g;pba;Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. Which of the following factors contributed to economic globalization during the twentieth century? A) Increased labor migration during the Great Depression B) Technological advances that lowered transportation costs dramatically C) The elimination of tariffs in the two decades following World War I D) The rejection by Western powers of the Bretton Woods system ____ 2. What effect did the Bretton Woods system have on globalization after World War II? A) It established rules for commercial and financial dealings among major capitalist countries. B) It placed political controls on the economic activity of countries within the communist bloc. C) It created processes that made the globalized economy subject to public accountability. D) It restricted the global movement of capital, increased tariffs, and subsidized state- run enterprises. ____ 3. Which of the following reflects a neo-liberal approach to economic development? A) Government regulation of the economy B) Promotion of global equality C) Privatization of state-run companies D) Increase in tariffs and taxes ____ 4. Beginning in the 1960s, which of the following were identified as key issues in Western feminism by women of color? Gaining the right to vote Promoting cultural imperialism Challenging patriarchal domination Ending racism and poverty A) B) C) D) ____ 5. Which of the following has been a contentious issue between the Global North and the Global South since 1945? The shrinking of the middle class The violations of human rights The demands of international feminism The availability of and terms for foreign aid A) B) C) D) ____ 6. Which of the following represents a pattern of global migration since the 1960s? A) The movement of people from developing countries to the industrialized world B) The movement of people from the Global North to the Global South C) The movement of people from Latin America and the Caribbean to Europe D) The movement of people from Europe and North America to Asia and Africa ____ 7. Which of the following describes the effect of economic globalization on wealthy nations like the United States? A) New opportunities in the global economy contributed to the expansion of the middle class. B) Jobs in the low-wage service sector declined and jobs in manufacturing increased. C) A shifting global division of labor resulted in the loss of many manufacturing jobs. D) The increase in total world output diminished income disparities and created economic equality. ____ 8. What do those who speak of an “American Empire” point to in support of their opinion? A) American control of the International Criminal Court B) American control of the United Nations C) American economic, military, and cultural influence around the world D) American territorial possessions in the Caribbean and South Pacific ____ 9. In contrast to feminists who fought for equal rights, feminists who assumed the task of “women’s liberation” demanded more rights for women than men. challenged patriarchy through direct action. emphasized employment and education. preferred political lobbying and legislative reform. A) B) C) D) ____ 10. Which of the following reflects a response of African feminists to Western feminism in the 1970s and beyond? They used Western feminism as a weapon to combat colonialism. They incorporated the Western feminist emphasis on individualism. They shared Western feminists’ goal of ending female circumcision. They criticized Western feminism as a form of cultural imperialism. A) B) C) D) ____ 11. Which of the following characterizes the response of religious fundamentalism to global modernity? A) A selective rejection of certain aspects of modernity B) A wholesale rejection of all aspects of modernity C) A wholesale embrace of all aspects of modernity D) A unified movement to destroy all aspects of modernity ____ 12. Which of the following has been a goal of Islamic fundamentalist groups in the Muslim world since the 1970s? To create a distinctly Islamic modernity not dependent on Western ideas To seek an advantage in an American-led economic globalization To introduce innovations in Islamic religious practice To achieve political independence using non-violent protest tactics A) B) C) D) ____ 13. What factor led Osama bin Laden and the leaders of al-Qaeda to declare the United States as their enemy? U.S. opposition to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 U.S. military presence in Saudi Arabia after the defeat of Iraq in 1991 U.S. efforts to spread Christianity and Western civilization U.S. isolationist policies and retreat from the global economy A) B) C) D) ____ 14. Which of the following was a more central issue in environmental movements in developing countries than those in the industrial West? Controlling air pollution Securing food supplies Protecting wilderness areas Stopping global warming A) B) C) D) ____ 15. Which of the following was a distinctive feature of environmental movements in the Global South? A) The role of large national organizations B) The predominance of the middle class C) The emphasis on the rights of nature D) The involvement of poor people ____ 16. Which of the following highlights the global mobility of capital in the world since 1945? A) Global justice movement B) Import substitution industrialization C) Foreign direct investment D) Reverse development aid ____ 17. In the permissive economic climate of recent decades, transnational corporations frequently relocate their facilities in search of the least restrictive environmental regulations. a highly skilled and university-trained workforce. markets subsidized by the International Monetary Fund. tightening credit markets and inflated housing markets. A) B) C) D) ____ 18. Which of the following opposed neo-liberal globalization and offered an alternative approach expressed in the slogan, “Another world is possible”? New international economic order Bretton Woods system World Trade Organization World Social Forum A) B) C) D) ____ 19. Refer to Map 23.2 in the textbook. The map showing the global distribution of McDonalds highlights which aspect of the so-called American empire? “Counterculture” “Soft power” “Cultural revolution” “Grassroots democracy” A) B) C) D) ____ 20. Which of the following was the original meaning of the phrase “third world”? A) A global attempt to create “socialism with a human face” B) A universal struggle for liberation through guerrilla warfare C) An alternative to Western capitalism and Soviet communism D) A movement for global justice and equality ____ 21. Which of the following issues was more central to women’s movements in the Global South than in the industrial West? A) Economic survival lasting impact of human activity on the planet. Both affirmed violent jihad as a legitimate part of Islamic life. ____ 24. Which of the following has contributed to the environmental changes of the twentieth century? A) The explosive increase in the world population B) The resurgence of fundamentalism as a response to modernity C) The expansion of the service industry in the industrial West D) The emergence of alternative models of globalization .” Both sought to encourage cross-cultural and inter-religious dialogue. D) Religions experienced sharp declines in membership and conversions. science. and the end of poverty? Militant revolutionary fundamentalism The religious edict issued by al-Qaeda Liberation theology Salafi Islam A) B) C) D) ____ 26. C) Religion was widely criticized for fostering superstition and ignorance. Describing the current era since the Industrial Revolution as the Anthropocene Era calls attention to the A) B) C) D) psychological trauma caused by wars. Which of the following is a feature of religious fundamentalism? A) Militant piety B) Human rights C) Political liberalism D) Secular humanism ____ 25. Which of the following represents the use of religion as a basis to fight for social justice. human rights. B) Religion offered a means to oppose elements of a secular and global modernity. Both defined those who disagreed with them as “non-Muslims. A) B) C) D) ____ 27. social inequalities generated by economic development. ____ 28. What do the Gulen movement in Turkey and the Amman Message issued in Jordan in 2005 share in common? Both emphasized a literal and dogmatic interpretation of the Quran. How have modernity. Which of the following is considered a success of the international women’s movement? A) Unity and consensus among those working within global feminism B) Universal protection of women’s reproductive rights C) Global extension of equal inheritance rights for women D) International recognition that women’s rights are human rights ____ 23.B) Intellectual freedom C) Universal suffrage D) Reproductive rights ____ 22. and globalization been affected by the world’s religions since 1945? A) Religion contributed to the scientific and secular focus of global modernity. temporary solutions during times of scarcity. regardless of their race.” D) “We struggle together with Black men against racism. to change it. B) They all opposed nuclear energy. What does the prime minister of Pakistan. despite its cost to you. ____ 31. C) society. heterosexual. creed. According to the Russian feminist Alexandra Kollontai. Which of the following reflects a central concern of Mexican Zapatista feminists? .” C) “Women.” B) “Eliminating racism in the white women's movement is…work for white women to do. have the right to participate in the revolutionary struggle…. while we also struggle with Black men about sexism. C) None of them had a mass following. responsibility for childcare should be left to A) women. ____ 30. Which movement in the world today has come to symbolize “one-world” thinking? A) International feminism B) Economic development C) Global modernity D) Global environmentalism Visual and Document Source Questions Choose the letter of the best answer.” ____ 33. B) men. The following goal is associated with which strand of feminism? “[W]e are actively committed to struggling against racial.