TM422

OSB Performance by DesignOriented Strand Board in Wood Frame Construction Canadian Edition 2004 TM ABOUT THIS MANUAL This Manual has been developed to provide the designer, specifier, builder and home buyer with as complete a source of information as possible on the specification and use of oriented strand board (OSB). Now in its fourteenth printing, it has been completely revised to reflect recent code changes, new standards, new information and new products. It also reflects the growth of the Structural Board Association as the leading voice of the OSB Industry. WAIVER OF RESPONSIBILITY Every effort has been taken to ensure that the information published in this manual is accurate and as complete as possible. The Structural Board Association does not, however, assume responsibility for errors or omissions in this publication, nor for any designs or specifications based on it. It is the specifier’s and/or user’s responsibility to obtain the necessary approvals and inspections from the local building officials. Performance by Design TM is a registered trademark of the Structural Board Association. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT SBA committed its technical resources and engaged the services of Quaile Engineering Ltd. and Kwik Kopy Design & Print Centre. We would also like to acknowledge the participation of several industry reviewers who ensured the completeness of this manual. Cover photos courtesy of Cloverdale Truss Co. Ltd. (Surrey, BC) and Weyerhaeuser Canada Ltd. (Edmonton, AB). © Copyright 2004 Structural Board Association TM422 03M0804 Printed in Canada ISBN 1-896479-02-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 1.1 1.2 Oriented Strand Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Research Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2.0 Manufacturing Process 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Basic Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Performance by Design ™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 OSB and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3.0 OSB Products 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Panel Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 OSB Conforming to CSA O325.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 OSB Conforming to CSA O437.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 U.S. Standard PS 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Panel Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 4.0 Properties 4.1 4.2 Physical and Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Other Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 5.0 Residential and Low Rise Commercial Installation 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5 5.1.6 5.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Floor Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Fastening for Floor Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Finished Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Concrete Topping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Hardwood Floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Ceramic Tile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Floor Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Floor Underlayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Roof Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Ventilation of Attic and Cathedral Roof Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Prevention of Ice Damming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Truss Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Wall Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Exterior Siding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Moisture During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Detailing and Good Construction Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Shipping Handling and Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Maximum Loads for CSA O325 OSB Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 6.0 Other Uses for OSB 6.1 6.2 6.2.1 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 Structural Insulated Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Wood I-Joists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Engineered Floor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Renovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Industrial Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Engineering Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Horizontal Diaphragms and Shearwalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 OSB Panels over Metal Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 i Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 OSB Manufacturing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 OSB Lay-up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Examples of Certification Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Floor Sheathing Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Floor Underlayment Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Roof Sheathing Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Wall Sheathing Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Exterior Siding Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Typical Structural Insulated Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Table 10 Table 11 Basic Properties of CSA O437.0 OSB and Waferboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 Performance Requirements for CSA O325.0 and PS 2 OSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Minimum Nail Resistance Requirements for OSB Panels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Physical Properties of OSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Fastening Schedule for OSB Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Nail Weight, Length and Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Recommended Floor Sheathing for Hardwood Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Recommended Floor Sheathing Systems for Ceramic Tile Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Maximum Allowable Loads for Rated OSB Roof Sheathing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Factored Shear Resistance for OSB Shearwalls with S-P-F Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Factored Shear Resistance for OSB Diaphragms with S-P-F Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Appendix A Appendix B Glossary of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 SBA Member Plant Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 SBA Member Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Associate, Allied and Research Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 ii 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Oriented Strand Board Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a structural panel suitable for a wide range of construction and industrial applications. It is a mat-formed panel made of strands sliced in the long direction from small diameter, fast growing round wood logs and bonded with an exteriortype binder under heat and pressure. OSB’s predecessor random waferboard has been commercially available since 1962. OSB became available in 1981 and has now replaced waferboard. However, waferboard panels are still available from one manufacturer in Canada. OSB and waferboard conforming to CSA Standard O437.0 is referenced by the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) and all provincial codes. Grade O-2 OSB is specifically recognized by the NBCC as being structurally equivalent to plywood when used as roof, wall and floor sheathing. The NBCC also references construction sheathing conforming to CSA Standard O325.0. These panels are performance tested for use as subfloor, roof sheathing and wall sheathing. While any wood based material may be used to make construction sheathing, OSB is commonly certified to CSA O325. The OSB industry is well established and growing rapidly. To the end of 2003 the worldwide industry had grown to 77 mills (40 U.S., 24 Canadian, 13 offshore) with a combined production of 24 million cubic metres. Additional mills are under construction and in the planning stage in the U.S., Canada and offshore. It is anticipated that by 2006 there will be 80 mills worldwide. 1.2 Research Program Over the years the SBA has been a major participant in the direction, coordination and funding of a market driven research and development program. Its purpose is to enhance the OSB products manufactured by its members, as well as to optimize the manufacturing process. This program, conducted by an alliance of reputed research organizations and universities in the U.S. and Canada, led to several achievements including but not limited to: optimization of log yard management and pressing operations, development of OSB products with improved physical and mechanical properties, OSB product stewardship, process modeling, and development of OSB engineering properties. 