Archiatri and the Medical Profession in Antiquity Author(s): Vivian Nutton Source: Papers of the British School at Rome, Vol. 45 (1977), pp. 191-226 Published by: British School at Rome Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40310863 . Accessed: 10/10/2011 19:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact
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British School at Rome is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Papers of the British School at Rome. http://www.jstor.org ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IN ANTIQUITY (PlatesXXXI-XXXII) was everin classicalantiquity publichealthservice, a How farthere and organised and classicalscholars, debatedby bothdoctors forby thestate,has been often paid Greecetheamount evidence of For and results.1 fifth fourth withconflicting century but therecan be no doubt thatin to available is insufficient permit any certainty, in citiesoffered the Hellenistic individual specialprivileges orderto securethe age was Butwhether in whatwayssucha system and of residence a qualified physician.2 and stillmoreinto oftheRoman empire, different overintothevery carried society whichhave neverbeen satisfactorily are thatoflate antiquity, questions answered, De mediéis of and the authority the Roman part of Pohl's dissertation graecorum - indeed, has never been seriously its increasing challenged age, publicis, despite its haveonlyhighlighted contrast highlevelofaccuracy, studies somemorerecent by of However,the discovery three and, forits time,comprehensiveness.3 judgement to an affords opportunity re-examine from of new inscriptions archiatri Aphrodisias to in of the institution public doctors the Roman empireand thereby throwlight ever scholars whichhas troubled a professional archiatros/archiater, designation, upon of to settle position itsGreekaccent.4 the sinceHerodianthegrammarian attempted in the By surveying evidenceaccordingto the varied societies whichthe archiatri - the courts,the Easterncities,the West and Rome in late antiquity, practised and Egypt a much clearerpictureof the Constantinople Roman and Byzantine or anachronistic of public doctorscan be obtained withoutintroducing spread to extraneousattitudesand institutions provide a single uniformpattern of development. de debate can be tracedback at least to R. Mead, Dissertatio nummis irThe Smyrnaeis quibusdam from criticism violent honorem Middleton, inmedicorum Conyers London,1724,whichprovoked percussis, Romanos De medicorum conditione, Cambridge, 1727. Cambridge, 1726, and Defensio, degentium apudveteres Rev. Arch. n.s. xxxix (1880) 99-110, and A. Vercoutre, 'La médecine grecque1, publique dans Vantiquité moved to France,withR. Briau,Uarchiàtrie the romaine, Paris, 1877, In the last century argument medias of Berlin,1905 publicis, 231-46, 309-21, 348-62; the Berlindissertation R. Pohl,De graecorum = to thisperiodofcontroversy an end. (hereafter Pohl), brought and and London, 1968, 131-45. ; Cohn-Haft) A. R. Hands, Charities SocialAid in Greece Rome, of medicineRome, in Greek 3T. C. Allbutt, London, 1921,443-74, is a mereparaphrase Pohl; A. G. Hist.J. (1952) 235-53,is an anachronin Greece',Camb. Woodhead,'The statehealthservice ancient (= 2M. I. Rostovzeff, The Social and Economic of History theHellenisticWorld,Oxford, iy41, lU8«-y4 Greece, Northampton, Mass., 1956 ( = of SEHHW); L. Cohn-Haft, The publicphysicians Ancient und in der istic political tract forthe times; M. E. Pfeffer, Einrichtungen sozialen Sicherung dergriechischen accuratenorcomprehensive, is 1969(= Pfeffer), neither romischen Antike, Berlin, despiteappearances. 4Herodiangramm.I 229, placingit on the last syllable. 192 I. VIVIAN NUTTON NEW INSCRIPTIONS FROM APHRODISIAS* at m. 1. On a marblestatuebase, broken thetop: 0-46-0-43 x 0-83 x 0-32: 0-035m. Plate XXXla. letters Ztoc] [TitosOàó(3ios tòv (3epiccvos 'Aa KCCÌ KÀT)TriOV TT)V 'Yyeiccv ovv tois ¿k |3ci>|jiois Tcov í tco 6ÍCOV ávéOrjKe 8fmcoKocOcbs Títos OXá(3ios áp ZTCc(3epíavos XiorrpòsTTÓÀe cos o TtaTTipaÙToO Ù7T6CTX6TO and the fullformápxicnposttóXecos The combination the Flavian nomen of a this between and 250 a.d., possibly, 100 198f suggests datefor inscription ) (below,p. ifletter are between150 and 200 a.d. Otherexamples similar of forms to be trusted, munificence doctorstowardstheirpatrondeitiescome fromRome (a statue by IG BCHX carvedbya famous of sculptor, XIV 967) ; Oenoanda (a shrine Asclepius, shrine and precinct, Robert, L. Etudes Paris 1937, Anatoliennes, (1886) 216); Nysa (a and doctor,erected 256) ; while Heracleitusof Rhodiapolis,poet, philosopher statuesand a templeto Asclepiusand Hygieia at his own expense,and lavished on money splendid gamesin honourofAsclepius(IGR III 732-3). 2. Inv. No. 66.102: on a marble aboveand totheright: 0-39m. x slab,broken 0-16 x 0-105: letters withdeep serifs: tracesof a relief above. Plate 0-015-0-025, XXXIè. 'EXmsNeikío[u Aúp(r|Aícc) OA(a(3ía) 'Avr(covía) <pú crei Eìtccàìkou 5è MápKo[v Aùp(f)Àiov)? *AttoààcÌ)vio\; 'Av6p[. . . . y' tou ìttttikòv tòv <i)e[cxuTffs apxtocTpòv jiveias ccvSpà \ap\v are and the cognomen, Triple nomina rare at Aphrodisias, Italicus,is there recorded of Silius Italicus (MAMA onlyon an inscription the poet and governor, VIII 411): a M. Aur. Apollonios mentioned MAMA VIII 586, but secure is on identification himwiththisdoctoror witha member hisfamily impossible. of of is His equestrian rank(cf.MAMA VIII 468, 516, 518) is noteworthy,6 showsthe and 6I am grateful Professor T. Erim and MissJ. M. Reynoldsforpermission publishthese to K. to and and Dr. T. Sheoard fortheiradvice and criticism. inscriptions, to Dr. D. T. Crawford «The use of hippikos indicatethat he was a horsedoctorwould be withoutparallel,forthe to iatros CIG 4716 was eliminated the revision A. Reinach,BSAA xiv (1912) 140. of of hippikos by 486-7 (L. on or of a a 10For misreading whichinvented civicarchiatros thefourth thirdcentury Calymnos. ARCHIATROS A ROYAL DOCTOR to is attested The earliest meaningof archiatrosthatof a personalphysician a the has discussion concentrated and modern identifying courtwhere upon ruler. years XIII 605). half dated to thefirst ofthethird century. the line lengthand supplements not that on this late epitaph brevity. was shownto and of havelivedin thereign Antiochus eighty later. 23. 'Numbersrefer the inscriptions to 8L. unless the letter(s)restored. incised tabellaansataon a withina roughly 3. Crateros.although is not otherin is if morethan one letter to be restored wise foundat Aphrodisias. 3. MAMA VIII 605 (Hellenica IV. suggests roughcarvingof the inscription eloquence. fr.broken theright:0-27m. 1922. 48 and 82. No. Xpua[a? <píou á[p Xiorrpo[0 the of If therestoration lines2 and 3 is correct. Dictionnaire s. 119f. is and of but indication the wealthof thisarchiatros his relief. in line 1 is oftwoletters and. Xpualjn >Att]9Íou it fits Of excessive length. n. mustbe rejectedon groundsof such as the attractive 'An^iou.11 although Seleucids.Porphyry. Robert.418: inscribed Plate to 0*015-025. 65. Inv. the sigmaand the size of may followed based on a nominative are by supplements peculiarspellings admitted.32. III. argued that it was among the a thisstillremains possiblehypobut than in Egypt. 32. of of and forexamples civicdoctors socialstanding their community. possiblenames. 25-8.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 193 in have: cf. thesis. 96 ofAppendix3. marbleblock. Prague. Pohl.Kleinasiatische Personennamen.533. 20.nos. can be extendedalmostat will: but the line 2. 272. of from 9Otherinscriptions doctors Aphrodisias . itspresence a further is the forms inscription to be this the To judge from namesand from letter family.12 onlytherestoration IX.8 However. x 0-41 x 0-15: letters XXXIItf. are: CIG 2846 (MAMA VIII 552). 1690: Pohl.73: thecorrect chrétiennes d'Asie Mineure. MAMA VIII H.1648.was required. Receuildes inscriptions grecques in enumerated Appendix3. Zgusta.v.Reinach. medicus.rather is theevidencein itsfavour farlesscogentthanit seemedto Pohl. cf. 1964.7 It wouldbe unwiseto speculateon thesubjectofthe grave 28.10 used. see no. 12No. 34. wealthwhichcivicphysicians the Easterncitiesmight in nos. whomhe had assumedto be doctorto Antiochus thearchiatros. FGH II B 260.9 AS II. following the titlewas first Reinach. Grégoire. col.XIII 170f). CIG 2847. depending the extent the curveof be of onlyone.Brussels. 11S.in Daremberg-Saglio. 25. 47 and 59. space availableforsupplement of on at the most.Hellenica. Thus. at date was established IDelos 1547.Xpucr[a]<piou best. F.accepted by Reinach.See also SEHHW 1091. Edgar. médecins VEgypte Les de Brussels 1958..1* for seemedto be restricted functions at of to a personal doctor thePtolemies.1. 60 a.BCH vii in in (1883) 361 and Thackeray.by Letronne. 16571. doctor Antiochus to read . histitles of Ptolemaic Gortemann's doctors shows Alexandria. of .105. Jonckheere. theparallelevidenceofJosephus. 15Pohl : T. alternative was as had seen long before.550. Letronne was and Pohlhimself doubtedwhether ton iatron basilikos Chrysermus epi grammateus. Ep. 1828. H.600: tojudge from editor's by description. C. n. Anzeig.13 revealsthetitlein the Seleucidkingdom theend ofthethird century to was based first the absenceofthe Pohl's objection an Egyptian origin upon of word fromall but Byzantine papyriand secondly upon the existence possible iatros for basilikos and epi toniatron.in the Museum or in the Palace. through 13No. century mummiwhichhe wishedto save from Fayum to releasethe body of an assistant of the Whateverthe precisedutiesof Athenagoras. at the end ofline 4). politicalinfluence knownalso from Arch. Sigerist..Bull.d. 19Note Pharaonictitleof'chief thedoctors theplace oftruth'(thenecropolis) the of of underthe New Empire.2: cf. Chron. (1971) n. [toO] ofcontinuity a tabletrecording 'physician chief. Letronne..a wide-spaced Crrrèp iorrpoO line 2 wouldseemunlikely. is conPolyb. UPZ 162. in maycare to speculateon an Assyrian 14P. possibly. 1828. Tatas. the in ordered mummy-dressers priests the and of Alexandria thefirst b.1905. of Arch. TI 549. Cnrep ápx]iocTpou[toO](3aaiÀecos'Attoaào9Cxvou | | [toO at b. Fraser. Denied by S.I 373.C.16 although factthat onlyiatroi. Cambridge1900. Swete. objection a title of wr chief current wordas a Greek version theEgyptian sinw. M.194 VIVIAN NUTTON in of the ofa battered III.c. and.. and it became possibleto consider the was weakenedalmostto nothing. althoughno information givenon or is the exactletter in Connoisseurs spacing. Torin.dates him to 68-7 or 39-8 b. 'The stolistae the Labyrinth'.g. xiii (1938) 76-7. Oxford1972. analysis royal in the not century.Old TestamentGreek. . 17 literary If evidencealone was to be considered. I. who leavesit open he whether was an archiatros. lesslikely.was arguedat Melos 1525. Gortemann.datingChrysermus thethird 28 to b.c. Homolle. Oxford 1951. or performed of any combination these possibleduties. either 197-6 b.25. But titles a royalphysician.in favour àpYeSéorrpos. Athenagoras. first the occurrence archiatros of would be in in Erotian. graphia VI. archiatroi. and. of including Thackerayin his 1902 edition.Fraser.15 Nevertheless.94.19 strength Pohl's first faction.98. and L.18 archiatros.17 1912a papyrus beyond argument in in An resident doubt an archiatros PtolemaicEgypt. B.c. 433. 18No. Apollophanes' is 216-3 or. xxxii Eg.BCH iii (1879) 470. A history medicine. Robert.c. Pap.54.Ptolemaic Alexandria. a local nomeofficial. 'Médecins de cour dans l'Egyptedu III e siecle avantJ. doctor. theright date.BCH vii (1883) 361.2.theearlyand mid-third of and reducestheweight this muchofthe evidenceis unofficial non-documentary In was published whichindicated from silence. V 56.. century . (1957) 332. I JS but see SEHHW 1093: P. 12.C. pharaonique. The restoration considered the there are vincing J.. inscription honourofApollophanes. Reinach.c. 11. 150-125.and othereditors AJ JS of Aristeas. ProsopoPtolemaica no. the like basilikos iatros. chargeof all the medical services Egypt. 16C. was rightly on rejected..c. 58. H.or responsible the in of for doctorsat Alexandria. The readingàpxirjTpòs the Mss of Aristeas182..c. J. no decorations worddividers(e. 2. 3.f. Boll. secretary friend inscription 102/1in honourof Papias of Amisus. cf. Pliny.25 it is difficult believe that Ti. Inschriften Magnesia.28 although Xenophon tastes29 or evento theextravabothhad antiquarian to theemperor Claudius for 20Jonckheere. and he has solid evidence.c. XIV 1759.Comm. Neither Artorius is of Asclepiades22 physician theRomanemperor hardtodetermine.27. and his family. unproven. and for for institution. Rome 1962. 21-3. paceCagnat. he may be the authormentioned Galen in xiii. V one 21SincePolybius.7. 28R. Vari 24G. 'Nikias und Xenophon von Kos'.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 195 outthePharaonic the could Alternatively. 19) was notofficially concludefrom designated H. he rebuiltpartof the walls of Naples.begun c. which describesTi. a Antike IV.therecipient honours the had of notablecitiesand iatros theemperors. von Berlin1900. familia imperial of from of the ClaudiusMenecrates.CIL VI 8897-8904.27 nativeofMagnesiaad Maeandrum. 74). cannot XXX 2 thattheAttaliddoctorStratius(cf. ™IG II2 4116. 