WDM Gwalior

Water Demand Management Strategies and Implementation Plan for GWALIORThe Energy and Resources Institute Water Resource Planning and Conservation Government of Madhya Pradesh United Nations Human Settlements Programme Water Demand Management Strategies and implementation plan for GWALIOR © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2006 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 –20 –7623588 Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or regarding its economic system, or degree of development. UN-HABITAT does not owe any responsibility, whatsoever, for incorrect/inappropriate information provided by the Gwalior Municipal Corporation and the Public Health Engineering Departmen, or in documents, maps, or quoted reports of Research and Consultancy Organisations. No material in this publication can be reproduced or presented in any form or by any means without prior permission of UN-HABITAT. The information developed, analysis, conclusions and recommendations of the Publication do not necessarily reflect the authenticity and views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member States. ISBN: HS Number: Acknowledgements The Publication has been prepared under the overall guidance of Mr. Kalyan Ray, Senior Advisor, Office of the Executive Director, UN-HABITAT and close supervision of Mr. Andre Dzikus, Programme Manager, Water for Cities Programmes, Water, Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch (WSIB) of UN-HABITAT, Nairobi, with the support of Mr. Aniruddhe Mukerjee and Mr. Kulwant Singh of UN-HABITAT. UN-HABITAT owes a great deal to The Energy Resources Institute (TERI) in commissioning this study in partnership with Water Resources Planning and Conservation (WRP), South Africa, who provided the water balance software for undertaking water balance study. UN-HABITAT would like to acknowledge the contribution of Gwalior Municipal Corporation and the Public Health Engineering Department for the innovative inputs into the study. 2 .................................... 12 1.................................................... 26 5............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33 5..........................................................................................................................................................................1 Approach ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 48 5............................................................................................................10 Water conservation at consumer end management ................................................................. 41 5..............4 Sectorisation/district metered areas .................................................................................................................................................................. 21 3..... 15 2................11 Pressure management ........... 14 2......................................................................................................................................................................... Gwalior Municipal Corporation Background ........................................................................................3 Other observations ...................................................... 47 5................................................................................................................ 43 5.......................................................................................................................1 Objectives ............................................ 13 Chapter 2 Status of water supply to Gwalior city 2.............................................................. 19 Chapter 3 Rapid water audit and balance 3.......................................................................................................4 Partners and stakeholders in the study ..................................................................................... 50 5....................................................... 51 Chapter 6 Financial assessment of Waterworks Department..................................................................................................................... 11 1...................................................................................................Contents Preface ................. 20 3................................................ 59 Current water tariff structure .......................................................................2 Scope ............................. 24 Chapter 5 Water demand management strategies: Technical 5............................................................................................7 Executive Summary ................. 46 5................................... 57 Analysis of the expenditure statement .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 5.......................................3 Water audit and balancing ................................ 11 1................9 Alternative delivery mechanisms .........3 Water Audit using AQUALIBRE software .......................................................................3 Approach and methodology .......................7 Asset management program ...............................................................................................8 Planned maintenance .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 Water supply network ..........2 Development of database management system using GIS ...................6 Active and passive leakage control ...............1 Metering .......... 62 3 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 56 Analysis of income-expenditure statement ...............................................2 Water supply in different zones .........................................................................................5 Energy auditing .. 22 Chapter 4 Introduction of water demand management ................................................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.................................1 Water sources ................................................................................................... 40 5............................................................................................................................................................ ...............................................................................................................................................................................................117 Annexure 5.....................2 Current legal and institutional framework for provision of water supply services in Gwalior ..151 Bibliography .105 Annexure 5........................................................1 .......................................................................................................................................................112 Annexure 5...................Chapter 7 Water demand management strategies: Institutional and Policy Reforms 7....................................................2c ..................................................................................................................2b ..............2d ....................115 Annexure 5.........................................................3 Introduction to SWOT ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................127 Annexure 5.....................................1b ...............................................................................................................1a .....................................................................................................................2a ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................114 Annexure 5..................................2 ..................................1d ........................................................................................................................................................ 79 7.......................................................146 Annexure 7.................... 83 Annexures Annexure 3................................................................................................................................................134 Annexure 6.....................................................................................................................................................131 Annexure 5...........................................................................................................116 Annexure 5..........1 Introduction ............. 80 7.................3 ...............................................................................................................................113 Annexure 5..........................156 4 .............1 ................................................126 Annexure 5...........................................................1c ......137 Annexure 6..........................................................................1 .............1e ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................5 Pilot projects for immediate implementation .......................................................................7 Framework for IEC strategy ......1 Detailed methodology ...............................1 Standard IWA water balance ....................................................6 Details of bulk consumers in Gwalior and water supplied to them .................................................................................................................................................. 17 Table 2.....3 Proposed locations for installation of bulk revenue meters ...........................3 Details of riders in Laskar (East) zone .............................. 83 Figure 7...... 19 Table 5.................................. 25 Figure 5.....6 Capacity building framework . 36 Table 5..........................................................................1 Comparative analysis of various types of meters ................................................................................................ 53 Table 5..... 15 Table 2....1 Details of water sources and water supplied to Gwalior . 23 Figure 4............... 34 Figure 5.............................. 82 Figure 7......................................................................................4 Details of various GIS themes ....................................2 Details of pump houses at WTPs ....4 Organisational chart: Water works department .........................................................................................1 Key issues in urban water supply: The vicious circle .........................................................................................6 Proposal for projects to be implemented within 2 years ......................................................................................................................................................2 Proposed locations for bulk metering of flow (bulk management meters) ............................................................................. 79 Figure 7...................................... 18 Table 2....................................... 93 Figure 7...................................................................................................................................................................2 Institutional arrangements in Madhya Pradesh for provision of urban water supply ................................................................................................................ 81 Figure 7................................................................................................................................................................. 55 5 . 2 Map Showing a part of Gwalior in GIS .............. 15 Figure 3...................................................................... 91 Figure 7............................................... 30 Table 5.......................................................................................................3 Organisation chart of GMC .....................4 Details of bulk consumers in Lashkar East and water supplied to them ...... 98 Tables Table 2................................................................................................................................................................1 A framework for a GIS based data base system ....................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 7........................................................................................... 14 Table 2............................................. 16 Figure 2..............5 Details of OHTs in different zones .....................................1 PDCA Approach .............. 27 Table 5.................................1 Schematic diagram for Tighra-Kaketo water supply network .. 16 Table 2.............................................................................Figures Figure 1......................................................................5 Implementing PM system ............................................................................. 29 Table 5. ..................... 61 Table 6..............................................22 Key ratios/Indices measuring effectiveness of inventory management ..............................21 Fixed domestic water tariff to break-even .......................................... 70 Table 6.................................................. 56 Table 6..........................6 International examples of options for private sector participation and allocation of responsibilities 100 Table 7.......................................................................................................10 Commencement and Terminal Years for the 3 alternative scenarios . 68 Table 6....20 Difference between tariff and cost per connection in the short................................................................................ 58 Table 6......... 72 Table 6........................................................................................................................................ 77 Table 7...6 Setting up of Maharashtra Water Regulatory Commission........ 83 Table 7..........................................................................5 Income-expenditure gap from FY 2000-01 to FY 2004-05 ............................................................3 Expenditure statement of Waterworks Department .......................................................... 86 Table 7............................ 63 Table 6................................................... 66 Table 6................................ 71 Table 6...............15 Base Case Scenario II ....................13 Base Case Scenario I ............18 Total new domestic connections added during the short......................................................... medium and long term ..................16 Trend of regularization of illegal connections ..... 69 Table 6....... 71 Table 6... 59 Table 6....................................... 60 Table 6............................................9 Existing Tariff Schedule (Effective from April 2002) .............. 100 Table 7....2 Income statement of the Waterworks Department...................................................... 74 Table 6... medium and long-term scenarios ................................19 Revenue-expenditure projections for Waterworks Department ...................................... 92 Table 7.............................................1 Income-expenditure trend of the Waterworks Department ..............8 Profit/Loss scenarios with varying collection efficiencies .......................................................................................................................1 SWOT framework .......................................7 Estimates of zonal annual collection efficiency based on field surveys/interaction .............6 Assessment of the revenue-expenditure position of Waterworks Department .................................................................................................................................. 97 Box: 7................14 Existing consumer category wise average tariff and average cost (Rs/KL) ...............2 Results of the SWOT analysis ..........................................................................................................................4 Consumer category-wise revenues ... 67 Table 6........................................................................3 Examples of the four types of performance indicators applied to urban water supply service ....5 Indian experience in Privatisation of Water Supply & Sanitation ...........................4 Training modules ................................................. 57 Table 6........................................................................................................................................................... 61 Table 6.... GMC ................................................................................ 102 6 ................ 68 Table 6........ 60 Table 6...............................11 Customer category-wise break-up of revenues & applicable tariffs .......................................................................Table 6. Preface The city of Gwalior is the fourth largest city in the State of Madhya Pradesh with the per capita water availability of 190lpcd covering over 8 lakh population. South Africa. A significant volume of ground water of the order of 27 MLD is also extracted through a network of bore wells and hand pumps. The Publication presents a comprehensive reforms package by developing Water Demand Management strategies and implementation plan for the city of Gwalior involving institutional. The focus is mainly on the water balancing systems.. The water supply problem in the city of Gwalior is attributed more to the lack of infrastructure and current management practices rather than lack of water availability. Absence of data on leakages and the reliability of the available basic data on the availability of water supply has been the major concern in arriving at water balance audit. There has been zonal disparities and the percentage of non-revenue water varies from a minimum of 28% to a maximum of 66 per cent. South Africa and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). The Water Demand Management Strategy and Implementation Plan has been prepared by TERI based on the techniques and methodology provided by the WRP. capacity building and approaches for reducing unaccounted for water for an efficient and effective distribution of available water supply. developing information-base on GIS platform. UN-HABITAT in partnership with Water Resource Planning and Conservation (WRP) Consulting Engineers (Pvt. Andre Dzikus Programme Manager Water for Cities Programmes UN-HABITAT 7 . Nonrevenue water for the whole of the city is estimated at around 39 per cent. financial and technical issues and is aimed at the efficiency improvements in management and utilization of water. The strategies and the implementation framework illustrated in the publication would not only enhance awareness but also provide the basis for formulating effective Water Demand Management policies.) Ltd. India commissioned the study on Water Demand Management in the city of Gwalior. consequent to the Workshop on Pro-Poor Urban Water and Sanitation Governance held in March 2005 in Bhopal to bring together the primary and secondary stakeholders on the approach and strategies to be adopted in the implementation of the Water for Asian Cities Programme. Information on operational aspects of water supply is mostly unavailable. 8 . Gwalior water supply scheme draws 135 MLD of raw water for treatment while covering an estimated population of about 9. 9 . through two PSC pipelines from the dam. The scope of the assignment involved conducting a water balancing study. Water is supplied from the dam to the two WTPs (old and new) at Moti Jheel. which tends to be a mixture of assumptions that shall need formal vetting by the officials of Municipal Corporation in due course. Current scenario The water supply to Gwalior is mainly dependent on the Tighra-Kaketo system and ground water augments this supply. the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Governments of Asia. It was observed that there is an extensive leakage and wastage in the areas where water is supplied during night. It is also recommended to install bulk meters at gravity mains from the dam. This current water supply problem can therefore be attributed more to the lack of infrastructure and current management practices rather the lack of water availability. Railways. financial and technical issues in water supply. It is also proposed to install V-notches to measure water flow in open channels (from the dam) and inlet to both treatment plants to assess water allocation from the dam and leakages. the study looked at the cities of Bhopal.83 lakhs. Bulk revenue meters should be installed for revenue realisation from bulk consumers like MES. as these consume huge volume of the water supplied and pay a high percentage of the total revenue realised.. realized on a flat rate basis. Absence of data on leakages and reliability of the basic data has been a major concern in the calculations on water balance audit. However because of an uncertainty of 23%. Lashkar East and Lashkar west.Executive Summary UN-HABITAT commissioned a study on water demand management (WDM) in four cities of Madhya Pradesh to The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). It is also suggested that expenditure on power consumption should be recorded and tracked by installing energy monitoring systems near all pump houses and treatment plants. NRW in this zone could even be as high as 56%. It is practically impossible to implement any demand management strategy without metering. which can be used to improve the efficiency of the current system. which leads to inadequate funds for undertaking O&M activities properly. In Gwalior. domestic consumer meters are not installed and all revenue is. this should be carried out at pump house located at the outlet of old WTP. It is also suggested that energy audit should be carried out at all pump houses although at pilot phase. IAF. New Delhi and Water Resource Planning and Conservation (WRP). The study is funded under the Water for Asian Cities (WAC) Programme. South Africa. J A Hospital. etc. To begin with all visible leakages occurring from transmission pipes. Water demand management (WDM) is thus an approach. Site visits carried out. WDM Strategy The first step to WDM is essentially to measure the water flowing in the system. valves and pumps should be identified and repaired. The audit is therefore based on the best information available. Bulk meters should also be installed at the transmission mains to Murar. Assessment study reveals that most of the information on operational aspects of water supply is either unavailable or is available as a crude estimate. It is proposed that bulk meters be installed at outlet of both new and old treatment plant and outlet of Rakkas tank near Haddi Mill. while assessing the supply system reveal that a considerable amount of water is lost during transmission and distribution of water. Aimed at efficiency improvements in management and utilisation of water. It is suggested that a dedicated team should be involved to carry out leak detection and repair. preparing a detailed database on a GIS platform and making recommendations for reducing unaccounted for water so that available water supply is efficiently and effectively distributed. The present study aims at developing a comprehensive reforms package for Gwalior involving institutional. therefore. Gwalior. The absence of metering coupled with an irrational tariff structure results in huge losses to the service provider. which is a collaborative initiative between the UN-HABITAT. There is a need to change supply timings in these areas. Jabalpur and Indore. The best estimate for overall percentage of non-revenue water is about 44%. Such a tariff design typically includes a consumption/ volumetric rate in addition to the fixed water charge. asset management program. carry out awareness campaign and regularising illegal connection.Pilot study areas like Ward 17. identification of leakages and repair. domestic consumer metering. A flat tariff not only encourages indiscriminate and illegal water usage. water audit. etc for better revenue realisation. Creating special cells for functions such as leak detection. This vision statement should draw upon the existing national and state water polices and urban development policies adopted by the state and national governments and also the expectations of the consumers. Restructuring of the water works department is needed so as to very clearly demarcate all functions like planning. Ward 17. while also providing an opportunity to undertake performance measurement.This system scores over the cash based accounting as it also takes into consideration credit transactions. which will help in better management of water supply networks. it is recommended that GMC formulates a vision statement for provision of water supply services by involving all relevant stakeholders. It is also suggested that GMC should develop a comprehensive MIS that covers all aspects of water management and interlink with GIS. GMC charges are on a flat rate basis because of the absence of a metering systemat the consumer end. consumer grievances and database management should be undertaken. construction. Institutional Reforms As a first step to the reforms process. 10 . An alternative to the current tariff structure is the ‘two part’ tariff structure. Indra Nagar (Murar) has been suggested for carrying out implementation of WDM strategies such as District-metering areas (DMA). Such studies will help in assessing financial and technical inputs required to carry out implementation of these strategies at city level. distribution O&M and plant O&M. preparation of GIS database based on extensive survey of pipelines. improve collection efficiency and provide clarity to tariff design. It is also suggested to modify the prevalent municipal accounting and financial reporting systems from single-entry cash based to double-entry accrual based system. Financial Assessment Currently. GMC should also develop an Infrastructure Development Plan for provision of water supply services in Gwalior. but also acts as a disincentive for consumers to conserve water. design. pressure management. The existing tariff structure needs to be rationalized to address cost recovery principles. It is proposed that an awareness campaign should be carried out to regularise illegal connections in the areas like Ramaji ka pura. 1 Objectives Aim of the study is to ensure long-term sustainability of water resources through interventions targeted at improving efficiencies in water distribution and use in urban water supply systems. In addition pilot projects for immediate implementation have also been identified. 1.2 Scope As mentioned above the study has three distinct components: – Current status assessment: The scope of the study included a rapid assessment of the current water supply situation with specific reference to estimation of Unaccounted for water and preparation of water balance based on existing secondary datasets. and Jabalpur for developing a WDM strategy and implementation plans for the cities. Gwalior. Mobilizing political will Enhancing Human Resources. collaborative initiatives between UN-Habitat. financial and institutional issues. Assessment of existing water supply operations including water balance apart from technical. – Strategy and implementation plan: The findings from the assessment have been used to formulate a WDM strategy and implementation plan comprising of technical. In the above context TERI is partnership with UN-Habitat and Water Resource Planning (WRP) Consulting Engineers. Water Demand Management (WDM) which essentially encourages improvements in water distribution and use rather than augmentation of supplies has over the years has emerged as an alternative approach to securing access to water supply for everyone on a sustainable basis. pricing. Formulation of a detailed WDM strategy and implementation plan for Bhopal. In addition financial and institutional assessment of the municipal corporation was also undertaken which included Identification of key issues and problems by a SWOT matrix analysis of institutional players and an analysis of the existing tariff structure including billing. 2. 1. South Africa has undertaken a study to conduct a rapid assessment of the water supply services in Gwalior and develop a Water Demand Management (WDM) strategy and implementation plan. The specific objectives of the study are: 1. The assignment also aims at building capacities for mainstreaming WDM principles in water supply planning at different organisational levels in Gwalior Municipal Corporation. Gwalior and Jabalpur 3. ADB (Asian Development Bank) and Government of Asia. and pro poor investments in Water and Sanitation sector aimed at meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). – Preparation of GIS maps: Existing water supply distribution maps available with the municipal corporation have been digitised and converted to a GIS platform for use as base maps for future expansion. financial and institutional strategies aimed at reducing UFW. The WAC program supports Capacity Building. Scarcity of water resources coupled with inequitable distribution and inefficient use and distribution of water have led to a situation wherein a large percentage of the population in urban centres across the country have no access to safe drinking water and at the same time huge quantities of water is wasted through leakages and pilferages. and recovery structure.1 Introduction Over the past decade sustainable access to water supply has emerged as one of the most critical development challenges facing the developing world. 11 . Bhopal. Water Education. The study is supported under the Water for Asian Cities (WAC) program. Capacity building at all levels in the four municipal corporations of Indore. and institutional changes required for better and more efficient delivery of water supply services.1. Thus development of strategies for reducing NRW (Non Revenue Water) would require a thorough understanding of the water supply systems. Different rounds of data collection have been undertaken because of the poor quality of data and inadequacies in data. Based on the above investigations. different WDM strategies have been recommended.3 Approach and methodology A WDM strategy essentially includes recommendations for improving the efficiencies in water use and distribution. Detailed methodology followed is given in Figure 1 below Figure 1. which include various aspects of technical. In addition the root cause of inefficiencies in water supply systems are related more to the policy.The study focused on carrying out a water balance using data provided by/collected from the municipality. financial. Further limited flow monitoring was carried to fill in data gaps.1 Detailed methodology 12 . Thus we had undertaken the study considering all the above issues. institutional and financial challenges which get reflected in poor service delivery. Given the limited time and scope. the study was essentially based on the secondary data collected through visits to each of the city. Project Management Consultants and Design & Supervision Consultants for MP UWSEIP. Gwalior (MP UWSEIP) 5. Project Management Unit (MP UWSEIP) 4. TERI and WRP Consulting engineers have jointly undertaken the WDM study. In addition SGS Institute of Technology and Science has been involved with the training and capacity building component of the study. 13 . 1. PI U.1.4 Partners and stakeholders in the study As mentioned earlier UN-HABITAT. However apart from the above the following partners and stakeholders have also been involved in various stages of the study for providing data and feedback on the WDM reports as well as training. Public Health Engineering Department 3. Gwalior Municipal Corporation 2. The present installed capacity of the plant is 77.28 MLD (17 MGD). The city consists of three distinct urban areas: Old Gwalior in the north. The climate of Gwalior is extreme with hot summers and cold winters. at 26. There are two large industrial estates within easy proximity: Malanpur Girungi in the Northeast and Banmore to the Northwest. The processes 14 . through two PSC pipelines (17 Km long and diameter 1200 mm).1 (12. The supplies from Tighra dam located on the Sank River are supplemented by supply from another reservoir of the Kaketo dam on Narver River. which theoretically translates into the per capita availability of around 160 lpcd considering no losses and equitable distribution.1 summarises the volume of water supplied in Gwalior from different sources Table 2.5MGD). Water levels in the dam are inspected/recorded on a daily basis and point that there has been no shortfall in supplies over the last few years. this supply is sufficient for the Gwalior city when compared to CPHEEO’s norms for per capita supply of 135 lpcd. Theoretically. However based on flows measured at the inlet of this WTP. It experiences southwestern monsoon rains in June-September with an annual rainfall of around 766mm. is about 155 MLD (37. It is reported that the quantity of ground water used for daily supplies is around 27 MLD (6 MGD) (GHK Report).18 O E longitudes in the IndoGangetic plains. Tubewells augment supplies from the WTP and in most of the cases these supplies are mixed with the treated water from Moti Jheel.67 (15. A significant volume of ground water is also extracted through a network of borewells and hand pumps.18 (14.5) 63. Gwalior is the fourth largest city in the state with a population of 9.1.83 lakhs as per the 2001 census. It is estimated that there is a huge loss from this WTP on account of its treatment efficiency and losses during water conveyance within the WTP. Laskar about 3 km to the southwest.5 MGD) of treated water to Gwalior. Water is supplied from the dam to the two WTPs (old and new) at Moti Jheel. This estimate is derived on the basis of the number of tubewells reported for different zones. including supplies from the two WTPs and groundwater supplies.1 MLD (12. In all.2 Status of Water Supply to Gwalior City Gwalior is situated in the north of the state of Madhya Pradesh. The main source of water for the city is Tighra Dam. The total treated water availability. tourism and textiles. both within 20 km radius of the city (GHK Report).28 (17) 68. it is estimated that this plant supplies 57.85 MGD) of water is reserved for drinking water supplies to Gwalior. Its economic base is constituted of trade and commerce.8) 68.1) Outlet of WTP (measured/ estimated) MLD 57. Table 2.1 Water sources The water supply system in Gwalior is mainly dependent on the Tighra-Kaketo system and ground water augments this supply. small-scale industries.1 Details of water sources and water supplied to Gwalior Source Moti Jheel Old WTP Moti Jheel New WTP Ground water Installed capacity MLD (MGD) 77.1 Moti Jheel treatment plants Old Treatment Plant The old treatment plant was commissioned in 1928 and its capacity was further augmented in 1972. and Morar towards the east (which covers the cantonment area).19 (15) 27 (6) Inlet of WTP (measured) MLD 67. 190 MLD (41.8 (14) 2.12O N latitude and 78. 2. The first is a sand filtration unit of 18. Figure 2.8 MLD (14 MGD).2 Water supply network The water supply network in Gwalior city has been divided into four zones: Gwalior.92 MLD (4.45 ML/ 4.2 Details of pump houses at WTPs Pump house Pump house 1 Pump house 2 Pump house 3 Pump capacity 1 pump of 22.33 MGD). Table 2. Morar.16 MLD (4 MGD) 2 pumps of 9. The pump houses -1 & 2 along with a pump from pump house –3 supply 26. Noorganj. 2.1.25 in).85 MLD (8.1 is the schematic diagram for the supply scheme. Thatipur. 2. Sikandarpur and Sanjay Nagar). Lashkar (east) and Lashkar (west). Jayinderganj Pump house-3 supplies 30. Jayinderganj Aamkho.2 New treatment plant The new treatment plant commissioned in 1986 has an installed capacity of 68. A fraction of the water supplied to Rakkas tank is also supplied directly to distribution network (Gwalior and Lashkar West zones) through a bypass arrangement. the details of which are as given as Table 2.16 MLD (4 MGD) each 1 Pump of 18.4MLD (6. Lakshman tallaya. The treated water is pumped through 5 pumps of 22.6MLD (3 MGD) and 50MLD (11 MGD) of water is respectively supplied to the Rakkas tank and different reservoirs and riders of the city (covering Gorkhi (new and old).8MLD (5.19 MLD (15 MGD) while the treated water supplied by this WTP was measured to be 63. Details of each zone are discussed in the following sections.1 Schematic diagram for Tighra-Kaketo water supply network 15 .08 MLD(2 MGD) each 2 pumps of 18.involved in the treatment includes sand filtration and disinfection. Lakshman tallaya.7 MLD(5 MGD) 1 pump of 22.2.16 MLD (4 MGD) Supplies to Aamkho. Figure 2. It is reported that about 13.7MGD) of water to the Rakkas tank (20. The information presented here has been collected following questionnaire and interview based approaches. This new WTP comprises of two treatment units.16 MGD) and the second has a clari-flocculator cum sand filtration unit of 37. Water supplied from Tighra directly reaches the plant through another 17 Km long PSC pipe line (diameter 1200 mm / 47.5 MG capacity) located at a distance of about 3 km.7 MLD (5 MGD) 1 pump of 18. Morar.7 MLD (5 MGD) each (3 operational at a time). At the treatment plant there are three pump houses. which runs parallel to line supplying to the old treatment plant. Jayinderganj Rakkas Tank Rakkas Tank Aamkho.9MGD) water to the Lashkar east zone through different tanks and rider connections. Lakshman tallaya. There are a total of 19. 2 lakh gallon Bagh of Kamalsingh Palaka Bazar.27 ML/0. Shabd Pratap Ashram Sampurna 2 3 4 5 6 7 In front of Kanak Medical In front of Kanak Medical In front of Kanak Medical Ramdas Ghati Ramdas Ghati Baljit wali gali Arora Bhawan Ramdas Ghati 24"x3" 24"x3" 24"x3" 24" 24"x6" 24"x3" 2 2 2 32 32 32 36 Rampuri. There are 287 tube wells in Laskar East (5 nos defunct) and pumps of different capacities are installed on these. No. Harijan Basti Area 400 700 250 600 500 200 200 200 8 9 10 11 Arora Bhawan Chawni of Shinde Near Bijlighar In front of Dongarpur 24"x3" 24"x3" 24"x3" 24"x4" 36 36 36 36 32 38 12 13 14 15 Aasmani Mata Laxman Tallya Kuan of Nawab Sa Shinde ki Chawni.000 litres also exist in the zone. Nagjara Raod Pool Bagh To fill Inderganj Tanki.372 houses) while around 1538 illegal connections are also reported in this zone.1 Lashkar (East) Lashkar (E) lies in the south-eastern region of Gwalior and has a population of 1. their sizes and number of connections they serve are available as Table 2.3 Details of riders in Laskar (East) zone S. This supply is distributed within the zone through overhead tanks. It is reported that there are 134 number of hand pumps in the zone but some of these are not in a working condition.257 connections (representing 23. Parishad Bhawan Khallasipura.2MG).089 (2001 census) spread across 13 wards. Overhead reservoirs exist at Amkho (capacity 4. Feeding to Total Number of Connections 1299 1 Near Nasha Mukti Kendra 24"x3" 3 Vinay Nagar Sector 2. Mahavir Colony Scindia Nagar. The main sources of water supply for Lashkar East is the old treatment plant at Moti Jheel. Barwai Gate Sunaro ki bagiya. Mental Hospital and other areas Panchsheel Nagar.3. main raod Adarsh Colony Area whole area Whole Pardi Mohalla Rambagh Colony Chawni of Shinde. Details of bulk consumers and water supplied to them is provided as Table 2. Jaivilas Palace. Police Chowki 24"x3" 24"x16" 24"x4" 24"x3" 24"x8" 32 Tanki 36 42 31.5MG) and Lakshman Talliya (0. Rider’s Name. High Court Raod Sampurna Roshnighar Road. Ramdas Ghati Main Raod Pyau wali gali. Different sets of riders supply the zone and details of these riders. Kante Sa Bagh. sumps and set of riders (pipes drawn from the main transmission line and other distribution lines).4. Central Jail Line. Tiwari ke pas Adiwasi Mohalla Baljit wali gali Chawni area of Shinde 1913 200 50 500 Pyau wali gali. Khateek Mohalla To fill Laxman Tallya sump To fill tanki. Place Size Ward No.2.67. 32 37 37 41 16 17 Jyaendraganj Road Near Khalsa Hotel 24"x14" 24"x4" 18 Near Bank of illahabad 24"x3" 37 16 . Table 2. Besides two sump wells of capacity 90. Karn sa ki dyodi.2.9ML /0. 5 lakh gallon Dal Bazar. through a 600mm (24”) diameter transmission line.54 ML/1MG). Jayenderganj (capacity 2. S. No. 19 20 Rider’s Name, Place Khand Office Road Near Achleshwar Mandir Size 24"x3" 24"x3" Ward No. 37 37 Feeding to Roshnighar Road, Halipad Nagar Nigan Bangle and Roshnighar Road Ranipura, Mahal Gate, Chetakpuri Road, Halipad Colony Cancer Hospital Pratap Lodge Pahari Area Total Number of Connections 150 50 21 22 23 24 25 26 Near Telephone Exchange Vijay Nagar Private Bus Stand Aamkhi Aamkhi Magistrate Bunglow Aamkhi Tank Road On Aamkhi Tanki 24"x4" 24"x3" 24"x3" 24"x2" 24"x3" 24"x3" 37 40 40 40 40 40 500 200 20 100 200 Aamkhi Magistrate Bunglow Tanki Road Sampurna Aankhi Pahari Table 2.4 Details of bulk consumers in Lashkar East and water supplied to them Bulk consumer Water supplied (Litres per day) 3046900 215616 250000 116666 169000 77083 15000 15000 34500 3.94 MLD Water supplied (Gallons per day) 671123 47492 55066 25697 37225 16978 3303 3303 7600 0.86 MGD JA Hospital Connection I JA Hospital Connection II Scindia School (at Fort) Cancer Hospital Medical college Central Jail Narrow gauge Railway Station-I Narrow gauge Railway Station-II GR Medical College Total 2.2.2 Morar Morar zone lies in northeast part of the Gwalior city. Water to this zone is supplied from new treatment plant and then into the two overhead tanks at Morar and Thatipur. A 500 mm (20”) dia CI pipe diverges from a 700mm (28”) CI pipe leading from the new treatment plant supplies to the Morar tank. Although, the duration of supply in this zone is about one hour, the OHT at Thatipur gets emptied within 40 minutes of supply. Thatipur tank is filled completely to its capacity. According to the authorities, the capacity of Morar Tank is 4.54 ML (1 MG), but the tank is filled only up to 5.2 m –5.3 m (17.4 ft), hence water supplied to this tank is only 3.93 MLD (0.86 MGD). The pressure at which water is supplied to the OHTs is 68m (6.8 kg/cm2) for Thatipur and Morar respectively. However, pressure available at the tail end of the distribution network is very low and hence these areas receive only 15 minutes of water supply in a day. Reported connections in the zone include 17,544 legal connections and 1318 illegal connections. Groundwater is also supplied through tube wells to this zone with 189 tube wells in this zone. Some consumers receive water from both tube well as well as Moti Jheel supply. But here tube well water is not disinfected at most of the places before supplying it to the consumers. Ward number 24 and 25 are supplied through groundwater and most of them get water through hand pumps as there are only few connections. The number of functional hand pumps is 336; out of which 25 are either dried or not working properly. There is one pressure gauge installed near Gole ka Mandir area that reads an average pressure of 27.5m (2.75 kg/cm2). Water is also supplied to bulk consumers directly from Moti Jheel. These bulk consumers are MES with 2.04 MLD (0.45 MGD), IAF with 0.9 MLD (0.2 MGD) and Railways 0.45 MLD (0.1 MGD). The number of illegal connections in this area till January 2005 was 2400, out of which approximately 1141 illegal connections have been legalized by August 2005. It has 17 been reported that number of leakages per month is around 120, this information includes both active and passive leakages. Table 2.5 depicts the details of OHTs in different zones. 2.2.3 Lashkar (West) Water is supplied to Lashkar west zone from the new treatment plant through 4 OHTs, which includes old Gorkhi, New Gorkhi, Sikandarpur Kampu and Sanjay Nagar, as in Table 2.5. Sikandarpur Kampu and Sanjay Nagar tanks also receive water from Tube wells apart from Moti Jheel. Both old and new Gorkhi tanks have a capacity of 2.27 ML (0.5 MG) each; water is supplied to these tanks through a 500 mm (20”) CI transmission line bifurcating (near Haddi mill) from another CI line of 28” leading from the new treatment plant. Sanjay Nagar tank has a capacity of 0.9 ML (0.2 MG), which receives water from both Moti jheel and Tube wells. Sikanderpur tank has a capacity of 2.27 ML (0.5 MG), half of this capacity is filled with the treated water from new plant while the rest is supplemented by ground water. Water is also supplied through riders: 3 riders are directly connected from pumping mains coming from new treatment plant and 14 riders are connected to pipeline coming from Rakkas tank, which is fed by both old treatment plant and small portion by new treatment plant. Groundwater exploration is high in this zone also with around 248 tube wells in this zone. It is reported that a sluice valve at the Old Gorkhi OHT is leaking and hence supplies to adjoining areas are almost round the clock. Regularisation of connections has improved in this zone (from 635 regularised connections in 2003-2004 to 931 in 2004-2005). The number of connections disconnected in the year 2004-05 was 473 as compared to 301 in the year 2003-04 indicating that enforcement has improved. Table 2.5 Details of OHTs in different zones Tank Thatipur Morar Gorkhi New Gorkhi New Sikandarpur Kampu Sanjay Nagar Zone Morar Morar Lashkar West Lashkar West Lashkar West Lashkar West Capacity in ML (MG) 3.4 (0.75) 4.54 (1) 2.27 (0.5) 2.27 (0.5) 2.27 (0.5) 0.908 (0.2) Filled capacity in ML (MG) 3.4 (0.75) 3.93 (0.86) 2.27 (0.5) 2.27 (0.5) 2.27 (0.5) 0.908 (0.2) 2.2.4 Gwalior Gwalior zone lies in the central region of Gwalior city and comprises of 17 wards. The water supply for Gwalior is mainly based on supplies from the Rakkas tank and Noorganj Tank. A large volume of water is also supplied through tube wells (300 in number), which are also connected to the distribution networks. Hand pump supply is also provided in the zone through about 565 hand pumps. However there is a huge uncertainty in the quantity of water supplied from these groundwater sources. Besides this, water tankers are also utilized to supply water in case of shortages. However, practically this is a daily routine and about 40,000 l of water is supplied everyday using tankers. The entire distribution network in this zone is estimated to be about 400 km. Rakkas tank supplies to the Gwalior zone through two pipes of 750 mm (30”) and 457mm (18”) diameter CI pipe respectively. A bypass mechanism is also in place to fill the supply line directly prior to the actual supply from the tank, in order to maintain pressure in the supply system. The bypass supply is for duration of 2 hours every day. The tank is filled up to the height of 4.26m (14 ft) and a dead storage of 2.13m (7 ft) is maintained throughout. The total number of households in this area is 21,379 and the total number of connections in this zone is 18287, of which 5100 connections fall in the JC mill, which has been closed down. As a result these connections do not contribute to revenue. About 3325 illegal connections are also reported in this zone. The capacity of Noorganj Tank is 2.27 ML (0.5 MG) and supplies to ward number 13 and 14 of the Gwalior zone. The tank is not completely filled to its maximum capacity and only 2.04 ML (0.45 MG) of water is actually supplied through the tank. A rider connection prior to Noorganj tank also supply to the Gandhi Nagar area of Gwalior zone. A number of bulk consumers are also supplied from the supply through Rakkas tank. Details of these bulk supplies in the zone are as Table 2.6. 18 Table 2.6 Details of bulk consumers in Gwalior and water supplied to them Bulk consumers Bhargave Ice factory-1 Bhargave Ice factory-2 Archaelogical IIIM J C rayon Scindia School Water supplied in l/d 450 1000 658 32055 g/d) (100) (220) (145) (7060) 103167 (22725) 26712 (5883) 2.3 Other observations Based on the site investigations and flow monitoring carried in Gwalior, the following conclusions can be drawn about the water supply system: • • The current system for recording basic information on flows, connections, sources, etc. is highly unorganised and inaccurate. As a result, the information available from different sources when compared is ambiguous and contradictory. This makes the process of water balance analysis prone to a high degree of error. There is practically no infrastructure to measure the amount of water in the network. Although some provisions such as level gauges have been provided at intermediate levels like OHT’s, but they are not maintained properly. The only other provision made to measure flow at consumer end includes the meters provided at the office of the Archaeology department. Updated information on available infrastructure like the size and length of pipe and the provision of valves is also inadequate. This complicates the process of flow analysis and measurement. As most of this information is not documented properly, the analysis relies only on estimates provided by the officials and these estimates vary from person to person. Pipes from Tighra dam to Moti Jheel are made up of PSC pipes, which have a thickness of 150 mm (5.9 in) that makes difficult to monitor flow using flow meters in pipes of such thickness. However, following two methods can be used: o An ultrasonic flow meter can be used. The sensors can be glued inside specially made openings in the pipe wall. This method requires highly skilled work. The signal from the sensor to the meter will, therefore, not be affected by the PSC pipe wall. o An insertion meter (mechanical or electromagnetic) can also be used to measure the flows. This meter is inserted through any opening on the pipe (i.e. socket). • • • • Pressure in different sections of the water supply network is not measured and only estimates of the pressure are available. Adequate information on the water supplied to different wards or per capita supply in different wards is also not available to undertake an accurate water balance in the city. Based on the investigations carried, it can be concluded that the present mode of operation is more like a crisis management exercise rather than a water management practice. As part of this study a rapid water balance exercise was carried out on the basis of the secondary information provided by the officials of GMC and other sources. The information base has been strengthened based on the comments received during the stakeholder consultation programme conducted in Gwalior. 