The Translation Procedures in Translating English- Indonesian Text atTranslation Class Applied by Fourth Semester Students Translation Class of Yogyakarta State University in the Academic Year 2012/2013 By Muhammad Agung Buono 09202244015 A. Background of the Study Translation is a part of English language learning where the language is not first language. It is also one of the regular units in the Translation Studies Curriculum of English Language and Literature Study Program and English Language Education Study Program, with a credit value of 2 points. It is a pre-requisite unit to Translation Study Program. The unit requires the student to undertake bilingual translating practice that that involves English text as Source Text (ST) and Bahasa Indonesia Text as Target Text (TT) and vice versa. It aims at providing student with pre-intermediate bilingual translating practice at the level of discourse semantic and the level of lexico-grammar. The purpose of translation methods and procedures – and of translating itself – is to achieve maximal equivalence, or equivalent effect. One of efforts to achieve this aim is the student applied translation procedure. mentions the difference between translation Newmark methods and (1988b) translation procedures. He writes that, "While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language" (p.81). Wrong translation procedure may result in awkward translation even the product does not have any sense at all. Some procedures are suitable to apply at certain sentence. Lexical Problems In the interpretation of lexical problems. Identification of the Problem Probem dealing with translation as mentioned by Dr.g. mother. He divides lexical problems into five subcategories: a. b. c. father. Lexical meaning Lexical meaning refers to words or phrases which seem to be equivalen. etc). Straight/ denotative meaning This kind of meaning refers to those words of the source text that can be matched with those of the target text "without missing images" (e. although words are entities that refer to objects or concepts. although in that situation this may not be the case. the translator must be aware of the intention beyond the words in order not to misrepresent the author's message. Miremadi (1991). Metaphorical expression . It is important to investigate what translation procedures applied by the students so that their characteristic can be identified as a tool to design more effective translation teaching-learning process. Miremadi states that. but not all are fit for any sentence. translation problems are divided into two main categories: lexical problems and syntactic problems. B. 1. a word in one language may not be substituted with a word in another language when referring to the same concepts or objects. sometimes the specific meaning that they carry. Although proper names refer to individuals and can be transcribed from one language into another. According to Dr. e. The close equivalents may be found. Miremadi (1991) offers the following suggestions for translating idiomatic expressions: a) Distinguishing between ordinary expressions and metaphors b) Having access to the resources of translating a single metaphor c) Being aware of different contexts and their constraints on using metaphors d) Correctly realizing the constraints on the translation. this may happen in two cases. that this case occurs when the systems of lexicalization of shared expressions are different from each other. Broeik (1981) quoted by Dr. Semantic voids This subcategory includes those words and/or expressions that represent concepts that cannot be found in other special communities. . and subject to intra-linguistic factors such as those concepts that may exist in two language communities but the structure of their use may be completely different. although the exact equivalent cannot. subjects to extra-linguistic factors such as those words that have referents in a certain speech community but not in others. Proper names The last but not the least sub-category in this group is the problem of proper names. Miremadi (1991) mentioned. as Dr. d. and rendering the message. Miremadi (1991). Dagut (1931) believes.This subcategory refers to the problematic issues of translating idioms and similar expressions. Word classes Languages differ from each other in the internal word formation of language classification. b. may be lost (e. there is no completely exact translation between any two languages and as Dr. a translator is expected to convey the message of the source text to target readers.which do not exist in the target speech community. the degree of approximation between two language systems determines the effectiveness of the translation.e. as Dr. one can find no two languages that have the exact identical systems of structural organizations (i. however. Syntactic problems Syntactic problems are the other main category of translation problems. Asghar Rize in Persian). Limitation of the Problem This research tried to investigate Translation Procedures in Translation Class Applied by Fourth Semester Students of Yogyakarta State University in the . c. Style e. language structure varies from one language to another). These differences include: a. Word order d. Grammatical relations .g. Pragmatic aspects Considering all these problems. 2. C. Miremadi (1991) quoted Nida (1975). Miremadi (1991) quoted Werner (1961).This difference exists among the languages in the way that a constituent of a sentence functions within that sentence. 2. it is expected that this research will give them knowledge about translation procedure applied by translation class so they can find student failure in translation based on their procedure used thus more effective teachinglearning process can be design. . ideology. identification. For the lecturers. It does not investigate translation strategy. 