53. Jacopi.238.1. and earlier). It Germanici'. doctors recorded Aug. 96-7. of doctors'(98) and 'chiefofthe doctors Upper and Lower Egypt' (98. Scritti di Antichità.382. Koische Leipzig 1899.843. the merelyiatros. Kern. 1965.Butitshouldalso be remembered we haveno non-literary be that evidence and the forthe medical organisation the Macedonian and Attalid courts. to (or borrowed) Egyptian.IGR III 578-9 (from cckktictctos Benndorf) TAM II.26 founder a medicalsect. Claudius norAntonius who attended Musa. Della Corte.HZ cxxv (1922) 242. IG XIV 1330. Tyrannus.g. but veryspeculative.NH xxix. 113.91. by 25E. c.IGR IV 1359. PP G.as the movingspiritof the antiquarianrevivalat Velia.24is of courselikelythat mostof the Melitois styled simply'medicus as med. iorrpos of Claudius.Mitt.178-9.. 476-8. R.20 in the secondcentury without reference any previous. in on It reappears two ofa seriesof Coan inscriptions honourof C. wordarchiatros have beencoined period. A. A.CIG 3285 (IGR IV 1444). thought forgery. Herzog. lib. notat somepointtreated emperor of Anotherinscription the Julio-Claudian period.Pompeiana.Livyxlv. to the personal but when it was first of Mithridates applied Eupator (no. of withMenecrates Sosandra. Forschungen Funde. of 29Itwas Xenophonwho paid forthereconstruction theshrine Herzog. Stertinius its whether adoptionis owed to Xenophon. = ClaudiusEpagathusofSidyma. and F. only the following inscriptions und ICos 84-91.23 Augustus. claimed that twenty have been were known. 27O. to That the titlewas not confined Syria and Egyptis clear froma Delian and of archiatros. Florence 1925.but of the Claudian series. remains although possible. published: at and library theAsclepieion. and is called archiatros. himself.he cannotbe identified 26/G see 7P£xxii (1976) 93-96. 56. lxvii(1939) 24-5. Maiuri.ILS 8594. Webs 1589. Naples 1950. whichPohl.lxxv (1960) 141. 590 b. in thatcase Pohl'spreference a Syrianorigin thewordwould still valid. archiatros. .21 of Seleucidtheory. following Diitschke.or its Greekequivalentattendedthe epigraphically but to ratherthan the emperor. Bildwerke Leipzig 1880. wr sinwoccurs alone or in such phrasesas 'chiefof the palace op. Nuova Silloge Epieraphicadi Rodi e Cos. A similarcareer may be positedforTi. calls Apollophanes. Seleucid archiatros. 1. Herzog. HZ cxxv (1922) 230. 23P. without been conjectured. Ti. PuglieseCarratelli.Ath. 'approved for the divinejudgementof the emperors his skillin medicineand his moral by themthat excellence' by suggests thiscircumlocation he had servedthe emperors to had selvesand thatthesimplewordarchiatros not thenreturned fashion. 34. Degrassi. as a ClaudiusAug. cit.Hermann. London 1921. Aureliusto Septimius but Severus.233. Galen xiv. see 'Zu Erotian'. calls him simply KAou8íou Icrrpòs TiBepíou Kccíaapos.but as will be shown.Ramisene inscription as Studien.37 writer the Neronianage.30 one On of gant hero-worship the Coan demos is inscribed thewordcpiÀovépcovoc overan erased<piÀOKÀocu8iov.ac.and since the otherinscription later. cf.Greek 30Pohl. Oxford1892.Herzog.CIL VI 8895 (Domitianimedicus). Cichorius.38 itis aboveall royaldoctors whosecharges must be assisted die. most commentators on Aretaeus. n. p.friend as on from iatros an inscription Cnidos. á9lacitus. C.Xenophonwas styled Augusti'** new titleis foundonly and on Greekinscriptions..68B. inscription 68A) (no. the of also employed word of Nero.ServiliusDamocrates.67. VI 33C7L 8905 (ILS 1841).l and 240f. Kudlien. have assumed that the word means 'civic doctor'.T. paceKlein.39 and of Aretaeusand Erotian are Greek technicalwriters: is not until the third it an thatarchiatros becomes acceptedpartofthenon-medical writer's vocabucentury in medicine Rome. Magnus. BCH v (1881) 472 = SIG* 806. 1151-85.In of led intoerror familiarity theearlier applied by his medicus Rome.Hermes xxvi (1891) 262-307. Galen xiv. 31No. K. for the date. .l = CMG 11 133. Wellcome801A. 261f: 36Andromachus. 40.g. XII. can be restored eitheriatros archiatros. in favourof the father. 3r. **Ve morb.cf. p. is so designatedin mediaeval Mss. e. AAWM 1963.20.The damaged fromBlaundus of the Neronian doctor. 4. T. this is an unlikely meaning for c. 34C.68A. was notimmediately and adoptedby hiscontemporaries for and doctorof successors imperialdoctors. Another in a discussion intestinal he declared that it was wrongforan on when. a royal physicianand an acute stomachor intestinal pain that Aretaeusis here scoringa hit offXenophon. e. 11. Aretaeus. 12.however to bring thesufferer. although authors. Athens 1971. xiv. But since thereis no other of damnatio memoriae Claudius or of an updating exampleon Cos of the deliberate is it of Xenophon'stitle. 35Nos. ascribedit to the 'more 32. 32No.d. an earlierinscription fromCalymnos. AGIBM. use it and forby the end ofthesecondcentury was in common on inscriptions35 in circumlocutions as Hatroi such medicaltextsto denotea royalphysician. 2.196 VIVIAN NUTTON cannot be decided for certain.36 first Its ofthepalace' are foundin morestylish appearancein a medical which dedicated Andromachus archiatros is to is the text in Erotian's medicalglossary. 60 a.34 thenovelty But Galba. Ser.HZ cxxv (1922) 236. for 37Erotian.32 is possiblethat until was was not called archiatros the reignof Nero and thatthe cutter Xenophon with form theepithets to him. 32.799.he nevercalls himself archiatros. Allbutt.the Galenic evidenceis strongly p. 41.432-3 (AE 1923. forothervariants.31 death (and of Xenophon'spart in it) reached him. Wellcome284. althoughGalen treatedemperors fromM. 27. Ann. 'EpEVvoci 6TTÌtcov -rniycovtoO Ae^ÍKOv toO 'EpcoTiccvou. it to muchrelief might Since archiatrosinducedeath.261 Demetrius. SulpiciusHecataeus. arguing theson. 2-6. cf.. EasternCoans'. SEG 2. . Strecker. Wiggon. Pohl. A.g. Merton 219. 36v. Ms.625.457.Galen xiv. or Leipzig 1922.32. whichmightsuggest that Xenophonwas first called archiatros duringthe reignof on was working the stonewhennewsof Claudius5 and thatthe cutter Claudius. pains. 11 b. is termed caughton. 11. Newton.C. A. see F. 29 Klein.the promptsthe hypothesis archiatros accomplicein the murder Claudius. 'Untersuchungen zu Aretaios'.ofcourse. Niketas. 667). Petit. cf.thecombination to not of a Neroniandate. dated it to the reignof Nero. or.47 Julian'sletter now extended have as itsopeningsentences as dismissed a misunderstanding. the evidenceof a letter Julianfreeing doctors throughout knewthat thisletterhad been put into Libanius certainly from civic liturgies.3. Klio xviii (1922) und 47W. 48 in CT 13. commenting thecompulsion a doctor.not foundexcepton inscriptions lary. 30 : e. little 41CJ century theearliest) (at For x. 354: bothrankand remuneration the fit archiatri the 350s morethan the 320s. earlyexamples:cf. gramm.' knew. ed. n. 46K. Rufinus) out theevidence assigning c. 723. archiatri. H.'Kaiser Julians Gesetzgebungswerk Reichsverwaltung'.g. though and Gothofredus' is connected obvious.1.45.43 withgreater either Constantinople.I 229. is easierto distinguish two as 'law' and 44£/>.35. be especially hardly to a general and. reliance can be placed on a fourth to scholium Juvenal 7.PG 12.thelaw is strong. kata tontou dikaioulogismon ratioaequitatis. Although headingcalls it a nomos. : him theyare to cease molesting now thattheyhave been informediftheyalready is Philo himself weak. Recht.2. at Rhosus.3. are That thelaw and theletter closely and the in translation substance some that observation thelaw reproduced faithfully to But the law is directed cannotbe denied. No. emperor the it the 75b. 'letter'.but the place ofissueofa law indicates onlywherethe was at any one time.to serveas a decurión for.1 (followed it for of set at PLRE I s.s. and especially Origen. Its is archiater. 104-99 (148).Der Arztimròmischen Munich 1953. that he was to be Aureliusarchiater when Diocletian and Maximian informed restored the property to seized fromhim in his unavoidable absence with the and the archiatri whomthe law freed from comitatus. below. were or to as archiatri appear in the codes are alwaysdoctors the emperor to the cityof and a Rome.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 197 until286.44 of on Philo. CR.also the liturgical papyrus. 4. Griech.45 of features the letter ofthe stylistic theletter all to shouldbe imperial as Belowrightly doctors.*1 Aureiius Both the emperor's members the on of common dutiesofcounts and senators thatwereimposed retired but it is not always clear that such administration42 imperialphysicians. xxvi (1976) 180.9.2.40 Latin equivalent. applicability. noted.Themisonof Laodicea.46 who. ifit is necessary believein twoseparateenactments. In particular law addressedbyJulianin 362 to archiatri confirming to to themhas been interpreted refer civicphysicians. see As = V 45Gothofredus.The date is givenin theMss. see in i2CT 13. as 326.are relatively Schriftst. 221 callingthe first doctor. Lyon 1665. whichhad applied to a restricted law.4.1021. traditionally given privileges in whencethelaw was issued. 12. 208f).V. Ensslin. 211. archiater. This interpretation put forward J.3.472.he writes. effect. But twoconsiderawas includedby doctors is value.8 and 10 (in a peculiarsituation.v. p. 13. but Mommsen a noteon CT 2.1831. . in was on 43C7~13.p. an unwiseattemptto century the invent wordin Lucretius. The first that historical thatthelaw as it standsis ofdoubtful tions suggest to been extended Constantine all had from muñera sinceimmunity by publica already 40Herodian Christ.1369. group can But to in popular estimation coverall doctors. who arguedthatthe was proposed Ensslin.see also below p. all from on the empire. archiatri. Ep.not the area wherethe law was to apply. by was the of civic physicians. plausibility.** and of thecompilers theTheodosianCode. 'If the Rhosiansdo notknowthatPhilo is a doctor. Below. 30.92. to it is easierto assumethatonlytheone relating imperial formedici archiatri. to One solution thisdilemma doctors. Gothofredus his commentary the by TheodosianCode. 3. on a neon at Biblique. &0CT13.countand de Paris 1964. 1909.by Pfeffer. 177. L.2 and 14-16.interpreted Below. the dutiesand privileges Although to evidenceso farknownshowsthatthe use of archiatros describea civicphysician is unlikely pre-date a.But whensuchcivicphysicians to were has been farmoredifficult determine. and wealthand statusthan Aur. 33 (34) on Arcadius. 87. cf. n. in literary circles iatros was alwaysacceptablefora courtdoctor.51 cannotbe mistaken merecity militantes intra and archiatri palatium palatii) and glorious of 'the wisest archiatrosthedivinepalace'. 3.46. CJ 12. it is bestto assumethatthe oftheTheodosiancode curtailed opening the of rhetoric theletter. whichconfirms intactall thebenefits to archiatri given serving litterarum liber and of in thepalace as counts thefirst secondgradeand to magistri alium the to its appearsto restrict application a smallgroup.1.3B.3. Les stèles funéraires Byzance Gréco-Romaine.16 (414). possibly to 50 even 140 a.the two groups alone termedarchiatri palatii necnonurbis only to archiatri of and magistri litterarum billeting {molestia may apply to all civic hospitalis) archiatri in forcertain thelaw codes.3.32. thiscannotofitself disprove i9CT 13. 52Rev.certainly interpreted law to refer compilers theJustinianic nostri Romae. MAMA VII 566. 51CT 13. 104.Or. from remote a village. giventhe relatively of sentence thatlaw.Although scope ofthe preat the end are onlyfora few. of of Giventhecloseness phrasing of letter between and law. was offargreater Stephanus. century of and whichleavesopen thequestion thearchiatri whomtheprivileges to apply..18. to refer by onlyto royaldoctors. to refer all civic doctors. Firatli. the specific given provisions this of Code.8.a reflection theproliferation nonin of the two groups and also of the growing archiatri possibly divergence imperial aulaefiorente archiatri sacri status and legal privileges. cf. the secondis thatin the bodyof given the law thereis no mention theidentity the 'vos' to whomthe law is to refer. 13.d.s.12 (379).and the amble is wide.50 the last But generally. iatros.3. a of indicates civicphysician somesort That archiatros frequently that in such instancesit standsfor the longerform and it is generally agreed and wereinstituted whattheir of 'archiatrosthecity'. Himerius.d..3 (333). ergon Hebron. a law of427 about thefreedom are as But from doctors minornatureofthe privilege.52 Phrygian III. 3. cf. Gaius archi[eiatros] his wife. .g. Gothofredus' thatGonstantius had reducedtheseimsuggestion munities mistakes to earlierprivileges deliberate for imperialfailure confirm curtailment.N. ARCHIATROS AS A CIVIC PHYSICIAN IN THE GREEK EAST cannotbe disputed.Archiatri intra regalis penetralia qui for doctors.e. denoted are archiatri increasingly the the Butfrom mid-fourth century.40.Der Arzt. which compilers the 'vos' as doctorsin general. Sozomen2. usage of the word.and themselves identified added the head 'ad whichthereby reflects fifth a archiatros'. in the law codes archiater denotesan imperialor a Roman physician.198 VIVIAN NUTTON for medici^it was a minorprivilege the courtarchiatri comparedwiththe special immunities themby CT 13. Augustearcheiatrina.3. imperial of of titles in the codes by long and resounding . Usually whilecivicdoctors addressed medici.not a fourth. Robert.14 (387) and 19 (428). to n. at the timewhen inscriptions civic archiatroi just 42.or inreturn in a city. was left Belowto provide neatest out in favourof a change in both institution and title in the reign of argument whichcall Antoninus Yet thereare in bothinterpretations Pius. competence. rightly 48.Bull.d. proedria.' wheredoctors thatin his day manytownsprovided whileGalen remarks surgeries ofa curator on and the attend sick.54. and della Atene Archeolog. (1955) 123.Lucían57 apparent kccì kocì ai kocì Tiuàskccì Tois torrpols Srujocría iróAeis Trpoe6pias órreXeías TrpovotAÍas SiSóaai.Der Arzt.53 vehement doctors' underanother Since Cohn-Haft's 'public the it to viewwas neverfully worked in print. 