1 2.0 MANUFACTURING PROCESS 2.1 Basic Steps Figure 1 illustrates the typical sequence in the manufacturing of OSB. OSB is made from aspen, poplar, southern yellow pine or other mixed hardwood and softwood logs. The logs are debarked and cut to shorter lengths before being processed in the strander. The fines and bark become fuel for the mills energy system. The strander slices the logs into strands along the direction of the grain. Strand dimensions are predetermined for the process and have a uniform thickness. The majority of Association mills use a combination of strands ranging in length from 90 to 150 mm and approximately 25 mm wide. The strands are then dried and sorted. Before forming, the strands are mixed with wax and a waterproof exterior-type binder (generally phenolic or isocyanate resin binder). These waterproof and boil-proof resin binders will provide the panel with internal strength, rigidity and moisture resistance. During forming the strands are oriented in layers. The strands on the panel surface are generally aligned in the long direction of the panel for superior bending strength and stiffness in this direction (see Figure 2). The two or three inner layers are usually cross-aligned to the surface layer like plywood. In waferboard the wafers are approximately 25 mm x 45 mm and are randomly placed throughout the panel. After forming the mat of strands is pressed at a high temperature and pressure to form a rigid, dense structural panel. OSB has considerable bending strength that comes from the uninterrupted fibre, interweaving of the long strands and orientation of strands in the surface layers. The panels are then cooled, cut to size, grade stamped, stacked in bundles and edge coated for shipping. 2.2 Performance by Design™ Oriented Strand Board structural wood panels are often designed by the manufacturing process to meet specific end uses required by the customer. This flexibility in manufacturing provides superior performance with economical cost to give excellent value to the end user. 2.3 Quality Assurance The quality of OSB is the responsibility of the individual producer. Each SBA mill has a program of in-plant quality control to ensure the finished product meets or exceeds the grade required in the applicable standard and the mill specification. Third party quality assurance and audit programs back up the mill programs. The SBA suggests that its producer members adopt a “Total Quality” concept. This starts with the cutting of trees in the forest to the shipping of finished product from the mill to the customer’s satisfaction. State-of-the-art computer process control equipment, which is uniquely designed for each plant, greatly helps the implementation of in-mill quality control by monitoring and adjusting the process variables on a continuous basis. Plant quality control staff oversee the process monitoring, paying particular attention to selection of logs by species, size and moisture content; strand geometry and thickness; strand moisture content after drying; consistent blending of strands, resin binder and wax addition; uniform forming of the mat entering the press; the press temperature, pressure, closing speed, density and thickness control. Figure 2 OSB Lay-up (A) Random Waferboard (B) OSB with aligned face and oriented core (C) OSB with aligned face and random core 2 Quality control personnel regularly inspect panel faces, edges, dimensions after trimming and the physical appearance of the finished panel. They also undertake physical testing of the panels according to standard test procedures as necessary to verify that production conforms to the applicable standard and mill specification. Besides company process and quality control, manufacturers grademarking to CSA O325 or exporting to the U.S. are required to have independent third party inspection and testing to CSA O325.1 and /or the U.S. Performance Standard PS 2 by an approved certification agency, another assurance that quality is maintained. Modern mills are scientifically designed to meet or exceed the strict quality standard for air emissions by using collectors, precipitators, scrubbers or regenerative thermal oxidation units to remove particulate and volatile organic compounds from the discharge gases released into the atmosphere. Where log soaking ponds are used, the water is filtered and the ponds are self cleaning. The mills are designed to be self sufficient in terms of heat energy with all bark, screenings, sawdust and panel trim recycled as fuel for the dryer and the press heating system. Like construction plywood, OSB panels are bonded under heat and pressure with phenol formaldehyde or isocyanate binders that become durable, insoluble heatresistant polymers that resist age, moisture and chemical degradation. Regular tests confirm formaldehyde emissions from phenolic-bonded OSB panels are nonexistent or negligible. However, freshly sawn OSB may have the distinctive odour of freshly cut wood of the same species. SBA also provides a generic Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for OSB and waferboard, and other technical information on the binder system. Manufacturers are also required by WHMIS to issue statements about wood dust. 2.4 OSB and the Environment Oriented Strand Board is generally manufactured from aspen in the northern part of North America and southern yellow pine in the south. However, other hardwood and softwood species or combinations may also be used. Aspen and northern hardwoods are harvested from naturally regenerated self-sustaining stands. Southern yellow pine is harvested from managed private stands and includes thinnings. The manufacturing process uses most of the log and modern mills typically convert the remaining bark, saw trim, and sawdust into energy. 3 3.0 OSB PRODUCTS 3.1 Panel Sizes Performance based OSB panels are specifically engineered for floor, roof, and wall sheathing purposes in wood frame construction. Panels are available in 1220x2440 mm (4’x8’) sheets or cut to size dimensions. For industrial applications larger sizes up to 2440x7320 mm (8’x24’) are available by special order. Some new mills manufacture master panels up to 3660x7320 mm (12’x24’) or other custom sizes. The span mark indicates the maximum centre to centre spacing of the supporting members in inches. The standard marks are 16, 20, 24, 32, 40, and 48. Panels may qualify for more than one end use. For example, a panel may be marked 1R24/2F16/W24. Part 9 of the NBCC uses the panel marks (not thicknesses) to show the minimum panels permitted for specific end uses and spans. Construction sheathing panels are also marketed according to the panel marks. Actual thicknesses determined during qualification testing are in steps of 0.5 mm and for a given span mark can vary slightly between manufacturers (a thin, strong panel may perform better than a thick, weaker, less stiff, panel). 3.2 OSB Conforming to CSA O325.0 CSA Standard O325.0 “Construction Sheathing” is a performance based standard for floor, roof and wall sheathing. Panels installed on framing are evaluated for ability to carry loads and resist deflection under loading and conditions simulating or exceeding those experienced in service and during construction. This standard permits the use of panels to be of any thickness and made with either veneer or strands. The components must be bonded with phenol formaldehyde resin or an equivalent binder. The criteria for acceptance is the ability of the panels to perform, not how they are made. This product requires third party certification for conformance. CSA O325.0 specifies rigorous performance tests for concentrated and uniform static loads under wet and dry conditions. Impact tests are specified as well as fastener holding capability. Physical properties of linear expansion, thickness swelling, panel stability and bond durability are also tested. The ability of a product to meet the performance requirements of a given end use is shown on the panel by a PANEL MARK . This panel mark consists of an end use mark followed by a span mark, eg. 1F16. The end use markings are as follows: Mark 1F 2F 1R 2R W End Use Subfloor Subfloor used with panel-type underlay Roof sheathing without edge support Roof sheathing with edge support Wall sheathing 3.3 OSB Conforming to CSA O437.0 CSA Standard O437.0 “OSB and Waferboard” is a product standard that prescribes the minimum mechanical and physical properties that the panels must have. Conformance to this standard is done by in-mill testing to CSA O437 by mill personnel. In-mill tests can be verified by third party testing if desired by the user. This standard contains three grades. Grade R-1 is waferboard, which is being phased out. Grades O-1 and O-2 are OSB panels. The NBCC specifies the use of OSB based on grade and panel thickness. The O-2 grade thicknesses are a soft conversion of standard imperial sizes. The O-1 and R-1 thicknesses are a hard conversion (see table below). Other panel thicknesses including 22.0 mm, 28.5 mm and 32.0 mm are available on special order. Panels 15.0 mm and thicker are manufactured either square-edged or tongue and grooved on the long edge. Most mills produce panels with textured surface treatments for improved traction on sloping roofs. Regular panels are either unsanded or touch sanded, however the product may be ordered smooth sanded on one or both sides for industrial or decorative uses. The nominal thicknesses of CSA O437.0 OSB and waferboard are as follows: Grade O-2 (mm) Grade O-1, R-1 (mm) Imperial (in.) 6.0 6.35 1/4 7.5 7.9 5/16 9.5 9.5 3/8 11.0 11.1 7/16 12.0 – 15/32 12.5 12.7 1/2 15.0 – 19/32 15.5 15.9 5/8 18.0 – 23/32 19.0 19.0 3/4 4 3.4 U.S. Standard PS 2 SBA members’ OSB production is generally intended for use in both the United States and Canada. As a result OSB panels are typically manufactured to meet both the U.S. Department of Commerce Voluntary Performance Standard PS 2 “Performance Standard for Wood Based Structural Use Panels” and CSA Standard O325.0 “Construction Sheathing”. PS 2 was a joint development of the U.S. and Canadian wood panel industry to harmonize the performance standards under the U.S./Canada Free Trade Agreement. The standard was promulgated by the U.S. Congress in August 1992. A second edition is due for publication