____ 29. blame for the inequality of women in many Muslim societies? The role of the Prophet’s wife The scriptures of the Quran The religion of Islam The laws created by men A) B) C) D) ____ 35. Benazir Bhutto. color or political affiliation. What did nineteenth-century strands of environmentalism share in common? A) They all provoked a global response. and class oppression…based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking. ____ 32. D) nature. Which of the following reflects the American writer Andrea Dworkin’s view of the agenda for Western feminism? A) “I have to ask you…to destroy the power men have over women…and to do whatever is necessary.” A) Communist feminism B) Western feminism C) Black American feminism D) Islamic feminism ____ 34. but we will continue to speak to and demand accountability…. sexual. D) None of them criticized industrialization. The photograph in Visual Source 23. What were the major manifestations of what the text terms the globalization of liberation in the world after 1945? . What is meant when critics accuse the United States of maintaining an “informal empire”? How exactly has the United States asserted its influence informally? 2.2 illustrates what aspect of Chinese culture in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries? Its spirituality Its frugality Its materialism Its traditionalism A) B) C) D) ____ 38.A) B) C) D) The freedom to express their sexuality The means to provide for their children The abolition of the family unit The destruction of patriarchy ____ 36.3 criticizes what aspect of the World Trade Organization’s handling of the global economy? The lack of controls on global spending The lack of regulations on corporations The conditions placed on foreign loans The restrictions placed on global commerce A) B) C) D) ____ 39. B) pattern of human migration. D) level of economic development. What did globalization mean for the people photographed in Visual Source 23. The message conveyed in Visual Source 23.1 highlights the globalized nature of the world economy? The blue jeans The fluorescent lights The workers’ clothing The work tables A) B) C) D) ____ 37. ____ 40. Which of the following details in the photograph in Visual Source 23. What specific issues defined the feminist movement in the industrial West after the Second World War? 3.1? A) Employment B) Consumerism C) Materialism D) Liberation Short Answer 1.4 suggests a connection between electricity and the A) flow of capital investment. The poster in Visual Source 23. C) degree of environmental protection. ” What evidence might support this statement? What evidence might contradict it? 8. What have been the benefits and drawbacks of globalization since 1945? 6. 7. Do the years since 1914 confirm or undermine Enlightenment predictions about the future of humankind? 7. What criticisms have been made by those who oppose the neo-liberal model of globalization? 6. 1. nationalism. How has the world since 1945 been bound together more tightly but also more contentiously? 2. 3. 4. Compare and contrast the feminist movements of the nineteenth century and the second half of the twentieth century. Personal Reflection: Do you feel that the greatest divide in the world at the opening of the twenty- first century lay between the Global North and the Global South? If not. democracy. Historical Comparison: Compare the feminist and environmentalist movements in the twentieth century. In what ways did the Global North/South divide find expression in the past century? 5. What factors drove economic globalization after World War II? 5. What environmental problems have emerged as a result of human activity? Essay Essay Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs.4. feminism. what other divide(s) do you see as more important? Big Picture Questions Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. internationalism—achieve their goals? . Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. How have the world’s religions responded to the secular challenges of global modernity? 8. “The most recent century marks the end of the era of Western dominance in world history. To what extent did the various liberation movements of the past century—communism. Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. fundamentalism. feminism. In what larger contexts might we understand Rachel Carson and the book that gained her such attention? . Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. 21. From what sources did Islamic renewal movements derive? 17. 11. Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions.9. What differences emerged between environmentalism in the Global North and that in the Global South? Portrait Question Answer the following question in a few sentences. environmentalism) have roots in the more distant past? In what respects did they represent something new in the past century? Seeking the Main Point Question Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. What factors contributed to economic globalization in the second half of the twentieth century? 12. What distinguished feminism in the industrialized countries from that in the Global South? 15. How can we explain the dramatic increase in the human impact on the environment in the twentieth century? 20. What new or sharper divisions has economic globalization generated? 14. Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. In what respect did the various religious fundamentalisms of the twentieth century express hostility to global modernity? 16. To what extent has globalization fostered converging values and common interests among the world’s peoples? In what ways has it generated new conflicts among them? Margin Review Questions Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. In what ways has economic globalization more closely linked the world’s peoples? 13. Summing Up So Far: How might you compare feminism and fundamentalism as global movements? In what ways did they challenge earlier values and expectations? To what extent were they in conflict with one another? 19. In what different ways did Islamic renewal express itself? 18. 10. Looking Back: To what extent did the processes discussed in this chapter (globalization. 2. Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. Why do you think that issues of sexuality and violence against women have been so prominent in recent Western feminism? Document 23.1120). p.1: Communist Feminism 22. Why does Kollontai believe that the individual family is both oppressive and doomed? 23. 818–19? 28. and gender realities of Mexican life? .3: Black American Feminism 29. How does she account for the manifest inequality of women in so many Muslim societies? 35. How does it compare with the ideas of Elizabeth Cady Stanton in Document 16. What useful elements might later Western feminists have seen in Kollontai’s ideas? Document 23. To whom might such a vision appeal and who might be deeply offended by it? 25.4: Islamic Feminism 33. 1122). and Ayaan Hirsi Ali (Document 22. How does Dworkin’s feminist agenda compare with that of Kollontai? 27. What differences in perspective can you identify between this document and that of Andrea Dworkin in Document 23. pp.1. how would you describe the issues that these documents articulate? How do they reflect class. p.5: Mexican Zapatista Feminists 36. ethnic. What difficulties have black American feminists experienced in gaining support for their movement? 32. Document 23. On what basis might this statement generate opposition and controversy? Document 23.4. the Ayatollah Khomeini (Document 22. How do you think Kemal Atatürk (Document 22. How does she imagine the future of marriage and family life under communism? 24.2? 30.2: Western Feminism 26. On what basis does Bhutto argue that “Islam provides justice and equality for women”? 34. What issues divide black and white feminists in the United States? 