VEL TECH HIGH TECH DR.RANGARAJAN DR.SAKUNTHALA Department ENGINEERING COLLEGE of Mechanical Engineering Unit 1 Presentation Date : 29-06-2015 Professional ethic in engineering Submitted by A.Kalyan kumar, M.E – Manufacturing Engineering, Anna University Regional Centre, Coimbatore. Assistant Professor at VTHT Engg Collage OBJECTIVES TO CREATE AN AWARENESS •ON ENGINEERING ETHICS •HUMAN VALUES •TO INSTILL MORAL AND SOCIAL VALUES AND LOYALTY •TO APPRECIATE THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS “ . proper behavior "is the differentiation of intentions. and actions between those that are good or right and those that are bad or wrong. or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal. Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness. •Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy. religion. or culture.HUMAN VALUES •MORALS are the welfare principles proposed by the wise people( "manner. character. decisions. ." • Immorality is the active opposition to morality (i.e.Principles and practices of morals • An example of normative ethical philosophy is the Golden Rule which states that. or disbelief in any set of moral standards or principles. indifference toward. while amorality is variously defined as an unawareness of. "One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself. opposition to that which is good or right). • Example: Character flaw. because the damage is more. It is more common and basic. . and crime. • Thrust is on judgment and punishment. in the name of God or by laws.Morality • Based on customs and traditions. • Concerned with the results of wrong action. morality is given top priority. corruption. when done. extortion. • In case of conflict between the two. ” • Values are our guidelines for our success-our paradigm about what is acceptable.” Personal values are defined as: “Emotional beliefs in principles regarded as particularly favorable or important for the individual.” Our values associate emotions to our experiences and guide our choices. • Choose their values and • Establish their beliefs. • All three of these directly influence a person’s behavior.VALUES Humans have the unique ability • To define their identity. . decisions and actions. • A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-being or prevents harm. The ‘amygdala’ produces neuro-chemicals that cause emotions consistent with the nature of and proportional to the match between environment and values and beliefs. known as the Reticular Activating System (RAS). and completely in accordance with the person’s strongest held beliefs. the resulting behavior will be automatic. The RAS compares the data received with accepted values. values and/or identity. All information collected by human senses is passed through a net-like group of cells. positive and negative (threats). one can modify or create new beliefs about a person’s identity and/or what is important to him (values). The results of the RAS’s comparison are communicated to the ‘amygdala’ near the mid-brain.PHYSIOLOGISTS VALUS • • • • Physiologists have identified the parts of the human brain that are involved in producing behavior in accordance with beliefs and values. and beliefs stored in memory and determines whether or not immediate action is required. . not necessarily logical or rational. By positive affirmations. located near the top of the brain stem. respect for all. self reliance. punctuality. perseverance. and (5) Non. hygiene.violence.. dependability. helpfulness.Types of Values The five core human values are: (1) Right conduct. and responsibility. • (c) ETHICAL SKILLS: Code of conduct. . (3) Truth. (2) Peace. good manners. posture. initiative. duty. and good environment. modesty. efficiency. good relationships. No wastage. courage. (4) Love. • Values related to RIGHT CONDUCT are: • (a) SELF-HELP SKILLS: Care of possessions. resourcefulness. and tidy appearance • (b) SOCIAL SKILLS: Good behavior. diet. discipline. . contentment. self-esteem. self-analysis. integrity (unity of thought. faithfulness. humility. truthfulness. self-control. sincerity. sprit of enquiry. and deed).Values related to PEACE are: • Attention. self-confidence. sense control. inner silence. harmony. discernment. equanimity. word. quest for knowledge. trust. dignity. focus. tolerance. optimism. reason. equality. calmness. honesty. justice. concentration. satisfaction. and determination. and understanding Values related to TRUTH are: • Accuracy. self-respect. reflection. self-acceptance. synthesis. fairness. purity. happiness. intuition. selfdiscipline. patience. fearlessness. optimism. gratitude. curiosity. harmlessness. manners. consideration. tolerance and trust Values related to NON-VIOLENCE are: • (a) PSYCHOLOGICAL: Benevolence.Values related to LOVE are: • Acceptance. care. sharing. equality. compassion. forbearance. care of environment. kindness. perseverance. affection. dedication. devotion. loyalty. forgiveness. concern for others. reverence. sympathy. service. selflessness. gentleness. national awareness. citizenship. empathy. generosity. friendship. happiness. and universal love • (b) SOCIAL: Appreciation of other cultures and religions. patriotism. interdependence. forbearance. respect for property. . morality. humanness. and social justice. forgiveness. consideration. thoughtfulness. sacrifice. brotherhood. compassion. patience. • It involves the inquiry on the existing situations. attitudes. • The study on ethics helps to know the people’s beliefs. to respond to issues. through the duties. ethics tells us how to live. rights. family or the society. . values. and beliefs of the individuals. • In addition.ETHICS • Ethics is the word that refers to morals. responsibilities. and practice them to maximize their well-being and happiness. In religion. and obligations. and habits of individuals or family or groups concerned with morals. learn the good and bad of them. similar principles are included. and morals. form judgments and resolve the issues. values. but the reasoning on procedures is limited. ethics refers to a particular set of beliefs. .. (honesty) and open mindedness. This paves way to one’s success. and conduct in relation to justified moral values. decisions.INTEGRITY • Integrity is defined as the unity of thought. • It yields the person’s ‘peace of mind’. It includes the capacity to communicate the factual information so