1967. to always provided(and Galen refers 'many').a statue. Cohn-Haft. velob medicíname similarcontinuity also be positedon liberalem ends in the second epigraphicevidence. Yet century. and the methodof 55Seethe listgivenby Cohn-Haft. but Pliny. n. to continued be givenwellintotheRoman periodwithout That suchprivileges that: states changeis beyonddispute. Woodhead. argued. back at least to the thirdcentury 59 and was by expenditure a Dig.an such as proxenia.1. (1958) 263 and 336.Ep. the from a of The demosioi iatroi the Hellenistic are knownalmostexclusively age b.c. although Cohn-Haft fee. n.678.Ep. payment promanteia. to no.4. althoughdebate has raged vigorously century A be is thesystem clear. Ep. 10. Bull. 13. The curator expectedto curtailfrivolous unnecessary council: cf.9. 50. hiredor sentforby someagency elected. .xxxi-ii(1969-70) 375. (1960) 187. 69-72. thismight has plausibly as thecityand a publicsalary.18. in a society more patients56and the city a residentphysicianof presumed reputation.c.s. 54Cohn-Haft. 76-91. without The doctor to withit therequirement treatall citizens notbring gained wheremuch dependedupon of public recognition his abilities and.additionsto Cohn-Haft's are: Bull.Ep.n.34-8. honorary from receive He might to and ateleia theright ownland. 24. BCH xciv (1970) 680-2. Edelstein. 53Pohl. generaloutlineof the thecouncil.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 199 thehypothesis Pohl and Woodheadthatthearchiatroi merely Hellenistic were the of assaulton this name. Below. and.NH xxix 6. whose account of the privileges list I appointment follow. to no. . "Lucian. to no. (1956) 189 and (1958) 336 withICos 37. showsthat the practice goes b. to the second at that seriesof inscriptions runsfrom least the fourth century over the purposeof such a. 58. 50. artem . Annuario Scuola to fications thelistare: to no.for Cohn-Haft'slist of public doctors of begin to appear. n.ib.. Bull.58 Ulpian in histreatise theduties reipublicae might allows salariesgiven by decree of the town council if theyhave been given ob can A . Ancient Medicine. literary can be made between twotheories. Corrections ampli(1971) 479.CHJ x (1952) 241-2.55 publicdoctormight an institution. Abdicatus that a surgery was attacksthe supposition 58GalenxviiiB.54 manyproblems a evidencebefore choice of and epigraphic forconsideration all the legal. usually he forsome serviceto the community mightbe voted a gold crown. Baltimore 56L.75-85.3. 180. (1958) 263 and (1973) 320. 45.2. and other privileges his decree proclaiming merits. 1. "Dig.to the negative one of immunityfrom local taxation and liturgies. The brevity of both these inscriptions contrasts with the fulsomenessof Hellenistic decrees.d.1. was Aur. 60OnCohn-Haft's criteria statuesand otherpublicacknowledgments shouldincludealso of one 61 well as Lucianusand his As from notealso families archiatroi Ephesus oí at family Philadelphia. InsL 1. cf. Arzt. Forbes. 59).nhecns 7(1 AT viiw HQ^Q\ 3^9 . Lucianus.4. there was littleincentive. a member of a familyof archiatroi.22-40.and the familyitself would participate in the duties expected of any wealthymember of the community. 57).C.62 is this that Below stressedin his carefulstudyof the It status of the doctor in the Roman empire. citizenship. 149. Frag. provided oil at his own and given a thousand Attic drachmas.50.63 In a. 19). ««Dig. This change from the transient expense of public doctors of the Hellenistic age to the citizen archiatroi the Roman period reflects the increasing stabilityof many medical familiesin the East. Thyatira(No.15.or clientele. had alreadyacknowledged was influenced the edictof Pius. to fromthe positive attractionsoffered civic physiAt the same time there is a shift cians. all for fellow-citizens.6* an edict of Hadrian confirmed and theirexisting honours and immunities:65 eívai yw^jtvaaiapxicov órreXeis ypáyccs 91A0CJÓ90US prjTopasypaunorriKoùs iorrpoùs kccí |ít)T6Kpíveivpir|T6 èTnora©|jiicov amovías éAaicovías áyopavouicov lepcoovvcov \xryve ocutoùs ockovtccs eisaXXrjv \it\ts TrpeafJeúeiv sis orporreíav KccTccAéyEcrdai ÙTrripecriav é6vikt)v Tiva &XKr\v f| ávayKcc£ec70cci.1. honoured forhis morals and his skill by the council and people of Philadelphia (No. fromtaxes as one of the reasonswhy some 62Galen.SDAW 1935.30. 43). Pohl. 27.25. 53).6. and only on Lesbos can a although the great list of magissimilarlylengthydecree be found foran archiatros. 47).archiatros of and citizen (No.. Der thatthespreadofarchiatroi 63Below. Vat. cf.v. A. who had. FIRA I 73. and in only two are the medical qualities of the honorand pre-eminent.proxeny.8. 60). and the council and people of Cibyra Minor praised Aurelius Varianus Pantauchus. by 64R.967-1019. foreigners. a fourthcentnrv for evpn lateralHnrtnr from F.6. of Probably also by this edict doctors were freedfromthe muñera personalia curaand tutela. once a doctor had taken up residence and handed his art down to his descendants. TAPA lxxxvi(1955) 348-9. (No. includeslegallygivenimmunity becomedoctors.61 In a small town.'The educationand training ofslaves'. as well as the rightto formcollegia. the most distinguished Asclepiadean doctor (No.proedriaetc. 27.18. tracies and priesthoodswhich this man held suggeststhat the emphasis fallsless on his medicine than on his public services (No.66 These privilegesofimmunity were available to all doctorsof moral standing.fora competitor. linkingthe growthof archiatroi to legal the development of the legal privileges given to physicians by the emperors.Herzog. among many other benefits. Alexander. Heraclea (No. 75 Vespasian granted them exemption from taxation and from billeting. 751.200 VIVIAN NUTTON 60 are not only four honorary decrees for archiatroi known.son of Apollonius. A similar argumentcan explain the honours given by the gerousia Lampsacus to Cyrus. 22. for for doctor. hekateran hoipaideuontes (i.71 was it alreadyin use before time secondand third from Pius ofAntoninus ? Despitetheabsenceoftheword century therecan be no doubt that it can denotesuch a legal textsabout civic doctors. to advertise greaterprivileges attracta yet suitablephysician. Pius and provincial 69W. everywhere: immediately replacediatros is oured by the counciland people of Choma and adjudged to have immunity. metropoleis.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 201 it to although was stillpresumably to the towncouncilor the governor declare up who was a doctorand. philanthropic:68 in darfihr Zweck darin erblickt Keinesfalls werden. 59.'Antoninus .69 to attention theeconomic ofcareful problems a date in theearly140sis attractive. and SocialAid.sophistai. Arzt. .6. 20) specifically immunity.35. both sophists paideian cf.Williams. G. thereis no otheradequate explanation the markedincreasein the fromthe late second centuryonwards. therapeuontes. if necessary. London 1968. Oxford1969.rhetores. ten.dass der Herrscher der für von Medizinern eine Mindestzahl Sorge um das Wohl der Bevòlkerung Hilfe àrztliche damitTag und Nacht den Einwohnern jede Stadtvorschreibt. grammatikoi. a lacuna) . that it dates from161 is very 70Hands'suggestion. iatroi. zur Verfiigung was immunities clearly of The lavishgenerosity Hadrian in granting havinga on citizens whomtheburden and Asiancities on those of on bad effect thefinances the ofliturgies fell. Der 68Below. who is honNot thatarchiatros Calestrius.fiveand fiverespectively.fourand conventus and threegrammarians. sophists to the four. and iatros. the includedwithin numerus with the Can we thenidentify archiatroi thedoctors the the titlefollow establishment ? ofcivically approvedphysicians And.with and grammarians.and also because numberof archiatroi their mention from archiatroi Lesbosand Sidyma(Nos. Beyondthis of number even the greatest citiescould go. the purposeof this not is not letter financial. of The letter Antoninus the councilof Asia marksa distinct to changein the towardsmedicineand attitudeof the centralgovernment generous previously rhetors and grammarians educationby restricting numberof doctors. capitals. who ofRhodiapolis. xvi embassies Historia (19b7) 47Ü-OJ. 33-4. Bowersock. Mommsen. 140. As Below saw. agreeswellwithPius' knownpolicy increasingly and thisrestriction was Whenthisdecision ofthecities.70 for made cannotbe known certain. ifso. der 71W. Berlin1928. Brunn. 111. although and thosewithimmunity those now on thereare two classesof doctors. largerones.1.67 Small townscould grantexemption up to fivedoctors. but from without.e. W. Brunnthought. KurzeGeschichte Chirureie* "JRSWÚ (1967) 41. ad loc.2-4: observe the stylisticvariation of iatroi.and thelargest. steht. Roman empire.v. the eligible to three forimmunity.Heracleitus styled hence no need to assume. Dig. 12-3. to seven. GreekSophistsin the 67 hoi grammatikoi. 27. Charity unlikely.12 theparagonofthe medicalart. does the or as ofthe numerus system. 74P.3. 75Forschungen IV. H. even ifit did.'The EmpressPlotinaand the sacred xxiv (1975) 127. by of because of the mention an archiatros' whichhe assignedto the earlyprincipate it of administration an oücía 'Avtcoviócvtì. Vienna 1951. its administration unlikely to and theJulio-Claudians. ol (DocOotov 'EpiiÍTTTTOv referring a decisionof oi vecóttoioi Trepi Octiviov rules out Boeckh'stheory. 44). 42) and Charmidai(no. style the mosthazardous.75 for kccIM. 'AXé^ocvSpov definitely qnÀoaépoccrrov 176 to nomen praenomen Faustusis known have beenactivein 160/ and Alexander's and in are veryrare beforethe 160s. Although. but are understandable the context stable medical in of "They are only here used of doctors. but sincetheearliest as I shall show. families. merely providedhis services as referred himself iatros. Aüp. 75). in firm on are evidence areas. of letter and historical archaeologicalcontext. 161. as ™SIG* 867. cannot exclude a date anywhere the first and in halfof the second century.74 is notcertain that But.it is probablethatin some had to morefallible criteria. withits deeplycut serifs and inscription finelettering. indicatethelimits in The question was apparently on settled Boeckh hiscommentary CIG 2987. Ep.13 to of But evenifthearchiatroi thelate secondcentury to be identified the are with this within numerus.v.and. III 732.282. as Le Bas argued. 84 + Plate XXXII6).onlythe bilingual I notoriously from Puteoli (No. nomenclature.202 VIVIAN NUTTON freeof charge and also was exemptfromliturgies. Cos[seini]usor Cos[souti]us ™IGRRIII 733 {JAM II. to thetriumvir rather thanto one oftheotherAntonii who thisproperty belonged to is to made benefactions Ephesus. Oliver.27: is oi Trepi an elegantway of referring to Faustusand Alexander?cf. recourse 192 mustbe all. cf. of laterdiscovery anotherinscription bearingthe same date. civicarchiatroi found thefirst century. attest continuity theinstitution the of without Asclepiades. èm ápxicJKirrrroúxou to and A. also Bull.and the discussion of so and difficulties thevarioushypotheses farpropounded. they thatofthetitle..Le Bas. ireoíC 2.A similarcaveat against anachronism can be enteredwhen treating such familiesof of archiatroi the Statuii (nos. thatfollows intendedto is forsuch an earlydatingis lacking.77 confirming Of thefourcriteria thatcan be used to date theinscriptions archiatroi. Voyage III. was also an archiatros. the have been confined the age ofAugustus However. looksearly. at untilthe 160sand Sia yévousmay not have been erected the earliest dcpXiorrpòs be someyearslater. L-S-T s.especially Cos.and although words8tà yévous the may implythathisfather. A securely dated inscription an of otherprivileges of or wouldresolve controversy for the archiatros thefirst earlysecondcentury once suchinscription datesfrom (No. inEphesos . archéologique Paris 1870.d.but even if the styleof its verseepigramis takeninto a account. n.Of the inscriptions have seen.but his arguments Thymelicsynod'.2. J.it would be rashto attempt moreprecisedatingthan 75-200 a. .the first or is forms. 41. Thus the inscription honourof AttalusPriscus. (1969) 551. assignshim to the Trajanic period.910).. doesnotexcludethepossibility before the that Pius' edict doctors who were in receiptof salariesand the the wordindicatedthosecivic physicians noted by Lucian and Galen. two doctors Cos can forthat reason be assignedan early date. Nomenclature also help to identify and from may earlyarchiatroi.Historia are unconvincing. century the in forthatcitywas notincorporated the empirebefore timeofTrajan and did on The combination untiltheend ofthesecondcentury.then.d.78 (No. p.d.d. Howof mention immunity none can be dated moreprecisely manner(althoughthismay be deliberate decreein the Hellenistic ever. notenjoygreatprosperity and of a Flavian nomen of the from a new inscription (above. civic physician:his nomen. Names. 'ó OeiÓTOTOs 81J.6.probablyto the orderof the is are bothnomina foundon Cos. 91).For thisreason Meiggs and Degrassi undoubtedly was arguedthatthe inscription cut at the same time. Rougé.althoughthe longerforms Cos[seini]us. 78Pfeffer. Tronrip Thus reference. for 80No. for from Caesar or Augustus practising been a doctorwho had received citizenship of in Rome. Aüyovcrros'.a fulsome thathe is Bresusof Lesbos.8. MarciusDem[ ] archaeological for He has versy ragedoverbothhis date and his medicalposition. and defined datable in was discovered a clearly whoseinscription One archiatros from Ostia (No. . 