APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. 4 / No.1 BANANA PEELS: AN ECONOMICAL REFINING AGENT FOR CARCINOGENIC SUBSTANCE IN WASTE COOKING OIL ∗ Rifqi Taqiuddin1, Nabila Yahdiani Aliah1 1 Al Irsyad Satya Islamic School Parahyangan Street KM 2.7 Kota Baru Parahyangan Padalarang-West Bandung, West Java Indonesia ABSTRACT There are so many consumers and small scale traders of fried food in this world, including Indonesia. Unfortunately, some of the traders usually do not have enough capital to create a good healthy standard for the food they produced and therefore they use their cooking oil (usually called waste cooking oil) repeatedly more than 8-10 times. Obviously the oil is not a good healthy standard for producing food. Useless materials in the waste oil especially peroxide will increase risks of some diseases, such as cancer. This research conducted to test the effectiveness of banana peel as readily available, low cost, environment friendly bio-material. The banana peel could adsorb peroxide and increase the brightness of waste cooking oil. Several 100 ml samples of waste cooking oil were treated at room temperature using combinations of 2 grams of dehydrated banana peel, activated carbon banana peel, carbon banana peel, and/or shallot, and compared to commercial activated carbon as absorbent. After 24 hours, the concentration of peroxide (peroxide number) was calculated using a thiosulphate titration method. Clarity, thus purity of each samples were also compared by analysing the absorbance using a spectrophotometer. The result shows that dehydrated banana peel is the best material applied to remove peroxide in waste cooking oil compared to activated carbon banana peel, carbon banana peel, shallot, and commercial activated carbon. Whereas shallot is the material that results in the brightest waste cooking oil compared to other material used. Key words: banana peel, absorbent, waste cooking oil, cancer, peroxide numbe ∗ Correspondence to : Rifqi T ([email protected]) Yayuk P ([email protected]) 62 Cooking oil that made from palm oil will damage easily by oxidation (Rosita et al. People that consume food that fried use waste cooking oil will have high probability to suffer from so many diseases such as cholesterol. et al. for example fried banana. INTRODUCTION There are many consumers of fried food in this world. Oil that can be made from plants or animals contains lots of unsaturated fatty acid. 1. 63 . hypertension.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. which make the oil can be oxidized easily. including Indonesia. this free radical can be neutralised by defence systems in the human body. 2011) especially during deep frying process. 2007). In normal conditions and in a short period of time. and could form liquid at a room temperature (25oC). some of the traders usually do not have enough capital to create a good healthy standard for the food they produce. Waste Cooking Oil Oil is a triglyceride composed by three fatty acid units. For example.1. The reason is the high cost of the cooking oil itself. then release the free radical called peroxide (Sartika. and also cancer. Oxidation at a high temperature cause the breakdown of double bonds that turn into a single bonds between two C atoms. One of the serious diseases that can cause by consuming waste cooking oil is cancer. Unfortunately.1 1. but in high doses and long exposure times. 2007). 2009). blockage of bloodstream. so if the producers use the oil repeatedly. they will use their cooking oil (usually called waste cooking oil) repeatedly more than around 8-10 times that obviously not a good healthy standard for producing food. This disease is thought to be caused by a polar compound contained in waste cooking oil called peroxide. they do not have to spend much money on buying fresh cooking oil and they can minimize the cost production.. This oil that has been oxidized in high temperature is usually called waste cooking oil (Rahayu. al. it can damage the human body or even cause necrosis of cells (Rahayu. There are many small scale fried food traders who sell varieties of fried food. The use of waste oil for frying can decrease the nutrient content of food and increase the health risk for the food consumers.. 4 / No. et. et al. Oxidation of fatty acid into hydro peroxide Oxidation in oil occurs at the C atom near the double bond position and the hydroperoxide is released shown in Figure 1 above. the benefit of banana peels are not popular as many people still do not realise about. It is very useful for purification and refining processes. The peroxide number of a sample can be calculated by titration analysis using thiosulphate solution and amylum as indicator (Wildan. copper (Hossain. which prove to be helpful in the compost. If the use of this waste cannot be controlled. 4 / No. 64 . 2012) and also some dyes (Velmurugan. minerals and fibber that benefit for skin care and for healing the wound (Sakaltar. Besides that. 2008). banana peels have absorbent potentiality (Hossain. et al.2. loaded with lot of vitamins. 1. Banana peel has absorption capacities to remove chromium from wastewater (Memon. A high amount of peroxide indicates the low quality of cooking oil. Unfortunatelly. 