15/09/2015Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Tigran Petrosian From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the chess player and world champion. For the footballer, see Tigran Petrosyan (footballer). For the chess grandmaster born in 1984, see Tigran L. Petrosian. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian (Russian: Тигра́ н Варта́ нович Петрося́ н; Armenian: Տիգրան Պետրոսյան; June 17, 1929 – August 13, 1984) was a Soviet Armenian Grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was nicknamed "Iron Tigran" due to his almost impenetrable defensive playing style, which emphasised safety above all else.[1][2] Petrosian was a Candidate for the World Championship on eight occasions (1953, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1971, 1974, 1977 and 1980). He won the World Championship in 1963 (against Mikhail Botvinnik), successfully defended it in 1966 (against Boris Spassky), and lost it in 1969 (to Spassky). Thus he was the defending World Champion or a World Championship Candidate in ten consecutive threeyear cycles. He won the Soviet Championship four times (1959, 1961, 1969, and 1975). Petrosian is widely known for popularizing chess in Armenia.[3][4] He was recognized as the hardest player to beat in the history of chess by the authors of a 2004 book.[5] Contents Tigran Petrosian Tigran Petrosian in 1975 Country Soviet Union Born June 17, 1929 Tiflis, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union (presentday Tbilisi, Georgia) Died August 13, 1984 (aged 55) Moscow, Soviet Union Title Grandmaster (1952) World 1963–69 Champion Peak rating 2645 (July 1972) 1 Early years 2 Grandmaster in Moscow 3 1963 World Championship 4 Reigning World Champion 5 Later career 6 Death and legacy 7 Olympiads and team championships 8 Playing style 8.1 The positional exchange sacrifice 8.2 Contributions to opening theory 9 Deafness 10 Quotations 11 See also 12 References 13 External links https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 1/11 thereby earning the title of international master. Things aren't very clear from that time. Petrosian's career as a chess player advanced rapidly and his results in Soviet events steadily improved. He placed second in the 1951 Soviet Championship. he defeated visiting Soviet grandmaster Salo Flohr at a simultaneous exhibition.[7][10] By 1946. after obtaining a slightly inferior position from the opening. It wasn't so bad in the early morning when the streets were empty.wikipedia.[6] As a young boy. the free encyclopedia Early years Petrosian was born to Armenian parents on June 17. though he failed to qualify for the finals.[8] After training at the Palace of Pioneers for just one year. Petrosian was an excellent student and enjoyed studying. he drew against Grandmaster Paul Keres at the Georgian Chess Championship.[10] He set about to improve his game by studying Nimzowitsch's My System and by moving to Moscow to seek greater competition. a sister of my father. I got sick and missed a year in school. Petrosian developed a repertoire of solid positional openings. And I was ashamed of being a street sweeper—that's natural. That's when this trouble with my hearing started.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. and his scientific approach to chess discouraged wild tactics and dubious combinations. 1929 in Tiflis. Petrosian earned the title of Master during the 1947 USSR Chess Championship. and she really saved me.[8] Petrosian was orphaned during World War II and was forced to sweep streets to earn a living.[7] though his illiterate father Vartan encouraged him to continue studying. I suppose. As such. as he thought chess was unlikely to bring his son any success as a career. as did his brother Hmayak and sister Vartoosh. so we had to do everything by hand.[8] He also purchased The Art of Sacrifice in Chess by Rudolf Spielmann. Playing White. he recalled: “ I started sweeping streets in the middle of the winter and it was horrible. I don't remember how it all happened.[8] At 12 years old. The other player to have had an early effect on Petrosian's chess was José Raúl Capablanca. a problem that afflicted him throughout his life. then moved to Yerevan where he won the Armenian Chess Championship and the USSR Junior Chess Championship. She gave me bread to eat when I was sick and hungry. such as the Caro–Kann Defence. In a 1969 interview with Time magazine. Of course there were no machines then. It was in this tournament that Petrosian faced world champion Botvinnik for the first time. he began training at the Tiflis Palace of Pioneers[7][10] under the auspices of Archil Ebralidze. I was a weak boy. a book which Petrosian would later claim to have had the greatest influence on him as a chess player. In that year alone. Petrosian had earned the title of Candidate Master. Some of the older men helped me out.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 2/11 .[6] It was about this time that his hearing began to deteriorate.