19 Measurement of flow in the canal leading to Moti Jheel.15 MGD) of raw water is currently supplied to the treatment plants. there are no bulk meters installed at the treatment units.1 Supply from Tighra-Kaketo system 1. It is difficult to carry out a water balance exercise in such a set of conditions and the level of accuracy of the calculations is based on a set of assumptions and thus prone to high degree of uncertainty. It was observed that the reservoir leaks at many points.85 MGD) to Gwalior. out of which most of them were not in working condition. 20 . The Tighra-Kaketo system provides an assured supply of 190 MLD (41. Flow was also measured at the inlet of open channels and public stand posts by crude methods. following data have been drawn about the flow in the different sections of supply network (also refer fig 2.1 Approach Most of the available information is crude estimate. 2. It was thus necessary to make certain assumptions for carrying out the water balance. Inferences have been drawn about the flow in different sections of supply network based on analysis of this available information and limited flow monitoring at the treatment plants. so as a first step in our approach we have tried to estimate the validity of the basic information and hence make its quality better. The results are indicative but yet useful for formulating WDM strategies and also shall serve as a baseline for extensive studies in future for the city of Gwalior. suggests that only 155 MLD (34. Water balance of a city requires accurate information on amount of water supplied to the city from different sources and details of amount of water consumption. . following conclusions can be drawn about the flow in the different zones of supply network. Based on analysis of this information and limited flow monitoring exercise. best possible information has been used in consultation with the officials of GMC. Though there is a high degree of uncertainty associated with the assumptions. Hence. This requires regular monitoring of water supplied using bulk meters at the outlet of treatment unit’s sources and metering at intermediate levels like major pipe junctions and reservoirs. using crude method. . 3. 3. Water from this dam is supplied to the two treatment plants located at Motijheel (old and new) as explained in Chapter 2. There were few meters installed at the consumer end. Flow monitoring was carried out using ultrasonic flow meters at the inlet and outlet of treatment plant. based on existing database system. an attempt has been made to estimate water losses in Gwalior city. The consumption side can be assessed by metering at the consumer end (like household or industrial units). The consumptions side can be calculated by metering at the consumer end (like household or industrial units). A water balance and audit study has been undertaken to estimate the status of non-revenue water (NRV) losses in water management in the water supply system at Gwalior based on the available information. Based on analysis of this information.1). But in Gwalior. Water balance of a city requires accurate information on amount of water supplied to the city from different sources and amount of water consumed at the household level. wherever possible.1. This requires regular monitoring of water supplied using bulk meters at the outlet of treatment units and metering at intermediate levels like major pipe junctions and reservoirs.3 Rapid Water Audit and Balance A water balance study has been undertaken to estimate the status of non-revenue water (NRW) in the water supply system at Gwalior based on the available information. A large volume of water was observed to have ollected around the dam. It was observed that water from canal was also diverted for irrigation by local farmers and also used for washing clothes and bathing activities in general. 6 MLD (1.94 MLD (0. 3.32 MLD (1.2.7MLD (0. Flow measured from dam and at the inlet of both the treatment plant indicates that more than 1o% of the water is lost in its conveyance between the dam and Moti Jheel.7 MLD (1. 3. 3.2 Lashkar East Zone The old treatment plant at Moti Jheel supplies water to this zone. About 6. it can be concluded that there is a needs for major renovation and repair. About 300 tube wells extract 10.61 MGD) of water is supplied through a bypass arrangement at the Rakkas tank to networks in Gwalior zone and Lashkar West zone to build pressure in the network. Based on the measured discharge at the outlet of pump houses of both the treatment plants.2. Based on these observations and discussions.9 MLD (8.86 MGD). Estimated number of illegal connections is 1318. 7. resulting in an estimated discharge of about 57 MLD (12. Based on the site visit of the old WTP.7 MGD) of water is supplied from the groundwater reserves. Groundwater supplies in the Lashkar West zone is estimated to be 8. 0.26 MGD) of water supply in the Gwalior region. leakage could not be ascertained in this stretch of network. Flow measured at the intake of both old and new WTP points that these plants receive 67. There are 17544 connections in this zone. 287 tubewells augment water supply in this zone. 21 .2. Another 7.1 MGD) of water. Number of authorised connections in the zone is 17689 with an average of 9 people per connection.4 MLD (0.2 Groundwater supplies Only estimates are available on the volume of ground water supplied to the city. About 20000 lpd is supplied through stand posts and 30000 lpd is distributed through tankers.6MLD (3 MGD) is diverted to the Rakkas Tank.7 MLD (15. at the new treatment plant.6 MLD (5. These zones are therefore analysed together. 4.5 (1. it is assumed that the efficiency of this plant is 85%. Flow metering at the outlet of new WTP points that Moti Jheel supplies 63. A large number of hand pumps also account for ground water consumption. Leakages were however observed at the inlet to new treatment plant prior to the point of lime dosing.7 MLD (15. A major portion of water is also supplied through tube wells.2 MLD (14.3. 3. About 6. observed on the common pipe (leading from the three pumps of 5 MGD) indicates a flow of 68. About 189 tube wells supply water to this zone.87 MGD) MLD through 248 tubewells. These observations suggest that more than 35 MLD (7.55 MGD) from the old plant. Discharge from the Pump house.2 Water supply in different zones 3.45 MGD) of water in this zone is supplied through the riders.8 MGD) and 68. which accounts to be 6. Tube well supplies also contribute a significant fraction of overall supply. GMC has charge of these operations and its maintenance. A portion of this supply water 13. Discharge could not be measured at the old treatment plant because of the non-availability of any adequate location to mount flow meters and scaling on the surface of old pipes.85 MGD) water is pumped from the pump house to Lashkar East wherein water is supplied mainly through riders and four OHTs.1 Morar Zone New Treatment plant at Moti Jheel supplies water to the Murar zone.1. Extensive supply is made through tube wells and hand pumps. Estimated illegal consumption by 1538 connections in the zone is 0.1 MGD). Estimated consumption by the bulk consumers is 3.15 MGD).082 MGD) and 10000 lpd of supply is through standposts and tankers respectively. 5. Individual supply to both these zones could not be ascertained because of gaps in the secondary information.63 MGD). This indicates a loss of 7% in the treatment process. There is a huge network of around 1000 tube wells. A 20-inch pipe carries water from Haddi mill to Murar under a pressure of 68 m (6. 26.3 MLD (2. Remaining portion is diverted to Murar and Lashkar West zone.374 MLD (0.5 MLD (3. which are connected to pumps of different capacity ranging from 5HP to 20HP for supply either to the OHTs or to the distribution network. 6.47 MGD) of water is supplied to the Noorganj tank and to Gandhi Nagar (through a rider). It was observed that many of the treatment units were leaking and hence the plant efficiency also gets reduced.75 MGD). As the PSC pipes conveying water to the Moti Jheel plants was underground. it is estimated that about 36.3 Gwalior and Lashkar West Zones Water supply for Gwalior zone and Lashkar West is primarily made through the treatment plants at Moti Jheel.12 MGD) of water is supplied Gwalior and Lashkar West zones through Rakkas tank.8 kg/cm2).8 MLD (14 MGD) of treated water. Bulk consumption accounts for 3. 25 people per connection.8 MGD) is supplied from New Treatment plant though 508 mm (20") pipeline from Haddi mill.65 MGD) (error 15%) 6. 6. About 0. 5.7 MGD (error 25%). Apparent Losses: Unauthorized Consumption and all types of metering inaccuracies and data handling errors. Real Losses: The annual volumes lost through all types of leaks. as most of the secondary information is available on a zonal basis. Following assumptions were made in the analysis of these zones: 1. Definitions of these water balance components is as follows: 1.31 MGD) (error 25%) 7. 2. All water supplied is accounted for in the components listed by using either measured or estimated quantities. Supply from public standposts is estimated to be 1. Number of illegal connections in the zone is 1795.3 MGD) (error 10%) 4. Consumption by bulk consumers is reported to be 7. Water balance for Gwalior city has been done on a zonal basis. Treated water pumped to Gwalior city from Moti Jheel plants is 119. 3. The model tells us how much of each type of loss that occurs in the water utilities. Ronnie Mckenzie.34 MLD (0.1 MLs assuming tankers of 2000 l (440 gallons) capacity supply every day (error 10%) (as reported) 22 .3 MGD) is estimated be tapped illegally through 3325 illegal connections in the Gwalior zone. service reservoirs and service connections. Water supplied from Tubewells is estimated to be 35MLD / 7.3 Water Audit using AQUALIBRE software A preliminary water balance/audit was undertaken for Gwalior using the AQUALIBRE software. It is further assumed 70% of the tubewells function at a given point of time. Revenue Water: Those components of System Input Volume which are billed and produce revenue 7. The IWA Water Balance model calculates major forms of water consumption and water loss encountered in drinking water utilities. Non-Revenue Water (NRW): The difference between System Input Volume and Billed Authorized Consumption. Decadal population growth rate is assumed to be 10% over the 2001 population values 2. About 0.0MLD (0. Water Losses: The difference between System Input Volume and Authorized Consumption. Water supply to Lashkar West zone is from both new treatment plant and old treatment plant (through Rakkas). About 21. in Gwalior zone. 5.073 MGD) is supplied through stand posts and 20 000 LPD (4405 GPD) is distributed through tankers. System Input Volume: The annual volume input to the water supply system from different sources. breaks and overflows on mains.5 MLD (1. is supplied to the households through rider connections on the distribution mains. The key concept around this method is that no water is "unaccounted-for". Supplies from tubewells are estimated assuming that TWs operate at 8172 litres per hour for 6 hours or 1800 gallons per hour for 6 hrs a day.4 gpcd (error 30%) 8.8 MLD (4.15. These features allow water utilities to make a meaningful assessment of water loss in the system. Water is also supplied through riders.5 MLD (26. February 2005).276 MLD (0. up to the point of customer metering. The 2005 version of the model is used here to evaluate the level of real losses occurring from a water distribution system based on traditional IWA top down water balance (Aqualibre Water Balance software Version 1. It also has a set of rational performance indicators that evaluate utilities on system-specific features such as the average pressure in the distribution system and length of water main. which is based on the latest International Water Association (IWA) methodology. An estimated volume of 1. consisting of Apparent Losses plus Real Losses 4. Domestic supply from OHT tanks is reported to be 65MLD (14. Supply from tankers per day is 0.22 MGD) calculated assuming each standpost serves 810 households @20 lpcd / 4. benchmark themselves with other water utilities and set performance targets (ILI).33 MLD (0.06 MGD) is supplied through stand posts and 40 000 LPD (8810 MGD) is distributed through tankers. Total connections in this zone are 24926 with an average of 9.Most of the water. the water supplier and others who are authorized like commercial and industrial consumers. Authorized Consumption: The annual volume of metered and/or unmetered water taken by registered customers. Assuming 10% losses in water treatment and on account of huge leakages in the treatment plant 3. 3. Error percentage in calculation of all the values stated is given with the calculations from the software attached as Annexure 3. Authorised consumption accounts for only 57% of the overall system input volume.3 MGD) (error 25%) 10.25% (with percentage pressurised time as 20%) 12. Figure 3.23 MGD) for 7976 connections with average consumption of 50lpcd (11 gpcd) (30% error) 11. Detailed calculations from the software are annexed as Annexure 3. However because of an uncertainty of 23%. NRW in this zone could even be as high as 56%. 3.3 MGD). The calculated results here give an overall indication of existing trends and areas of improvement. Estimated illegal consumption is 5. The audit is therefore based on the best information available from different sources. Estimated supply from riders is 15 MLD (3.1. done using AQUALIBRE software.3.9.1 Calculated values for water balance in different zones The standard IWA water balance and figures for the estimated values for Gwalior are given in Figure 3. Absence of most of the data on leakages and reliability of the basic data has been a major concern in the calculations. With the available information.1 Standard IWA water balance 23 . which tends to be a mixture of assumptions that shall need formal vetting by the officials of GMC in due course. Comments shall be obtained on these assumptions during the proposed stakeholder consultations and the calculations can be revised and more realistic water balance shall be developed. Storage volume is assumed to be 65MLD (14.1. daily lossess as percentage of bulk storage is 0. the audit can be revised and a more realistic and reliable water balance can be developed. 2. following conclusions can be drawn for Gwalior city: 1. Average system trunk pressure assumed to be 6kg/cm2 (error 15%) 3. Based on these water balance calculations.1. As more reliable data become available. it is estimated that real losses are around 40% of the overall system input volume.6 MLD (1. The best estimate for overall percentage of non-revenue water is about 44%. System is assumed to be pressurised at 10m (error 15%) (as observed on some pressure gauges and based on discussions) 13. Bettering service delivery and consumer satisfaction. the future however lies in effectively controlling our demand for water resources and efficiently managing and using the available resources. Gwalior’s water supply scheme draws 135 MLD of raw water for treatment while covering an estimated population of about 9. The calculated average per capita supply therefore reflects that poor service delivery results primarily from mismanagement rather than any scarcity of water. 3. Such a scenario therefore builds the case for WDM. 7.83 lakhs. which serve to control or influence the amount of water used and thereby lead to improved efficiency in production. which would aim at reducing the losses in the system (UFW). Implementation of the proposed WDM strategies needs to be undertaken in a phased manner. equitable distribution of the resource and exploring alternative sources such as recycling of wastewater for non-potable uses. Financial and Institutional. Deferring future investments in augmentation of water supply and sewerage systems. Besides there is a huge withdrawal of groundwater through a systems of tubewells. 4.4 Introduction to Water Demand Management To ensure long-term sustainability of water resources the focus of water management needs to shift from a traditional supply side management to demand side management. Reducing operational costs and improving the financial health of the service provider. The approach calls for the development of an integrated water demand management strategy. This approach should be viewed as complementing the supply management efforts and not replacing them. Managing the system more efficiently and effectively till the proposed augmentation projects are implemented. 6. The demand management approach differs from traditional supply-oriented approaches. Bringing in more accountability and transparency in day-to-day operations of the municipality. tariff reforms which ensure financial sustainability of operations of the utility and. This method promotes optimum utilization of the available water resources through increased consumer awareness and better operational efficiency at the level of service provider. the World Bank and ADB. Accordingly. Short-term actions should ideally be implemented within 2 years of time and shall create a foundation for medium-term and long-term actions. 2. Economic concepts. transmission. Water demand management (WDM) refers to the implementation of policies and/or measures. Identifying areas of improvement for future implementation. institutional and legal framework for delivery of services. Water demand management strategies can be broadly categorised and discussed under three heads: Technical. 5 and 6). Medium term actions need to be implemented within next 2 years 24 . Important aspects that form part of WDM strategies in Gwalior are discussed in subsequent sections. Implementation of such an approach would require reforms in terms of providing a regulatory. Though augmentation of supplies would be required to meet the growing demand in urban centres. such as effective water pricing are viewed as central to introducing demand management as one of the fundamental approaches to water management. as this shall require bringing in some changes in the existing framework. promoting rationale use of water resources. A systems approach has been adopted while formulating different WDM strategies for Gwalior. distribution and use of water. improving operational efficiencies. 5. this report discusses the proposed strategies and their implementation plan as individual chapters (Ch 4. which has traditionally been neglected. Providing directions to several other initiatives being facilitated by the Government. Some of the expected benefits of WDM in Gwalior may include: 1. by placing its emphasis on improvement management of existing systems rather than augmentation of supply. internal reforms within the utility which aim at improving the operational efficiencies and reducing UFW (Unaccounted for water) to acceptable levels. as shown in Figure 4. 25 .1. Time frame for implementation of long-term actions could be decided on the basis of experiences and lessons drawn from the earlier phases of implementation. should be followed for implementation of the recommended strategies. It is well realised that implementation of these strategies shall face different obstacles. It is further recommended that a Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach. Figure 4. Some of these strategies1 need to implemented on a pilot scale and then replicated on a larger scale after incorporating lessons and best practices learnt in the process. The relevant institutions and stakeholders to be involved in the process of implementation are also identified. which have been identified and an approach to address the same has also been recommended.of the implementation of short-term actions.1 PDCA Approach 1 Not in any order of priority. Currently there is a high level of uncertainty about the amount of water lost in the supply networks primarily because flow quantities are not monitored at all. Type of meters Water meters are available is size varying from 50mm to over 1500mm or even more depending of diameter of pipes. Turbine meters 2. distribution and consumer end is one of the most important aspects of demand management. the importance of metering is being realised and many of the cities have installed both bulk management as well as revenue meters.1 Metering Accurate information on the quantity of water in and out of the system is paramount to track and control operational efficiencies as it would help in identifying and prioritising actions needed to reduce losses. Lack of metering/flow measurement is one of the major reasons for the current state of affairs. Therefore there is a need to evaluate the flows accurately by installing flow meters at relevant locations. Bangalore.5 Water Demand Management Strategies: Technical Technical WDM strategies described in this chapter essentially include actions such as metering. better efficiencies and to ensure resourceful and equitable supplies to different parts of the city. In the above context.1 shows the different types of meters. A total of fourteen strategies have been discussed in this chapter. Electromagnetic meters 3. Night flow analysis etc in the long run. This has helped in a better monitoring of flow and management in supplies and enhanced the financial soundness and popularity of these service providers contributed towards making these service providers financially sound and more popular amongst their consumers. Metering of water flows is done basically for three purposes: – Measure the supply and consumer demand – Calculate water balance – Determine water loss Though traditionally most of the Indian cities did not have metering over the last decade.1 gives a comparative analysis of various types of meters Details of various types of meters are provided in Annexure 5. Water loss occurs in all supply networks but it is the volume of water lost that decides the performance of the system. All the above would help in improving the efficiency of water distribution. DMA and so on. Picture 5. GIS. Mainly three types of meters (Picture 5.2. both on the transmission mains and at the consumer end in the distribution network. 26 . metering of water flows at the transmission. Ultrasonic meters Table 5. Delhi Jal Board has also proposed installation of bulk meters on the transmission and distribution systems to facilitate greater operational control. The cities of Bangalore and Hyderabad have installed meters at different locations in their network. One of the biggest problems facing water supply operations in Gwalior is the complete lack of information on the amount of water entering the system and consumed. 5. In addition tools such as GIS and approaches like establishment of DMA would also facilitate implementation of advanced techniques such as Pressure management. water auditing. Hyderabad. sectorisation. Chennai are some examples of the same.1) are used for measuring bulk flows: 1. This exercise is particularly important for carrying out a water balance and facilitating an efficient management of water supply. leak detection and control. Ultrasonic Electromagnetic Pictute 5.1 Comparative analysis of various types of meters Source: Daniel Meyers. 2006 The following section recommends the implementation plan for different sets of metering in the water supply network.1 a highlights the proposed activity schedule for implementation of this strategy.Table 5. meters may be divided into Management meters and Revenue meters. The sections below detail out strategies for both management and revenue metering. 2006 27 . From a management perspective. Annexure 5. While the former are used for the purpose of water balancing and management including estimation of losses the latter are used for recording the actual quantity of water used by consumers.1 Types of water meters Mechanical/Turbine Source: Daniel Myers. 1. As the water passes through an open channel before entering New and old WTP.5. Feasibility of installing other low cost metering options like V-notches and level gauges should also be explored. Gwalior has 12 over hand tanks.2 shows an electromagnetic flow meter installed in Bangalore. all flow values reported are estimates based on the various assumptions and experiences of the staff. it is proposed that V-Notches or Level gauges should be installed to monitor the flow as well as to ensure the efficiency of treatment plant by comparing inflow and outflow. a combination of a V-notch (at the inlet of WTP) and bulk flow meter (at WTPs outlet) can help in knowing accurately the extent of water Picture 5. For instance.3) to assess water supplied to Moti Jheel from the dam. 4. This information is. 3. which can then be related with possible causes like changes in the quality of raw water at the source or concentration of contaminants or the efficiency of treatment process. it is essential that the service provider realizes the significance of metering in water management and makes adequate provisions for metering in all existing and upcoming projects.1. It is suggested that the reliability of installed meters be ascertained before implementation on a larger cale.1. Hydraulically controlled valves may also 28 . should be installed. of poor quality and not very reliable enough to facilitate proper assessment and management of water supply. This can be used to detect any major hidden leaks in the systems and carrying out flow measurements wherever it is not possible to install permanent meters. 5. therefore. Consequently. Regular monitoring of flow in pipes through portable flow meters will assure reliability of measurement from level gauges.1 Implementation plan 5. GMC should also consider purchasing portable flow meters for measuring flows at different intermediate locations so as to assess losses in any particular stretch.1. Therefore bulk meters approved by agencies like FCRI) (Fluid Control Research Institute) CWRPS (Central Water and Power Research Station) IDEMI (Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring Instruments) etc. 2. Hence. It is also proposed to install V-notches to measure water flow in open channels (Picture 45. which supplies water to different zones and so installing level gauges at these locations will not be very costly. 5. It is also advised that the meters should be capable of being logged using standard logging equipment and documented properly.1. To monitor supplies from storage reservoir level gauges should be installed. Currently crude methods are used for monitoring water stored in the reservoirs and it is recommendedis recommended that all faulty level gauges be replaced within 2 years. Details of proposed meters locations with types are given in Table 5. Another alternative is to sign an annual maintenance contract with the manufacturer/supplier for the upkeep of these bulk meters. A proper maintenance and calibration schedule should be worked out for bulk meters.1.2 Electromagnetic flow meter indtalled in Bangalore where bulk flow is handled in the system. During the field visits conducted by the team. 6. This shall be useful for estimating water flow in and out of all reservoirs and shall also help in avoiding overflows.2.1 Short term 1.3 Open channel at the outlet of Dam lost in treatment. It is proposed that in the first stage of implementation bulk meters be installed at outlet of new and old treatment plants and at the outlet of Rakas tank (near Haddi Mill).1Bulk management meters Bulk meters may be installed at various strategic locations in the entire network which may help in estimating the total volume of water at any given point of time and also estimating losses in the transmission/ distribution mains. if any. it was observed that there is practically no metering or monitoring of the flow at most of the points Picture 5. Picture 5. GMC should formulate a calibration and maintenance schedule for all bulk meters in association with the manufacturer/supplier of these meters. 9. 10. There is also a need to change the mindset regarding the significance of metering water flows. There should be a possibility that these level gauges could be logged using standard logging equipment.Table 5. 8. Information from all locations. These valves will automatically close if the reservoir level reaches a certain level. V notches. including any changes in adjoining roads and pipe networks. There is also a need to change the current attitudes towards the significance of metering water flows. losses in different stretches. calibration and troubleshooting related to the operation of all bulk-metering infrastructure (bulk meters. as corrosion of the level gauge due to the presence of chlorine has been observed in the past. Further location of bulk meters should be marked on GIS maps with regular updation of maps. Level gauges made of corrosion resistant material should be installed for an increased life. All bulk management meters must be connected to an online logging device to enable electronic data transfer to a database management system. Proper selection of material is necessary. 29 . 11. where bulk metering is done. portable meters and level gauges). should be compiled centrally (in electronic form) and analyzed regularly for variations in flow. The existing procedures for documentation of water flows also need a re-look. Capacities should be built for proper upkeep. 2 The list is not comprehensive yet could serve to be a good starting point for judicious selection of meters. Further all management meters must be connected to an online logging device to enable electronic data transfer to a database management system. 7.thereby preventing water losses and also avoiding manual operation.2 Proposed locations for bulk metering of flow (bulk management meters) be installed at inlet of the reservoirs. All new augmentation schemes should be planned in light of the information generated from the bulk metering exercise. and discrepancies in recorded/reported values. 12. Adequate provisions should be made for metering of the flow in all new augmentation and upgradation projects. 2 Medium to long term 1. J A Hospital. GMC should think about investing amount in installing bulk meters at the out let of major water storage tanks in order to measure flows and carry out water balance.1. Railways.1. 30 . GSRs and sumps. At a later stage. Currently revenue from different bulk consumers. i is recommended that GMC may initiate the consumer metering process by installing meters in all bulk/commercial connections. Since resistance to metering is likely to be the least in case of large bulk consumers. There is also a possibility that resulting conservation by bulk consumers will generates additional water resources that could be diverted to the water scarce regions/uncovered areas of Gwalior. All the reservoirs must be connected to an online telemetry system wherein the reservoir levels can be transmitted (in real time) to a central computer. there is no difference between commercial consumer and industrial consumer. In a long term. they pay a high percentage of the total revenue realised. It is recommended that disinfected water from both the sources be collected in a reservoir before supplying it to the consumers. 2. (17 nos) consume less than 5% of the total water supplied. meters should be installed at the inlet/outlet of select storage reservoirs and tube wells depending on local supply schematics. Electronic open channel flow meters may be installed to measure the discharge at the inlet channel. IAF. GMC supplies water to both of them at the same rate.3 Proposed locations for installation of bulk revenue meters Bulk Consumers Railways IAF MES Bhargav Ice Factory Archaeological Survey of India IIIM J C Rayon JA Hospital Scindia School (at Fort) Cancer Hospital Medical college Metering using Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Mechanical meters Numbers 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 As mentioned in the water balance and financial assessment. Further the online data logging system for flow metering devices may also be connected to the same telemetry system.1. This would thus also check an inequitable distribution of domestic water supplies.1. 5. This will help in avoiding manual checking of reservoir levels and also help in planning for daily activities. 4.2 Bulk revenue meters These meters are used to record flow that provides inputs for generating bills. in the 2nd phase. although bulk consumers like MES. 3.5. 5. It is therefore necessary that the flow supplied to bulk consumers be measured accurately and billing be done realistically. The revenue realised from bulk consumers has been declining over the years. etc. These locations should be representative of the entire infrastructure and should facilitate analysis of information on groundwater withdrawals and health of storage infrastructure like OHTs. commercial and industrial consumers is realised on the basis of estimated flows (or flows recorded long back).. This exercise shall be useful to impress conservation at the end of these bulk consumers and shall also better revenue realised from these sources. Table 5. Water supply in Gwalior is both from Moti Jheel water works (supplied through riders) and direct supply from tube wells. Such a scheme of supply shall help in ensuring appropriate water pressure in the mains (as riders shall become dysfunctional) and measuring the actual amount of water that is distributed in the supply system. Moreover. 2.2 Medium term In the medium term. can be considered for pilot study area. 2.The cost of the meters and their installation should be borne by the respective consumer. this area is mainly fed through tube wells and some of this area also receives water from Moti Jheel water works. calibration/replacement of existing meters should be initiated immediately.1. It is however recommended that the redefined list should cover all consumers withdrawing bulk volumes of water.A. Such a billing system encourages wasteful use of water as consumers pay the same flat tariff irrespective of the amount of water used.5. 4.1 Implementation plan 5. Water losses on downstream of the installed meter should be a responsibility of respective consumer. Annexure 45.2 lists the existing bulk consumers and proposed list of consumers. 5. Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB) have metered all of their consumers and rationalised tariff structures enabling better water management. In certain cases. where bulk meters are available. This is not lying in a discrete zone but by operating valves. Indra Nagar in Murar Zone has 250 household connections.2.1.1. Ward number 17. 31 . all non-domestic connections should be metered. But at the same time. this area can be made discrete. Scindia School. effective service delivery and greater financial sustainability of their operations. There is also a need to redefine the existing definition of bulk consumers. at their own cost and industrial consumers.1 Short term 1. GMC could however provide guidance to the bulk consumers on tapping losses and wasteful use.. Installation. It is recommended that bulk revenue meters should be installed at the inlet of all bulk consumers (refined list) like J. Accordingly different service providers like Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board. as no functional consumer meters exist. which falls in Gwalior zone.1. Bulk meters should be installed at mutually decided locations and GMC should guide the consumer on meter procurement and installation. Charging water of volumetric basis one of the first principles of tariff reform. Some of the areas recommended for pilot study is mentioned below: 1. 2. Further. Experiences from reforms in the electricity sector indicate that metering and tariff rationalisation is the basic premise for effective demand management. with such a billing approach. etc. 3. mMaintenance and calibration of these meters should be on mutually decided terms. Accordingly the proposed list shall also include domestic consumers drawing water at one point before supplying to their respective inhabitants. As discussed subsequently in other chapters.2. tariff reforms is one of the most important tools for Water Demand Management as it is imperative for consumers to realize the economic value of water. Such an agreement could also cover some clauses on quality of service by GMC and should ensure 100% revenue realisation. Although this zone is not a discrete zone yet distribution from different sources can be carefully controlled through valves.1.1b highlights the proposed activity schedule for implementation of this strategy. Absence of metering coupled with irrational tariff structure results in huge losses to the service provider resulting in inadequate funds for proper O&M. 5.3 Domestic consumer meterings All domestic consumers (domestic and commercial) in Gwalior are currently billed on a flat rate basis. GMC could consider signing a 3-5 year agreement with these bulk consumers for assured supplies to them based on their current and likely demands. Table 5. GMC should also ensure an adequate supply to its consumers before taking any initiation on domestic metering. no one considers water to be an economic good and engages in wasteful and careless use.1. Currently the definition is based on the revenue realised from these consumers. Hospital. 1. Modifications need to be made in the existing system of water bill generation and collection. depends on the collection efficiency of the system. Option 1: Consumer gets the meter installed from a select list of manufacturers approved by GMC.1 Short term 1. The success of Option 2. Different options that could be provided to a consumer include: a. 4. 5. Possible arrangements for the installation and cost of meter should be worked out in advance before scaling up on this activity. Option2: GMC bears the responsibility to install a domestic meter at the consumer end. CWRPS and IDEMI etc. while linking it to correct installation practices. b. revenue realisation and. These options have to be worked upon judiciously as Option 1 may have fewer takers on account of poor willingness or the costs involved. Therefore GMC should also train the staff both about the advantages of metering as well as the metering and billing procedures. It should also be ensured that any tariff restructuring is undertaken in a manner. which is based on flat tariff structure. The pilot area identified for such implementation should be selected judiciously in line with the following considerations: • • • • • The pilot area should have high revenue realisation so as to also assess the financial viability of metering water supplies The pilot area should have limited number of connections (500-1000) and adequate service delivery levels in terms of quantity and pressure. 8. resource conservation etc. This should also address likely misconceptions on metering like the life of meter. The consumer may be given the option to either pay the entire amount (towards meter cost and its installation) immediately or as instalments spread over a period of 12-18 months which may be included as . for such pilot implementation. There is a need to parallely create consumer awareness at a city level. which may be included in the water bill as meter rental. GMC should properly document information on their experiences vis-à-vis meter installation.1 Implementation plan 5. 9. on the other hand. 2. A list of approved manufacturers should be prepared based on the experience of GMC and subject to review of the accreditations provided by agencies like FCRI. its accuracy and apprehensions on inflated bills. The source of water to the selected pilot area should ideally be from a single pipe connection fed from reservoir / OHT / Booster pumps Adequate water supply to the pilot area Adequate cooperation from households where meters are installed like openness to the idea of metering.5. 32 . willingness to pay for better service. Implementation on a larger scale should be done in phases and wards/zones for the next phase of implementation should be identified alongside. 3. 7.3. the water utility should consider installing different makes of domestic meters to assess their reliability and suitability for the local conditions. recording and performance.1. and facilitation of round-the-clock access to monitor individual meters and consumption patterns. calibration. 6. GMC could consider identifying 3-5 areas.3. which avoids any tariff shock as it may create opposition to metering. During the pilot phase. meter rental. This information shall be handy for future implementation on a larger scale. on the likely benefits of metering. preferably in different zones.1. consumer reaction to metering. Representative pilot areas need to be identified in select water supply zones where domestic meters can be installed and their performance be monitored properly. revenue realisation and water supply.3 Long term (about 4-5yrs) In the long term all connections (domestic. Bulk consumers 5. compilation and processing system to use it as an aid for decision-making.3. Increased workload for the billing staff. Consumer awareness groups 2. 5. Database generation is an important step to account and analyze the performance of GMC and also equip it with necessary information required for decision making at all levels. Political sensitivity of the issue 6.5. Institutions and Stakeholders to be involved 1. and staff etc due to the following reasons: 1.1. Obstacles in implementation The process of metering is likely to face a lot of resistance from different stakeholders like consumers. 2. Resident Welfare Associations 3. It is thus proposed to set up a spatial data base system wherein all records related to water operations under the GMC are maintained on a GIS platform. Media 8.1. Elected representatives and Politicians 9. Water meter manufacturers/suppliers 4. a consensus on the subject be built amongst all stakeholders. GMC should discourage such a practice and should have an updated database of consumers by the end of 3rd year of implementation. politicians. It is recommended that the entire billing system should be modernised within 3 years of implementation (discussed in the section on Institutional reforms).2 Development of database management system using GIS One of critical bottlenecks in implementation of water demand management is the lack of updated data on various aspects of water supply. Staff of GMC and PHED 7.3.1.1. Apprehension of an increase in water bill 4. Costs involved in the process 2. Funding agencies 6. A database management system would essentially consist of formats and tools for collection and compilation of data. It has been observed that more than one household is connected on a single connection. Successful implementation on a pilot scale needs to be followed by the installation of meters in other areas with similar characteristics in terms of consumer awareness. Quality of service provided currently 3. Research and Engineering institutes 5. consumer and industrial) should be metered and linked to a modern billing system. decision makers.2 Medium term 1. 33 . Thus it is imperative to couple WDM strategies such as metering with an effective data acquisition. Limited consumer awareness on the need for water conservation etc It is therefore essential that within the first 2 years of implementation. This shall require showcasing the advantages of a metering system and disseminating the success story to the consumers in particular. especially the collection staff 5. Implementation using the PDCA approach shall be handy for meeting the above obstacles. Database management can be categorized into collection as alphanumeric and maps format. operational data and asset data. units. Given below is an indicative list of the datasets to be collected.2. Appurtances: Details of joints. Distribution network: Length. MOC. A framework for a GIS based database system is given in figure 5. Treatment plant details: capacity. rated capacity. Flow records: 2. efficiency etc. It is thus recommended that a robust database should be maintained on both the supply side as well as the consumer end. Transmission mains 4.5. capacity (yield). Pressure records 34 .3 Operational data 1. GSR 8. valves etc 5. Complaints 6.1 Data requirements The utility needs to record data basically on three parameters: Consumer data. Details of flow meters: type. Diameter etc 6.2 Asset data 1.2. 2. 3. Flow records: Instantaneous and totalised flow records to be maintained as a spreadsheet. 5. 9. Gravity mains: Length.2.1 below: Digital mapping GIS Databases Customer data Operational data Asset data Property details Customer details Meter details Supply timings complaints Leaks. Pumping stations: Number of pumps. & material Type of Joints Burst Figure 5. current information is not sufficient for an efficient and effective management of resources.1 A framework for a GIS based data base system Although some data sets are available with GMC. MOC. Source details: Number. Supply timings 5. Pumping mains: Length. Number and capacity of reservoirs like OHT’s. Leaks/Bursts 7. pumping details etc 3. capacity. 4. Diameter etc 5. Diameter. Bursts Age of mains pipe Dia. specifications etc. type etc. MOC etc 7. Since existing maps were old and it was not accurate. But an attempt has been is made by engineers to document different information like number of connections. Such an approach of network data management and storage is not only labour intensive and prone to errors but also less useful for efficient utilisation and management. tanks. paper maps degrade over the years whereas digital maps can be stored and easily upgraded from time to time. This can therefore facilitate a better understanding of the system and hence improved management. updation of such paper-based maps is a laborious assignment. Table 5. 5. The data comprises of ward maps. it can be easily shared/transferred for use by different departments (based on the scope of their work) and such an approach of centralized data management system makes the process of updation and management of information efficient and easy. Figure 5. As part of this project’s activities. commercial and industrial consumers: type and size of connections.2 shows a part of Gwalior generated in GIS environment. these can also form an attribute in GIS database by linking it with maps and locations. GIS maps were prepared by TERI for Gwalior based on existing paper maps at scale 1: 5000. Moreover. Further with frequent developments in the network. for entire Gwalior city in GIS format. Number of zones in the city 2. digital maps can link database features to supporting documents making the updating process relatively simple. The greatest advantage of such a system is that the data and information are geographically referenced that supports accurate measurement based on maps and the facility of location based search. Per capita consumption based on domestic meter reading 6. GMC is also planning to carry out extensive Arial and topographic survey for Gwalior city at very high scale with the help of NRSA. This will certainly help in creating accurate maps for future use. database should include 1. number of illegal connections. integration of such data and information poses the major challenge in GIS database generation. in a tabular format. Population in each ward 4. These maps were georeferenced and different layers were created from it. Billing records 8. As a starting point city maps containing information on water supply network for the Gwalior city is available as paper maps on an individual ward level. ESRI) and integrated to generate a city level holistic information base. data on the pipeline networks were collected and stored in paper format. Once such a comprehensive and accurate information base is created in GIS platform. faster and accurate. Unlike paper maps. revenue collected from each ward. Number of legal and illegal connections 5. Such information can easily be filled in GIS database. Pipe material and diameter were used as mentioned in the map provided by Municipality. Customer Details: Details of domestic. once accurate ward maps are generated.On the consumer end. 35 . In addition to the water supply network information. Digital maps also ensure that all knowledge is not lost in the case of changes in guard/responsibility and enable linking of information with other tools for management and analysis. Property details Although these databases are generated in an alphanumeric format. In most of the cases these information are just sketches rather than a proper network layout maps. and at the beginning of the process of a development of a comprehensive information and management system. etc.4 shows different layers and its properties.4 Map format Conventionally. the database also contains other supplementary information important for efficient management of water supply resources. The data acquisition should capture any changes in the above parameters and suitable modification should be made to the database. But these maps serve as a starting point of big project for GIS database. pipes. metering records etc 7. the accuracy of prepared GIS maps will be affected.2. railways etc. water distribution network. As the existing maps are obtained from various sources and of different scale. existing ward wise Auto CAD maps have been converted into a GIS database (ArcGIS. Name and number of each ward 3. Further it is very important that this information is updated timely. Figure 5. updated and comprehensive.23. updation and development can be done based on information to make it more accurate. 