2011). Banana peel has absorption capabilities for some elements and ions in liquid or solution. fried food producers could refine the waste cooking oil by using an absorbent that will absorb the useless materials inside it.. Banana peels also contain high potassium and phosphorus. Banana Peels Banana peels are agricultural waste that discarded all over the world as useless material. The substance could be used for medicine as well as personal care and known for anti-fungal and antibiotic properties. They cause waste management problems although they have some compost and cosmetics potentiality (Hossain. it will cause a serious problem and give risks to human. To decrease the risks of diseases such as cancer. 2012). waste cooking oil are still commonly in use. et al.. 2011).APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. 2002) Nowadays...1 Figure 1. 2012).. et al. et al. KOH is one of the most effective activating agents employed for organic materials. causing a more localized reaction with the carbon precursor and is more effective for the highly ordered materials (Mapoung. Chemical activation of carbons is very common method for obtaining activated carbons including for banana peel carbon with very high surface areas. Charcoal that immersed in NaCl solution as dehydrating agent will absorb the salt. Biosorption Biosorption is a property of certain types of inactive. and environment friendly bio-material. dead. The mechanisms involved in the conversion of organic matter to carbon are: (1) desorption of absorbed water up to 150oC. banana peels are selected to be prepared as a bio-absorbent. Organic matter in banana peels may be converted by controlling thermal decomposition into carbon.37%) and have been subjected to biomethanation and biogas production. and volatile hydrocarbon species from fragmentation reactions of the polyaromatic constituents (Mopoung. and are specifically selective for heavy metals and can be easily disposed by incineration (Das et al.. 1970 in Mujizah. 2008). NaCl could also be used for carbon activation. CO2.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. or depolymerization. 2008).500oC (lignin). The major components of organic matter break down in a stepwise manner at 200-800oC (hemicellulose). An experiment result shows that activated carbon is through immersion NaCl 30% combined with physics activation resulting the best characteristics for absorbent (Mujizah. microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from even very dilute aqueous solutions. 260-350oC (cellulose) and 280. they also could be used as material for charcoal and activated charcoal as common absorbent (Mopoung. 4 / No. CO and CO2 between 260oC and 400oC. Because of this. low cost. the thermal induced decomposition and the rearrangement reaction are almost terminated leaving a carbon template structure. cheap and non-hazardous. This agricultural waste is also inexhaustible. Between 260oC and 400oC almost 80% of the total weight loss that occur which may vary between 40% (lignin) to about 80% (cellulose) due to evolution of H2O.1 Banana peels are readily available. and breaking of CO and C-C bonds within ring units evolving water. 2010). 2008). Banana peels contain high organic carbon (41. Biomass exhibits this 65 . (2) splitting of matter structure water between 150oC and 260oC. 2011). 2010).3. Considering those criteria. Beside KOH. Increasing salt concentration caused increasing of minerals absorbed and enlarges the carbon porous (Kusuma and Utomo. (3) chain scissions. 1. and (5) above 800oC. (4) aromatization forming graphitic layers above 400oC. KOH might be more selective in the activation process. Furthermore. 66 .1 property. The degree of sorbent affinity for the sorbate determines its distribution between the solid and liquid phases. activated carbon banana peel. This process will continue until equilibrium is established between the amount of solid-bound sorbate and its portion remaining in the solution (Khoo&Ting. This research conducted to learn how to refining waste cooking oil using waste material produced by the producers itself. 2011). The first stage thought to be physical adsorption or ion exchange at the cell surface. carbon banana peel. acting just as a chemical substance. Knorr. 4 / No. The important things to solve the gaining of waste cooking oil by recycling it in harmless way is find out the suitable adsorbent to refining this waste in cheaper and easy way. The advantages of biosorption over conventional treatment methods include low cost. 2011. Knorr. which is the banana peels.35oC. as an ion exchange of biological origin (McGill..living cells for example using biomaterial peels occur in two stages: passive uptake which takes place immediately. shallot. dead cells require less care and maintenance. 2011). normally water. The use non-living biomaterials or dead cells are mental binding compound that have been gaining advantage because toxic ions do not affect them. pH seems to be the most important parameter in the biosorption processes (Aksu et al.. 2011). the latter is attracted and removed by different mechanisms. In addition. The biosorption process involves a solid phase absorbent and a liquid phase (solvent. The biosorption mechanisms by non. and cheaper (Mofa. 2011. dead biomass could be easily regenerated and reused (Das et al. minimization of chemical and biological sludge.. 2011. temperature. 