3. F. D. The result of this research will give information about translation procedure applied by translation class students that can be used to other researchers to study further in translation field. Objective of the Research This research is aimed to investigate translation procedures in translation class applied by fourth semester students of Yogyakarta State University in the Academic Year Translation Class of 2012/2013.Academic Year Translation Class of 2012/2013. approach or other component. the problem is formulated as follows: what are translation procedures in translation class applied by fourth semester students of Yogyakarta State University in the Academic Year Translation Class of 2012/2013 ? E. Formulation of the Problem Based on the background. Significance of the Research 1. The result of this result can be used as source to help investigating students’ characteristics in translation procedure because unsuitable translation procedure may result in awkward translation even failure. and limitation of the problem. "they are not accurate" (Newmark. (Newmark." Here economy trumps (Newmark. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. 1988b:83) 3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. (Newmark. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components. 1988b:82) 2. Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. 1988b:83) 4. (Newmark. . then to the normal morphology of the TL. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent. Theorical Review The characteristics of sentence and units of translation in English text are different to Indonesian so that understanding of this concept is necessary to use appropriate procedure. Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent.4. It can be used as consideration in choosing material in translation text to help student understand suitable procedure to sentence and translation units in certain kinds of text. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation. however. 1988b:84) accuracy. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription." 2. 1988b:114) 6." (Newmark. 1988b:83) 5. G. The following are the different translation procedures that Newmark (1988b) proposes: 1. 1988b:84) 8. 1988b:90) 12.7. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. it works . Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. 1988b:91) In addition. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL. 1988b:91) 14. for instance. 1988b:88) 10. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. Translation by a more general word . This is one of the most common strategies to deal with many types of nonequivalence." (Newmark. (Newmark. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations. (i) change from singular to plural. (Newmark. (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark. 1988b:91) 13. since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark. (Newmark. 1988b:89) 11. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. As Baker believes. (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word. there are eight stretegies proposed by Mona Baker (1992: 26-42: 1. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term. change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. 1988b:86) 9. (Newmark. names of organizations and components of compounds. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL. the paraphrase strategy may be used instead of using related words. more understandable and more familiar to the target reader. languages. it . Translation by a more neutral/ less expressive word . The degree to which the translator is given license by those who commission the translation b. At the first time the word is mentioned by the explanation and in the next times the word can be used by its own. 6. 5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word This strategy is used when the source item in lexicalized in the target language but in a different form. Translation by cultural substitution. When the meaning of the source item is complex in the target language. This strategy involves replacing a culturespecific item or expression with a target language item considering its impact on the target reader. Using the loan word with an explanation is very useful when a word is repeated several times in the text. This strategy makes the translated text more natural. The purpose of the translation 4. Translation by paraphrase using unrelated words The paraphrase strategy can be used when the concept in the source item is not lexicalized in the target language. because in the semantic field. Translation using a loan word or loan word plus explanation This strategy is usually used in dealing with culture-specific items. 3. and buzz words. meaning is not language dependent. and when the frequency with which a certain form is used in the source text is obviously higher than it would be natural in the target language. 2.appropriately in most. if not all. This is another strategy in the semantic field of structure. modern concepts. The translator's decision to use this strategy will depend on: a. Last updated on: 12/19/2012 02:54:39 URL: http://translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.may be based on modifying a super-ordinate or simply on making clear the meaning of the source item.9(2).jofamericanscience.net/journal/41culture.org. Translation by omission This may be a drastic kind of strategy. 7. There are numerous translation procedure can be used to translate English text into Indonesian text and vice versa. 8. translators use this strategy to avoid lengthy explanations. Translation Strategies Used by Students of Translation. but in fact it may be even useful to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts. If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not necessary to mention in the understanding of the translation. Last updated on: 12/20/2010 13:13:42 http://www.htm.Journal of American Science 2013. References URL: http://translationjournal. Translation by illustration This strategy can be useful when the target equivalent item does not cover some aspects of the source item and the equivalent item refers to a physical entity which can be illustrated. TEFL and Literature: A Study of English-Persian Renderings of Argumentative Texts .htm. Inadequate of this knowledge may result awkward translation because the student to use their known procedure. particularly in order to avoid over-explanation and to be concise and to the point. .