Vijayanagara literatureChalukya pillars and dravida vimana, Hampi Vijayanagara literature was produced in the Vijayanagara Empire during a golden age of literature in South India in general. The rulers patronised Kannada, Telugu and Sanskrit and Tamil scholars who wrote in the Jain, Virashaiva and Vaishnava traditions. The period produced hundreds of works on all aspects of Indian culture, religion, biographies, Prabhandas (stories), music, grammar, poetics and medicine. An attempt is made in this section to list the various poets and saints and their most famous works. 1 Kannada courtyard pillars Hampi Main article: Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire Kannada literature took a strong Hindu bent with the patronage of the Vijayanagara kings.[1][2][3][4] Some eminent names were Kumara Vyasa, Narahari, BhimaKavi, Padmanaka, Mallanarya, Singiraja and Chamarasa. 1.1 nakaravarni wrote Bharatesha Vaibhava, Triloka Sataka, Aparajitasataka and Someswara Sataka, Ayatavarma wrote Ratnakarandaka in Champu style (mixed proseverse form), Vrittivilasa wrote Dharmaparikshe and Sastrasara, Kalyanakirti wrote the Jnanachandrabhyudaya (1439) and Vijayanna wrote the Dvadasanuprekshe (1448), Mangarasa III wrote Jayanripa-Kavya and other writings, Santarasa wrote Yogaratnakara. Jain poets Among Jaina poets, Madhura patronised by Harihara II and Deva Raya I wrote Dharmanathapurana, Vritta Vilasa wrote Dharmaparikshe and Sastrsara, Bhaskara of Penugonda who wrote Jinadharacharite (1424), Bommarasa of Terkanambi wrote Santakumaracharite and Kotesvara of Tuluvadesa wrote on the life of Jivandharaja in Shatpadi metre (seven line metre). Bahubali Pandita (1351) of Sringeri wrote the Dharmanathapurana. Jainism flourished in Tuluva country and there Abhinava Vadi Vidyananda wrote Kavyasara, Salva wrote Jaina version of Bharata in Shatpadi metre and Rasaratnakara, Nemanna wrote Jnanabhaskaracharite, Rat- 1.2 Shaiva poets Veerashaiva literature saw a renaissance during this period. Singiraja wrote Singirajapurana and Malabasavaraja Charitra, Mallanarya of Gubbi who was patronised by Krishnadevaraya wrote Veerasaivamrita Purana (1530), Bhavachintaratna (1513) and Satyendra Cholakathe. Deva Raya II patronised several Virashaivas like Lakkana Dandesa who wrote Shivatatwa Chintamani, Chamarasa who wrotePrabhulinga Leele, Jakka1 Sahithya and Keerthanas and thousands of Devaranama who was also patroned by Saluva Narasingaraya wrote of kritanas in praise of Lord Venkateswara of by Purandaradasa Kanakadasa. six in Shatpadi metre called Saptakavya including nachari is a recent discovery. and patronised by many kings including the Kondavidu Reddy Kings. Viarkta Tontadarya wrote the lexicon Karnatakasabdamanjari. Chandra Kavi wrote Virupakshasthana. Suranga Kavi wrote the Trisashti-Puratanara-Charitre giving an account of the 63 devotees of Lord Shiva. PanAmong Vaishnava scholars. Sadananda Yogi wrote portions of Bhaga. madhanya Charitre by the great saint Kanakadasa.Bammera Potana translated Bhagavata purana into Teltronised by Krishnadevaraya and Achyuta Raya.Jakkana wrote Vikramarkacharita. Chaturmukha Bommarasa wrote Revanasiddhesvara Purana. Sringaradipika and Kridabhiramam Bharata (patronised by king Krishnadevaraya). Other important works were Bhagavatha by Chatu Vittalanatha who was pa. agna Prasadi Mahadevayya and Halageyadeva were famous for their Shunya Sampadane.and Prabodhacandrodaya while Vishvanatha Nayani jaya. Tontada Siddesvara.[1][4][6] Srinatha. Tallapalka TimCharita. makka wrote Subhadra Parinaya. Palalater completed by Timmanna Kavi as KrishnaRaya nati Veeracharitra. Chennabasavanka wrote the Mahadeviyakkana-Purana. Kanakadasa’s Ramadhanya Charitre is considered a unique work on class struggle. . Virupaksha Pandita wrote Chennabasava-Prurana (1584). Kallarasa wrote Janavasya (also called Madanakatilaka). Bhimakavi wrote Basavapurana (1369) and Padmanaka authored Padmarajapurana.