that others can make wellinformed decisions. and actions. which reflects a consistency of one’s attitudes. • It helps them to own the responsibility and earn self-respect and recognition by doing the job. It is one of the self-direction virtues. • Moral integrity is defined as a virtue. emotions. word and deed . and hence adds strength and consistency in character. • supply (raw materials). A lot of transactions (and interactions) between these sub-systems involving people are needed for the welfare of the society. It is here. Industry and Society are the two systems which interact with each other and are interdependent. the work ethics plays an essential role . Society requires industry/business system which provides • manufacturing. • production (industries. customer). Society requires industry/business system which needs • investment (capital input). which forms the motivational orientation. • marketing and distribution (transport).WORK ETHICS Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes concerned with the value of work. • labor (input). • consumption (public. business organizations). • distribution and • consumption activities. • Cultural and social development (leisure. and happiness). • Safety (in workplace). earn salary). profit). • Health and hygiene (working conditions). but without discrimination. . • Environment (anti-pollution activities). pension.The ‘work ethics’ is aimed at ensuring • Economy (get job. • Offer opportunities for all. create wealth. productivity (wealth. • Welfare (social work). • Security (permanence against contractual. • Privacy (raise family). according to their abilities. hobby. and retirement benefits). .social problems exist in the industrial/business scenario. as living human beings. Meaningful work is worth doing for the sense of personal identity and the self-esteem it holds. Work is intrinsically valuable so far as it is enjoyable or meaningful in allowing personal expression and self-fulfillment. because • The people desire to be recognized as individuals and treated with dignity. and for achieving status and recognition from others. . for obtaining desired materials and services. It is the main source of providing the income needed to avoid economic dependence on others.• Economic independence: Work is the major instrumental good in life. including women. . At the same time. is to be protected.• Pay as well as the pace of work should be in commensurate with the expertise required. Mutual trust and loyalty both ways play major roles in this aspect. Exploitation and bargained pay should be discouraged. acquired. and utilized in the persons. confidentiality of the employer is also to be protected. • Privacy (personal freedom) of the employee. • This situation has no doubt created tension in the Indian scene. ‘pay and use’ etc.• Security during job and upon retirement: This concept is being accepted only in government jobs. public limited companies. and corporate organizations. ‘hire and fire’. . • The western thought has influenced the Indian private industries and multinationals in a paradigm shift from ‘life.long employment’ to policies such as ‘merit only’. such as leisure. However.• Recognition to non-work activities. such a trend is likely to decline the work ethics. and other developmental activities. They claim that such service activities give them peace of mind and happiness. The workers in prosperous countries are less willing to consider ‘work’ as their prime interest in life. social service. paid holiday on the day of visit of a dignitary. . undignified jobs (humandrawn rikshaw.•Hard work and productivity are very essential for the success of an industry. and safer. people carrying night soil). many a hard work can not be replaced by ‘virtual work’. . dignified. in the near future . Hard labor. Automation and CNC systems to a large extent have been successful in lessening the human burden. and hazardous jobs are to be made less straining. The quality of work life deserves to be improved. Still. job rotation. factions in trade unions etc. quality circles. It is a thing one must do in order to avoid worse evils.• Employee alienation: Absence of or inadequate ‘recognition and reward system’ and lack of transparency in policy implementation. • A different view of work ethics: Work is considered as a necessary evil. such as dependency and poverty. That is a major source of anxiety and unhappiness. lead to ethical problems. and flexible working hours are some of the measures to counter this situation. Participative management. affecting the work ethics. . • As per the Protestant Work Ethics. the financial success is a sign that is favored by God. It means making maximal profit is a duty mandated by God. It is to be obtained rationally. diligently. and without compromising with other values such as spending time with one’s family and not exploiting or harming others. . Rights of the individuals are respected and nourished. good for the family. and nation are fulfilled. successful. By work ethics. the quality of life is improved and the environment protected. . self-esteem. to flourish as developed nation. family. Human beings believe that it is good to work.Work ethics to individual and national development To work (job). and happy. On the other hand. It improves the quality of life and makes life purposeful. Further. society. social tensions. For a developing economy and society. and obligation to the society and allow the world to prosper. is not for monetary considerations only. like ours. duties to the self. unemployment and under-employment lead to frustration. at all levels. we need to promote work ethics. It promotes self-respect. Work is good for the body and mind. while taking decisions and actions. to effectively coordinate with other departments. other than “the technical trade practices’. to interact cordially with suppliers as well as the customers.SERVICE LEARNING Service learning refers to learning the service policies. and conditions. and to maintain all these friendly interactions. norms. security of the job. and awareness of the procedures. . basic requirements. The service learning includes the characteristics of the work. It helps the individuals to interact ethically with colleagues. procedures. in which service is provided on voluntary basis to the public (have-nots in the community). It is the service during learning. non-profitable