Vasco Da Gama

Vasco da Gama1 Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama Admiral of the Seas of Arabia, Persia, India and all the Orients (more...) Count of Vidigueira Tenure 29 December 1519 – 23 December 1524 Francisco da Gama Catarina de Ataíde Successor Spouse(s) Among others Issue D. Francisco da Gama, 2nd Count of Vidigueira D. Estêvão da Gama, Viceroy of India D. Cristóvão da Gama, Captain of Malacca Full name Vasco da Gama Father Mother Born Estêvão da Gama Isabel Sodré 1460 or 1469 Sines or Vidigueira, Alentejo, Kingdom of Portugal 23 December 1524 (aged c. 55–65) Kochim, Portuguese India Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal Explorer, Viceroy of India Died Buried Occupation D. Vasco da Gama (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]) (c. 1460 or 1469 – 23 December 1524), 1st Count of Vidigueira, was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. Vasco da Gama followed his father (rather than the Sodrés) and joined the Order of Santiago. Portugal Vasco da Gama was the third of five sons of Estêvão da Gama and Isabel Sodré . probably in a house near the church of Nossa Senhora das Salas. and that the whole voyage would be made by sea. For his contributions he was named in 1524 as the Governor of India. His first trip to India is widely considered a pinnacle of world history as it marked the beginning of the first wave of global multiculturalism. Estêvão da Gama married Isabel Sodré. Duke of Viseu[] and went on to rise in the ranks of the military Order of Santiago. Sines. one of the few seaports on the Alentejo coast. Sines. which is where he may have learned mathematics and navigation and it has even been claimed (although dubiously) that he studied under the astronomer Abraham Zacuto.Vasco da Gama He is one of the most famous and celebrated explorers from the Discovery Ages.[5] Around 1480.[4] Little is known of Vasco da Gama's early life. and given the newly created County of Vidigueira in 1519. The Portuguese national epic. only four years after his arrival from the first one. Estêvão da Gama was appointed alcaide-mór (civil governor) of Sines in the 1460s. and the Gamas' prospects rose accordingly. scion of a well-connected family of English origin. being the first European to reach India by sea. under the title of Viceroy. had links to the household of Infante Diogo. who had served in the 1460s as a knight of the household of Infante Ferdinand. and continued as a receiver of taxes and holder of the Order's commendas in the region. The route meant that the Portuguese wouldn't need to cross the highly disputed Mediterranean nor the dangerous Arabia. a post he held until 1478. Teresa da Gama (who married Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos). all new to Europe which led to a commercial monopoly for several decades. Vasco da Gama. tenanted chiefly by fisherfolk. Gama headed two of the armadas destined for India. This discovery was very significant and paved the way for the Portuguese to establish a long lasting colonial empire in Asia. Statue of Vasco da Gama at his birthplace. The Portuguese historian Teixeira de Aragão suggests that Vasco da Gama studied at the inland town of Évora. consisted of little more than a cluster of whitewashed. After decades of sailors trying to reach India with thousands of lives and dozens of vessels lost in shipwrecks and attacks. John II doted on the Order. . Numerous homages have been made worldwide in Vasco da Gama's honour for his explorations and accomplishments. until Gama. Vasco also had one known sister.[3] Her father and her brothers. Os Lusíadas. the biggest armada. Vicente Sodré and Brás Sodré. was mainly based on trades along the Northern and coastal West Africa. He remains as a leading exploration figure to this day. was written to celebrate Vasco da Gama. a daughter of João Sodré (also known as João de Resende). João Sodré. the first and the fourth. Gama landed in Calicut on 20 May 1498.in (probable) order of age: Paulo da Gama. Pedro da Gama and Aires da Gama. Duke of Viseu and were prominent figures in the military Order of Christ.[1] 2 Early life Vasco da Gama was born 1460 or 1469[2] in Sines.[6] The master of Santiago was Prince John. on the southwest coast of Portugal. who would ascend to the throne in 1481 as King John II of Portugal. Reaching the legendary Indian spice routes unopposed helped the Portuguese Empire improve its economy that. red-tiled cottages. Vasco da Gama's father was Estêvão da Gama. but soon included other products. These spices were mostly pepper and cinnamon at first. to scout the details of the spice markets and trade routes. Upon becoming king in 1481. asked his father Afonso V of Portugal to pass the African charter to him. Pero de Alenquer. gold). through the Red Sea across to the spice markets of India. It remained for an explorer to prove the link between the findings of Dias and those of da Covilhã and de Paiva and to connect these separate segments into a potentially lucrative trade route into the Indian Ocean. and two ships were lost. The task. John II of Portugal set out on many long reforms. When Gomes's charter came up for renewal in 1474. who operated overland routes via Levantine and Egyptian ports. Within a few years. By the time Vasco da Gama was in his 20s. melagueta pepper. Two of the vessels were as naus or newly built for the voyage. John II set a new objective for his captains: to find a sea route to Asia by sailing around the African continent. Portugal. possibly a caravel and a supply boat. After Henry's death in 1460. The distance traveled in the journey around Africa to India and back was greater than around the equator. doing business in gold dust. Prince John (future John II). First voyage On 8 July 1497 Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four ships with a crew of 170 men from Lisbon. At the time. ivory and slaves. having explored as far as the Fish River (Rio do Infante) in modern-day South Africa and having verified that the unknown coast stretched away to the northeast. John II dispatched Vasco da Gama on a mission to the port of Setúbal and to the Algarve to seize French ships in retaliation for peacetime depredations against Portuguese shipping . and saw royal commerce as the key to it. To break the monarch's dependence on the feudal nobility. It is not known for certain how many people were in each ship's crew but approximately 55 returned.