2 Map Showing a part of Gwalior in GIS As the existing maps are obtained from various sources and of different scale. such a database is developed based on secondary information and relatively low level of accuracy are always prone to certain level of inaccuracy.4 Details of various GIS themes 36 . However. In this regard it is highly recommended that accuracy assessment of such database need to done based on stakeholder consultation and selective ground survey. Table 5.4 following provides the details of various GIS themes generated under the current study and the Table 5. water distribution network. it is worth noting that. specially in the case of pipeline network distribution. Figure 5. pipes.In addition to the water supply network information the database also contain several other ancillary information that is important for efficient management of water supply resources. tanks.2 shows a part of Gwalior generated in GIS environment. Such an database can be considered as a baseline and further refinement. railways etc. integration of such data and information poses the major challenge in GIS database generation. The table following provides the details of various GIS themes generated and the information associated with these themes. The data comprises of ward maps. for entire Gwalior city in GIS format. Details of development of database in Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board are attached as Annexure 45. 4 Implementation plan 5.1 Short term 1. 5. TERI has already converted them into GIS format. concerned staff and their contact details. Most of these data sets are already available with municipality. High installation cost 4.4.1 c is the proposed activity schedule for implementation of this strategy. High skilled labours 5.4. A separate department should be formed in the GMC to handle such databases and carry out updation of data on a regular basis.2 Medium term Details of all attributes at ward level like revenue generated in each ward. Staff of GMC/PIA cell and PMU (UWSEIP)GMC and PHED 2. extensive primary survey needs to be conducted to update existing information (more accuracy is needed) using differential Global Positioning System (GPS). a analysis can be done for impacts of sewage on neighbouring areas and location of treatment plants. number of legal/ illegal connections. Limited capacity within the GMC 3. Soft copies of the GIS maps prepared by TERI are being submitted with this report. Research and Engineering institutes 3. Any addition or alteration in the existing water supply infrastructure should be communicated to the cell responsible for maintaining this database. pipe characteristics. which will create a base for generating maps in GIS format. Annexure5. so it is easy to update the information in GIS database.2. Private GIS consultants 4. Besides information on adjoining roads. important buildings. number of leakages reported/unreported and other administrative details should be included. However. Attributes that need updation include valve locations. 5.3 Long term This database should be integrated with a consumer MIS wherein information about consumption.2. Obstacles in implementation 1. feedback etc is also recorded and could be analyzed.information associated with these themes. Some of these information have been already incorporated into the GIS database prepared by TERI. Administrative hindrances for new cell formation Stakeholders 1.4. 2. These details should be updated regularly every financial year. staff strength. Unless GMC takes concrete steps to update the GIS database on a regular basis. railways. As there is no Sewage treatment plant (STP) located in Gwalior and entire sewage is disposed into streams. Since the existing maps were in paper maps. other pipelines etc also needs to be updated on this database regularly. The most important part is regular updating database across all divisions for better management and revenue collection. 5. This information shall be very handy to assess the performance of each ward on a regular basis and benchmarking performance. It is also recommended that the database be updated on a quarterly basis. location of leakages etc. Survey should be accompanied by detailed engineering drawing of entire water distribution network.2. the very purpose of the exercise shall be defeated and the database shall become outdated. Funding agencies 37 .2. Initial updation of maps can be very costly and laborious as primary survey needs to be carried out 2. A water audit therefore is a thorough examination of water systems records and field control equipment and helps in accounting for all the water distributed through a water system.3. Jaipur. There is therefore an urgent need that significance of such an exercise in water management be understood well and all missing information be generated to facilitate water auditing and balancing. There is also a need to procure necessary infrastructure and develop capacity to undertake water audits on a regular basis. Such an assessment is extremely useful in resource assessment. 2. so as to have a better understanding of the behaviour of system under different demand scenarios. branching of the distribution network etc. In cases where such information is not available or accuracy of information is questionable. size. Water auditing of riders becomes a difficult task. basic information for water balancing is either unavailable or only conflicting information is available. the first step in this direction shall be the installation of bulk management meters at appropriate locations as mentioned in the earlier section.Water audit and balancing provides a comprehensive appraisal of the available water resources. this area is mainly fed through tube wells and some of this area also receives water from Moti Jheel water works. decision making particularly on future investments in infrastructure and information management.1. During the pilot exercise. 3. auditing should be carried out at regular intervals to obtain multiple sets of information.3. As no meters are installed currently. Ward number 17. GMC should try to phase out supply from the riders slowly. Indra Nagar in Murar Zone has 250 household connections. which is the loss or unaccounted water. this area can be made discrete. utilization and the extent of losses in the system. This is not lying in a discrete zone but by operating valves.1 Short term 1. Although this zone is not a discrete zone yet distribution from different sources can be carefully controlled through valves. water audit exercise should be used as an opportunity to update maps of the distribution network. auditing the water usage implies doing a mass balance study wherein the inputs to a system are compared with the aggregate of consumption and outputs to assess the difference. Apart from these.5. 2. Such an assessment is extremely useful in resource assessment. Water audit exercises have been carried for urban water supply systems in the cities of Bangalore. GMC should select a team and build their capacity to undertake auditing and balancing in pilot areas. Some of the areas recommended for pilot study is mentioned below: 1. Water audit should then be undertaken in pilot areas to assess extent of water losses in the network. These pilot areas should ideally form a closed and discrete loop and should be representative of the condition of the water supply network in different stretches of the city vis-à-vis its age and health. preferably for two seasons. management and development of water policies. as there are about 40 riders in Lashkar zone alone. their utilization and the extent of wastage in the system. 5. Delhi. The audit exercise should preferably be carried out in those networks (transmission and distribution) for which accurate information is available on parameters like layout. 38 . which falls in Gwalior zone. 5. In simple terms. the area is also fed by number of tube wells. Monitoring / metering all riders becomes an expensive task.3 Water audit and balancing Water audit and balancing provides a comprehensive appraisal of the availability. distribution. material of construction. Hyderabad to assess the extent of water and revenue losses in the supply system and to identify areas where improvements need to be made. This team should then train relevant staff in other zones on how to carry water audits and translate the lessons into better water management practices. 4.1 Implementation plan 5. policy formulation and decisionmaking particularly on future investments in infrastructure. can be considered for pilot study area. As concluded from the water balancing exercise (in Chapter 3). better revenue realisation.1. 3. Costs involved for procuring water flow meters 2. An auditing of the performance of new and old WTPs should also be carried out to gauge the extent of water lost during treatment and take possible measures upstream of treatment and within the treatment process. Identification of pilot zones and preparation of discrete areas for water auditing 4. 8. 5. Once bulk meters are installed in OHTs and GSRs and respective households are metered. Manpower required for carrying such a comprehensive exercise and its capacity.6.1. as and where ever possible.3. 7. This exercise should be initiated at a pilot scale to make the consumers more aware about efficient practices of water usage. 5. 9. for locations where flow metering could be done.3. There is also a need to undertake auditing of water usage at the consumer end to build a case for conservation at the consumer end. calibration and upkeep of such infrastructure. upcoming and up gradation projects. water balancing could be done on a zonal level regularly so as to continuously monitor the quality of service delivery and analyse possible impacts on any proposed changes in the supply scheme. This exercise shall also help in: • • • • • • Reviewing the existing distribution network to identify stretches where pipelines need to be replaced Check and calibrating meters Analysis of water supplied for free Leakage control Equitable distribution of supplies Share of each source in water supplied 2. The data set generated should be used to calculate ILI on a city level and frame policy for repair and replacement of the pipe infrastructure. This would facilitate water audits and balancing on such networks. A comprehensive water audit program should be undertaken in a larger area and should also cover water usage patterns at the consumer end. 10. auditing should be carried out at these locations. Resident Welfare Associations 39 . The ultimate aim of this phase of the exercise should be to reduce leakages and wasteful use of water and. Consumer awareness groups 2. Water auditing should become a regular feature and hence a part of the planning phase for all existing. Inadequate information on layout of pipelines 3.2 Medium term 1. tube well supplies etc. Obstacles in implementation The process of water auditing and balancing is likely to face many challenge on account of: 1.3 Long term Once metering is done across the city. Institutions and Stakeholders to be involved 1. GMC should consider procuring more portable meters for carrying out water audit for riders. The data set generated from water balancing should be used to calculate ILI for pilot areas and suggest measures to be taken to reduce the index value. Planning phase should consider making provisions. Capacities of the staff need to be built on undertaking such an exercise and on operation. Map depicts proposed pilot areas where this exercise could be undertaken in 1st phase of the study. Remove interconnections with other supply areas as much as possible. a reservoir does not feed more than one zone except Rakkas tank. supplied by Noorganj tank.1. Execute a minimum night flow test as an initial indication of the level of physical leakage and to determine the need for system rehabilitation. 7.4 Sectorisation/district metered areas Gwalior is currently divided into 4 zones and 60 wards with population in each ward varying from 7000 to 25000. it is recommended to identify DMAs in some of the progressive zones of Gwalior. topography of the area. Staff of GMC and PHED 4. As most wards in the city receive water from multiple sources from both Moti Jheel and tube wells. Although major advantage in Gwalior.1 Short term 1. Such sectorisation on hydraulic principles also assists in: • • • • A uniform and rational allocation of resources to each unit (water. Check the functionality and accessibility of all valves. Each ward gets water supply from different reservoir at different times of the day and some wards get water from riders drawn from the transmission mains. 4. 9. duration of supplies etc.4. It is recommended that the entire city be divided into small discrete units called District metered areas (DMAs). 6. manpower. if not by a separate set of pipes. These locations should preferably also be representative of the different operational conditions in the city vis-à-vis age of pipelines. subsidies etc). 2. This assists in a better monitoring of the water-supplied vis a vis the quantity supplied (total and lpcd).4. Isolate the selected DMAs and test whether full isolation has been achieved. The pilot implementation can be conducted in areas such as ward 13 and 14. Research and Engineering Institutes 5. In a short term. for effective management of the water supplies. 5. consumption patterns and water losses. finance. as compared to Bhopal. based on the distribution network and supply scheme. 3. Identify feeding points for each DMA and install bulk meters at all feeding points. Test run the possibility of a round the clock water supply to the identified DMA and analyse performance vis a vis total leakage. As water is also supplied from tube wells. Discreetness of the zone should be preserved.3. 40 . Comprehensive rehabilitation of the water supply facilities in the DMAs Implementation of pilot projects in a small area and showcasing best practices Establishing costs of introduction of DMAs. A network analysis of the water flows should also be undertaken in the identified DMA to comprehend behaviour of the system. is that water supply in each zone is usually independent of supply to other zones. at least by controlling the valves. As Gwalior is supplied by 12 reservoirs DMA’s can be established in one of these areas. The existing demarcation of wards and zones is more from an administrative perspective and probably does not consider effective water management (based on the hydraulics) as one of the criterion for delineation. the city should be divided into various sectors with 20000-30000 connections at a time. better revenue realization etc. metering program and network 5. Hence.1 Implementation plan 5. effective and systematic maintenance and. This shall be useful for implementation of any changes in the network ranging from leakage repairs to augmentation to metering to planned maintenance etc. water consumed (total and lpcd). leakages in the system before and after the property line/consumer meter. 8. monitoring and accounting of flow from tube wells is also required. ward 31 supplied exclusively by tube wells or in the area supplied by Laxman Tallaiya in the Lashkar West zone. in the Gwalior zone. pressure gauges in the DMA. increased service connections. Water from the dam is supplied through gravity for about 17 km. Therefore. 5. it is advisable that DMAs (in the second phase of implementation) be identified in the city in line with the existing administrative zoning. The CII (Confederation of Indian Industry estimates that the typical Indian municipal water utility has the potential to improve water pumping system efficiency by 25 percent. Obstacles in implementation As of now the entire system has been laid out in an much unplanned manner on ‘as and when/where ever required’ basis.5 Energy auditing Water utilities are intensive energy users and continually seek ways to improve their productivity through the effective and judicious use of energy. However. especially of the distribution network. accurate information is not available about the scheme of supplies and the quantities supplied. As a result of all this lack of adequate information and the uncertainties involved. It can help the utility to improve the quality of its product. An energy audit involves a critical examination of an energy consuming facility.2 Medium term 1. Increasing the energy efficiency will enhance the facility’s operations and products in numerous ways: • • • It can reduce energy costs: Reducing the energy expenses can help the water utilities to redirect the resulting savings to improve the facility For municipal water utilities especially. 5. 2. All zones should be monitored and flow from each zone should be documented properly. For example. the entire Gwalior city should be divided into DMAs and each boundary should be mapped into a GIS environment. and additional operational funds for expansion or improvement of service.4. It would therefore be difficult to justify the cost of such an implementation. Box 1 highlights the experiences of some of the municipalities post energy auditing. It determines the performance of a facility in terms of energy use and relates its energy consumption to production and compares it with the performance of similar organizations. and layout of the distribution mains and valves. Modern techniques such as pressure management night flow analysis etc should be used for reducing losses. Therefore for this activity to be undertaken accurate GIS map for the pilot DMA area should be ideally available. Limited capacities of the staff and their awareness on usefulness of the concept could be another major obstacle to be addressed before implementation. It can also help in reducing pollution.4. An energy audit is an imperative first step for any organization interested in implementing an energy management program within their facilities and assists with identifying areas where potential savings can be made. improving pump performance in a water utility can ensure the right volume and pressure of water that needs to be supplied. Municipal water utilities in India spend more than 60 percent of their budgets on energy used for water pumping.1. 3. Water supply to each zone should be properly controlled by valves and a boundary of each zone should be defined and mapped in the GIS database. Further. In the long term. hence there is no pumping of raw water till Moti Jheel water works. An effective manner of reducing energy consumption is to conduct an energy audit. It is desirable that accurate information should be available on network before such an implementation. limited information or information of a limited accuracy is available on the system layout.1. The city has also developed in an unplanned way. GMCs expenditure on power consumption for pumping water from Moti Jheel accounts for a considerable 41 . Such documentation helps in network modelling and in accounting of flow in each pipe across the network.5. a pilot stage implementation is suggested initially. An internationally accepted norm is to have a zone with 2000 to 4000 properties. It can lead to corollary benefits such as reduced maintenance costs and improved worker safety. 2. it is difficult to develop DMAs in the city and demonstrate the usefulness of the same. Therefore.3 Long term 1. the energy cost reduction can help achieve a lower water tariff. The proposed energy savings measures are of two types: no cost and low-cost.percentage of the overall expenditure. 4. Murar / Gorkhi Tank can be selected as a pilot project for filling up tanks using boosters. 5. There is a need to simultaneously build the capacities of GMC staff on energy audit. 5. and larger capital investments. The resulting audit reports indicated a tremendous potential for energy and water savings with limited financial investments and rapid payback periods. the Alliance identified four municipalities of varying sizes and located in different revenue divisions as pilot cities. Pumps are operated under throttled conditions in an attempt to deliver water to all reservoirs. Replacement of old pumps and proper management of transformers will reduce power consumption. 2.1. Energy audits of all pumps and transformers at each treatment plant needs to carried out regularly. supplying treated water to Gwalior city. These cities were Hubli-Dharwad. As the water is pumpepumped d directly to reservoir and tapping is done on the rising mains. 2. In a short term.1. at least once in every six months. this activity could be out sourced to a consultant.4 Pump house at Old WTP 3. in partnership with TERI.1 Experiences post energy auditing in some municipalities I. 5.5. 6. The Alliance. Water from Moti Jheel is pumped directly into reservoirs.24).(Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation) As part of a sustained capacity building process. the Alliance helped establish an EMC (Energy Management Cell)at KUIDFC and trained its engineers in energy efficiency best practices. 42 . Box highlights the experiences of some of the municipalities post energy auditing. which necessitates operation of pumps at higher than the required head for some of the reservoirs. energy audit can be carried out at the old treatment plant (Picture 45. the Alliance to Save Energy launched its statewide municipal water and energy efficiency outreach programme to disseminate the concept of water in the south Indian state of Karnataka. In its initial stage of capacity building. This in turn reduces the supply made to areas like Amkho tank. Mysore.2 Medium to long term 1. which returns in a huge loss of energy.1 Short term 1.(The Energy Resources Institute) facilitated energy audits of bulk water supply systems and efficiency assessments of street lighting systems in these municipalities. This expenditure head therefore provides a big opportunity for improvement and thereby generate more financial resources for other activities. Bellary City and Tiptur-Arasikere. the system pressure reduces making pumps to operate at low heads. Energy efficiency drive. A team of Mechanical and Electrical engineers should be constituted in PHED/ MC to carry out regular energy audits.5. Municipal water utilities in India spend more than 60 percent of their budgets on energy used for water pumping. The Alliance entered into a strategic partnership with the KUIDFC. The CII (Confederation of Indian Industry) estimates that the typical Indian municipal water utility has the potential to improve water pumping system efficiency by 25 percent. Picture 5.5. Box 5.1 Implementation plan 5. Energy audits are specifically required for both new and old treatment plants.Karnataka In May 2002. It is recommended to use separate boosters near OHTs or replace the existing pumps. As a part of pilot project. Expenditure on power consumption should be recorded and tracked by installing energy monitoring systems near all pump houses and treatment plants. during our visit to the plant. These leakages occur mainly during the laying of telephone lines and repeated wear and tear of underground pipes due to traffic movements. through more effective supply and distribution. Leakage management is a continuous process and needs to be undertaken continuously rather than as a one off initiative.org). 5. on an average about 1 .4 percent.3 million people can be served with water by the energy saved. Leakages were also observed in the pipeline carrying treated water to Rakas tank (Picture 5.500. which reflect poorly on GMC's commitment to conservation and efficiency. Dam was leaking at various locations.8 highlight some of the observed leakages. and has also led to a reduction of about 2.5 shows some of the leak detection equipment. The implemented energy savings measures in thee audited bulk water supply systems of the four pilot municipalities will result in an energy savings of close to 8. II. The simultaneous reductions in municipal water waste. which was being replaced with a new pipe. which was constructed in 1938. will allow the municipalities to deliver water to more homes.6). The simultaneous reductions in municipal water waste.2 major leakages per month per zone. through more effective supply and distribution. Measures requiring large capital include replacing inadequate pipelines. Vishakhapatnam Municipal Corporation works (VMC) has implemented different energy audit recommendations made by TERI. VMC is now accruing an annual energy savings of 1. hence leakages from these pipelines could not be observed. Picture 5. Measures range from no/low cost to high cost and include retrofitting of pumps and motors. leakages were prevalent in the treatment units. These simple measures account for about 15-20% of the energy and financial savings. As a result of these measures.000 additional homes. Approximately 1. will now allow the municipality to deliver water to more homes (www. This has reduced VMC's annual energy bill for pumping water by about 5. In the old treatment plant. There are frequent leakages occurring daily in the city. Leakages were prevalent in the entire water distribution network starting from Tighra dam.ase. The mains carrying water from the dam to distribution network is underground. Picture 5. and trimming of impellers. installing energy efficient motors and replacing old inefficient pumps with energy efficient pumps that are better integrated to the system. there was leakage occurring at the 28" pipeline carrying treated water at the outlet of the new treatment plant. rescheduling pump operations and improving pumping efficiencies.5 Detection Equipment There was a major leakage occurring at the inlet chamber of new treatment plant. Pictures 5.6 Pipe leaking near Rakas tank 43 . But a huge loss to the tune of about 10% plus is estimated in the 17km stretch of pipeline between the outlet of the dam and inlet of treatment plant. improving water flow distribution. There was pipe burst near the treatment plant.7. maintaining a good power factor for electrical equipment.The no-cost/low-cost measures have a pay back period of less than a year and involve measures such as surrendering excess contracted electric demand.400 metric tonnes of CO2 emissions. which further decreases the efficiency of treatment plant. Alternatively the energy saved can be supplied to 71. 5.6 Active and passive leakage control Leakage management refers to the identification and repair of leaks (visible and underground) in the water supply system and reducing water losses to an acceptable level. Although there were not much treatment losses occurring in this treatment plant. Though exact figures on the amount of water lost from leaks cannot be determined in the absence of bulk management meters it can still be Picture 5.2 million kilowatt hours annually. segregation of low tension and high tension. replacing impellers. which can prove out to be very dangerous for the people living in the adjoining villages downstream of the dam.4 million kWh amounting to an annual financial savings of approximately US$ 60.400 with an investment of only US $24. thus reducing 8200 metric tons of CO2. optimum utilization of contracted demand. concluded from field investigations that a significant amount of water is lost from visible leaks and it is estimated that an even greater amount may be lost from underground /invisible leaks. The field visit conducted at 2:30 a.m by TERI team near Ramaji ka pura (water supply at high pressure between 2:00 am to 4:00 am) area indicated that there was a heavy wastage of water (Picture 5.7) instead of the problem of leakages from distribution lines. This is because the people in these areas leave their taps open to fill their tanks and these tanks overflow. In Gwalior, lineman carries out leakage detection by inspecting the networks. However, currently no means are adopted to detect small leakages from underground pipes. Complaints about leakages is also given by local people to control rooms in respective zones. Picture 5.7 Wastage of water at Ramaji ka pura during supply hours Picture 5.8 Valves leaking at the out let of Old WTP This state of affairs can be attributed to poor O&M and low priority given to leak detection and control. Currently leak repair is carried out on an adhoc basis with no regular planning. Further leak control is limited to repair of major bursts while hardly any attention is given to the large number of smaller leaks in the system. Further no data or information gathering system exists for recording leaks. A leakage management strategy would thus necessary seek to address the above-mentioned issues. Leakage management refers to monitoring the flows into supply areas in order to measure leakage and prioritise leak detection activities. This has now become the most cost-effective strategy for reducing water losses and hence most widely practised approach. Annex 5.1 d highlights the proposed activity schedule for implementation of this strategy. 5.6.1 Implementation plan 5.6.1.1 Short term 1. As a first step, GMC needs to have a strong policy towards active leakage control. This has to be followed by identifying a dedicated team for leakage detection and control. Formation of a leak detection cell within GMC may be considered for this purpose. 2. ATo begin with all visible leakages occurring from transmission pipes, valves, and pumps should be repaired immediately. It is also neccessarynecessary to repair leakages occurring from the dam. However, in addition to the above leaks a number of other leaks also exist in the system. It is recommended that separate teams be formed for leak detection and repair. The first team should do a survey of the entire network and mark out the leaks on the map, which may be used by the second team responsible for leak repair. A survey of the entire network must be commissioned on a priority basis. 3. A huge leakage was observed in sections of the dam and these needthese needs to be repaired immediately. 4. As discussed earlier, there is an extensive leakage and wastage in the areas where water is supplied during night. There is a need to change supply timings in these areas. It was also observed that the taps in these households are not regulated with caps. Such households should be identified and caps be installed on the taps. 5. As a part of pilot study, active leak detection must be carried out in pilot study areas for underground pipelines. This will help in assessing amount of leaks, time taken to detect leaks and repair it etc. Such study will also help in preparing leak detection management for entire city. This is a good approach to identify stretches that are prone to ingress of sewage or soil because of leakage in the pipeline and a negative pressure. 44 6. Capacities of the staff have to be built on leak detection using simple techniques as discussed in Box 2 to identify leakages in underground networks. In a short term, GMC could consider out sourcing a comprehensive exercise of leakage detection and repair.Capacities of the staff have to be built on the use of simple techniques, as discussed in Box , like using acoustic rods etc to identify leakages, especially in underground networks. In a short term, GMC could consider out sourcing a comprehensive exercise of leakage detection and repair. 7. Changes in the quality of treated water during its conveyance in distribution mains should be assessed and analysed. This is a good approach to identify stretches that are prone to ingress of sewage or soil because of leakage in the pipeline and a negative pressure. 8. There is also a need to enclose all existing small pipes in a small conduit to avoid any chances of likely pilferage and water thefts. 9. In the distribution network the “tanker” method may be used to temporarily pressurise the pipes in a given stretch and then detect the leaks. 10. While active leakage control is recommended, there is also a parallel need to revamp the existing system of passive leakage control wherein action is taken once leaks are reported. The system should be tuned to: • • Systematically record complaints on bursts and leakages in a proper format (date, time, type, reason, previous history etc) and maintain a history of the same. Information on all types of leakages, their location, age of pipes and replacement of pipes should also be recorded in the GIS database. Reduce time taken for the communication and location of leakage. This can be done by creating adequate consumer awareness on the subject, as consumers are likely to be the first ones to observe leakages. Consumers should be encouraged to report telephonically and the information should be obtained in a comprehensive manner seeking all relevant details. Accurate and timely communication is the key to efficient action. This can help in fixing the leakage problems without much loss in resource and avoiding further damage to pipe infrastructure. GMC could consider out sourcing this exercise of receiving complaints using the services of a private call centre. • 5.6.1.2 Medium to long term In the medium term GMC should consider procuring leak detection equipment (Picture 5.5). Further adequate training on leak detection and control should be given to the leak detection cell on the use of the equipment. Proper sounding techniques are needed to identify underground leakages. It is suggested that simple amplified sounding rods may be procured in the medium term to detect leakages. In addition there is a need to GMC should consider procuring these instruments and building capacities (of the zonal level staff, especially line men) on their use. Box 5.2 Methods for identification of leaks (a) Walking Walking over the mains looking for signs of accumulated water, damp soil, etc., indicating leakage of water (b) Sounding Sounding is the cheapest and an effective method of detecting leaks in a medium sized water supply system. Sounding could be categorized into two types: Direct & Indirect • • Direct sounding is made either on the main or fittings on the main such as sluice or air valves, fire hydrants stop taps or any other suitable fittings. Indirect sounding consists of sounding made on the ground surface directly above the mains for locating point of maximum sound intensity. This method is a good supplement for confirming location of leak noise identified through direct sounding Water escaping from a pressurized pipe emits a sound similar to the sound that can be heard when a seashell is held up to the ear. Other sounding techniques used include listening sticks, ground microphone and leak noise co-relator. 45 5.7 Asset management program Asset management program involves developing a time bound plan for retrofitting and replacement of existing infrastructure in a manner, which ensures that the system keeps functioning at optimum efficiency. Asset management involves developing an active policy for timely replacement and retrofitting of the operational infrastructure like pipes, valves or treatment units etc. Usually in a stressed system with limited financial resources, as in case of GMC, there is no focus on a proper upkeep of the system and the infrastructure out lives its age. Infrastructure replacement is the last measure that a utility takes because of the expenses involved. It is therefore important that any replacement is properly coordinated to avoid wastage of limited resources. To move towards the long term objective of providing 24-hour water supply to the city in a sustainable manner the existing infrastructure in the city needs to be replaced or rehabilitated in a phased manner. A major part of leak repair would also overlap with infrastructure replacement program in Gwalior. Most of the water supply network to Gwalior is around 30-40 years old and requires major rehabilitation to service the entire population. Infrastructure replacement would be one of the most expensive part of the WDM strategy and should thus be undertaken in a phased manner. Infrastructure replacement may be broadly be divided into 3 main categories. 1. Water treatment plants/pumping stations 2. Transmission network 3. Distribution network 4. Appertances (valves, expansion joints etc) 5.7.1 Implementation plan 5.7.1.1 Short term 1. Pump houses: Field surveys reveal that pumping station at old treatment plant needs major renovation. Renovation work is required for the both old and new WTP. These treatment plants require water proofing for many of their units, as seepage was evident at many locations. Putting a wire mesh cage can protect tampering of these valves. 2. There is also a need to improve the housekeeping practices in both new treatment plant and old treatment plant. 3. There is need to e valuate the conditions of electrical units and wirings in the pump houses and have safer installations. 4. A survey of all valves in the network is recommended to identify leaking and faulty valves (Picture 45.59). The valves may then be repaired or replaced accordingly. This is an essential activity as valves have been identified as a major source of leakage in the network. Besides preventing leaks, repair of valves will also help in better management of pressure. Picture 5.9 Valve leaking Picture 5.10 Leakage in Rakkas Tank 5. A detailed survey of the entire network is being undertaken as part of the ongoing UWSEIP. It is thus proposed that, subsequent to the mapping of the entire network in GIS, and a detailed project report on replacement of the existing network may be undertaken. Further a leak recording system may be set up and used to highlight pipes with a high number of leaks which can then be used to prioritise replacement.However based on the field survey it is recommended that following distribution mains which were found to be leaking badly in the networks supplied through Old treatment plant. 46 A replacement program for the mains may be worked out depending upon the frequency of bursts/leaks and the age of the mains. a formal system should be constituted to regularly inspect the infrastructure available for sewage collection (and its treatment). The transmission and distribution mains. Efficient management is required for analysing and prioritising the replacement program. pressure gauges. It is also necessary that inventorisation of the entire infrastructure be carried out and recorded properly. It therefore becomes essential that besides maintaining the health of water supply pipeline infrastructure. A properly planned maintenance schedule would not only help in improving the service life of the infrastructure but other benefits such as improved efficiency and efficiency use of resources would also accrue with it. so as to increase the overall equipment/infrastructure availability and reliability of the system. Replacement / repair of pumps should be evaluated after each energy auditing exercise. 5. Leakage and seepage from OHTs should also be assessed and repair works undertaken immediately. 5. This shall help in a better assessment of the health of infrastructure and resources needed for its maintenance. This will eventually lead to a welldefined water supply network. monitoring and maintaining pressure to consumers. Budgetary allocation for such activities can be made accordingly. which required skilled managers and engineers.7.8 Planned maintenance As analyzed induring the financial assessment of GMC. Long-term Relaying of pipelines as required by the new proposed DMAs should be carried out. especially in an over stressed system like in GMC which caters to a big population. Capital requirement for such replacements may be huge and will be subjected to resistance. only a miniscule portion of the total expenditure goes towards maintenance.106. Replacement of old pipelines in the distribution network should be carried out in accordance with a worked out plan. It has been observed that infiltration of sewage from septic tanks and pipelines affects the quality of water in supply lines.6. This shall check any possible contamination of potable water supplies. Once a detailed survey of existing pipelines and its leak detection is completed and mapped in GIS platform. it is necessary to prioritise leakage repair and pipe replacement program. There is a need to realise the significance of planned maintenance. planned and regularrather than a committed attitude where upkeep is systematic. 2. planned and regular. The result is that system efficiency and service delivery are affected because it operates with infrastructure that is poorly maintained and in some cases outlived.Pipes which are more than 50 years of old should be given more attention and their physical condition should be evaluated. 47 .2 Medium to long term 1. Riders should be removed phase wise and OHTs should be constructed which will help in storing. In the medium term the infrastructure replacement program should be designed and implemented based on the outcomes of the leak detection programme and the DPR for infrastructure replacement. Proper concealment and protection of existing and proposed bulk meters. 4. In the long term it is envisaged that the city will be sectorized into hydraulically discrete zones and water supply shall be round the clock. Leakages were visible from Rakkas Tank as shown in Picture 45. Obstacles in implementation 1. 2. which shall form a hydraulic zone rather than being delineated on administrative basis. as reflected by the leaking and non-functional infrastructure. air release valves and other valves. Depreciation of the assets can also be gauged and reflected in the financial statement. 3. 5. Pipe replacement strategy must be developed and pipes with a higher frequency of bursts must be prioritised for replacement. OHT etc may need to be redesigned according to the new water supply regime. Maintenance is based on ‘as and when required’ approach rather than being systematic.1. 1 Implementation plan 5. In the first stage. there is a need to collate information on the age of the infrastructure. immediate attention is required for all pumping infrastructure as also pointed out during the discussion on energy auditing. which may be taken up. include: – Water kiosks – Decentralised community managed small piped networks – Group connections as a replacement for Public stand posts – Rainwater harvesting 48 .8. water treatment units. valves. Some of the approaches.8. Initial cleaning b. It was observed that standposts are a regular feature of the water supply in some areas of Gwalior. Identify dedicated staff for the activity and launch training and campaign within GMC on the subject. In the short term. However given the resource constraints and technical barriers it may not be possible to cover the entire population with piped water supply. Obstacles in implementation In absence of any policy and vision on the need for regular maintenance. GMC should have a system for planned maintenance with adequate resources allocated to the activity and this should strictlyshould strictly be adhered to. The current approach of providing tankers in areas not served by PWSS (piped water supply scheme) is also inefficient and raises concerns related to water quality and poor service delivery levels. pipes.e. General inspection e. Counter measures for the cause and effect of dirt and dust c.9 Alternative delivery mechanisms Traditionally water supply in urban areas has been through piped systems with either a household connection or public stand post at the user end.1 Short term 1. pumps. which are not covered by piped supply extending to individual households.1. It is important to prioritise expenditure on maintenance in the annual budget. 2.1.It is necessary that regular monitoring of system health be undertaken to covering all infrastructureinfrastructure i.2 Medium to long term In the medium term. 5. 5. Autonomous inspection f. It is thus recommended that in addition to these traditional supply means GMC should also explore the possibilities of alternative service delivery mechanisms. Further lack of financial resources may also create hindrance for the proposed implementation. 3. Besides the valves. 5. Based on existing conditions and severity of deterioration / depreciation of different units. it would be difficult to take adequate measures. For this some of the representative facilities and infrastructure could be selected. meters and storage units etc. GMC could also consider involving an outside agency to prepare a schedule for planned maintenance of its different operations. assessment of all valves should be carried out as leakage from the valves is most visible and reflects very poorly on the commitment levels of the service provider. staff capacities should be built on organized approaches for planned maintenance aiming at zero breakdowns. In the short term.8. funds should be allocated for maintenance. There is also a need to promote the following steps to build the diagnostic skills of the staff of GMC: a. The history of the health of the infrastructure should be duly maintained as this can facilitate decision making on maintenance and replacement. Cleaning and lubricating standards d. Organisation and tidiness 4. Improvement in the condition of tankers so as to avoid spilling and leakage. Similar observations were made for supplies from the standposts.) and are being experimented in Delhi by TERI. which are not likely to be covered as per the current expansion plans of the GMC. .. There is need to make changes in the existing design and for this the milk tanker design. post recycling.Metering of water supplied through tankers.Regular cleaning schedule for tankers. . 49 . Further a cell may be constituted within GMC for providing technical guidance to general public on Rainwater harvesting. which maintains minimum leakage and maximum hygiene could be referred to. Regular cleaning schedule for tankers. Obstacles in implementation In areas where it is not feasible to provide piped water supply through the existing network in the near future.Inspection schedule to ensure adequate residual chlorine . Lack of community involvement and limited skill sets of GMC with regard to community led initiatives may be an impediment to implementation of the strategy.In a short term.1 Short term Following actions are recommended in the short term: • Improvements in tanker supplies through some of interventions listed below: . Possibilities of reuse of wastewater. This shall be useful to demonstrate implementation of rainwater harvesting and show case GMC’s commitment towards water conservation. Harvested rainwater could be used for recharging the groundwater or gardening or consumption by the livestock.9. it is strongly recommended that decentralised systems of water supply be evolved through community participation. Metering of water supplied through tankers. No regular cleaning schedule is maintained for these tankers and there is not check whatsoever on the quality of water supplied. Further priority should be given to cover those areas. Usually a high leakage is in form spills because of poor lid cover.1 Implementation plan 5. Some of the simplest measures for improvement of supply from tankers may include the following: • • • • • • • • • Tanker filling points need to be modernised to avoid wastages during filling. Rainwater harvesting should be made mandatory for all new building and as a confidence building measure Rainwater harvesting may be implemented in all GMC buildings.There is also a need to monitor and improve the existing tanker supplies aimed at ensuring adequate water quality.9.Improve condition of tankers so as to avoid spilling and leakage.1. Examples of such systems include Small piped water networks being already experimented by UN-Habitat or Water Kiosk systems. should also be explored. which have been functioning successfully in Africa (Box…. the utility should adopt a two-pronged approach wherein the quality of service through tankers is improved. Field observations point that huge quantity of water is lost in the process of filling and transporting water through tankers. 5. A detailed plan for providing coverage to the entire city may be developed by the municipal corporation. Supplies based on stand posts should be gradually replaced by household piped water supply system. Another critical issue is the quality of water supplied through these tankers. Inspection schedule for ensuring adequate residual chlorine in the tankers.Modernise tanker filling points to reduce wastage while filling . however. It is further recommended that NGOs be involved for implementation of such project with the municipal corporation playing a facilitation and advisory role. 50 . Lack of financial and political support may be another obstacle to such an initiative. Toilet dams or other Water displacement devices block part of the tank so that less water is required to fill the toilet following each flush. Large inequalities in water supply and abysmally low tariffs have led to a situation wherein there is a big difference in the way water is used in different households. As a more aggressive strategy. at least for upcoming localities with new construction. there is a need to look at such water consumption. requires different pricing of water to consumers so as to convey the true cost of the water supplied. A reduction in water consumption can reduce the water flowing through a system will reduce fictional energy losses and operational costs. In the medium term. It is imperative to involve all stakeholders for any such project right from the inception stage. Reducing the water consumption and bettering the water use efficiency can bring down the water consumption significantly. The cost effectiveness of many of these methods and technologies is practice. Water efficiency improvements in the hotel industry is another area of improvement. the municipality should also consider exploring opportunities for reuse of treated wastewater. Some problems may occur with the need to double flush but water savings from these devices are estimated at more than 10 percent. and the technologies available for the domestic market.The water tanker based system should be resorted to only during emergencies like breakdown. Stakeholders In a community-based project forging the right partnerships holds the key to success of the initiative. alongwith the construction of sewage treatment facility. requires accurate pricing of water to consumers to convey the true cost of the water supplied by water treatment and delivery systems.10. the types of industries linked to the system. other factors that determine the applicability of certain demand-side measures to water utilities include the market penetration of waterusing appliances. In addition to proper pricing. water demand management at the consumer end has been implemented by different municipalities with successful results. and the technologies available for the domestic market. This is all the more important as the government maintains most of public grdens. But decentralised systems may continue in some areas based on financial and technical feasibility of such provisions when compared to providing piped water supply. As highlighted by box . 