institutions. the service learning may be defined as the nonpaid activity. and charitable organizations. . Alternatively. adoption. i. during the formal learning. The engineering student analyzing and executing a sociallyrelevant project is another example of service learning. study.This includes training or study on real life problems and their possible solutions. and development of public health or welfare or safety system of a village or school is an example of service learning by the employees.e.. In the industrial scenario. courses of study. . Connection to curriculum: Integrating the learning into a service project is a key to successful service learning. It is one of the forms of experiential learning and community service opportunities.The service learning is a methodology falling under the category of experiential education. It is distinguished in the following ways: 1. Academic ties should be clear and built upon existing disciplinary skills . and evaluate their service activity.learner’s voice: Beyond being actively engaged in the project. . trainees have the opportunity to select. design. implement. . and write about the service experience. talk. Reflection: Structured opportunities are created to think. The balance of reflection and action allows the trainee to be constantly aware of the impact of their work. . provide mentorship. and contribute input such as labor and expertise towards completing the project. Partners in the community: Partnership with community agencies are used to identify genuine needs. They are like habits. they become characteristics of a person. Honesty. fairness. a person who has developed virtues will naturally act in ways consistent with moral principles. generosity . Virtues are tendencies which include. solving problems through peaceful and constructive means and follow the path of the golden mean between the extremes of ‘excess and deficiency’ . courage. self-control. integrity. The virtuous person is the ethical person. Moreover. . They energize and enable us to pursue the ideals that we have adopted. motives and emotions that enable us to be successful and to act in ways that develop our highest potential.VIRTUES Virtues are positive and preferred values. Virtues are desirable attitudes or character traits. compassion. are all examples of virtues. transparency. once acquired. Civic Virtues Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights. To keep the surroundings clean and green. . and organizing welfare groups and meetings. volunteering. and air by following hygiene and proper garbage disposal. Not to pollute the water. as a citizen of the village or the country or an integral part of the society and environment. The duties are: To pay taxes to the local government and state. An individual may exhibit civic virtues by voting. land. in time. even not to smoke in the open. by not allowing smoking in public. To establish a green and safe environment. 4. for the residents. To vote the local or state government. pollution free. . and to follow ethical principles. People are said to have the right to breathe in fresh air. are some of the civic (duties) virtues. the rights are: 1. •To follow the road safety rules.•For example. plastic materials. On the other hand. and not to cause nuisance to the public. 3. 2. corruption free. tyres. hospital or a community hall or transport or communication facility. To contest in the elections to the local or state government. spit in the open. To seek a public welfare facility such as a school. not to burn wood. These virtues are divided into four categories: .George Washington 4 embodied the civic virtues as indispensable for a self-governing administration. besides duties and rights.Citizens must understand what the Constitution says about how the government is working. to serve and survive . . We must be able to recognize when the government requires the participation of the enlightened citizens.Civic Knowledge .We must understand our responsibilities as citizens. .1. . and what the government is supposed to do and what not to do. 2. and naturally he was a great leader. He advocated for morality and declared that happiness is achieved and sustained through virtues and morals. He advocated and demonstrated self-restraint several times in his private and public life. we would need a police state-that is. a dictatorial government to maintain safety and order. otherwise. Self-Restraint For citizens to live in a free society with limited government each citizen must be able to control or restrain himself. . In such cases.. it is the right of the people to alter or abolish that government (e. a government may use up the very rights that it was created to protect.g. Self-Assertion Self-assertion means that citizens must be proud of their rights. Sometimes. rights callback). voting rights. and have the courage to stand up in public and defend their rights. .3. 4. Self-Reliance • Citizens who cannot provide for themselves will need a large government to take care of them. nourish freedom and civil liberty at the root of democracy. and central governments. Only a strong selfreliant citizenry will be able to enjoy fully the blessings of liberty. These civic virtues. to meet those needs. applicable to local. which has the potential to become an oppressive government. • They do not need a large provider-government. Self-reliant citizens are free citizens in the sense that they are not dependent on others for their basic needs. . Once citizens become dependent on government for their basic needs. state. the people are no longer in a position to demand that government act within the confines of the Constitution. • Respect others’ ideas (decisions). just as you have. claiming that they know others’ mistakes before and know that they will fall! Appreciate colleagues and subordinates on their positive actions. They are bound to improve their performance. One need not accept or approve or award them. team work. RESPECT FOR OTHERS This is a basic requirement for nurturing friendship. by learning properly and by putting more efforts. but shall listen to them first. Some people may wait and watch as fun. words. because they have a right to live. and labor (actions). and for the energy it promotes and sustains. The principles enunciated in this regard are: • Recognize and accept the existence of other persons as human beings. if one falls. . and strength to achieve the goals. the goodwill reflects on the originator and multiplies itself on everybody. . Basically. coherence. This will facilitate collinearity. focus. Allow others to grow.• Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others. LIVING PEACEFULLY To live peacefully. one should start install peace within (self). Only who are at peace can spread peace. and then to the world. including the environment. Then one can spread peace to family. You can not gift an article which you do not possess. Charity begins at home. organization where one works. . 3. blessing others. and not by wars ! One should adopt the following means to live peacefully. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive). Beauty in one’s heart (love. Order in one’s life (self-regulation. 2. word or deed). 4. in the world: •Nurture 1. and duty). Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others. War or peace can be won only by peace. service. friendly. and peace). discipline. and not criticizing or hurting others by thought. . Good health/body (physical strength for service). •Get 5. . happiness. and hands (charity). 2. or mentally. Service to the needy (physically and mentally-challenged) with love and sympathy. Help the needy with head. Absence of threat or tension by pressure due to limitations of money or time. . Conducive environment (safe. 5. 6. with internal and external peace: 1. ventilated. verbally. heart. illuminated and comfortable). Secured job and motivated with ‘recognition and reward’. except as guidelines. The following are the factors that promote living.• Act 6. 7. Not hurting and torturing others either physically. Healthy labor relations and family situations. 3. 4. Service to the poor is considered holier than the service to God. Absence of unnecessary interference or disturbance. and support for. community. caring for the environment (including the fauna and flora) has become a necessity for our very survival.CARING • Caring is feeling for others. among the employees. the environment will scare us. • It includes showing respect to the feelings of others. • Caring is reflected in activities such as friendship. . country and in international councils. and also respecting and preserving the interests of all others concerned. the welfare of others with fairness. membership in social clubs and professional societies. and through various transactions in the family. • It is a process which exhibits the interest in. in the context of professional ethics. impartiality and justice in all activities. • In the present day context. • If we do not care for the environment. Sharing is a process that describes the transfer of • knowledge (teaching, learning, and information), SHARING • experience (training), • commodities (material possession) and facilities with others. • The transfer should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, and without any expectation in return. • However, the proprietary information it should not be shared with outsiders. • Through this process of sharing, experience, expertise, wisdom and other benefits reach more people faster. Sharing is voluntary and it can not be driven by force, but motivated successfully through ethical principles. In short, sharing is ‘charity’. • For the humanity, ‘sharing’ is a culture. The ‘happiness and wealth’ are multiplied and the ‘crimes and sufferings’ are reduced, by sharing • . Philosophically, the sharing maximizes the happiness for all the human beings. Economically speaking, benefits are maximized as there is no wastage or loss, and everybody gets one’s needs fulfilled and satisfied. • Commercially speaking, the profit is maximized. Technologically, the productivity and utilization are maximized by sharing. • The co-operative societies for producers as well as consumers are typical examples of sharing of the goods, profit and other social benefits. HONESTY Honesty is exhibited in two aspects namely, Truthfulness and Trustworthiness. • Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth. One should keep one’s word or promise. • By admitting one’s mistake committed (one needs courage to do that!), it is easy to fix them. Reliable engineering judgment, maintenance of truth, defending the truth, and communicating the truth, only when it does ‘good’ to others, are some of the reflections of truthfulness. • Trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for personal performance. People abide by law and live by mutual trust. They play the right way to win, according to the laws or rules (legally and morally). They build trust through reliability and authenticity. They admit their own mistakes and confront unethical actions in others and take tough and principled stand, even if unpopular. Honesty is mirrored in many ways. The common reflections are: Beliefs (intellectual honesty). Communication (writing and speech) Decisions (ideas, discretion). Actions (means, timing, place, and the goals). to impress upon the customers or employers. It is giving wrong information to the right people. 4. This is a self deceit. without applying their mind and seeking the truth. An engineer may communicate wrong or distorted test results intentionally or otherwise. social welfare. Giving professional judgment under the influence of extraneous factors such as personal benefits and prejudice. Lying: Honesty implies avoidance of lying. 3. some of the actions of an engineer that leads to dishonesty are 1. Withholding the information: It means hiding the facts during communication to one’s superior or subordinate. Certainly this is a higher-order crime. experience. Not seeking the truth: Some engineers accept the information or data. Not maintaining confidentiality: It is giving right information to wrong people. intentionally or otherwise. . The laws. 5. 2. The engineers should keep information of their customers/clients or of their employers confidential and should not discuss them with others. and even conscience are given a gobye by such actions. Deliberate deception: An engineer may judge or decide on matters one is not familiar or with insufficient data or proof. 