[7] 3 Exploration before Gama From the earlier part of the 15th Century. They had greatly extended Portuguese maritime knowledge. and Afonso Gonçalves. Under John II's watch. Pedro Escobar. The breakthrough came soon after when John II's captain Bartolomeu Dias returned Vasco da Gama leaving the port of Lisbon. John II dispatched two spies. Portuguese expeditions organized by Prince Henry the Navigator had been crawling down the African coastline. He was eager to break into the highly profitable spice trade between Europe and Asia.Vasco da Gama In 1492. originally given to Vasco da Gama's father. to East Africa and India. was finally offered to Vasco by Manuel I on the strength of his record of protecting Portuguese trading stations along the African Gold Coast from depredations by the French. Pero da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva. In 1487. sold off the neglected African enterprise to a private Lisbon merchant consortium led by Fernão Gomes. John II needed to build up the royal treasury. this was virtually monopolized by the Republic of Venice. but had little profit to show for the effort. the gold and slave trade in west Africa was greatly expanded. these plans were coming to fruition. from rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. overland via Egypt. principally in search of west African riches (notably. in 1469.[][8] The navigators included Portugal's most experienced. the Portuguese crown showed little interest in continuing and.a task that da Gama rapidly and effectively performed. João de Coimbra.[] The four ships were: . Gomes's captains expanded Portuguese knowledge across the Gulf of Guinea. crossing the Equator and seeking the South Atlantic westerlies that Bartolomeu Dias had discovered in 1487. sails of 372 m² • The São Rafael. da Gama impersonated a Muslim and gained audience with the Sultan of Mozambique. which carried the connotation of "birth of Christ" in Portuguese. the expedition resorted to piracy. commanded by Gonçalo Nunes. similar dimensions to the São Gabriel • The caravel Berrio.Vasco da Gama 4 • The São Gabriel. The Portuguese became the first known Europeans to visit the port of Mombasa but were met with hostility and soon departed. With Christmas pending. da Gama took a course south into the open ocean. Arab-controlled territory on the East African coast was an integral part of the network of trade in the Indian Ocean.[9] This course proved successful and on 4 November 1497.and sailed into waters previously unknown to Europeans. the expedition made landfall on the African coast. Forced by a hostile crowd to flee Mozambique. Monument to the Cross of Vasco da Gama at the Cape of Good Hope. draft 2.000 miles of open ocean. da Gama was unable to provide a suitable gift to the ruler and soon the local populace became suspicious of da Gama and his men.generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. Fearing the local population would be hostile to Christians. slightly smaller than the former two (later renamed São Miguel). For over three months the ships had sailed more than 6. by far the longest journey out of sight of land made by that time. width 8.[11] In the vicinity of modern Kenya. firing his cannons into the city in retaliation. length 27 m. da Gama and his crew gave the coast they were passing the name Natal.5 m. South Africa Mombasa . along the east coast of Africa[] Journey to the Cape The route followed in Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497–1499) The expedition set sail from Lisbon on 8 July 1497. After reaching the coast of present day Sierra Leone.3 m.[][10] By 16 December. later lost near the Bay of São Brás. a carrack of 178 tons.where Dias had turned back . With the paltry trade goods he had to offer. It followed the route pioneered by earlier explorers along the coast of Africa via Tenerife and the Cape Verde Islands. the fleet had passed the Great Fish River (Eastern Cape. looting Arab merchant ships . da Gama departed the harbor. commanded by Vasco da Gama. South Africa) . commanded by Nicolau Coelho • A storage ship of unknown name. whose commander was his brother Paulo da Gama. landing at the friendlier port of Malindi . da Gama's expedition was successful beyond all reasonable expectation. and then anchored in at Anjediva island for a spell. Calicut. which strained the relation between the two. four branches of corals. who insisted that da Gama pay customs duty—preferably in gold—like any other trader.and there the expedition first noted evidence of Indian traders. now. returned to Calicut on hearing the news of the foreign fleets's arrival. The King of Calicut. Annoyed by this. da Gama carried a few Nairs and sixteen fishermen (mukkuva) off with him by force. Vasco da . The navigator was received with traditional hospitality.whose leaders were then in conflict with those of Mombasa . a box with seven brass vessels. including a grand procession of at least 3.[12] Also.It shows the meeting of Vascoda Gama with Zamorin Return Vasco da Gama left Calicut on 29 August 1498. the Samudiri (Zamorin). The fleet initially inched north along the Indian coast. Da Gama and his crew contracted the services of a pilot whose knowledge of the monsoon winds allowed him to bring the expedition the rest of the way to Calicut. a Muslim. But with the winter monsoon yet to set in. two barrels of oil and a cask of honey—were trivial. 