69).1. was responsible Sacra to Iulia Pr[ocla]. Cos[sini]us. but controis context C.apartfrom isolatedinstance is used 661ÓTCCTOS onlyofa living emperor could But Hadrian.. doesnotoccur weakenedby Pius' is whilehis first somewhat be the resultof epigraphic chance.the and of of in inscriptions civicarchiatroi longform thetitle. 180 a. list. Munatius on an erecting inscription a tombon theIsola the Pr[oclus]and Munatia E[lpis].suggest possibly and thanthatfrom Cos from distinctly evidence Aphrodisias. archaising) honourof he whosepriest was and ifthe OeiÓTcrros archiatroi*0 ocuTOKpónrcop amongtheearliest has arguedthat terminus quern. Bresus'emperor although no of in activity the reigns Hadrian and Pius.81 hissecondcontention before it underAugustus. seem morelikely. be isolated verbosity than pre-250a. it maybe that stronger about the use had brought Stertinius theexampleofthe returned there Xenophon of ofthattitlefortheleadingdoctors theisland. suggests Ti.and mustthushave been a physician or hintsat a date in the first early howeverrestored. but Cosseinius it 194. from Pfeffer's Note also ICos 409 {IGRR IV 1108) + GVI 1566. IuliusProtoctetus 70). 192) Aphrodisias that after a. C. although before Pius' edict. of fuller to itwouldbe unwise datehimmuchbefore couldalso be an early archiatros. can for morehelpful. date can be made forClaudiusAndromachus. to it is tempting place his and date remainuncertain.butit is moreprobablethathe was a descendant a man who had been or A case other reasons. Another Coan archiatros.79 stronger againsta first earlysecond it granted by themfor at archiatros Bostra(No. would Rouge post an and that.d. 27.to thedeceased Hadrian as ó deiÓTcrros Dig.who died aged twenty-one (No.which shows a 79Omitted on civiciatros Cos c. have a secure we couldbe identified.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 203 to Bassus. and certainly laterthan c. xliii (1969) 83-92. couldhave secondcentury.Cos[souti]usand Cos[suti]us. assigns to the secondcentury: The spacingsgivenby ICos are not accurate enoughto permita decisionbetween morefrequent. 50 a. is unlikely have been an imperial or or the head of a medicalcollegium school. 15).59.withthe threearchiatroi 150 a..suggests an immune in archiatros. FlaviusStaberianus never found 250 form thetitle. although are earlyelements Stylistic judgement scarcely .d. forms datingis vague and confusing. Pa ton'sappeal to letter RPh. and within tombwas founda femalestatueof Trajanic or Hadrianic origin.T. nou. 2.ed. Epigraphica (1957) 109-64. 2 17f.Meiggs. 'Das Datum der Munatier xix in Grabstàtte PortusTraiani und die Hederae distinguentes'.the wordhad been used foran imperialdoctorforseventy yearsor so.85 Meiggs'assumption for thatDemetrius was a courtdoctoris moreplausible.84 to date inscription tombto and MarcusAurelius. 42) showsthatevenifthetitlewas first 82R.Gnomon xxxvii(1965) 202: contrast Galen xiv.The a factthatthereare generations archiatroi of recorded secondcentury on inscriptions from used Ephesusand Heracleas (Nos. Hommelin a very complicahim the ted seriesof hypotheses83 to identify withDemetrius.Roman Ostia. see .86 the linksbetween Rome and Ostia were strong doctorsat Ostia brought : unusualcases of dislocations for in to Galen to inspect Rome. could indeed He or physician Rome came from married be Galen'sDemetrius he livedto hislateseventies beyond.87 and thereis no objection believing thatan imperial in intoan Ostian family. is possiblethatthe wordoccursbefore 140sin a fewareas. why ofthe 120sshouldbe placed in a tombofthe 160s. 87Galen xviiiA. even a salary. 261.consequent the greatplague. and withMarcia's father attracMarciusDem [ withGalen's Demetrius is ] that drawnfrom nomen.'Epigraphica1\ MAL xxxvii(1965) 202.82 theother hand. takenas a whole. 88Demetrius have been archiater but may of portus (Ostiensis). 85H.Gnomon 83H.Bloch'ssuggestion Demetrius of instance archiatros ofa was a civicdoctorbecausethereis no otherWestern used for of courtdoctorand because 'it would be againstall etiquette a physician the not to mentionhis position. 2. Bloch. A. 8€ "Roman Ostia. He explainedthe nomen upon of that it was formedfromthe praenomen the emperor. IV).especiallyonce he discloseshis profession' emperor whenit is notedthatthisis a Greekinscription becomeslessconvincing and. Bloch. a civicarchiatros surprising findone oftheearliest that closeto Rome and notin Greeceor Asia Minor. whenit wouldindithe on cate a doctorwho received and certainprivileges. 4.Hommelfailsto explainsatisfactorily a statue indeed. doctorof preferred who died in theearly170s. Oxford1973. H. it simultaneously and indicatedhis profession his employer.and thatthe titledenotesa doctor after includedwithin numerus thoseexempted the of from It liturgies. is the of none of thesecontentions in any way certain although identification C. Hommel. 'Euripidesin Ostia'.348. not theearliest. 562-4. a before edict the The archaeological evidencethusfavours date forDemetrius of Pius. in and thatif in the 120sthe word signified the Westonlyan imperial physician. 139-65. ZPE v (1970) 293-303. the evidenceforthe existence such a postis tenuousin the extreme.from city.and further suggested Marcia Demetrias. 84Galenxiv. 47. Degrassi.But of Demetrius' daughter. as we have seen. and Marcius as the 160s. it would be a little Although if of to examples.88 for The evidencefordatingcivic archiatroi supports thus Below's contention that the greatmajority comefrom Pius' edict.but can we be surethathe was a civicrather thanan imperial ? physician civic doctorsare knownin the West (below.H.233-4.ed. this if or but identification is by no meansassuredor evennecessary Meiggs'hypothesis. 563-4. 1963.principally Cos.204 VIVIAN NUTTON On archiatros husbandofMunatia.especially and. below.p. who was the mistress Commodus. verydoubtful the are tive and some of them. 50. a citycould always seemedto despisehis task.42-4: thereis no need to posit an annual of reviewofthe competence a civic doctor. suchas ear-doctors dentists Specialists howevermuch help and exorcisms.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 205 in the 160s fordoctors there withtax-immunity. Hist.CIL XI 3007 (ILS 2542). 91Dig. was assumedto be somedegreeof and before thatofarchiatroi after the of between institution publicdoctors continuity Pius' edict.3.13. Below.4.9.50.1.11.92 the law codes knownothing this.27.94 attendance a at or friend patient.1. »*Dit>. G.4.Journal (1957) 231-8.spectacular a and to poverty from figure could reducea doctorfrom failure plenty unexpected to ofauthority one offun. givea partialinsight Legal sources the was the The choiceof doctorwithin numerus made by the towncouncilwithin from governor's influence the and limits laid downby theemperors. vii and 4Ammianus Alexandria'.1. was to be free from would-be this and interference. 50. from A numerus. n »°Dig. out Wolters rightly pointed thatthenumeral and in suchmeetings.53.93 participation torepeated True. aus »2'Àrzteinschriften Ephesos'. prayers was of But to an invalid. of end membership the but failurewould not automatically doctorby Ulpian.Clio med. of oí intotheworkings thesystem archiatroi.and Paul privileges in not to referred victories thecontests.97 had is Nowhere there dutyto any evidencethatcivicarchiatroi as partoftheir demandforthemto have the without although attendand treatpoor citizens fee. °«CJ 10.4 and 6. certainly civicappointments. competence. 50.1.6.JOAI viii (1905) 125-38. ifthefiscal had to be retaken tò on theevidence Rufinus of regularly àpxiorrpòs 6' of But wereto be retained.1. Valentinto attention theneedsofthepoor.95 family a and a wouldall helptoestablish doctor's and.90 membership the numerus not for have given theymight and deprivehim of it if he reviewa doctor'simmunity life.1.1. 209. of but not practitioners incantations. 93<>ApxtocTPòs JOAI ix (1908) 295. cf. . 27. 96V. 97JiWlxi(1971)54-5. cf. p. 'Spezialàrzte in der Spátantike'.3. of demanded a civic one wouldbe a guidetoperitia artis. "Infra.89 seeking applicants although wouldnotprevent wereeligibleforinclusion and hisassistance.6. oftherequirements victory. and to his conscience That could be leftto the doctor'sown of remission fees.recommendation a distinguished cure or tradition a successful famousmedicalcentresuch as Alexandria.9. emphasising necessity a decreeof the council. tò 6".9.Nutton. (1972) 165-76.98 free wellinvolve morum might probitas to remember serve of to ian's instruction the new archiatri Rome thattheyshould muchearlierin the that a thehumblemaymakeexplicit sentiment alreadyexisted to but even here thereis no reference any compulsory mindsof civic electors.99 of the *9Dig.Der Arzt. »*Dig.50.96 conversely.91 in enabled a doctorto gain immunity thefirst But whatqualifications place? contests fromEphesus recording JosefKeil believedthat a seriesof inscriptions which a in between doctors fourspecialities represented sortof finalexamination. Baader.Med. Charities.751. Crook. Galen xiv. everyone quacks an to kneweveryone else. 465. Eusebius. continuity 100The fiction that moneypaid fora cure was a gift. according thatcould be made. R.100 of threeor evensix centuries institution thedecisions a Roman emperor lateris by in detailthantheevidence to assumea fargreater warrants. D. Visky.v. 622-5. of the from privileges citizenship changein emphasis of activities archiatroi within to the reference thenon-medical and themorefrequent and legal sources.from desire honour a for for but ofhumanity. paceWellmann.may have enabled even the to was cf. 101xiv. GVI 766. practised medicine from love a Some doctors. 104E. 5. and to explaintheworkings a Hellenistic demosios archiater and of archiatros popularis.especially theyhad provided performance to Galen. Augustine. earliest termarchiatri is discussion CT 13.1.Law and (1955) 179-80. 2. and statusto tax-immunity.Lyon 1665. London 1967. exaggeratedtheir although reveal not so much changesin the attitudes comof and theirdifferences may in general. benefits. are accepted. but thereis no evidenceforits use in antiquity.104 a facile Cohn-Haft's and totalidentification backseveral against generations. archiatros.102 nothing betweenthe Hellenistic and publicdoctors and How fartherewas continuity can is to for theRoman archiatroidifficult say.The archiatroi within doctorsas developments towards munities society of but to inventthe titlesof are in many ways the successors the demosioi iatroi.103 and The the mannerof appointment the reasonsforit would be broadlysimilar.Der Arzt. and of populares as a titleforGothofredus' has no warrant from was any ancienttext.H. layingdown a leveloffees. J.and it is clear from and forthe immunity this and glory. Below.It is of coursepossiblethatarchiater popularis the titleof civic physicians RenaissanceItaly. JRS xlv Iura x (1959) 24-66. all hiscolleagues and aboutfeesand suitable cities sharedGalen's scruples treatments. 30.205.101 a smallprovincial and charlatans town. 103The doctors themselves seemto have regulated leveloffeesat Ephesus. V. K.'La qualificadella medicina5. lifeofRome.8. E. 159. unscrupulous claim that his treatment free.49.57-98. others themoney thatcould be obtained. whoserootswent but also medicalfamilies Wander thereundoubtedly arzte were.. it also but be explainedby the bias of the epigraphic polismay of the growingstability the medical profession mirrors duringthe principate.V p.3. not a fee. A.ifthe restorations the ofJOAIxxx (1937) B 200. Hands. 171. 102A. 31 RE the evidenceI can findforthe 105Pfeffer.g. Ed. who Not thatitwas notonlythephilanthropic weremadearchiatroi. polemic : was outlines similar. s. .3.206 VIVIAN NUTTON that the towncouncilwho appointedhim would requirean adequate awareness if himwitha salaryand other from him.publicopinionwould be at leastas effective incentive a as of doctor'smoralprobity any law fromRome. 136-41. Daube.100 in thelarger In where could flourish. Bothinstitutions be seenas providing a of : bothoffered sort financial incentive and of theresidence a competent physician without to and a moralimperative treatall citizens. and the unwritten assumptions to inducement treatthe poorercitizens for councilsmay have been a greater city thanany legal obligation. are ofthe two institutions timely. and that Gothofredus in adopted it as an intelligible heading. 111 Dio records then himofa dreaddisease. 1). XI 108C7L 3007 (ILS 2542) .c. IuliusEpianactisf. XII ó.109 social club of all doctorsthan confined only in bothcases doctors have also been positedforCorduba and Nemausus. someassertion medicalcompetence the extended thatAugustus' likelihood is little there throughout generosity Certainly even of doubtedthe truth Dio's information as and strongly empire.113 by and. 7. 84.110 of theevidence dependson theexpansion an epigraphic V. as Momigliano suggested.Mnesicleides.1.Rome 1960.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IV.112 from forever freedom public to can few : toquestion very doctors be shown havegainedcitizenship coming by open in themselves order has to Rome. of for ofofficial control. 396.and by the absence of the word by save forChristian Africa of archiater theinscriptions ail the Western from provinces in are but the factthatarchiatri recorded at least six Italian townsbefore (No.106 hiring publicdoctors Marseilles Provencal by (and possibly but M. im Der 116H. XII 5.5. agli 22-30.gave to all hisfellow Musa for practitioners and curing was of What the effect theseinducements is taxes.114 registering to themselves some degree weresubmitting doctors to obtaincitizenship. gratitude Antonius and in doctors resident Rome.although collegium Civic to thosewithinthe numerus. to Roman citizenship all foreign it was JuliusCaesar who first granted Jul. fromRome to amplify Accordingto Suetonius.116 Roman citizens doctors 106Nos. Aug. werefreefrom the As applied to Rome. service. system Legal is to at medicorumBeneventum morelikely have been a the West. of century suggests other of The substance.6. from ^Secondo Contributo studiclassici. although abbreviation. 