in 2004. As shown in Table 2 the performance requirements of PS 2 and CSA O325.0 are quite similar. PS 2 has higher strength requirements for wall sheathing and also includes racking tests for wall and roof panels when used as shearwalls or diaphragms. The span ratings shown on the PS 2 OSB panel markings consist of two numbers separated by a slash e.g. 24/16. The left-hand number shows the maximum support spacing for roof sheathing and the right-hand number gives the maximum support spacing for floor sheathing in inches. PS 2 panels for single floors (combination subfloor and underlayment) have a single number followed by the letters OC e.g. 20 OC. This means the maximum support spacing is 20 inches (500 mm) on centre and edge blocking or tongue and groove edges are required. also be shown) - The direction of face alignment - The date code - The certification agency logo - The words Exterior Bond or Exterior Type Binder Some panels may have more than one mark. For instance some panels are certified to CSA O325.0 and PS 2, in which case the panel mark will contain information required by both standards. CSA Standard O437.0 requires that all OSB and waferboard panels made in conformance with this standard be clearly marked with the following information: - The manufacturer’s name or logo and Mill Number - The designation CSA O437.0 - The words Exterior Bond or EXT. BOND - The appropriate grade mark R-1, O-1, O-2 - The nominal thickness in mm - The direction of orientation if O-1 or O-2 grade - THIS SIDE DOWN on the back of T and G panels Panels manufactured to CSA O437 may have edge and end defects that can be eliminated by cutting back the panel so that the remaining panel size meets the requirements of the standard. These panels are marked SHOP PANELS and are suitable for many uses in the reduced size. SBA member mills provide 2.6 square metres of usable panel in each shop panel. Panels not meeting the requirements of either CSA standard or the U.S. Standard are marked REJECT - ALL OTHER MARKS VOID. These panels are not suitable for building construction. Panels manufactured for export sale are also marked with stamps required by the importing country. In addition, each panel must be marked with Made in Canada either on the face or edge. 3.5 Panel Marking CSA O325.0 panels are required to be marked with the following information (see Figure 3 for examples): - The manufacturer’s name or logo and Mill Number - The designation CSA O325.0 - The panel mark denoting the span rating and end use - The nominal thickness in mm (inch equivalents may Figure 3 Examples of Certification Marks 5 4.0 PROPERTIES 4.1 Physical and Mechanical OSB is manufactured with aligned strands in the long direction on both panel faces. The alignment of strands gives OSB panels improved strength in the long panel direction. Direction of application is marked on these panels. Waferboard panels with randomly placed wafers have approximately equal strength and stiffness in all directions in the plane of the panel and may be installed in either direction across the supports. The minimum physical and mechanical properties of products conforming to CSA O437.0 are shown in Table 1. Table 2 lists the performance requirements of OSB produced to CSA O325.0 and U.S. standard PS 2 and Table 3 contains the nail resistance requirements. Table 1. Basic Properties of CSA O437.0 OSB and Waferboard 1 Grade O-2 Metric Imperial Dimensional tolerances, dry, as shippe d 2 • Length and width, from stated dimensions • Squareness, maximum difference in diagonals • Straightness, maximum deviation from straight • Thickness2 • panel average from nominal • within panel from panel average +0, -4 mm 4 mm 1.5 mm/ edge ±0.75 mm ±0.75 mm +0, -5/32” 5/32” 1/16”/ edge ±0.030” ±0.030” +0, -4 mm 4 mm 1.5 mm/ edge ±0.75 mm ±0.75 mm +0, -5/32” 5/32” 1/16”/ edge ±0.030” ±0.030” +0, -4 mm 4 mm 1.5 mm/ edge ±0.75 mm ±0.75 mm +0, -5/32” 5/32” 1/16”/ edge ±0.030” ±0.030” Grade O-1 Metric Imperial Grade R-13 Metric Imperial Mechanical properties, dry, as shipped 4 • Modulus of rupture - parallel • Modulus of rupture - perpendicular • Modulus of elasticity - parallel • Modulus of elasticity - perpendicular • Internal bond • Lateral nail resistance (t = thickness of panel, mm or inches as appropriate) 29.0 MPa 12.4 MPa 5500 MPa 1500 MPa 0.345 MPa 70t (N) 4200 psi 1800 psi 800,000 psi 225,000 psi 50 psi 400t (lb) 23.4 MPa 9.6 MPa 4500 MPa 1300 MPa 0.345 MPa 70t (N) 3400 psi 1400 psi 650,000 psi 190,000 psi 50 psi 400t (lb) 17.2 MPa 17.2 MPa 3100 MPa 3100 MPa 0.345 MPa 70t (N) 2500 psi 2500 psi 450,000 psi 450,000 psi 50 psi 400t (lb) Properties Following Moisture Exposure 4 • Modulus of rupture - parallel - after 2 hr boil • Modulus of rupture - perp - after 2 hr boil • Thickness swell, after 24 hr soak, maximum • 12.7 mm and thinner • thicker than 12.7 mm • Linear expansion, oven dry to saturated, maximum • parallel • perpendicular 14.5 MPa 6.2 MPa 15% 10% 0.35% 0.50% 2100 psi 900 psi 15% 10% 0.35% 0.50% 11.7 MPa 4.8 MPa 15% 10% 0.35% 0.50% 1700 psi 700 psi 15% 10% 0.35% 0.50% 8.6 MPa 8.6 MPa 15% 10% 0.40% 0.40% 1250 psi 1250 psi 15% 10% 0.40% 0.40% Notes: 1. Minimum requirements (maximum where stated) are based on a 5-panel average, with no single panel more than 20% below (or above as appropriate) the stated requirement. 2. Tolerances are for rough/sized boards. Tolerances for sanded panels are ±0.40mm for variation from nominal, and ±0.25mm for within panel variation from panel average. 3. Grade R-1 is for waferboard, which is only produced by one Canadian mill. 4. These values are not for design purposes. 6 Table 2. Performance Requirements for CSA O325.0 and PS 2 OSB Property 3 • Thickness tolerance, panels ≤ 13/16” (20.5 mm) panels > 13/16” (20.5 mm) • Length and width tolerance, from stated dimensions • Squareness tolerance, maximum deviation from square along diagonal • Straightness tolerance, maximum deviation from straight (corner to corner) CSA O325.0 Metric Imperial 1.5 mm range 1 1.5 mm range 1 +0, -4 mm 1/16” range 1 1/16” range 1 +0”, -5/32” PS 2 Metric Imperial ± 0.80 mm ± 1/32” 5% of the thickness +0, -3.2 mm +0”, -1/8” 4 mm 1.5 mm 5/32” 1/16” 1.3 mm/m 1.6 mm 1/64”/ft 1/16” • Ultimate concentrated load • roof - static - following impact • subfloor - static - following impact • combined subfloor/underlayment to 24” spacing - static - following impact • combined subfloor/underlayment 32” to 48” spacing - static - following impact • Maximum deflection under 0.89 kN load • Ultimate uniformly distributed load • roof • floor - to 32” spacing - 48” spacing • wall • Maximum deflection under uniform load2 • roof - 1.68 kPa load • floor - 4.79 kPa load 5 • Linear expansion, maximum • one sided wetting or 50% to 90% relative humidity exposure • 50% R.H. to vacuum pressure soak • Thickness swell, maximum • one sided wetting after 14 day exposure, or R.H. exposure • Bond durability (minimum modulus of rupture)4 • six cycle test • 2 hour boil • single cycle test 1.78 kN 1.33 kN 1.78 kN 1.78 kN 400 lb 300 lb 400 lb 400 lb 1.78 kN 1.33 kN 1.78 kN 1.78 kN 400 lb 300 lb 400 lb 400 lb 2.45 kN 1.78 kN 550 lb 400 lb 2.45 kN 1.78 kN 550 lb 400 lb 3.12 kN 1.78 kN 700 lb 400 lb 3.12 kN 1.78 kN 700 lb 400 lb varies with application varies with application 7.2 kPa 150 psf 15.8 kPa 330 psf 10.8 kPa 225 psf no requirements 7.2 kPa 15.8 kPa 10.8 kPa 3.6 kPa 150 psf 330 psf 225 psf 75 psf span/240 span/360 span/240 span/360 span/240 span/360 span/240 span/360 0.30% along major axis 0.35% across major axis 0.50% 0.50% 0.30% along major axis 0.35% across major axis 0.50% 0.50% 25% 25% (Single Floor only) 25% 25% (Single Floor only) 50% strength retention 50% strength retention N/A 50% strength retention N/A See table 6 of PS 2 Notes: 1. Tolerance is -0.5 mm to +1.0 mm if minimum thickness < nominal thickness, -0 to +1.5 mm if minimum thickness = nominal thickness. 2. Span is the centre to centre spacing of supports. 3. Requirements are minimum except where noted otherwise. 4. These values are not for design purposes. 5. In PS 2, for 1200 mm spacing, panels are performance tested at 3.83 kPa loading. 7 4.2 Other Properties Other properties of OSB may be summarized as follows: Workability OSB is easy to saw, drill, nail, plane, file or sand. It contains wood, fully cured waterproof and boil proof resin adhesive and a small amount of wax. Use normal carpentry tools, but carbide tipped blades are recommended for prolonged use. Wear appropriate safety protection and follow safe working procedures. As wood dust has been designated as a potential carcinogen, avoid exposure to airborne dust particles and keep work areas free of dust build-up. A material Safety Data Sheet is available from the SBA office covering wood dust. As full-size panels have a factory applied edge coating, job cut panels likely to be exposed to the weather should have uncoated edges protected by a field coat of paint or by sheathing paper to reduce moisture pick-up. Nailability The many interleaved layers create panels with good nail holding properties. Nails can be driven as close as 6mm from the panel edges without risk of splitting or breaking out. However, the Association recommends an edge distance of 10mm for structural applications. Extensive tests undertaken by research establishments show fastener performance is similar for all structural wood panels. In addition both CSA O437.0 and CSA O325.0 specify minimum nail holding capability for OSB. When using power actuated nailers do not overdrive nails, make sure eye protection is worn and follow safe working procedures. Gluability OSB may be glued with any adhesive recommended for wood. For