20 finally struck out for their Indian Ocean crossing on 3 October 1498. and he could not have been near the vicinity at the time. none of the Portuguese historians of the time mention Ibn Majid. who was at that time staying in his second capital at Ponnani. sailing against the wind. While Zamorin's officials wondered at why there was no gold or silver. it took 132 days. Vasco da Gama continued north. six hats. it was a harrowing journey. bringing in cargo that was worth sixty times the cost of the expedition. he ignored the local knowledge of monsoon wind patterns which were still blowing onshore. and a Gujarati. on the return trip. The presents that da Gama sent to the Zamorin as gifts from Dom Manuel—four cloaks of scarlet cloth. and failed to impress. twelve almasares. Eager to set sail for home.[13] Vasco da Gama's request for permission to leave a factor behind him in charge of the merchandise he could not sell was turned down by the King. May 1498. On the outgoing journey. India on 20 May 1498. but other contemporaneous accounts place Majid elsewhere. with modern hand coloring .Vasco da Gama 5 Malindi In February 1498. a chest of sugar. but an interview with the Zamorin failed to produce any concrete results. Sources differ over the identity of the pilot.000 armed Nairs. sailing with the summer monsoon wind. They Vasco da Gama lands at Calicut. located on the southwest coast of India. the Muslim merchants who considered da Gama their rival suggested that the latter was only an ordinary pirate and not a royal ambassador. One traditional story describes the pilot as the famous Arab navigator Ibn Majid. India The fleet arrived in Kappadu near Calicut. A steel engraving from 1850s. calling him variously a Christian.[14] Nevertheless. it had taken Gama's fleet only 23 days to cross the Indian Ocean. King Manuel wrote two letters in which he described Vasco da Gama's first voyage. Not having enough crewmen left standing to manage three ships.approximately half of the crew had died during the crossing. according to other sources). they had arrived in Mossel Bay. July or early August. to Pillar of Vasco da Gama in Malindi. the sailing was smoother. where Nicolau Coelho's Berrio separated from Vasco da Gama's São Gabriel. it seems they continued to Cape Verde. By early March. Landmark in Kappad. Gabriel under Sá arrived in Lisbon sometime in late the return journey. and the crew re-distributed to the remaining two ships. Near Calicut Seashore of Kappad The diary record of the expedition ends abruptly here.[15] The Berrio arrived in Lisbon on 10 July 1499 and Nicolau Coelho personally delivered the news to King Manuel I and the royal court. Vasco da Gama ordered the São Rafael scuttled off the East African coast. Vasco da Gama and his sickly brother eventually hitched a ride with a Guinea caravel returning to Portugal. . and sailed on by itself. Gama elected to stay by his side on Santiago island. including a triumphal procession and public festivities. and handed the São Gabriel over to his clerk. and lingered there for a little while in mourning. The S. Vasco da Gama eventually took passage on an Azorean caravel and finally arrived in Lisbon on 29 August 1499 (according to Barros). João de Sá. In the meantime. in July and August 1499.Vasco da Gama 6 Gama's fleet finally arrived in Malindi on 7 January 1499. and many of the rest were afflicted with scurvy. and showered with honors. Reconstructing from other sources. back in Cape Verde. Vasco's brother. Vasco da Gama got off at the Azores to bury his brother at the monastery of São Francisco in Angra do Heroismo..[16] or early September (8th or 18th. the São Gabriel and the Berrio. soon after the return of the ships. They reached the west African coast by 25 April. Despite his melancholic mood. Vasco da Gama was given a hero's welcome. but Paulo da Gama died en route. Thereafter. in a terrible shape . erected on take home. Paulo da Gama had fallen grievously ill. and crossed the Cape of Good Hope in the opposite direction on 20 March. then assembled in Sintra. was essential to Portuguese interests. for Sines still belonged to the Order of Santiago. and served as a refuge where ships could wait out unfavorable weather. the Contra Costa.after all. Outward and Return voyages of the Portuguese India Run (Carreira da Índia). It had also failed in its principal mission of securing a commercial treaty with Calicut. switching over to the rival Order of Christ in 1507. it should not have been a problem for Jorge de Lencastre. India e de todo o Oriente ("Admiral of the Seas of Arabia. But the fact that Sines was awarded by the king's hand. This turned out to be a rather complicated affair.000 reis. Gama made do with a substantial hereditary royal pension of 300. Persia.one ship and over half the men had been lost. provisions. In early 1502 (some say as early as 1500). One significant result was the colonization of Mozambique by the Portuguese Crown. For example. Rewards In December 1499. and the award of the noble title of Dom (lord) in perpetuity for himself. one of their own.an effort which would estrange him from Lencastre and eventually prompt Gama to abandon his beloved Order of Santiago. Gama's voyage had made it clear that the east coast of Africa. his siblings and their descendants. timber.[17] Gama would spend the next few years attempting to take hold of Sines . 