[5] Manjaraja I a Jain authored a book on toxicology called Khagendramanidarpana. Linganna wrote Ke. Vyasatirtha hundreds [7] Tirupati. Shringara Naishadham. Prema Raju prosody). Nachanna Soma was patronDandi’s Sanskrit Kayvadarsha). 1. Bommarasa wrote Saundara purana. This was makanda. Nala ugu and wrote Bhogini Dhandaka and VirabhadraViCharite. Lingamantri authored the lexicon Kabbigarakaipidi. Virabhadra Kavi translated the as Bana Kavi wrote Kavijihva-Bandhana (a work on Jaimini Bharata and Sringara Shakuntala. Deparaja a Virashiava wrote a collection of romances called Sobagina-sone. Harivilasa. Shiv. Virabhadraraja wrote five Satakas. a eulogy of the great vata and Bharata. Abhinava Chandra wrote on veterinary sciences in Asva-vaidya. hari wrote Torave Ramayana. Kashikhandam.continued the ancient tradition of Kannada literature. in Kannada. Durgagupta wrote Vishnupurana and Gaurana the Saundarya-Katharatna (a metrical version in tripadi wrote Harishchandrapakhyana. Sridharadeva wrote a medical work called Vaidyamrita. the Sobagina Sone.Mallayya and Singayya together wrote Varahapuranamu ladinripavijayam and Kavi Malla wrote Manmathavi.jaya. Kumara Vyasa patronised ditaaradhyacharita. Krishnadevarayana Diworks. Nilakhantacharya wrote Aradhyacharitra. Bhiby Deva Raya II wrote Gadugina Bharata. Kallumathada Prabhuva. Annamacharya. Sivaratri Mahatmya. Mohana Tarangini and Ra. Haribhakthisara. Cheramanka wrote the Cheramankavya. Virakta Tontadarya wrote Siddhesvarapurana. Kereya Padmarasa wrote Padmaraja Purana. Maggeya Mayideva. a Virashaiva doctrine and morals and Virabhadra-Vijaya. 2 Telugu 2.4 Secular literature King Deva Raya II was a poet and authored.2 2 TELUGU narya wrote Nurondushthala. guru of Virupaksha Raya II authored 700 Vachanas called Shatsthalajnanamrita. that became popular Telugu prayer songs. Guru Basava wrote seven metre of Battisaputtalikathe). Devottama a Jain wrote a lexicon Nanartharatnakara. Tontada Siddalingayati were other noted Vachanakaras (writers of Vachana poetry). Brahmin poet Manjaraja II wrote Manjaraja-Nighantu (1398) was a metrical lexicon giving Kannada meanings of Sanskrit words.3 Vaishnava poets Velamas of Rachakonda and Deva Raya II of Vijayanagara wrote Marutratcharitra. Viruparaja wrote a Sangatya (literary composition to be sung with a musical instrument) on life of King Cheramanka. Jakkanna. who was respected as Kavi Sarvabhouma(king of poets) in Telugu. Nanjunda of Kikkeri wrote the Bhairavesvara Kavya. Sivayogapradipika and Vivekacintamani. Sadasiva Yogi wrote the Ramanatha vilasa and Viarkta Tontadarya wrote the Siddesvara-Purana and other works. Sarvajnamurti wrote Sarvajnapadagalu. Tirumala Bhatta wrote the Sivagite king of Ujjain. Madhava wrote Madahaalankara (a translation of wrote Rayavachakamu. moral and social poems. Nanjunda wrote Kumara Rama His wife and the first known Telugu poet. The Vijayanagar period the Shivayoganga Bhushana and the Avadhutagite. Isvara Kavi also known ised by Bukka Raya I. Salivahana Saptasati. Duggapalli Duggaya wrote Naciketaand Thimma wrote Navarasalankara. a collection of romantic stories in the form of a narration by the author to his wife. Sripadaraya.over the subjects of history and mythology. 1.1 Early Vijayanagar The Vijayanagar period was the golden age of Telugu literature. Ramendra wrote pakhyana. Vemana wrote Satakas. Nijaguna Shivayogi wrote Anubhavasara.. Dasa that became colloquial Telugu phrases. and Vadirajatirtha. Nara. Isavara Dikshita patronised by Krisnhadevaraya wrote two commentaries on the Ramayana. The period of the Empire is known as “Prabandha Period.1 Advaita literature The Sangama dynasty patronised the Advaita saints of the Sringeri order. Kalapurnodayam. Tarkatandava. Kalapurnodayam(means full bloom of art) has been treated as the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature.2 Advaita literature Late Vijayanagar During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. Molla. a poet wrote a version of Ramayana. Vivaranapremayasangarha and Jivanmuktiviveka. and Tatparyachandrika. they also wrote several famous works of dvaita vedanta. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work called Hayalakshana Sastra.” because of the quality of the prabandha literature produced during this time. Bharathitirtha wrote Pancadasi. Narasabhupaliyam and Harischandranalopakhyanamu. Among these eight poets. Jaimini Sutra Bhasya. Vallabhacharya(1479–1531). Raghavapandaveeyamu is a dual work with double meaning built into the text.also the founder of modern Carnatic music. and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. Some other notable works from him are Bhedojjivana and Mandaramanjari commentaries. Famous among them were Jayatirtha. Anandapurna wrote commentaries on KhandanaKhandakhadya. He was patroned by king Chinna Bomman of Vellore. who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa. Madhva Vidyaranya. Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and is given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry). Kamsali Rudraya wrote Nirankusopakhyana. Battumurthy alias Ramarajabhushanudu wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu. follower of Tattvavada. who wrote KavikarnaRasayana. Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi. esteemed master of religious discourse. 3 3. gar kings. However. Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam. he converted to Vaishnavism later and wrote Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu. a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor. Vyasatirtha. Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu. collectively known as Vyasa-Traya. Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu. Pushti Pravala Maryada and Siddhanta Rahasya in Sanskrit. describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. critique the works of Sankaracahrya). Chintalapudi Ellaya. Sarvadarshanasangraha. two out3 Sanskrit standing luminaries of the Haridasa tradition. Among these works the last one is a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti. He was patroned by Saluva Narasimha at Chandragiri and later became a “rajguru” to Krishnadevaraya.2 Dvaita literature Many of the Madhwa haridasas of the Udupi order not only held positions of “rajguru” to Vijayanagar kings. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today.1 2.3. Pingali Surana wrote Raghava Pandaviyamu. Sangitasara. Alankara Sudhanidhi. Rajakatenirnaya. He was also the Guru of Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa. Yagnatantra (vedic ritual) and Purushartha (aims of human endeavour). Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu and Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu. a subject of emperor Aliya Rama Raya. Yajnatantra Sudhanidhi. Appaya Dikshita(1554–1626). Other promi- . Vivarana and Nyayachandrika. Purushartha Sudhanidhi.[1][4][8] The early kings of the Sangama dynasty Vadirajatirtha who was rajguru to Saluva Narasimha patronised the Sringeri saints while the Saluva and Tuluva Deva Raya wrote Yuktimallika (a doctrine meant to kings patronised the Madhva saints of Udupi. a great poet-philosopher and the fame of the Madhurastakam was patroned by Krishnadevarya and had written many other works like Vyasa Sutra Bhashya. In the olden days. it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). Prayaschitra Sudhanidhi. and so it is not known whether all of his works were done during his stay at Vijayanagara. a devotional poet wrote commentaries on various schools of philosophies including Srikantha’s Saivite Advaita. Svarocisha Sambhava or Manucharita is his popular prabandha work and was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya. and Addanki Gangadhara wrote Basavapurana. Prabhavate Pradyamana'. . Vasucharitra. Bhagavata Tika Subodhini.