2011). The experiment in this research conducted to test the effectiveness of banana peel to adsorb peroxide in waste cooking oil and increasing brightness waste cooking oil by comparing the use of dehydrated banana peel. high efficiency.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. The major factors that affect the biosorption processes are initial metal ion concentration. pH and biomass concentration in solution. Temperature does not influence the biosorption processes in the range of 25o. reaching the adsorption equilibrium within 30-40 min (Khoo&Ting. However. Due to higher affinity of the absorbent for the sorbate. and regeneration of biosorbent and possibility of metal recovery (Khoo&Ting. and active uptake which takes place slowly. 2011). 2011). oil) containing a dissolved species to be absorbed (sorbate. Knorr. metal ions). and commercial activated carbon as absorbent. 2011). then burnt turn into carbon.Preparation Before the treatment was conducted.1.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. Waste cooking oil then filtered using fabric in order to clean the oil from the food residual and other solid waste. After that. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION This experiment conducted in three steps: preparation. Banana peel was sliced into 0. Figure 2. Before it was used. 4 / No.1 2. commercial activated carbon that bought from chemical shop was also be used in this experiment. Waste cooking oil 67 .5 cm and dried using oven until the weight was constant. banana peel activated carbon. Waste cooking oil was collected from fried food producers after it was used repeatedly around 8-10 times for deep frying. Commercial activated carbon was used in order to compare its ability to a cheaper more environmentally-friendly option. 2. Dehydrated banana peel Shallot is the other biomaterial that usually used by people to clean the waste cooking oil. treatment and chemical analysis. combination of banana peel carbon and shallot. Figure 3. The other sliced and dried banana peels. Beside shallot. shallot was sliced into small pieces and then immersed into the waste cooking oil for six (6) hours. banana peel carbon. Some carbon banana peels then immersed in 30% NaCl solution and dried again to get banana activated carbon. the adsorbent and the sample should be prepared. There are six (6) kinds of absorbent that was used in this experiment: dehydrated banana peel.5 cm x 0. Figure 2 shows the dehydrated banana peels. shallot and commercial activated carbon. waste cooking oil was measured and put on the cup 100 ml each as shown on Figure 3. alcohol and chloroform (20:20:20) were added and mixed until dissolve completely. 1 ml of saturated KI and 50 ml distillate water were also added to the flask. 4 / No. This mixture was quickly titrated using a 0. and then they were prepared to be analysed the chemical content and the brightness. amylum. Waste cooking oil after treatment 2.02 N thiosulphate solutions until the colour turned light yellow. Waste cooking oil that had been treated by using shallot was heated first until 50-60oC for 5 minutes before analysing. All samples were put in a room temperature for 24 hours and stirred periodically. Five grams of sample of waste cooking oil was weighed and put in the Erlenmeyer flask and covered.1 2.3. following the common procedure that used by traders. Peroxide number = Peroxide number ml thiosulphate N gram sample 68 : concentration of peroxide in ppm (part per million) : volume of thiosulphate (samples-blank samples) in ml : normality of thiosulphate solution : weight of samples in gram . This method was repeated for all samples. Peroxide number of samples waste cooking oil count follow the formula below.Analysis All samples of waste cooking oil then were analysed and measured the number of peroxide using thiosulphate titration method and using amylum as the indicator (Wildan. As the control. 2002). After this treatment. 0.Treatment Each absorbent was immersed in waste cooking with a ratio of 100 ml waste cooking oil and 2 grams of adsorbent.2.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. fresh cooking oil and non-treated waste cooking oil were also used in the experiments. 30 ml mixture of acetic solution.5 ml of the indicator. all samples except the one that using shallots as absorbent were filtered to clean the waste cooking oil. was then added and the titration continued until the blue black colour disappear. then put in the dark place for 30 minutes. The next step. Figure 4. and for a long time exposure it will cause cancer (Rahayu et al. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3. This was caused by the decreasing of energy supply for the cells. Panagan (2010) state that shallot has a natural antioxidant which could prevent oxidation and prevent cooking oil destruction. Shallot might be used as antioxidant and can be added to 69 . because shallot only act as antioxidant to prevent oxidation not to adsorb or fix the destruct/oxidised waste cooking oil.. This was analysed by measuring the absorbance using a spectrophotometer at 378 nm wavelength.