strong bonds, lightly sand the surfaces in the areas to be glued. For more information on glued joints contact the SBA office. Paintability OSB may be finished with any good quality paint system recommended for wood. For best results the surface must be primed or sealed before painting. For exterior applications, the best finish is a good quality exterior wood paint system (primer and top coat) applied according to the paint manufacturer’s directions. Solid colour paints provide the best weather protection for the panel surface and the strands show a pleasing texture. A top quality acrylic latex exterior paint and companion primer specifically designated by the manufacturer as ‘stain blocking’ or ‘stain resistant’ are recommended. OSB also takes all kinds of stain finishes as well. However, stains do not offer as much surface protection from the weather as paints and the lifting of an occasional strand may occur. Stains are more often applied to fences, summer cottages and other applications that accept a more rustic appearance. Sanded panels present a marble-like appearance and they are less textured than unsanded panels. As varnishes, stains and paints penetrate the sanded panels more quickly than the unsanded, two coats of primer or sealer are recommended before application of the finish system. When applying paint or varnish, sand the surfaces lightly between coats; do not sand stained surfaces. Weight The approximate weight of OSB panels can be calculated from Table 4. These values are based on a density of 640kg/m 3 (40 lb/ft3). Density may vary depending on the manufacturer and moisture conditions at the time of shipment. Thermal Resistance The thermal resistance of a material is a measure of the resistance it offers to the passage of conducted heat at a steady rate. It is proportional to the density and thickness of the material. Table 4 provides thermal resistance values for various thicknesses of OSB. Permeability The permeability of a wood panel is the rate that moisture passes through the panel under stated conditions of moisture vapour pressure. It is inversely proportional to the density, degree of orientation and thickness of the panel. Vapour permeance values for OSB panels are given in Table 4. Fire Performance OSB has been tested to determine fire endurance and flame spread ratings by both SBA and APA. These tests have been undertaken by third party agencies using recognized fire test laboratories. The test results show that OSB panels, like plywood, may be used as exterior sheathing on outside walls required to have a fire rating. However, code authorities may require that stud spaces be filled with non-combustible insulation such as rock wool when structural wood panels are used on these walls. Structural wood panels are permitted to be installed between the framing and the fire-resistive covering in walls provided the length of the fastener used to attach the fire protection is increased by an amount at least equal to the thickness of the wood panel. 8 Moisture Performance OSB like all wood products reacts to changes in moisture and humidity conditions. OSB is required by North American Standards to maintain its strength and stiffness performance under normal humidity conditions, also referred to as “standard conditions”, which are represented by a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and 65 percent relative humidity. This condition is typical of protected construction. In addition, OSB is required to maintain its strength and stiffness performance when exposed to weather during long construction delays. Table 3. Minimum Nail Resistance Requirements for OSB Panels 1,2 CSA O325.0 Minimum ultimate load (N) 3 Dry Lateral roof and wall sheathing subfloors and single floors Withdrawal all sheathing 534 934 89 Wet / Redry 400 712 67 PS 2 Minimum ultimate load (N) 3 Dry 534 934 89 4 Wet / Redry 400 712 674 Loading Application Notes: 1. Nails are 51mm for sheathing less than or equal to 12.7mm, 63mm for thicker panels. 2. Comparison studies (University of Illinois) have shown the equivalent performance of OSB and plywood in lateral and withdrawal resistance of nails. 3. These values are not for design purposes. Additional information regarding shearwalls and diaphragms is given in Tables 10 & 11. 4. Not applicable for wall sheathing. Table 4. Physical Properties of OSB Nominal panel thickness (mm) 9.5 11.0 12.5 15.5 18.5 Weight (N/m2) 60 69 79 97 116 Thermal resistance (m2 °C/w) 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.16 Vapour permeance (ng/(Pa•s•m2)) 145 120 85 65 652 Flame Spread Rating 1 148 148 148 148 148 Smoke Developed Index 1 137 137 137 137 137 Notes: 1. These numbers are average test values obtained by APA, The Engineered Wood Association on several thicknesses of OSB. 2. Panel thicknesses greater than 15.5 mm were not tested, but can be assumed to provide a permeability resistance equal to or better than that of 15.5 mm panels. Vapour permeance values are given for 50% relative humidity (R.H)., and increase slightly with increasing R.H. 9 5.0 RESIDENTIAL AND LOW RISE COMMERCIAL INSTALLATION The following sections present installation instructions for OSB sheathing in residential and low rise commercial construction. The information is based on Part 9 of the NBCC and is generally applicable to the provincial building codes. combination subfloor and underlayment and do not require an additional layer. The edges of all panels must have tongue and groove joints or be supported with 38x38 mm blocking securely nailed between framing members. Panels must be installed with the direction of face grain at right angles to the joists (OSB panels have the face grain direction marked on the panel). They should be laid across three or more supports keeping the side marked “this side down” on the supports when using T&G panels. End joints must be made over the supports and should be staggered at least two supports. Subfloor sheathing panels should have a 3 mm (1/8”) gap on all sides and ends. 5.1 Floor Sheathing Figure 4 provides the recommended installation details for floor sheathing along with the maximum support spacing for the various grades. The 2F sheathing is intended to have an additional layer of structural material such as an underlayment panel, wood strip flooring applied at right angles to the joists, or concrete topping. The 1F sheathing panels are used as Figure 4 Floor Sheathing Installation T & G panels applied across supports, with mark This Side Down, placed down. All panels are to be continuous over 2 or more spans Subfloors: Leave a 3 mm (1/8”) minimum gap. Blocking if square edge panel Stagger panel end joints Joists or Trusses Note: In crawl spaces provide adequate ventilation and cover ground with moisture barrier. Subfloor Requirements CSA O437.0 OSB/Waferboard Minimum thickness Maximum Joist spacing 400 mm - 16” 500 mm - 20” 600 mm - 24” 400 mm - 16” O-2 15.5 mm 15.5 mm 18.5 mm 12.5 mm1 O-1/R-1 15.9 mm 15.9 mm 19.0 mm 12.7 mm1 Nominal Imperial 5/8” 5/8” 3/4” 1/2” CSA O325.0 OSB Minimum Panel Mark Combined subfloor/underlayment 1F16 1F20 1F24 With panel type underlayment 2F16 2F20 2F24 Notes: 1. Permitted with wood panel underlayment or concrete topping except when finished flooring consists of ceramic tile applied with an adhesive. 2. Panels shall have tongue and groove edges or have edges blocked by minimum 38x38 mm blocking securely nailed between framing members. 3. Some jurisdictions allow 22.5 mm (7/8”) thick O-2 grade panels on 800 mm (32”) joist spacing. These panels are marked 1F32. 4. If OSB subfloor is flooded due to ponding, it is recommended that several holes be drilled in pond area so that water will drain from floor. 5. For hardwood flooring recommendations refer to Section 5.1.4 10 5.1.1 Fastening for Floor Sheathing Table 5 contains the recommended fastening methods for OSB floor sheathing. Standard nail sizes and lengths are given in Table 6. For improved performance SBA recommends the use of wood screws rather than nails. The performance of any floor system can be enhanced, if in addition to the normal nailing, the sheathing panel is glued to the supporting joists with an elastomeric adhesive and the tongue and groove edges glued together. The glue creates composite action between the joists and the sheathing, which stiffens the floor and reduces vibration. In fact, many new engineered floor joist products such as I-joists can be installed on longer spans when the subfloor is glued. Use elastomeric glues conforming to CGSB Standard 71.26-M88 or ASTM standard D3498. Special attention should be given to the connection between the bottom plate of non-load bearing partition walls and the subfloor panel. SBA recommends that the subfloor be screwed to the bottom plate of the wall. Table 5. Fastening Schedule for OSB Sheathing Panel thickness Minimum Fastener Length1 Number and Location 2,3,4 20 mm thick or less - 51 mm (2”) spiral nail, - 45 mm (1-3/4”) ring thread nails or screws 5, - or 51 mm (1-1/2) staples6 - 57 mm (2-1/4”) spiral nail, - 51 mm (2”) ring thread nails or screws 5 150 mm (6”) oc at panel edges 300 mm (12”) o/c along intermediate supports Greater than 20 mm thick 150 mm (6”) oc at panel edges 300 mm (12”) o/c along intermediate supports Notes: 1. Common nails conforming to CSA B111 “Wire Nails, Spikes and Staples” are permitted in place of spiral nails, but generally have less withdrawal resistance. For power driven nails or staples used in all types of building construction, consult NER 272 issued by ICC–ES to ISANTA (www.icc-es.org). 