31.Headnote Questions Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences.4.1126) might respond to Bhutto’s ideas? Document 23. p. How might these images be read as a celebration of Chinese success? How might they be used to criticize contemporary Chinese society? Visual Source 23. With which of the previous feminist statements might Zapatista women be most sympathetic? Visual Source 23. Which of these demands might provoke the strongest male resistance? Why? 39.3: Globalization and Protest 48. a Japanese product probably manufactured in China under a license agreement? 46. Does this photograph conform to your image of a sweatshop? Why might many developing countries accept foreign-owned production facilities.2: Globalization and Consumerism 44. despite the criticisms of the working conditions in them? 42. Why might China. place such a factory in Africa? What does this suggest about the changing position of China in the world economy? What is the significance of the blue jeans for an understanding of contemporary globalization? 41. How does this image reflect the concerns of globalization’s many critics? What political message does it convey? . modernization. Why do you think most of the workers in this photo are women? How might you imagine their motivations for seeking this kind of work? Keep in mind that the unemployment rate in Lesotho in the early twenty-first century was 45 percent.37. Should these documents be regarded as feminist? Why or why not? Why might Zapatista women be reluctant to call themselves feminists? 38.1: Globalization and Work 40. how does this poster reflect changes in relationships between men and women in China after Mao? Is this yet another face of globalization or does it remain a distinctly Western phenomenon? 47. In what ways might these images be used to illustrate Westernization. and consumerism? 45. What differences can you observe between the workers in this assembly factory and those in the Indian call center shown on page 1140? What similarities might you identify? Visual Source 23. itself the site of many foreign-owned factories. How might the young people on the motorcycle understand their own behavior? Do you think they are conscious of behaving in Western ways or have these ways become Chinese? What is the significance of a Chinese couple riding a Suzuki motorcycle. globalization. 43. Beyond consumerism. Noticing change: Based on these visual sources and those in the text of Chapter 23 as well. liberating. Why have these criticisms come to focus so heavily on the activities of the World Trade Organization? 50. 818) and nineteenth-century Western feminists in general would have responded to each of these twentieth-century statements? 57. To what groups of people might such images be most compelling? How might advocates of corporate globalization respond to these protesters? Visual Source 23. Identifying similarities: What common concerns animate these documents? 55. Does recent globalization represent largely the impact of the West on the rest of the world or is it more of a twoway street? . Documents: Voices of Global Feminism 54. or threatening to established authorities and ways of living? To what extent do you think the goals of these varying feminist efforts have been realized? Visual Sources: Experiencing Globalization 58. Considering change over time: How do you think Elizabeth Cady Stanton (see document 16. Does this image support or contradict the Snapshot on page 1145? What features of this image do you find surprising? Using the Evidence Questions Answer each of the following questions in a few sentences. in what respects does contemporary globalization differ from that of earlier times? What continuities might you observe? Consider in particular the question of who is influencing who. Based on the electrification evident in this photo. p. in what different ways have various groups of people experienced globalization since the end of World War II? 59.49. To what extent has your thinking about the earth and its inhabitants been shaped by images such as this? 52.4: Globalization: One World or Many? 51. what does this image show about the economic divisions of the world in the early twenty-first century? 53. Defining differences: What variations or conflicting feminist perspectives can you identify in these sources? What accounts for those differences? 56. Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. Evaluating global feminism: What aspects of global feminism were most revolutionary.4. Defining differences: Based on these visual sources and the text of Chapter 23. or national locations.60. gender. How might you illustrate this statement from the visual sources in this chapter? . Making assessments: Opinions about contemporary globalization depend heavily on the position of observers—their class. 11. 27. 16. 5. 23. 20. 13. 7. 25. 29. g. 19. 9. 2. 8. 18. 22. Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: TOP: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: TOP: ANS: TOP: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: TOP: ANS: TOP: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: TOP: ANS: TOP: ANS: TOP: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: TOP: ANS: TOP: ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy A PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy C PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy D PTS: 1 Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism D PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy A PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy C PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy C PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy B PTS: 1 Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism D PTS: 1 Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism A PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity A PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity B PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity B PTS: 1 Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism D PTS: 1 Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism C PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy A PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy D PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy B PTS: 1 TOP: Section: The Transformation of the World Economy C PTS: 1 Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism A PTS: 1 Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism D PTS: 1 Section: The Globalization of Liberation: Focus on Feminism B PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity A PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity C PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity D PTS: 1 TOP: Section: Religion and Global Modernity B PTS: 1 Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism A PTS: 1 Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism C PTS: 1 . 14.Seeking further evidence: What additional images might add to this effort to illustrate visually the various dimensions of globalization? What visual sources do you think might be added to it fifty or a hundred years from now? 61.pba. 10. 24. 28. 17. 15. 26. 21. 12. 4. 3. 6. 34. Another form of power that critics cite is the “soft power” of America’s cultural attractiveness. A second set of issues known as women’s liberation took broader aim at patriarchy as a system of domination. creating an “empire of production” that draws on the United States’ immense wealth to entice or intimidate potential collaborators. PTS: 1 3. A central means of accomplishing this has been through the use of economic muscle. and periodic military action. 39. 36. ANS: A good answer should include the following: One set of issues focused on questions of equal rights. although it does not directly administer the empire. 33. 35. 31. 32. the economic benefits of cooperation. but without directly governing large populations for long periods of time. The United States has sought. A third set of issues emerged among women of color and focused on racism and poverty. to create societies and governments compatible with its values and interests. through economic penetration. especially in employment and education.30. 37. and the general willingness of many to follow the American lead voluntarily. 40. In this way. PTS: 1 2. the situation is similar to the influence that Europeans exercised in China and the Middle East during the nineteenth century. political pressure. ANS: A good answer should include the following: The United States in effect possesses a colonial empire in terms of influence and trade. 