6. Self-confidence is the basic requirement to nurture courage. and training. namely (a) Physical courage. for the social cause. including empathy and sacrifice. . In professional ethics. public. (b) Social courage. including the muscle power and armaments.COURAGE • Courage is the tendency to accept and face risks and difficult tasks in rational ways. employees. tactics. based on the conviction for or against certain social behaviors. based on the types of risks. to mobilize and motivate the followers. education. The intellectual courage is inculcated in people through acquired knowledge. The social courage involves the decisions and actions to change the order. the thrust is on the adequacy of the physical strength. and the press. and (c) Intellectual courage. courage is applicable to the employers. games. experience. • In physical courage. • Courage is classified into three types. This requires leadership abilities. Past experience (one’s own or borrowed!) and wisdom gained from selfstudy or others will prepare one to plan and act . • Learning from the past helps.• Look before you leap. and Threat (SWOT) analysis. • Calculate (estimate) the risks. and anticipate the end results. while taking decisions and before getting into action. Weakness. One should perform Strengths. compare with one’s strengths. Opportunities. was reported to have exhibited his courage and owned responsibility.P.• Facing the criticism. owning responsibility. A. In fact. in their professions: • (a) Perseverance (sustained hard work) • (b) Experimentation (preparedness to face the challenges. when the subsequent mission succeeded. Chief of ISRO. . Prof. clear and firm resolve to act). Sathish Dhawan. when the previous space mission failed. this sets their mind to be vigilant against the past mistakes. Abdul Kalam. and accepting the mistakes or errors when committed and exposed are the expressions of courage. and • (d) Commitment (willing to get into action and to reach the desired goals by any alternative but ethical means). and creative in finding the alternate means to achieve the desired objectives.J. • (c) Involvement (attitude. but credited Prof. that is. unexpected or unintended results). • The courageous people own and have shown the following characteristics. ask the NASA team of scientists. it is lost for ever. ask a person who has missed the train. • To highlight the ‘value of time’ is as follows: • To realize the value of one year. ask the daily-wage laborer. ask the editor of weekly. ask a Hardware engineer!. • The proverbs. ‘Time and tide wait for nobody’ and ‘Procrastination is the thief of time’ amply illustrate this point. whether any decision or action is taken or not. • to realize the value of one nano-second. wait. Hence. Once it is spent. time is the most perishable and most valuable resource too.. to realize the value one milli second. It can not be either stored or recovered. • to realize the value of one micro second. ask the mother who has delivered a premature baby. • If you have still not realized the value of time. • To realize the value of one month. ask the person who has survived an accident. ask the person who has won the bronze medal in Olympics. • to realize now the value of one hour. ask the student who has failed in the examinations. • to realize the value of one week. • to realize the value of one minute. This resource is continuously spent. ask the lovers longing to meet. • to realize the value of one day.VALUING TIME • Time is rare resource. are you an Engineer? . • to realize the value of one second. • Further. (blending of different skills required. think and act together and putting this into practice. while not sacrificing the autonomy of either party. coherence (blend). coherence. towards common goals) • Willingness to understand others.COOPERATION • It is a team-spirit present with every individual engaged in engineering. co-ordination (activities linked in sequence or priority) . Co-operation is activity between two persons or sectors that aims at integration of operations (energy). working together ensures. is cooperation. Cooperation promotes collinearity. effectiveness. at several levels. and consumption. between the superiors and subordinates. quality. void in communication. between the employers and employees. • The codes of ethics of various professional societies insist on appropriate cooperation to nourish the industry. and maintained. leading to collapse of the industry over time and an economic loss to the society. marketing. • According to professional ethics. among the colleagues. misinformation. between the producers and the suppliers (spare parts). by reinforcement). and efficiency. • It helps in minimizing the input resources (including time) and maximizes the outputs. This is likely to demoralize and frustrate the employees. which include quantity. and between the organization and its customers. production. and delay between supply.• the energy (maximizing the output. cooperation should exist or be developed. . The absence of cooperation leads to lack of communication. and caste. By careful planning. fostering and rewarding team work. religion. training on appreciation to different cultures.• The impediments to successful cooperation are: Clash of ego of individuals. Ignorance and lack of interest. leadership. Lack of leadership and motivation. language. professionalism and humanism beyond the ‘divides’. . Conflicts of interests. mutual understanding ‘cooperation’ can be developed and also sustained. based on region. motivation. in whatever ethical means one follows. First of all. It is the driving force to realize success. the students will succeed in life and contribute ‘good’ to the society. to make his product or project designed a beneficial contribution to the society. For example. • This is a basic requirement for any profession. with the attitude and hope that one will achieve the goals. . a design engineer shall exhibit a sense of commitment. is commitment. The commitment of top management will naturally lead to committed employees.COMMITMENT • Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence to ethical principles during the activities. Only when the teacher (Guru) is committed to his job. one must believe in one’s action performed and the expected end results (confidence). Holding sustained interest and firmness. is the essence of empathy. to know what the other person feels. from others’ point of view. Empathy begins with showing concern. Sensing what others feel about. and association. • It is also defined as the ability to put one’s self into the psychological frame or reference or point of view of