5. however.1 Common water-saving technologies Several technologies are available to save water and include: • • • Ultra low flow toilets consume as little as 1/5th to 1/7th of what traditional toilets consume. • The cost effectiveness of many of these methods and technologies is practice.10 Water conservation at consumer end management One of the most neglected aspects of Water Demand Management in the Indian Context is water conservation at consumer end. In addition to proper pricing. other factors that determine the applicability of certain demand-side measures to water utilities include the market penetration of water-using appliances. 5. Xeriscaping involves planting native species that are able to survive under local rain and climate conditions can save large amounts of water. It will also be necessary to raise awareness levels and assess willingness to pay for a better system of supply. Even though the water consumed for gardening activities in these cities may be very less. the types of industries linked to the system. a municipality can enact standards for water-using appliances.Long term In the long term it is recommended that the entire city be covered by piped water supply. which is metered. Bottlenecks A detailed financial feasibility of such an approach needs to be studied further. 11. Consumers in most of the cities complain of low water pressure and resort to the use of online booster pumps. This method is more suitable than a permanent gauge as it is prone to get damaged soon.1. Stakeholders to be involved NGOs. The pressure gauge can be clipped in when required. wherein the water supply is for limited duration. excess pressure may not be an immediate issue but maintaining adequate pressure in the network should be a priority. in a long term a pressure management strategy should be formulated and it should take into account the variation in pressure in the system on a 24-hour time scale and results be analysed to assess leakage from the system. In addition to pressure gauges it is also recommended that pressure loggers may be installed at select locations in the network which can give a 24 hour detailed pressure profile 51 .6 kg/cm2). which cause leakages/ bursts and hence seriously hamper the life of the system. A severe lack of pressure was observed in many localities supplied by the Amkho tank.75 kg/cm2). Architects and Builders. It is proposed that at locations mentioned above should have a quick fit coupling after a small stop cock. water supply in the Indian cities generally faces problems related to supplies at low water pressure.1 Short and medium term measures 1. outlets of OHTs and critical locations in the distribution network (like locations where pipelines split into two or more distribution lines). Further municipal officials reported that most of these gauges last only 6-8 months.11. Haddi ka mill and on pipes carrying water to Murar and Thatipur tanks (6.Obstacles in implementation The existing tariff structure does not encourage the consumers to save water and hence enforcing or imbibing conservation at the consumer end. Such an exercise may also be necessary to carry out a hydraulic network modelling exercise of the city.11 Pressure gauge near Old WTP The undulating topography in some of the areas in Gwalior results in very high pressure at certain points and low pressures in other areas. Frequent filling and emptying of the system also leads to hammering effects.8 kg/cm2and 5. In contrast to utilities in many other countries. However. Another critical issue is the complete lack of information on the pressure being maintained at various points of the system. Media etc 5. Pressure management is one of the key aspects that GMC needs to address so as to ensure adequate service levels. Gole ka mandir (2.11 Pressure management Pressure in the supply lines is often used as one of the performance indicators to assess the quality of service provided by any water utility. A water supply system is generally designed to operate at pressures. Recommended locations include the transmission network. The first step to management would be to monitoring pressure using pressure gauges. Bulk consumers and Commercial consumers. RWAs.171). In the current situation. But more pressure gauges need to be installed at locations like outlet of all OHTs and at tail end of the distribution system. this calls for a change in procurement practices. Picture 45. which lead to minimum head loss while also ensuring adequate pressure to the consumers located at the tail end of the network or on levels above the ground floor. Pressure gauges have been installed at new and old treatment plants (8 kg/cm2. 2. Intermittent supplies coupled with the above-mentioned problems result in a network wherein it is virtually impossible to control pressure and run the system at designed pressure. Picture 5. 5. It is thus recommended that a detailed survey of the entire network be conducted to establish the locations for installation of pressure gauges. minimize the leakages and ensure long term sustainability of the infrastructure.1 Implementation plan 5. 3.6 tabular form on the next page. As a result. A system of recording and documenting pressure should also be developed while should ultimately be in an GIS environment. pressure gauges should be installed at various locations in ward 17 and monitor these pressure regularly. which may result in identification of critical stretches. 6.2 Long term In the long term it is envisaged that the city would move from an intermittent supply system to a 24-hour water supply system. Pressure management in such a context is an important tool for controlling leakages. 5.Location of pressure gauges should be marked in GIS database. 5. Analysis of the pressures in the system should be used as an input to the network modelling exercise. it is difficult to maintain pressure in the system. As a part of pilot phase activities. The basic principle behind pressure management is that the pressure required in the system is not the same throughout the day and during nonpeak hours controlling pressure can lead to a significant reduction in water losses without even plugging leaks.11. Since pressure keeps changing with every alternative elevation and slope the number of measurement points needs to be large for a precise mapping.5 and 5. Currently water supply in most of the areas is through riders. 7. Since the quality and life of gauges is an issue of concern it is recommended that only pressure gauge makes certified by BIS be used. 5. A pressure gauge replacement/retrofitting program may also be undertaken to enable monitoring of pressure on a regular basis. This would therefore require a significant manpower and financial investment for comprehensive monitoring. A list of recommended projects is available in Table 5. Selection of localities for pressure management could also proceed hand-in-hand with the auditing of water.2 Obstacles in implementation Major hindrance is the assessment of pressure in the network of Gwalior is its undulating topography. It is therefore recommended that some new reservoirs be constructed and water from Moti Jheel and tube wells should be first supplied to these reservoirs and then to the distribution network. 52 . 8.11. As a part of the pilot study. 4. in the network for the infrastructure replacement program. ward number 17 can be considered to carry out this action. As system of recording and documenting pressure should also be developed.1. Table 5.5 Pilot projects for immediate implementation 53 . 54 . Table 5.6 Proposal for projects to be implemented within 2 years 55 . 08 10. A summary of the income-expenditure position of the department along with the profit/loss trend is given below: Table 6. 4. In terms of financial performance1 over the past 5 years. GMC. However.07 1.84 5. while PHED gives the financial sanction for waterworks projects. the Public Health & Engineering Department (PHED) has been responsible for the planning. However. this arrangement not only creates operational duality.53 4. The total expenditure amount does not include the expense on employee salary and other emoluments 56 . Moreover. 5. sewerage and drainage projects within the municipal limits of the Gwalior city.27 crores in the first 6 months of FY 2005-062 . 0.78 crores in FY 2004-05.68 12.24 10.30%.00%.39 4. as the difference in absolute income and expenditure amounts is still high.79 crores in FY 2001-02 to Rs. income received and expenditure incurred.71 4. Administratively. The income & expenditure figures exclude administrative grants for calculation of profit/loss levels. losses have fluctuated between Rs. the corresponding expenditure increased at only 1. Crores) 9. 4. are only a minuscule portion of the comparable previous fiscal figures. while the staff reports to the Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC). the department incurred only a marginal loss of Rs.19 7.No. but also results in lower financial transparency. 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 (April -September) 3. Crores) 1. 2.00% CAGR 1 2 Based on information obtained from the Accounts Department. assets are ultimately transferred to the GMC for operation and maintenance purposes. design and construction of water supply.61 9. An aspect worth noting here is that both. the Waterworks Department has been consistently incurring losses. Obviously. while annual income grew at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9. This could either reflect a surge in income-expenditure activity in the second half of the financial year or inadequate reporting of the revenues and expenses. 6. 3. During this period.88 1. the municipality is continuing to incur losses. During the five-year period under study. its salary is entirely borne by the PHED through grants.1 Income-expenditure trend of the Waterworks Department S.29 1.30% CAGR Annual Expenditure Amount (In Rs. Financial Year(s) Annual Income Amount (In Rs. 5. Gwalior Municipal Corporation Since 1995.6 Background Financial assessment of Waterworks Department. which became effective from April 2002.30%. The section concludes by presenting broad recommendations on ways to improve the structure of financial statements & information reporting at GMC's Waterworks Department.68 crores in FY 2000-01 to Rs. rather than accrual based accounting methodology. as documentation of key financial information was found to be inadequate. It may be noted that some part of the current analysis relies on inputs from senior officials of the department.07 crores in FY 2004-05. this section initially discusses the existing income-expenditure position of the department and builds scenarios by assuming varying levels of collection efficiency. The income from water supply operation of the Municipality increased from Rs. representing a CAGR of 9. To streamline and update financial records.29 crores in FY 2004-05. The water tariff schedule. 10.This chapter attempts to appraise the financial health of waterworks department based on the actual budget figures from FY 2000-01 to FY 2004-05 and performance till September 2005. However. 9.00%. Subsequently. is considered for analyzing the municipality's existing tariff structure and methodology.71 crores in FY 2000-01 to Rs. 3. GMC The expenditure incurred by the Waterworks Department has increased marginally from Rs. GMC has initiated a computerized accounting system. Under the current reporting system. transactions are accounted for only when payments are made or receipts are obtained. For assessing the financial health of the department. The Department's actual and projected expenditure along with its components are highlighted in the table below: 57 . the current tariff methodology and structure is discussed. it is not possible to track and manage receivables & payables. with effect from December 2004. as well as assets & liabilities in a precise manner. which reflects a CAGR of 1. 5. The consolidated income statement of the waterworks department along with its various components is highlighted in the table below: Table 6.2 Income statement of the Waterworks Department. Analysis of income-expenditure statement Most of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the state of Madhya Pradesh follow the government system of accounting. The upward trend in annual income levels of GMC's water supply operations over past few years can be attributed to better revenue realization from domestic water charges. the receipts and allocation of administrative grants are dealt with separately.Table 6. income is reported only under a few heads.3 Expenditure statement of Waterworks Department Presented below is the sub-component wise analysis of the income-expenditure statements of the Department.e. 58 . This either reflects low diversification of revenue sources or inadequate reporting procedures being followed by the department. the Waterworks Department derives its income from two broad sources. The break-up of income by originating sources is presented below: 3 For clarity of analysis. However. administrative grants3 and water charges. Analysis of the income statement According to the current financial reporting.. i. within these categories. 3. The Expenditure Statement of PHED therefore reports expenditure incurred by Division A and Division B separately. FY 2004-05 and FY 2005-06 (April .Currently. the latter primarily oversees the maintenance of the Moti Jheel pumping & filtration plant. The graphs below show the composition of total expenditure for Division A & B for FY 2000-01.01%. repair works constituted over 45% of the total expenditure of Division A.114 consumers4 . 4. which amounts to a CAGR of 24. 2. Analysis of the expenditure statement The waterworks department has been administratively divided into two distinct divisions i.42% 0. Simultaneously. 3. there has been a decline in the Division's 4 Calculation based on zonal-level information of the PHED 59 .03 crores in FY 2004-05.52% of the total expenditure incurred by the department (excluding the grant component). The latter is further sub-categorized under commercial and industrial consumers. with no reporting whatsoever under commercial and industrial consumer categories (Table above: Income statement of Waterworks Department. Additionally.82 crores in FY 2000-01 to Rs. the Accounts Department has provided the following data on consumer category-wise break-up of average revenues that is contradictory to financial reporting of accounts. revenues from domestic & commercial new connections and from legalization of connections. In FY 2004-05. hand pump and new pipeline. the income statement has limited reporting under important heads like collection of outstanding dues. It can be readily observed from above that the share of this division in total PHED expenditure has been consistently rising since FY 2000-01. followed by costs incurred on maintenance of tube well. Total Consumer Category Domestic Non-Domestic Industrial Bulk Percent Contribution 86. which have been broadly classified as domestic and nondomestic.e. During April to September 2005. Division A contributed to 93. reporting under various heads of the income statement is currently inconsistent and unclear. On the other hand. Division A and Division B. While the former is responsible for operation & maintenance (O&M) of tube wells& motor pumps as well as the overall water distribution. An analysis of available information suggests that almost the entire income is currently reported under domestic water charge revenues.No 1.34% 1.24% 12. GMC). the municipality services about 80.4 Consumer category-wise revenues S. 9. Division A: The expenditure incurred by Division A has registered an increase from Rs.00% 100% Clearly then. Table 6.September). it also reports the allocation of administrative grants. Additionally. Administrative Grants This component of income-expenditure statement reflects the annual grant from the government towards supporting GMC's water supply operations.114 consumers) Expenditure* per no. 3. the expenditure statement does not correspondingly reflect any allocation under this head. 596. the waterworks department probably is making lower payments to MPSEB for electricity consumed. the box below presents a brief assessment of the revenue and expenditure position of Waterworks Department. Summary of income-expenditure analysis & collection efficiency Based on analysis of currently available information. The long-term impact of such action is rapid decline in loss of water infrastructure in the city. Table 6. 10 million to the MPSEB.) (* – Excluding Administrative Grants) 5 FY 2004-05 Rs. As in the case of Division A. 0.5.5 Income-expenditure gap from FY 2000-01 to FY 2004-05 It may be observed that while the department has received a major portion of its grants for the 'Maintenance of water treatment plants'. the Madhya Pradesh Government directly pays Rs.expenditure on electricity payment (both in absolute and relative terms). it may be noted that administrative grants have not been considered for computation of annual profit/loss levels of the department. A recent report5 suggests that Gwalior Municipal Corporation owes a total of Rs. repair works form a major portion of Division B's expenditure. The expenditure of Division B. In the above analysis. of connections Revenue . This is true for nearly all other components of administrative grants and reflects inappropriate reporting.94/consumer Loss of Rs. Our field visits and questionnaire responses from senior municipal officials also confirm that payment for electricity consumed is made only depending upon the availability of funds with the Municipality. In case grants are included as income sources for the department. 660. declined to Rs.04 crores in FY 2004-05.76/KL Loss of Rs.0 crores to MPSEB on account of electricity arrangements at Moti Jheel Pumping Station. 4. 1256.0% in FY 2002-03 to 10. which was Rs./KL) Revenue Collected per no.86 crores in FY 2000-01. 1. These electricity expenses as a proportion of total annual expenditure have dropped from about 20.Expenditure Gap (In Rs. 0. the loss levels of water supply operations are reduced to levels indicated below: Table 6.31/consumer Rs. of connections (Assuming 80.63/consumer Rs. the relative expenses towards Division B (Moti Jheel Waterworks) have declined over the past few years.4% in FY 2004-05.6 Assessment of the revenue-expenditure position of Waterworks Department Parameter Revenue Collection/KL of water supplied Expenditure*/KL of water supplied Revenue . This implies that funds received through grants for maintenance are being utilized for other routine expenditure. Similarly.78 crores Integrated Urban Development in Madhya Pradesh./connections) Actual Loss (In Rs. 1. As the former seems improbable. According to department officials.Expenditure Gap (In Rs. This either implies reduced electricity consumption (in kWh) or lower annual payments for power consumption. GHK International 60 . payment to electricity suppliers has shown a declining trend since FY 2000-01.93/KL Rs.83/KL Rs. Division B: As mentioned above. 07 10. 1. excluding administrative grants) S. the estimated range is between 53% and 60%. The underlying methodology is explained below under the title 'Base Case Scenario I'.67%.07 10.55% Reasons for current level of Collection Efficiency* Morar has the highest collection efficiency amongst all zones. The reasoning for this range is detailed below: a.54 -2. with higher levels of collection efficiency are as follows: Table 6. Based on financial statements of the Municipality. Lashkar (East) 42. 2. with higher levels of collection efficiency. Crores.07 Profit/Loss -4.54 -3.07 10.05 Expenditure 10.02 61 .53 6.52 -0.53 -1. Obviously.No 1. 6. a second notice is sent to the consumer.67% (Based on field surveys) (* . the overall collection efficiency for Gwalior in FY 200405 has been estimated at 52.8 Profit/Loss scenarios with varying collection efficiencies (In Rs.In light of the current high levels of revenue-expenditure losses highlighted above.53 7. Thereafter.52. Largely semi-urban residential consumers (90%). 2. field interviews reveal that these procedures are not being rigorously adhered & pursued. low revenue recovery from bulk consumers and ineffective collection mechanism due to non-cooperation from local administration & police officials. The bill documentation and processing has been outsourced to a private company. The zone accepts even part payment of bills. it is imperative to either improve collection efficiency or increase revenues through tariff rationalization. 7. subsequent to which the supply is discontinued and the department issues a revenue recovery certificate. The alternative scenarios that would have emerged in FY 2004-05.67% (Actual) 55% 65% Assumed 75% 85% 95% 100% Revenues 5. Presence of large number of disputed properties. Field Visits and Interaction with Zonal Officials Based on the zonal information for revenue billed and collected. 3. Lashkar (West) Gwalior 50.55 10. In practice however. primarily attributed to presence of 3 bulk consumers & predominantly urban residential area. 4.07 10. Typically.54 8.78 -4. While collection efficiency figures for the municipality as a whole are unavailable. This is highlighted below: Table 6.08% 47. These water consumers therefore do not contribute towards the revenues of the zone. These aspects are discussed below: Collection Efficiency The municipality currently follows a bi-monthly billing cycle. Field visits & data analysis reveals that collection efficiency figures vary widely across zones and that the underlying reasons are unique to each region. The zone also has about 5100 households that have been identified as 'affected from JC Mills closure'. The sub-engineers within each zone are directly responsible for water revenue collection. the revenues and hence loss levels could have reduced.07 10. 5.Inputs from field interviews with senior officials of Waterworks Department) b.07 10.54 9.No. Zones Morar Collection Efficiency (FY 2004-05) 70. About 20-25% of the Gwalior zone is comprised of low-wage labour workers. Collection Efficiency 52.59% 3.53 -0.29 5. a charge of 10% is levied as penalty if a consumer fails to pay the bill amount within 15 days of due date.44% Total Collection Efficiency . 4.7 Estimates of zonal annual collection efficiency based on field surveys/interaction S. the annual collection efficiency is estimated to be 60%. receipts & expenditure do not differ on the basis of time period (current/previous) and type (revenue/capital). Commercial and Industry. This system.02 crores. The second part of the schedule lists the miscellaneous levies (charges for new connections and legalization). Inconsistencies and data gaps in financial statements • One item appearing in both the income and expenditure statements is 'Administrative Grants'. Currently. causing losses to the GMC. this system inherently fails to provide the correct financial position of the Municipality. it should be necessarily reflected in the financial statements for sake of accounting clarity. Therefore. Even though some of these bulk consumers have metered connections. • • • • Current water tariff structure There are generally three major sources of funding for water supply operations of the Municipality. Our stakeholder meeting revealed that GMC would be moving to doubleentry accrual system of accounting in FY 2006-07. User charges or water & sanitation charges 2. external and funding institutions 3. The Municipality services 6 major bulk consumers (3"-16" connections) i. In other words. Military Engineering Service (MES). Currently.93 crores. is elaborated later in this section as part of the recommendations. rather than being reported under bulk. These are: 1. Indian Air Force (IAF). in some cases for as long as 15-20 years. Indian Railways. Grants from the state government. It is therefore imperative to scrutinize these grants and restate them correctly in financial statements. the Waterworks Department does not have a bad-debt policy. These charges are classified on the basis of connection mode and income category.e. Cancer Hospital. Some officials of Lashkar (West) accepted that this practice is widely prevalent in their zone. The Waterworks Department currently follows a cash-based system of accounting. their allocation is not correspondingly shown on the expenditure side. Hospital and Scindia School. there is limited reporting in the income statement on revenues received from various consumer categories. commercial and industrial categories.A. Most revenues are identified to be from domestic consumers. The dues keep compounding.e. The existing water tariff schedule is presented below: 6 Total outstanding amount of PHED has been calculated on the basis of zone-level financial information 62 . which has distinct advantages over the cash-based system. It is therefore important to undertake a detailed analysis of prudency of expenditure being incurred and subsequently rationalize tariffs accordingly. 19. Field visits and analysis suggest that the total outstanding amount6 of the department as on March 2005 stands at Rs. A flat tariff structure is being currently followed by the GMC. Under the cash-based system. for better financial management. Loans from funding agencies The water user charges of Gwalior Municipal Corporation are mentioned in its tariff schedule (effective April 2002). while grant receipts are explicitly stated in the income statement. The municipality has broadly classified its water supply consumers as Residential/Domestic. This is because most of these meters are nonfunctional. Therefore. Another major inconsistency is the absence of salary expenses in the Expenditure Statement of the Municipality. diameter of the supply pipe). J. entries are made in the cashbook only when expenditure is incurred or when income is received. they are being charged a fixed rate based on flow estimation done at the time of installation.0. There exists limited information on the current and past liabilities (including bad debts) of the municipality. the department should prepare a summary of liabilities and identify the recoverable and non-recoverable portions of the same. This clearly calls for an urgent review of the existing expenditure items as well as tariff rationalization measures.This could imply that some commercial and industrial consumers are being charged domestic water supply tariffs. As mentioned earlier. Assumed chargeable amount from each category has been broadly classified on the basis of furrule size (i.It can be observed from the income-expenditure figures of FY 2004-05 that even at 100% collection efficiency. the department would incur a loss of Rs. in which a transaction is recorded only when there is a movement of cash. While this expense is borne by the PHED. This has been largely attributed to the sharp water tariff hike. any further tariff changes should be orchestrated based on implications of revenue realization and willingness to pay parameters. the above water tariff rates were made effective from April 2002. especially amongst the domestic consumers. Therefore. Such a tariff design typically includes a consumption/ volumetric rate in addition to the fixed water charge. The Waterworks Department is able to recover all costs. The two-part tariff design is beneficial over current structure as it encourages conservation.9/.and subsequently to Rs.per month (increased from Rs. Rationalization of tariff structure Currently GMC follows a method of charging flat rates for water supply. irrespective of the consumption level. This methodology is inherently based on the following two assumptions. recovers costs of holding unused capacity for peak demand and reflects tariff efficiencies for servicing various customer categories.to Rs.60/. • • It takes approximately the same amount to service each customer.Table 6. the number of illegal water connections has risen consistently in the past few years. irrespective of the water amount supplied and the time of supply. 9/. 80/-). As these two assumptions generally do not hold true. the domestic water tariff was Rs.per month in 1997). primarily because there is no metering at the consumer end. International literature on water tariff reform suggests that the following factors determine the structure of two-part tariff: 63 . A flat tariff not only encourages indiscriminate and illegal water usage.9 Existing Tariff Schedule (Effective from April 2002) As stated earlier. According to inputs from senior GMC officials. An alternative to the current tariff structure is the 'two part' tariff structure. The former is primarily a variable charge that recovers costs based on usage. but also acts as a disincentive for consumers to conserve water. Prior to this. introduced in 1997-98 and 2002-03 (from Rs. this methodology of charging flat tariffs for water supply leads to inefficiencies as well as defies economic logic. 60/. incentivise metering. financial and Governance factors: Source: Regional Assessment Survey & Workshop on Full Cost Recovery for water utilities in Southeast Asia: Sharing International Experience & Best Practices While improved water pricing strategies are one of the important mechanisms for improved cost recovery. the existing tariff structure needs to be rationalized to address cost recovery principles. this concept implies that revenues from water sales. technical expertise. but also if possible. the Waterworks Department needs to develop appropriate information and monitoring systems that collect and report the following financial details: • • • Allowable costs and cost allocation procedure Profit.. return on investment and return on assets. the depreciation.e. Field visits by our project team have shown that currently there is only limited or no metering across customer categories.g. processing and distributing water to the ULB's customers. partial or no metering) Extent of cross-subsidization between consumer classes Number of customers and disproportionate customer structures (e. i. effective metering & record keeping. These include political pressure against water tariff increases. operational inefficiencies. financial sustainability also depends upon other factors. In few cases where meters exist (e.• • • • • • Level of metering (total. the Department is allowed a mark-up or return over its economic costs. numerous high volume users or high proportion of small volume users) Fluctuations in demand patterns during different times of the year Age of the system that determines the level of operating & capital cost requirements Existing rules and water tariff structure To operationalise the two-part tariff structure. poor water supply infrastructure and mismanagement of existing resources. The afore-mentioned factors are detailed as part of 64 . revenues should not only cover the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) costs. The diagram below highlights the importance of Cost Recovery and its inter-relationship between technical. they were found to be erratic and non-functional. some bulk meters). infrastructure coverage. primarily through tariffs.g. it is important to discuss in detail the concept and relevance of the full cost recovery (FCR) principle. are equal to or exceed the amount required to cover all costs related to obtaining. In this context. In other words. There are however several factors that typically inhibit a utility from embracing the FCR principles. improve collection efficiency and provide clarity to tariff design. taxes and cost of capital. such as sound financial management. Clearly. Therefore. achieving FCR can be an important determinant of a utility's ability to improve and expand service/infrastructure. maintaining and financing a municipality's water system. billing & collection practices and quality of service (QoS). FCR for water services primarily covers all costs associated with operating. Tariff setting procedures It should be noted that two-part tariff structures are most suited for metered systems. balanced water consumption and production. Additionally. low Non Revenue Water (NRW). Meanwhile. 21 states have already issued their first tariff orders aimed at rationalizing tariffs. the SEBs are not adequately subsidized for this loss in revenue and they have been incurring heavy losses. The commencement and terminal years for the three scenarios envisaged for tariff rationalisation and reform are given below. revenues that the GMC would generate in three alternative scenarios have been estimated. The draft National Tariff Policy was introduced in March 2005. Electricity Tariff Reforms in India One of the most important demand side management measures in infrastructure service provision is designing an appropriate tariff structure based on cost allocation principles. These three alternative scenarios have been prepared to assess the financial situation of the GMC in future and thereby suggest tariff reforms. A number of commissions have instituted measures to allocate revenue requirement in an economically efficient manner by reducing the extent of cross subsidies.The box below gives in brief the experience in electricity sector reforms in India. In Andhra Pradesh. Also.. Till date. but also on the underlying economic logic (cost recovery principles) behind rate setting. As the next step. field surveys and discussion with the GMC has revealed that at present there is limited metering at the consumer level and therefore Base Case Scenario 2 mentioned above does not exist in actuality. The attempt to make up these losses by raising industrial tariffs has led to increasing migration out of the grid through the captive generation route. the Waterworks Department needs to rationalise its existing tariff structure. the power sector in India has been going through a process of reforms and restructuring. revenue under the base case scenario. a number of commissions have initiated an increase in the tariff of agricultural consumers despite it being a highly politicized issue. there were considerable debates and discussion on the issue and it was finally decided that the subsidy that will be provided to farmers will have to be target properly and criteria for the same were established. Undoubtedly. These are scenarios corresponding to short term. SERC's have to constitute proper measures to allocate revenue requirement in an economically efficient manner by reducing the extent of cross subsidies. Base Case Scenario 2: Case when revenues come from variable charges (variable charge is the Rs. The GMC only has a provision in its tariff schedule for charging consumers on the basis of their consumption. Before the setting up of Regulatory Commissions at the state level. There are two base case scenarios as per this schedule: Base Case Scenario 1: Case when all revenue comes from fixed charges. These sectors are generally cross-subsidised by the commercial and industrial sectors and also directly subsidised by the government.mainly agriculture and domestic consumers. This has primarily been achieved by increasing the LT tariff to a greater extent as compared to the HT tariff. Since the early 1990s. it is important to note that any reform measure should not only focus on the tariff design/structure. this is not taking place. There is also a movement towards determination of tariff based on the cost of supply approach. As the first step. as well as a greater orientation to base tariffs on cost allocation principles. Approach Based on available financial information. As a result. medium term and long term. the financial position had been deteriorating every year. it is also important to study the experience in other sectors (especially electricity) with respect to tariff reforms. 65 . i. the tariffs were being fixed and realised by the State Electricity Boards and Electricity Departments. the state governments have constantly interfered in this process so as to provide concessional tariffs to certain sectors . but since there is no metering. the most important problem in this sector is irrational tariff structure. The base case scenarios are based on the existing tariff schedule of the GMC. the existing scenario has been estimated to assess the current financial position of the Municipality. The Act also provides the guidelines and the procedure to be adopted for the purpose of tariff determination and issuing of tariff order. However. This is primarily achieved by increasing the low-tension (LT) tariff to a greater extent as compared to high-tension (HT) tariff. empowers the SERC's to specify the terms and conditions for the determination of tariff and ensure transparency in the tariff setting process. Before we discuss the approach to be adopted for tariff rationalisation of the GMC. the state government decided to continue fee power to agricultural consumers and this led to huge burden on the state's finances. However. The Electricity Act 2003 notified in June 2003. These regulatory reforms have in-turn resulted in a progressive reduction in the differential between average tariff and average cost of supply./KL charge that the GMC has in its tariff schedule for metered customers who pay on the basis of actual consumption). in some states including Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra.the recommendations in the section below. At the same time.e. However. 24% and 12. The basic requirement of tariff reforms is a robust database. the number of illegal connections is estimated to be 10. f. b. Based on water balance analysis & estimation. Based on our discussions during stakeholder meetings. Based on flow estimation and evaluation.0 MLD respectively. we have analyzed the existing financial position and tariff structure of the GMC and suggest changes that need to be made for it to move forward on the path of tariff reforms. k.1 MLD and 1. the consumer category-wise revenues for FY 2004-05 and the applicable tariffs are as follows: 66 .02 MLD (2% of water available for consumption estimated in 'd' above). This is explained in detail later. e. g. Consumption by bulk consumers is estimated to be 7. illegal water consumption in Gwalior is about 5. These assumptions are discussed in greater detail in the section that follows. Domestic. Based on the above assumptions. 0.6 MLD. Based on flow estimation and evaluation. i.03 MLD (4% of water available for consumption estimated in 'd' above). Non-domestic. the revenue from various customer categories viz. revenue billed and collected.5 MLD). water supplied to tankers & to public standposts is approximately 0.1 MLD.10 Commencement and Terminal Years for the 3 alternative scenarios Scenario Short Term Medium Term Long Term Commencement year 2006/07 2008/09 2010/11 Terminal year 2007/08 2009/10 2011/12 In this study. water available for consumption by domestic.Table 6. Water left for legal domestic consumption is estimated to be 80. Assuming that the entire revenue is coming solely from water charges. All the above scenarios are based on certain critical assumptions that had to be made in the absence of requisite information. the total water supply to Gwalior city is estimated at 155 MLD (excluding bulk consumption). commercial & industrial and bulk categories is estimated to be 100. as provided by the Municipality officials. The water transmission and distribution loss is estimated at about 30% (or 46. Data on category wise consumption. The water available to domestic consumers is approximately 86.42%. h. the industrial category is projected to consumer another 2. the number of domestic water connections is approximately 79527. water loss level.34%.8 MLD. The methodology for calculating category-wise connections is as follows: • • As highlighted earlier. The water loss during treatment process is approximately 5% (or 7. d. Tariff rationalisation The assumptions that have been made to assess the revenue-expenditure status of the Municipality are given below. The resulting gap between the revenue and expenditure is the amount that the GMC would need to recover through tariff rebalancing and further efficiency improvements. a. etc was not provided as according to the Municipality such database is not maintained by it. Industrial and Bulk. 1. Based on available municipality estimates and some assumptions. is 86. j. The expenditure of the GMC under various heads for the above three scenarios has also been projected. While the commercial category is estimated to consume about 4.000.50 MLD.0% of the total revenues.8 MLD) c.51 MLD. 00% 100. S. the number of connections for each customer category has been calculated by using proportionality rules.6 MLD Number of illegal connections .80. All bulk consumers are being currently charged a volumetric rate of Rs.100.112.80.64 5.50 MLD Average Household Size . p. Therefore. 375/- • Based on the above two assumptions.34% 1.0 (urban+rural). As per the Census of India 2001. the estimates assume 100% collection efficiency.57 0. Population connected .The total population being currently served water by the Municipality is approximately 7.8 MLD Commercial consumption .0.11 Customer category-wise break-up of revenues & applicable tariffs Category Domestic Non-Domestic Industrial Bulk Total Revenue Break-up (%age) 86. n.0 members.08 0.No.03 MLD (4% of water available for consumption) Industrial consumption .15.5 MLD (30% of total water supply) Water available for consumption .) 80 200 375 Rs.02 MLD (2% of water available for consumption) Water to Tankers . o. Crores) 4. Collection efficiency is 100%: Since the municipality follows a cash-based accounting system.42% 0.4. Based on all the above-mentioned assumptions.9.15. it was also observed that portions of houses have been sub-let and a second connection has not been taken for that.29 Applicable Tariffs (In Rs.740 based on the average household size of 9. Further. The box below summarizes these assumptions: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Total water supply . of Connections 79527 523 47 17 80114 l.5 MLD Illegal consumption . 4/KL (the domestic bulk rate for more than ½" ferrule size connection). This is primarily based on observations made during the field survey that more than one family staying together have taken only one connection.1. 4/Kl or Rs. the household size in Gwalior is 6.00% Revenue (In Rs.1 MLD (Water Balance Analysis) Public Stand posts . the per-capita consumption of connected population works out to be 112.10000 Water left for legal domestic consumption . m. the average household size in Gwalior is assumed to be 9. the correct level of annual collection efficiency cannot be estimated.2.0 MLD (Water Balance Analysis) Water left for Domestic Consumption .155 MLD Water Loss during treatment . for the purpose of this study.5.7.8 MLD (5% of the total water supply) Water Loss during T&D . TERI has estimated the revenues from the number of connections as provided by the Municipality for different consumer categories and from the consumption as estimated based on the assumptions above. 1 2 3 4 Category Domestic Non-Domestic Industrial Bulk Total No.47 lpcd 67 . However.Table 6.46.7.24% 12.47 LPCD.740 Per-Capita Consumption of connected population (domestic).0.0.01 0. 297 1143 3243 643720 -148.94 Difference Rs/Connection .88 Crore through revenue from tariffs in a given financial year. it actually collected Rs 5. the collection efficiency worksout to be 52%. If we assume that Rs.e. a measure of collection efficiency.14 Existing consumer category wise average tariff and average cost (Rs/KL) S. high level of cross subsidy exists especially for the domestic category as it contributes most to the overall tariff-cost differential calculated above. which in the present context is about 60%. the correct estimation of collection efficiency level is possible only after proper segregation is done between the current and the arrear income for any financial year. GMC is charging its non-domestic. as per the financial data provided by the GMC.29 crore in FY 2004-05. The table below gives the consumer category wise tariff per connection and the cost per connection of the Municipality as per existing information and data.15 Cost/connection Rs/Connection 1257 1257 1257 1257 1256.79 The above table shows that at present. 68 . However.Base case tariff scenario Base Case Scenario 1: Only fixed charges are levied . 5.Based on the above-mentioned set of assumptions and existing fixed tariff rates. the expected revenues for FY 2004-05 are highlighted below.29 crore revenue in FY 2004-05 is arrear income.70 crores of Rs. industrial and bulk consumers more than the costs being incurred to provide water to them and correspondingly undercharging the domestic category. Table 6. It can be inferred from above that the remaining part is billed by the Municipality but is not actually collected i. However.No Customer category Tariff/connection Rs/Connection 1 2 3 4 Domestic Non-Domestic Industrial Bulk Total 960 2400 4500 644976 1108. This essentially is the revenue that GMC is projected to generate from its various customer categories. 0.13 Base Case Scenario I The above table shows that the GMC should earn Rs 8. Table 6. This implies that in the existing tariff structure. which was revealed by our field visits. 00 7.00 MLD 1 2 3 4 5 Domestic Non-Domestic/Commercial Industrial Public Standposts Bulk Total 1/4"-1/2" Connection More than 1/2" Connections More than 1/2" Connections 79527 523 47 17 80114 80. medium (FY 200910) and long-term (FY 2011-12). of Connection Consumption Variable charge Rs/KL 4.00 30. Division I (responsible for water distribution & maintenance of tube-wells) and Division II (maintenance of Moti Jheel Waterworks).94 2. Table 6.88 Crore in a given financial year.02 1. These should not only promote efficiency.72%.e. It can thus be observed from the above base case scenarios that the Municipality will earn more than twice the revenues from levying variable charges as compared to the revenue it generates through the levy of only fixed charges.75 2.15 Base Case Scenario II S No Customer Category Furrule Size No. it is imperative for the Waterworks Department to carefully examine its tariff structure so as to determine the appropriate charges for the various customer categories. For undertaking this analysis.51 86 As per Base Case Scenario 1. This also implies that a consumer would pay nearly double the amount under variable charges vis-à-vis the existing fixed charge regime.0 Crore.00 1. equity and metering but also help it to achieve financial sustainability. in such a scenario there is no incentive for consumers to move towards metering.e.0 4 Revenue from Variable charge Rs Crore 11.00 0. TERI has used the available financial information from FY 2000-01 to FY 2004-05.50 4.Base Case Scenario 2 Variable charges are levied as per the schedule of the Municipality for tariffs based on actual consumption.21 0. This case obviously assumes the extreme scenario in which there is a 100% metering and water tariffs are completely volumetric. i. In Base Case Scenario 2. the component-wise expenditure trend of the Waterworks Department was studied and subsequently a suitable growth rate was determined for each component. Analysis To assess the alternative revenue-expenditure scenarios in terminal years of the short (FY 2007-08). the GMC earns Rs 8. this figure rises to Rs 18. The expenditure items in these divisions can be categorized as follows: • • • Repair & Maintenance (R&M) Work Payment towards electricity consumption Miscellaneous Expenditure including Administrative & General (A&G) expenses The expenditure trend for Division I & II based on the above-mentioned expense heads is shown below: 69 . an increase of 102. This methodology is detailed below: The Waterworks Department reports its annual expenditure under two broad heads i.03 2. Therefore. Hence.00 20.10 18.. Changes that may take place in supply scheme on account of the new augmentation schemes and projects have been taken into account in the analysis. A&G and other miscellaneous expenditure: This expense item is expected to follow an annual inflation trend i. we have therefore used an average estimate for each expense item. GMC undertakes no tariff revision. Hence. the R&M expense at Division II is expected to grow by about 8%. For purposes of data projection. Illegal connections are assumed to follow a reduction trend as percentage of the previous year's illegal connections. The electricity expenses for both divisions are expected to follow the Wholesale Price Index trend (5. However.83% over the short. The trend of regularising these connections will be as follows: Table 6. no financial year can be considered as a representative base year for expenditure extrapolation over the short.1% annually. It is assumed that the average household size will decrease from 9 to 6. The trend in achieving this is given below: 70 .1% annually.1% during FY 2004-05). The annual increase in new water connections is approximately 3% for all consumer categories from 2008-09 except for bulk consumers and public standposts. as there is likely to be some efficiency improvement (3%) in energy usage over time. The applicable growth rate on each expenditure item and the underlying rationale for choosing such trend rate is detailed below: • While R&M expense at Division I is assumed to increase at a Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 24. medium and long-term scenarios assume: • • • • • During the entire period. they will have to take two connections and accordingly pay for the same. Consumer category wise per-capita water consumption in Gwalior city remains constant over the period under study (2006-07 to 20011-12). the short.It can be observed that the expenditure trend for both Division I & II has been extremely erratic over the past 5 years. medium and long-term. medium and long term. This is primarily based on the assumption that more expenditure will be incurred by the GMC in the coming years on R&M. This means that if two families are staying in one house. which remain at the FY 2004-05 levels. as well as upgradation of the existing waterworks infrastructure.e.16 Trend of regularization of illegal connections Year Connections legalised (%) Connections legalised Existing Illegal Connections: 15000 2006-07 2007-08 30% 3000 30% 2100 2008-09 25% 1225 2009-10 25% 919 2010-11 20% 551 2011-12 20% 441 • It is assumed that correct reporting of connections based on household size and number of families staying in one house will take place gradually. we assume the trend growth rate for this component at 2. 