[7] Grandmaster in Moscow After moving to Moscow in 1949. Ebralidze was a supporter of Nimzowitsch and Capablanca. We had a babushka.[9] ” He used his rations to buy Chess Praxis by Danish grandmaster Aron Nimzowitsch. he defended https://en. Georgian SSR (modernday Georgia). He learned to play chess at the age of 8. but when it got light and the crowds came out I really hated it. "[13] This period of complacency ended with the 1957 USSR Championship. Petrosian was undefeated. where out of 21 games played. up to round 15.[14] His excellent playing continued through 1962 when he qualified for the Candidates Tournament for what would be his first World Championship match. and later that year in the Candidates Tournament he defeated Paul Keres with a display of his often overlooked tactical abilities. representing the Soviet Union. Efim Geller.[12] Near the end of the event.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. are held by Geller. besides Botvinnik and Smyslov. Petrosian qualified for the Candidates Tournament in Curaçao along with Pal Benko. his more ambitious approach to tournament play was met with great appreciation from the Soviet chess community. then world champion. Bobby Fischer. Petrosian (standing on right. lost four. This attitude was illustrated by his result in the 1955 USSR Championship: out of 19 games played.[12] 1963 World Championship Main article: World Chess Championship 1963 After playing in the 1962 Interzonal in Stockholm. victory.[16] As evidence for this claim. Petrosian. but won only four games and drew the rest. Paul Keres. is Mikhail Tal. and drew the remaining 10. Statisticians pointed out that when playing against each https://en. Viktor Korchnoi.[11] Petrosian's result in this event qualified him for the Interzonal the following year in Stockholm. a result which marked the beginning of a somewhat stagnant period in his career. followed by fellow Soviets Geller and Keres each with 17 points and the American Fischer with 14. with each of the draws lasting twenty moves or less. Spassky and Taimanov. it was looked down upon by the public and by Soviet chess media and authorities. Petrosian won seven. and Keres were draws.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 3/11 . Geller.[12] Petrosian placed fifth in the 1953 Candidates Tournament. I deliberately exclude Petrosian from the group. Seated. with jacket) at the journalist Vasily Panov wrote the following comment 1961 European Chess Team Championship. He seemed content drawing against weaker players and maintaining his title of Grandmaster rather than improving his chess or making an attempt at becoming World Champion. Petrosian was awarded the title of Master of Sport of the USSR in 1960. Although his consistent playing ensured decent tournament results. about the tournament contenders: "Real chances of facing right. and qualified for the 1953 Candidates Tournament. and Mikhail Tal.[15] Fischer later accused the Soviet players of arranging draws and having "ganged up" on him to prevent him from winning the tournament. Although this result was only good enough for seventh place in a field of 22 competitors.wikipedia. since from the very first rounds the latter has made it clear that he is playing for an easier. He went on to win his first USSR Championship in 1959. Miroslav Filip. he noted that all 12 games played between Petrosian. won the tournament with a final score of 17½ points. He earned the title of Grandmaster by coming in second in the Stockholm tournament. but also honourable conquest—a place in the interzonal quartet. and won a second Soviet title in 1961. the free encyclopedia through two adjournments and eleven total hours of play to obtain a draw. physical fitness could become a factor in the later games. was titled "Chess Logic. His detractors condemned his reluctance to attack and some put it down to a lack of courage.[15] Whereas a multitude of draws in tournament play could prevent a player from taking first place. and second place in Tilburg in 1981. Spassky won the match by 12½–10½. 2005. Bronstein and others).[17] Petrosian won the match against Botvinnik with a final score of 5 to 2 with 15 draws. Petrosian went on to lose the match and was subsequently fired as editor of Russia's largest chess magazine. ahead of Tal. In this regard. Some Problems of the Logic of Chess Thought". Botvinnik spoke out on his behalf. It was the continuation of a bitter feud between the two. he was challenged by Boris Spassky. Petrosian earned the right to challenge Mikhail Botvinnik for the title of World Chess Champion in a 24game match. dating back at least to their 1974 Candidates semifinal match in which Petrosian withdrew after five games while trailing 3½–1½ (+3 −1 =1). This newspaper became known as 64. securing the title of World Champion. shared first place (with Portisch and Hübner) in the Rio de Janeiro Interzonal the same year. he signed a petition condemning the actions of the defector Viktor Korchnoi in 1976. Although responses to Fischer's allegations were mixed. at Moscow 1969. as he could simply wait for his opponent to make mistakes and then capitalize on them. Bent Larsen and Viktor Korchnoi in the next candidates cycle earning a rematch with Petrosian. Petrosian's cautious playing style was wellsuited for match play. Petrosian successfully defended his title. draws did not affect the outcome of a oneonone match. a feat that had not been accomplished since Alexander Alekhine defeated Efim Bogoljubov in the 1934 World Championship.wikipedia. FIDE later adjusted the rules and format to try to prevent future collusion in the Candidates matches. He believed that in such a long match. 