2. Nails should be 10 mm (3/8”) minimum from panel edge. 3. Other equivalent fastening schedules may be used. 4. In high wind areas closer spacing may be necessary to offset wind uplift forces. 5. Flooring screws shall be not less than 3.2 mm in diameter, and should conform to ANSI B18.6.1 “Slotted and Recessed Wood Screws”. 6. Staples can be 38 mm long for OSB panels up to 10 mm thick. Table 6. Nail Weight, Length and Gauge Sizes of common wire nails Length (mm) 38 51 57 63 76 82 89 101 Diameter (mm) 2.34 2.84 2.95 3.25 3.66 3.66 4.47 4.88 Diameter (mm) 2.34 2.34 2.34 2.64 2.64 Diameter (mm) 2.64 No. per pound 322 167 141 104 67 63 47 25 No. per pound 518 473 400 279 240 No. per pound 175 (inches) 1-1/2 2 2-1/4 2-1/2 3 3-1/4 3-1/2 4 (inches) 0.092 0.112 0.116 0.128 0.144 0.144 0.176 0.192 Sizes of ardox spiral underlay flooring nails Length (mm) (inches) 25 1 32 1-1/4 38 1-1/2 44 1-3/4 51 2 Ringed thread subflooring nails Length (mm) 44 (inches) 0.092 0.092 0.092 0.104 0.104 (inches) 1-3/4 (inches) 0.104 11 Figure 1 OSB Manufacturing Process Log Hauling and Sorting Jackladder Blending Drying 12 Forming Line Pressing Debarking Wet Bins Stranding Finishing Line Shipping 13 5.1.2 Finished Flooring over Combination Subfloor and Underlayment After the building is closed in and heated and just before laying the finished floors, sweep and vacuum the panels. Carefully check the floor surface for protruding nail heads and make sure all panels are fully nailed. Adverse moisture conditions may have caused some panel edge swelling. Sand panel edges flush and ensure panels are dry before installing the finished floor. If the sheathing was subjected to severe moisture conditions during construction it may be necessary to level the entire surface with a light sanding. Carpet and felted-synthetic-fibre flooring may be installed on top of the panels following good practice and the flooring manufacturers directions. For resilient floorings and adhesive applied ceramic tile use a panel type underlayment. SBA also recommends that underlayment be used under wood parquet flooring. support spacings for OSB meeting Canadian standards are shown in Table 7. The subfloor should be glued and nailed to the framing and the tongue and groove or panel blocked edges should also be glued. The thick panel provides good nail holding power and the reduced support spacings along with the gluing will create a stiff floor that will help reduce floor squeaks after hardwood floor installation. It is important that the subfloor be dry when the hardwood is installed, otherwise buckling and squeaking of the hardwood floor will occur when the subfloor dries out. Should it become wet during construction it must be dried out and the moisture content checked with a moisture meter to assure that it is within limits acceptable to the hardwood manufacturer. The subfloor should be level, especially the joints between panels. Any ridges at panel edges should be sanded smooth before hardwood installation using a heavy-duty floor sander and a moderately coarse grit sandpaper. Following sanding, any areas of the floor that squeak should be renailed. For handling, storing and acclimatizing the hardwood flooring, follow the recommendations of the manufacturer or NOFMA, NWFA or MFMA. Where possible, orient the hardwood strips perpendicular to the floor framing and nail into the joists for best results. 5.1.3 Concrete Topping over OSB Subfloors Concrete toppings are often used over panel subfloors to increase the sound insulation properties and fire resistance of the floor system. Light-weight gypsum concrete manufacturers typically recommend using 19 mm of concrete poured directly over 18.0 mm (1F24) tongue and groove subfloor with the joists spaced at 400 to 600 mm on centre. However, 19 mm of concrete over 15.0 mm (1F20) subfloor with joists at 500 mm on centre, or 25 mm of concrete for joists at 600 mm on centre, is often acceptable to local building officials. The subfloor should be clean and free of contaminants before application. 5.1.4 Hardwood Floors The National Wood Flooring Association (NWFA), the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers Association (NOFMA) and major hardwood flooring manufacturers recognize the use of 18.0 mm or thicker OSB subfloor meeting PS 2 under hardwood flooring. Recommended Table 7. Recommended Floor Sheathing for Hardwood Flooring Support spacing 300 mm - 12” 500 mm - 20” 600 mm - 24” Minimum thickness of CSA O437.0 OSB 18.0 mm - 23/32” 18.0 mm - 23/32” 22.5 mm - 7/8” Minimum panel mark for CSA O325.0 OSB 1 1F20 or 2F20 1F24 or 2F24 1F32 Note: 1. 18.0 mm (23/32”) thick panels are recommended for best performance. 14 5.1.5 Ceramic Tile Table 8 provides the minimum recommended floor sheathing systems for ceramic or other tiles. For good performance it is important that the floor system be as stiff as possible. Therefore, the use of thicker subfloor (i.e. 18.0 mm or 1F24) or underlayment along with reduced fastener spacing will enhance the performance of the floor. Some jurisdictions require blocking between the floor joists in high traffic areas when ceramic tile is installed over OSB or plywood. Prohibit traffic on the tile until the mortar or adhesive has set in order to avoid cracking. Table 8. Recommended Floor Sheathing Systems for Ceramic Tile Flooring 1,2 Minimum Subfloor Panel Thickness 3 15.5 mm (5/8”) 15.5 mm (5/8”) 15.5 mm (5/8”) 15.5 mm (5/8”) Underlayment minimum 11.0 mm (7/16”) CBU 4,5 none 11.0 mm (7/16”) 8 12.0 mm (15/32”)6,8 Tile Installation Dry-Set mortar or latex-portland cement mortar Cement mortar (32 mm) 7 Organic adhesive Epoxy mortar Notes: 1. Based on ANSI Standard A108, specifications of the Tile Council of America, and NBCC. 2. Joist spacing not to exceed 400 mm (16”) oc. Joists should be blocked with solid blocking on 100 mm (4”) centres in high traffic areas. 3. Provide edge support for subfloor. 4. Bond cementitious backer units (CBUs) to subfloor with latex - Portland Cement or epoxy mortar prior to spreading mortar for setting ceramic or other tile. 5. Leave 3 mm (1/8”) space at panel ends and edges. Fill joists with mortar. 6. Leave 6 mm (1/4”) space at panel ends and edges; trim panels as necessary to maintain end spacing and panel support on framing. Fill joints with epoxy mortar when it is spread for setting tile. With single layer subfloor use solid blocking under all panel ends and edge joints, including tongue and groove joints. 7. Use No.15 asphalt felt or 4-mil polyethylene sheeting over subfloor. Reinforce mortar with wire mesh. 8. Underlayment or Exterior grade plywood. 5.1.6 Floor Vibration The span tables for sawn lumber floor joists given in Part 9 of the NBCC have been developed considering floor vibration or “bounciness”. The procedure for calculating the vibration controlled span is given in the appendix of the NBCC. This procedure recognizes that floor bounciness is reduced when thicker subfloor is used and when the subfloor is glued and nailed (or screwed) to the joists. The Canadian Wood Council’s Span Book includes floor joist span tables for 15.5 mm and 18.5 mm subfloors either nailed or glued and nailed to the joists. 15 5.2 Floor Underlayment Figure 5 provides the recommended installation details for OSB floor underlayment along with fastener size and type. Sanded 6 mm or greater OSB floor underlayment is suitable for use under many finished flooring products such as: felted-synthetic-fibre or carpet; embossed resilient flooring; perimeter glued or loose lay resilient flooring. For adhesive applied ceramic tile the underlayment must be no less than 11 mm thick if the supports are spaced more than 300 mm apart. Before applying the underlayment thoroughly sweep or vacuum clean the subfloor. Reset all popped nails and renail any loose panels. When underlayment is applied over panel subfloors, apply the panels immediately prior to installation of the finished flooring. When underlayment panels are applied over lumber board subfloors, apply panels parallel to joists if boards are perpendicular to joists. Underlayment panels may be applied in either direction if boards are at an angle less than 75° to joists. To fasten, begin nailing or stapling at contact corner of underlayment panels and work diagonally across panels. Make sure the panels are in firm contact with the subfloor when driving the fasteners. Space nails at 100 mm oc on panel edges, and 200 mm oc in the centre of the panel. Or use staples at 75 mm oc on panel edges, and 150 mm oc elsewhere. When gluing underlayment to subfloor use only solvent based glues. Figure 5 Floor Underlayment Installation Butt edges into light contact Offset panel joints 200 mm (8”) minimum Minimum 6 mm (1/4”) space around room perimeter Offset panel edge joints one joist space from subfloor panel joints Space fasteners 12 mm (1/2”) minimum from panel edge When fastening, begin at contact corner and work diagonally across panel Sanded OSB underlayment Sanded OSB Panel Thickness Size/Type 6 mm - 1/4” 19 mm (3/4”) annular grooved flooring nails or spiral nails 22 mm (7/8”) annular grooved flooring nails or spiral nails Nail Fastener Size & Type Staple Shank Diameter 1.2 mm (0.047”) 1.2 mm (0.047”) Length 22 mm (7/8”) 28 mm (1 1/8)” Crown Width 4.7 mm (3/16”) 4.7 mm (3/16”) 7.5 mm - 5/16” 16 5.3 Roof Sheathing Figure 6 provides the recommended installation details for roof sheathing along with the maximum support spacing. Before installing the sheathing, the rafters or upper truss chord should be checked to assure that they are aligned, straight and even. Curved or uneven rafters or upper truss chords affect the finished roof appearance. The panels should be installed textured side up with their long direction across the rafters or