5. • • Additionally. Crores) 71 . Table 6. medium and long-term scenarios is given in the table below.Table 6. the total number of domestic connections will be as follows. Table 6. medium and long term Year Total Domestic connections 2006-07 91067 2007-8 101119 2008-09 109502 2009-10 115431 2010-11 119489 2011-12 122385 The income-expenditure position of the Municipality and the resultant gap in the terminal years in the short.19 Revenue-expenditure projections for Waterworks Department (Rs.18 Total new domestic connections added during the short.17 Additional connections due to changes in family dependence on a particular connection Year Additional Connections (%) Additional connections numbers) 2006-07 20% 7953 2007-8 25% 7953 2008-09 30% 7157 2009-10 30% 5010 2010-11 30% 3507 2011-12 30% 2455 Based on the above two assumptions. For rest of the areas. Moreover. Short-term: Continuation of single part. Medium-term: Two-part tariff (combination of fixed charge and variable charge) in approximately 40% of the area where 100% metering is completed. 59.1% and 110. which clearly shows that the difference between tariffs and cost per connection is projected to steadily rise over the short. 2.It is clear from the above table that the GMC will incur huge deficits in the future if current trends were to continue. but also examine the prudency of the expenditure being incurred by it and on a regular basis. the actual gap is projected to be much wider than that envisaged in all the abovementioned scenarios. as they do not include expenses on staff salaries.3% respectively over the revenue generated in terminal year only if the existing tariffs were to continue. Therefore. medium term and long term are given below: 1. 3. medium and long term. the domestic tariff needs to be necessarily rationalized. Strategy The three scenarios for tariff rationalisation and reform in the short term. It may be noted here that the current expenditure projections are understated. Table 6. medium and long-term scenarios To stem this rising tariff-cost differential in water service provision.20 Difference between tariff and cost per connection in the short. This is substantiated in the table below. 72 . Long-term: Transition to a two-part tariff structure with 100% metering in the entire city. it is imperative for the GMC to not only undertake tariff rebalancing & rationalization. fixed charge based tariff structure continues. Volumetric charges will be introduced for consumers of those pilot areas where 100% metering takes place during this period. as it is not based on cost recovery principles. single part. The above gap would translate into a tariff increase of 32.6%. fixed charge based tariff for all consumer categories. For a piped water system. the Municipality needs to maintain billing and collection reports in accordance to its billing cycle. materials. b. equipments. Consumer categories that are not being charged for the water supplied. However. Debt service Ratio: Ratio of internal cash generation to total debt service f. • • • • • In all the above scenarios. Data required for tariff rationalisation & financial assessment needs to be collected in an unambiguous and easily interpretable manner. The tariff schedule needs to be made more exhaustive. • • • • In the short-term. Currently. fuel & energy and transportation etc. the above analysis has assumed that there will be no tariff increase for any customer category during the implementation phase. worship places need to gradually start paying for the same. Tariff rationalization should also include some collection efficiency improvement measures for e. the variable charge should be gradually increased over the years as metering takes place and consumers start paying for the water they consume. they need to provide subsidy to the Municipality for the same. The Municipality needs to maintain an exhaustive database to be able to undertake tariff rationalisation. there is a need to continue lifeline tariffs for the 'poorest of poor' consumers. as highlighted earlier. Further. This cross subsidy should be gradually reduced and all categories be moved to pay the costs of supplying water to them. These are: a. costs incurred on inputs to water supply provision such as manpower. This would enable the Waterworks Department to not only assess its current financial performance regularly but also undertake corrective measures as and when required. GMC's accounts should be audited on time. Liquidity-maintenance: The Municipality needs to also maintain adequate cash on hand to meet expenses for construction. there exists high level of cross subsidy in the existing tariff structure. If the State Government wants to provide free water to these consumers. Recommendations & implementation plan 1. The format for such reports is presented in Annexure II. Cost-containment: The Municipality should make all efforts to reduce operational wastage and improve costeffectiveness. Apart from adopting cost-coverage principles for tariff rationalization. Self-financing ratio: Ratio of net internal cash generation less debt service to capital expenditure. rebate/discounts on early payment and penalty of delayed payment. Debt equity Ratio: Ratio of long-term debt to equity e. for example. including bulk consumers. debt servicing and O&M.g. Operating ratio: Ratio of operating expenses to operating income c. two other operational parameters need to be considered by the Municipality. worship places and public stand-post categories. The fixed tariff for domestic consumers at which the Waterworks Department would be able to break-even in each terminal year is given below: 73 . the domestic category would have to pay more to that extent. Rate of return: Ratio of income to average net fixed assets in operation b. the various financial ratios that could be reviewed by the Municipality are listed below: a. Based on information availability. need to be properly documented and accounted for. non-domestic. measures such as minimizing non-revenue water (including water unaccounted for and all other water not paid for) and maximizing efficiency of billing and collection can significantly reduce the cost structure of Waterworks Department. Bulk consumers getting treated water and industrial consumers are subsidising the consumption of domestic.The important points that need to be considered while determining the category wise tariff rates in the above three scenarios are given below. if the Municipality were to charge a tariff that allows it to break-even or achieve revenue neutrality. Current ratio: Ratio of current assets to current liabilities d. More specifically. Continuation of lifeline slab for "poorest of poor" domestic consumers keeping in view their capacity to pay. However. so that it clearly details the applicable charges for each consumer category. Tariff Rationalization: So far. 00 The above strategy for the short.) 110 140 180 1. Annexure 1 clearly shows that the tariff for domestic consumers in other cities is much higher than that in Gwalior.) 80 80 80 Fixed Domestic Water Tariff to break-even (In Rs.00 15. per KL 0 2. The GMC should begin to maintain a database and accounts for the Waterworks Department separately and get the accounts audited.00 9.Table 6.21 Fixed domestic water tariff to break-even S. These are: • Promote economic efficiency • Non discriminatory tariff structure • Simplicity of tariff design • Avoid tariff shocks • Internalise non-economic considerations 74 . the GMC should attempt to reduce the water loss level and bring in further efficiency improvements in its expenditure items. Box 2 Water tariff for domestic consumption in Delhi and Bangalore Bangalore Consumption (KL) 1) 0-8000 2) 8001-25000 3) 25001-50000 4) 50001-75000 5) 75001-100000 6) 100000 & above Delhi Consumption (KL) Upto 6 7. The basic principles of tariff setting will have to be carefully studies and implemented.00 36.20 21. but at the same time. not only increase the tariff of the subsidised categories towards the average costs of provision. 2. medium and long term will not be free from obstacles.00 Rs. reduce the tariffs of the subsidising categories of industrial and bulk consumers and thereby reduce the high level of cross subsidies present in the existing tariff structure. The last section of this chapter gives suggestions on the data and information that the Municipality should maintain in order to undertake tariff reforms and achieve financial sustainability./KL 6. for illegal to legal conversion of connection etc.30 Above 30 Rs. 3. It should also in the long run. Short Term(Terminal Year: 2007-08) Medium Term (Terminal Year: 2009-10) Long Term (Terminal Year: 2011-12) In addition to undertaking successive domestic tariff rationalization.00 30.00 10.No Term and Financial Year Existing Domestic Flat Rate (In Rs.00 7. Economic Survey 2004-05 also recommends that reasonable user charges need to be levied for services provided as a mandatory reform to be undertaken at the ULBs level. The Box below gives the rate for domestic consumption in Bangalore and Delhi.00 36. It is necessary that in the long run tariff should sustain for actual unit cost of water produced and delivered for domestic consumption and therefore the tariff should need to be suitably modified. The tariff schedule should also include miscellaneous charges such as those for road cutting (as per type of roads). the Municipality also needs to put in place an exhaustive tariff structure that includes charges for all types of consumers and ferrule sizes. In the medium and long term. for new connection. For example. 75 . This implies that the Municipality will have to pay adequate attention to improving the quality of supply and service. 2. • Utility's plan for improving services Therefore. the cash based system is not capable of noting whether or not 'an amount is receivable or is yet to be received'. these are complex and multifold challenges. rent payable or interest payment). In view of the above. Additionally. Balance Sheet – The balance sheet is a summary of all transactions of an organization since its inception and hence is supposed to indicate its cumulative financial position. This statement primarily summarizes all capital transactions. With increasing transparency and consumer awareness. it is suggested to modify the prevalent municipal accounting and financial reporting systems from single-entry cash based to double-entry accrual based system.Expenditure Statement) reported under ‘Fund Balance’. As tariff reforms are undertaken. 3. In such financial statements. The accrual system has already been adopted in several ULBs across Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra and in cities such as Hyderabad. a periodic or annual statement called 'Receipts and Payments Account' (RPA) is prepared. accurate and clearly defined information on finances. customer expectations start evolving. In other words.e. the hidden inefficiencies and cross-subsidies driving tariff reforms are uncovered. Bangalore. As highlighted earlier. Briefly. the accrual system of accounting provides the following additional information not provided by the cash system: 1. This system scores over the cash based accounting as it also takes into consideration credit transactions. Ludhiana and Jaipur. 2. the 'receivable and payable information' is absent and to that extent. Portion of income earned and portion outstanding/receivable. It primarily informs the Municipality of the various heads under which transactions remain receivable or payable. and the portion that remains unpaid is reflected in the Balance Sheet (e. the balance sheet provides information on both short-term assets and liabilities called the ‘Current Assets and Current Liabilities’ and on long-term assets and liabilities called the ‘Fixed Assets and Long-term Liabilities’.g. assets owned by an organization and obligations owed by it. The consumers expect to know the following: • Whether the investments and expenditures are incurred prudently. The accrual system of accounting is based on the following three financial statements: • Receipts and Expenditures • Balance Sheet (Assets and Liabilities) • Cash Flow Statement Given below is a brief description of these financial statements: Receipts and Expenditure Statement – This type of accounting statement gives a summary of transactions recorded in the books as well as transactions for which physical movement of cash has not taken place. if water tariff from a particular consumer is due on a certain date. municipal bodies in Madhya Pradesh (except Indore Municipal Corporation) follow a cash-based system of accounting. Expenditure of an organization during a period and the amount due/payable.Undoubtedly. Similarly. It is termed as a balance sheet as it reflects balances carried over in the books of accounts from one financial year to the next. and the portion that remains uncollected is shown in the Balance Sheet as 'Water Tax receivable relating to a financial year'. in case of water supply expenditure. which is nothing but a summary of cash as per various accounting heads. the Municipality will have to take into consideration the above factors to be able to implement tariff reforms strategy successfully. the correct financial position of a Municipality cannot be ascertained. even though it was due/billed earlier. The net worth of an organization i. • Level of cross-subsidy and information on beneficiaries. It also reports revenue transactions (Surplus/Deficit for the year derived from the Revenue. charges pertaining to a period are accounted as gross revenue in the receipt and expenditure statement. Accounting System Reforms: An accounting system is efficient if it is able to provide updated. For example. Under the cash system. a transaction is reported only on its receipt. the account shows the gross expenditure pertaining to that year. in case of water tax revenues. Municipal Action Plans: Action planning at the municipal level has been widely implemented by ULBs in Brazil. passage of time and obsolescence. Prudent financial management & planning: As a first step towards financial sustainability. the Waterworks Department could tap additional revenue sources either by increasing user fees & charges/tariff rationalization. 3. The alternatives available to Waterworks Department for resource mobilization are highlighted separately in various recommendations. Quarterly Rolling Plan: Short-term quarterly plans could be implemented for ensuring continuity and more effective expenditure planning. and finally to a quarterly implementation plan. The existing reporting inconsistencies for the municipality have been highlighted separately earlier. However. possibilities of savings through efficiency improvements should be vigorously explored. It is widely recognized that an appropriately designed governmental transfer scheme for the municipalities can significantly hasten decentralization efforts and improve local service delivery of water supply. This system is implemented in a phased manner i. the following 3 aspects need to be borne in mind while determining the transfer design: • Transfers/Grants should not discourage efforts at the municipality end to mobilize revenues. it provides a summary of all cash transactions. transparent and predictable. b. • The grants scheme needs to be simple. c. 76 . for effective planning and control of municipal expenditure. the GMC is receiving an annual grant from the government to improve pay water arrangements in Gwalior city. Sound accounting practices require the value of fixed assets to be written off on a percentage basis (cost minus scrap value) over certain number of years against revenues of an organization. in other words depreciation. as the Municipality is not maintaining adequate expenditure accounts detailing grant utilization. This ad-hoc system of governmental transfers could ultimately result in unsustainable investments having limited delivery outcomes. to an annual work programme and budget. • There should be an independent and rigorous monitoring system to track utilization of administrative grants: This would enable an utility to generate reliable Currently.e. by ensuring maximum coverage & collection or by introducing new taxes & charges. The Municipality as a whole could raise resources through external funding such as municipal bonds (as done by Indore Municipal Corporation) and pooled financing. The Waterworks Department also needs to make provision for increases in expenditure on account of inflation. but also be tied to the actual benefits/output derived at each financing stage. Performance Indicators: The annual expenditure performance of Waterworks Department could be assessed in terms of such indicators as cost-to-output ratio. 4. In this direction. However. there seems to be limited basis for this grant allocation. the Department could adopt the following measures: a. Additionally. whether revenue or capital. However. 5. GMC should follow a more prudent system of accounts reporting. from the level of strategic objectives to a medium term financial & programme plan. It can also be observed from the GMC's financial statement that the Municipality is not considering the diminution in value of assets through wear and tear due to use. Introducing program-linked financing arrangements/Linking administrative grants to output & performance parameters: The annual grants received by the Municipality from the Government should not only be linked to yearly fund allocation on waterworks. Governmental transfers can be basically of two types: • General transfers that allow local governments discretion in usage • Conditional transfers that are linked to usage and contribution to some activity. adequate emphasis should be laid on setting & prioritisation of various expenditure items. Apart from shifting to the double-entry accrual system. as well as on justifying the geographic benefit of service provision. Proper treatment of Capital Expenditure & Depreciation: The Waterworks Department is currently not segregating expenditure items as 'revenue' and 'capital' expenses.Cash Flow Statements are structurally similar to the 'Receipt and Payment Accounts'. prior service commitments and uncommitted proposals for service expansion. On the expenditure front. Presented below is a general approach on treatment of capital expenditure and depreciation. b. Inventory Ratio/Index Material Inventory Turnover Ratio Weeks' Inventory Turnover Ratio Average age of Materials Out of stock index Spare parts index Relevance Annual consumption of materials Material inventory on hand/Weekly consumption of materials Average materials inventory at cost/Average daily purchase of materials Number of times out of stock/requisitioned Value of spare parts inventory/Value of capital equipment 7. Establishing time schedules between the time of raising the bills and serving the same to the customers. The proper treatment of Capital Expenditure is exacerbated by the fact that new projects aimed at augmenting water supply infrastructure are generally long-term and require investments spread over a number of years. A sound billing system generally has the following objectives: a. the capital expenditure is recognized when the assets are brought into service. Simultaneously. Generally. In this context. thereby enabling efficient cash recycling. These rates in-turn depend upon the capitalization policy of the municipality/service provider. It is also necessary to devise methods to arrive at the optimum quantity of inventory based on the average consumption pattern. 2.The return on capital is calibrated to yield an acceptable rate of return to the investor (here. as well as parameters such as reliability and quality of supply. In the electricity sector. it might also be useful for GMC to examine the following ratios and indices: Table 6. However. lead time and economic considerations such as cost of carrying inventory. Inventory & Materials Management: Like all other ULBs.No. 77 . This is because only a sound billing system can ensure timely serving of demand notice and collection of dues from customers. Therefore. depreciation on fixed/capital assets over its useful life should be duly accounted. However. the Government) based on a reasonable level of capacity utilization and operating efficiency level. This is because of the following reasons: a. 5. ULBs (including GMC) do not maintain proper records of asset inventories. Timely raising of bills for the water dues c. A further consideration should be made on whether a capital expenditure due for completion towards the end of a financial period should be brought to account in the current regulatory period or deferred until the commencement of the next period. procurement cost and stock-out cost. executives in the production & purchase departments take decisions relating to municipal inventories. 3.Capital expenditure (primarily to augment infrastructure and improve quality and reliability of supply) and means of financing the same are critical inputs in determination of tariffs. To gauge the effectiveness of inventory & materials management. it has been observed that very few ULBs are currently exploiting the real commercial benefit of these properties to generate non-tax revenues. 1. the capital costs cannot be recovered from the consumer in any particular financial year and needs to be spread over a number of years. Sound Billing and Collection System: As highlighted earlier. sound inventory management requires the proactive involvement and participation of finance officials. 6. a sound billing system is extremely essential in respect of the duties and taxes levied by the municipal authority and the amount collectible from customers. The 'used and useful test' examines whether the investment or expense was necessary for the provision of supply. Another important consideration in the rate making exercise is treatment of capital expenditure as part of fixed assets. it is important to compare available costing options of capital assets. Clear accounting of dues for various customer categories b. 4. A 'prudence test' asks whether or not the investment or expense was prudent or least cost option. the Gwalior Municipal Corporation (GMC) holds a significant amount of fixed assets.22 Key ratios/Indices measuring effectiveness of inventory management S. Currently. The first step in treatment of capital expenditure is to apply two tests to determine whether such costs should be included in overall expenditure calculations. who would help ensure that key resources are being efficiently monitored and controlled. This obviously constrains implementation of strategy for optimum utilization of resources and sound inventory management principles. which are included in tariffs by a component of return on capital and depreciation on assets. Moreover. involved in billing consumers On the administrative front. the GMC should ideally consider its Waterworks Department as a 'Profit Centre' and therefore devolve greater fiscal autonomy to it. Facilitate willing consumers to pay at convenient collection centres such as bank branches and corporation sub-offices. Our field visits reveal that while the GMC has introduced computerization in its billing mechanism. c.d. information on customer-category wise connections and revenues is not readily available. These lacunae in the billing system obviously need to be addressed & plugged at the earliest. the Municipality could formalize a collection target and incentive mechanism for officials/ inspectors involved in dues collection from customers. Clearly. Moreover. This system should also be amenable to incorporate changes in water tax rates/charges as and when they are imposed. Paying adequate attention to disputed cases and defaulters e. Collection from the consumers of the right amount and on due date b. Broadly. Minimizing the cost of collection g. Accurate computation of arrears of dues in cases of water charge revision and ensuring their billing f. so as to properly profile the convenience of key customer categories. In the context of water supply operations. 78 . Rigorous follow-up of defaulters h. information on outstanding dues and bad debts is also not available with the Municipality. Simultaneously. On the other side of the water charge recovery spectrum is an efficient and well-functioning collection mechanism. on the expenditure front. Elimination of avoidable delays f. Introducing fiscal autonomy: An important indicator of fiscal autonomy for any Municipal Department is the extent of own resource mobilization to its revenue expenditure requirements. the billing system should be decentralized to the extent possible. the Department should be given greater independence on determination of new water charges/taxes and revision of existing tariffs. Accounting for daily collections and their remittances e. This would enable the Municipality to accurately assess financial sustainability of water operations and undertake timely corrective measures wherever necessary. regular assessment of this ratio could help assess the extent of autonomy or dependence of the Department on the overall municipal resources. Balancing of manpower with work load. the objectives of a sound collection system are as follows: a. Establishing an efficient collection machinery/establishment It is recommended that the Waterworks Department conduct an in-depth survey of customer clusters. While on the revenue front. Prompt clarification to customers of disputed & incorrect items of billing d. all expenses accrued solely on water supply operations should be accounted together and covered from revenue receipts of the department. revenue-expenditure accounting/budgeting pertaining to its water supply operations should be done separately. 1 Introduction To achieve the targets set out in the MP UWSEIP (Madhya Pradesh Urban Water Supply and Environmental Improvement Project) that of an improved coverage and transformation to a round-the-clock water supply system with significantly less losses (<15%). Reform strategies to gear up GMC towards better efficiency are thereafter suggested. it is also proposed to undertake a SWOT during the stakeholder consultations. financial sustainability of the system. sweeping changes would be required in the way the municipal corporations functions today. increasing demand for water. very difficult. Weaknesses. However since a SWOT is always more effective if carried out by the institution under consideration itself. The Urban water supply sector in India has traditionally been plagued with high levels of inefficiencies leading to poor service delivery and a high level of losses. It is thus imperative to analyze the institutional issues plaguing GMC and develop a reforms package to address these issues.1. including day to day O&M. Reported statistics usually indicate the population covered and hide important parameters like regularity or duration of supply. reliability and sustainability of water supply services (TERI 2002a. The critical issues are service coverage and quality.1) wherein the low level of service and poor accountability of the water utilities leads to a poor willingness to pay among the consumers which on the other hand translates into a financial crunch for the utility making any improvements. The institutional structure of the organization needs to be geared up for promoting managerial efficiencies and ensuring a greater level of accountability. inequitable water supply. water security and long-term sustainability of the source.7 Water Demand Management Strategies: Institutional and Policy Reforms 7. IRC 2003). Opportunities and Threat) approach has been followed to identify critical issues for GMC. A SWOT (Strength.1 Key issues in urban water supply: The vicious circle Source: Deb 2003 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) suffer from several deficiencies and are yet to respond adequately to emerging challenges posed by the rapidly changing urban scenario. 7. per capita water supply.1 Rationale for reforms It has been found that official reports tend to give much greater weightage to physical and financial progress rather than the quality. deficiencies in the treatment of raw water and in the 79 . Figure 7. This chapter tries to analyse the current institutional and legal framework for provision of water supply services in Gwalior and suggest a strategy for future action. The sector is characterised by a low level equilibrium (figure 7. poor construction and operation & maintenance can be traced to lack of monitoring and control. It is a known fact that most municipal corporations in India face problems related to poor financial health. Gwalior Municipal Corporation has been established according to the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act.2 Current legal and institutional framework for provision of water supply services in Gwalior Water supply services in all towns of Madhya Pradesh are provided by the Municipal corporations/ municipalities in accordance with the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act 1956 and the Municipalities Act The act governs the functioning of all ULB's.” Tenth Five Year Plan document – Chapter 6. low tariffs and a lack of revenue to undertake development.1 “……the focus should not only be on the investment requirements to augment supplies or install additional systems in sanitation and water supply. The huge investment requirements for urban infrastructure and the policy directives of the national and state governments also make it necessary for the local bodies to reforms their governance and management structures. better and more equitable service to citizens who must have a greater degree of participation. High Non-Revenue Water (NRW) and low water accountability results from inadequate metering and meter reading. The composition of the Gwalior Municipal Corporation has been fully ensured as per the provisions of the Act. Over exploitation of groundwater. inefficiencies and a general lack of accountability. and environment in the cities. since the low quality of service is the single biggest obstacle to the levy of reasonable user charges. efficient operation will help improve acceptability of higher user charges. As per the act. These drawbacks have in many ways resulted in the establishment of informal "water markets" where urban poor are the main sufferers and pay more than the affluent for the service. treat and distribute drinking water supply in all areas of Gwalior city. the responsibilities and problems to be tackled by the Urban Local Bodies (as managers and service providers) have increased manifold. The solution to water supply is often seen as capacity augmentation.” “Institutions dealing with water supply and sanitation have very little autonomy on personnel and financial matters. inadequate billing and leakage of water on one-hand and illegal connections on the other. This problem has been recognized at the national level and the tenth five-year plan aims to address the problem.2 The Water works department of the Gwalior Municipal Corporation was also found to be facing this problem. rather than operating the existing capacity more efficiently. The specific responsibilities of GMC (water works department) are: 80 . 1999). 1956. The 74th CAA has led to decentralization of powers and responsibilities to the Local Bodies. Annexure 7. Wards committees/ Zonal Committees have also been constituted by Gwalior Municipal Corporation as a step towards a decentralized approach. (McIntosh 2003). going far beyond their traditional role.distribution system along with poor revenue collection (Pachauri and Batra 2001). It is thus important to implement a reform package. which make it imperative for ULB's to enhance their efficiencies and ensure greater transparency and accountability in their functioning. Currently has the responsibility of overlooking a total of 60 wards. According to Pachauri & Sridharan (1998). civic services. lower water supply and sanitation service coverage. defining their powers and responsibilities. The Constitution thus envisages urban local bodies as being totally responsible for all aspects of development. It is vested with powers to source. This bias in favour of new projects is partly due to the lack of accountability of agencies at both local and state levels and also because inefficient management of systems goes un-noticed (The World Bank. sub optimal service delivery levels. degraded watersheds. GMC is mandated with provision of water supply services in Gwalior city and collecting charges/taxes for the same. 7. However these institutions as mentioned earlier are still in the process of building their financial capabilities and institutional capacities to address the issues in service delivery. which would essentially aim at putting in place a policy and institutional framework thus addressing the root cause of inefficiencies in GMC.1 details some of the reform initiatives being undertaken at the national level. greater attention must be paid to the critical issues of institutional restructuring. Box 7. managerial improvement. The State government has also nominated persons having special knowledge and experience in the municipal affairs recently. Instead. Information systems necessary for effective management are generally lacking. Further over the last decade. Prepare proposals for Public Stand Posts. 1956 that constitutes of the Mayor and 10 council members chosen from the elected councillors.2. Proposing timelines for distribution of water based on the availability. Gwalior Municipal Corporation 1. 8. 2. Figure 7. 14.1 Institutional arrangement: GMC In accordance with the 74th CAA. The UADD allocates funds and provides policy directives for provision of urban service. 10. 15. Maintaining the underground drains as well as proposing the creation of new drains. In addition the PHED (Public Health Engineering Department) is mandated with the responsibility of design and execution of water supply and sewerage schemes. 7. Preparing proposals for preventing the misuse of water. Monitoring the water supply arrangements using tankers and supplying water as and when the need arises. 12.2 gives the institutional arrangements for delivery of water supply services. Arranging water for supply from alternate sources under emergency conditions as well as advising the General Store keepers of the consequences of wastage and misuse of water. Suggesting water rates based on the incurred costs of the department to ensure self-sustenance of water supply schemes. A mayor-in-council is also in place according to the provisions of the MP Municipal Corporation Act. The Urban Administration and Development department is the nodal department at the state level and is responsible for providing urban services in all cities and towns. 3. Filtration plants. Gwalior Municipal Corporation comprises of an elected body supported by administrative machinery. 7. bathing and cooking as well as examining proposals for putting up public standposts. 13. Stopping the proliferation of illegal connections by disconnection and regularizing illegal connections based on the existing situation.Key Functions of the Water Works Department. 11. Suggesting security measures for assets with the department such as Pump Houses. 4. Assisting in the collection of water rates. Management of Water supply schemes within the area of jurisdiction of the Gwalior Municipal Corporation.2 Institutional arrangements in Madhya Pradesh for provision of urban water supply 81 . Executing the functions assigned to the department under Water (Pollution and Control) Act 1974 and Air (Pollution and Control) Act 1981. The elected wing consists of a Mayor and 66 elected councillors (one from each ward). Overhead Tanks as well as pipelines. Figure 7. 6. Ensuring that norms and standards for all materials used in water treatment and distribution are met as well as physical verification of the materials used is undertaken from time to time. 9. need and availability of water. generating awareness among General store keepers to prevent water misuse and taking action against those obtaining water from online booster pumps. Preventing pollution of water to be used for the purposes of drinking. which are to be handed over to ULB's for operation and maintenance. Approving half-inch water connections for domestic users under existing applicable rules. 5. 2. A mayor-in.2.2 GMC staff Water supply operations in Gwalior are headed by the Municipal commissioner who is assisted by a team on engineers from the Water works department. Figure 7.2. 7.3 Organisation chart of GMC 82 .2. Figure 7.3 below gives the institutional structure of the Gwalior municipal corporation.2.1 Elected representatives The GMC comprises of 60 municipal councillors elected through direct elections from the wards headed by the Mayor.council constituted from the councillors is also in place.2 Composition of Gwalior Municipal Corporation 7.7. Table 7. Both the Executive Engineers report directly to the commissioner. The SWOT analysis is an extremely useful tool for understanding and decision-making for all sorts of situations in business and organizations.4 Organisational chart: Water works department 7. A SWOT approach is used for identifying the critical issues facing GMC in both the short term and the long term. However it is proposed that a SWOT analysis be carried out with the GMC staff during the stakeholder consultation process/ training programs to develop the detailed SWOT matrix. The structure of the Water works department is described in figure 7. Moreover the existing legal and regulatory framework does not allow the corporation to work on commercial principles. Figure 7. It is also a good approach for transition to a commercial orientation of GMC.1 SWOT framework A strength: resource or capacity organization can use effectively An opportunity: any favourable situation in the organizations environment A weakness: a limitation. fault or defect in the organization that will keep it from achieving its objectives A threat: any unfavourable situation in the organizations environment that is potentially damaging to its strategy 83 .2.3 Introduction to SWOT SWOT is an acronym for Strengths.2.4 below. 7. The SWOT analysis approach seeks to address the concept of strategy formulation from a two fold perspective: from an external appraisal (threats and opportunities in an environment and an internal appraisal (of strengths and weaknesses within the organization). Opportunities. Pumping and the Over head tanks. GMC is also plagued with issues concerning inefficiencies in service delivery and low consumer satisfaction.1 explains the framework for analysis.3 Key institutional issues concerning water supply operations in GMC As is the case with many cities in India. It is thus essential to identify the root cause of inefficiencies in terms of the institutional issues and develop a strategy to address the same.7.2.3 GMC staff (Water works department) The functioning of the Water works department is looked after by two executive engineers. There are four Assistant Engineers for each of the four zones who report to the Executive Engineer (City Water Supply) and two Assistant Engineers reporting to the other Executive Engineer. and Threats. The SWOT analysis template is normally presented as a grid shown below: Table 7. Weaknesses. This section aims at introducing the SWOT concept and identifying the key issues. one responsible for the water supply to the city and the other looking after the Head works. – The current institutional structure makes it very practically impossible to have customer orientation and improved efficiencies. it is proposed to use it for the purpose of strategy formulation for Gwalior.3. 1956.1. – Within the Municipal Corporation itself.1. 7. – Further the current institutional structure of the GMC as discussed before includes mainly engineers. This is due to the fact that all connections (Domestic/Commercial/Institutional) are unmetered and the available information on the production and supply of water in the city is improperly recorded. – The powers of mayor. – Overall there is lack of accountability and transparency. However there is a lack of policy directive from the state government/municipal government to promote managerial efficiencies and customer orientation. mayor in council and the local body are not defined adequately. some of which are on deputation from PHED to the GMC.g. Further the Planning capacity. town and country planning law. There is also a complete lack of civil society in the planning and implementation of programs.3.1 Key Issues for SWOT Analysis Key issues have been identified under various broad headings. pressure in the pipelines etc.5 Operational Aspects • • • There is a lack of information on consumption of water in the city.3 Organisational structure There are no clear responsibilities on the role of the elected representatives and the reporting relationship between staff and elected representatives.1. 7. Further leads to a fragmented approach wherein water supply schemes are designed on a adhoc basis rather than taking a holistic approach for ensuring long terms water supply to the city. 84 . 7. Either maps are not available or available as a sketch This kind of information is highly inadequate for carrying out GIS mapping or further planning work in this sector.2 Legal framework As per previous studies conducted by ADB.1. This arrangement needs to be clearly defined in terms of power. the length of the distribution network.3. district-planning law etc. 7.3. GIS. The data is also inadequate to enable a good financial assessment. human resource development and financial management functions are not adequately developed. which could prove to be a major hindrance in the efficient planning and management of the department. The major issues of concern have been identified to guide the discussion and brainstorming for the SWOT analysis. municipal law. roles and responsibility. as a result of which these are operating inefficiently. The available data also is conflicting in nature and constitutes mainly of poorly recorded estimates. there is a clear lack of interdepartmental coordination.4 Internal Management One of the weaknesses of the GMC is the complete lack of internal procedures and information management including financial management.3. It is thus imperative to review the existing framework with an objective of having specialised cells for customer grievances.1. 7. FIRE -D etc at present there are inconsistencies in the various laws governing urban planning in Madhya Pradesh. reporting etc.Due to its many advantages. The detailed SWOT Analysis would be undertaken at the stakeholder's consultations. e.3. Further the byelaws for provision of water supply need a thorough revision with clear guidelines on cost recovery and empowering GMC to take punitive action against defaulters.1 Lack of policy guidelines for service delivery Currently water supply services in Gwalior are provided as per provision of Municipal corporation act. 7. which require immediate attention. MIS etc. the pubic has lost faith in GMC and have since shifted to other sources of water supply i.3. GIS and MIS) have not been carried out to meet the current and emerging challenges. Gwalior Municipal Corporation has taken the initiative to formulate a citizen's charter.1.1.7.e. 7. Transfer of funds from one project to the others is a common practice thus making the situation even more chaotic.3. financial management and social skills. The public has a poor image of Gwalior Municipal Corporation due to poor service delivery.9 Public participation/ consumer interface • • • • • One of the major issues facing GMC right now is to improve its civil society interface and emerge as a responsible customer oriented organization. 85 . The existing citizen charter for water supply provides only a listing of services provided.6 Financial Aspects The financial data is poorly recorded.1.8 Staff Capability/motivation • • • The Municipal Corporation is technically sound with a work force constituting mainly of engineers. skill-enhancement and application. There is a major communications gap between the GMC and the consumers. decision making and implementation of civic plans as the Municipal Corporation has never encouraged the participation of the public in these. 7. There is a pronounced lack of role of the civil society and the urban poor in policy formulation. No RWAs or NGOs working in the sector of public water supply. As a result. Based on limited interaction with the municipal employees it can be inferred that the motivation levels and job satisfaction is very low due to the following reasons: o The poor working condition and multiple pressures from community. groundwater supply. department and politicians. Further the staff lacks basic public interaction.7 Infrastructure • A large amount of the existing infrastructure for the operations and management of water supply is either out-lived or poorly maintained. There is low level of expectation of the consumers but also low willingness to pay for piped water supply. There is a lack of awareness about the economic costs of water. o There are no incentives for the employees to perform.3.3.g. • 7. Currently GMC is perceived as an inefficient and corrupt organization. This can be attributed to low awareness among the citizens regarding the costs involved in delivery of water services. employees of PHED on deputation to GMC lack a sense of belongingness as they are estranged from the PHED and GMC treats them as outsiders being paid for by PHED. o As observed during the interactions with the officers of Municipal Corporation. Modernization and upgrading of systems and procedures in city management through equipment. Only single digit accounting system for recording of financial information is used which does not clearly indicate the existing situation. Water is still considered as a social good and not an economic good. most of the staff of the municipal corporation were found woefully unaware/lacking in modern skills for water management. There is also no policy in place for ensuring regular upgradation or replacement of old and out-dated infrastructure. This eventually results in low motivation for performing their duties. Further there is a urgent need to modernize the infrastructure specially for data recording and transmission. there is no monitoring and accounting of the funds allocated/ grants received and their usage. o Political intervention in the GMC also reduces the motivation and performance of the employees. Also. and updating of manuals and codes (e. Though the municipal corporation has a technically competent staff comprising mainly of engineers.1. the contact persons for malfunctioning services and the time lines for addressing such complaints. This in turn increases groundwater exploitation. 7.3.2 Results of the SWOT analysis 7.4 Recommendations for policy and institutional reforms Based on the critical issues identified in sections above it is proposed to initiate a comprehensive reform programme for management of water supply to Gwalior city. medium and long-term implementation goals for each of the strategies have been identified to ease the load on the Municipal Corporation for their implementation and also to provide the Municipal Corporations with measurable targets. Reorientation of the utility to have a customer focus facilitating improvements in service delivery. The proposed strategies also aim to facilitate the implementation of the Water Demand Management Strategies proposed in the earlier chapters. 86 . Short. Enhanced capacities of the Municipal Corporation to manage the reform programme.2 Results of SWOT Analysis Results of SWOT analysis carried out by GMC during the training workshops is given in table below: Table 7. The key underlying principles that have been adopted while formulation of the strategies are: • • • • Promoting a commercial incentive based environment for water supply based on cost recovery principles while ensuing services to the poor. Greater public participation and involvement of public in managing water supply systems. Further it is important to build in an incentive scheme for the employees to motivate them to achieve improved efficiency. up gradation of infrastructure. cost recovery and financial sustainability of operations. the possible constraints as well as suggest methods to overcome these constraints. The vision statement should draw upon the existing national and state water polices and urban development plans adopted by the state and national governments and also the expectations of the consumers. RWAs etc. 5. distribution O&M and plant O&M. Restructuring of the water works department with clear demarcations for planning. NGOs. 3. The policy should address issues such as consumer awareness. It is important to involve the stakeholders in the process right from the start process. As of now there is no policy or vision document for provision of water supply services to Gwalior.2 Organizational restructuring As discussed in sections above. the Gwalior Municipal Corporation is responsible for provision of water supply services in Gwalior in line with the provisions of the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act 1956. Certain engineering posts may be re-designated as managerial posts in wake of the responsibility to be assumed by these professionals after the reforms. which should incorporate the principles stated above. 