7 The spice trade would prove to be a major asset to the Portuguese royal treasury. and harbors for repairs. and a close associate of Lencastre himself. followed and explored by Vasco da Gama in the open ocean. Persia. its ports provided fresh water. had once held as a commenda). On the face of it. Vasco da An aged Vasco da Gama. Nonetheless. as Viceroy of India and Count of Vidigueira (from Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu) Gama was awarded the title of Almirante dos mares de Arabia. The Outward route of the South Atlantic westerlies that Bartolomeu Dias discovered in 1487.an overwrought title reminiscent of the ornate Castilian title borne . His path would be followed up thereafter by yearly Portuguese India Armadas. Estêvão. India and all the Orient") .lest it encourage the king to make other donations of the Order's properties. Gama was a Santiago knight. to endorse the reward . Vasco da Gama was rewarded by King Manuel I of Portugal with the town of Sines as a hereditary fief (the very town which his father. provoked Lencastre to refuse out of principle . and other consequences soon followed.Vasco da Gama Girolamo Sernigi also wrote three letters describing the first voyage of Vasco da Gama soon after the return of the expedition. In the meantime. The expedition had exacted a large cost . would be developed in subsequent years. the spices brought back on the remaining two ships were sold at an enormous profit to the crown. the master of the Order. Vasco da Gama was justly celebrated for opening a direct sea route to Asia. Vasco da Gama by Christopher Columbus. ears and noses. One of the squadrons was led by his cousin. dated October 1501. The Portuguese fleet then bombarded the city for nearly two days from the sea shore. and reduced the sultanate of Kilwa to tribute. Along the way. Vasco da Gama invoked his royal letter to take command of the 4th India Armada. demanding redress for the treatment meted out to Cabral. On reaching India in October 1502. Malabar Coast of India. the Second India Armada launched in 1500.[21] Gama made a preposterous call to the Hindu king to expel all Muslims from Calicut before beginning negotiations. The heavily armed fleet of fifteen ships and eight hundred men left Lisbon on 12 February 1502. whose passengers he had massacred in open water. scheduled to set out in 1502. the alcaide-mór of Alvor (Algarve). were pre-designated to command an Indian Ocean naval patrol. daughter of Álvaro de Ataíde. Vicente Sodré and Brás Sodré. Vasco da Gama married Catarina de Ataíde. While the Zamorin was willing to sign a new treaty. Francisco de Almeida). then surely Portugal should have one too. which was naturally turned down. on the outgoing voyage. showing the path of Vasco da Gama's 4th India Armada in 1502. da Gama started capturing any Arab vessel he came across in Indian waters. a pilgrim ship from Mecca.)[18] Another royal letter. c. Thus war broke out between Portugal and Calicut.[20] He then appeared before Calicut. and two of his maternal uncles. He also captured several rice vessels and barbarously cut off the crew's hands.[22] . with the mission of making a treaty with the Zamorin of Calicut and setting up a Portuguese factory in the city. However. dispatching them with an insulting note to the Zamorin.1500. and a prominent nobleman connected by kinship with the powerful Almeida family (Catarina was a first cousin of D. gave Vasco da Gama the personal right to intervene and exercise a determining role on any future India-bound fleet. Cabral entered into a conflict with the local Arab merchant guilds. was placed under the command Pedro Álvares Cabral. with the result that the Portuguese factory was overrun in a riot and up to 70 Portuguese killed. extracting a substantial sum of gold. Around 1501.[19] 8 Second voyage The follow-up expedition. with the explicit aim of taking revenge upon the Zamorin and force him to submit to Portuguese terms. Manuel must have reckoned that if Castile had an 'Admiral of the Seas' running around. most notoriously the Miri. (Evidently. Gama's fleet opened contact with the East African gold port of Sofala. Cabral blamed the Zamorin for the incident and bombarded the city. Estêvão da Gama (the son of Aires da Gama). The 4th armada left India in early 1503. and the post given to D. Armadas). under the command of his uncle. Da Gama called him a spy. This failure. the latter sent the high priest Talappana Namboothiri (the very same person who conducted da Gama to the Zamorin's chamber during his much celebrated first visit to Calicut in May 1498) for talks. da Gama looted the ship with over 400 pilgrims on board including 50 women. whose alliances had been secured by prior Portuguese fleets. When the Portuguese king Manuel I of Portugal decided to appoint the first governor and viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505. Da Gama looked on through the porthole and saw the women bringing up their gold and jewels and holding up their babies to beg for mercy. sent him away.'[25] After demanding the expulsion of Muslims from Calicut to the Hindu Zamorin. Vasco da Gama was conspicuously overlooked. and the subsequent more galling failure of his A depiction of Gama's fleet (from the Livro das uncle Vicente Sodré to protect the Portuguese factory in Cochin.[23] . Gama left behind a small squadron of caravels. half-vassal and half-at-war with the Zamorin. Pilgrim ship incident On his second voyage.