38. ANS: A good answer should include the following: . its political and cultural freedoms. TOP: ANS: TOP: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism D PTS: 1 Section: Experiencing the Anthropocene Era: Environment and Environmentalism C PTS: 1 A PTS: 1 C PTS: 1 D PTS: 1 B PTS: 1 A PTS: 1 C PTS: 1 B PTS: 1 D PTS: 1 A PTS: 1 SHORT ANSWER 1. The capitalist victors of World War II forged the “Bretton Woods system. further fueled globalization as dozens of new nations. major capitalist countries such as the United States and Great Britain abandoned many earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders and businesspeople increasingly viewed the entire world as a single market. The civil rights movement in America Opposition to communist regimes in Eastern Europe Liberation movements in the third world that sought to free their societies from decrepit Western capitalism and a repressive bureaucratic Soviet communism The various feminist movements around the world PTS: 1 4. o ignored local cultures. especially when tied to growing economies and modernizing societies. o prevented poor countries from protecting themselves against financial speculation. Population growth. PTS: 1 5. entered the world economy. Technology contributed to the acceleration of economic globalization by dramatically lowering transportation costs and providing the communication infrastructure for global economic interaction. ANS: A good answer should include the following: The emphasis on free trade and market-driven corporate globalization has o lowered labor standards. o disregarded human rights. Powerful international lending agencies imposed free-market and pro-business conditions on many poor countries if they were to qualify for much-needed loans. o fostered ecological degradation. PTS: 1 6. ANS: A good answer should include the following: . The interests of large corporations and wealthy countries are prioritized over all else. eager for modern development. o exacerbated global inequality. From the 1970s on. The collapse of the state-controlled economies of the communist world only furthered such unrestricted global capitalism.” a set of agreements and institutions (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) that laid the foundations for postwar globalization. ANS: A good answer should include the following: The capitalist victors of World War II were determined to avoid a return to Depression-era conditions. infrastructure. . although the twentieth-century movement had a wider following outside the West than did its nineteenth-century counterpart. though the feminist movement of the second half of the twentieth century had more submovements than did the earlier feminist movement. PTS: 1 7. especially those in the developing world. though in the second half of the twentieth century—because women in the West had already achieved the right to vote—the focus of organized feminism shifted to issues like equal rights in education and employment. In each period. goods. the feminist movement encompassed a number of smaller movements. ANS: A good answer should include the following: Rejection of those aspects deemed most threatening to a spiritual life Use of those aspects of modernity (communications. Both movements sought equal rights for women. etc. A discussion of the globalization of liberation should focus on the common goals and agenda of international feminism. Both were international movements. ANS: A good essay should include the following: A discussion of the world economy should highlight the international flow of capital.) to spread their message Various expressions of religious fundamentalism that emphasized a return to a “purer” religious faith Violence was sanctioned in some movements. ANS: A good answer should include the following: Deforestation and soil erosion Extinction of certain species of plants and animals Air and water pollution Hole in the ozone layer Global warming PTS: 1 ESSAY 1. were not explicitly gender-based. and some of the latter-day submovements. while others emphasized peaceful strategies. and people to demonstrate greater global integration. PTS: 1 8. personal reflection essays have no “right” answer to a. ANS: Global economic development has increased the divide between a rich North and poor South. ANS: By definition. Both were diverse movements with multiple agendas. A discussion of the environment should emphasize the global impact of human actions. a good essay should include the following: Identification of the Global North and the Global South Examination of what separated the Global North and the Global South. with attention to the resurgence of religious fundamentalism around the world. However. ANS: A good essay should include the following: Both movements were international in scope. It has resulted in a “brain drain” from the Global South to the Global North. feminism. ANS: Globalization brought economic growth and it put the peoples of the world in closer contact. However. Both developed significant internal rifts between the agendas of movements in industrialized societies and the agendas of movements in third-world societies. especially between the Global North and the Global South. especially in light of the chapter’s discussion of the rifts in world economics. and has led to violence. PTS: 1 2. Both have succeeded in securing sustained public attention and some successes for their causes. PTS: 1 3. PTS: 1 5. A discussion of each of the issues above should identify the major divisions and conflicts. Answer: . It has found expression in differing priorities in otherwise international feminist and environmentalist movements. it left a world deeply divided. A discussion of religions should identify the responses of major religions to the secular challenges of global modernity. made it more unequal. Both were mass movements with larger followings in more regions of the world than their nineteenth-century counterparts. and environmentalism Identification of other possible divides and comparisons to the divide between the Global North and the Global South PTS: 1 4. at least initially. Perhaps more importantly. That said. Feminism grew as a movement in the twentieth century. The potential of scientific and technological developments continues to prove important. Nationalism continues to flourish. Internationalism certainly increased alongside globalization. these years also undermined Enlightenment predictions as the idea of steady progress toward a more democratic world was challenged by the emergence of fascism and communism. and the emergence of communism as a rival system to the Western capitalist model. it developed distinctive new strands. with distinctive strands developing across the globe. Nevertheless. There has been a continued effort by women in feminist movements to make all humankind equal. ANS: . However. the democratic movement has gained in strength. including women’s liberation and a movement among women of color. the rise of a number of developing nations. especially over the last several decades with the disintegration of the communist world and the expansion of democracy in Africa. including India and China. ANS: The years since 1914 confirmed some Enlightenment predictions. the rise of globalization decreased the centrality of the nation-state as an identity. ANS: To support the statement. elsewhere (such as Africa). though these ideas were taken in new directions. Environmental problems and growing disparities between the rich and poor muddied for some the meaning and perceived positive nature of the Enlightenment concept of progress. the continued cultural influence of Europe and the United States. ANS: Communism achieved a great deal before the 1970s. PTS: 1 8. but it has since largely disintegrated as a movement. PTS: 1 9. the reaction against Western cultural influences. Evidence that contradicts the statement includes the continued influence of Europe and the United States as political and military powers and on the world economy. the weakening of European powers because of the two world wars. and the collapse of communist states in the final decades of the twentieth century. Democracy has enjoyed mixed results. especially in the Islamic world. feminism moved beyond the Western world. with national self-determination still accepted as an idea in the international community. PTS: 1 7.PTS: 1 6. students might note the end of European colonial empires and the emergence of national self-determination. In the West. with new organizations like the United Nations emerging and with new mass organizations that cross borders (like Greenpeace) taking shape. having an important impact in places like India while failing. The idea of self-determination continues to have an impact in the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries. fundamentalism in the twentieth century became better defined and more widespread than before. developments after World War II—including population growth. In terms of conflicts. So did the “wilderness idea. the spread of feminism outside the Western world and the emergence of the women’s liberation movement within the Western world during the twentieth century mark important new developments. technological advances.” which aimed to preserve untouched areas from human disruption. which threatened the “green and pleasant land” of an earlier England. it has led to sharp divisions as to how humans should limit their environmental impact. Increased