4.4.1. details on the various services provided by GMC and the mechanisms for availing those services should be developed. 7. This needs to be revised and a much more comprehensive charter including the vision for GMC. As a first step it is thus recommended that a vision be developed for provision of water supply services by involving all stakeholders such as GMC employees.4. GMC provides water supply services through the water works department. reducing losses/NRW.To achieve the above objective following reform strategies are proposed: 7.1. It is important to understand here that such plans are instrumental in the implementation of the water policy and thus should have clearly defined targets. 7. It is also recommended to have a legislation in place which could address the issue of over exploitation of groundwater and its recharging. It would be highly beneficial in the implementation and monitoring of the annual plans if it incorporates an activity schedule on a time scale. design. It may also draw-up annual plans and short-term plans for a period of 5 years focusing the areas identified in the city level master plan and policy as needing immediate attention. In addition it is important to clearly define roles for each functionary in the demand management strategy and provide adequate training to carry out the desired tasks. Following broad recommendations are suggested for consideration by GMC for improved service delivery. 7.1 Formulation of a vision and policy for provision of water supply services To achieve the objectives it is recommended that GMC sets out a vision for itself. improved service delivery and customer satisfaction. Defining a water services policy and vision for GMC The present study is instrumental in identifying some of the key issues plaguing the Gwalior Municipal Corporation.2 Infrastructure development plan for water supply On the basis of the vision document GMC should develop a master plan for provision of water supply services in Gwalior.1. 2. On the basis of this analysis it is proposed that a brainstorming session be conducted to develop a vision for water supply in the city. 1. academia. Reorganization of the institutional structure in parallel with the proposed reorientation of the distribution network into hydraulically discrete zones such that each function is taken care by one engineer. 87 . which is primarily staffed with engineers some of which are on deputation from the Public Health Engineering Department. The current citizen charter of GMC for provision of water supply services provides only a listing of services and the suggested time frames for action. Each of these would require brainstorming and stakeholder consultations to develop further. The plans should also outline the approach that should be used for achieving these targets. construction.4.4. and act as a guiding document for the water utility. Further there is an ambiguity in the roles of various departments. 3 Leak detection The leak detection cell is proposed to be set up. The Model Bill provides for an independent regime for this purpose obviously looking at the geographical size of the States and multiple problems of regulation and development of groundwater in urban and rural areas of these States. It is expected to maintain a complete database on the type of complaint. It is also proposed to decentralize this process to the zonal levels for ease in billing and collection. second to draw attention to the problem of leakage in the system and ultimately to delegate manpower which looks after only the leak detection and leak repairing functions. area/ward/zone from which the complaint is registered. This is also applicable to all the buildings in notified areas that have tubewells. it is proposed to club the water bill with the electricity bill. The computers and the software could be purchased and installed by this wing. concerned personnel/department and also a follow up on the action taken.2.2. sort them according to the action that is required and hand it over to the concerned personnel. The private sector involvement could be based on an incentive based approach. As a first step towards increasing the bill collection efficiency.4. Hiring of specialized manpower for preparation and updation of GIS maps needs to be undertaken. It is proposed at the short-term level to outsource this function to a private player till the time capacities of the GMC are built to handle it on its own.2. Gurgaon and Ghaziabad). the services of the computer cell could be used. The possibility of commission-based outsourcing can also be considered for bill collection. which have been neglected till date such as leak detection. especially in sensitive areas wherein unsustainable withdrawls have been observed. 7. The electricity department has better capacities for handling bill collection. Different states have already enacted such legislation or are in the process of doing the same. This is partially because of the apprehension that such a strategy may lead to a reduction in their consumer base. first to enhance the leak detection facilities of the water department. consumer grievances and database management.6 Creating special cells for functions. The possibility of involving the private sector can be explored for this cell. This has been discussed in detail below: 7.4.4. This system is practiced in Chandigarh and has been quite successful.3 Legislation for control on groundwater use It has been observed that the Gwalior municipal corporation is not very comfortable with the idea of bring in substantial changes in the existing tariff structure.1 GIS Cell The Municipal Corporation has a computer wing. The short-term measure for consumer grievance cell calls for a minimum facility of telephonic registration of complaints besides the existing system of personal complaint registration. 7. It is therefore necessary that legislation should be formulated in the state so as to regulate and control the development of groundwater resources. 7. especially with the consumers (mainly bulk consumers) increasing their reliance on groundwater supplies. In line with this. legislation for harvesting rainwater in the state should be developed.4 Billing and collection The aim of setting up a separate cell for billing and collection is to segregate this function from the rest of the water department functions. To set up the computer/GIS cell. Model Bill circulated by the Union Ministry of Water Resources has underlined the broader issue of regulation and control of development of the groundwater in the country. Similarly. where incentives could be provided to the private body for attending above a certain number of complaints on a daily basis.4. Delhi Government has a similar legislation in place.2. The short-term aim for this cell is to have completely computerized records and the analysis of the available information. 7. The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has made rainwater harvesting mandatory in all institutions and residential colonies in notified areas (South and southwest Delhi and adjoining areas like Faridabad. Delhi Water Board (Amendment) Bill was introduced in 2002.4.2 Consumer Grievance Cell The consumer grievance cell needs to be created for registering consumer complaints. This may include providing permission for sinking new wells and registering the existing users. 88 . An MIS (management information system) can help public managers achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness.km. Box 7. Accounts.2 Bangalore Information System on Networks (BISON) Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) has recently completed the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) and utilities computerization of water supply and sewerage networks for 100 sq. New Delhi An MIS can thus help the municipal corporation to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness. especially when there are resource constraints (Box 7.2). Thus it is recommended that as a first step to the reform process GMC should develop a comprehensive MIS that covers all aspects of water management. The key features of the approach are: – Information collection and compilation: Data is captured at the operational level viz. A key part of the process is to identify the right kind of information required at each level and then develop indicators to capture the required information.Such legislations will not only check the misuse and over use of resources but shall also bring in awareness on the need to conserve resources. especially when there are resource constraints. especially rain water. BWSSB plans to ultimately implement a GIS based system for about 600 sq. it constitutes a major part of the short-term strategy proposed for GMC. Pvt Ltd. covering the total Bangalore Metropolitan area and some other areas. An MIS is basically a system for recording and reporting information in a way that promotes efficiency and effectiveness.4. The consultancy services for the Project were provided by SCE (Nantes.4 Management Information system It has been observed in the Gwalior Municipal Corporation that important information is usually scattered. Formats for collecting the relevant information to feed into the indicator framework may subsequently be developed along with the frequency of reporting. It is a tool that can be useful in making all types of decisions-at the operational. India). pg 40-41) as indicated in the strategy for developing a GIS database: 89 . and improperly reported.It forms the backbone of the system and facilitates timely & accurate collection/compilation and analysis of data. of France.km.8 million francs from the Govt. – Information Technology (IT) infrastructure. in standardized formats. IRAM consult Intl.1 Short and Medium term Strategy As a first step to establishment of a computerized information management system in GMC. Hence. with additional French assistance of 5 million francs. – Performance Measurement: At the middle level and top level. One of the most critical bottlenecks in implementing the water demand management strategy is the lack of baseline information/ unavailability of authentic information even with the middle/junior management level. Thus. site offices. Finance. which may not serve the needs of the corporation. President. The information to be collected may broadly be divided into three sets (refer GIS Strategies. in Bangalore. it is imperative to undertake a detailed assessment of information requirements for decision-making process. to cover the full BWSSB service area of 300 sq. etc. reviewed and corrective action initiated. 7.. 7.4. nonstandardized. Source: Change management Times. pilot zone.km. The approach to develop a structured MIS is presented here. the Project has been extended. and policy levels. The project was implemented with a funding of 7. the information is validated. September 2003 by Abdullah Khan.4. After the successful completion of the Phase-1 of the GIS development for the 100 sq.km. This may be compiled in the form of performance indicators to be used at all levels. Field Units. France) and IRAM consult (New Delhi. Performance measurement is undertaken at this level to optimally judge the performance of the Municipal Corporation and its employees. strategic. and facilitates long-term planning and decision-making. information has to be presented in such a manner that is useful for decision-making instead of remaining just as data. of its service area in Bangalore. It also serves as a tool for strategic decision-making and long-range planning. To achieve the desired efficiency levels it is thus critical to define operational targets for both physical and financial performance. in conjunction with a supporting MIS (Management Information System). It provides an assessment of the quality of work the local body is doing and how successful it has been in satisfying community needs and expectations. A properly designed PM system. Such exercise shall also help GMC to make an analysis of its performance compared to the targets set for it on national and international benchmarks. The most important reasons for measuring performance in urban local bodies are: – Greater transparency in the organization – Strengthening accountability – Rationalizing decision-making. In the context of urban local bodies. a set of performance indicators. Performance measurement is the starting point for any such initiative.3 Operationalizing Performance measurement Operationalizing a performance measurement system would essentially involve developing a set of performance indicators to imitate the benchmarking process. Performance Measurement is a practice that many organizations adopt in order to achieve higher levels of efficiency and greater effectiveness in their operations. All the information can be added in the GIS database in due course.4.4.4. An I-O-E-O (Input-Output-EfficiencyOutcome) framework can be used to measure the performance of a utility against four types of performance measures.Output measures indicate the level of services provided or amount of work done. there is a great need to integrate modern management practices into public systems. 7. developing an MIS to collect the right information and start using the information generated to take corrective action for improving the performance of the utility in both physical and financial terms.– Asset database – Operational data – Consumer data 7. 7. PMS can also assist in the performance appraisal of employees by providing the basis for decisions regarding annual salary increments and promotions or even punitive action against employees whose performance is unsatisfactory. would lead to better governance. drawing from the corporate sector. These indicate the level of effort but are strictly not a measure of performance. 90 .5. can go a long way in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the GMC. WAN etc) so that communication and flow of information is instant and smooth. .4. not how well or how efficiently. A simple truth about PM is that 'what gets measured gets done'. . Figure 7.4.Input measures indicate the amount of resources used. With increasing pressure on urban local bodies to improve their performance in the provision of civic services. This.5 below gives a broad outline of procedure for operationalizing a PM system.1 Performance measurement framework Performance measures indicate how much or how well the Corporation is doing. 7.2 Long term interventions All departments of GMC should be technologically linked (LAN. Further. in turn. PM can be defined as the process of determining how efficiently and effectively the concerned agencies are delivering the services.4.5 Performance Measurement (PM) Though water supply projects are designed as per the government norms there are hardly any performance targets that the municipal corporation adheres to. a supporting MIS (management information system). There is thus no obligation of the municipal corporation to check the service levels as envisaged are achieved on a continuous basis. there is no assessment of the service delivery levels and conformity to norms. The key elements of a PMS are a PM (performance measurement) framework. and a strategy for performance benchmarking. These measure performance in terms of how much. Benchmarking performance: A manual on performance measurement in Urban Local Bodies – Efficiency measures relate outputs to inputs.These indicators are central to PM. there should be a practical measurement strategy-an indicator that captures the concept to be measured and is easy to operationalize with the available information. measuring performance is a complex exercise because. Table 7. for each selected measure.5 Implementing PM system Source: TERI 2004. or work performed to the resources required to perform it. – Outcome measures indicate the degree to which programme objectives are achieved and measure the value of service from the perspective of the end-user.4. but they do not measure the results achieved. 91 .Figure 7.3 below gives an example of I-O-E-O indicators.2 Performance Indicators In practice. 7.5. Engineering and Operation. Some of the specific aspects on which the municipal staff would need training are project formulation and appraisals. 92 . Awareness programme on Rain Water Harvesting are conducted for board staff. A reorientation towards managerial aspects was considered necessary and accordingly the staff training activities were restructured. Activity Based Accounts and Budgeting.Table 7. leak detection and SCADA systems. New topics such as leakage control. appreciation and awards. The board officers are deputed to attend seminars and training programmes conducted by other organisations in India and abroad. For about two decades the orientation was mainly in the direction of improving the operational practices. Implementation of Official Language to familiarise the staff in preparing drafts and letters in Tamil.3 Human Resource Development. Training programmed for Science students of Women Christian College. on Execution of Sewerage works” for TWAD Board Engineers and. MIS and modern tools for water management such as network modelling. Administration. There is severe need to build capacities of the staff and the officials on key concepts of the WDM strategy. Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project sponsored Orientation Course For Municipal Engineers was designed and conducted for 249 Municipal Engineers. Metro water Training Centre has been imparting training to its staff covering all the categories including field workers. Twenty-eight modules in two categories Technical and Management are offered. Special courses are also offered in Introduction to computers. In-House Training Program for Metro water Staff Employees including technical. Commerce. project management and financial management have been introduced. Chennai Chennai Metro water as a part of Human Resource Development has established a full-fledged staff-training centre as early as 1979 to cater to the growing needs of all categories of employees. Employees are also encouraged to pursue graduate or postgraduate programmes. Contract procedures and Transparency Act. department tests. As a part of the human resource development. finance and field workers are trained in courses related to Finance. GIS. Chennai was conducted in “Water and Sewerage Treatment and Analysis” An “Orientation Course . Proper Maintenance of Files and Records. A continuous process of training the professionals on diverse issues is required. wireless operations.6 Capacity building To effectively implement a comprehensive and integrated water supply reform programme there is a need to build the capacities among the staff of the municipal corporation on the latest tools and approaches to managing a water supply utility in an efficient manner. social aspects. administrative. commercial management practices etc. and institutional frameworks to cover issues related to demand forecasting. water quality. are also extended to achieve increased productivity and efficiency for organisational success. Box 7.3 Examples of the four types of performance indicators applied to urban water supply service Type of Measure Input Output Efficiency Outcome Water Supply Service Installed capacity of water filtration and treatment plants Average daily clear water production Total staff per 1000 connections / % water losses Percentage of population receiving adequate quantity 7. This will not only improve their skill set but also motivate the staff. policy. The participants of other public utilities from all over India are participating and getting trained from the level of Assistant / Junior Engineer to Superintending Engineer cadre in these courses. Box 7.3 highlights the human resource development efforts undertaken at the Chennai Metro-water which may be used as an example for GMC. In addition almost the entire staff (supervisory and managerial) needs to be trained on the use of Information technology. auditing. financial management. water conservation. NGO’s and general public. human resource development. Training Program for Other Institutions: Exclusive courses are also conducted based on request from various institutions.4. Government of India (CPHEEO) sponsored refresher courses are conducted every year. 2. 5. – The training cell would identify the specific training needs of all employees and develop a training calendar for a year.1 Implementation plan In light of the above and the skill enhancement. foreman. Followigng specific actions need to be udnertaken: – A separate training cell needs to be created to look into the training needs for the entire water works department of the municipal corporation. Sewage Works Supervisors. it is recommended that a structured approach be developed for capacity building. mayor in council. It is recommended that for the purpose of training. the following measures are recommended: 1. – Specifically targeted training programmes may then be conducted using both internal and external resources. – A feedback and evaluation system must also be instituted to monitor the effectiveness of the training programs. Filter Operations. Figure 7.4.The topics covered in Metro water Training Centre are: 1. Commisioners. Corrosion Control. Outsourcing of this cell to a specialised external agency may alos be considered. 4. mayor etc) 93 .6. the entire staff may be divided into four categories: – Operating level: Beldars.6 Capacity building framework To enhance the current skill set of functionaries and to enable them to perform the envisaged tasks more efficiently. Care and use of Chlorinators. Laying of Water mains and Sewer mains 7. – Supervisory level: JEs – Managerial level: AEs and above who have overall responsibility for management within their zones. – Top management: Superintending/Chief engineers. 3. elected representatives (councilors. lineman etc. hands on training and cross visits may be employed for each course.7 Regularisation of illegal connections Non-revenue water in Gwalior has been estimated to be around 40%.000 unauthorized water connections during the past six years and replaced 1.35 lakh outdated or malfunctioning domestic water meters (refer Box 7.5). case studies. After a protest by plumbers. In order to improve the revenue situation NMC declared a time bound scheme for regularization of all illegal water connections in the city. As part of its efforts to reduce revenue loss. 94 .hinduonnet. NMC decided to involve plumbers in detection of illegal connection and its subsequent transfer into legal. This may then be compared to the existing skill sets of the various functionaries to identify the specific training needs. Specific courses as given in table below may subsequently be conducted: 7. 30. a strategy for reducing the number of illegal connections needs to be formulated and adopted.com) Box 7. the water supply situation in Nagpur city was far from satisfactory. The Nagpur Municipal Corporation has adopted a pragmatic approach to the regularization of illegal connections and a similar approach may be tried for Gwalior (refer Box 7. exposure visits and onsite training may be employed for skill development of the staff. A major part of the non-physical losses are attributed to pilferage/illegal connections across the city.4). To begin with the training cell must conduct a review of the functions and responsibility of the entire staff of GMC and draw up the list of skill sets required for undertaking the job. Thus. A target of finding 35000 illegal connections was set with an incentive of Rs. Illegal connections not only result in a loss of revenue to the municipal corporation but also lead to wastage of water. the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board "regularized'' 35. as these consumers do not value the water they use. since water connections (both legal & illegal) were installed through plumbers.4 Strategy adopted by Nagpur Municipal Corporation for Reducing Unaccounted for Water In early 2001. A broad outline of training methodology it is given in section below: Training methodology It is proposed that a combination of lectures. 50-100 per illegal connection. regulations etc A combination of various training tools such as classrooms.2 Following training modules are proposed as part of the capacity building program: – Policy and institutional reforms – Technical – Financial management 3. illegal withdrawal from mains/distribution pipes etc is considered is considered as illegal connection. NMC (Nagpur Municipal Corporation) was concerned about a very large number of illegal (unauthorized) connections that resulted in substantial loss of revenue to the corporation. To implement the scheme NMC adopted a pragmatic approach. Although all water connections in Nagpur city were required to be metered. A security deposit of Rs 5000 was announced for licensed plumbers and the renewal fee was increased from Rs. it was estimated that there were nearly 35000 un-authorized water connections in Nagpur city at that time. IT (Information technology) – Environmental management – Social – Customer services – General like safety procedure. As a first step the top management of GMC must be sensitized to the reform agenda and need/benefits of investing in a large-scale capacity building program. All unauthorized usage through either tampering of meters. (www. Further. illegal withdrawal of water is against the basic principles of law and equity. it was agreed upon that the security deposit would be waived off against an active participation by plumbers towards the drive to detect and regularize illegal connection.25 to Rs. The training cell should also work out the training methodology for each program while designing the courses.4. an institutional structure was developed in which geographically situated sub-district engineers work closely with the head of the newly created social development unit to extend the pipes. These local plumbers can also convince people about the need for regularization and the scheme offered by GMC.5 Legalizing water in slum colonies. The time-bound regularization scheme received tremendous response due to the simplified procedures and reasonable charges. Second. it was clearly operating at the level and mindset of a pilot project. Revenue from water supply of the NMC also had substantial increase. it has persisted beyond the end of the pilot. These plumbers would be more aware of the location of such connections. legal land tenure. The strategy should aim at regularising maximum number of illegal connections through a simple administrative procedure. and accept requisite charges. Awareness was disseminated through media about the drive. 7.The plumbers were organized into small teams. including slum dwellers. AusAid. When the social development unit embarked on its first effort to connect slums legally to its piped network.. The aim of the project was always to show that slums can be connected with slum dwellers paying some share of the cost. . the approach will over time be more than a mere policy gesture. the water board abolished the requirement for proof of formal land tenure. several measures were taken to lower the bar and ensure replicability. although the volumetric tariff rate applicable citywide was not altered. maintain pressure.Bangalore The BWSSB (Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board) created a social development unit within the utility to promote legal connections to the piped municipal water supply as part of a much larger water sector reform strategy funded by the Australian aid agency.7. a strict enforcement campaign should be launched to disconnect all illegal connections or regularize them only after a penalty fees is deposited. and carry out water meter readings. whereas in 2002-03 the quantity billed was 300 MLD. One approach could be to outsource this activity to the local plumbers on an incentive based approach. it is recommended that such connections be legalised by charging a nominal fee. This initiative has brought the NMC closer to its goal of universal metering in the city. and informal land tenure. Three slums were carefully chosen to reflect typical slum characteristics across the city: high density.000 (71%) illegal connections were detected and regularized within a period of 4 months. First. About 25. to accept application forms.000 households were connected in the three pilot slums. expanded its scope to a handful of new slums. Roughly 1. To this end. The case is thus a good example of how a public sector utility begins to meet its obligations to serve the entire city.e. which conducted door-door survey. These efforts provide an interesting case of how a progressive unit within a reform minded organization can tackle the twin problems of low access levels and illegal connections in slums. filled simplified forms and collected charges as laid down by the NMC. sanction application. Fourth. though it is only a very small proportion so far. A detailed survey may be commissioned for this purpose. Third.Identification of illegal connections: The first step would be to identify and record information on the number of illegal connections. The quantity of water billed in 1998-99 was 163 MLD. After lapse of this date. and continued to generate great support from the Chairman of the Water Board. Strategy for reduction in illegal withdrawal would essentially involve development of a policy for regularisation of illegal connections and a strict enforcement of the same. Effective arrangements were made. A stepby-step approach to regularisation of illegal connections is discussed below: . started planning for the entire city. their location and population/households served. ensure water flow. The citizen's feedback as reported in the media was very positive. The project had all the requisite nursing required to ensure its success. 95 .1 Implementation plan Short-term It is generally not practical to simply disconnect illegal connections and therefore. i. Box 7. nearly double. the board gained bargaining power and leverage with slum dwellers after an amendment to its charter was passed making illegal connections punishable by fine and imprisonment and the board embarked on a controversial regularization drive.Setting date for regularization of illegal connections: The entire regularization should be within a specified time frame. pricing was subsidized through a reduced connection fee. Although the unit was created specifically to drive a donor-funded pilot project in three slums.4. – Materials management – Overview of water supply operations. General 96 . related to water supply. – Basic course in environmental assessment – Techniques/tools for environmental assessment Social – Social issues related to water supply – Social issues related to water supply – Social issues related to water supply – Rehabilitation of PAP – Techniques for social assessment. Customer services – Basics of public dealings – Safety procedures – Rules/regulations governing JMC – Grievance redressal system – Basics of public dealings – Safety procedures – Rules/regulations governing JMC – Time management – Grievance redressal system – Basics of public dealings – Safety procedures – Rules/regulations governing JMC – Time management – Human resources management – Basics of water resource management and issues facing water sector in India. – Principles of Financial Management including tariff restructuring – Project formulation and appraisal Technical – O&M of WTPs and distribution network – Leakage detection and control – Record keeping – Metering – Overview of water supply – Basics of design – Basics of equipment O&M – Water balance estimation and auditing.4 Training modules Level Module Policy and institutional Operating level Supervisory level Managerial level – Policy and institutional frameworks for delivery of WATSAN services including various forms of PPP’s. – Importance/concepts of WDM – Tendering for technical works – Preparation of DPRs (project formulation and appraisal) – Project planning and control (Use of PERT/CPM) Financial management – NA – Basics of financial management – Accounting systems – Procurement IT (Information technology) – Basics of computers (wherever applicable) – Basics of computers – MS–office – Database management – Basics of financial management – Accounting system – Budgeting – Principles of tariff restructuring – Basics of computers – MS–office Database management including GIS – Modeling tools for distribution optimisation and demand assessment – Management information systems Environmental management – Environmental issues – Environmental issues related to water supply.Table 7. – Basic course in environmental assessment – Environmental issues related to water supply. which should include the use of both PLA (Participatory learning appraisals) tools and mass media to create awareness among the consumers about the problems stemming from illegal withdrawal of water. The municipal corporation needs to take punitive actions for those indulging in any kind of water theft. To tackle the above issues. The awareness campaign must also involve the local councillors and the RWAs.– Awareness campaign: An awareness campaign must precede any such initiative. Incentives. Enhanced consumer awareness shall also help GMC in getting greater co-operation from the consumer and build a better understanding of their needs. it is imperative that the reform program includes a component of IEC (Information. Medium term In the medium term. a strict enforcement on part of GMC is a must. It is very important that all necessary information is provided to the public regarding the regularization policy and the procedures should be simple so as to encourage people to regularize connections. – Regularization of connections: Detailed formats and guidelines should be developed. It is thus essential to involve stakeholders such as academia. This shall also build awareness on the costs borne by GMC in water treatment and supply to household and hence create a willingness to pay among consumers. This shall encourage the councillors to play an active role in the regularization drive. It is thus ensured that all areas with major concentration of illegal connections are provided with adequate water supply through augmentation of the network. prominent NGOs and independent experts in the project preparation and build consensus on the reform agenda. Such a scenario leads to water wastages. on lines similar to the electricity sector. resident welfare associations. It may further be necessary to build a consensus among the various stakeholders on the reform programme that GMC may embark upon. Connections may be regularized by paying a nominal fees. It is therefore necessary to build consumer awareness on water use and conservation. or 1. Education and Communication). Education and the involvement of the general consumer is also an important aspect of any WDM strategy. discussed and disseminated before a regularization drive is initiated.4. Further simple procedures and transparency would ensure that more people come forward for regularization of connections. 7. in the form of financial awards and recognition. A well-designed IEC campaign should thus be launched which aims at delivering certain key messages to the consumers such as: – Key issues plaguing water supply services and the need for reforms – Water stress in the country and the need for conservation – Rainwater harvesting: Need and approach – Need to pay for water – Need for metering and the procedures involved – Regularization of connections 97 . It has also been observed that water is considered more as a social good rather than an economic good.5 times the charges for a new connection. Lessons may be drawn from the electricity sector in this aspect. which further leads to a communication gap between the consumers and the corporation as the feedback mechanism is completely absent.8 Consumer awareness One of the key challenges facing GMC is the low level of satisfaction amongst the consumers regarding the services provided by GMC. Awareness on water conservation is also minimal. which would motivate users to conserve water. Media should also be included extensively in such a process of consensus building. low willingness to pay and a poor perception of service provider. which may be same. Obstacles Political support and community awareness are key to success of any such drive. may be instituted for wards with no illegal connections. – Provision of adequate and safe dirking water: In most cases the community resorts to illegal connections when adequate water supply is not available. The users should realize the economic cost of water and start developing a habit to pay for the water consumed by them. 4. Step3: Modify the strategy incorporating the suggestions received in Step 1 and 2 above. pamphlets. It is suggested that a two-pronged approach is adopted for such a campaign involving the use of mass media tools on one hand and a direct interaction with the community groups through involvement of NGOs to inform the community on various aspects of WDM. 98 . This may pose problems in selecting the most appropriate media for dissemination of information. Bringing different stakeholders on a common platform will also be challenging assignment.8. • 7. Figure 7. documentaries.8.– Water conservation at household level – Avoiding water leakages before and after the property line etc. academia. Figure 7. NGOs.4.4. Step 4: Design IEC campaign for general public. Step2: Identify and map various stakeholders such as RWAs.7 gives a framework for an IEC strategy for water demand management.2 Approach to IEC campaign It is suggested that a step-by-step approach to IEC may be followed as given below: • • • • Step1: Inform and build consensus among the GMC employees on the need for reforms and take feedback. researchers. 7.7 Framework for IEC strategy Source: UNICEF 2004 7.8. banners etc may also be developed for IEC.3 Obstacles in implementation Current levels of awareness on the subject are minimal. media etc and inform about the program through workshops/stakeholder consultations. In addition it is also recommended that RWAs and municipal councilors be motivated to act as ambassadors for WDM.1 IEC strategy The IEC strategy should necessary look at informing various sets of consumers and bringing about a behavioral change towards water demand management. Step 5: Roll out IEC campaign in a phased manner. Exhibitions. .4.1 Functions of a regulator The existing water department is highly monopolistic in nature with no competition from any private player in the sector and having the sole responsibility for providing safe drinking water in the city.2 Other salient features The following principles need to be kept in mind while designing the regulatory framework.6) for this purpose.4.9. The role of a regulator is bound to change once the sector. Its core functions should include: • • • • • • • • • • • • Price Control Promotion of Operating efficiency Service standard specification and monitoring Control of externalities Maintenance of public good functions Ensure asset serviceability over time Ensure development of essential infrastructure Control over powers to manipulate land values/ land speculation Controls over unfair trading practices Safety net regulations Promote water use efficiency Ensure responsiveness to final customer needs Its advisory role should include providing information to the government and advising the ministries on issues of importance or whenever the regulator's advice is requested. regulatory and service provision functions. An independent regulatory body for setting up of tariffs and ensuring service levels has successfully been used in other infrastructure sectors and it may be worth exploring the possibility of an independent regulator at state level (Box 7. 7.4. or various segments in the sector. the tariff setting function of a regulator may become 'light' or be 'forbearing'. there is a need to delineate the regulator's role given the degree of competitiveness in the sector. 7. to ensure regulatory independence and to balance the interests of various stakeholders: • • • • • • • Autonomy of the regulator Transparency and encouraging stakeholder involvement Predictability through well defined criteria for decision making and review of standards Flexibility by being open to alternative regulatory tools Consultative through consultation with all stakeholders for encouraging commitment and a better understanding of the implications of the proposed action Independence through representatives from the private industry and academic or research institutions along with Judge of High Court or Member UPSC in the Selection Committee. These functions could evolve over the path of transition of the economy from state of control to liberalized competition. The section below brings out the possible role for a regulator and the key features of the same.7. the regulatory authority is expected to have the following functions. levy of fees on the licensees Accountability through independent review and assessment of the regulatory body against the specific objectives and an appeal mechanism in relation to the regulatory decisions 99 . However a detailed feasibility of any such initiative needs to be carried out. In such a circumstance.9 Regulation It is proposed that in the long run GMC may consider separating the policy formulation.9. For example. setting up of a Regulatory Commission Fund funded by grants/ loans by Govt. Thus. in a competitive market. undergoes changes from a monopolistic to a competitive structure. – Coordination with other regulators for environmental regulation. a Maharashtra Water and Waste Water Regulatory Commission (MWRC) has been established.6 Setting up of Maharashtra Water Regulatory Commission Based on the recommendations of the Sukthankar Committee. Regulation related to tariff setting are as follows o Tariff setting should ensure a fair charge to customers in relation to services consumed and the commercial viability of the providers. the following four interrelated factors play an important role in the achievements made by the private players: • • • The form of private involvement (Table 7. hidden subsidy transfers. Also. provide incentives for or to directly control private sector behaviour. in association with one or more local bodies or other agencies such as the MJP and the MIDC. It is thus proposed that a detailed survey of the water sector in the State is undertaken before a decision on the type of regulator as well as the exact functions and features of a regulator are defined. the range of its operations etc. market tools etc. MJP. 7. especially related to drinking water quality and wastewater disposal standards. financial investments and expenses. especially consumer councils. The scope of private participation to yield performance improvements will partly depend upon the way the Municipal Corporation is functioning presently.10 Public Private Partnership Arrangements Public Private Partnership is widely looked upon as a solution to the failure of publicly owned and managed utilities. such as recovering costs for desired service levels. other service agencies such as MIDC. It is important to mention here that a regulator is not feasible to be set-up at the city level.Box 7. o The MWRC should establish mandatory guidelines and principles. 2. It should conduct regular reviews of the tariffs set by local bodies and over time as more information becomes available it should develop yardsticks to measure progress. – Issue and regulation of licenses to the proposed CWSEs.) employed to influence.4 gives the details of the available models of Public-Private Partnerships). It is however important to note that the involvement of private sector in the water sector is an exceptionally difficult tasks. in the sector after following a transparent procedure. it can be taken as a model for setting up a water regulator in Madhya Pradesh. The MWRC will issue licenses to all new entrants.4. which has recently been established and is also the first regulator set-up in the water sector in India.this includes its technical and managerial competence.6 describes the Maharashtra Water Regulatory Commission. The MWRC is proposed to set up or strengthen consumer councils that can articulate consumer demands and preferences and provide them capacity building support. The post-privatization regulatory regime. Box: 7. and private sector entities). including private operators. such consultation must be backed up by timely provision of relevant information to the public about existing service levels.this would include all the continuing roles of the public sector and the institutions (contracts. To make the new regulation and tariff setting more responsive to community needs and willingness. CWSEs. The MWRC is also proposed to set up an effective public consultation process for licensing and tariff determination. – Collection and dissemination of sector information to enable the MWRC to establish good regulations and to assist different interest groups. It is important. Thus. – Economic regulation of tariffs to be charged by the service providers (local bodies. To be meaningful. regulatory agencies. to help tariffs gradually move toward this goal. The type of private company involved. which impedes public sector operations. laws. to recognize improprieties by the local water supply entities. to understand that private sector involvement cannot of itself and by itself remove many of the barriers to efficiency. the new entity should initiate a process for effective community participation. The key functions of the Maharashtra Water Regulatory Commission (MWRC) would be the following: – Regulation of the quality of service being provided by local bodies and to be provided by the licensed entities. City and Industrial Corporation. 1. The following characteristics of the water sector make the involvement of the private companies a particularly challenging venture: 100 . however. etc. For GMC. It is however recommended that a detailed study should be undertaken to study and identify the role of private sector in water supply in Gwalior before taking a decision on the type of partnership that would be suitable in the long run. involvement of the private sector is envisaged in billing. water treatment plants. collection and leak detection and repair.Operate-Transfer Concession Asset Ownership Public Public Public Private (bulk services) Public O&M Public and Private Private Private Private Capital Investment Private Public Public Private Private Commercial Risk Public Public Shared Private Private Duration 1-2 Years 3-5 Years 8-15 Years 20-30 Years 25-30 Years Examples Chile (Santiago) India (Chennai) Gaza Trinidad and Tobago Guinea (17 cities) Poland (Gdansk) Malaysia (Johor) Australia (Sydney) Argentina (Buenos Aires) Cote d’Ivoire Philippines (Manila) England and Wales Divestiture Private Private Private Private Indefinite 101 .1 Building new infrastructure Private Sector involvement for building of new infrastructure ranging from construction of pump houses.10. the crucial relationship between water infrastructure and urban/economic development.6 International examples of options for private sector participation and allocation of responsibilities Option Service Contract Management Contract Lease Build. Feasibility of management contracts/BOOT arrangements for operation and management of water treatment plants and distribution networks may however be explored. The highly capital intensive nature of the sector and the over-whelming presence of sunk costs. It is also recommended that an incentive based approach should be used for involving the private sector since it would improve the services provided by the private sector party. should be preferred as the GMC is not equipped to carry out such a task and building capacity for each task is financially not feasible.10.5.3 Maintenance of existing infrastructure It is proposed that contracts could be given out to Private parties for maintenance of pump houses and water treatment plants. Instead. It is important to realize that the choice of public-private arrangements would constantly change over time. Thus. the privatization of assets is not recommended under the present circumstances. but this should be considered only in the short and medium term. certain recommendations for private sector involvement are proposed below. no specific long term strategies are proposed. 7.10.• • • • • The level of natural monopoly and the lack of substitute products The public and merit goods supplied by the sector Since there are a number of agencies involved with water supply. 7. The multipurpose and hydraulically interconnected nature of the water resource itself. it is proposed that Private sector should be involved in building the infrastructure and capacity building of the MC. Internationally existing options which may be considered for evolving the Public Private relation in Gwalior are given in Table 7. expanding the IT infrastructure or GIS mapping etc. Table 7.. For this. which increase private-sector risks. Separate contracts could be given out for repairing and replacing of pipelines wherever required. 7.2 Management of Services Involvement of Private Sector for management of services is recommended only in the short and medium run. On the basis of this discussion. 