107Strabo 4. 111Pliny. 11Ib) most 113The likely Paros. ROME but the be system dated exactly. Reiche. xxix. the Romans.59. 42. a distinguished 112Dio53. 79 (Edessa) may also have seen earliermilitary IX 109C/L 1618 (ILS 6507). cf. 199 (ci.1932 (= Gummerus). XII 3342: the abbreviation had hired NH fashion. cf. also CIL V 6970 and XIII 5079 (ILS 7786). 92-3. to in thatAugustus.Gummerus. who towns)107 may be ascribed to Greek influence. Àrztestand ròmischen Helsinki. Arzt. IG candidateis C.108 have practised military obtainedin the also implythatthenumerus texts as a publicphysician. 80-82. Der 115Below. peregrine wouldhave to be made. showsthatin 219 b.in trueHellenistic the doctorfrom Peloponnese. the could signify doctor'stownoforigin. No.115 Gummerus mosttaxation. 181C. THE WEST 207 in of The search an equivalent for institution theWestto thepublicdoctors theEast is made verydifficult the lack of evidence. Ulpius Sporus(?).Suetonius. possibly Trajanic. . Only at Rome can the adoptionof the numerus hazardousto use evidence theremakesit extremely of anomalousposition doctors that forcivic doctorselsewhere. there must after a Ferentum received salaryfrom service. not thatthe difference the fourth may be one of terminology.30. ll0CIL II 2348. werenot to be subjecteven to the Roman senate. of themChristian all century.122 although prevailing contained therein reasonsthatlay behinditsadoptionnorthe detailedinstructions of need be equally universal. the choiceof a successor a deceasedarchiaterprescribed theemperor's is to It by regulation.d. archiatri. 119Dig. 27.12.11.3.1. Inst. and thename ofthesuccessful for candidateis to be submitted theemperor's approval.208 VIVIAN NUTTON werethoseofan empireand in no way compulsory and Rome's publicmagistracies in is mustrelate If anything Dio's statement to be saved.117 or to the demandsof privatelaw.theimmunity liturgies.also Inst.3. 121Nos.5. but of In therethe once was fore. cf.25. 27.8. if all now 120Also.1.120 Confirmation thismay be foundin the late appearanceof civicarchiatri and generally the fifth of on Roman inscriptions.9. of and thedutiesoftheregional Boththemanner election were selectedis not specified.119 factthatimmunity is within Rome itself alwaysassumedto be generally availableto all doctors suggests was thereunnecessary. not through influence the overmighty thefavour a judge.3. or of of the but by thefaithful circumspect of of and decision all themembers thecollegium. emperor decidedthatno candidatecould be occupiedby theprevious electedunlesshe had the votesof seven archiatri majority) votingin orderof (a the doctorwas not to take a place immediately seniority: successful among the seniors wouldattainit by thegradualworkings promotion. and a similar given privilege in The withwhomtheyare so often associated thelegal texts. 124CT13.1.8.but it may be thatDio is anachronistically of transferring situation and Caracalla confirmed Severus hisownday backto theearlyprincipate. see 123CT13. and the of In additionto thealreadyexisting archiatri the Guild ofAthletes private of one Vestal Virgins.73.123 is to be made.8.1 (321/4)is right. therewerecreatedarchiatri. but without century specific 122CT13. who formed collegium certain a with beyondthoseofthemedici.. 117J/Wlxi (1971) 61-3. 42.15. 116Dig.9. a. 27. by It may have been the ambiguity of 'horum omnium delectu' which fidelicircumspectoque . privileges are archiatri unusual.121 law There is thusno reasonto doubtthatit was notuntilValentinian's of368 neither was the thatthe system elsewhere enactedat Rome. Gothofredus. of 85-90. How the first members the collegium of although of the but to it probably was left the discretion Rufinus.1.11* to thoseof an immigrant's the homecity. n.25. of that a numerus clausus immunecivic physicians strongly elsewhere restricted a select to since all doctorsalready enjoyedthereprivileges of few. 37-8: misunderstood Pfeffer. doctors and everywhere received immunity salaries. For the textualproblems. the collegium set up. cityprefect. theory.but onlyto the overriding of and thisconauthority the emperor.6. foreach of the regions the city.3.15. Certainly in and of both all sophists teachers Romein theenjoyment their exemptions in Rome was probably to thedoctors and in their hometowns. giventhe anomalousposition Rome and its citizens. Appendix2. to curaand tutela. of participate and whether victorwas to be promoted the place in the orderof seniority the to The archiater.124 it was uncertain had to votein favour a candidateor merely members in theelection. V 92. Pohl.9. CT 13. believedin the existence medici liei at Rome in the earlythird pub evidence. for whether all gave rise to anotherimperialdecisionof 370. thedoctors l26CT 13. pagans included. payment tobe made. Dig. letter century of encouraged century.They wereallowedto receive for as a reward their or retainer127 as either a regular completed pro offeruntobsequiis\ future ill vastsumsoffered the dangerously fortheir by cures.butthestrong languageof thatthiswas expectedof him. 50. daring reacha definite judgeSymmachus. was authorised settlethedisputes of an the still may have had the right appointment. RR 127Varro.16. decrees by But constraints. simple action that mightsnub an emperor's theirstatusand privileges precipitate by Two or threeyears his father's for or favourite showtoo littlerespect regulations.UnderTheoderic. thought but ifhispalace service had beentakenintoaccount.13.At a meeting thecollegeconvened the not to influential before the doctors.4. about an ambithe on tious whohad claimedthesecondplace inthecollege thegrounds doctor. Augustine. cityprefect. 1..It is interesting see Symmachus thedoctors at hedge to all alikeunwilling compromise and shuffle aroundthisapparently decision. to 6quae squalidservitude therich.whilethe poorerpagans apparently to The owncommunity. situation further without by complicated disturbing could be adof to by any document whichhis length service John'srefusal submit for determined. 19. as well as the silenceof pre-fourth sources. imperialphysician.3. 51. holder.itwas to be on thebasisofresults. the to who ofa comes archiatrorum. What had been leftunsaid in earlier law suggests at exercised leastin theory and thesupervision was made moreexplicit. 27. law ofValentinian their evenfrom relating Rome mayhave 125Above 200f. to and thatithad beenspecifically thathe had beenan imperial doctor promised him of its evenbefore deathofEpictetus.p.gr.26.in Psalmos Patr. in select was wiseto supposethatpubliccharity theprimeintention creating groups of a for of civic doctors. Johnv.5.125 was This independence theRoman archiatri notas greatas theory of suggested. it wouldbe unand imposeeffective prefect collegemight emperor.There is no formal compulsion an Valentinian's free to archiater givehisservices to thepoor. wroteto theemperor. collegium existed. 430D. Julianimpliesthatthiswas a development the mid-fourth that thanphilanthropy. wereunderthepresidency Var. .6. comes. In 384 Symmachus. on and it was in no way bindingon a patient. artis if and be thearbiter egregiae. Cassiodorus.1.but not the possibly not was If recovery. procedure in thehandsofcitycouncillors. Rei.126 ofseniority from annonaria of The members Valentinian's collegewere to receivecommoda serviceto the poor before an honourable the cityand in return theywereto put sani somepayment. promises. ™Ep. Enarr. manyothers arguedthatthere who had passed from had been severalexamplesof doctors palace to civic service was The theorderofseniority.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 209 the whichleft choiceofcivicarchiatri trasts withthestandard elsewhere. and ruleswereconfirmed theorder : latertheemperor gave hisdecision theoriginal reasserted.VI 19. most he which wouldhave had thathe couldbe giventheplace in theorder ment. Chrysostom. he claimedthathispapershad all beenstolen judgedand hisposition and to in a burglary hishouse.128 of for reasons staterather Juliannotedwithsomeacerbity to actsoftheJewsand theimpiousGalilaeansextended all members thecharitable lacked assistance of society. 22. 5b. p. empirecould hardly the community and enhance the prestige the benevolent more would benefit of emperor. 364-425.1975.135 the evidenceforthisbelief farfrom is conyet is clusive. aristocracies imperial and a.4 as applyingto Constantinople alone. 130J. CONSTANTINOPLE an That Constantinople of to possessed identicalsystem medicalorganisation that ofRome has often been asserted. Dictionnaire 1877.129 praepotentium gratia emotive in a struggle powerand office for thearistocracy Rome. to Acta Sanct. and.therestorer theRoman ofRome. RE I.In 370 or 371 these his sights on what concerned pocket. The of among appropriate first when consolidation. 132CT13. from adherence an emperor gained who failedto secureentry thecollegewereobviously to The Roman doctors in The archiatri aim forthe titleof oflosingtheirtraditional privileges. from plebshad to be weanedaway from beingan unthe law was part ofValentinian's act selfish of Christian for benevolence. 1966. Thallulaeus and St. VI. 1974.35-41. . 281. to them. App. Wellmann.Western court. Matthews.210 VIVIAN NUTTON the still in ideal of charity the very soughtto institutionalise further Christian of paganism. F.130 the reignwerea timeforcareful yearsofValentinian's and his dynasty notyetachievedand whentheurban was ofthe emperor security their traditional Far patrons. in of wereconfirmed theirenjoyment theirimmunities. ii (1896) 465.A closerinspection the law revealsanotherpossible of stronghold Patrocinium and reasonforitsintroduction. n.Brau. appears to identify civic archiatri imperialas evidencefora trend with He une des de whereby palais annexe partie affaires la ville'.131 thehumblemedicus but orderor something countofthefirst set his not his status. Oxford.4.after Justinian's by reconquest What thebarbarianTheoderichad allowed.2 (337) : both St. 144.19 (428). lower. Constantinople institutions adds verylittle:p.Gratia sa famille. struggle withtheirclients providing altertheirancestral an control relationship against by nativesourceof medicalaid.133 as lateas 552.d.310. p. 131CT13. he acceptsthe validityof CT 13.7.134 of sincefor'iuvenes liberalibus studiis eruditi' flourish to once refuse. might danger moreprestigious. d'unecapitale: etses Pohl.Moussy. G. moreconcerned partly thescanty materialsurviving from Easterncapital.373. 134Justinian. 25. May. Paris.This uncertainty in part due to the factthatthe law codes. are words.5. 20 Nov. M. Dagron. Pantalaonwereapprenticed archiatroi.3.a benefit granted Constantine conby even of firmed a succession emperors. 133CT13.22.apud Daremberg-Saglio.as we have are withRome thanwithConstantinople. for their and stillobtainannonae teaching art. Naissance de 330 à 451. 27 July.3.132 lesserdoctors it making of clear thatin Rome membership thecollegeadded to thestandard ofa privileges for The medici could of course doctorand was not a prerequisite theirenjoyment. and emphasising again the greater benefits be to yet to thanto a consul. 135R. et Paris.and partlyto the absence the epigraphic from East of sourcessuch as Symmachus the and Cassiodorus concerned withthe 129C. if the salariesforteachingwere completely Rome. gr. 208f.53. apxnyrpos rf\s (tois evTéÀsi).episcopalsermons and elegantepidetailsof civic administration. Or. a Briau.8 and y to Constantinople archiatroi.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 211 Lives of saints.8. Naz.on hisreturn teaching receivedpublic honours(as a doctor?) and became an imperial Alexandria from of freeof chargeto members the administration his providing services physician.9 capitals. just thoseofthecapital.139 from of of the To reconstruct medicalservices Constantinople fragments laws claimsof modern and the confident ofthe saintsis extremely and lives hazardous. Athens. 160. brother Gregory Nazianzus. grant a select or somesort administrative of civic physicians Constantinople about of thisevidenceprovesanything beyond or numbers organisation..Cosmas Damián.142 in hishonour thesenatein thebathsofZeuxippus.4. 92.Leipzig 1907. where from factthatthelaw emanates Julianthenwas.9 and 10 weredirected specifically in but assumedthat theymerelyrepeatedforRome regulations Rome.as I havearguedabove. 197f.8-10. thecivicphysicians Constantinople used to provethatit tookeffect only it thatala position thoseof Rome.136 acceptedthatCT 13.p. 142Greg.thiswould conflict 143. Gothofredus.6. fromrelatingCT 13.145 itis possible that.Bu£ccvtivcov kocì was ended byJustinian.40.1. d>v in the next century while James Psychrestus. if and of this application itstitle. Chron.27. at to and 13 and theirreformulation CJ 10.144 his charge salariesfordoctors of abolishedthe provision civic of the involvemerely restriction a universal appliesto the wholeempireand may None or financial of few to reorganisation..Deubner. in CJ 138Especially the reconstituted 12. grams in who It was Gothofredus first arguedfora similar collegiate system the two on He but his evidencevanishes inspection. Pair. 824A.8. 9 and 13.1. píos 1MDig.141 their Caesarius. thinks VI.4.137 is strange as werein as unusually privileged in the codes. 