contact and stronger communication networks have led to wider and more sustained cultural exchanges that foster converging values and common interests. But none of these movements attracted the mass following or provoked the global response that the environmental movement of the twentieth century achieved. and the fostering of global trade by the leading powers of the capitalist world—have all led to further rapid economic globalization. PTS: 1 11. Economic globalization was a long-term process that began early in human history. Fundamentalist religions that oppose modernity have fought against globalization. after a decline in global trade during the Great Depression. It increased in scope and intensity after 1500 as a new global network anchored in Europe took shape and industrialization further spurred economic contact between regions. . PTS: 1 10. Globalization has led to greater disparities in wealth and access to resources like education and medical care which has fostered conflict. Feminism in the twentieth century had its roots in the ideals of the Atlantic revolutions and the first feminist movements of the nineteenth century. both in industrializing countries and in European colonies. Environmentalism began in the nineteenth century as Romantic poets like William Blake and William Wordsworth denounced the “dark satanic mills” of the industrial era. represented another element of emerging environmental awareness among a few. Nonetheless. The “scientific management” of nature. ANS: The capitalist victors in World War II were determined to avoid a return to Depression-era conditions. Nonetheless. ANS: As more people are drawn into the global economy they share the common interests in sustaining it. Fundamentalism at its core was a reaction to the modernity that took shape during the nineteenth century. Global corporations selling their products across the globe have made consumer culture more homogenous. It has created splits between those who support globalization and those who oppose it. and elements of this reaction can be found in that century. Ideological conflict between communism and capitalism led to a global cold war. However. . They forged a set of agreements and institutions (the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) that laid the foundations for postwar globalization. further fueled globalization as dozens of new nations. The collapse of the communist world only furthered such unrestricted global capitalism. Powerful international lending agencies imposed similar free-market and pro-business conditions on many poor countries if they were to qualify for muchneeded loans. huge oil tankers. the short-term movement of capital. entered the world economy. In the 1970s and after. ANS: World trade skyrocketed in the second half of the twentieth century. It has also increased gaps in many other areas. and high levels of capital investment. This “Bretton Woods system” set the rules for commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries. which are dependent in large part on their role in the world economy. It has also generated economic inequalities within individual countries. major capitalist countries like the United States abandoned many earlier political controls on economic activity as their leaders and businesspeople increasingly viewed the entire world as a single market. while promoting relatively free trade. while fiber optic cables and later the Internet provided the communication infrastructure for global interaction. Money as well as goods achieved an amazing global mobility through foreign direct investment. and a distinctive strain emerged among women of color that focused on racism and poverty. both rich and poor ones. including educational and employment opportunities and access to medical care and the Internet. ANS: In the industrialized countries. PTS: 1 14. PTS: 1 13. Population growth. PTS: 1 12. Companies have become increasingly transnational. It has created a split between those who support globalization and those who oppose it. and the personal funds of individuals. feminism focused on questions of equal rights (especially in employment and education) and women’s liberation (which took aim at patriarchy as a system of domination). stable currency values linked to the American dollar. ANS: It has increased the gap between rich and poor in the world. Workers have been on the move more than ever. eager for modern development. especially when tied to growing economies and modernizing societies. containerized shipping. Technology also contributed to economic globalization. and air express services dramatically lowered transportation costs. It has created important disparities among developing countries. These policies were not very successful. the teachings of Mawlana Mawdudi and Sayyid Qutb asserted that the Quran and the sharia provided a guide for all of life and a blueprint for a distinctly Islamic modernity not dependent on Western ideas. socialism. the definition of those who disagreed with them as “non-Muslims. PTS: 1 15. often with only lip service to an Islamic identity. the foundation of Islamic organizations that operated legally to provide social services that the state offered inadequately or not at all. widely regarded as an outpost of the West. and Algeria that pursued essentially Western and secular policies of nationalism. and the launching of terrorist attacks on Western interests— defining the enemy not as Christianity itself or even Western civilization but as irreligious Westernstyle modernity. a Hindu fundamentalist movement known as Hindutva entered the political arena. Iran. ANS: In the United States. determined to return America to a “godly path. not all of which were explicitly gender-based. and insufficiently concerned with issues of motherhood. with many states beset by endemic problems that ran counter to the great expectations that had accompanied the struggle against European domination. In Morocco. U. fundamentalist Muslims expressed hostility in a number of ways. . and disarmament. ANS: There were several factors that gave strength to Islamic activism. marriage. Broader signs of Western cultural penetration also appeared frequently in the Muslim world. including the creation in East Africa of small associations of women who supported one another in a variety of ways. the feminist movement took up a variety of issues. they entered the political arena as the religious right. and the lower castes. while delegates from third-world and communist countries wanted to include issues of economic justice. In the Global South. Many feminists in the Global South felt that feminism in the industrialized countries was too individualistic. imperialism. decolonization. and poverty to be of much use. violent opposition to foreign powers that encroached on the Islamic world.” In India in the 1980s. the feminist movement targeted the changing of the Family Law Code. seeking to counter efforts by secular governments to cater to the interests of Muslims.” the embracing of violent jihad as a legitimate part of Islamic life. Israel. Foreign intrusion also played a role. The differences between the Northern and Southern movements sometimes surfaced at international conferences such as the Mexico City gathering in 1975. Sikhs. Islamic alternatives to Western models of modernity provided inspiration. In the late twentieth century in the Islamic world. including the adoption of more observant forms of Islam. fundamentalists at first sought to separate themselves from the secular world in their own churches and schools. and an American-led economic globalization. but from the 1970s on. PTS: 1 16. the United States attempted to limit the meeting’s agenda to matters of political and civil rights for women. Political independence had given rise to major states such as Egypt. overly focused on sexuality. in particular. had been reestablished as a Jewish state in the very center of the Islamic world in 1948. and economic development.S. succeeding in both Iran and Afghanistan. and the phenomenal economic growth as modern science and technology immensely increased the production of goods and services. They seek to return to these older traditions. industrialization. Participation in Sufi mystical practices increased. after the Soviet invasion of 1979. Others sought to attack Western interests. ANS: Both movements are fragmented rather than unified. PTS: 1 19. defining the enemy not as Christianity itself or even Western civilization but as irreligious Western-style modernity. doctors. praying regularly. Afghanistan. attending mosque. PTS: 1 .PTS: 1 17. new rights. targeting Israel and. Many governments sought to anchor themselves in Islamic rhetoric and practice. PTS: 1 18. Such people embraced modern science and technology but sought to embed these elements of modernity within a distinctly Islamic culture. adopted modest Islamic dress and the veil quite voluntarily. Within these movements there are also splits. Fundamentalists see