[23][24] During his second voyage to Calicut. Described in detail by eyewitness Thomé Lopes and chronicler Gaspar Correia as one that is unequalled in cold-blooded cruelty. probably counted against any further rewards. Vasco da Gama arrived back in Portugal in September 1503. ordered the priests' lips and ears to be cut off and after sewing a pair of dog's ears to his head. and even ventured to hire a fleet of strong corsair warships to challenge Gama's armada (which Gama managed to defeat in a naval battle before Calicut harbor). effectively having failed in his mission to bring the Zamorin to submission. Vasco da Gama inflicted acts of cruelty upon competing traders and local inhabitants. the owner and an ambassador from Egypt and burnt them to death. small nearby kingdoms. da Gama intercepted a ship of Muslim pilgrims at Madayi travelling from Calicut to Mecca. locked in the passengers. But the Zamorin nonetheless refused to submit to Portuguese terms. to a standstill. Francisco de Almeida. Gama loaded up with spices at Cochin and Cannanore. Vicente Sodré. continue harassing Calicut shipping and protect the Portuguese factories at Cochin and Cannanore from the Zamorin's inevitable reprisals. They offered their wealth which 'could ransom all the Christian slaves in the Kingdom of Fez and much more' but were not spared. to patrol the Indian coast. which sealed his notoriety in India. upon which Calicut depended.Vasco da Gama 9 The violent treatment meted out by Gama quickly brought trade along the Malabar Coast of India. His body was originally buried in this church. after years of ignoring his petitions. Turning away from the Albuquerque clique.[28] St. the larger-than-life Albuquerque and the efficient Albergaria were the king's new point men for India. But after Ferdinand Magellan defected to the Crown of Castile in 1518. Duke of Braganza. a count title created by a royal decree issued in Évora on 29 December. to replace Duarte's brother.[27] thus establishing da Gama as the first Portuguese count who was not born with royal blood.[26] In 1519. John III looked for a fresh start. This decree granted Vasco da Gama and his heirs all the revenues and privileges related. John III granted Vasco da Gama the privileged title of "Viceroy". appointing him the first Count of Vidigueira. confident that the magic of his name and memory of his deeds might better impress his authority. Gama secured from John III of Portugal the commitment to appoint all his sons successively as Portuguese captains of Malacca. . After the death of King Manuel I in late 1521. after a complicated agreement with Dom Jaime. prompting the king to undertake steps to retain him in Portugal and avoid the embarrassment of losing his own "Admiral of the Seas of India" to Spain. Vasco da Gama. John III decided to appoint Vasco da Gama himself to replace Menezes. As a result. King Manuel I finally hurried to give Vasco da Gama a feudal title. in Kochi. died in Kochi in 1524 when he was on his third visit to India. Vasco da Gama threatened to do the same. commander of the Indian Ocean naval patrol fleet). King John III of Portugal set about reviewing the Portuguese government overseas. represented by Diogo Lopes de Sequeira. who ceded him on payment the towns of Vidigueira and Vila dos Frades. yielded little. Vasco da Gama advised against the obsession with Arabia that had pervaded much of the Manueline period. and manage the transition to a new government and new strategy. Almeida. Vasco da Gama lived out a quiet life. By his appointment letter of February 1524. Estêvão da Gama was simultaneously appointed Capitão-mor do Mar da Índia ('Captain-major of the Indian Sea'. His attempts to return to the favor of Manuel I (including switching over to the Order of Christ in 1507). his son and successor. being only the second Portuguese governor to enjoy that title (the first was Francisco de Almeida in 1505). and continued to be the dominant concern of Duarte de Menezes.Vasco da Gama 10 Third voyage For the next two decades. As a final condition. then-governor of Portuguese India. Vasco da Gama re-emerged from his political wilderness as an important advisor to the new king's appointments and strategy. Seeing the new Spanish threat to the Maluku Islands as the priority. unwelcome in the royal court and sidelined from Indian affairs.[29] His second son. Francis CSI Church. subject to numerous complaints. Menezes also turned out to be incompetent and corrupt. Luís de Menezes. But Gama contracted malaria not long after arriving. and Tomb of Vasco da Gama in the Jerónimos died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524. After a troubled journey (four or five of the ships were lost en route).[30] It is reported that. captain of Malacca in 1533-34. Luís de Menezes engineered a mutiny and seized control of the Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai. on the return journey. Gama was succeeded as governor of India by one the captains who had come with him. captain of Malacca fleet from 1538 to 1540. but his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. 3. he was appointed for a three-year term as captain of Malacca. killed in a naval action off Malacca. but killed in action while leading expedition to Abyssinia in 1542. Lisbon his arrival. Henrique de Menezes (no relation to Duarte). married Ignacio de Noronha. Catarina de Ataíde. replacing all the old officials with his own appointments. he arrived in India in September. Dom Cristovão da Gama. Vasco's sons Estêvão and Paulo immediately lost their posts and joined the returning fleet of early 1525 (along with the dismissed Duarte de Menezes and Luís de Menezes). who inherited his father's titles as 2nd Count of Vidigueira and the 2nd "Admiral of the Seas of India. Francis Church. after his abortive 1524 term as Indian patrol captain. Cenotaph to Vasco da Gama in the Church of Santa Engrácia. nominated to succeed in Malacca. He was subsequently appointed as the 11th governor of India from 1540 to 1542. Dom Pedro da Silva da Gama. Dom Francisco da Gama. 6. 4. in Belém was erected in honor of his voyage to India. The Monastery of the Hieronymites. As per royal instructions. Dom Paulo da Gama. appointed captain of Malacca from 1548 to 1552. with a fleet of fourteen ships. Vasco da Gama took as his flagship the famous large carrack Santa Catarina do Monte Sinai on her last journey to India. Arabia and Persia". Dom Álvaro d'Ataide da Gama appointed captain of Malacca fleet in 1540s. Marriage and issue Vasco da Gama and his wife. The body of Vasco da Gama was re-interred in Vidigueira in a casket decorated with gold and jewels. son of the first Count of Linhares. Dom Estevão da Gama. He remained in Portugal. serving from 1534 to 1539 (includes the last two years of his brother Paulo's term). . 