[10] He also stayed at Kashi and other places in India. Brahmasiddhi. Vyasatirtha (1460–1539). philosophical school of thought (desciple of Srimad Ananda Tîrtha) wrote several works including Nyayamrita.[9] Some of his works are Siva Karnamitra and Sivarka Manideepiaka. the spiritual force behind the founding empire wrote Parasara – Madhaviya. many lesser manuals called Sudhanidhis treating expiation (Prayaschitta). a Shaivite work. Sripadaraya. saint. 3. Yajnatantra Sudhanidhi. eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada. Some important works from this period were Sayana's Vedartha Prakasha. a Laghu and a Brihad Vivarana in Hemakuta. the former [11] Sanskrit literature was given patronage by the Vijayana. In his court. pp 355-366 [3] Narasimhacharya (1988). Simhabhupala of Rachakonda wrote Rasarnavasudhakara a treatise on rasa and rules of dramaturgy. Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jamba. Parvathiparaniya and Kanakalekha Kalyana. Sayana wrote Dhātuvṛtti.com/modules/smartsection/ item. Andari. Komati’s predecessor Kumaragiri of Kondavidu.hinduismtoday. “Literary Activity. Retrieved 200612-31. a treatise on by Kalidasa. pp 331-354 dayam. Nalabhyudaya. [5] Sinopoli (2003) p 131 [6] Sastri (1955). a book of Sanskrit grammar. His court poet Visvesvara wrote Chamatkarachandrika a work on rhetoric. Vallabhacharya wrote Lilavati Ganita. His pupil Tattuvaraya who wrote a short anthology called Kurundirattu. Peda komati of Kondavidu wrote two works on poetics and music called Sahityachintamani and Sangitachintamani. also a poet wrote Varadambika Parinayam on Achyutadevaraya’s marriage. king Saluva Narasimha wrote Ramabhyu[12] Sastri (1955). palacharita. Pedda Komati himself authored Amarusataka and Saptasati 3. 5 Notes [1] Kamath (2001). pp-21-23 [4] Arthikaje. pp 309-330 3. pp 366-376 [7] Annamayya. Svarupananda Deshika who wrote an anthology on the philosophy of Advaita in his Sivaprakasap Perundirattu and many poems like Paduturai. Tirumalamba Devi. Art and Architecture”. Nanavinoda Kalambakam.[10] Vallabhacharya self an accomplished scholar wrote Madalasa Charita. Rajanatha Dindima III wrote Achyutabhyudaya (also called as Achyutarayabhyudaya) on king Achyuta Raya.5 Other famous works from South India [9] http://www. 3. King Devaraya I wrote Mahanataka Tîrtha Sudhanidhi.dvaita. pp 239-280. a treatise on mathematics.Com. on traditional Indian medicine. OurKarnataka. wrote Vasantarajeeyam. scholar in Telugu as well as Sanskrit.php?itemid=3249 Siva Advaita Some of the kings themselvers are scholars. a book on erotics. Krishnadevaraya who patronised many poets.4 Biographies and history A family of poets called Dindimas from north Arcot flourished from Harihara I to Achuta Devaraya. Lakshmana Pandita wrote another medicine book Vaidyaraja Vallabham.[11] http://www. pp 157-189 [2] Sastri (1955). him. Raghottamatirtha and Vijayindratirtha. Rajanatha Dindima II wrote Saluvabhyudayam (poems on the wars of Saluva Narasimha). a poet and queen wrote Madhura Vijayam. a work on dance.org/scholars/vyasaraja/ Sri Vyaasa vati Kalyana.3 Secular literature sara (a selection of 100 verses from king Hala’s Prakrit anthology). Pedda Komati Vema of Kondavidu wrote VemabhuVadavali). a popular Carnatic music composer [8] Sastri (1955).4 5 NOTES nent haridasas were Jayatirtha who earned the title Vamana Bhatta Bana patronised by Reddy king Tikacharya (wrote two polemics namely Nyayasudha. music. Anandapurana Vidyasagara of Gokarna wrote Vyakhyaratnavali during the rule of Harihara II. Kacchiyappa Shivacharya wrote Kandapuranam and Ilanjuriyar were also patronised.