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. Peroxide number The peroxide number contained in oil is indicates the destruction of chemical bonding in oil molecule caused by oxidation. Even. Consequently. more peroxides released and the concentration of peroxide (peroxide number) increased. A high peroxide number indicates a high destruction of the oil and the cause of rancidity of the oil (Wildan. while waste cooking oil that was treated using combination of shallot and carbon banana peel contains 73. This high rancidity will influence the taste and the smell of the oil and also shorten the length of storage time (Panagan. after the waste cooking oil treated using shallots then it have to be heated. But. 2010). Single electron in outer shells of peroxide will attack and damage the cells and cause pathological death of cells.47 ppm peroxide. the concentrations of peroxide in these samples are higher than waste cooking oil (65. these cells will shrink and turn into darker colour.1. Unfortunately. this heating process makes the oil oxidized and breakdown more double bonds between C atoms in oil. 2007). Figure 5 shows the peroxide number in every sample of waste cooking oil. Some people in the community also use shallot to purify the waste cooking oil. This oxidation could be caused by atmosphere exposure and/or high temperature.60 ppm peroxide. 3. Low absorbance indicates low suspended material inside it and indicates the high brightness of the sample. Waste cooking oil that was treated using shallot contains 71. 4 / No. 2002).60 ppm). As the result. High amount of peroxide can poison the living cell of organism and cause the cells death called necrosis. According to the method used by traders. this experiments showed that the use of shallot for refining waste cooking oil was not suitable.1 The physical appearance of waste cooking oil was observed by measuring the brightness. The investigations showed that waste cooking oil that was treated by using shallot has the highest peroxide number because it got through the heating in process in the treatment which makes the oil oxidized and peroxide increased. 4 / No. Figure 5.2. 2008). Pores that are formed during the dehydration process might be more suitable to the size of peroxide molecules.40 ppm for waste cooking oil was treated using carbon banana peel and 61. Larger pores are formed during carbonization and activation process (Mujizah.60 ppm. Peroxide number of samples waste cooking oil (in ppm) Waste cooking oil that was treated by using dehydrated banana peel indicated the lowest peroxide number compared to the waste cooking oil which was treated by using other banana peel and almost the same with waste cooking oil that was treated by using commercial activated carbon. It indicated that original structure of banana peel can absorb peroxide more effectively than decomposed banana peel into carbon. Brightness The brightness of oil indicated by the value of absorbance showed the total amount of 70 .g cellulose that absorb the peroxide molecules better than the structure of carbon banana peel. the peroxide number of waste cooking oil that was treated by using dehydrated banana peel is 59. 2010). 3.1 fresh cooking oil to prevent oxidation during deep frying process not to purify the oxidised waste cooking oil.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. These small pores in dehydrated banana peels were produced due to the release of volatiles compound (Mopoung. It is lower than other waste cooking oil that was treated using other banana peel which are 62.20 ppm. The original structure of the banana peels consists of organic matter e. while the peroxide number of waste cooking oil that was treated by using commercial activated carbon is 57. The result of this experiment show.87 ppm for waste cooking oil that was treated using activated carbon banana peel. dehydrated banana peel is the best. is lower than waste cooking oil (2. 4 / No. The absorbance of this sample is 2.APEC Youth Scientist Journal Vol. Figure 6. most economical and environmental material to remove peroxide in waste cooking oil compared to activated carbon banana peel. This sliced shallot act like net that can trap the large size suspended material. Absorbance value of samples waste cooking oil Waste cooking oil that was treated by using shallot had the brightest colour (lowest absorbance). It may be caused the higher surface area of sliced shallot compare to banana peel pieces.500) and other treated waste cooking oil. CONCLUSION The present results showed that banana peel can decrease the amount of peroxide in waste cooking oil. but cannot act as good absorbent to absorb very small molecules such us peroxide. 4.230.1 suspended solid material contain inside the waste cooking oil. Figure 6 shows the absorbance value of the absorbance. However. carbon banana peel. shallot. and 71 . waste cooking oil was treated by using banana peel carbon and commercial activated carbon has darker colour (higher absorbance) because flakes absorbent material that suspended inside it needed to be filtered completely. Compare among the all absorbents that have been used. which indicates a lack of suspended materials. Nguyen. Mujizah. Surface Image of Charcoal and Activated Charcoal from Banana Peel.. A. 5. Int. D. Hossain. and Kutsal T. (2008). (1995). 2.. Sag.. (2008). (2012). J. Journal of Microscopy Society of Thailand pp: 22: 15-19 9. Khoo K. 6. Vol.A.1 commercial activated carbon. Guo and T. vulgaris and Z. 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