5. had six sons and one daughter:[31] 1. and proceeded to turn to a piratical career. His male line issue became extinct in 1747. along with two of his sons. Vasco da Gama immediately invoked his high viceregent powers to impose a new order in Portuguese India. 7. only daughter. three months after Monastery in Belém. which was located at Fort Kochi in the city of Kochi. Dona Isabel d'Ataide da Gama.Vasco da Gama 11 Setting out in April 1524. Vasco da Gama's body was first buried at St. Estêvão and Paulo. captain of Malacca itself from 1552 to 1554. though the title went through female line. 2. the Portuguese crown realized that securing outposts on the eastern coast of Africa would prove vital to maintaining national trade routes to the Far East. such as the Vasco da Gama Bridge. India and all the Orient .Title of office as colonial head of Portuguese India • 1st Count of Vidigueira . styles. The Portuguese Navy has a class of frigates named after him. A 1989 production of the opera by the San Francisco Nineteenth century depiction of Vasco da Gama Opera featured noted tenor Placido Domingo in the role of da Gama. Although the final shortlist featured other Age of Discovery related people. and offices: • Admiral of the Seas of Arabia. and honours Over his numerous years serving the Portuguese crown. which contains the lyrics "Vasco da Gama was no friend of mine". Vasco da Gama's Signature (reads Ho Comde Almirante. He later recorded another version of this song under the name "Colonial Man". . da Gama was rewarded with many different titles. of which the first one also bears his name. largely concerns Vasco da Gama's voyages.Title as chief of the Portuguese India Armadas • 2nd Viceroy of India .[33] The Oceanário in the Parque das Nações has a mascot of a cartoon diver with the name of "Vasco". they were not actually explorers nor navigators for any matter. Persia. who is named after the explorer. are fictitious. Beside the fact of the first voyage itself. prominently includes the character of Vasco da Gama. The suburb of Vasco in Cape Town also honours him. There are three Vasco da Gama class frigates in total. Following da Gama's initial voyage. There are three football clubs in Brazil (including Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama) and Vasco Sports Club in Goa that were also named after him.Title of Portuguese nobility Legacy As much as anyone after Henry the Navigator.[32] The 19th century composer Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray composed an eponymous 1872 opera based on da Gama's life and exploits at sea. The Portuguese national epic. Vasco da Gama was responsible for Portugal's success as an early colonising power. however. The events depicted. and a private residence on the island of Saint Helena.[34] Vasco da Gama was the only explorer on the final pool of Os Grandes Portugueses. Vasco da Gama Tower and the Centro Comercial Vasco da Gama shopping centre. A few places in Lisbon's Parque das Nações are named after the explorer. There exists a church in Kochi. Meyerbeer's working title for the opera was Vasco da Gama. The port city of Vasco da Gama in Goa is named after him. distinctions. the Lusíadas of Luís Vaz de Camões. The 1865 grand opera L'Africaine: Opéra en Cinq Actes. as is the crater Vasco da Gama on the Moon. "The Admiral Count") South African musician Hugh Masekela recorded an anti-colonialist song entitled "Vasco da Gama (The Sailor Man)". composed by Giacomo Meyerbeer from a libretto by Eugène Scribe. Kerala called Vasco da Gama Church.Vasco da Gama 12 Titles. it was his astute mix of politics and war on the other side of the world that placed Portugal in a prominent position in Indian Ocean trade. Michelle Mejiak.370 [17] Subrahmanyam. Issue 99 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society. The Kunjalis. Books Kottayam [25] Nambiar O. Robert (ed. p. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra. London.61) [4] Subrahmanyam (1997: p.K. da Gama's conduct in carrying off the five men he had entrapped on board his ships is indefensible. Bombay. two marquises and two dukes (Subrahmaynam. 102. there were only twelve counts. [7] Subrahmanyam. 1582. following Braancamp Freire. A Survey of Kerala History (1967). 34. [6] Subrahmanyam 1997. html).) A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels Vol. was the sister of Beatriz da Silva. The Almeidas provided a substantial part of Catarina's dowry.278 [27] Vasco Da Gama. [19] Catarina de Ataíde's mother. 1497-1499".60-61. google. Sreedhara Menon. Vol. [14] M. htm). Retrieved 27 June 2007 [3] The Sodrés were said to have been descended from Frederick Sudley. fordham. 1997: p. E. fordham. Calicut: The City of Truth (2006) Calicut University Publications [24] A. (1951-52) A Nautica dos Descobrimentos: os descobrimentos maritimos visitos por um navegador. html+ DaGama+ Mecca& hl=en& ct=clnk& cd=1& ie=UTF-8) (Google cached version) Dana Thompson. offprint (http:/ / books.319-63. Da Asia. C. 1487-1488: toponymy and padrões". The First Book of the Historie of the Discoveries and Conquests of the East India by the Portingals. com/ books?id=UKK-b3If-78C& lpg=PA333& dq=rota entre santiago& pg=PA333#v=onepage& q& f=false) [11] Vasco da Gamma Seeks Sea Route to India (http:/ / www. Books Kottayam [23] M. 1997. and subsequently settled down there (Subrahmanyam 1997: p. just before Gama's departure on his second voyage.Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama appears as an antagonist in the Indian film Urumi.23-24 (http:/ / books. II. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra.152.174) [20] Subrahmanyam 1997. Calicut: The City of Truth (2006) Calicut University Publications (The incident is mentioned by Camoes in The Lusiads. p. 1997: p. Lisbon: Agencia Geral do Ultramar. p.168 [18] João de Barros (1552: p. D.11. 1811. 1963. Ernest George Ravenstein. p. D. CP. p. ISBN 81-206-1136-5 [28] At this time in Portugal. p.Admirals of Calicut. 1997: p. [26] Subrahmanyam. D. I. Felicity Ruiz. 1497-1498 CE (http:/ / www.") [15] Subrahmanyam. Axelson. Narayanan. 34. google. com/ books?id=BJ42AAAAMAAJ& pg=PA23#v=onepage& q& f=false)) dates this appointment in January 1502.edu Retrieved 16 November 2006 [9] Gago Coutinho. p.63 [8] Da Gama's Round Africa to India (http:/ / www. p. (1988) "Reflections Upon Some Navigational and Hydrographic Problems of the XVth Century Related to the voyage of Bartolomeu Dias".205 [21] Vasco da Gama Arrives in India 1498 (http:/ / 66. Vol.S. Waters.V. C. S. Maria da Silva.149 [16] João de Barros. depicts a failed assassination attempt on da Gama by an Indian. 1997: p. "A journal of the first voyage of Vasco da Gama. G.61) [5] Subrahmanyam 1997.edu. C. northpark. of Gloucestershire. com/ books?id=hcMp9hZ_8yAC& lpg=PA25& pg=PA29#v=onepage& q& f=false). fordham. edu/ history/ webChron/ WestEurope/ DaGama. The film. 7. google. Retrieved 8 July 2006 [13] Castaneda.62. c. 13 References Library resources About Vasco da Gama • • Resources in your library [36] Resources in other libraries [35] Notes [2] Modern History Sourcebook: Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India. fordham.G. 1997: p.343-45 . Narayanan. A Survey of Kerala History(1967). (Subrahmanyan. mother of Francisco de Almeida. London.304 [30] Subrahmanyam. wherein it is stated that the Zamorin "showed no signs of treachery" and that "on the other hand. 1997: p. 1997: p. (1988) "The Dias Voyage. com/ dagamma.275-347. IV. edu/ halsall/ mod/ 1497degama. Hakluyt Society. html). one count-bishop. 104/ u/ northparkuniversity?q=cache:xiWVHIS7CAoJ:www. Retrieved 8 July 2006 [22] Sreedhara Menon.W. p. conjectures this award may have been made as early as January 1500. directed by acclaimed cinematographer Santosh Sivan. who accompanied the Earl of Cambridge to Portugal in 1381. Dec. Oldnewspublishing. p. 15 December 1998.169). oldnewspublishing. Herman Lopes de. But Subrahmanyan (1997: p.com. Lib. in Kerr.281) [29] Subrahmanyam.29-55 offprint (http:/ / books. A. edu/ halsall/ mod/ 1497degama. de (1898) Dos feitos de D. ISBN 0-7432-0248-1. Lib.K. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration. 1415–1808. 1497–1499 (http:// books. com/ books?id=cBAoAAAAYAAJ& pg=PA15#v=onepage& q& f=false). Vasco da Gama.archive. Civilizations. A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa.viiff (http:/ / books. Emily Booth (eds. (1887) Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: um estudo historico. his voyages and adventures (http://www. Macmillan.google. and Castanhoso (1898: p. W. p.: Macmillan. Gaspar (2001). • Panikkar. Longman. (1959).com/books?id=13stAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Vasco+ inauthor:Ravenstein&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=Lzm2R6iwEo3AsQPrtv2RBQ). • Teixeira de Aragão. London. google. Kingsley Garland (1910). The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery.Ltd. . Basingstoke and Oxford.) [32] Subrahmanyam 1997. and His Viceroyalty. A. wmflabs.com/dp/B000Q5T6X6). K.org/ details/vascodagamahisvo00towl). and trans.. M. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-13-193388-0.). Asia. Sanjay (1997). Christovam da Gama em Ethiopia Lisbon: Imprensa nacional. IV.com/books?id=cBAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7#v=onepage& q&f=false) • Towle. 1498–1945 (http://www. Lee & Shepard.google. and America. ed.Vasco da Gama [31] See also Diogo do Couto (Decadas de Asia. • Fernández-Armesto. Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader. c. (reissued by Cambridge University Press. com/ books?id=MiFXAAAAMAAJ& pg=PR7#v=onepage& q& f=false). (1993). pp. org/3/items/vascodagamahissu00jaynuoft/vascodagamahissu00jaynuoft. London: Hakluyt Society. Glenn J. G. W.) (2000). The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama. E. ISBN 1-4021-9543-5. A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama.15-16 (http:/ / books. London. R. ISBN 0-321-09282-1. London: Allen & Unwin. Felipe (2006).google. ISBN 978-0-548-00895-9. org/ ftl/ cgi-bin/ ftl?st=viaf& su=106966471& library=0CHOOSE0 14 Sources • Ames. 177–181. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa online (http://books. U.us. 8. New Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press. 2010. Adamant Media Corporation. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-393-06259-5. The Indian Ocean in World History. • Ravenstein. • Disney. (2007). • Castanhoso. Facsimile reprint of a 1869 edition by the Hakluyt Society. wmflabs. • Subrahmanyam.com/books?id=MiFXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false) • Corrêa. Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian History. (2004). Teixeira de Aragão p. ISBN 978-0-521-47072-8.pdf).archive. • Ames.amazon. org/ ftl/ cgi-bin/ ftl?st=viaf& su=106966471 [36] http:/ / tools. ed. Vasco Da Gama and His Successors 1460 to 1580 (http://ia360625. Felipe (2001). ISBN 978-0-312-09427-0. 1500–1700. ISBN 978-1-108-01296-6) • Russell-Wood. The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama. M.archive. online (http://books. • Jayne. England: Meuthen & Co. (1898). Anthony. Boston: Lothrop. George Makepeace (c. Glenn J. ASIN B000Q5T6X6 (http://www.C.2). • Fernández-Armesto. Dec.2 [34] Wikipedia: Oceanário de Lisboa [35] http:/ / tools. J.org/details/asiaandwesterndo009963mbp) (new ed. A. 1878). Norton. google. com/itihaas/fullstory.edu • Vasco da Gama web tutorial with animated maps (http://www.Vasco da Gama 15 External links • Vasco da Gama's Round Africa to India (http://www.html).ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/ vasco.html).com . sify. fordham.ca • Brief description of Vasco da Gama's journeys (http://sify.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama. ucalgary.ucalgary.php?id=13233617).fordham. Eirikr. Wikitza. Deb. Aleclistenstometal. Eklipse. Sciurinæ. Martin Hinks. Kelly Martin. Arhums. Phoenix Hacker. Davidcannon. Ballchef. Muke. Favonian. Allen3.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Walrasiad File:St-Francis-Church. SeanMack. Ankurjain. Gamaliel. Klippa. Trusilver.. Red. 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Shen. Rettetast. SchnitzelMannGreek. Chuq. Ferrari Shark.org/w/index. Dhanu86.org/w/index. Ben Babcock. Funnyfarmofdoom. Icarusgeek. Garing. Infrogmation. Unyoyega. Corpx. MikeMullins. Basawala.wikipedia. Dunnob. Makemi. Driftwood87. Paul Drye. 1502. Chax801. Dv82matt. John254. Marcika. RobertG. Bobrayner. MSGJ. R000t. Licenses and Contributors File:Retrato de Vasco da Gama. Felicita Aragones. EWS23. Mike10422. Bobet. DStoykov. Bcorr. Lindum. Krich. Mfield. Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας.org/w/index. Josh123764565. Sopoforic. Logan 5. Jni. D6.Ward. Katieh5584. Burntsauce. N Shar. Becca0301. Caknuck. Gimboid13. JotaCartas. DSRH. Recnilgiarc. Iridescent. Modernisticbreeze. Yoenit. Mattes. PhiLiP. Dlohcierekim. Condem. Tom Radulovich. Alarics.org/w/index. Ranveig. Brian0918. Wetman. Walrasiad. Wavelength. Amolnaik3k. Kaisershatner. Sluzzelin. Paul August. Donald Albury. Swerdnaneb. Charles Matthews. Corriebertus. Damiens. Mariof1309. Tellyaddict. Tbhotch.php?title=File:Sines06_edit1. Innuenda. HenryLi. RexNL. Adam Carr. Jeffrey Mall. Kubigula. Euryalus. Mygerardromance. Asterion. Akubra. OsamaK.php?title=File:Vascodagama. For7thGen. Kipala. Thomas Chacko. KenWalker.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: User:PhiLiP File:Cross daGama2. Vald. Igiffin. Badagnani. Bachrach44. Mvc. Syrthiss. Jklin. Nchickencode. Kkumsindia. Marnanel. The Blade of the Northern Lights.bertelloni. HamiltonHarbour. Rjwilmsi. Andres. Chris55. Heise2k. DMacks. Marc Venot. Shaheen7m. Dkb. Karlhbraun. Ericmachmer. Schzmo. Whpq. Wapcaplet.php?title=File:St-Francis-Church. Canwolf. Honkey101.php?title=File:Cross_daGama2. Can't sleep. Trysha. DabMachine. Galootius. Ppyoonus.php?title=File:Panteão_Nacional_-_Cenotáfio_de_Vasco_da_Gama_-_Jul_2008. RxS. Tom.wikipedia (Original text : en:User:JGHowes. Abu badali. Razimantv. Theda. Docu. TeaDrinker.0 Contributors: User:Ppyoonus File:De gama Kappad. Ronhjones. Twthmoses. Zencv. Hutcher.Cenotáfio de Vasco da Gama .delanoy. Antandrus. Tgleason123. Ctbolt. Atomic359. Robin klein. Branlon. Washburnmav. Amarnathraja. Everyking. Thunderboltz. DVD R W. Tatatatonyy. Lokakyy. Guptadogg. Fbd. LordCo Centre. CLC Editorial. Bornhj. Steven Weston. Idontknow610.php?title=File:Vasco_da_Gama_Leaving_Portugal. Chill doubt. Brunnock. Engunneer. Mr Tan. CL8. El0i. Roepers. Jojit fb. Trev M. Sajoshthambi. Joe. Celestianpower. RaulRavndra. Glen. Wiki alf. Merhawie. Good Olfactory. Silver Spoon.org/w/index. G. Cristiano Tomás. Sirnig2000.proc. ZooFari. Rich Farmbrough. Canderson7. Gopher292. Y U NO LET ME HAVE USERNAME. Deeahbz. photographer (en:Canon AE-1 camera)) File:A steel engraving from the 1850's. Vary. Deeptrivia. Msgarrett. GrahamFinch. Zocky. Emeraldcityserendipity. JohnGB. Hallows AG.0 Contributors: Therese C . Darwinek. Pak21. DanielHolth. Jonjames1986. RajaNeela1993.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Moogsi. ♥HollisterHottie!♥. Pumpie. SidP. Sumergocognito. Dinakarr. 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SHIMONSHA..jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Alvesgaspar File:Panteão Nacional . Art LaPella. Shafei.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3. Skeptic2. with modern hand coloring. Rajnair81. EmyP. Venu62. Howcheng. Joaopais. Nmkuttiady.php?title=File:Vasco_Memo_Kappad.org/w/index. Weregerbil. Xbox760. Rbraunwa. Tjmayerinsf. Thingg. Matt johnstone 1234. Dalv89. Thue. Uxbona. Pro bug catcher.JPG Source: http://en. Gollumtheslinker. Daniel Hauptman. Glane23.wikipedia. Xp54321. Choosetocount. Connormah. Abdullais4u. Jtmt88. Kostisl. Ulm. Oxymoron83.org/w/index.wikipedia. Anger22. Shyamsunder.php?title=File:Vasco_da_Gama_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).org/w/index. The Interior. Betty Wensleydale. The Ogre. Prattflora.wikipedia. Ruipedro. Mr Stephen. Smeira. The Thing That Should Not Be. Epbr123. Hibiki-c. Ialsoagree. Gilliam. Rich257. Dddstone. OwenX. Oblivious.jpg Source: http://en. Thedon1. Afasmit.org/w/index.org/w/index. Yamakiri. 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West Brom 4ever.php?title=File:Gama_armada_in_India. Shadowjams. Closedmouth. RafaAzevedo. Paulista01. Qtoktok. Portuguez. Bharatveer.rf. SqueakBox. OttOO. MrFish. DO'Neil. MC MasterChef. SchreiberBike. Yom. Arctic Kangaroo. HoodedMan.0 Contributors: User:Ppyoonus File:Pillar of Vasco da Gama. Icairns. 1699 anonymous edits Image Sources. Vmenkov.sousa. Mishatx. Munkitty Tunkitty. Hadal._1502. Angusmclellan. Ed g2s. Retired username. F. Neutrality. Bogey97. Timsbleung. Thib Phil. RjCan. Juliancolton. Anna512. Tibullus. Yandman. Peruvianllama. Jcw69. Challiyan. Ati7. PierreWiki. Samaleks.wikipedia.wikipedia. Rajeshkirupha. Piggy58. Donmcc. Fieldday-sunday. Egracia. LedgendGamer. Ivan T. Myanw..wikipedia. Den fjättrade ankan.org/w/index.wikipedia. T-borg. Wikipelli. PrometheusX303. Amadalvarez. Ian Pitchford. Fatbuu. Khoikhoi.jpg Source: http://en. GoingBatty. Searchme. Nivix. Jbeans. Patstuart. Danielheery. Tide rolls.wikipedia.jpg Source: http://en. Kotjze. Perseus101. JoJan. JMK. 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