[1][12] Other Tamil poets of the Vijayanagar era were Arunagirinathar who wrote Tiruppugazh containing more than 1360 songs in various meters and several songs in praise of Lord Muruga. Gowda Dindima was a well-known poet during this time and was defeated by Srinatha. Krishnadevaraya also patronised Tamil poet Harihara who wrote Irusamaya vilakkam (an exposition on saivism and Vaishnavism). on her husband Kamparayalu’s victory over Madurai Sultanate. Raghunathacharitakavya. pp 239-280. Sayana also wrote Ayurveda Sudhanidhi. Gangamba Devi. Katayavema wrote commentaries on plays Vidyaranya of Sringeri wrote Sangitasara. whose wife Lakumadevi is a dancer.pp 239-280. Vamana Bhatta wrote Sabhda Ratnakara. Devanna Bhatta wrote Smriti Chandrika. Kallinatha patronised by Mallikarjuna Raya wrote on music and his grandson Rama Amatya who was patronised by Aliya Rama Raya also wrote Svaramelakalanidhi 4 Tamil on music. Praudha Devaraya wrote Ratiratna Pradipika. Jnanprakashar. History of karnataka. Pugalendi. a dictionary with phonetics. . Mohavadaipparani and Annavadaipparani. Suryanath U. A Travel Guide. Art and Architecture”.R. Narasimhacharya. From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar.13501650.1988. History of South India. “Literary Activity. Kamath. ISBN 0521-82613-6 • Arthikaje. India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 81-206-0303-6 • Carla M. Madras. History of Kannada Literature. Sinopoli. Department of Tourism. The Political Economy of Craft Production: Crafting Empire in South India c. OurKarnataka. History of karnataka. Madhusudan Rao • Ashtadiggajalu and other telugu poets during Prabandha Period .5 6 References • Dr. 1988. Bangalore. Nilakanta Sastri. OUP. New Delhi. Good Earth publication. New Delhi 2003 ISBN 81-87780-17-7 • R. MCC. Retrieved 2006-12-31. A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present. 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041 • Prof K. • Research on Vijayanagar empire by Robert Sewell 7 External links • Haridasas of Karnataka. C. New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) ISBN 019-560686-8 • Hampi.A.Com. 2003. Jupiter books. 1955. Asian Educational Services. org/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature?oldid=671321243 Contributors: Charles Matthews.6 8 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES. JaGa.svg Original artist: unknown. and licenses 8. Baabji tvk.svg License: Public domain Contributors: File:Karnataka_emblem. Mlpkr.wikipedia.wikimedia.jpg Source: https://upload.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3. Gaius Cornelius. Rjwilmsi. contributors.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Seal_of_Karnataka. India”) Original artist: Dineshkannambadi at en. VasuVR.3 Content license • Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3. Gobonobo. Tabletop. Fantumphool.jpg Source: https://upload. Jobrill. Andregarzia. Sodabottle. Colonies Chris. Mattisse. Editorofthewiki. Pied Hornbill.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hazara_Rama_ Temple_pillars_in_Hampi. PhnomPencil. Cpq29gpl. Doug Weller. J04n. Helpful Pixie Bot. Rajasekhar1961. ClueBot NG. AsceticRose.wikimedia. Woohookitty. Terrek. Wavelength. John of Reading. vector by chris • File:Krishna_temple_at_Hampi. Shyamsunder. Venu62. Mogism. Neelix. Matiia and Anonymous: 7 8. Jpg.svg Source: https://upload.png File:Emblem of India. CONTRIBUTORS. Alan.0 . Karnataka state. Dineshkannambadi.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Krishna_temple_at_Hampi. AND LICENSES 8 Text and image sources.0 Contributors: Self-photographed (Original caption: “Photograph taken by self (Dinesh Kannambadi) at Hazara Rama temple in Hampi. KNM.2 Images • File:Hazara_Rama_Temple_pillars_in_Hampi.wikipedia • File:Karnataka_emblem.0 Contributors: Own work by Dineshkannambadi Original artist: en User:Dineshkannambadi 8.1 Text • Vijayanagara literature Source: https://en. Chris the speller.