capitalism. journalists. They do conflict with each other. and fasting. Islamic activists took leadership roles in unions and professional organizations of teachers. the new ability of humankind to tap the energy potential of fossil fuels. and lawyers. renewal movements spawned organizations that operated legally to provide social services that the state offered inadequately or not at all. Some sought the violent overthrow of what they saw as compromised regimes in the Muslim world. Feminists on the other hand want to draw on Enlightenment concepts of equality and inalienable rights and the new work and family opportunities that emerged with industrialization to challenge older patriarchal traditions often advocated by fundamentalists. ANS: At the level of personal life. every major world religion has a fundamentalist wing. many people became more religiously observant. and an American-led economic globalization. and new statuses for women in society. urban. Feminists want to use the new realities of modernity to secure a higher status for women in society and new roles in work and public life for women. many of them young. engineers. Similarly. and globalization as upsetting customary family and gender relationships that have long been sanctified by religious traditions. but they differ in that they are linked to distinct religious traditions. Feminism is split between Global North and Global South movements. U.S. Fundamentalism rejects much but not all of modernity. like those between African American and white feminists in the United States. and well-educated. divinely sanctioned codes of behavior. seeking to return to older. imperialism. Islamic revolutionaries also took aim at hostile foreign powers. Across the Muslim world. Substantial numbers of women. Feminists differ from fundamentalists in that they embrace important aspects of the modern world to assert new roles. ANS: The dramatic increase in the human impact on the environment can be attributed to the explosion in the human population. housekeeping. so central to western culture since the Enlightenment In the context of the modern environmental movement In the context of the Industrial Revolution and humankind’s growing impact on the environment In the context of humankind’s efforts to increase the production of food to sustain the rapidly growing human population in the twentieth century In terms of the criticism that she received. ANS: Both activists and governments in the developing countries have often felt that Northern initiatives to address atmospheric pollution and global warming would curtail their industrial development. in the context of the cold war PTS: 1 22. . leaving the North/South gap intact. It will become the union of two equal members. they only consume. PTS: 1 23. and do the laundry. So if a woman works. It might also offend those who view the traditional family as central to the social order.” that is work. Now that women are wage workers the old system is impossible. This she argues is more equitable and will redefine the family. What was formerly produced by the family is now manufactured on a mass scale. and child rearing. It might offend men and women who are attached to more traditional marriage patterns. ANS: In the context of modern science and the idea of progress. Families no longer produce. Another North/South difference arose over the export of hazardous wastes generated in rich Northern countries to disposal sites in the developing countries. It might not appeal to those who oppose the idea of divorce. It would also appeal to women who currently find themselves in abusive relationships. It would appeal to a woman who “staggers under weight of this the triple load. PTS: 1 24. ANS: The vision may appeal to those women who have taken the opportunities offered by the new communist regime and entered full-time employment outside the household. Women who do not wish to work outside the home might be deeply offended by it. ANS: Marriage will be a union of two persons who love and trust each other. PTS: 1 21. others will cook. both of them free and independent. ANS: The universal spread of female wage labor has doomed the institution. clean. Tasks traditionally undertaken in the family unit will be done collectively in a communist society. A woman cannot work all day without reducing her responsibilities as a mother and a housekeeper.20. ANS: This document offers a much more expansive agenda than Dworkin. and control over ones sexuality provides an important basis for independence. PTS: 1 29. ANS: The egregious nature of the violence provides a rallying point to oppose patriarchy. and class oppression. including poverty and homelessness. Dworkin focus on resistance to sexual violence while Stanton’s agenda seeks to secure women the education and freedoms necessary to be independent.PTS: 1 25. However. Sexuality is closely associated with the individual. heterosexual. and that these relationships need to be on an equal footing and consensual. seizing their rights and refusing to be passive accomplices in the current system. It identifies an interlocking set of problems including racial. and child rearing imposes on women in the traditional family structure Her assertion that women should have access to divorce so that they can leave abusive marriages They may also have approved of many of the services to support working women that Kollontai identifies. on the other hand. Both challenge women to secure their independence from men. Kollontai’s agenda is focused more on women in the workplace and redefining the domestic roles of women. Dworkin. housekeeping. PTS: 1 27. focuses on the problem of sexual violence and how women should resist such violence to put an end to it. Sexuality lies at the heart of relationships between men and women. . Dworkin focuses only on sexuality and violence. ANS: They both would agree that relationships between men and women need to be reconceived. ANS: They are similar in that both advocate for women to actively seek to improve their situation. PTS: 1 26. Women should have the right to leave abusive relationships. ANS: The concept of marriage being a union based on affection between two equal members of society Her emphasis on the crushing burden that full time work. Dworkin notes that sexual violence often leads to other problems. PTS: 1 28. sexual. It identifies a much more complex set of issues that finds black feminists allied with men on some issues and opposed to white women on others. . ANS: They became disillusioned by their participation in the black liberation movements. The multi-layered texture of black women’s lives has meant that developing their intellects led to great costs in their social lives. duties. Unlike Dworkin. ANS: White feminists may dispute that they are racist. PTS: 1 32. Their socialist beliefs may have attracted the ire of Americans who supported capitalism. which makes it difficult for them to upset both economic and sexual arrangements that seem to represent some stability in their lives. White men on the left may dispute the claim that they marginalized white women. PTS: 1 31. ANS: The black feminist movement opposed racism and asserted that white feminists did not. embracing black liberation. The black feminist movement’s agenda was much broader than that put forward in white feminist documents in this volume. and obligations. It includes a much more overtly economic set of concerns than Dworkin. homosexuality. this document does not identify the conflict as being strictly between women and a male-dominated patriarchal system. and socialism. Those opposed to the black liberation movement would object to their agenda. and endows both men and women with the same attributes. As creatures of God all humans have certain rights. PTS: 1 30. ANS: The Quran refers to both men and women. This has to do with the material conditions of most black women. White female separatists might object to black feminist opposition to their goals. Black men may question why black feminists grew disillusioned with their movement. PTS: 1 34. Some black women might object to this black feminist critique of the economic and sexual arrangements that secured stability in their lives. They were marginalized by the white male left. The document identifies a psychological toll for black women in reaching political consciousness and doing political work. White men opposed to the feminist movement would undoubtedly object to their agenda. PTS: 1 33. They are accused of dividing the black struggle. ANS: This inequality is a man-made creation that emerged in Islam after the Prophet’s death. and political issues. Her views on the status and role of women in society contradict Khomeini’s passages concerning women. Ayaan Hirsi Ali would likely argue that Bhutto’s vision of Islam bears little resemblance to her experience of it. and craft workshops bear some resemblance to the support for working women promoted by feminists in communist systems. social. she would likely point to how it worked