64. In addition to practicing his chess.[20] However. At this point however. the Republic of Armenia issued this 220 dram stamp on February 25. stating that he only attacked when he felt secure and his greatest strength was in defence. His match with Korchnoi in 1977 saw the two former colleagues refuse to shake hands or speak to each other.[18] Reigning World Champion Upon becoming World Champion. Petrosian campaigned for the publication of a chess newspaper for the entire Soviet Union rather than just Moscow.[15] Having won the Candidates Tournament.[21] To commemorate the 75th anniversary of his birth. as opposed to 39. https://en. Some of his late successes included victories at Lone Pine 1976 and in the 1979 Paul Keres Memorial tournament in Tallinn (12/16 without a loss.[14] Three years after Petrosian had earned the title of World Chess Champion. This advantage was increased by Botvinnik being much older than Petrosian. these Soviet competitors averaged 19 moves per game.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 4/11 . Spassky would defeat Efim Geller. Later career Along with a number of other Soviet chess champions. Petrosian also prepared for the match by skiing for several hours each day.[19] Petrosian studied for a degree of Master of Philosophical Science at Yerevan State University; his thesis.5 moves when playing against other competitors. They even demanded separate eating and toilet facilities. dated 1968. the free encyclopedia other. 3½/6 (+1 −0 =5). board 1. board 2. board 4. 10½/13 (+8 −0 =5). a monument honoring Petrosian was opened in the Davtashen district of Yerevan. in the street named after Petrosian. out of 129 played). team gold medal Skopje 1972. board and team gold medals Tel Aviv 1964. to Robert Hübner. board 4. one team silver medal. 10½/12 (+9 −0 =3). board 1. His totals in Euroteams play.[22] Death and legacy Petrosian died of stomach cancer in 1984 in Moscow and is buried in the Moscow Armenian Cemetery. 12½/14 (+11 −0 =3). team gold medal Bath. won nine team gold medals.4 per cent. 4½/7 (+2 −0 =5). board and team gold medals Varna 1962. according to olimpbase.org. 10/14 (+6 −0 =8). In 1987. But he then made ten straight Soviet Olympiad teams from 1958 to 1978. a miraculous escape against the young Garry Kasparov. Vienna 1957. the third alltime best performance after Mikhail Tal and Anatoly Karpov. On 7 July 2006. the free encyclopedia half a point behind the winner Beliavsky. board 6. for 64. It was here that he played his last famous victory. team silver medal Petrosian also made the Soviet team for the first eight European Team Championships (from 1957 to 1983). are (+15 −0 =37). board and team gold medals https://en. board and team gold medals Lugano 1968.[24] His Olympiad results follow. board 1. 6/10 (+2 −0 =8). board and team gold medals Siegen 1970. team gold medal Havana 1966. 2nd reserve.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 5/11 . 2nd reserve. Chess House His overall performance in Olympiad play is impressive: +78 −1 =50 (only one game lost. board and team gold medals Hamburg 1965.wikipedia. team gold medal Nice 1974.[24] His Euroteams results follow. for 79. board 2. 6/8 (+4 −0 =4). 9½/13 (+6 −0 =7). board 1. 4/5 (+3 −0 =2).15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. board and team gold medals Kapfenberg 1970. board and team gold medals Leipzig 1960.[23] Olympiads and team championships Petrosian was not selected for the Soviet Olympiad side until 1958; he had already been a Candidate twice by that time. and four board gold medals. Munich 1958. board and team gold medals Buenos Aires 1978. board 1. board 2. 12/13 (+11 −0 =2). and six individual Petrosian's statue near the Yerevan gold medals. 6/9 (+3 −0 =6). board 2. Somerset 1973. He won eight team gold medals. board and team gold medals Oberhausen 1961. 11½/13 (+10 −0 =3). World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov unveiled a memorial at Petrosian's grave which depicts the laurel wreath of World Champion and an image contained within a crown of the sun shining above the twin peaks of Mount Ararat – the national symbol of Petrosian's Armenian homeland.8 per cent. board 1. 10½/16 (+6 −1 =9). 10/12 (+8 −0 =4). As white. Petrosian enjoyed playing the Sicilian Defence.