truss chords. Long panel edges should be supported or joined with edge clips where required. A 3 mm (1/8”) gap should be left at the panel edges and ends to allow for movement due to changes in humidity. Panels should be staggered at least two supports and end joints must lie over supports. Table 5 contains the recommended fastening methods for OSB roof sheathing. The installer should stand over the rafter or truss when nailing. Safety Alert: As roof sheathing may be slippery when wet, covered with frost, snow, ice, or sawdust, installers should wear rubber soled footwear, use appropriate safety equipment and use extreme caution when working on sloping roofs. Figure 6 Roof Sheathing Support panel edges at ridge Apply panels across supports All panels are to be continuous across two or more spans Supports – Rafters, Trusses or Joists Edge clips if specified Stagger panel end joints Leave a 3 mm (1/8”) minimum gap on all edges Warning: Roof sheathing panels may be extremely slippery when wet, covered with frost, snow, ice or sawdust. Installers of roof sheathing should wear rubber-soled footwear and exercise caution, especially on roof slopes exceeding 4 in 12. Based on recent studies, soles of thermoplastic rubber provide the best traction of the sole materials tested. Place screened surface of panel face up. Note: Panels that get wet should be allowed to surface dry before applying shingles. Protect uncoated edges from direct rain exposure. Roof Sheathing Requirements CSA O437.0 OSB/Waferboard 1 Minimum thickness Maximum truss, joist or rafter spacing 300 mm - 12” 400 mm - 16” 500 mm - 20” 600 mm - 24” Edges Supported2 O-2 7.5 mm - 5/16” 7.5 mm - 5/16” 9.5 mm 3 - 3/8” 9.5 mm - 3/8” 3 3 CSA O325.0 OSB Minimum Panel Mark Edges Supported2 O-1/R-1 9.5 mm - 3/8” 11.1 mm - 7/16” 12.7 mm - 1/2” 12.7 mm - 1/2” 2R16 2R16 2R20 2R24 1R16 1R16 1R20 1R24 Edges Unsupported O-1/R-1 9.5 mm - 3/8” 9.5 mm - 3/8” 11.1 mm - 7/16” 11.1 mm - 7/16” Edges Unsupported O-2 7.5 mm - 5/16” 9.5 mm - 3/8” 12.5 mm - 1/2” 12.5 mm - 1/2” Notes: 1. Panel thicknesses and marks apply for pitched roofs; where flat roofs are used as walking decks, the requirements for floors shall apply. 2. Panel edges supported by 38x38 mm blocking, metal H-clips at midspan between framing members, or have tongue and groove edges. 3. For enhanced performance SBA recommends using 9.5 mm in place of 7.5 mm and 11 mm in place of 9.5 mm sheathing. 4. Panels to be minimum 600 mm wide and continuous over two or more spans. 17 5.3.1 Ventilation of Attic and Cathedral Roof Spaces In order to minimize the impact of moisture build-up in attic spaces, it is essential that adequate ventilation be installed with 50% of the ventilation at the roof ridge and 50% at the soffit area. The NBCC specifies that the minimum unobstructed vent area equal not less than 1/300 of the total insulated ceiling area for roofs with attic spaces. For roof slopes of less than 1 in 6 or for cathedral ceilings, the free vent area must equal not less than 1/150 of the insulated area. In roofs without attic spaces (ie cathedral ceilings) the NBCC requires that 38x38 mm cross purlins be installed over the joists and that there be at least a 25 mm space between the insulation and the top of the joist for ventilation. For higher slopes the cross purlins may be omitted provided the roof joists run up the slope with at least 75 mm clearance between the top of the insulation and the top of the joist. The roof should be dry prior to shingling and should be shingled as soon as possible after installation of sheathing. Use baffles to make sure that the insulation does not block ventilation openings especially along the eaves and between truss chords. Ensure the attic hatch is sealed and bathroom or kitchen fan exhaust ducts are properly vented to the outside. Inadequte ventilation can be a cause of sheathing panel telegraphing through the shingles on cold winter days. underlayment of ice and water self-adhering protective membrane or other heavy waterproofing material must be installed from the edge of the exterior wall 900 mm up the roof under the shingles to protect the roof sheathing and in all other critical zones where roof leaks commonly occur (consult with membrane manufacturer for proper installation). 5.3.3 Truss Uplift Truss uplift is a cause of ceiling/wall separation. The ceiling lifts as the truss arches away from the interior partition. Wood in prefabricated trusses shrinks as it dries and expands when it absorbs moisture. Since the bottom chord of the truss is buried in the attic insulation, it is warmer and therefore drier than the rest of the truss. The top chord is exposed to the damp attic air and will be at a higher moisture content than the bottom chord. As a result, the bottom chord shortens and the top chord lengthens. This causes the truss to arch and lift the bottom chord with the ceiling separating it from the wall. Proper attic ventilation removes the damp air and reduces the chance of truss uplift. 5.3.2 Prevention of Ice Damming Ice damming occurs in extreme cold climates and is due to heat transfer from the attic space to the shingles melting the snow during the day time period. At night, the snow melt freezes. Repeated cycles of freeze/thaw cause a ridge of ice trapping the snow melt as it flows down the roof. The snow melt backs up under shingles and soaks the sheathing. Rain storms can also threaten the integrity of sloped roofs. The effect of ice dams and wind driven rain can be substantial from stained walls or ceilings to severe water damage. A continuous 18 5.4 Wall Sheathing Figure 7 provides the recommended installation details for wall sheathing along with the maximum support spacing. Wall sheathing panels may be installed vertically or horizontally. A 3 mm (1/8”) gap should be left between panels and around openings for windows and doors. The required fastening for wall sheathing is shown in Table 5. Blocking or diagonal bracing is generally not required with OSB sheathing unless specified by the building designer. Blocking is required at the edges of OSB shearwalls, which are specially engineered to transfer lateral wind or earthquake forces to the foundation in engineered construction (see Section 6.5). Sheathing panels should cover the upper plate and lower sill to ensure the load path from roof to the foundation is maintained. Part 9 of the NBCC requires that at least one layer of sheathing membrane be applied beneath siding, stucco or masonry veneer. Sheathing membrane may be omitted beneath siding if the joints are formed to effectively prevent the passage of wind and rain. However, the SBA recommends the use of sheathing membrane under any type of exterior cladding. Where a stucco finish is desired the sheathing should be covered with a double layer of sheathing membrane to prevent moisture saturation of the panels during stucco cure or from wind driven rain. Note that Part 9 of the NBCC specifies a minimum panel thickness of 12.5 mm and does not allow the use of tar-saturated felts or papers Figure 7 Wall Sheathing Installation Framing Panel sheathing applied with or across supports as shown, and not permanently exposed to the weather. Stagger vertical joints in horizontal applications Support all panel edges if panels are used for bracing or on shear walls Leave a 3 mm (1/8”) minimum gap on edges and around openings Wall Sheathing Requirements (Horizontal and Vertical Application) Maximum stud spacing O-2 • Siding attached to framing members, furring members or blocking • Wood shingles and shakes or vertical metal siding attached to sheathing • Asbestos cement shingles attached to sheathing • Vertical lumber or stucco lath attached to sheathing 400 mm - 16” 600 mm - 24” 600 mm - 24” 600 mm - 24” 600 mm - 24” 6.0 mm 7.5 mm 7.5 mm 9.5 mm 12.5 mm 1/4” 5/16” 5/16” 3/8” 1/2” CSA O437.0 OSB/ Waferboard Minimum Thickness O-1/R-1 6.35 mm 7.9 mm 7.9 mm 9.5 mm 12.7 mm W16 or 2R16 W20 or 2R20 W20 or 2R20 W24 or 2R24 1R24 CSA O325.0 OSB Minimum Panel Mark Type of Exterior Finish Note: 1. Panels to be minimum 600 mm wide typically. Minimum width to be 1220 mm wide when used as bracing. 19 to be used as sheathing membrane beneath stucco. The joints in the sheathing membrane should be lapped a minimum of 150 mm. Framing around all openings should be protected with two layers of sheathing membrane. In addition, proper flashing design and good construction techniques should insure that free water cannot enter the space between the membrane and the sheathing. Additional information about stucco application over OSB is available from the SBA. edges must be supported by framing members or not less than 38x38 mm blocking. Furring may also be used as recommended by the NBCC for other types of cladding. The vertical joints between panels should be protected against water entry with caulking or batten strips and flashing is required at horizontal joints unless the siding is lapped. The siding should be fastened with casing or siding nails spaced at 150 mm along panel edges, 300 mm along intermediate supports and 10 mm minimum from panel edges. Other equivalent fastening schedules may be used. Following installation OSB siding should be protected by a good exterior quality finishing system (see Section 4.2). 