in practice in her native Somali culture. They reflect the struggles to secure the basics needed to live. and allows a freer role for women in society. makes Islam primarily a religion of private faith. PTS: 1 36. That said. He would likely have objected to her rejection of the authority of Muslim clerics. Their demands for sufficient food for children need not be framed as feminist in nature. While she may find Bhutto’s interpretation attractive. Demands for the right to participate in public life are also found in other feminist movements. it is men. dining halls. become educated. support oneself through work. ANS: This is a wide ranging set of demands encompassing economic. ANS: In support of describing these as feminist documents. raise families. it is possible that Bhutto’s arguments might provide Hirsi Ali a means to reconcile some aspects of Western culture she finds attractive with her Islamic heritage. . and secure the punishment of those that abuse women. the demand for protection from male violence and for control over the number of children they choose to raise are similar to demands made by Western feminists. serve in public office. It reflects the reassertion of the patriarchal society. The Ayatollah Khomeini may have approved of Bhutto embracing Islam as a guiding force in her life. In terms of why these women might be reluctant to describe themselves as feminists. Demands for collectivized resources including kitchens. His support for the role of clerics in interpreting public law would also have put him at odds with Bhutto. It is not Islam that is averse to women. ANS: Kemal Atatürk would likely support Bhutto’s interpretation of Islam because it opposes the authority of Muslim clerics. PTS: 1 37. In opposition. This inequality runs counter to the Prophet’s teachings concerning the umma. who argues that it is these clerical interpretations that have perverted the teachings of the Prophet. many of their economic demands are not specific to women and would benefit the whole community. the term is too restrictive to describe their whole agenda which includes many demands that cross gender boundaries or are specifically for the improvement of children’s lives. PTS: 1 35. day care centers. as religion was used to justify the norms of tribal society. While the Zapatista women have different concerns. rather than a separate movement with its own agenda.4’s interpretation of Muhammad’s teaching on divorce and marriage as it indirectly intersects with their own demand that women be allowed to choose their own marriage partner and not be forced into marriage in the seventh part of the Women’s Revolutionary Law. ANS: The Zapatista women would support Document 23. it would be reasonable to argue that some men may object to the ninth demand in the Women’s Revolutionary Law that women will be able to occupy positions of leadership in the revolutionary organization and hold military ranks in the revolutionary armed forces because these positions might be seen as male positions. so this document touches less directly on their demands. As the Chinese economy grows it is changing from an economy that sought foreign investment to one that invests in foreign economies. The Zapatista women would support Document 23. However.2’s demands for protection from male violence. Citing tradition and culture. given the eighth point of the Women’s Revolutionary Law. ANS: A Chinese company might place such a factory in Africa because labor is cheaper. The Zapatista women do not directly deal with the role of religion in their document. PTS: 1 39. They would also be sympathetic to the call for a say in the political system and the anger expressed at being marginalized. The photo depicts an American product (blue jeans) being produced by a Chinese company in an African factory. they would likely sympathize with Document 23. They conceive of themselves as part of a wider revolutionary struggle alongside men. cultural. some might object to the right of women to choose their partner and to decide the number of children they will have and care for. and more equal relationships between men and women in marriage. illustrating how the global economy links multiple regions in the same enterprise.3’s assertion that women face complex challenges in multiple interlocking systems (economic. because of government incentives and proximity to markets. they would likely read sympathetically Document 23. For similar reasons. and to avoid tariffs. They would also likely engage approvingly with the powerful role models for women in Islam that Bhutto highlights. PTS: 1 38. some might also object to the fourth demand in the Women’s Revolutionary Law which stipulates that women have the right to hold positions of authority in the community. ANS: While this question involves speculation. PTS: 1 40.1’s vision of collectivized resources (like dining halls and day care centers) supporting women who work. social. PTS: 1 . etc). They might believe that their agenda would receive a better reception without a feminist label attached to it. and the well-ordered working environment that lacks any obvious workplace dangers.41. ANS: These workers shown on page 1140 are engaged in a different type of labor. Students could argue that those depicted are not driven by a desire to behave in a Western manner but by a desire to purchase goods that they believe improve their lives. suggesting an increasing focus on materialism and commercialism. The motor bike is a form of modern transport. In terms of why they accept foreign-owned production facilities. to support their families. Women may seek this sort of work to survive or get ahead. and that the workers must work on their feet. 1062. Students could also claim that it is not a sweatshop by comparing the image to Visual Source 17. In both images. The enterprise provides work for people who otherwise have few job opportunities. The image illustrates consumerism by promoting the purchase of a motorbike.2 illustrates Westernization by depicting a man dressed in Western attire. implying a cold work environment. ANS: The young people likely see themselves as enjoying the benefits of economic success and partaking in what the globalized world economy has to offer.4. and manufactured under license of a Japanese company. They are in an office rather than a factory. One of the stacks clearly looks like it is composed of paper money from the United States. Developing countries lack the capital and the domestic companies to make these investments. In the photo on p. or to earn a cash income to supplement other types of subsistence production in which they engage. They might note the well-lit and clean working conditions. providing a service rather than a product. ANS: Historically. illustrating globalization. . two stacks of paper money are present in the center of the poster. ANS: Students could argue that this is a sweatshop by noting that the employees are wearing coats and hats. and they often work in the production of clothing. The young people are participating in a form of consumption that has been advertised to them in a Chinese context. women are paid less than men. it implies that happiness and success are wrapped up in the purchase of consumer items. which points to a China that is increasingly involved in globalization. ANS: Visual Source 23. illustrating modernization. and in the way it associates happiness and success with material goods. PTS: 1 44. the people are working in large settings with an open floor plan and are lined up at tables. and are dressed differently. PTS: 1 45. PTS: 1 43. PTS: 1 42. the state gains revenues by taxing the factory. PTS: 1 46. It is losing its distinctive identity. and therefore has become symbolic of the pro-globalization forces. It potentially possesses the authority to make changes to the system. PTS: 1 49. PTS: 1 51. The WTO conducts a meeting that provides a focus for protestors. ANS: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is perceived as representing the values and interests of corporations rather than people. and the concerns of environmentalists who oppose the new global economy because of its impact on the environment. PTS: 1 50. ANS: The image would be compelling to many Westerners and some in the developing world who oppose world trade and the current trading system and its impact on the developing world. ANS: This visual source reflects the concerns of opponents who believe the global economy is responsible for the great disparities of wealth in the world. They would object to this characterization of their activities. PTS: 1 48. and Chinese citizens have access to more goods and services than before. Advocates of corporate globalization would point to the benefits in both the developed and developing world of trade and the growth in overall wealth on the planet. The image may be another face of globalization because China developed a new conception of women under the Maoist system. However. ANS: The couple appear in public together