1000 crore at present) – O&M contract to consortium of Mahindra & Mahindra+United Utilities International North West Water +Bechtel – Attained financial closure with 10% stake by LIC & GIC. ICICI. Preussag + Tata Projects Hyundai + Sundram Chemicals Hanjin + Krupp and Zoom Development Group – Political Risk – work re–tendered at RfP level Pune Water Supply and Sewerage Project • BOOT arrangement for sourcing 500 mld water. Operation & Maintenance of 70 by private sector Sourcing of water in 7 wells through private sector Construction of 300 mld Water Treatment Plant by – M/s Hindustan Dorr Oliver Ltd. – Establishment of two Tertiary Water Treatment Plants (of total 60 mld capacity) with HUDCO assistance – Private Sector (Industries) to undertake laying of feeder mains – envisages provision of 500 mld of water to the city on a BOT basis with estimated project cost is Rs. Good Governance India and Former Chairman and Managing Director. And O&M by M/s Richardson Cruddas New Chembarampakkam WTP of 530 mld capacity (over and above the existing 600 mld capacity) – Bid documents for BOT by TCS – HUDCO funding availed Private Sector Participation on the anvil in water supply & Sanitation – Nagpur – Dewas – Kolhapur – Cochin – Vishakhapatnam – Dharwad – Goa – Alandur • • Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWS&DB) for Management Contract in Distribution and O&M Towns Selected for the initiative are – Mysore – Hubli – Dharwad – Mangalore – Gulbarga Source: Presentation on Innovative Infrastructure Financing by V Suresh. Operation and Maintenance.Table 7. Chennai Metro Water • • • • • Out of 119 Sewerage Pumping Stations. Bangalore Water Supply Project • Developed by Pune Municipal Corporation at a estimated project cost of Rs. 800 Crores (US$ 173 M). 392 Crores with HUDCO assistance – Private Sector Participation envisaged in Construction. HUDCO 102 .5 Indian experience in Privatisation of Water Supply & Sanitation Tiruppur Water Supply and Sewerage Project • Implemented through a SPV New Tiruppur Area Development Corporation (NTADC) promoted by – Infrastructure Leasing & Financing Services (IL&FS) – Tiruppur Exporter’s Association (TEA) – Tamil Nadu Corporation for Industrial Infrastructure Development (TACID) • Estimated Project cost – Rs.5 M) later revised to Rs. Director General. 750 crores ($ 187. IDFC and Bank of Maharashtra – Request for proposal sought – Tie–ups: Anglian Water + Trafalgar House & Shirkes Binnie Black + Veatch & Thames Water + L&T Krugger + Generale Des eaux & Shanska Int. Tariff collection – Financial Participation in addition to HUDCO expected from IL&FS. HDFC. 900 Crores at 1998 prices (Rs. Annexures 103 . 104 . 463 15.463 78.0 15.17 15 15 Error % Kilometers 56.1 Aqualibre Water Balance Model System Data Water Undertaking Details Water Undertaking Address Gwalior City Tel Contact person System Pressure Average System Pressuremeters Percentage time pressurised Customer Meters Total Customer Meters Mains Total Trunk Mains Total Distribution Mains Total Mains Connections and Properties Total Number of Units Total Connections Total Properties State Fax Zip e-mail 27.0 15.0 12.8 300.6 Error % 78.0 105 .Annexure 3.0 357 Error % 5.463 78.0 15.50 4. 750 9.0 5.480.165 23.80 30.722.815 1.565 2.990.829.0 279.500 243.0 8.955 36.0 30.0 30.100 9.350 12.981.361.3 25.0 15.6 56.Aqualibre Water Balance Model Name of Water Undertaking Supply Area: Period of Record: Water Balance Units: 365 days cubic meters Gwalior Primary Water Balance System Input: Own Sources Moti Jheel Tubewells System Input: Imported Sources Total System Input Billed Metered Consumption: Domestic Consumers Billed Metered Consumption: Non-Domestic Consumers Archeology Total Billed Metered Billed Unmetered Consumption : Domestic Consumers OHT’s Direct Supplies Billed Metered Consumption: Non-Domestic Consumers Bulk Consumers Total Billed Unmetered Consumption Unbilled Metered Consumption Unbilled Metered Consumption: Domestic Consumers Tankers Standpost Customer Metering Inaccuracies and Data Handling Errors Total Metering Error Data Handling Error Unauthorised Use Illegal Consumption Losses from Storage Facilities Storage Facility Losses Losses by Volume 1.0 20.740.0 9.740.0 5.0 10.900 2.065 5.100 43.739.650.0 240 240 240 31.0 25.732.0 15.600 8.4 56.480.6 10.455 26.990.900 34.815 1.0 106 .0 10.732.80 1.361.241. 2 107 .955 Error % 8.990.361.0 30.795 9.6 10.4 26.480.732.065 279.757.305 21.025 1.6 28.722.80 34.100 21.722.3 30.4 5.4 28.3 Total System Input Water Losses Apparent Losses Real Losses Bulk Storage Leakage and Overflow Revenue Water Non-Revenue Water 56.477.722.Aqualibre Water Balance Model Primary Water Balance Summary Cubic meters Billed Authorised Consumption Billed Metered Consumption Billed Unmetered Consumption Unbilled Authorised Consumption Unbilled Metered Consumption Unbilled Unmetered Consumption Apparent Losses Unauthorised Use Consumption Meter Error 279.361.116.0 30.0 8.815 1.0 8.815 20.305 240 34.0 34.6 30.955 1.361.815 26.840 1. 71 10.732.5 82.116.52 18.0 34.97 15.914.80 17.990.990.5 386.97 15.732.025 Error % 30.Aqualibre Water Balance Model Water Losses Balance Cubic meters Total Real Losses Background Leakage Properties Connections Mains Total Reported Bursts Mains Connections Total Unreported Bursts Mains Connections Total Losses from Storage Facilities Bulk Storage Losses Losses by Volume Total Excess or Hidden Losses 1.4 1.8 20.6 108 .8 82.80 386.52 18.651.147.234.651.147. 0 78.463 Property Line to Meter 78.473 Error % 15.17 1.50 4.0 m^3 Error % 5.40789 Error %15 Error %15 78.8 300.0 Error % 109 .0 357 I/km/hr 15.0 Mains to Property Line Number of Connections Leakage Rate I/connections/hr Connections Leakage m^3 Error Percentage Main Leakage Lenght kilometers Total Trunk Mains Total Distribution Mains Total Total Leakage Total m^3 56.0 15.50 0.463 15.Aqualibre Water Balance Model Background Leakage System Pressure and Supply Factor System Pressure Intermittent Supply Factor Background Pressure Exponent (N1) Pressure Correction Factor Property Leakage Number of Properties Leakage Rate I/property/hr Poperty Leakage m^3 Connection Leakage 27. 50 70.663.1832 m^3/hr 11.48 1.Aqualibre Water Balance Model Burst Leakage Pressures and Supply Factor metres System Trunk Mains Trunk Mains Buests Number Reported Unreported Total Distribution Mains Bursts Number Reported Unreported Total 14.209.83 11.50 0.19 1.0 m^3/hr 1.484.096 Total Bursts Losses m^3/hr 468.24 30.000 4.17 100 Error % 15 N1 Exponent 0.0 60.60 Error % 20.3 Connection Bursts: Mains to Property Line Number Reported Unreported Total Connection Bursts: Property Line to Meter Number Reported Unreported Total Total Bursts: and Losses Number Total Bursts 18.50 Correction Factor 0.0 20.0 25.105.36 51.73 355.799.48 Duration (days) 3.693.0 17.00 Error % 15 15 Supply Factor 4.19 Duration (days) m^3 Error % 110 .0 m^3 62.000 18.19 Duration (days) m^3 Error % m^3/hr 1.0 4.49 Error % 15.442.5 m^3/hr 1.5 m^3 20.89 Error % 20.000 72 24 96 27.0 17.19 1.16 417.74162 1.83 Duration (days) 1. 0 78. Fi38) Percentage System Input by Value Real Losses Basic (IWA Level 1.4 2.9 23.463 261.0 366.4 612.2 15 15 15 Lower Estimate 1.4 224.5 66.4 499.5 23.232 317.8 300.30 23.5 26.694 206.696 Monetary unit System Cost: Lower Estimate Upper Estimate 38.4 3.892.06 59.9 50.230 15.6 95.8 6.0 21.6 4.17 100 78. Fi37) Percentage System Input by Volume Non Revenue Water Basic (IWA Level 1. Op24) I/connection/day when pressurised I/km mains /day Real Losses Intermediate I/connection/day/ m pressure when pressurised I/km mains /day Real Losses Detailed (IWA Level 3. of Service Connections Connection Density (distribution mains) Average System Pressure Average Trunk Pressure Percentage time pressurised .5 106.792.1 4.2 221.8 360.00 4.0 Upper Estimate 2.463 m^3/day 72 6 72 3 153 Monetary unit/m^3 Apparent Loss Cost: Best Estimate Error% 30 5.1 54 255 66.0 Error % 15.Aqualibre Water Balance Model Performance Indicators Base Data Used in Calculations Average pipe length from street edge meter Lenght of trunk mains Lenght of Distribution mains No.Trunk Mains Number of Accounts Unavoidable Annual Real Losses On Trunk Mains On Distribution Mains On service connections to street boundary On service connections to street edge to meter Total unavoidable real losses Cost of Running the System Real Loss Cost: Performance Indicators Non Revenue Water Basic (IWA Level 1.198.0 90.50 56.54 27.0 15. Op25) Infrastructure Leakage Index Value 1.0 15.8 858.1 16.System Percentage time pressurised .13 111 .405.8 100.844.21 10.0 60 345 90.8 16.5 100.0 21.505.045.50 70.142.115.467.765.03 80.572.5 31.6 36. No.1 a Months# (by the end of) #1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 112 Activity schedule for Metering of Bulk flows (as per proposed Implementation plan for short term) (Bulk management meters and Bulk revenue meters) S. V notches and level gauges at select locations** 3 Preparing a comprehensive list of bulk consumers and industrial consumers 4 Initiating the process to install bulk revenue meters on inlets of identified bulk consumers and industrial consumers 5 Refining the MIS for recording and analysis of flow 6 Installation of bulk management meters at identified locations*** 7 Preparing (and making available) guidelines for procurement and installation of bulk revenue meters to the bulk and industrial consumers 8 Monitoring and documentation of water flows 9 Capacity building of staff on flow metering. calibration and upkeep or records 10 Installation of V notches and level gauges 11 Installation of bulk revenue meters at inlet of bulk consumers and industrial consumers 12 Installation of bulk management meters at remaining locations 13 Inspection of bulk revenue meters and Calibration of all installed meters # wef a decided zero date * It is recommended that all locations for first and second phase be identified during this activity and preferably marked on a GIS map ** with a condition to extend it on the same terms and conditions *** This could be split in two sub phases (Phase I to install 30-50% of the bulk meters and study their performance. 1 Identifying exact locations for installation of bulk meters.Annexure 5. V-notches and level gauges on the entire supply scheme* 2 Tendering process for procurement (and installation) of bulk meters. Phase II to install bulk meters at the remaining locations) *** Bulk meter supplier could be asked to install and calibrate/maintain the flow meter . Activity 1 Identifying pilot areas for installation of domestic meters*$ 2 Initiating dialogue with RWAs of these pilot areas and creating consumer awareness 3 Identifying properties in each pilot area for installation of domestic meters 4 Initiating dialogue with different manufacturers/suppliers of domestic consumer meters** for pilot assessment of metering and different meters 5 Updating the list of domestic consumers and Refining the MIS for recording and analysis of flow 6 Preparing plan for installation of meters and protocol on performance monitoring schedule for assessment of meters 7 Installation of domestic consumer meters at the identified locations*** 8 Assessment of flows.Annexure 5. water auditing and performance measurement of the installed meters 9 Discussion of results with experts and RWAs 10 Finalizing guidelines for domestic consumers on the procurement.No.1 b Months# (by the end of) #1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Activity schedule for Domestic metering (as per proposed Implementation plan for short term) S. CWRPS and IDEMI 113 . installation and maintenance/calibration of meters (based on experience of BMC) 11 Deciding terms for charging the fixed cost of domestic meters and the tariff plan for consumers having domestic meters 12 Modifying existing MIS for bill generation (to be based on meter reading) # wef a decided zero date $ should ideally begin once bulk meters have been installed ** From the list of manufacturers approved by different agencies like FCRI. 114 Months# (end of) #1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Annexure 5. Strategies to be Implemented 1 Collecting all existing maps 2 Creation of all existing maps on a GIS database 3 Field survey of Transmission networks using GPS and updation of all details* 4 Field Survey of Distribution networks of pilot study area by Engineers using GPS and updation of all details 5 Creation of GIS department 6 Capacity building of the staff and changes in MIS system 7 Integrating details like revenue generation at ward level and other administrative information in the developed database as an attribute information $ 8 Integration with consumer MIS $ # wef a decided zero date * Including locations of proposed bulk metering infrastructure $ This activity shall extend to the medium term .1 c Activity schedule for developing GIS database (as per proposed Implementation plan for short term) S. No. Annexure 5. Strategies to be Implemented 1 Identifying team for leakage detection 2 Capacity building of the staff in leak detection 3 Identifying different pilot distribution areas (representative of the pipe infrastructure) 4 Undertaking leakage assessment in transmission network and analysis 5 Repairing leakages in transmission mains 6 Identifying and repairing leakages in representative Pilot Study areas 7 IIdentifying and repairing leakages in pump houses 8 Revamping the existing system for passive leakage control 9 Establishment of Private call centre for reporting leak complaints 10 Documentation of all types of leakage and its location in GIS map 11 Identifying more areas (in different wards) for future leakage assessment exercise* # wef a decided zero date * Based on observations and experience from the exercise undertaken in pilot areas 115 .1 d Activity schedule for Active and Passive leakage control (as per proposed Implementation plan for short term) Months# (end of) #1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 S. No. No. Strategies to be Implemented 1 Modernising existing system for tanker filling (installing meters and devices so as to avoid wastages in filling) 2 Improving the condition of all tankers to avoid spillages and deterioration in quality 3 Consumer awareness of small pipe network system 4 Introducing small pipe networks or water kiosks for Tanker supplied areas 5 Phasing out tankers and other supply system and installation of piped water supplies from main supplies keeping tankers supplies only during emergency # wef a decided zero date .116 Months# (by the end of) #1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Annexure 5.1 e Activity schedule for Alternative supply means (as per proposed Implementation plan for short term) S. Mechanical meters are used for pipe size up to 500 mm. Electromagnetic meters are normally used for larger pipe diameters since these are financially viable than mechanical meters above a size of 300 mm diameter.Management of the system (Bulk management meters): Bulk management meters are used to measure flow at critical points in the network to establish a water balance. Bulk meter: Water meters having sizes 50 mm and above (BIS 2373: 1981) are considered to be the bulk meters. . These meters could further be divided as single jet and multi jet and Woltman or helical type. Multi jet meters have the advantage that they are less sensitive to the flow disturbances and can sustain hostile flow conditions. 1994 and 50 mm to 800 mm as per ISO 4064. These meters are suitable for higher flows and are provided with external as well as internal regulators. Inferential meters: Also known as velocity meters or turbine meters. They are available in sizes ranging from 15 mm to 800mm. It also helps to establish the total water losses in a network. The pressure loss is also minimum. In addition. Woltman or helical type: These meters are available from 50 mm to 500 mm as per BIS 779. However accuracy is less in larger meters. However. These meters could be made of brass or bronze and are available in Class ‘A’ and ‘B’ in IS: 779:1994. The single jet meters are cheapest and less complicated. as external regulator is not available. a. but they are more costly than the single jet meters and the pressure loss is also more than the single jet meters. These meters are not available in classes in IS. They are sensitive to flow disturbances and require specialized calibration. b. Irrespective of the advantages the single jet meters have some disadvantages too. Domestic Meter: Water meters having sizes from 15 mm to 50 mm as per the BIS 779: 1994 are considered to be the domestic meter. which measures the velocity of flow from which the discharge is measured. which facilitates easy calibration. According to the IS codes on the basis of consumer category the water meters may be divided into: a. Types of water meters A water utility would essentially be using two meters for two purposes: . They may be used for revenue purposed for both domestic and bulk connections. They are provided with external regulator.Annexure 5.2a Water Meters Flow measurement is of paramount importance to water utilities from a management perspective and revenue perspective. These are the meters. The operational details of various types of meters are described in sections below: On the basis of operating principle the water meters can be classified as inferential or semi positive. Figure 1 below gives the various types of meters used in water utilities. the utility may also use potable ultrasonic flow meters for taking instantaneous logging and also for the purpose of carrying out audits. • • 117 . as above that the accuracy of bulk management meters is not very good. • Single jet: Single jet meters are available from 15mm to 300mm as per IS 779:1994 and 15mm to 100mm as per ISO 4064. Bulk management meters generally used are either mechanical types or electromagnetic types. They are robust meters and also the pressure loss is minimum. These meters have flanged connections and are usually made of steel or cast iron.Revenue meters: Revenue meters most commonly used are the turbine meters. Multi jet: The multi jet meters are available from 15mm to 300mm as per ISO 4064. domestic meters are also supplied in Class C and Class D in many places across the world. From a management perspective flow measurement is the most important tool for planning and optimisation of any water network while on the revenue side metering is important to ensure the consumers pay according to the consumption. Semi-positive meters: Semi-positive meters are the meters.Figure 1 Types of flow meters b. Pistons/ oval gears/nutating disk etc. Open channel or flumes are designed to convey water from source like dams. treatment plants. Table 1 shows the different types of metering systems for measuring bulk flows: Table 1 Different types of metering systems Type Closed channels Differential pressure meters Positive displacement meters Velocity meters Open channels Weirs and flumes Subtypes Orifice/venturi tubes/variable area meters etc. V-notch etc. as the failure of the rotating part causes the failure of water flow from the meter thereby stopping the water supply. which volumetrically records practically close to zero flow of the water that has passed through. Electromagnetic/ultrasonic etc. Usually these meters are not suitable for the Indian conditions. Closed conduit or pipes are designed to convey water under pressure. 118 . Open channels are constructed where the water is to be supplied though gravity. with a small unavoidable leakage. rivers to farms. etc. Pipes are used for transmitting and distributing water under pressure from the treatment plants to the city. It is recommended to install such meters at places where the water supply is free from solid impurities. Types of metering systems for measuring bulk flows There are two types of water transporting systems: Open channel and close channel/pipes. Most velocity type meter housings are equipped with flanges or fittings to permit them to be connected directly into pipelines. measuring the flow of water and a wide range of other electrically conductive liquids. which can be fitted to existing pipelines. The measurement of liquid flows in open channels generally involves weirs and flumes. This law states that the magnitude of the voltage induced in a conductive medium moving through a magnetic field and at right angles to the field is directly proportional to the product of the strength of the magnetic flux density (B).Numerous types of bulk flow meters are available for closed piping systems. into the flowing liquid. oval-gear. and sonic designs. The degree of the Doppler Shift is proportional to the forward velocity of the flowing liquid. from clean liquids to slurries No pressure drop Operating Principle: The Ultrasonic Doppler Shift Flow Meter employs a non-invasive piezoelectric transducer. The Doppler meter is frequently used as a “clamp on” device. and the path length (L) between the probes. E= Voltage generated in a conductor V= Velocity of the moving conductor B= Strength of the magnetic field L= length of the conductor path (distance between probes) b. a. pitot tubes. • Doppler meters With Doppler meters. including: – Quick. 119 . target meters and variable area meters. an ultrasonic pulse is beamed into the pipe and reflected by inclusions. E = constant x B x L x V Where. Positive displacement meters include pistons. positive displacement and velocity meters. including corrosives. This signal is reflected from suspended particles. handheld or clamped on the outside surface of a full pipe. In general. Ultrasonic Flow Meters The Ultrasonic technologies in general use for closed piping applications are Doppler and transit time. Operating Principle: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction is the underlying principle of operation for magnetic flow meters. electromagnetic. such as air or dirt. Velocity meters consist of turbine. bubbles or eddies and relayed to second receiver transducer (or a second receiving piezoelectric crystal within the same transducer). Velocity meters These instruments operate linearly with respect to the volume flow rate. the velocity of the medium (V). slurries and sludge in closed pipe systems. the equipment can be classified as differential pressure. easy setup – Permanent or temporary flow measurement – No need to break into piping – No production downtime – No wetted parts to plug up flow passage – Complete chemical compatibility Measures a wide range of flowing media. nutating-disk. flow tubes. 1. and rotary-vane types. Electromagnetic Flow Meters Magnetic flow meters have been commercially available since the mid 1950’s. venturi tubes. flow nozzles. elbow-tap meters. to transmit a continuous single frequency ultrasound through the pipe wall. The meter’s microprocessor compares frequency shift (Doppler Effect) between the transmitted and returned signal. Differential pressure devices (also known as head meters) include orifices. The noninvasive flow sensing capability of these meters provided by their “clamp-on” transducer offers a variety of advantages. Turbine rotation can be detected by solid-state devices (reluctance. inductance. Paddle Wheel Flow Meters Using paddle wheel type probes is one of the least expensive ways of measuring liquid flow in larger pipes (up to 12 in. ii.e. The liquid velocity (V) inside the pipe can be related to the difference in time of flight (dt) through the following equation: V = K*D*dt. located in the flow stream. physically separate the fluid into increments. a differential in the times of flight will occur. The rotation of the paddle wheel can be detected magnetically or optically. Transit Time Transit Time Flow Meters (as shown in Figure 1) feature the most advanced non-invasive flow measurement technology available. lined pipes and concrete pipes block the ultrasonic signal. where K is a constant and D is the distance between the transducers. Energy to drive these parts is extracted from 120 . It consists of a multi-bladed rotor mounted at right angles to the flow and suspended in the fluid stream on a free-running bearing. the turbine flow meter is an accurate and reliable flow meter for both liquids and gases. Since sound energy in a Figure 1 Transit moving liquid is carried faster when it travels in the direction of fluid flow (downstream) than it does when it travels against fluid flow (upstream). This imbalance causes the paddle to rotate at a speed proportional to the velocity of the flowing media. elbows). The sound’s time of flight is accurately measured in both directions and the difference in time of flight calculated. The flow meter operates by alternately transmitting and receiving a frequency modulated burst of sound energy between the two transducers. 2. and its speed of rotation is proportional to the volumetric flow rate.Conventional ultrasonic Doppler technology can effectively measure flowing liquids containing suspended particles or entrained gases (air) larger than 30 microns size. However. The diameter of the rotor is very slightly less than the inside diameter of the metering chamber. or 305mm) as shown in Figure 2. Operating Principle: The Transit Time Flow Meter utilizes two transducers. capacitive and Hall-effect pick-ups) or by mechanical sensors (gear or magnetic drives). Positive displacement liquid meters Positive displacement meters split the flow of liquids into separate known volumes based on the physical dimensions of the meter. and count them or totalize them.. These meters provide a low cost system with unsurpassed accuracy and versatility. steel. The burst is first transmitted in the direction of fluid flow and then against fluid flow. d. The non-invasive transducers can effectively transmit signals through PVC. Operating Principle: In paddle wheel flow meters. either by passing isolated. in concentrations greater than 25 PPM. the paddle wheel (rotor Figure 2 Paddle with rotary vaned blades) is perpendicular to the flow path. known volumes of a fluid through a series of gears or chambers (positive displacement. which function as both ultrasonic transmitters and receivers. and the different manufacturers offer these probes in plastic and metallic materials. Turbine meters Invented by Reinhard Woltman in the 18th century. The rotor’s axis is positioned to limit contact between the paddles and the flowing media to less than 50% of the rotational cycle. not parallel as in the traditional turbine-type flow meter. Some enhanced Doppler designs can measure cleaner liquids (with fewer and/or smaller discontinuities) by sensing the turbulent swirls and eddies in the flow stream induced by non-symmetrical pipe configuration (i. iron and glass pipe walls. Mechanical flow meters Mechanical flow meters measure flow using an arrangement of moving parts. They are mechanical meters in that one or the other moving parts. or PD) or by means of a spinning turbine or rotor. i. At this position. Operating Principle: Incoming liquid (upstream pressure) exerts a pressure differential against the (upstream end) lower face of oval gear A. This part fits into and divides the metering chamber into four volumes. Magnets. and for each cycle to display a volume equal to the volume of the metering chamber minus the volume of the disk assembly. low maintenance rotary vane impeller-type measuring mechanism. Meanwhile. a. Nutating-disk meters This meter also known as disk meter is used extensively for residential water service. the flow rate is proportional to the rotational speed of the gears. Therefore. these meters provide reliable. This pattern is continuously repeated moving four times the liquid capacity of each cavity with each revolution of the rotating gears. The end of the axial pin.the flow stream and shows up as pressure loss between the inlet and outlet of the meter. For this reason meter accuracy tends to increase as size increases. a predetermined quantity of liquid has again filled the cavity between oval gear B and the flow meter body. The streams are further channeled. activate a microprocessor or Hall Effect Pickup to transmit the internal motion (rotational count) to a usable output signal. which separates the fluid into increments. It is built for small pipe sizes. consists of an assembly of a radially slotted disk with an integral ball bearing and an axial pin. The general accuracy of these meters is dependent upon minimizing clearances between the moving and the stationary parts and maximizing length of this leakage path. two above the disk on the inlet side and two below the disk on the outlet side. c. Operating Principle: Rotary vane meters are manufactured in several designs. the flowing liquid enters the cavity between oval gear B and the flow meter body wall. Liquid enters the cylindrical measuring chamber and is forced to separate into two equal streams. upstream pressure continues to force the two oval gears to rotate to position 3. are used to open and close a reed switch output signal. In this second position. As the liquid attempts to flow through the meter. Designed with minimum moving parts. oval-gear. b. travelling in a 360° loop. which moves in a circular motion. and rotary vane types. drives a cam that is connected to a gear train and the totalizing register. by the special configuration of the Figure 4 Rotary 121 . nutating-disk. The positive displacement meters include piston. imbedded in each end of the rotating oval gears. trouble free operation (shown in Figure 4). Oval Gear Flow Meters A special variety of the rotating lobe flow meter is the oval-geared metering elements as shown in Figure 3. This flow meter has an accuracy of about ±1 to 2%. while an equal volume of liquid simultaneously passes out of the cavity between oval gear A and the flow meter body wall. the pressure drop from inlet to outlet causes the disk to wobble. causing the two interlocked oval gears to rotate to position 2. or nutate. but the principle of operation is identical for all of these meters. The moving assembly. Rotary Vane Flow Meters These meters use the well-established. The units were developed primarily to measure liquids with low Reynolds numbers. An orifice is simply a flat piece of metal with a specific sized hole bored in it. In practice. These dual flow streams are recombined into a single stream at the meter outlet. Metering accuracy of all orifice flow meters depends on the installation conditions. Acting as the primary device. Therefore. Each impeller rotation is mechanically tabulated and displayed by the meter register. The rotary impeller is connected to the meter register by a magnetic d3rive assembly. Conical orifice plates have an upstream bevel. but eccentric. The most commonly used types include: • • • • • • • • • • • • Venturi Nozzle Pivot-static Tube Elbow Wedge V-cone Spring-loaded Variable Aperture Laminar Flow Element Dall Tube Elliot-Nathan Flow Tube Dall Orifice Epiflo Other newer designs include: Operating Principle: In general. differential pressure flow meters feature a restriction in the cross sectional area of the flow path that causes a differential pressure to be developed between two points in the flow path. the differential pressure technology also includes the widest variety of subcategories. 3. Most orifice are concentric type. or types. Essentially constant flow coefficients can be maintained at R-values below 5000. The primary element causes a change in kinetic energy. Differential pressure flow meters. have a primary and secondary element.measuring chamber. the orifice plate is installed in the pipe between the two flanges. into a series of vortices which cause the rotary vaned impeller to rotate in direct proportion to the flow rate. Pressure taps on either side of the plate are used to detect the difference. like most flow meters. Major advantages of the orifice are that they have no moving parts and their cost does not increase significantly with the pipe size. the orifice constricts the flow of liquid to produce a differential pressure across the plate. The difference in pressure between the upstream and downstream points of measurement is caused by a change in fluid flow velocity. conical (quadrant) and segmental designs are also available. the most commonly used. In addition to the orifice plate flow meter. Conical and quadrant orifice are relatively new. the depth and angle of which must be calculated and machined foe each application. and the physical properties of the liquid being measured. Differential Pressure Flow Metering Technology Differential pressure type flow meters have been the most widely applied technology of all the flow measurement technologies available. the orifice area ratio. The flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure differential and extracting the square root. a. Orifices: Orifices are the most popular liquid flow meters in use today. which creates the differential pressure in the pipe. the basic operating principle of differential pressure flow meters is based on the premise that the pressure drop across the meter is proportional to the square of the flow rate. The secondary element measures the differential pressure and provides the signal or read out that is converted to the actual flow value. 122 . b. Venturi tubes have the advantage of being able to handle large flow volumes at low pressure drops. A venturi tube is essentially a section of pipe with a tapered entrance and a straight throat. As liquid passes through the throat, its velocity increases, causing a pressure differential between the inlet and the outlet regions. These flowmeters have no moving parts and can be installed in large diameter pipes using flanged, welded or threaded-end fittings. Four or more pressure taps are usually installed with the unit to average the measured pressure. Venturi tubes can be used with most liquids, including those having high solids content. c. Flow tubes: Flow tubes are somewhat similar to venture tubes except that they do not have the entrance cone. They have a tapered throat, but the exit is elongated and smooth. The distance between the front face and the tip is approximately one half the pipe diameter. Pressure taps are located about one half pipe diameter downstream and one half pipe diameter upstream. d. Flow nozzles: Flow nozzles at high velocities, can handle approximately 60 percent greater liquid flow than orifice plates having the same pressure drop. e. Pitot tubes: Pitot tubes sense two pressure simultaneously, impact and static. The impact unit consists of a tube with one end bent at right angles towards the flow direction. The static tube’s end is closed, but a small slot is located in the side of the unit. The tubes can be mounted separately in a pipe or combined in a small casing. Pitot tubes are generally installed by welding a coupling on a pipe and inserting the probe through the coupling. Use of most pitot tubes is limited to single point measurements. The units are susceptible to plugging by foreign materials in the liquid. Advantages of pitot tubes are: low cost, absence of moving parts, easy installation and minimum pressure drop. f. Elbow meters: Elbow meters operate on the principle that when liquid travels in a circular path, centrifugal force is exerted along the outer edges. Thus, when a liquid flow through a pipe elbow, the force on the elbow’s interior surface is proportional to the density of the liquid times the square of its velocity. In addition, the force is inversely proportional to the elbow’s radius. A 90 deg. pipe elbow can serve as a liquid flow meter g. Target meters: Target meters sense and measure forces caused by liquid impacting on a target or drag- disk suspended in the liquid stream. A direct indication of the liquid flow rate is achieved by measuring the force exerted on the target. In other words, the meter consists only of a hinged, swinging plate that moves outward, along with the liquid stream. In such cases the device serves as a flow indicator. h. Variable Area Flow Meters: Variable area flow meters are offered primarily as reliable, low-cost in-line visual flow rate indicators with adequate versatility to monitor a wide range of industrial liquids and gases. These simple in-line flow meters utilize the time-tested variable area technology, in which the velocity of the flowing fluid forces the (free moving) float, or piston to shift position, increasing or decreasing the size of the opening (variable area) to allow the fluid to pass. The variable area flow meter is also a head-type flow sensor, but it does not measure the pressure drop across a fixed orifice; instead, the pressure drop is held relatively constant and the orifice area is varied to match the flow. In gravity type variable area flow meters, increasing flow lifts the float, piston, or vane and it’s the weight of these flow elements that have to be balanced by the kinetic energy of the flowing stream. These units can only operate in vertical position. When the lifting of the float, piston or vane is resisted by the spring instead of gravity, the meter can be installed in any position. There are three types of flow meters: Rotameter, Orifice/Tapered Plug Meters and Piston-type), using the variable area metering principle. i) Rotameter: Rotameters are popular choices for low flow measurement due to their low cost, simplicity, low pressure drop, relatively wide rangeability, and linear output. Rotameters are available which transmit pneumatic, electronic, or time pulse signals or provides recording, totalising and control functions. Operating Principle: The Rotameter contains a float that is free to move vertically, within a tapered conical flow tube. As the flowing media moves upward through the annular area between the float and the expanding (tapered) metering tube, the float is lifted to a level of equilibrium at which the weight of the float is equal to the upward force of the fluid. The vertical rise (distance) of the float is proportional to the change in flow rate. 123 The flow rate is indicated by visually checking the position of the float against a graduated flow scale, affixed to the outside of the tapered (transparent) tube. ii) Orifice and Tapered Plug Principle This type of flow meter uses a fixed orifice within a vertical meter enclosure. A tapered float (narrow at the bottom) is free to move up and down through the fixed orifice. The flow rate is indicated by observing the position of the float, relative to the orifice. The tapered–plug variable area flowmeter are made with metallic meter bodies and are used on higher pressure applications, where errors of 5 to 10 % full scale can be tolerated. This is a type of variable area flowmeter that operates a piston in a perforated cylinder. iii) Piston-type Flow Metering Principle The EH55 Series Piston-type Variable Area Flow Meter uses a sharp-edged annular orifice, formed between the open-centered piston and a tapered metering cone. The piston is held in a “no flow” position at the base of the tapered cone by a calibrated retention spring. Flow through the meter creates a differential pressure across the piston orifice, moving the piston against the spring. The greater the volume, the further the piston moves. Externally, the flow indicator ring is magnetically-coupled to the moving piston. A specific line on the indicator ring is visually “read” against a graduated flow scale mounted on the inside of the transparent dust guard. 5. Open channel meters The “open channel” refers to any conduit in which liquid flows with a free surface. Included are tunnels, non pressurized sewers, partially filled pipes, canals, streams, and rivers. Of the many techniques available for monitoring open channel flows, depth related methods are the most common. These techniques presume that the instantaneous flow rate may be determined from a measurement of the water depth, or head. Weirs and flumes are the most widely used primary devices for measuring open channel flows. a. Weirs: Weirs operate on the principle that an obstruction in a channel will cause water to back up, creating a high level (head) behind the barrier. The head is a function of flow velocity, and, therefore, the flow rate through the device. Weirs consist of vertical plates with sharp crests. The top of the plate can be straight or notched. Weirs are classified in accordance with the shape of the notch. The basic types are V- notch, rectangular and trapezoidal. The special case of a trapezoidal weir with side slopes of 1:4 is known as Cippoletti weir; this form leads to a simplified calculation. V- notch weirs generally have a notch angle from 30 degrees to 90 degrees depending on required flow capacity. b. Flumes: Flumes are generally used when head loss must be kept to a minimum, or if the flowing liquid contains large amounts of suspended solids. Flumes are to open channel what venture tubes are to closed pipes. Popular flumes are the Parshall and Palmer-Bowlus designs. The Parshall flume consists of a converging upstream section, a throat, and a diverging downstream section. Flume walls are vertical and the floor of the throat is inclined downward. Head loss through Parshall is lower than other types of open channel flow measuring devices. High flow velocities help make the flume self- cleaning. Flow can be measured accurately under a wide range of conditions. Palmer-Bowlus flumes have a trapezoidal throat of uniform cross–section and a length about equal to the diameter of the pipe in which it is installed. It is comparable to the parshall flume in accuracy and its ability to pass debris without cleaning. A principle advantage is the comparative ease with which it can be installed in existing circular conduits, because a rectangular approach section is not required. Discharge through weirs and flumes is a function of level, so level measurement techniques must be used with the equipment to determine the flow rates. Staff gauges and float operated units are the simplest device used for the purpose. Various electronic sensing, totalizing, and recording systems are also available. A most recent development consists of using ultrasonic pulses to measure liquid levels. Measurements are made by sending sound pulses from a sensor to the surface of the liquid, and timing the echo return. Linearizing circuitry converts the heights of the liquid into the flow rate. A strip charter recorder logs the flow rate, and a digital totalizer 124 registers the total gallons. Another recently introduced microprocessor based system uses either ultrasonic or float sensors. A keypad with interactive liquid crystal display simplifies programming, control and calibration tasks. Size of the bulk water meter The size of the water meter to be installed is governed by: • • The diameter of the pipe network; The flow rate of the pump (for cases where meter is installed in the pumping station). The meter must be able to accurately record through the entire range of flows expected from the pump (even if the size of meter is lower than that of pipe). Therefore a water meter should be selected to ensure its rated operating conditions are never exceeded. Selecting a water meter that matches the optimal flow rate will increase the accuracy and life of the meter. Generally the size of the water meter selected should match that of the pump outlet diameter and corresponding pipe. In circumstances where it is impractical to install a meter with the same diameter of the pipe, reducers with the correct size taper must be used. It is acceptable to install a smaller diameter meter into existing pipe (provided that it can accurately record entire range of flows expected from pumps). The installation of a smaller water meter is conditional on the use of a 6 to 1 ratio taper followed by a straight length of pipe the same diameter as the meter and equivalent in length to at least ten times the meter diameter before of the meter. After the meter, a straight length of pipe equivalent to five times the meter diameter is required, followed by a 6 to 1 ratio taper back out to the existing pipe (www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au/files/ Installingyourmeter.PDF). 125 non-reactionary and are biologically inert. Materials The meter should be made of sound. The meters should have hermetically sealed dials.Annexure 5. Also ensure that all the parts of the meter that are in contact with water should be made of from materials that are nontoxic. Flow display unit The meter should have an integrated flow display unit for the display of flow data. This standard is to be met operating in either a horizontal or inclined pipeline system. The flow display unit must be resistant to corrosion and fogging. due consideration should be given when selecting any one type of meter for a particular situation. orientation. While purchasing a water meter the operating cost should also be considered along with the capital and installation cost. The meter should be recognized by any agency of repute. Cost criteria should be considered with respect to the quality of meter. 126 . The flow volume totalised must be unaffected by flow in the opposite direction to the labelled flow direction. corrosion resistant materials. It should be easily readable with clearly specified units and should be enable of determining the following parameters: • • Cumulative flow totaliser should be able to be express in Kilolitres (Kl) with a minimum of a six digit display.2b Selection of Water Meters Water meters being available in many designs with different end-connections and varying flow characteristics. Head loss Installation of meter in a water supply system usually involve loss of pressure head. durable. and Instantaneous flow rate able to be expressed in litres/second (l/s) Cost Cost is a critical factor in the selection of any meter. Flow direction The meter should be labelled so as to show the direction of flow. Some of the selection criteria or the requisite are being described below: Accuracy limits The meter must be capable of meeting a standard of accuracy of ± 2%of actual flow over the expected range of the water pipeline system. while selecting a meter it should be considered that the pressure loss is not significant. As in their absence there is ingress of moisture on the face of the dial and hence the meter becomes unreadable. and any other necessary installation information to achieve the required accuracy. this means having no obstructions to reading the meter. inspection. It is often observed that installation of meters is guided by the available space and does not follow the prescribed norms for installation. which are as following: I. Installation of meters may require slight changes in the existing alignment of pipes and a proper selection of location for installation. Indian Standard Code of practice for selection of domestic water meters. they shall be housed in water meter boxed conforming to IS: 2104-1962. IS-2401: 1973. Usually. testing and repairs. As a result the alignment of the meters is also not as per the recommended procedures. Installation requirements vary drastically among the various meter types.Annexure 5. IS2401:1973 127 . Water meters may be installed underground. Top of the meter box shall be placed at a slightly higher level than the surrounding ground level so as to prevent ground water entering in and flooding the chamber during rains and ensuring that the site remains free of mud and other obstacles and should not be installed deeper than 1. a. Domestic water meters To ensure a proper working of the meters.2c Installation Practices Proper installation of meters is a must to measure the water flow accurately. and the meter position shall be such that it is always full of water a recommended method of making connection to achieve the purpose is shown in figure 2. 