel St 42 R St 47 R 47 min 22 0.23 0.055 0.055 42 to 54 23 0.23 0.055 0.055 For manufacture of hot forged rivets for structural purposes. High tensile steel rivet bars for structural purposes IS:4431–1967 Elongation % min 24 22 20 17 22 15 0.20–0.30 0.35–0.45 0.08–0.18 0.35–0.45 0.25 max 0.25 max 0.10 max 0.25 max 1.00 to 1.50 0.80 to 1.20 0.80 to 1.20 1.30 to 1.70 0.10 to 0.18 0.14 to 0.22 0.22 to 0.30 0.08 to 0.15 0.15 max 0.05–0.30 0.60 to 0.90 0.08 to 0.13 0.10–0.18 0.05–0.30 1.20 to 1.50 0.10 to 0.18 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.060 C% Si % Mn % S% P% max Typical applications Westermann Tables IS:4030–1967 S% max 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.040 0.040 (c) Fine or bright Fine or bright for electroplating 0.040 0.040 (b) Medium or dull Medium or dull for general purpose 0.040 (a) Coarse or rough Coarse or rough for enamelling and lacquering P% max Surface finish Typical applications Rockwell hardness (B Scale) Min Max 90 70 60 — — 55 0.15 0.60 65 0.15 0.60 75 0.25 0.60 90 0.25 0.60 — 0.25 0.60 C% max Mn % max IS: 1148–1973 IS: 1149–1973 Elongation % min C% max S% max P% max Typical applications Tensile strength kgf/mm2 Free Cutting Steels Designation of steel 10 S 11 14 Mn 1S 14 25 Mn 1S 14 40 S 18 13 S 25 40 Mn 2 S 12 50–60 55–65 37–49 60–70 37–49 44–54 Tensile strength kgf/mm2 } Suitable also for case hardening These have good machinability and satisfactory chip-break (Rapid machining steel for repetition work) Black Bars for production of machined parts Designation of steel C 14 C 20 C 30 C 40 C 45 C 55 Mn 75 C 65 75 min 10 63–71 72 min 15 13 44–52 50–60 58–68 24 21 18 0.15–0.25 0.25–0.35 0.35–0.45 0.40–0.50 0.50–0.60 0.60–0.70 37–45 26 0.10–0.18 — 0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35 0.05–0.35 Tensile strength kgf/mm2 Elongation % min C% Si % Mn % S% max 0.40–0.70 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.60–0.90 0.50–0.80 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 P% max 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 0.055 IS:2073–1970 Typical applications These types are carbon steel black bars for production of machined parts for general engineering purposes Westermann Tables Symbolic Designation of essential properties of materials (iron and steel) Examples and Explanations IS No. Title See Page Designation (example) St 32–0 St 42–0 St 42–S St 42–Sc St 42–Kw St 42–W St 55–HTw St 42–R Grade 1 Grade 2 A Grade 2 B C 30 T 50a C 35 Mn 75 St = Steel; 32 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength O = Ordinary quality 42 kgf/mm 2 minimum tensile strength S = Standard quality c = Copper bearing quality K = Special limits for max P and S w = Weldable W = Fusion welding quality HT = High tensile steel w = Fusion weldable R = Rivet bars Plates required to be welded, flanged or flame-out Non-flanging quality (low tensile) –do– (high tensile) C = Carbon 30 = Average C contents 0.30% T = Tool steel; a = annealed C35 = Average carbon content 0.35% Mn 75 = Average manganese of 0.75%, represented without decimal point, underlined by a bar. (Applicable for alloying element upto 1%) C = Carbon; c = case carburized Carbon average 0.11%; Manganese average 1.5%. (Average alloy content more than 1% is rounded to the nearest whole number, upto 0.5 rounded down; 0.5 and over rounded up. = Hot rolled h q S O J F = Hardened and tempered = Static stressed springs; D = Dynamic stressed = Ordinary; D = Drawn; DD = Deep drawn EDD = Extra deep drawn = Bright drawn or bright rolled; J2 = Precision ground; J3 = descalled; J4 = shot blast = Black sheet; F3 = Pickled surface; F7 = Cold finished; F2 = Black sheet for enamelling and galvanizing = Cast steel-unalloyed; 125 = Minimum tensile strength 125 kgf/mm2 = Grey iron castings; 15 = Minimum tensile strength 15 kgf/mm2 = Black heart malleable iron castings 6 6 F; F2 F3; F7 4 4 4 4 4 CS 125 FG 15 BM 35 PM 70 WM 42 CS FG BM PM WM = Pearlitic malleable iron castings = White heart malleable iron casting. For castings tensile strengths are on 30 mm dia test bars as cast Explanations 9 1977 1977 226 226 226 2062 961 1148 2002 2002 2002 5517 5517 5517 Rivet steels Boiler plates –do– –do– Heat-treatable steels –do– –do– 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 –do– –do– 5 5 –do– –do– –do– 5 5 5 Structural steels –do– 5 5 4432 4432 Case-hardening steels –do– 5 5 C 10c 11 Mn 2 3431 2507 4454 1079 513 513 6 0; D; DD; EDD J; J2 J3; J4 7 1S; 1D 7 Hot Rolled steels for springs Cold rolled steels strips for springs High temperature steels for springs Hot rolled carbon steel sheet and strip Cold rolled carbon steel sheets –do– 7 55 Si 2 Mn 90h C 45q 1030 210 2108 2640 2107 Malleable iron castings –do– –do– Grey iron castings Steel castings 10 Tool and dye steels Tool and dye steels for hot work Designation of steel C% Si % Mn % Cr % Mo % V% W% Brinell hardness (annealed) HB, max 241 229 229 229 248 copper etc. blades, trimmer dyes, dye-casting dyes for hot swaging dyes, forging dye inserts, brass forging dyes, hot shear Used for extrusion dyes, Typical application Westermann Tables IS:3748–1966 T33W9Cr3V38 0.25–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.30–0.40 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.20–0.40 2.80–3.30 — 0.30–0.40 13.0–15.0 0.80–1.20 0.80–1.20 0.80–1.20 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 4.75–5.25 4.75–5.25 4.75–5.25 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60 1.20–1.60 0.20–0.40 1.00–12.0 0.20–0.40 — — 1.20–1.60 0.10–0.35 0.20–0.40 2.80–3.30 — 0.25–0.50 8.00–10.0 T35Cr5MolV30 T35Cr5MoV1 T35Cr5MoW1V30 T55W14Cr3V45 Tool and dye steels for cold work T50 T60 T70Mn65 T80Mn65 T90 T103 T133 T90V23 T118Cr45 T105Cr1Mn60 T140W4Cr50 T55Ni2Cr65Mo30 T105W2Cr60V25 T110W2Cr1 T90Mn2W50Cr45 T215Cr12 T45Cr1Si95 T55Cr70V15 T55Si2Mn90Mo33 0.50–0.60 T40W2Cr1V18 0.35–0.45 T50W2Cr1V18 0.45–0.55 0.50–1.00 0.20–0.40 1.00–1.50 — 1.50–2.00 0.50–1.00 0.80–1.00 0.20–0.40 — 1.00–1.50 0.25–0.40 — 0.12–0.20 0.10–0.25 0.10–0.25 2.00–2.30 0.40–0.50 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.80–1.10 0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 0.55–0.75 0.60–0.80 11.0–13.0 1.20–1.60 0.60–0.80 0.80 max — — 0.80 max — 0.10–0.20 — — — — 1.75–2.25 1.75–2.25 0.90–1.20 1.00–1.20 0.85–0.95 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.25–0.50 0.25–0.50 1.25–1.75 0.40–0.80 0.90–1.30 0.30–0.60 0.25 max — — 0.20–0.30 — 0.25 max 1.25–1.75 1.25–1.75 0.40–0.60 230 230 230 260 230 230 230 230 230 0.90–1.20 1.30–1.50 0.50–0.60 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.40–0.80 0.25–0.50 0.50–0.80 1.00–1.60 0.30–0.70 0.50–0.80 — — 0.25–0.35 — — — — 3.50–4.20 — 230 250 255 1.25–1.40 0.85–0.95 1.10–1.25 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35 — — 0.30–0.60 — — — — 0.15–0.30 0.30 max — — — 210 200 200 0.75–0.85 0.85–0.95 0.95–1.10 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.30 0.10–0.30 0.50–0.80 0.20–0.35 0.20–0.35 — — — — — — — — — — — — 240 200 200 in the form of bars, blanks, rings, and other shapes for cold work, capable of being hardened and tempered. These are used for the making tools and dyes for blanking, trimming, shaping and shearing. 0.50–0.60 0.65–0.75 0.10–0.35 0.10–0.35 0.60–0.90 0.50–0.80 — — — — — — — — 240 240 for plain carbon and alloy tool and dye steels 0.45–0.55 0.10–0.35 0.60–0.90 — — — — 240 Covers the requirements IS:3749–1966 Steels for dye blocks for drop forgings Designation of steel C% Si % Mn % Ni % Cr % Mo % Brinell hardness HB Annealed max T60 T60Ni1 T55NiCr65 T50NiCr35 0.48–0.53 0.15–0.35 0.55–0.65 0.50–0.60 0.15–0.35 0.15–0.35 0.55–0.65 0.15–0.35 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.50–0.80 0.45–0.65 — 1.0–1.4 1.25–1.65 0.80–1.00 — — 0.50–0.80 0.80–1.00 — — — 0.30–0.40 209 209 230 255 Hardened and tempered 212–269 212–269 235–302 269–477 Steel for dye blocks in square, rectangular and sections for drop forgings. Typical applications Westermann Tables Classification of carbide tips according to their range of application Designation Range of application Material to be machined Steel, steel casting Steel, steel casting Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips Steel, steel casting, malleable cast iron forming long chips Steel, steel castings with sand inclusions or shrinkage cavities Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. Feed: high. Rake angle: high, for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines Turning, planning, shaping. Cutting speed: low. Feed: high. Rake angle large for machining under unfavourable conditions and work on automatic machines Turning. Cutting speed: medium to high. Feed: low to medium Turning, milling. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: medium Turning, milling. Cutting speed and feed: medium. Planning: with low feed rate Turning, planning, milling. Cutting speed: medium to low. Feed: medium to high even if operating conditions are unfavourable Turning, threading and milling Cutting speed: high. Feed: low or medium Precision turning and fine boring Cutting speed: high, Feed: low Machining conditions Identification colour P01 P10 P20 Resistance to wear Toughness P30 Feed Cutting speed Carbide tip Cutting Increasing direction of the characteristic of 11 (IS: 2428–1964) P40 P50 Steel, steel castings of medium or low tensile strength with sand inclusions or shrinkage cavities Steel, steel castings, manganese steel, grey cast iron, alloyed cast iron. Cutting speed Toughness Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, manganese steel, grey cast iron, spheroidised cast iron and malleable cast iron Steel, steel casting, austenitic steel, grey cast iron, heat resisting alloys Free cutting steel, low tensile strength steel, brass and light alloy Very hard grey cast iron, chilled castings of hardness up to 60 HRC. Aluminium alloys with high silicon content, hardened steel, plastics of abrasive type, hard board and ceramics Grey cast iron of hardness more than 220 HB, malleable cast iron forming short chips, tempered steel, aluminium alloys containing silicon, copper alloys plastics, glass, hard rubber, hard cardboard, porcelain, stone Grey cast iron of hardness up to 220 HB, non-ferrous metals, such as copper, brass, aluminium, laminated wood of abrasive type Soft grey cast iron, low tensile strength steel, laminated wood Soft or hard natural wood, nonferrous, metals M10 Resistance to wear M20 Feed M30 M40 K01 Turning, milling, planning. Cutting speed: medium. Feed: medium or high Turning, profile turning, parting off especially in automatic machines Turning, precision turning and boring, milling, scraping K10 Resistance to wear Turning, milling, boring, reaming, broaching, scraping Cutting speed Feed K20 Toughness Turning, milling, planning, reaming, broaching K30 Turning, planning, shaping, milling. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable conditions Turning, milling, planning, shaping. Rake angle: large even under unfavourable machining conditions K40 12 Nomenclature Copper Electrolytic tough pitch copper Fire refined high conductivity copper Fire refined tough pitch copper Tough pitch arsenical copper Oxygen free high conductivity copper Lead Pig lead Pig lead Zinc Refined secondary zinc Refined secondary zinc Tin Refined secondary tin Refined secondary tin Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium F1B 99.5% Al More resistant to corrosion F1A 99.8% Al Tensile strength 5.5 kgf/mm2 Sn 96 96% Sn to foils For alloying IS: 734–1967 May be cast, weldable Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, forgings. Used for cladding, on stronger alloys, food and chemical plants, electrical conductors and reflectors Available in the form of sheets, plates, tubes, wires, rods and forgings. Used for panelling and moulding, lightly stressed and decorative assemblies, equipment for food, chemical and brewing industries, packing and cooking utensils 99% Al Excellent, electrical, conductivity, resistant to corrosion. For induction motor, rotors, power transmission cable accessories, vessels and fittings for food and chemical industries Sn 99 99% Sn Soft, can be cast, rolled For plating, casting IS: 4280–1967 SZn 98.5 98.5% Zn to corrosion For galvanizing SZn 99.5 99.5% Zn Can be cast, resistant For alloying IS: 4699–1968 Pb 98.94 99.94% Pb soldered and welded For alloying Pb 99.99 99.99% Pb Soft, can be cast, Plates in storage batt IS: 27–1965 ATP OF 99.2% Cu 99.95% Cu Good bearing property High conductivity For bearings For conductors FRTP–1 FRTP–2 99.8% Cu 99.5% Cu Easy to cast For castings ETP FRHC 99.9% Cu 99.9% Cu Soft High conductivity For electrical parts For conductors IS: 191–1967 Grade Minimum contents Physical properties Typical applications Westermann Tables Aluminium F1C 99.0% Al Very ductile, resistant to corrosion, good conductor. Aluminium (commercial quality) AO