143Malalas. cannotbe Constantinople. indeed p. Pfeffer. If of there.4.360b.3.and possibly salaried.positing collegeofseven following ttoàitktuós. of for are no substitute theletters a Roman cityprefect. 8.143 had by TTÓAecos a statuesetup whenJustinian fell thatthe practiceof medicine into disrepute records Procopius but and teachers. law and letter Julianwas ofuniversal not to relates all civicdoctors.140 verylarge city if to and annonae all doctors theywere engagedin Constantine immunity granted of of the art.1955.as in theRome ofTheoderic. shouldall be regarded scholars and it would have ten immune. 92. Ph. FromPius' edictit is clear thatas a withsuspicion. Cosmas Damiánmentions Kc^ns he and in thecity. of and and existence remuneration. 7. . 17. 30-1. as èmTTiSeiÓTepos icrrpcov tcov a and iorrpcov LifeofSS. 137 Above.3. 13.138 as are the Roman archiatri mentioned a distinct group though is nothing said ofthoseofConstantinople.Pasch. Chron.3.2.2.The it is nota lateraddition. has 139This not prevented and.3. was responsible V 136CT13. saysnothing their their The but are Later sources a littlemoreinformative equallyhard to interpret. Koukoules. 144 Anecdota abolished. already of on at existence Constantinople theevidence CT 13. with Justinian's policytowards und 145L. 11.3.But.doctors. thissystem 141CT13. the iatreion Vogt and L. 151Vita Cyrietjohannis. 1. approved carpenters Var.gr. I. 162For II farming. 285.11. in so manyaspects itssociety as Egyptstands apart oftheempire. VitaSampsonis. Egyptis applied to institutions at the riskof historical confusion error.Bat. Gazza.'To icnrpiKÓv'. iraXaiaTpas. who greetthe emperorelsewhere 9). and ttjs (I.212 VIVIAN NUTTON of all That and supervising the doctors Constantinople. V. VII. 115. bothfeesand farming.Patr. SS. similar and only non-Egyptian is withthe physicians Roman Egypt. the only evidenceforits survivalinto the Roman period.1*7 is of That thelatter morelikely suggested is includedall the doctors the city. 146Cassiodorus. of ápxiorrpoí. Aegyptus (1944) 119-25. by Ptolemaiccleruchs doctors paid notseemto have lastedfarintotheRoman period.nn. 149H.150 beyondthis the kccìTeÀeuTccioi. xxxv (1955) 86-110.155 immunity Such shrines. 131.154 stillretained other they many A from and privileges. Bréhier. ib.oddlv citineBréhier his authoritv as 150Ep. Georg. 10. 128.V 60 (a.PTebt. PRoss. 119.153 suchmedicalactivities are mentioned but as conliteracy firm the impression that theirorganisation and legal statusdiffered considerably in from thatofphysicians elsewhere theempire. PAmherst PLond. is separatefromthe guilds. 'The livesof saintsas sourcesforthe history Byzantine J. 982. Veglery. 87. argue. lvii (1964) 128. priests of oil producers. Vogt. The papyri of from revealtheir sources wealth.II 162. PStrassb.PAlex. Georg.and no other the papyrusofRoman date records tax. PLond. and craftsmen. 1575. Zacos. ìò3PLugd. Paris 1935. the to does Although medicaltax.8. PAlex. and cannoteasilybe made to conform the to from other the provinces evidencethatderivessolelyfrom generalpattern. xxxvi(1956) 73-114. 99. A. is verydubious. 147Ed. 112. associatedwithoí tt\s whomVoert believesattendedthe emoerorDersonallv. Theodoreof Studionwhichranksdoctors TTpcbTccpxoi.Basle 1972. 73.3. the emperoris greetedby to ionpeiov toTs eTneuxonevov 148As Les de V Paris 1949. 1907-9. PRoss. of medicinein the sixthand seventh BZ centuries'. Nanetti. liécjoi implying to evidencefails. PStrassb. institutions empire byzantin. SeOTTÓTOClS.Patr. of In medicine. Magoulias.24. lead Byzantine seals. fees. 36.151 it wouldbe rash an thatcovers fivecenturies moreon such or to construct all-embracing hypothesis doubtful fragments. fullers.146 therewas forapproving is clear from Book the a medicalguildin the timeof Constantine Porphyrogenitus whether thiswas confined the palace148 to but it is uncertain or ofCeremonies.A. gr. they The temptation particularly of for great are perhapsknownin greater detailthan thoseof any otherprovince. Conversely. 'Prescrizionimediche'.aucrrrmonra ttóAccos. EGYPT and institutions. iatrikon. retainincr W^ .152 theextent their and of and medicallearning. Aegyptus the of xxiv 154Despite arguments O.except for isolated references named imperialdoctorsand to and the archiatroi are veryprobably emperor's (who physicians).149 by as a letter St. PRylands 206a. But some sort of organisation. 34.V 4.Inv. VI 19. G. on prescriptions. 165PPhiL I 30.263. 3453.2809. XI.49. listofexemptions liturgies certain publictaxesat Philadelphia as includesphysicians well as registered invalidsand those over age. pap.156 he was a practising to reference theneedforPsasnisto belongto a particular groupamongthedoctors. xxxvii. Lewiswhorightly suggested 'dedokimasmenos' membership and withcertain ofa particular specialprivileges.106. denotes that It was N. 15BPFay.werededokimasmenos.40. to maketheexaminaof the and thepatient with services a publicdoctor(ordoctors) of II.likehim. Youtie. l57PCornell withthediscussion. Lewis. thatthe doctorwho appeared in courtto give evidenceat an Athenianmurdertrial..peculiarto Egypt.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 213 of seemsto have been available to all doctors.complainedthat a liturgy Egypt illegallyimposed on him by men whom he had treated. L. sophists the argument.161 sucha case. who appear to associatesuch menwiththe 'public iatroi\ about them comes largelyfromthe medical reports onwards. 'Dokimasia'. VS 588. he also assumed.also BGU 1897a. Scriptiunculae Amsterdam 1973. was an Athenianpublic physician.and this mayhave been commonto all physicians.Our information a death or injury. especially completely What thisword meanshas been muchdisputed.Philostr.in its by asksthe man or a relative In is formality. thesick witha dossier on is provided who of to or governor strategos senda member hisstaff.157 privilege and privilege of as there weregradations status in Egypt. 20. ibid.Aegyptus thatthe 'questionand answer'medicalpayriwerelearntas set booksforthisexamination.158 to ofM.159 examination had passeda qualifying thata doctor are so qualified. man'sowndeclaration or good enoughfora governor strategos.In a courtcase beforethe Prefect had been in 142-3. Page apudH. 110. as the case was was a practitioner considered thathe a ofPsasnis shows. a native doctor.160 it is tempting groupofdoctors on papyrifrom173 a.Psasnis. 161 am notconvinced Bowersock's Oxford1969. werespecifically approved such of Prefect Egypt137-42. nome: he in for property two villagesin the Arsinoite responsible the confiscated shouldbe and asksthatall who practisemedicine thisduty from seeksexemption thosewho. But among and others medicine who thosewhopractised between and a distinction thedoctors.xhv (1964) 52-7. is impliedin the complaint in someway. XICongr. 159G. elsewhere. p. Arsinoe listof the from On forhimto be in practice. Although Gemellushas been forcedforfouryearsto be are by impositions forbidden law. cf. but Gemellusclearlyimpliesthatnot all doctors and.32-40.'Exemption physicians Milan 1966. C.PMich. a laterland tax register only land to doctors does not includeany of the surplusmarginal belonging properties of is whosecultivation imposedon the inhabitants Arsinoein general.878-88.d.. iwpOxy.II 123. . There is no doctorand he would recoverhis immunity. by 92. II 223-5. procedure submitted public doctorscertifying which.Zalateo believedthatit signified him whichentitled to practise. Valerius Eudaemon have caused themto revise treatment thathis inefficient remarked might cuttingly the that and told him to declarebefore strategos their view of his medicalabilities.r° IV 8-9. BASP ii (1965) 87-9 = Atti from of 160N. 1957. with the readings D. ValeriusGemellus Heliodorus. in Roman Greek 1 empire.513-8. PMich. freed from liturgies.dedokimasmenoi. liturgy'. Zalateo. . I Stud. 194.51 (173).is signed at in of by fourpublic doctors(the totalmembership thenumerus Oxyrhynchus 331 a. and are assumedto have existed hypothesis in the verylimitedsensethat Pius' edict may have formalised in acceptableonly such as appearslater of withspecial privileges. . Nanetti. 6.BoswinkePs is c. assume that the scribeof Antinoe.cf. B. datesfrom a. Mnemosyne. M. 7-13. profession been misreadand thathe was in facta doctor.42 (382 or 391) has év tco copiaijévcoàpiGiacoin a medical report. does not But thefourth thatofarchiatros. xxi by Nanetti.171 context theletter The itzpOslo95-6. 'La l64E. to the end of the fifth century. physician. simplyto iatroi. 171Iam grateful Dr. MeniciusValerianus. whichis gradually from thepublicdoctor c.16S century seemsto have fallen archiatroi. POxy.164 it would appear that the change of titleoccurredat Oxyinfluence from late forany direct between170 and 173 a.97. of Pius5edict and thattheirdutiesincludedthe inspection all cases of death and But seriousinjury. Boswinkel. to be A niceschemacan therefore constructed linkEgyptian and publicdoctors a in denotes court archiatroi: first. H. and. . a privateletterof the second century.163 Boswinkel.. called itspublicdoctors Egypt. his studyof that theygained theirtitleas a resultof suggested Egyptianpublic physicians. 2111 (135) and 2563 (170) refer 165POxy. l63Ifthe readingis correct. him the to written Ammonius archiatros instructing to bringwithhim some and of and itsprovenance loavesand a box withfigs and rolls. 'Surveyorship thelaw ofGraeco-Roman certificate. but the doctor's name was not read at this point in the badly damaged papyrus.. Aegyptus (1941) 311.257-68. published POxy.Wessely.. but it is possiblethathis signsthe document. has ser.. 140 a. the otherarchiatroi are century. PSI 455 (178) and POxy 475 (182) add demosioi. .. 15 (1962) 375. even later.170 a receives specialtitle 170a.d. until at Hermopolis. 1957-8. before then. 16*PLiòs. century by to easilyconform this pattern:POslo 53. replaced. with Eitrem'scommentary. Eos xlviii(1956) 181-90. I 8.169 liketherestoftheempire. l69Theinscription Proteris.167 intodisuse. R. médecineet les médecins dans les papyrus grecs'. l%1PRein.165 too are found 96 POslo95. as we have seen.162 tion and providethe appropriate in BGU 647. 1 = PCairo 10706. the and at while and off thesubscription theoaththattwoembalmers 476 breaks before POxy reaching in who examinedthe body are likelyto have made. although logically it should appear here.C. Rees. Ptolemaic at thewordarchiatros times.Aegyptus 1941.Pal.d. JJP 1952.The mostrecently Egypt'.] tcov 8oki|ícovttjs aujjfjs TróÀecos . 170Above. 1G6PLips. who certifies that he saw a woman confined bed and unable to walk through to illnessor injuryand himself was actingon behalfof the doctorwithhim. iv. Kupiszewski. xxi. (392) is the latest dated demosios 92 iatros. records a 5r||jo]ciíou lonrpoG tcov év tco cr[có|jaTi.]. dates probablyfrom fifth of no.'Ricerchesui medicie sulla medicina O.bothsigns report testifies oathto itsaccuracy. Egypta numerus approveddoctors are Demosioi iatroi recorded but certain. from Fayumin 130. PCafro Preis.214 VIVIAN NUTTON There are rare exceptions this to certificate. in nei papiri'. on no sound grounds.163..d. rather Pius' rhynchus knownmedical The system may have existedmuch earlier:the first edict.dedokimasmenoi report.166 eventhisis farfrom coexists withthat at of butfrom least338 thetitle thebeginning thefifth century. it ofarchiatros by theend ofthefifth and .3195. fourth century.?).301-14. p.PHarris 133 is dated.nos. Eliassenforchecking to and confirming me the openinglinesof for the papyrus. the who has procedure: on a surgery Karanis. one piece ofevidence onwards. 7 contrasts iatros and archiatros.d.d. no. H. he could be a nativeEgyptian trast thechora.on the other. The society did not also respondin some way to change. tenth-eleventh Lai. for not dated.8. with the simple 'archiatres estmedicus sapientissimus'. Pius.110 Vivian Nutton 172As withL. of in itslate reception thistechnical Western provinces VIII bothroyaland civicphysicians.The edictofAntoninus wherepossible. llbVind. wherethereis a conof the as between public doctors the Hellenistic siderable age degreeofcontinuity. 68. . at abroad are recorded GVI 766 (Tithoreia). or who attendedMuseum members who presidedover it). he could be a civic in like at Alexandria one oftheEgyptian or which.and it is important separate. and thatofcivicphysicians archiatroi indicateda doctorin a royal householdwas glossed.Amexamples. to it is essential realisethatdevelopments of and thecivicarchiatroitheRoman East. functions archiatroi of forthecityarchiatri Rome. xxi (1971) 262-72.if Africaand the of Egyptresembles any of myexplanations the anomalyis correct. showsonlythatitsauthor papyrus thethird was abreastof current metaphors. of mIts appearancein a theological century.But it is strange findthistitleofa civicphysician isolatedfrom for and theremay be otherpossibleexplanations its appearance. The word whichoriginally id twelve centurieslater.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 215 is offer guidanceto the meaningof archiatros no here.1907 (Milan). maywell prevent precise society like is there no reasonto believethatan institution was itself notstatic. physician who or to Greekinstitutions. GelliusMaximus. Augustine.but Ammonius obviously him to be a public in resident Egypt. Civ. enjoyed If abroad. conpoleis. regulations century by date of to submitted the strategos an medicalreports formal on the one hand. On almostas soonin Egyptas in theotherEasternprovinces. 