5.5 Exterior Siding Figure 8 provides the recommended installation details for OSB exterior siding. Prior to installation all panel edges should be treated with a primer or sealer. During installation a 3 mm gap should be left between panel edges to allow expansion without buckling. All panel Figure 8 Exterior Siding Installation 3 mm (1/8”) minimum gap between panels; caulk all joints Seal all panel edges OSB siding Support Horizontal joints lap 40 mm (1-1/2”) minimum or flash Minimum 3 mm (1/8”) gap between panels and at door and window openings OSB siding 25 mm (1”) minimum lap at foundation 200 mm (8”) minimum above grade CAULKED APPLICATION 25 mm (1”) minimum lap at foundation 200 mm (8”) minimum above grade BATTEN APPLICATION Note: Sealing of panel edges is most conveniently performed while panels are neatly stacked. Minimum Thickness 1,2 Stud Spacing 400 mm - 16” 600 mm - 24” Fastened Directly to Framing or Furring 9.5 mm (3/8”) 12.5 mm (1/2”) Fastened to Approved Sheathing 7.5 mm (5/16”) 7.5 mm (5/16”) Nail Size and Type 51 mm (2”) corrosion-resistant casing or siding nails Notes: 1. The minimum thickness of grooved or striated panels is measured from the panel back to the bottom of the groove. 2. OSB to conform to CSA O437.0, Grade O–2. 20 5.6 Moisture during Construction OSB structural sheathing is manufactured with an exterior grade adhesive. Sloped OSB roofs will allow rain water to run off. If ponding occurs on floors or other flat surfaces SBA recommends excess water be broomed off or several 25 mm diameter holes be drilled in the ponding area to allow the water to drain. required in warehousing and on the job site to protect panels from mechanical damage and lengthy exposure to adverse moisture conditions. For best results handle panels as little as possible. Ship in the original lift loads if possible. Use care in handling the panels to avoid damaging corners and edges on the job site and keep lifts out of the mud. If storing OSB panels for long periods, store lifts indoors or under cover with enough supports that panels remain flat. Provide air circulation around panels by keeping covers open and away from sides and bottoms of lift loads. 5.7 Detailing and Good Construction Practice OSB like other wood products should be protected from excess moisture. Ensure that sheathing paper or “house wrap” is properly installed under stucco or brick veneer. Provide adequate flashing over openings in brick veneer walls so that the wall cavity will drain when moisture penetrates the brick. In addition, provide adequate flashing at all roof and wall openings and at changes in horizontal and vertical direction (for example inside corners, valleys, dormers). Properly caulk the space where siding butts against door and window frames. All panels should be spaced 3 mm (1/8”) on all sides to allow for expansion due to moisture changes, and on long floors or roofs install an expansion joint every 24 m. Extra fastening and closer spacing is required in high wind or seismic areas. Check with the local building authority for these special requirements. 5.9 Maximum Loads for OSB Panels Table 9 provides the maximum allowable loads for rated OSB roof sheathing panels. This table was developed following extensive testing of these products in research facilities plus many years of successful applications in construction. In addition, panels meeting CSA O325.0 have been performance tested for a 1.7 kPa loading with a deflection limit of L/240, where L is the spacing between supports. OSB rated floor sheathing panels meeting CSA O325.0 have been tested for a 4.8 kPa uniform load with a deflection limit of L/360. 5.8 Shipping, Handling and Storage OSB is a wood based product. Reasonable care is Table 9. Maximum Allowable Loads for CSA O325 Rated OSB Roof Sheathing Panel Mark (CSA 325) Thickness (mm) Maximum Span, with Edge Support 2 (mm) Maximum Span, without Edge Support (mm) Allowable Live loads, kPa 4 ,3 Spacing of Supports, centre to centre (mm) 300 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 2R20 2R24 1R24 2R32 2R40 2R48 2R606 7.5, 9.5 9.5, 11.0, 12.5 11.0, 12.5 12.0, 12.5 15.0, 15.5 18.0, 18.5 22.0, 25.0 500 600 600 800 1000 1200 1500 500 500 4 5.7 8.1 9.1 10.4 2.4 4.8 4.8 7.4 10.0 1.4 2.8 3.1 5.7 7.8 10.0 1.4 1.9 3.3 6.0 7.8 10.0 1.4 2.8 5.5 7.8 1.4 2.8 5.5 1.7 3.3 6005 700 5 800 900 1200 Notes: 1. Values are valid when long panel dimension is across supports and for panels 600 mm or wider. For narrower panels, additional edge supports are required. 2. Tongue–and–groove edges, panel edge clips (one centered between supports, except two equally spaced between supports at 1200 mm o.c.), limber blocking, or other. 3. Values include an allowance for 0.5 kPa dead load. If higher dead loads are used, the live load should be reduced accordingly. 4. 600 mm for 12.5 mm panels. 5. For enhanced performance, SBA recommends minimum 1R24 at 400 mm o.c. and 2R32 at 600 mm o.c. 6. Check with suppliers for availability. 21 6.0 OTHER USES FOR OSB 6.1 Structural Insulated Panels Structural Insulated panels (SIPS), also known as foamcore sandwich panels, are becoming increasingly popular for use as structural floors, walls and roofs (see Figure 9). These products provide an alternate Figure 9 Typical solution for owners structural insulated panel and builders Interior sheathing concerned with energy efficiency and dwindling natural resources. These panels are typically manufactured in sizes from 1220x2440 mm (4’x8’) to 2440x7320 Foam mm (8’x24’) and Core have quality certified OSB faces with either precast or foamed in place rigid foam cores. They are manufactured Exterior sheathing throughout the U.S. and Canada in modern quality controlled plants to fit a variety of home designs and can easily be erected on prepared foundations by trained installers. Individual manufacturers certify capacities for the panels in accordance with an ASTM Standard or an ICBO evaluation report. Individual U.S. manufacturers have national and local code approval under the National Evaluation System and Canadian manufacturers are looking toward Canadian Construction Materials Centre (CCMC) for evaluation. For more information and a list of panel manufacturers, contact the Structural Insulated Panel Association (www.sips.org). Wood I-joists can be cut to desired lengths either on the job site or by order from the manufacturer. Most joists are supplied with knockout ports for the installation of electrical or heating systems. These knockout ports are located within the joists so as not to effect strength performance. SBA recommends the use of 25.0 mm thick OSB rim boards equal in depth to the I-joist as part of the floor system for added strength and load-carrying capacity (refer to ICBO ES Report AC124 “Acceptance Criteria For Wood-Based Rim Board Products”). SBA discourages the use of nailed in place ordinary OSB wall sheathing alone in load bearing rim joist applications. For more information contact the SBA or members of the Wood I-joist Manufacturers Association. 6.2.1 Engineered Floor Systems Designers and builders are utilizing the superior loadcarrying capability of the wood I-joist along with thicker (22.5 or 25.0 mm) OSB subfloor panels to construct an engineered floor system that gives superior performance in terms of deflection and vibration. This system is very popular for long spans or under ceramic or marble tile finished floors. For more information contact the SBA or the I-joist manufacturer. 6.3 Renovation OSB can be used in a variety of applications in renovation projects. In addition to sheathing, other applications include replacing or levelling original floors, closing exterior openings due to relocation of doors and windows, or modifying roofs to allow for construction of dormers or lofts. Solid OSB panels are often used to restrict entry to buildings being renovated or as a safety fence around the renovation site. The versatile panels also make excellent hidden forms for the construction of concrete platforms or exterior concrete stairs. 6.2 Wood I-joists Proprietary OSB is used extensively for the webs of prefabricated wood I-joists. Wood I-joists can be used for longer spans than conventional lumber, and because they are manufactured at a low moisture content, greatly reduce performance problems such as nail pops and squeaky floors that sometimes occur with conventional lumber. Individual I-joist manufacturers certify design values for their products under ASTM Standard D-5055 and CSA Standard CSA O86. They also provide a wide range of design information for use by the specifier or builder. 6.4 Industrial Applications OSB is commonly used in industrial applications. The strength, workability, versatility, value and lack of formaldehyde emissions, make them excellent alternatives to plywood and solid wood. Panels specifically identified or rated for roof, wall, and floor applications in wood frame construction may be used directly, or SBA members can customize panel thickness, size or properties of OSB for specific 22 applications. These advantages have been recognized by industrial buyers particularly for crating and packaging, materials handling and manufactured housing applications. More and more OSB is chosen for crating, pallets, bins, furniture frames, display racks and store fixtures. in the separate SBA publication “Design Rated OSB Design Manual”. 6.6 Horizontal Diaphragms and Shearwalls OSB sheathing panels can be used to create horizontal diaphragms and shearwalls in order to brace buildings for wind and seismic loads. Tables 10 and 11 contain the factored shear resistance for shearwalls and diaphragms sheathed with OSB meeting CSA Standards O325, O437 or O452. CSA O86 recognizes that OSB is equivalent to plywood in diaphragms and shearwalls. Note that proper design of shearwalls and diaphragms include sizing the perimeter members for axial forces. Also, the connections between the diaphragm and shearwall must be engineered. The shearwall must also be adequately anchored to the supporting wall or foundation and the corners fastened down to prevent the wall from overturning under lateral loads. 