without supervision and as relative equals. The woman appears as confident and outgoing as the communist woman depicted in Visual Source 21. PTS: 1 47. The motorcycle represents the global economy and the spread of consumerism. ANS: China is growing more prosperous. and that only direct action will bring change. It only indirectly represents the concerns of feminist and religious groups that oppose globalization. it is embracing this destructive feature of globalization. ANS: .3. China has become too tied to consumerism. the concerns of those who object to the terms under which world trade is practiced and development aid distributed. The image effectively presents the concern that the World Trade Organization represents the values and interests of corporations rather than people. as well as to those concerned about the impact of globalization on the environment. PTS: 1 52. indicating that economic development is less pronounced in these regions. the Middle East. A student might also note how this image reflects the disparities in wealth between regions of the earth. So. All propose changes that give women greater rights and freedoms. . the relative electrification of China and India in the image may seem high considering the lower-middle per-capita income category that they fall into in the Snapshot. ANS: All seek to redefine relationships between men and women in society. which notes several ways in which such images help us to conceive of the planet as a whole rather than split into states or other units. ANS: Some address economic issues. India. In terms of contradiction. which indicate widespread electrification. too. and car use. Documents 23. Europe. and parts of East Asia appear to be the most developed regions of the world. ANS: The image supports the Snapshot because the lit up regions of the image. How little of the earth is electrified is surprising. the coast of Brazil. All seek to give women greater independence or self-sufficiency. In each case the issues that they identify and the changes that they propose are shaped by their specific circumstances. are the great discrepancies between regions and the tendency for electrification to be particularly dense along the coasts.5 argue for collectivized resources to support working women. PTS: 1 55. How little of the earth is electrified is surprising. North America. Document 23. PTS: 1 53. So too are the great discrepancies between regions and the tendency for electrification to be particularly intense along the coasts.3 emphasizes race more than the others. A student is likely to react to the introduction. Large parts of the world have not been electrified. a topic not addressed in the other documents. computer. ANS: Developed and rapidly developing countries stand out because they are the most electrified regions. Some argue for public roles for women while others do not. The differences between these documents reflect the different situations and experiences of the women who wrote them. PTS: 1 54. correlate well with the Snapshot figures for cell phone.4 focuses more on religious underpinnings of patriarchy than the others.1 and 23. while others do not. as reflected in electricity consumption. Document 23. Internet. a focus on race. Dworkin’s efforts to encourage women to resist sexual violence could be understood within the context of Stanton’s wider call for women to break free of their bondage to men. to work. and the issue of homosexuality. that helped women to fully participate in society as independent actors. ANS: Stanton and her contemporaries would have approved of Document 23. While one cannot speculate as to how earlier feminists would have reacted to these issues. Progress was less dramatic in the parts of the Global South.4. and to participate fully in public life. a critical goal for Stanton. This program would allow women to become completely independent of men. but the problem remains far from solved. It still remains a challenging issue though for many women. She might however have hoped that it would push further for the complete independence of women from men. . Stanton and her contemporaries would undoubtedly have approved of Bhutto’s efforts in Document 23.2. Stanton and her contemporaries would have supported the calls of the Zapatista women for the right to an education. In many regions women have secured these rights. it also includes several issues that largely lay beyond the agenda of these earlier feminists including a socialist economic program. Demands by women for the right to vote and to hold public office was a revolutionary concept that threatened the established order.3. ANS: Freeing women from unequal domestic relationships was a threatening idea to established authorities because it undermined long-standing patriarchal traditions. PTS: 1 57.1’s call for women to be given the education. to choose their partner in marriage.1 was never fully accomplished. but not everywhere. The liberating of women from abusive relationships featured prominently in several feminist traditions. While Stanton and her contemporaries would have undoubtedly supported the rejection of white male rule and the sexism of black men in Document 23. they do go beyond the official agenda of these earlier movements and Stanton’s arguments in Document 16. Divorce laws and the prosecution of spousal abuse have improved this situation in some places. PTS: 1 56. and freedom to work at the heart of Kollontai’s agenda. Economic concerns appear more prominently in the writings of women from less privileged backgrounds.4 to define a more equal position for women in Muslim society. societal support. While the communist vision of subjugating the family unit to collectivization as envisioned in Document 23. Stanton and her contemporaries would likely also embrace the message in Document 23. They likely would have supported other demands. some progress has been made on this front in some regions of the globe. Kollontai’s understanding of marriage might also have appealed to Stanton and her contemporaries as it granted women equal status in the relationship. There was considerable progress in many places on this front through new divorce laws and support of family planning especially in the West and communist worlds. The concept of providing women with support in their child rearing and housekeeping roles as they took up paid employment outside the home was a liberating development. like that for the provision of day care. Visual sources that could be added fifty to one hundred years from now include pictures depicting global warming.4 illustrates how where one lives can have a huge impact on their access to the wealth generated by globalization. ANS: Some Westerners might think Visual Source 23.4 reflects the disparities in levels of development across the globe.PTS: 1 58. images dealing with the scarcity of natural resources. Visual Source 2. Certain continuities can be observed.2 reflects globalization’s impact on the material wealth and consumer life of some people. PTS: 1 61.2 illustrates how one’s position in the global economic system and ability to benefit from its production of wealth can shape how one perceives contemporary globalization.3 illustrates how concerns. Visual Source 23. the global feminist movement. However. while regions such as China and India played more important roles. ANS: Visual sources that might add to this feature include images representing religious alternatives to globalization. environmentalism. and globalization has led to greater disparities in wealth than before. . Visual Source 23. to drive the mixing of cultures and ideas. Europe played a less important role in the early stages of globalization.3 reflects opposition to globalization by a variety of people for many different reasons.1 chronicles exploitation. PTS: 1 59. Visual Source 23. whether about economic development. the West has been a driving force in globalization since World War II and its influence has been felt in many parts of the world. and to lead to the adoption across cultures of such things as crops and technologies. ANS: The scale and pace of globalization has increased. globalization continues to be driven significantly by trade. or feminism. and images that more fully explore environmentalist opposition. and American imperialism. can impact how a person views and understands organizations like the WTO. as reflected in relative levels of electrification. other regions have influenced the West and their influence is growing as Westerners become more economically dependent on them. and images depicting the impact of globalization on the West. the treatment of workers. Visual Source 23. For example.1 reflects globalization’s impact on the working lives of many people. Visual Source 23. new opponents of globalization have emerged. ANS: Visual Source 23. while the workers in the photo might see themselves as embracing an opportunity. PTS: 1 60. As these visual sources reveal. PTS: 1 .
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