4. it monius could be an imperial doctorattachedto theMuseum172 (although would was thatarchiatros the titleof the doctor to be premature conclude. of as the ly stimulated spreadof the titlearchiatros the designation a doctorwithin But its acceptancewas by no means as speedyin Africaas it was in the numerus. and possibly no. Naucratis.173 Eitrem on homethe titlehe had gainedin service retained his return a was thatarchiatros usedto indicate civicphysician thenit must admitted be is right.see CQ n.174 theotherhand.s. of identification the twoin every a within respect. of the at to Asia Minor. term.GVI 435). (Origenic?) theological fol.and Eitremin his commentary pronounced so to other doctor.although responsible the undoubtedas of creation civicphysicians a groupoverand abovethenormal doctor. The fourth and by region. in have Archiatroi beenshown thispaperto comprise in and the shifts the meaningand the use of the word have been examinedand. Dei 22. leastat first. century. and the are alike peculiarto theirregionand shouldnot be nome.withEitrem. doctors 173Egyptian also at IG XIV 809 (but cf. Egyptian Even the used to illuminate dutiesof an Ephesianarchiatros. 1. 44 whichgivessalariato all doctors?That benefaction has payments both salaria(to too in and architects) and in annonae students doctors.and I suspectthat. soothsayers. : postfuerunt qui postomnes and the renowneduntrustworthinessthisparticular of Both textand meaningare uncertain. whether palatinus.ifany.'. 177Ed. is None of these textsand interpretations freefromgrave objectionon factualor linguistic jsalariaare so divided the medicus grounds. Empire. are usuallymentioned who onlyto be condemned.nota gradein their But thenarise hierarchy. titlefoundnowhere for whichwas standardin the late empirewhentheLifewas written.while the interpretation Below. 178 bestthisis a At pasticheofsuch laws as Frag. apparently unique information payments : in doctors the imperialhousehold Mss.44.The traditional were up to six otherswho receivedannonae emendation offers a variously betweentheone salarieddoctorand theothersix. othersix two but medicus receives else.178 Clearlythe biographer believesin a distinction betweenthe two typesof payment.Leipzig 1884. offers on The Life of Alexander made to Severus. of doubt on the truth castsfurther Life If thereadingofthe Mss. astrologers (to and forensic are orators). 179A. Peter's the resultof ignoranceor fraud. M.4.rhetors. aliter. Arzt. 88-9. puttinga on all as fullstop after'Fuerunt':177 thisinterpretation the seven doctorsreceiveannonae a solarium. Teubner. . Der 176Below.216 VIVIAN NUTTON APPENDIX 1 MEDICUS PALATINUS ch.204 and CT 13. doubtand confusion made to them.althoughthe annonae not divided as in ch. substitute archiater.but the system paymentin kind to of is courtofficials unlikely have existedbeforethe late thirdcentury. (literary?) could have used thatwould have notedthistransitory What source.396-8.1-3. edd. 42. Vat. theywereall so qualified 'onlyone palace doctorreceived salary. III. the biographer change to the is impossible say.ceterique medicus binas aut ternas alias ita accipiebant ut mundassingulasconsequerentur.TheLaterRoman H.but in neither contrast is similar version it obvious one doctoror seven (or even more) bore the titleof medicus D. readingor of Here theadjectiveappliesto all theroyaldoctors Magie's translation thestandardtextis followed.withthesurprising additionofmathematici. .179 thus the distinction to and and betweensolarium annonae hardlyhave been knownin the timeof SeverusAlexanderbut is can the anachronistic construction the biographer.In whatwaydoes a solarium overthepayments differ from ? annonaeWhyis theauthor. Magie in his : a Loeb translation.it mustmean thatone doctorwas paid a salaryand thatthere divided. of of ? apparently ignorant thoseofthesolarium And was thisgrantof annonae recorded superseded the undated and equally dubious regulation by in ch.280. which combinesthe of sechsweitere ausserdem medicus Àrzte durchannonaebesoldet\ palatinusgehabtund ihmein solariumgegeben.is a vague palatinus.ifPeter'stextis retained. worstinventive forgery. and validity thisstatement. omnesqui usque ad sexfuerunt sub eo unuspalatinus solariumaccepit. Oxford1964. . of But the objectionto thisinterpretation medicus is palatinus avoidable if the Mss. is kept.Peter at least could explain why the annonae palatinus the a threeannonae. 42.while thought the 'Alexander all the others. but onlyone is called medicus palatinus. colloc. but Below restricted titleto one only:176 Severus als erster hat einen That the latterwas also Hermann Peter'sview is shownby his change of punctuation. grammarians. Jones. use ofmedicus to palatinus mean at chiefdoctoris at besthistorical guesswork. M. of The point of Magie's versionis therefore that of historically implausibleand anachronistic. who knowsthedetailsofthecomposition theannonae. and indicatestheirplace ofwork. 180J. 1.Pazzini. portus from 14.'This restatement Below'sposition errors.as Pazzini suggested.247-72. Empire. 184As Pohl. can be doubly improbabletitleforthe chiefphysicianwith the impossible and titlesgivento courtdoctors. Lyon.186 especially law to But evenhave heldthatpost. . TheLater Code. quotregionum syxtivirginum portus Exceptis who to the in It was Gothofredus hisgreatcommentary first attempted resolve textualdifficulties to of and who.for. should be punctuated:exceptis the openingwords.2. Oxford. MarciusDemetrius might neverrefers the quays and to in and practising Rome. In factthewordto be suppliedwithexceptis archiatris. fora. Theclassical heritage Islam. marking urbs. 1.204.who producedthe following of should be appointedas thereare districts the city. . in a regulation the from HistoriaAugusta5 London 1969. n.p. H.708. 12.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 217 divisionof payment.187 Valentinian's relates archiatri and C. Ifportus right. in Ruelle = F. implicitly by A. In Eutrop.18* thesentence as of aside thearchiatri . regionibus. its of medicalsupervision theOstianharbour.1964.4 and 38. theyare not to be takenintoaccountwhencalculatingthenumberofdoctors enjoy of the titleand immunity archiatri. reads: urbissunttotidem vestalium constituantur archiatri. Galen XVII B 83 .thereis no otherevidence is then and it is hard to see what the wordscould mean. warehouses. off l88CT14. 1968-9. 182Gothofredus. 254-60. specialarchiatri to and districts. Daremberg2 l»*Dig.V 37-8.cf.185 Portus. thereshouldbe appointedas manyarchiatri there be translated: Leaving are to mentioned the beginning supernumerary thoseof the at The are citydistricts.22 and 23. Scarborough. 15. 187 is Above.but historical thatof PortusXystusor the Vestal Virgins. 1940. ed.15. Rufus..180 frombeing valuable evidenceforprivileges of fiction thatmakesup thisLife. and in the law codesportus itself resident by Ostiensis when the quayside installations warehouses . it is hard to see whythesetwo of the oí or be alone shouldeither excludedfrom services archiatri be in possession thembefore regions and is not should 368. Straub. 14. all thecourt yet has on and evidence imperial for wouldbe ofthesamesocial doctors rank. HistoriaBonner Alexander unddie Mathematica. 1.1.4.Emperors biography. Syme.380. therewas everan ofRome are includedin a harbourregulation.'Severus Augusta Colloquium 181J. workedat the Trajanic Basin at the mouthof the Tiber and could have no place drawnup forthe cityof Rome only.exceptin the As manychiefphysicians to of districts the PortusXystusand in areas belonging the Vestal Virgins. 25.182 portus version:183 This was acceptedby Mommsenand by Clyde Pharr. L'organizzazione sanitariain Roma imperiale. 204f. 146-62. 1952. 10. even if therewas. 2 1.12.seesthis'titbit Roman Medicine.portus (or xystus xysti). 1665.in default any known syxtus proposedthe convincing changeof'syxtV 'xysti'.5. M.also CT 13. and.but thispossibilitv veryunlikely. and Bonn 1970. for This makesgrammatical nonsense. 14. Rosen thai. thereis no regionof the citycalled sense. 1. Roman also l8ZThe Theodosian Princeton. 1. Gothofredus noted. had alreadyseen.. Rome.15. 185A.this Far censured. . 188 along the Tiber in Rome but to theportus If mentioned.London 1975.Jones. as do Butthetextualdifficulties notend here.l.Virginum concernedwith the general would be a plausible titleforan official An Vestalium. theyare specifically he archiater portus. bearing the physicians little classstructure outsidethe court. 469 33-7 . Claudian. 1. Xysti. slaves.4. R.112. V. Oxford1971. esp.8 The unique Ms.9.3. the noted of as 'givingtheimpression pay accordingto social rank'which'suggests class structuring for involves further the of for earlyempire.101 passageis no moreworthy credencethantherestoftheromantic APPENDIX 2 VALENTINIAN'S LAW: CT 13. archiater portus and stores merchandise. 77 C. to But thetautologous repetition. XXV) POxy 126 John Gollouthus Menas C C C III. portions. above. p. Stud.22 . Wessely.190 read Hotius9 'portus9. guild of athletesand the Vestal Virgins. 97 Porphyrius Akoris 5-6th cent. der der Jena. be left open. 1175 Paleogr. Breccia. Lefebvre. VII.430 A liturgical so Egypt papyrus Christ describing 338 Hermopolis PLips. or of can Whether archiatros. Paris 1950. Ammonius Egypt See above. Gummerus 318) c. APPENDIX 3 ARCHIATRI RECORDED No. 1902.c. open to all citizens. standscondemnedas corrupt.Gothofredus but a xystV simplepalaeographicalchange.3. but on portus replacedtotius is the remains a gloss. cf. see Athenagoras POslo 53 2nd cent.Or.189 thistoo is open to seriousdoubts. Puschmann. gr. . ON INSCRIPTIONS. theywere excludedby Valentinianfrom highly privileged of collegium regional archiatri.Bull.more drasticsurgery required. Louis Roberthas proposeda solution thiscruxwhichinvolves only for an to one stageofcorruption. Soc. chrét. 104). Robert. publishing 58.Arch. 100-50 b. 3rd cent. Patr.Pal. IX.218 VIVIAN NUTTON of is suggested Despite the authority Mommsen. Totus xystus of in whichhad itsheadquarters Rome at the Bathsof Trajan thusthe generalassociation athletes. "fflL. C? C C 7 8 9 572 Oxyrhynchus Fatherof Fl. Fayum Athenagoras Alex. Marcus iatros. d'Egypte. Wessely. E. 6th cent. Handbuch Geschichte Medizin. archigrammateus. u. 194.Since these archiatri not the institutions.in T. PAPYRI AND COINS Civici Royal C R? 3 4 5 6 Publication Name CIL VIII 25811 Cottinus (/LCF606B. fromThyatira. G.an and had archiereis. Hermopolis Arsinoe? 6th cent. and onlytwo groupsare recorded already as either hypothesis portus the servedprivate having archiatri. followedby I Bloch.for'porticus 'porticus or of thatcalls foran institution. 00. Papyruskunde G.I 584.25-8. (1912) 194 xiv {SB 5216: Select Pap. V 189Gothofredus. easypalaeographical is change. xiii (1938) 76-7 at was resident Alexandria. as we know froman inscription an and. Studien z. 18. Pap. 135 and p. p.Hellenka no. is Gothotautological a description a place in a context xystV either in further orderto givesense: 'porticus* glosson theGreekword is a mustbe carried fredus' argument intothe textand was thenalteredby an emending scribewho was aware of whichintruded 'xystus9. BCH xxvii Proteris (1903) 375 (Receuildes inscr. Provenance 1 Furni 2 Date 4-5thcent. MAMA VII 566 (cf. 5 (MAMA another doctorand philospher: A councillor.TAPA Diogenianus Antiochin Pisidia 3rd cent. b. Bean. 570 6-7th cent. n. AWW xliv (1896) 21. G. orator.2 PCairoMasp. Rhosus 5th cent. Wessely. F. dpx-and QesmeliZebir Les Auguste. M. vi (1909) 104 John Euprepesand Phoebammon and son) (father Sophronius Menas Stephanus G C C C C R 219 ttocAoctìou. Ramsay. CalpurniusCollega C W.2 of A relative no.L. Aquilas (?) Synnada whosecoinshave thehead of of is The archiatrosan uncle by marriage a civicmagistrate on Faustinathe younger them.Aur. Sidyma XI Lewis Atti Cong.? 3rd cent. C D. Sidyma in ó kocì Niemann.161 Ascribed Pfeffer. Aur. X. lvii (1926) 226n. Ramsay. Brunnow.Reisen (+G?) 'ApiaróS^os tgov Vienna 1884.38 and pl. C. toO àpxiocTpòs Oeiou Bostra Mitt. 1. n. Pantauchus n. C 4-6th cent. ó kccì 'ApicrroTéÀTis 1965.s. Gaius. MFO i (1906) Jalabert. Claudius Andromachus C G C 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 M. 177) G. Robinson. AureliusPtolemaeus R G. AureliusMenandrus C A. 2-3rd cent.l is medicalrelative ib.? 17 18 Seleucia ad Calycadnum Olba 5thcent. nevos Te*nnT| Otto Lykien. Verein1899. M.46 {IGRR III lepóccrrcov ttjsmrrpiSos 599: TAM II. to Ephesus.52 (^G VI 571): W.CR Antiochin Pisidia 4th cent. M. 194. 20 ? Claudius Epictetus C 2-3rd cent.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Fayum Aphrodito Aphrodito Egypt Hebron 6th cent.224: N. Varianus GibyraMinor DA WW cii ( 1970) 65. kocì 55 + fig..38 {IGRR III 1333) R. Pap. Mitford. Firatli. 67151 PCairoMasp. VIII 404: GF7 692).1032 F.51 (J. Rev. Stud. CIG 4277 Xanthus C 170 MAMA VI 373 ¿r. n. 221) aAiTOupyTiaia M.Pal. 1964. Cyrillus D Wilhelm. 6th cent.515. 67077 PLond. DAWW xliv Wilhelm. B. 3rd cent. n. M. 83. 147: ISyriaIII 724) Theodorus MAMA III 22 Palaest. ápxeiónpTiva C steles aires Byzance funér de Paris gréco-romaine..N. 1.A. by C 3-4th cent.Bibl. Abel.JHS liii (1933) 318 . AureliusPtolemaeus C TAM II. R. p. O.? n. (1896) n. Macedo xxxiii(1919) 2. 251. Benndorf. 6-7th cent. 2-3rd cent. Heberdey. Robert. 52 M. T. Heberdey. Robert. JRS ii (1912) 96: D. donorof fivecolumnsto theshrine.II. Aur.s. R.7) 30 Ceramos 251 E.568 An Aur.35:^G VI 563 A fulldiscussion the man and his career is given by me in: *L. Ep. Boston1888.Cnidusand London Branchidae. of and procurator. for P. C. Calder.25 (iii) W. is Euromus 100-250 CIG 2714: P. v (1884) 579.6 Honours paid to the daughter(or wife?) of Menippus: her brother mentioned is at BCHxi. n.5: SammlungH. n. . Euandrus£' C xiii (1905) 253 (93). Halicarnassus. JAS xiv (1924)199. n. 29.220 27 Antiochin Pisidia c. n. n. Hicks.57.27. tobe as restored arch [iatro on the evidenceof three otherinscriptions: (i) W. C. C Menippus ( ?) 