1st revision. A meter shall be located where it is not liable to get severe shock of water hammer. (as shown in figure1) b.5 m below ground level. meters should be installed as per the guidelines laid down by BIS. testing and repairs. They can be the deciding factors in meter selection For example if a vertical pipe section is not found the variable area meter cannot be used instead inferential meters should be placed horizontally with the dial facing upwards. inspection. Figure 1A boxes Figure 2 Position of Domestic water meter Source : BIS. which might break the piston or damage the rotor. Location of meter The meter shall be installed at a place where it is easily accessible for the purpose of periodical reading. In order to enable the meters to be accessible for periodical reading. either in the carriage way outside the premises or at a convenient place within the premises. e. This avoid the damages and over run of the meter. The inaccuracies may be more pronounced in the case of inferential meters. Bulk water flow meters Flow meters (like electromagnetic. control valve shall be opened slowly until the line is full. c. when passed through the meter. transmission mains or any major bulk supply line. Some resistance should be given in the downside of the meter if static pressure on the main exceeds 10m head. water meters are to be installed in vertical pipelines. These pipelines can be gravity mains. There shall be straight lengths of pipes upstream and downstream of the meter so as to run out any turbulence produced by the presence of valves etc or changes in the pipe direction as the turbulent flow of water affects the accuracy of the meter. it is better to refer to the installation practices suggested by the meter manufacturer for deciding exact location of the meter. Where backward flows are anticipated. II Installation of meter a. In the case of intermittent water supply system. straight pipe length of 10 diameters is used before and after the meter. However. where there are frequent changes of air locks. the section of line to be metered shall be thoroughly washed flushed to remove all foreign matter and. the piston of the semipositive meter often breaks. the accumulated air. and they may be installed in horizontal or vertical pipe without affecting wearing properties of accuracy at normal service flows. If the meter body or the adjacent pipes become partially drained of water. Ultrasonic etc. also the minimum straight length conditions should also be followed. d. b.seametrics. Before installing a meter. for repair or calibration. Strainer is some cases are already built-in the meter.) are usually used on larger pipelines. when starting up. In such situations suitable devices like air-release valve may be fitted on the upstream side of the meter. However. Semi-positive meters may be fixed in any position. and may cause inaccuracies and perhaps damage.com/pdf/3straightrun. when there is no supply of water. Figure 3 Different alignments for positioning of flow meter Source: www.pdf 128 . with the dials facing upwards or sideways. is registered as water. It should be seen that stress-free installation is carried out in pipeline. The meter is installed in the pipeline using flanged or threaded connections giving due consideration for conditioning sections. In the case of intermittent water supply system a meter should always be installed so that the top of the meter is below the level of communication pipes so that meters always contains water. It is essential to install the flow meter co-axially to the pipeline without protruding any packing or gasket into the water flow stream. reflux valves or NRVs should be provided. In such a case. A meter shall not run with free discharge to atmosphere. as a sudden discharge may damage the meter.In some cases. A stop valve should also be provided on the upstream side as shown in figure2 to isolate the meter. it is advisable to ensure that the top of the meter is below the level of the communication pipe. whenever necessary. The meters and the connecting pipes shall be strongly supported for protection of the meters and to avoid noisy vibration. details shall be as agreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Inferential meters shall be installed in horizontal position with their dial facing upwards. which are mostly filled with water. d. c. In such a case. and so on. such as Dopplers’ and cross correlation. the requisite straight pipe lengths are not available and it is then necessary to de-rate the performance or consider an alternative meter type. the meter must be kept full therefore. Installation requirements for electromagnetic flow meters • An upstream/downstream straight length of at least 5 DN/3 DN (nominal diameter) at least is recommended to take advantage of claimed accuracy performances. which cannot be shut down. This is intended to allow the straight pipe run to “smooth out” any turbulence produced by the presence of valves.e. Even if it is not necessary to install the meter without a shutdown. bends and changes in pipe direction. a clamp on meters should be used. vertical pipelines. It is generally accepted that a mechanical meter requires a straight pipe length of 3 diameters and there should be no direct obstructions immediately after the meter – i. flow meter should always be installed at the lowest • • 129 . In gravity feed systems. or the measurement point bypassed. Some examples of poor installations are given here. Unavailability of an electricity supply at the measurement point eliminates the electromagnetic flow meter after consideration. Tapers to be selected for installation on bigger piping diameter should always have a top angle below or equal to 8°. or the sloping lines. the meter should not be bolted directly onto a valve or strainer etc.. Good Installations Nearly all the flow meters must be installed so that there is a significant run of straight pipe before and after the location of the flow meter. It might be the case that. their effect on the overall system cost should still be considered and quantified. Specific application requirements affect different meters in different ways. such as an electromagnetic one having a minimal requirement for straight upstream piping. If a vertical pipe section cannot be found. These meters can be installed in horizontal pipelines. This type of turbulence produces error in the reading of most flow meters.An extreme example is a pipeline. the installation requirements are still important factors both with regard to cost and plant acceptability. the variable area meter cannot be used. A very poor installation! Bends in both the horizontal and vertical plane Insufficient straight pipe Perfect air trap The straight length required for the mechanical meters is generally shorter than for other meter types. A positive displacement meter requires a strainer. Poor installations Poor installations are mainly due to lack of knowledge of installation practices or due to constraints in installation. but it is essential to keep the electrodes in the horizontal plane to assure uninterrupted contact with the water. Even if the meter installation can be met. the pipe must always be full.. pipe should not have a wall thickness >1 in. elbows. the manufacturers’ specific recommendations should therefore be adhered to when installing the flow meter. will continue to indicate flow velocity as long as the transducers are both mounted below the liquid level in the pipe. tees. A Doppler meter on a partially full pipe. and the like. i. both upstream and downstream is usually expressed in pipe diameters and typically should be 10 diameters upstream and 5 diameters downstream. Clamp-on meters typically require that the thickness of the pipe wall be relatively small in relation to the distance the ultrasonic energy must pass through the measured liquid.e. a 10 in. The minimum distance that the meter must be from valves. however. the ratio of pipe diameter to wall thickness should be >10:1. As a general rule. 130 .Meter too close to the dirt box and bends Source: Sensus Metering Systems : South Africa Installation requirements for Ultra sonic flow meters For both Doppler and transit-time flowmeters to indicate true volumetric flow rate. pumps. Each of the different ultrasonic flow meter design has its own unique installation requirements. Qn: Half the maximum flow rate. at an interval of broadly two years so as to meet the required accuracy norms for the flow metered. A meter suspected to be malfunctioning is also tested for its accuracy of measurement. It is necessary to decide carefully to adopt the option. The meter is so large that removal. 1.Annexure 5. separately where: Qmin. the other favours calibrating in situ leaving the flow meters in their installed condition and using a portable calibrator. There are two philosophies of flow meter calibration. : Lowest flow rate at which the meter is required to give indication within the maximum permissible tolerance. One is that it is better to have a fixed calibration system with all the associated technical back up and with the flow meters being brought to the calibration system. (1) Lower measurable limit in which ±5% accuracy from minimum flow to transitional flow (exclusive) (2) Upper measurable limit in which ±2% accuracy from transitional flow (inclusive) to maximum flow. Site-specific conditions will have to be accounted for c. In situ calibration methods: The methods involved in the in situ calibration are insertion-point velocity and dilution gauging/tracer method. while ultrasonic and electromagnetic meters may experience reduced signal strength reception or transmission).: The higher flow rate at which the meter is required to operate in a satisfactory manner for short periods of time without deterioration. Comply with statutory or legal requirements. and Qmax.e. d. Maintain the accuracy of meters. Confirm performance of the flow meter: A reliable dataset would provide a robust platform to carry out water audits. transport and testing costs would be prohibitive. The testing is done as per IS6784: 1996 /ISO4064 part III. When should the meters be calibrated Calibration should be carried out regularly. This is because meters drift with time. Need for calibration Flow calibration is essential to: a. the medium. It is often a good idea to plan ahead for regular calibrations over a longer period of time. Qt: the flow rate at which the maximum permissible error of the water meter changes in value. depending on factors such as operating conditions. The accuracy of the flow meter is divided into two zones i. The former will generally provide the more accurate calibration but the latter has the advantage that site-specific effects such as proximity to hydraulic disturbances can be taken into account. The particular method of calibration that is most suitable depends primarily on the required accuracy. The major constraint with in situ calibration technique is that the high accuracy laboratory calibration cannot be matched in the field and accuracies of ± 2% to ± 5% is all that can be achieved and such field tests are called confidence checks rather than absolute calibrations. Qt. b. Qmax. Methods of calibration The calibration of flow meters is done both in situ as well as in the laboratory. c.2d Calibration of Water Flow Meters Calibration involves comparing the meter's display with the measured volume. 131 . Such checks are often the precursor to removal of flow meter for laboratory calibration or replacement. The metering accuracy testing is carried out at Qmin. Provide traceability of measurement and confidence in recorded data. the type of meter and how often it is used. Flow cannot be shut off b. which diminishes with time (due to wear and tear in case of mechanical meters. There is often no choice but to carry out in situ calibration where a. Jones’ instrument technology volume 1. By measuring the tracer concentration in the samples the tracer dilution can be established and from this dilution and the injection rate the volumetric flow can be calculated. the flow of liquid through the meter being calibrated is diverted into a vessel that can be weighed either continuously or after a predetermined time. flow of liquid through the meter being calibrated is diverted into a tank of known volume. Jones’ instrument technology volume 1. • Figure 2 Flow calibration by weighting Source: Noltingk. b. The swept volume of the pipe between the two switches is determined by initial calibration and this known volume is compared with that registered by the flow meter during calibration. and master meter or reference meter. A suitable tracer (chemical or radioactive) is injected at an accurately measured constant rate and samples are taken from the flow stream at a point downstream of the injection point where complete mixing of the injected tracer will have taken place. In difficult situations a flow traverse can be carried out to determine flow profile and mean flow velocity. When full this known volume can be compared with the integrated quantity. prover technology. Insertion-point velocity: This method of the in situ flow meter calibration utilizes point velocity measuring devices where the calibration device chosen is positioned in the flow stream adjacent to the flow meter being calibrated and such that mean flow velocity can be measured. The flow meter to be calibrated is installed on the inlet to the prover and the sphere is forced to travel the length of the pipe by the flowing liquid. Switches are inserted near both ends of the pipe and operate when the sphere passes them. mechanical measurements b. mechanical measurements 2. mechanical measurements 132 . Laboratory calibration methods: The methods used in the laboratory for the calibration of the flow meter are: Collection method. For field test following methods can be used: L Clamp on devices L Thermodynamic method L Velocity area methods (insertion meters) L Tracer methods Figure 1 Dilution Gauging by tracer injection Source: BE Noltingk. Figure 3 Pipe prover Source: B E Noltingk. Prover: This device is also known as a "meter prover". It consists of a U-shaped length of pipe and a piston or elastic sphere. Jones’ instrument technology volume 1. Details of the methods are described below: a.a. Gravimetric method: In this technique. the weight of the liquid is compared with the registered reading of the flow meter being calibrated. Alternatively a pulse of tracer material may be added to the flow stream and the time taken for the tracer to travel a known distance and reach a maximum concentration is a measure of the flow velocity. Collection method (Gravimetric/ volumetric) • Volumetric method: In this technique. Dilution gauging/tracer method: This technique can be applied to closed pipe and open channel flow meter calibration. To acquire consistent accurate calibration it should be ensured that the master meter is itself subjected to periodic recalibration. Some of the government agencies also provide laboratory calibration vis.c. The meter to be calibrated and the master meter are connected in series and are therefore subject to the same flow regime. Government Agencies providing accreditation Normally the manufacturers of the flow meters provide laboratory calibration of the flow meters in their works. Palaghat. Pune and Institute for Design of Electrical Measuring Instruments (IDEMI). 133 . Fluid Control Research Institute (FCRI). Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS). Mumbai. Master or reference meter: For this technique a meter of known accuracy is used as a calibration standard. and provide hard & soft copies of maps in all kinds of scale. BISON Visio allows the user to display and to query all the different water supply and sewerage layers in a smooth and easy way. The key business objectives driving the need for a corporate GIS were as follows: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • to provide interactive access to up-to-date network and geographical information. The development of a total GIS Solution involves: BISON (Bangalore Information System On Network) Export This is the repository whose updation depends on the maintenance of the data since the repository is by definition the data sharing tool which benefits all users. Area covered: A 290 Sq. BISON Editor constitutes the core tool for the updation process. complaints & repairs. Study of BWSSB organization 134 . to provide a wisely available asset management system. for Operations and Maintenance purposes. Detailed water supply and sewerage systems analysis a. Compilation and synthesis of available information b.Annexure 5. it was imperative to develop and give decision makers a powerful management and decision-making tools. decision making and data consolidation. but at the same time offers a wide range of capabilities. Identification of information gaps c. Kms pilot area. reporting. Its main targets are the Chief Engineers and the Chairman. It deals with point data at the Service Station level: Consumers. In order to handle such a large system with large volumes of graphically related information. water quality. Base Maps: The digital vector data and maps based on serial photography for the pilot area were provided by National Remote Sensing Agency 3. Management indicator panel (MIP): This product was defined in order to provide a document that will give the key persons at the decision making level information at the glance of the entire assets of the BWSSB through a series of maps and important indicators. It will offer consultation of interactive maps dealing with SS concerns. Customized Tools providing a comprehensive GIS solution for the BWSSB Conceptual data Model of BISON 1. to allow the integration of Geographical information from different sources and scales. to provide a planning tool to enable the acquisition of new and replaced main.3 Database Generation for Bangalore City in GIS The Bangalore water supply and sewerage systems have grown enormously during the last four decades. To set up a pilot repository spatial dataset for the BWSSB. 2. both internal & external. covering the whole BWSSB jurisdictions area to implement the GIS system. Acquisition of the basic knowledge to conduct the DMA d. to provide accurate and comprehensive network information for monitoring. BISON Light is looked at as a combination of tools in a user-friendly environment that doesn’t require strong computer knowledge. The aim of the BWSSB GIS project consisted of setting up a Geographical information system for water Supply and Sewerage. as it will be seen by the users Operational process Model for details of procedures codlings (“Development and testing of front-end application”) Graphical and Alphanumerical Data Collection:290 sq. popup and windows. the needs that can be fulfilled during a project extension and the needs that can only be fulfilled later 1:2000 scale NRSA maps delivered by NRSA To arrive at a mutual consensus on the implementation of the selected user needs and to tailor a customized GIS GIS DESIGN AND CODING: Implementation of the MERISE method Conceptual data model for definition and relations between all data required for the application Conceptual organization and process model for elaboration of processes necessary to fulfill the selected needs Logical Data Model for definition of logical links between tables designed in the Conceptual Data Model Functional Architecture designs which sites have to be equipped according to the above organization and design Physical Data Model. required equipment. data integration. a collection of scripts building the entire structure of the Oracle database.e. data updation.2 lakh consumer connections Data Integration Data Entry of Alphanumerical Data using Excel sheets Report of Graphical data collected on the field on reference base maps (Ao size-1:1200 scale) Conversion of NRSA base maps into the ARCINFO /ARCFM GIS Digitization of graphical data ARCINFO conversion after Quality Control Corrections and validation by BWSSB Final Integration of data after Topology Building Development and Testing of Front End Application Development of User Interfaces to fulfill BWSSB Needs and procedures of their functioning Coding in VB (visual basic) and VBA (Visual Basic for applications) to implement the application modules for the users 135 . that was designed according to the above requirements Design of User Interfaces such as application menus. The main objective were: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • To assess what BWSSB expects from the GIS To assess how BWSSB will utilize the GIS in order to design a GIS that supplement these To carry out a detailed analysis of BWSSB’s To inform BWSSB what their expectations really mean in term of data collection. Preliminary stage for GIS and Database design This crucial step was undertaken to ascertain the requirements of BWSSB. staff availability and training on a long term To select the needs that can be fulfilled within the current project. kms spread over the five divisions of BWSSB Maintenance Department 55 Services Stations • • • • • • • • • • • • Over 4000 kms of water pipelines Over 3000 kms of sewage lines Over 3. Detailed description of procedures followed by BWSSB f. toolbars. Developers.5 Crores. GIS and Database expert. extensively in the use of BISON and the benefit from the data standardization. 30 surveyors. end in November 2002 Staffing 1 GIS Senior Expert as Term Leader with a water management background. Accessible from the 55 service stations. A comprehensive information collected all over the networks.) Training to decision Makers as well as the Operational Staff Duration of Project 29 month: official project start was may 2000. VBA.7 Crores Two months of training for 60 persons. Budget-the project finance under the Indo-French Protocol Hardware & software : INR 1. 1 co-Term Leader.• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • The employee database along with the billing system integration in the GIS improves the bill collection and the transparency among the organization. ARC Info . MAP Object) 1 Database manager +one Database expert (ORACLE+SDE). Services charges for GIS implementation &7 maintenance :INR 8. viewing etc. 4VB. Procedure Level as well as global testing to ensure strict Quality Controls. Water supply and Waste Water Expert . 1 GIS Design Engineer (expert) 1 Hydraulic. 136 . 4 GIS developers (Control Data Collection – Data Integration – GIS Map Integration. 4 digitizers. Training of BWSSB Staff Identification and selection of trainees On-the-job Training to BWSSB Services Station staff during field Surveys Categorized Training to various users according to proposed usage (updation. Bison Editor provide a powerful solution to track the complaints & repairs and to manage the water quality and the and the new consumer. 400/. 300/.p.p. 650/.Rs.p.Rs. 150/p.m. 50/.Rs.Rs.m. 400/. per flat Non water intensive . Delhi and Mumbai Chennai Qty.m.per month per flat (including sewerage charges) Partly commercial . per flat Private hospital . . Rs.1 Existing tariff schedules in Chennai.m.Rs.p.5 10 15 25 11 to 15 KL 16 to 25 KL Above 25 KL (ii) Flats or houses in a block of flats or line of houses respectively used wholly for residential purposes Rs. per flat Pvt. per flat Institutional . of water Minimum rate chargeable (including sew charges) Rs. Bangalore.m.p. 800/.5 10 15 25 Rs. 50/.per month per dwelling unit (including sewerage charges) 11 to 15 KL 16 to 25 KL Above 25 KL Residential (i) Domestic Residential premises (other than flats or block or line of houses) upto 10 KL 2. per flat Water intensive . per flat (iii) Individual flats or houses in a block of flats or line of houses respectively used for other than residential purposes 137 .m. Educational instn.Rs.Annexure 6. Rate/KL Category Domestic upto 10 KL 2. private hostels.500 KL Rs. 400/.above 500 KL Rs. Commercial C. private hospitals.* (Water Intensive) Private hospital . kalyanamandapams. Municipal bulk supply E (I) Municipal bulk supply * Sewerage charges 25% on water supply charges wherever sewer connections are provided * Water intensive means premises used fully or partly as theatres.*(Water intensive) All others . nurseries . 50/KL All others upto .00/KL entire quantity 15 – 200 300 150 11 to 15 KL above 15 KL 7. 800/.* (Water intensive) Rs.upto 500 KL Rs. vehicle service stations. 60/ KL for entire quantity Upto 10 KL 5 15 25 400 I) Pvt.00/KL entire quantity 30.00/KL entire quantity 20. hospital iii) All others Entire consumption Entire consumption 40. clinic with inpatient facility. Edn. Partly commercial D.138 Private hospital .00 (wherever local bodies met the cost of infrastructure) – B. 800/.above 500 KL Rs 80/KL for entire quantity Rs. swimming baths. lodges. 650/. boarding houses.(Non-water intensive) Rs. hotels. Institutional E. places for keeping animals. Institution ii) Govt. 35/KL Rs. clubs. Partly commercial Rs. 850/.per load of 6000 litres/Rs.) ii.i.per load of 10000 litres a) Domestic purpose b) Other than domestic purpose iii) Commercial (including private hospital) 139 .per load of 9000 litres/Rs. 600/. 600/.per load of 10000 litres I.per load of 10000 litres Rs. Maintenance charges for steel tanks Rs.per load of 6000 litres/Rs. 200/. Casual water supply Mobile water supply to customers Rs. Qtrs.per load of 6000 litres/Rs. I. 400 per load of 6000 litres/. Mobile water supply to slums Rs. 850/. 400/.per 1000 litres for entire quantity supplied ii. 765/.per month per tank H./ govt.per load of 10000 litres Rs.per load of 9000 litres/Rs. 510/.per month including maintenance charges ii. etc. 670/. Domestic (including hostels of colleges and schools recognised by state/central govt. 400/. 670/. 510/. Hydrant and public fountains Rs. 4/. 765/.Rs.per load of 9000 litres/ Rs. Maintenance charges G.per load of 9000 litres/Rs. 400/.per load of 10000 litres Rs.per load of 6000 litres/Rs.per 1000 litres Rs. 510/.per load of 6000 litres/Rs.for two days and Rs.140 Rs.per 1000 litres Rs.per load of 9000 litres/Rs. offices/schools/colleges/hospitals etc. 60/. 850/. ) Water supply at Metro water filling points a) Domestic (including govt.) For the employees of the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board who desires to avail the lorry water supply for their own house hold requirements. 600/. 300/. 250/. schools/colleges/office institutions/ hospitals) b) Commercial (including private hospitals/private educational institutions) vi. v. Hire charges for tanks hired out .per load of 10000 litres Rs.per load of 9000 litres Rs. 200/.per load of 9000 litres/Rs.per load of 6000 litres Rs. the cost will be calculated at actual cost price I. 50/. 400/. 670/.for every additional day iv) Institutional a) Private educational institution including hostels b) Govt. 765/. 200/iii) All others . Educational instn.p. Institutional E. Rs 150 per month I) Pvt. 650/. per flat Water intensive Private hospital Rs. Commercial C.p. per flat Institutional Rs.m. Rs. 300/Rs. per flat Non water intensive Rs. Public supply tubewell pumps or mark II pumps 141 . per flat Pvt.p.p. 400/.m. hospital Rs. 40/- (I) Domestic residential premises (other than flats or block or line of houses) (ii) Flats or houses in a block of flats or line of houses respectively used wholly for residential purposes (iii) Individual flats or houses in a block of flats or line of houses respectively used for other than residential purposes B. 300/.per month per dwelling unit Rs. Partly commercial D.m.Unmetered consumer tariff Water charges/Month (including sewerage charge) Category Residential Rs. 400/. 800/.m All others Rs.p.Rs.p.pm. Educational institution . 400/ii) Govt.per month per flat Partly Commercial Rs. 650/. 50/.m. 400/. 800/.p. 50/.p. Non water intensive All others Rs.Rs.m.m. per flat Private hospital Rs. 150/.m. per flat Water intensive (all others) Rs. 00 39.00 5826.00 44.00 201.00 9. 15.00 2226.00 57.00 36.00 51.00 36.00 15.BANGALORE 142 Rs/KL Minimum charges 6.00 48.00 30.00 1002.00 at flat rate for consumption of 0 to 25000 liters (ii) From 25001 to 50000 liters 15% on water supply charges per month (iii) 20% of water supply charges per month against for consumption of above 50000 liters 36. Non-domestic II 1) 0-10000 2) 100001-20000 3) 20001-40000 4) 40001-60000 5) 60001-100000 6) 10000 & above .00 NA Domestic (filtered water) Category and Consumption (KL) I Domestic (Section 36[1]) 1) 0-8000 2) 8001-25000 3) 25001-50000 4) 50001-75000 5) 75001-100000 6) 100000 & above Sanitary charges for domestic connection 2.00 676.00 1326.00 2280.00 390.00 360.00 (I) Rs.00 880.00 60. Revised from Rs.00 3000.00 60. 200 to 300 per month per HP of borewell Rs.per month V Premises not having water supply connection from BWSSB but having only UGD connection in addition to sanitary charges 143 .per month per individual house per flat. Non-domestic Rs. 300/.00 IIIA Bidadi Industrial Area IV Lorry loads V Swimming pools VI Public taps Section 36 VII Sanitary charges Rs.at flat rate for consumption of 0 to 8000 liters and 8001 to 25000 liters Domestic connection Rs. Domestic and apartment b. 15% of water supply charges per month for consumption of above 25000 liters upto 50000 liters Rs.00 60. 15/.Industries 51.00 250. 20% of water charges per month for consumption of above 50000 liters III All non-domestic connection From 10% to 20% of water charges for month IV For premises having water supply and UGD connection but supplementing water supply for tanker/borewellsdadi Industrial Area a. 50/. per month Rs.per month Rs.per month Rs. 5000/. 2500/. 3000/. 10000/.144 Rs.per month Rs.per month Hotels having boarding and lodging supplementing water supply by tankers in addition to borewells (I) Non star hotels (ii) 3 star hotels and above (iii) 5 star hotels and above VI For hospitals/nursing homes supplementing water supply by tankers in addition to borewell (I) Nursing Home & Hospitals having 100 beds (ii) Hospitals/Nursing Homes having more than100 beds . 1000/. 145 .00 21.00 Above 25 Kls and upto 50 Kls.5 B X Hence./ DJB. 30. Upto 6 0 7-20 2. Water Cess Charges shall continue to be recovered at the previous rate of 2-paise per Kl. P = Total Bill. • M =MINIMUM service CHARGES.00 50.30 7. (Rs. the bill will be calculated as follows : P= M + 1. Consumption (per month) Rs.00 Rs.) • B= Block tariff rate per KL (Rs. X= Units consumption in KL. Category III (Industrial) Category I (Domestic) Consumption (per month) Rs. 3 In addition.00 Upto 25 Kls 15. 10.00 25.00 PM in case of DJB supplied water meters after expiry of warranty period. M= Minimum service Charges B= Block tariff rates per KL.00 Above 50 Kls and upto100 Kls. (Number) 2 50% of water consumption charges is towards sewerage maintenance.00 35. (B) per Kl. 4 Meter Maintenance (Rent) charge @ Rs. 20.00 Above 30 Kls 10.00 The second part of the tariff is volumetric Water Charges is based on actual consumption and to be calculated as 1. Above 50 Kls Above 100 Kls. (B) per Kl. (B) per Kl. 10.) • X= Units consumed in KLs.5 B X Where./Kl. till revised by the Central Govt.Delhi Category II (Commercial) Consumption (per month) Upto 25 Kls Above 25 Kls and upto 50 Kls. No.e.e.g.g.g. Worship Places 6 Category 6.e.. e.2 146 No.e.Annexure 6. of Consumption 3 MLD Rs/Month Rs/KL Rs Crore Rs Crore 4 5 6 7 8 Yearly Connections Fixed charge Variable charge Revenue from fixed charge Revenue from variable charge Total Revenue 9=7+8 Rs Crore Formats for database 1) Category-wise annual income from water tariff S...e.g. Customer Category (as per tariff structure) Ferrule Size (as per tariff structure) 1 2 1 Category 1. 1/2" Domestic 3/4" 1" Any other size 1/2" 2 Category 2.g.g.. Industrial 3" 4" Any other size 4 Category 4. Bulk Consumer 1 Consumer 2 Consumer ‘n’ Total .. Non-Domestic 3/4" 1" Any other size 1-1/2" 2" 3 Category 3.. Public Standpost 5 Category 5. II. c. a b c d e Other Income Metering Road Cutting Charges Income from regularization of connections (Illegal to legal) Income from Water Tankers New Water Connections Total Revenue Previous Financial Year Current Financial Year 147 .No I. Particulars Revenue from sale of Water (in a particular Financial Year) Category I Category II Category III Category ‘n} Revenue from subsidies & grants Source I: Source II: Source III: Source ‘n’ III. a. b.2) Revenue–expenditure components Revenue S. Loans from Government/Funding Agencies/Financial Institutions Source I: Source II: Source III: Source ‘n’ IV. d. 148 . i. Printing & Stationery. a. d. d. II. g. III. c. Previous Financial Year Current Financial Year a. c. b. a.No I. e. f. rates and taxes Legal Charges Audit Fees Conveyance & Travel Charges Insurance Consultancy Charges Technical Fees Other Professional Charges Electricity charges for office. g. Particulars Employee Cost – Permanent & Temporary Salaries Overtime Dearness Allowance Bonus Medical Expenses Reimbursement Leave Travel Encashment Staff Welfare Expenses Other Employee Cost Items.Expenditure S. e. Entertainment of Officials etc. e. h. b. if any Administration & General Expenses Rent. j. f. b. if any: Operation & Maintenance Plant & Machinery Pump Repair Repair of Pipelines Maintenance of Tanks Electricity Arrangements – Pumping & Treatment Other O&M Expense Items. building etc Other A&G Charges such as Books & Periodicals. c. d. h. f. IV. a. b. c. d. V. a. b. c. d. VI. Expenditure on New Works Expense Item I Expense Item II Expense Item III Expense Item ‘n’ Interest & Finance Charges Source I, rate of interest Source II rate of interest Source III, rate of interest Source ‘n’, rate of interest Public Health & Engineering Department Expense Item I Expense Item II Expense Item III Expense Item ‘n’ Total Expenditure a. b. c. d. To ensure financial clarity and transparency, the Waterworks Department should maintain separate accounts for each financial year. In other words, it should mention the revenue arrears and outstanding expenses separately and not aggregate them with revenue-expenditure in current financial year. 149 Billing & Collection Reports Month Billing Category I Category II Category III Category ‘n’ (As per tariff schedule) Total Collections Category I Category II Category III Category ‘n’ (As per tariff schedule) Total Total value Accounts receivable Category I Category II Category III Category ‘n’ (As per tariff schedule) Total 0-30 days 30-90 days Above 90 days Current Billing Cycle Cumulative (During the entire Financial Year) 150 Annexure 7.1 Rationale for Reforms in Urban Water Supply Sector Investment requirements Public expenditure on urban water supply and sanitation accounts for 1.2% to 1.8% (10th plan/latest figures) of the total plan investments, and is significantly short of requirements. For example, notwithstanding an aggregate budgetary investment of Rs. 243.41 billion in the urban water and sanitation sector over the successive five year plans investment gaps are large. According to estimates of the Rakesh Mohan Committee total requirement for urban infrastructure development covering backlog, new investments and O&M costs for the next ten years is Rs. 2,50,000 Crores (US$ 57 Billion). The ninth Plan proposal identifies only around Rs. 12000 Crores. With anticipated growth in Tenth plan providing additional funds of Rs.13,000 Crores, the total expected plan outlay comes to Rs. 25,000 Crores (US$ 5.7 Billion) which is one tenth of the project requirements. A direct consequence of inadequate provision is manifested in sharp deterioration of service levels. Economic and social costs of under–provision of water are also assessed to be extremely high (Mathur,www.fiscalconf.org/papers/ mathur.pdf ) To meet the huge requirements of funds for the improving infrastructure the urban local bodies thus need to look at alternate source of funding which may include external donors/banks (World Bank, OECF, ADB , DFID etc) or institutional investors like HUDCO/LIC etc. Further in the long term the municipal corporation may also need to tap funds from the markets by using instruments such as municipal bonds or by tapping funds from commercial banks. As a prerequisite to tapping these extra source of funding it may be necessary for the local bodies to put in place institutional and policy reform initiatives in the form of better governance systems, performance monitoring and improved financial management. National/State policy directives on reforms in water sector National Water Policy 2002 India’s National water policy 2002 has clearly identified the need for improvements in the management of water sector in the country and has identified the need for reorientation of the current institutional structure of the sector in a manner which promotes a multi sectoral, multidisciplinary and a participatory approach while giving special attention to the management/O &M of water resource schemes (Box 1). Box 1 With a view to give effect to the planning, development and management of the water resources on a hydrological unit basis, along with a multi sectoral, multi disciplinary and participatory approach as well as integrating quality, quantity and environmental aspects. The existing institutions of various levels under the water resources sector will have to be appropriately reoriented / reorganized and even created wherever necessary. The institutional arrangements should be such that maintenance of water resources is given importance equal or even more than that of new construction. National Water Policy, Ministry of Water resource, Government of India City Challenge Fund The Ministry of Urban Development, GoI is encouraging citywide reforms and restructuring so as to ensure that cities are managed efficiently and become creditworthy (to attract private finance) which will enable them to prepare long term plans for infrastructure investments and implement poverty alleviation programs. For the implementation of these reforms the Ministry of Urban Development has proposed to set up a performance based City Challenge Fund for catalyzing city level economic reform programmes. Access to the fund would be on a competitive basis. 151 States & ULBs are required to implement any five optional reforms in the first year. In addition. and allocating resources in the most optimal manner. which should be brought into effect in the water supply and sanitation sector. which will ensure competitive biding process in a transparent manner. The funds allocated under this mission come from a combination of Central Government. National Urban Renewal Mission. and egovernance. guidelines will be developed at the National level to ensure consistency across the country. Appropriate training programme and capacity support to regulators will also be developed in partnership with the private sector and urban research institutions. rationalization of stamp duties to not more than 5% over the next 5 years. URIF is a state level incentivization program. with full cost of O&M being collected by the end of the 10th plan period. levy of reasonable user charges for basic urban services. As there are a variety of models of regulation from centralized to decentralized systems. apply environmental standards and support the delivery to the poor. MoUD Initiatives MoUD also proposes certain regulatory frameworks. and improve service delivery efficiencies with a focus on minimizing costs. Introduction of a double entry system of accounting. This would support municipalities in designing the PPP process on the lines of the BOT Centre in Philippines or the PPP in the Ministry of Finance in South Africa. especially in the water and sanitation sector. Box 2 Regulatory Framework The participation of the private sector in financing and the delivery of infrastructure at the municipal level. The incentive under URIF is provided as 100 percent Grant to the States and Union Territories entering into a Memorandum of Agreement with the Central Government addressing the first phase reform. State Government and also as loans from Financial Institutions. Urban Reforms. reform of rent control acts. constitution of Citizen Advisory Groups to guide urban reforms’ processes. A summary of the various national programmes and policies related to urban water supply in India over the years is given in Table 1. It also proposes to draw up guidelines for Public-Private Partnership to encourage PPP in infrastructure development (Box 2). all of which are possible in the existing institutional framework. The first phase reforms are proposed for a number of areas inclusive of the following: • • • Introduction of computerized process of registration Levy of reasonable user charges. among others. These guidelines will not only protect the consumers but also ensure integrity of the process. requires a regulatory framework to protect consumers.Urban Reform Incentive Fund The Urban Reform Incentive fund (URIF) has been created with a corpus of Rs 500 crores per annum as Additional Central Assistance for reform linked incentive to State Government. will be completely “reform driven” with eligible cities having to belong to states that have displayed reforms in terms of repeal of Urban Land (Ceiling) Regulation Act. Public-Private Participation Guidelines Central Government will develop guidelines for involvement of the private sector in infrastructure. maximizing revenue. The Mission includes a list of mandatory and optional reforms of which States and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are required to implement all mandatory reforms. about to be launched by the government. 152 . Ministry of Development. Government of India Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission The need of the hour in most cities is to introduce and sustain reforms. introduction of independent regulators for urban services. The release of Central assistance would be linked with implementation reforms. It seeks to Incentivize State Governments to follow a certain reform program decided by the Government of India. garbage. the scheme was integrated with the EIUS and came to be known as the Urban Basic Services for the Poor (UBSP) programme. Focus areas of the NSDP include development of community infrastructure. and solid waste management in slums. In 1990/91. 50% of the finance for the urban water schemes is provided by the Union Government and the rest by the State Government. 1990/91 (UBSS) (1986) / Urban Basic Services for the Poor Programme (UBSP) (1990/91) 1991 Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM) 73rd and 74th Constitution (Amendment) Acts 1992 1993/94 The Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) • 1996 National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) • • • 153 . empowerment of urban poor women and involvement of NGOs and other private institutions in slum development. through Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in rural areas and through Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in urban areas was established State legislatures were empowered to entrust local bodies with necessary power and authority to enable them to function as institutions of local self-government State Finance Commissions were to be set up to provide for sharing of revenues between State and local bodies The urban and rural local bodies are now responsible for Water supply and sanitation The Programme was initiated by the MoUDPA to provide safe and adequate water supply facilities to the entire population of the towns having population less than 20.Table 1 Various policy instruments/programmes used in the urban water supply sector in India Year 1974 Policy/Act/Programme Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS) Scheme Highlights • • • • • • The scheme is applicable to notified slums in all urban areas Aims at provision of basic amenities like water supply and sanitation The EIUS scheme was made an integral part of the Minimum Needs Programme in 1974 The scheme was initiated with a view to augmenting civic services Strengthening municipalities through promotion of resource generating schemes Reducing migration from rural areas to larger cities by providing sufficient infrastructure facilities.000 as per 1991 Census. including water supply. Additional Central Assistance is being released to States/Union Territories for the development of urban slums Objectives of the programme include provision of adequate and satisfactory water supply. Provide technical and financial assistance to states to implement rural sanitation programmes under the Minimum needs programme The primary objective was improving the standard of living of urban low-income households. 1979 Integrated Development of Small and Medium Towns (IDSMT) 1986 Centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP). shelter upgradation. sanitation. The Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) under the (RGNDWM) assists the States and Union Territories (UTs) to accelerate the pace of coverage of drinking water supply A three-tier system of local governance. particularly women and children through the provision of sanitation and social services in slum areas. Urban Basic Services Scheme • • • • • • • • 1986. and maintenance to lead to eventual transfer of management to the local bodies/user groups Private Sector Participation should be encouraged in planning. and 24 other cities over a 5 year period.Year 2002 Policy/Act/Programme Urban Reform Incentive Fund Highlights • • • • Rs 500 crore to provide reform linked assistance to States on: Revision of municipal laws in line with model legislation Levy of realistic user charges and resource mobilisation by urban local bodies. Support to mega cities for transitional cost Partial cost of developing an economic reform programme and financially viable projects undertaken by the ULBs Drinking water should be priority in planning and operation of systems Maintenance of existing water resources schemes would be paid special attention under these institutional arrangements. Initiation of public private partnership in the provision of civic services. development and management to introduce corporate management and improve service efficiency A standardised national information system with a network of data banks and data bases. This mission plans to cover only 60 cities including 7 mega cities. urban local bodies and the central government to undertake reforms before delineation of funds from NURM to the ULBs 2002 City Challenge Fund • • • • • 2002 National Water Policy • • • • 2005 National Urban Renewal Mission 154 . 29 million plus cities. integrating and strengthening the existing Central and State level agencies should be established Exploitation of ground water resources should be so regulated as not to exceed the recharging possibilities as also to ensure social equity. The mission proposes an agreement between the states. The thrust of this mission is on urban infrastructure and basic services for the poor. Participatory approach should be adopted and water user associations and local bodies should be involved in operation. The Act vests the powers for management and maintenance of all water works and the construction and maintenance of new works to the Municipal corporations across the state. In lieu of the above policy directives it may be necessary for the JMC to undertake reforms aimed at improving the efficiencies and demonstrate that its operations and sustainable even for attracting funding from the government and also the institutional sector/external donors. it also directs the Municipal Corporation to find means for providing a sufficient supply of suitable water for public and private purposes. 155 . greater accountability. Madhya Pradesh.. Box 3 Present information and data network including data of processing capabilities should be improved to make it broader. a Mayor-in-council has to be brought in place in the city. It should be made mandatory for users and regulatory departments to maintain all necessary data for compilation of storage of surface and ground water. Further. “The Plan recognizes the importance of people in the process of development. Since then. according to the act’s mandate. and increasing space for direct community action” . modern and effective. The State has the provision to nominate persons having special knowledge and experience in the municipal affairs to be a part of the Municipal Corporation.. 2003 10th Five Year Plan (Draft) The State Government has published its own Draft 10th Five-Year Plan 2002-2007 in May 2002. which leads the pathway for public participation. Also. Emphasis should be given for greater use of Remote Sensing technique.The water resources planning structure which is at present based on water availability should be correlated with demand base of water distribution and necessary institutional reforms be taken.. Wards committees/ Zonal Committees also need to be constituted by as a step towards a decentralized approach. It further defines the composition of the Municipal Corporation.State Government directives MP State Water Policy The Madhya Pradesh state water policy also advocates institutional reforms including better coordination mechanisms and inclusion of demand side perspective in water management along with developing a reliable information system for better management and decision-making. all Municipal Corporations in the State are governed by this Act. .. MP Municipal Corporation Act 1956 (With Amendments) The Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act came into existence in 1956. Source: State Water Policy. It further lays emphasis on “decentralization. 7. Per Lind. Indian standard code of practice for selection of Domestic water meters Ist revision. “Process Measurement and Analysis” . third edition.whoindia. Jones’ Instrument Technology. IS 2401:1973 Delhi water Supply Project . H Buckle: Rand Water. Volume I (main report).Project preparation. IS 2373:1981 BIS.in/pdfs/SCE_profile_Project_BWSSB.Bibliography B E Noltingk. Programme Division.com http://www.Liptak Integrated Urban Development in Madhya Pradesh (IUDMP) ADBTA No. Rees. Environment and Sanitation Technical Guidelines Series – No.com http://www. Fourth Edition. Unicef. Indian standard specifications for water meters (bulk type ) IIIrd revision. A Manual on Communication for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Programmes. volume 2 – city reports Bhopal.org ICLEI Report: Opportunities for Energy Efficiency Improvement at Moti Jheel Water Works Instrument Engineers’ Handbook. The Netherlands and TCE Ltd. Water. July 2005.co.omega.. Regulation and Private Participation in the Water and Sanitation Sector. Technical Advisory Committee(TAC). IS 2104:1981 BIS. Indian standard for water meters domestic type specifications VI th revision. BIS.draft final report. Volume 1. Indian standard specifications for water meter boxes (domestic type) Ist revision. Global Water Partnership. is 779:1994 BIS.com http://www. WA Wegelin: WRP Pty Ltd and N Meyer: WRP Pty Ltd 156 . submitted by Pricewaterhouse Coopers in association with DHV consultant. http://www. Water Demand Management Cookbook.pdf: for GIS case study http://www. Delhi Jal Board. PhD.globalspec. IS 6784:1996 BIS. Final Report. Standard for performance testing of water meter (domestic) IInd revision. part A. Unicef 1999. Belag G.1995.sec.actaris. Judith A. 3759-IND. Mechanical Measurement. Management of change – A guideline to analyzing change projects. RS McKenzie: WRP Pty Ltd. Nairobi.za Shri S. Visvesvaraya Marg (Park Road) Indore 452003 Madhya Pradesh.org Aniruddhe Mukerjee Chief Technical Advisor Water for Asian Cities Programme United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) E-1/191. Shri M. Groenkloof Pretoria. 7625082 Fax: (254-20) 7623588 E-mail: andre.in www.755) 2460835.org Andre Dzikus Programme Manager Water for Cities Programmes United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) Water.org Kulwant Singh Chief Technical Advisor Water for Asian Cities Programme United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) WAC Regional Office EP 16/17. New Delhi 110003. India Tel: (91-755) 2763060/61/62 Fax: (91-755) 2763868 E-mail: [email protected] Water Resource Planning and Conservation (WRP) Upper Level. Green Park Estate 27. Bhopal 462016 Madhya Pradesh.singh@unhabitat. Arera Hills. India Tel: (91. India Tel: (91-731) 2544415 Fax: (91-731) 2432540 E-mail: [email protected] Bert Diphoorn Chief Water.ac. Box 30030. Darbari Seth Block Lodhi Road. Block 5. Arera Colony.diphoorn@unhabitat. Kenya Tel: (254-20) 7623060. 2460836 Fax: (91-755) 2460837 E-mail: [email protected]@unhabitat.res.com The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) India Habitat Centre.org/water www. Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS) 23. Kenya Tel: (254-20) 7625420 Fax: (254-20) 7623588 E-mail: bert.org .unhabitat.G. India Tel: (91-11) 42225019. 0181 Tel: (27-12) 3463496 Fax: (27-12) 3469956 E-mail: [email protected]. South Africa.O. New Delhi 110021. Chandragupta Marg Chanakyapuri. India Tel: (91-11) 24682100 Fax: (91-11) 24682144 E-mail: mailbox@teri. 42225022 Fax: (91-11) 24104961 E-mail: kulwant. Bhopal 462004 Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal 462001 Madhya Pradesh. Box 30030.com Sewaram Secretary Urban Administration and Development Department Government of Madhya Pradesh Vallabh Bhawan.com Hari Ranjan Rao Project Director Urban Water Supply and Environmental Improvement Project (UWSEIP) Government of Madhya Pradesh Beej Bhavan. Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch P. Nairobi. India Tel: (91-755) 2551836 Fax: (91-755) 2553717 E-mail: sewaramsarangal@hotmail. George Storrar Drive. Sanitation and Infrastructure Branch United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) P.unwac.