another. without their open talk. • It includes the imaginative projection into other’s feelings and understanding of other’s background such as parentage. This is an essential ingredient for good human relations and transactions . physical and mental state. economic situation.EMPATHY • Empathy is social radar. and then obtaining and understanding the feelings of others. • 4. • 2. Leveraging diversity (opportunities through diverse people): This leads to enhanced organizational learning. • . Understanding others: It means sensing others feelings and perspectives. and giving correct feedback and positive expectation of the subject’s abilities and the resulting performance. Communication = 22% reading and writing + 23% speaking + 55% listening • One should get the feed back. the one should inculcate in him the ‘listening skill’ first. Developing others: This means identification of their needs and bolstering their abilities. and profitability.To practice ‘Empathy’. the following characteristics5 • 1. acknowledge the strength and accomplishments. and then coach the individual. flexibility. a leader must have or develop in him. recognition and meeting the needs of the clients or customers. In developing others. and taking active interest in their welfare. • 3. Service orientation: It is anticipation. by informing about what was wrong. The benefits of empathy include: 1.) Through the above three. Political awareness: It is the ability to read political and social currents in an organization. as well as minimizing the loss. 3.5. we can maximize the output and profit. Empathy assists one in developing courage leading to success! . According to Peter Drucker. Good customer relations (in sales and service. Good vendor-producer relationship (in partnering. empathy is very effective in realising the unbiased views of others and in admitting one’s own limitations and failures. Harmonious labor relations (in manufacturing). purpose of the business is not to make a sale. 2. While dealing with customer complaints. but to make and keep a customer. in partnering). Died due to cancer October 5. 2011 (aged 56) Board member of The Walt Disney Company . . and this helps the organization to obtain maximum ideas. The people with self-confidence exhibit courage to get into action and unshakable faith in their abilities. and guidelines from its employees . flexible and willing to change. with respect to the situations in which one gets involved. They are not influenced by threats or challenges and are prepared to face them and the natural or unexpected consequences.SELF-CONFIDENCE Self-confidence is positive attitude. whatever may be their positions. efforts. They respect others so much as they respect themselves. respect. • positive thinking. and accountability. • The self-confidence in a person develops a sense of partnership. wherein the individual has some positive and realistic view of himself. and 4. Frank to speak the truth. Willing to listen to learn from others and adopt (flexibility). 2. . respect others’ efforts and give due credit. A self-assured standing. 3.The people with self-confidence have the following characteristics 1. . 4. By evaluating their strength and weakness. Training in the organization ( e. The following methodologies are effective in developing selfconfidence in a person: 1. without any doubt on his capabilities.The factors that shape self-confidence in a person are: 1. training by Technical Evangelists at Infosys Technologies). 4. Influence of superiors/role models. Self-talk . 3. It is conditioning the mind for preparing the self to act. 3. Friendship (influence of friends/colleagues). on the history of leaders and innovators . Training to evaluate risks and face them (self-acceptance). they can anticipate and be prepared to face the results. 2. 2. Heredity (attitudes of parents) and family environment (elders). Study and group discussion. Encouraging SWOT analysis. This make one accepts himself while still striving for improvement.g. CHALLENGES IN THE WORK PLACE •The biggest workplace challenge is said to be the employee’s work ethics: • showing up to work every day (interest in work and attendance). •showing up to work on time (punctuality). •People are divided into several categories. • constricting selfishness. • Ambition. •getting along with others. •taking pride in the quality of their work. •generosity • goodwill . •cheerfulness. •commitment to the job. according to common tendencies such as ruthless. • Aggressiveness. Character •It is a characteristic property that defines the behavior of an individual. This situation demands of good character in the workplace by employees. • Irrespective we play an important part in moulding our character. • by diverse rates of activities in the processes of nutrition and waste. . or in circulation. and we thus become responsible for certain ethical qualities in it. and by differences of tonicity in the nerves. • in the changes of nerve-energy.The Four Temperaments • Different types of temperaments are accounted for differences in physiological conditions of the tissues of the body. fear. all this contribute to the formation and refinement of habits of mind. fosters tendencies towards these sentiments which give a subconscious bent to a large part of man’s behavior. and the like. The regular use of the intellect. The practice of judgment and reflection. The controlled activity of the imagination. The frequent indulgence in particular forms of emotion. sympathy. . such as anger. with more subjective division and excluding indefinite types as ‘characterless’. (b) the active (great and the mediocre). various classifications of character have been adopted by different psychologists. . and (d) the intelligent. the more will the character approximate to the ideal of human perfection. Another essential is the virtue of justice. contemplative and emotional. and the volitional or energetic are the chief types with A. duties.Types of Character From the four fundamental temperaments. A man of character is frequently equivalent to being capable of adhering to a fixed purpose. constancy in adhering to principle or in pursuit of a noble aim are held important. The richer the culture of the mind. the emotional. The problem of the true moral ideal is a question of the relative value of different types of character. ethics considers the relative value of such types and