75. P. GelliusMaximus C Asia Minor. II 314-8 Voyage II archéologique.96 Demetriuswas epimeleteof the mysteries and responsible honouring Ael. 28 Harpasa 211-7 M. M.435 identicalwithno. 109: CIL III 6820. 1887. 29 Geramos RSN M.Eph.2. n. W. S.1346: An J. n. von Aulock. Waddington. Aur. C SulpiciusDemetrius 1863.n. grecques. Possibly 211-7 F. Dionysius also mentioned.JRS ii (1912) 96. Aur.Monnaies Paris 1967. arch. 215 VIVIAN NUTTON from T. n. Ramsay. Mommsen. Euandrusp\ C ABAW xviii (1890) àpxicrrpòs *ApTraar|vcov 671.' n. physician CQ F. Imhoof-Blumer. Neon. Ramsay. Sterrett. 33 Lagina 2-3rd cent. Aur. Robinson TAPA Ivii (1926) 224. Le Bas. Paris 32 Menecrates MenecratousC ápx. 34 Lagina 2-3rd cent. in journey epigraphical L. M. M. M. Picard.ttísttóAecos Citydoctorat Euromusor Mylasa. L. H.Voyage 1870. Le Bas.JHS xi M. Newton. Gellius Maximus. Ramsay.2581 (L. xxi (1971) 262-72. H. W.BCH xliv.48 (ii) W. Imhoof-Blumer. Hermeros C Waddington. T. V(alens) G Polites (1890) 127 31 Alabanda 3-4th cent. 225) : it remainspossiblethat Journ.3 (1852) 155 (Le Bas. and L.19 CharmidesMenander (La CarieII. AureliusMessuleius C T. 44 and 45 (Cf. 19: J. 167.Inst. the phrase'descendant archiatroV was impliesthatPappias himself a doctor.77). (?) CIG 3953h: La Carie Heraclea Ulpia Pappias II 197.n.49 Heraclea referring him are: to from Otherinscriptions (i) J. Eustatheius L. 178. n. JOAI xxiii (1926) B. 2-3rd cent.n. 193 no. Robert. FI. T.La CarieII. Holleaux. Above. Keil. Buckler. 115 and whichdescribesPappias as 'descendantof archiatroV as A fragmentary inscription ': the 'son of Papias the archiatros' correction Pappias adopted by Franz in CIG identifies of for but and Papias thearchiatros. 120 C Heraclea Ulpia CarieII 179. R.Inst. Epigr.n. to the archiatros. and L. Kind. thisis unnecessary. AI xxx (1936) JO B. E. Henzen.xvii . Paris. thepresent obviously Although of about the connection nos.77) A statueerectedc. n. thatthe genitive of suggests appliesto the makesa civic post before But tradition not neoi. 33.n. S. C 2nd cent. Robert.n. (ii) W. Arch. Ann.II. 5-8: MAMA VI 91 and pl. Waddington1694): J. 170. MAMA VI 117 {La T. family goingto Rome veryprobable. Arch. (1852) 154 (Le Bas. c.Etudes Paris Anatoliennes. Waddington 1695: La CarieII. 41). 1937.Con.20 {La CarieII. CIG 2847 Aphrodisias 2-3rd cent. Cf. 179.La CarieII.La Carie.57) C 3rd cent.76) from Heraclea ofhim is: Another inscription MAMA VI 117 and pl.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 35 Alan Kòy. Fl. 1929. 2 y' C C Above. H. 564 C 221 36 37 38 39 40 Husband of CI. III. likely) but thelegendon theobverse thethirdtype. be morespecific related.p. Robert. Heraclea Ulpia BCHix (1885) 336. R. 1954. 192 no. T. Holleaux.p. 21 {La CarieII. Sterrett. Henzen.Hellenica (1946) 5-8. 3 (?) Chrysaphius R J. 192 no. 2186. n. P. [ ] Apollonius Above. Ann. RE 2 Reihe. Robert. Statilius Artemidorus c.n. to on it evidence. and L.73 and pl. 1 Aphrodisias Aphrodisias Aphrodisias Heraclea Ulpia 3rd cent. (Le Bas. also L. is impossible.58) : J. 179. 114 M. P. Aur. 150-170 W. 179). 126 He is commemorated an Ephesian inscription. Flavius Staberianus C ápX. for Pius and Marcus Aureliushe had variouscoinsstruck the neoiof Under Antoninus Heraclea.TTÓÀ6COS 41 42 43 44 45 M.M.II.M. Statilius Attalus Heraclea Ulpia C(?) R Con. two typeswiththe inscription véois. Waddington1695: La Carie. Paris. Epigr. Caria 3-4th cent. 220). Aur.'HpccKÀecoTGovvéois.2. 3-5thcent. M. La CarieII. Ouaemias (?).p. 'HpocKÀEcbTcov F. 263-4 on J. 170 to him by his greatnephewAttalus(no. interpreted àpxton-pòs thisto mean he was civicdoctorat Heraclea (whichis a priori . iii (SEG IV 521: La CarieII. Sterrett. Robert. 3rd cent. 170. ? son of M. Gharmides C Heraclea Ulpia BCHix (1885) 337. S. StatiliusGrito xiii: Journey W. Paris. qMÀoaépccoros ápxionpós LIX. Le Bas. Keil. E. n. Aelius Menandrus C Ephesus C 128-32 (cf. grandfather. [.20. father.ekirpoyóvcov àpxiccTpós (1958) 437. n.Inscriptions AureliusArtemidorus C recueillies AsieMineure. 204) Waddington. cannotbe excluded. 25-7) c. Voyage àpxtocrpòs arch. REG Eucarpus Tralles C xii (1899) 382 On a lead seal. of DA and C Premerstein. theyare the same man. A. Vedius Rufinus C and possibly others in competing the medicalcontests 3rd cent. (1971) 600) 3rd cent.55 (L. cousinofarchiatroi? Merkelbach. (1911) 39.54 (IGRR IV 533) Coloe 3rd cent. AAWW xciü Aur. 150-300 son C Thyatira J. ttóàecos grec. (piÀocrépocoros Les gladiateurs dans Tfjs ápxtcrrpos >E9ectícúv I* orient Paris 1940. Buresch. Apolaustus hnriKOs 141. 180-250 Aur. Wolters. A. J.5 AGIBM 677 (CiJ 745) Iulius 150-250 C Ephesus His tombis cared forby theJewsof Ephesus. CIG 2987: Le Bas.219:K. C Ephesus ForschungeninEphesoslH.n. 200 J.3 + kcu pl. Aelius P.222 VIVIAN NUTTON 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 and stephanephoros archiatros. Munro. Robert. 2-3rd cent. Ep. AusLydien. £/>£ix (1972) 133) The relationships thosesuggested Merkelbach:the earlierrestoration are made him by uncle and greatuncleofarchiatroi. Herrmann.c. AAWW Apollophanes Seleucia R of 197-6 b. c. Keil. n. Waddington. Hermophilus. Aur. n. en Brussels 1861. e]inus C JOAI ix (1906) B 295) P.n.JHS xvii (1897) 286. nephewand IV 1278: R. . n.p. 55 (IGRR IV 1383) . since both are recordedas prytanis. Wagener.50 and pl. . A. HieroclesP' C Saujilar J. Voyage The man servedas an agonothetes. v. A. but otherrelationships 3-7th cent. AttalusAsclepiadou 160-200 C Ephesus 8ià (above.7) Iulia Gordos 216-13 or P.3 : Moucteíov ii-iii BiPAio6t)kti (1876-8) 119. Vienna 1898.70 (IGRR ? father. Lucianus L. Ill 171 presumably yévous: C Asclepiadesalso c. JOAI viii (1905) P. He was also a hierophant. P. . MunatiusValerianusC Forschungen Ephesus IV 3. Unknown C Smyrna Ill 1523 arch. C Philadelphia (1956) 225-6 (SEG PapinniiCorneliani XVII 527: Bull.. Contoleon. WW liv Moschianus. Keil. 250-400 in Ephesos Fl. Ep. cvii (1970) 93-8 {Bull. f. Cumont. of of Amaseia 3rd cent.163) of and and archiatros. pl. Veglery. BCH xxvii (1903) 317-8: IGRR III 77: GF/686) as whichKaibel interpreted a poetic in is His father described verseas ìorrpcov irpóiiov. 200) 125-175 c.p.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 58 Thyatira Hiera.2809 axoÀapios kocìápx- R 65 249 TTOAlTEÍa KOCtTqV KOlVCOVÍa S. carrières procuratoriennes Paris 1960. form archiatros. L. 63. n. Leontius Lead Seals.27 (£G352: Mendel. Pontus 150-250 H. Dubois. Wilhelm. 59 68A Cos Xenophon R (1881) 473: /Car345 {SIG* 368: IGRR IV 1086: /LS 1841 adn. Lerat. IG VII 2688 Thebes may indicate that 193. la Bithynie. Pelekides.3 Heléis ( ?) ápxtorrpos TOO CJÚ|i7T(XVTOS §Ú<TTOV G 223 59 IG XII. E. a relative marriage a Macedonarch. by High priest 66 Anticyra 3-4thcent. of Khavsa. Stertinius G. III. 110a Aur.19. Chamoux.I and IX.: SIG* 804: wrongly assignedto Calymnosby Les H.Hellenica ix (1950) 25 + pl. G. Philomousus 60 61 62 C C Near Claudiopolis. G. V.2. 200 CIG 3643 {IGRR IV 182) CyrusApolloniou Lampsacus A benefactor thegerousia Lampsacus. Grégoire.1. Byzantine 63 C 64 Constantinople Thessalonica 550-650 Basle 1972. Exploration AciliusTheodorus Paris 1862. . 24: A. 200 Bithynia G de G. p. Bean.484 (IGRR BresusBresou IV 116) The holderof manypriesthoods civic offices and (above. n. Epictetus BCH lxxi-lxxii (1947-8) 74 C GeCTCTOCÀOVtKTÌSi 67 C Chareas 2-4th cent. Pflaum. c. JOAI xxvii (1932) B92-6: G.Studia Pontica III. F.F. Robert. 28 (/GX 2.43) équestres. Lesbos 3rd cent. Zacos. A. xvii Belleten (1955) 178 {SEG XIII 525) G. Chareas was a pagan. dates it to the second century:the addition of fipcos Pfeffer. BCH v c. G. C. L. Perrot. ]andrus J. 'Aitòttjv Tfís ápxaías AureliusIsidorus C Thessalonica1934. Pontica apjxiocTpos Studia Anderson. ib. claim him as doctorto Tiberiuson the evidenceof to but BCHw (1881) 472 (from Calymnos).43. 60 ( ?) VIVIAN NUTTON A. G. IG IV 723 Leontidas C Cletor IG V 2. and Pflaum. C/J600) He was also a gerousiarch. to Inst. 32. viii 80 81 . 78 Sparta 2-3rd cent. C 204.28 + pl. T. S. 623 Unknown C A decreeof the councilfound(set up ?) in the templeof Apollo and callingthe doctor 'saviourofthe city' (afteran outbreak plague?). HZ cxxv (1922) 230: and above. Aeclanum 150-250 CIG 5877.259) EugnomonEugnomonosC 150-250 Anaphe A dedicationto Apollo withveryornatelettering. H.BCH iv (1880) 218 (OGIS 256: Melos 1547) For the date. p.Bull. (1934) 227. SalviusAtticianus C (IGRR I 461 : ttoXecos àpxiorrpòs Gummerus 228) On the marblebase ofa votiveoffering Asclepius. Forrest. CIG 1407: IG V.butthepresence manyEphesianson Chios. W. 224. 115 (IGRR IV 1066) CIG 2482 {IG XII. (1964) 35. Herzog.385 100-250 C Eutychus Veryornatelettering. R. Maiuri. doctor.c. Claudius Caesar is morelikely represent the emperor Claudius. Delos S. IG XIV 689 C. n. R Papias ofAmisus (1883) 57-61 (OGIS 374: IDelos 1573) Troezen IG IV 782 192 C Agasikleidas tt)S TTÓÀecos àpxionrpòs und Forschungen Funde.475 Gf. NuovaSilloge Epigraphicadi Rodi e Cos.224 68B Cos c. C Asclepiades Mus. Ep.99): GIB 150 The relief. 3 From his commemoration an Ephesian Forrestsuggeststhat he may have been by of of archiatrostheMuseumofEphesus. see IDelos 1547.Koische C. BSA lix Eutyches C Chios 2-3rd cent. of 79 Edessa 100-250 H. Venusia 3-4th cent. Danov.c. 202.possibly volunteer the Thespian doctorPhilistus.l. "Nikias und Xenophon von Kos'. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Hermione 2-3rd cent.also R.I.BCH vii 102-1 b. Homolle. Craterus Antioch of Delos R 129-117 b.Bulg. 69 70 Florence1925. (1934) 457-9. Plovdiv (1931-4) 91-5.3. JOAI xxx (1937) B83-7 {AE 1937. Danov. CIL IX 6213 (Gummerus Faustinus Fl. p. Herzog. makesthishypothesis unnecessary.Bibl. Tib. Ann. Velkov. n. Cos ICos282 (IGRR IV 1067) Cos[seini?]usBassus C 100-200 Above. Reinach. Arch. Iulius Protoctetus C Cos 75-200 Leipzig 1899. 196 Herzog. showing military equipment. may indicatethathe had once been a military a like Bull. 3322 {EG 225 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 Rome Rome Rome Rome Portus 541-565 4-5th cent. Roman Ostia. Nap. Degrassi. CIJ I. Hommel. n. Staius Rut(ilius) Gummerus Manilius 193) He called himself Romanas archiater Benev.220./ titoli Regn. T. Gummerus (cf. IX 1971. Bloch. whencommemorating achievements the of eques his son as praetor Cerialis JVdS 1913. 67 n. 563-4: A. d'Ostie. CIL VI 9562 (ILCV 605: Timotheus Rome Capparoni.2: cf.5*: Rome IGUR 850 Collega (?) Found in a catacombon the Via Appia. RPA xxi Becatti. du Inscriptions Port Lund 1952. 1973). XLVI. La necropoli C. p. (1957) 109-64: R. Oxford1960 (ed. Calza. 158. 115-140 London 1913. 4-5th cent. urbis chr. pl. 5412 G. C 4-5th cent. 4-6th cent. Mommsen. Roma.G.ZPE v (1970) 293-303 .4: Gummerus 65) C CIL VI 9564 (ILCV 606 S[ adn. BlochAJAxlviii(1944) 218): H.2: Gummerus 66) C CIL VI 9565 (ILCV 606 Unknown adn.Gnomon xxxvii(1965) 202): H.3: Gummerus C Unknown Romae Inscr. (Plate XXXII6): assignedby Kaibel to the first lettering Very elegant to archiat puteolanus]) the second. C 4-5th cent. Epigraphicaxix Meiggs. 220. Puteoli Q. : Capparoni 220. 231). 535. l-2nd cent. Gummerus [er (restoring G Aulus Vedius 4-5th cent. n. (1945-6) 126-31: H. Thylander.Ac. Lincei(1963) 139-66 (H. a similar in set and mother honourof theirgrandson) he was also : inscription up by his father for CIL responsible anotherBeneventan inscription. : Capparoni 220. n. Marcius Dem[etrius? R? delportodi Roma.373-6 (H. Hommel. 164. CIL IX 1381 {ILCV 606: Stefanus Noia Gummerus 206) Inscr.1: Gummerus 64) C CIL VI 9563 (/¿CF606: ]aratus filius ILS 7798: Capparoni.ARCHIATRI AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION 82 C CIL IX 1655 (ILS 6496: L..Mem. n. Passen[ius Beneventum 231 677: IG XIV 852: CIL X 2858: Gummerus 210) by century. dei sepolcrali medici di cristiani dellecatacombe Rome 1940. 311 (AE 1914. 2. Aristo /LCF606A: Gummerus 285) CIL V 87 (Gummerus A./feú¿w F. M. Atene (1952). only one coin. sel coll. 28.Marmora C. Lycia C .coll.AGIBM 258 {SGDI Chatalas without archiatros. Livius Eutychus 4226 Civic/ Royal C 95 Rome C MISREADINGS No. who mentions is (no. TettiusGtesias Pisaurensia. Newton.Inscr. Orelli. 3557) : revised. Provenance 96 Calymnos Publication Name G. MilyasundKibyratis. 176 : revisedas a chiefhuntsman by G. Petersen. Olivieri. by 1944-5 M. reference forthisstatement to Imhoof-Blumer 29).I. Civici Royal C 97 Kapikaya.64 (Orelli. 161 FORGERIES No. n.Ann. Luschan.Zurich 1828. T. Head. Pesaro 1738. AtiusCaius Italiae 260) : Inscr.42 DUBIOUS No.226 92 93 Concordia Pola 350-450 2-3rd cent.4017: CIL XI 821*: Pfeffer 196) lat. V.. E.58 E. lai. Provenance 98 Ceramos Publication B. DA WW civ (1971) 25. withthepossible of exception no. Historia ed. Segre. sel. v. 1889. that Numorum.Zurich 1828. in Philologus Vienna Lykien. 2.Inscr. Provenance 94 Pisaurum Publication Name A.. VIVIAN NUTTON CIL V 8741 (ILS 7797: FI.remarked who signedthecoinsof Ceramos amongthe archonsor ex-archons morethanone is distinguished as His personally archiatros. I think morelikely it thatHead misunderstood source his thanthathe knewofotherexamples.scuola arch. London 1911. n. C C X. Bean. 1 b Aphrodisias No.PLATE XXXI a Aphrodisias No. inscription. 2 ARCHIATRI BY VIVIAN NUTTON . inscription. a Aphrodisias inscription.PLATE XXXII No. 3 b PuteoliInscription 202) (p. ARCHIATRI BY VIVIAN NUTTON . 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