6.5 Engineering Design Design values for OSB are given in the new CSA O86-01 “Engineering Design in Wood” for panels meeting CSA O452 “Design Rated OSB” and CSA O325 “Construction Sheathing”. Design values for shearwalls or diaphragms are also provided for panels meeting CSA O325, CSA O452 or CSA O437 “Strandboard and Waferboard”. New in-grade tests have proven that CSA O325 panels can meet the minimum strength and stiffness requirements of CSA O437. Contact the SBA office for further information on equivalent performance. Additional information on Engineering Design is available Table 10. Factored Shear Resistance (kN/m) for OSB Shearwalls with S-P-F Framing CSA O325 Panel Mark Nominal Panel Thickness (mm) Common Nail Diameter (mm) Nail Penetration in Framing (mm) 150 2R24 9.5 2.84 3.25 1R24/2F16 2R32/2F16 or 1F16 11.0 12.5 3.25 3.25 3.66 2R40/2F20 15.5 3.66 31 38 38 38 41 41 3.48 3.86 4.19 4.57 5.41 5.92 Nail Spacing at Panel Edges (mm) 100 75 5.28 5.60 6.12 6.63 8.05 8.95 6.83 7.15 7.86 8.56 10.50 11.70 50 8.95 9.27 10.20 11.20 13.40 15.30 Notes: 1. All panel edges backed with 38 mm or wider framing. Sheathing installed either vertically or horizontally. Space nails at 300 mm on centre along intermediate framing members. Panels applied directly to framing. 2. Shear resistance values are for short term duration of load, dry service conditions and common nails only. For other loading, blocking or nail type conditions, refer to CSA O86-01. 3. Values are for lumber with a moisture content of 15% or less prior to nailing. For unseasoned lumber, multiply the values by 0.8. 4. OSB to meet CSA standards O325, O437 or O452. Check for availability before specifying. 5. Values are for S-P-F framing lumber only. For other species of lumber, multiply the shear resistance values by the following factors: D.Fir-L 1.25 Hem-Fir 1.12 Northern Species 0.87 23 6.7 OSB Panels over Metal Framing The use of OSB panels over metal framing members is possible with modern fastening methods such as selfdrilling, self-tapping screws or screw-shank nails. These can be used to attach a wide range of panel thicknesses to steel flanges, or lighter members such as cold-formed steel sections. Construction adhesives recommended by the metal framing manufacturers should be used with hardened screw-shank nails. Since threads extend only part way up the shank of screws or nails, it is important to specify a fastener length sufficient to engage the metal framing. Load-span recommendations are the same as for wood-frame systems described elsewhere in this manual. (Contact SBA for additional information.) Table 11. Factored Shear Resistance (kN/m) for OSB Diaphragms with S-P-F Framing Common Nail Diameter (mm) Min. Nail Penetration in Member (mm) CSA O325 Panel Mark Nominal Panel Thickness (mm) Min. Nominal Width of Framing (mm) Blocked Diaphragms Nail Spacing (mm) at Boundaries (All Cases) and at Continuous Panel Edges Parallel to Load (Cases 3 - 4) 150 100 64 50 Nail Spacing at Other Panel Edges, mm 150 150 100 75 2.84 31 2R24 9.5 38 64 3.22 3.67 4.38 4.89 6.57 7.34 7.08 8.37 Unblocked Diaphragms Nail Spacing at 150 mm Maximum at Supported Edges Load Perp. to Unblocked Edges Case 1 2.90 3.22 All Other Cases 2-3-4 2.19 2.45 3.25 38 2R24 9.5 38 64 4.19 4.70 4.44 5.02 4.70 5.28 5.60 6.31 5.92 6.63 6.31 7.02 8.44 9.47 8.82 9.98 9.27 10.50 9.66 10.90 10.30 11.60 10.30 11.60 3.80 4.19 4.06 4.44 4.19 4.64 2.83 3.15 2.96 3.35 3.15 3.48 1R24/2F16 11.0 38 64 2R32/2F16 12.5 38 64 3.66 41 2R32/2F16 12.5 38 64 5.09 5.67 5.60 6.31 6.76 7.53 7.47 8.37 10.00 11.40 11.20 12.60 11.60 12.90 12.90 14.20 4.44 5.09 5.02 5.60 3.35 3.80 3.80 4.19 2R40/2F20 (or 1F20) 2R48/2F24 (or 1F24) 15.5 38 64 18.5 64 89 11.30(*) 16.40(*) 13.10(*) 18.80(*) Notes: 1. Space nails at 300 mm on centre along intermediate framing members. Nails placed not less than 9 mm from panel edge. Panels applied directly to framing. 2. Shear resistance values are for short term duration of load, dry service conditions and common nails only. For other loading or nail type conditions, refer to CSA O86-01. 3. Values are for lumber with a moisture content of 15% or less prior to nailing. For unseasoned lumber, multiply the values by 0.8. 4. OSB to meet CSA standards O325, O437 or O452. Check for availability before specifying. 5. Values are for S-P-F framing lumber only. For other species of lumber, multiply the shear resistance values by the following factors: D.Fir-L 1.25 Hem-Fir 1.12 Northern Species 0.87 6. (*) Two lines of fasteners required Note: Framing is permitted in either direction for blocked diaphragms 24 APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY OF TERMS Deflection: The amount a panel deflects between two supports when carrying a load. Maximum deflection for roof loads is usually L/240 for live load only or L/180 for total load. For floor loads, maximum deflection is usually L/360 for live load plus dead load. Exterior bond panel: A panel bonded with a thermosetting binder and with the quality of the adhesive bond controlled in production by means of a specified bond durability test. Major axis (Strength axis): The axis with the greater stiffness and strength in bending. For OSB, the direction of alignment of the strands in the face layers of the panel. Minor axis: The axis with the lesser stiffness and strength in bending. For OSB, the direction at right angles to alignment of the strands in the face layers of the panel. Nominal thickness: The grademark specified thickness marked on the panel. OSB: An abbreviation for Oriented Strand Board; a type of mat–formed panel with oriented or aligned strands resulting in directional properties. OSB conforms to standards such as CSA O325, O437, O452, US DOC PS 2 or other national standards (JAS, EN). Performance Rated (or Rated): Panels which have been tested to meet specific loading and deflection conditions from impact, concentrated static, uniformly distributed and racking loads for panels intended to span two or more supports. Strand: A specialized knife-cut wood flake of controlled thickness and a length along the grain orientation of at least twice and usually many times its width. Touch–Sanded: A process that removes material from the panel surface to provide a uniform thickness. Tongue and Groove panels are usually touch–sanded. Thermosetting binder: An adhesive or binder which when fully cured is not softened by heat, and will not break down in the presence of moisture. Wafer: A specialized knife cut wood flake having a controlled length of at least 30mm (1 1/4”) along the grain, a controlled thickness and a variable width. APA - The Engineered Wood Association: An industry association of plywood, OSB, glulam and engineered wood manufacturers. They supplied some information found in this manual. APA provides a quality assurance program for its member companies. HUD: The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. HUD sets standards for government financed construction and manufactured homes. PSI: Professional Service Industries Inc, Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory; a compliance, assurance and inspection agency with wood products testing facilities in Eugene, OR. TECO: A U.S. national inspection and testing agency with wood products testing facilities in Madison, WI, Eugene, OR, and Shreveport, LA. 25 APPENDIX B - SBA MEMBER PLANT LOCATIONS 2 1 Canada 8 U.S.A. 5 6 Brazil 4 Poland 7 France 3 26 SBA MEMBER COMPANIES Member Companies Grant Forest Products Inc. Address Telephone and Fax Numbers (Sales Office) Mill Locations Englehart, ON Canada Timmins, ON Canada Châtellerault, France Map # Reference 1 2 3 2233 Argentia Road 905-858-3200 Mississauga, ON Canada L5N 2X7 905-858-3208 54-56 rue d’Arcueil, SILIC 135 Immeuble Amsterdam 94523 Rungis Cédex, France ul. Serbska 56 68-200 Zary, Poland P.O. Box 837, Hwy 84 East Quitman, GA U.S.A. 31643 P.O. Box 1110 Alexandria, LA U.S.A. 71309 Rua Visconde do Rio Branco 1341-8 Andar 80.420-210, Curitiba PR, Brazil 775, 122 Street St-Georges de Champlain, QC Canada G9T 5K7 33-1-56-30-20-00 33-1-57-02-12-71 ISOROY S.A. Kronopol Sp. z o.o. 48-68-363-1100 48-68-363-1262 229-263-8943 229-263-5535 318-445-1973 318-443-0159 55-41-324-0334 55-41-219-1870 Zary, Poland 4 Langboard Inc. Quitman, GA U.S.A. 5 Martco Partnership Morrow, LA U.S.A. 6 MASISA do Brasil Ltda. Ponta Grossa, Brazil 7 Panneaux Tembec OSB Tembec Forest Products Group 888-343-0735 819-538-0595 St-Georges de Champlain, QC, Canada 8 27 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS BASF Corporation Borden Canada Canadian Willamette Industries Inc. Eugene Forest Systems Ltd. Huntsman Polyurethanes NGM International Inc. Tembec Resins Division TSI UMA Engineering Ltd. Valspar Corporation ALLIED MEMBERS Specialty Wood Journal Thermapan Industries RESEARCH MEMBERS Ecole Supérieure du Bois - Nantes Louisiana State University Michigan Technological Institute Mississippi State University Pennsylvania State University (PHRC) University of British Columbia University of Hamburg Université Laval University of Minnesota (NRRI) University of New Brunswick (WSTC) University of Tennessee University of Toronto Virginia Polytechnic Institute West Virginia University AFFILIATED WITH Alberta Research Council American Wood Council Canadian Wood Council COMACO, Mexico European Panel Federation Forintek Canada Corporation North American Coalition on Green Building Sustainable Forestry Certification Coalition, Canada Wilhelm - Klauditz Institute, Germany Wood Panel Bureau, Canada Wood Promotion Network, North America Wood WORKS!, Canada 28