the virtues which constitute them. Ethics and Character • psychology investigates the growth of different types of character. The effect on the person’s character of a particular form of conduct is a universally accepted as a test of its moral quality. • In all conceptions of ideal character. firmness of will. The intellectual. Bain. M. and (c) the apathetic (purely apathetic or dull). the broader the sympathies. recognizes the forms as: (a) the sensitive (humble. and claims of others. Ribot. Different systems of ethics emphasize different virtues in constituting the ideal moral character. the larger the intellectual horizon. fortitude. the recognition of the rights. if not accompanied by improved will.Education and Character • The aim of education is not only the cultivation of the intellect but also the formation of moral character. Increased intelligence or physical skill may as easily be employed to the detriment or benefit of the community. Building Character in the Workplace • Managers have to influence and employ creative means of stressing the importance of good character in the workplace. The theory and science of education are to study the processes by which that end may be attained. and Promotion Activities • (a) Institute and adopt an organization policy statement to positive character in the workplace. in the following ways6. • For example. Training. commitment to civility pledges. It is the function of ethics to determine the ideals of human character. .7: • 1. This may be communicated through printing on the back of the business cards of the employees. Employee Hiring. accountability. Responsibility is • (i) being accountable for one’s actions. • (e) Institute recognition and reward system for the employees who exemplify the positive character. • (g) Think of your employees as present or future mentors. The six pillars of character are the ethical values. fairness. promise keeping. Respect means showing high regard for self. fairness. and during in-service training. and caring. • It includes showing appreciation for cultural diversity by valuing all people as human beings. authority. • (ii) being dependable in carrying out obligations and duties.• (b) Prominently and explicitly include character considerations in recruiting procedures. respect. in appraisals/reviews. • (d) Include evaluation of fundamental character values such as honesty. during interviews and in the hiring deliberations. and • (iv) being committed to community development. • (f) Think of your employees. coaches. initial job training. • (iii) being reliable and consistent in word and action. . caring and citizenship. such as: trustworthiness. awards and medals. for example. and volunteers. others. property and country. • (c) Emphasize the importance of character and adherence to the ‘six pillars’ of character in orientation. responsibility. as people whose personal and work values will be influenced by what you expect of them and how you treat them. especially the younger ones. g. and • (d) Electronic mails. consciously communicate affirming messages about character and ethics. vendors and others. such as • (a) Advertise and market honoring consensual values (the six pillars). External Communication • In relations with customers. • (b) Workplace posters in canteens and recreation rooms • (c) Mailers. 3. billings and other mailers. and mentoring.. . e. • (b) Assure that none of your products and services undermines character building. Internal Communication • Use internal communication channels to create a friendly environment that praises positive role modeling at the workplace and in the community by encouraging voluntarism. through • (a) Internal newsletters. and • (d) ‘Character counts’ week in advertising. • (c) Include positive messages about voluntarism and celebrate.2. • (b) Sponsor ‘character’ movement through financial support. 5. (b) Encourage educational and youth organizations to become active in character building. and Rotary clubs) and other companies to support ‘character’ building. Community Outreach • (a) Use public outreach structures to encourage mentoring and other character-building programs. conference boards. • (c) Use corporate influence to encourage business groups (chambers of commerce. Offer incentives such as paying employees for the time they contribute at a local youth-service organization.4. Financial and Human Resources • (a) Support local and national ‘character’ projects and the activities of the members by encouraging staff members to get involved. . communication. for better returns). • This is said to be the great virtue of Indian philosophy and for Indians. and always sharing responsibility with others.SPIRITUALITY • Spirituality is a way of living that emphasizes the constant awareness and recognition of the spiritual dimension (mind and its development) of nature and people. It functions as a fertilizer for the soil ‘character’ to blossom into values and morals. regarding the worldly events. spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural power/ God. acceptance (stop finding faults with colleagues and accept them the way they are). and partnership (not being too authoritative. with a dynamic balance between the material development and the spiritual development. recognition of the individual as human being (as opposed to a life-less machine). vision (looking beyond the obvious and not believing anyone blindly). • Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform better. Sometimes. . respect to others. • Spirituality includes creativity. Spirituality in the Workplace • Building spirituality in the workplace: Spirituality is promoted in the workplace by adhering to the following activities: • 1. . Verbally respect the individuals as humans and recognize their values in all decisions and actions. . Sprituality for Corporate Excellence • The spiritual traits to be developed for excellence in corporate activities are listed as follows: • 1. spontaneity which includes quick reflexes. Know their goals. Sense of vocation — Treat the duty as a service to society. Get to know the people with whom you work and know what is important to them.e. These are essential for not only building the team but also for its effective functioning. Creative thinking and constant reasoning — Think if we can do something new and if we can improve further? • 9. . • 11. • 5. Ability to analyze and synthesize — Refrain from doing something only traditional. • 7.• 2. which means the welfare of the self. • 8. • 5. State your personal ethics and your beliefs clearly. • 6. empathy and concern for others. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Holism — Whole system or comprehensive views and interconnected with different aspects. • Holistic thinking. • 3. desires. One need not follow the crowd or majority i.e. • 2. • 4. Humility — The attitude to accept criticism (it requires courage!) and willing to correct. It includes modesty and acknowledging the work of colleagues.e. Being visionary and value based — This includes an attitude towards future of the organization and the society. Respect for diversity — It means search for unity in diversity i. Encourage leaders to use value-based discretion in making decisions. • 10. and dreams too. Alertness in observation and quickness in decision making. family. Moral Autonomy — It means action based on rational and moral judgment. Demonstrate your own self-knowledge and spirituality in all your actions. • 12.. • 3. with clear objectives. i. respect others and their views. organization and the society including all other living beings and environment. besides your organization. • 7. Self-awareness — Realization of self-potential.. Support causes outside the business. Positive views of adversity — Make adversities one’s source of power—a typical Karma yogi’s outlook! Every threat is converted into opportunity. • 4. no delay but also no hasty decisions. • 6. A human has immense capability but it needs to be developed. band-wagon effect. Compassion — Sympathy. the constant meditation and introspection eradicate the mental flaws. psychic and spiritual. emotional. It works on all aspects of the person: the physical.•Introduction To Yoga • Yoga is a science of right living and it works when integrated in our daily life. . The word yoga means ‘unity’ or ‘oneness’ and is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’ which means ‘to join’. mental. • Yoga. one related to the Self and the other to the Not-Self. unruffled. within that Marga or path of knowledge. which puts it less technically and scientifically. and declares that in the quietude of the mind and the tranquility of the senses. • Yoga as Science The two great methods of Yoga. a man may behold the majesty of the Self. The Yoga we are studying specially concerns the Marga of Jnanam or knowledge. reflects the higher. The scientific method is one that follows the old Indian conception. we are dealing only with the science of Yoga and not with other means of attaining union with the Divine. one is often at a loss for the English equivalent of the manifold meanings of the Sanskrit tongue. Here. as everywhere in nature. You will remember the phrase used in the Upanishad. • Schools of Thought Yoga relation to Indian philosophies discussed in this section. as in explaining Yoga. we find that three subdivisions occur. and within that way. . • Yoga as Practice The lower mind. waveless. The method of producing this quietude is what we have now to consider in this section. as a waveless lake reflects the stars.• The Nature of Yoga Gain a general idea of the subject of Yoga. but more beautifully. As well as the importance of acquainting yourselves sufficiently with Sanskrit language. seeking its place in nature. its object in human evolution. its own character. such as high blood pressure.[ depression.patience. build internal energy or life force and develop compassion. • Meditation often involves an internal effort to self-regulate the mind in some way. Meditation has been practiced since antiquity as a component of numerous religious traditions and beliefs.Meditation • Meditation is a practice in which an individual trains the mind or induces a mode of consciousness. and anxiety. It may be donesitting. either to meditation (disambiguation). or in an active way—for instance. generosity and forgiveness. . Meditation is often used to clear the mind and ease many health concerns. realize some benefit or for the mind to simply acknowledge its content without becoming identified with that content or as an end in itself. • The word meditation carries different meanings in different contexts. • The term meditation refers to a broad variety of practices that includes techniques designed to promote relaxation. These can include physical health decline as well as depression. using various physiological tests. the term 'stress' refers only to a stress with significant negative consequences. . stress management provides a number of ways to manage anxiety and maintain overall well-being. The process of stress management is named as one of the keys to a happy and successful life in modern society. especially chronic stress. • Stress produces numerous physical and mental symptoms which vary according to each individual's situational factors. • Although life provides numerous demands that can prove difficult to handle. similar to those used in polygraphs. • In this context.Stress management • Stress management refers to the wide spectrum of techniques and psychotherapies aimed at controlling a person's levels of stress. or distress in the terminology. levels of stress are readily measurable. • Despite stress often being thought of as a subjective experience. usually for the purpose of improving everyday functioning. Much more research is necessary to provide a better understanding of which mechanisms actually operate and are effective in practice. each with distinctive explanations of mechanisms for controlling stress. which may help an individual reduce their levels of stress. Some are accepted as effective treatments for use in psychotherapy. . for self-help. whilst others with less evidence favoring them are considered alternative therapies. as limited research currently exists. Consequently.•Many practical stress management techniques are available. •Evaluating the effectiveness of various stress management techniques can be difficult. Many professional organizations exist to promote and provide training in conventional or alternative therapies. some for use by health professionals and others. •There are several models of stress management. provide positive feelings of control over one's life and promote general well-being. the amount and quality of evidence for the various techniques varies widely. THANK YOU .