[28][29] He had a strong affinity for knights rather than bishops. although highly successful for avoiding defeats. As black. especially against other players who preferred to counterattack. team gold medal Playing style Petrosian was a conservative. he often played the English Opening. He very rarely went on the offensive unless he felt his position was completely secure. 2½/5 (+0 −0 =5). Petrosian's consistent ability to avoid defeat earned him the nickname "Iron Tigran".15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. a characteristic that is attributed to the influence of Aron Nimzowitsch.[6] He usually won by playing consistently until his aggressive opponent made a mistake. Nonetheless. 3½/5 (+2 −0 =3).wikipedia. a python who slowly squeezes his victims to death.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 6/11 .[25] a tiger looking for the opportunity to pounce. board 2. and in 1962 he did not lose a single tournament game. 3½/6 (+1 −0 =5). and highly defensive chess player who was strongly influenced by Aron Nimzowitsch's idea of prophylaxis.[25] Petrosian preferred to play closed openings that did not commit his pieces to any particular plan. his patience and mastery of defence made him extremely difficult to beat.[30] A number of illustrative metaphors have been used to describe Petrosian's style of play. Chess enthusiasts saw his "ultraconservative" style as an unwelcome contrast to the popular image of Soviet chess as "daring" and "indomitable". with 4 of those moves occurring on consecutive turns. He was undefeated at the 1952 and 1955 Interzonals.[32] His 1971 Candidates Tournament match with Viktor Korchnoi featured so many monotonous draws that the Russian press began to complain. board 3. Svetozar Gligorić described Petrosian as being "very impressive in his incomparable ability to foresee danger on the board https://en. board 3. securing the win by capitalizing upon this mistake without revealing any weaknesses of his own. confusing Tigran Petrosian's Grave his opponents in the opening and threatening draws by threefold repetition in the endgame."[6] Petrosian's style of play."[25] He has been described as a centipede lurking in the dark. There was nothing to grip.[6] and as a crocodile who waits for hours to make a decisive strike. described his style of play as such: "Petrosian reminds me of a hedgehog. team gold medal Plovdiv 1983. Najdorf Variation[26] and the French Defence. was criticized as being dull. who would succeed Petrosian as World Chess Champion. In a game against Mark Taimanov during the 1955 USSR Chess Championship. cautious. Just when you think you have caught him. Schonberg said that "playing him was like trying to put handcuffs on an eel. he puts out his quills. team gold medal Skara 1980. However. the free encyclopedia Moscow 1977. He made more effort to prevent his opponent's offensive capabilities than he did to make use of his own. This style of play often led to draws.[31] Boris Spassky. Petrosian moved the same rook 6 times in a 24move game.[27] Petrosian would often move the same piece multiple times in a few moves. Harold C. which is so important in the play of Alekhine and Tal.. By sacrificing the exchange 'just like that'. 25. a4 Ne7 27.d4 Nf6 2. relegated to defensive roles. I could be more 'interesting'—and also lose..15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. 1953 a c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a ” b b c d e f g h Position after 25. Rf3 Bd3 30. in the words of future World Champion Vladimir Kramnik. One of the tactical ideas for White is to play Bg5.Rfe1 One of Petrosian's most famous examples of the positional exchange sacrifice is from his game against Samuel Reshevsky in Zurich 1953. and help support an eventual advance of his queenside pawn majority with b5–b4.Nc3 Bg7 4. Re6! With the rook vacated from e7. where it would be prominently placed in the center. Bxe6 fxe6 28.d5. for certain long term advantages. playing white.[36] Contributions to opening theory Petrosian was an expert against the King's Indian Defence. in positions with disrupted material balance. Petrosian. where the time factor. the free encyclopedia and to avoid any risk of defeat. "the first defender with a capital D". and he often played what is now known as the Petrosian System: 1. Qf1 Nd5 29. Even today. Faced with these threats. He further understood that White might also advance on the kingside with h2–h4–h5. Before Petrosian no one had studied this. Rxd3 cxd3 The game was eventually drawn on move 41.[34] Reshevsky vs."[25] Petrosian responded to his criticisms by saying "They say my games should be more 'interesting'. pinning Black's knight to his https://en. appears to have an advantage due to his strong pawn center. the black knight is free to move to d5. provoking weaknesses that would make it more difficult to defend later on. 26. he discovered latent resources that few were capable of seeing and properly evaluating."[6] Petrosian was. where one side sacrifices a rook for the opponent's bishop or knight. where it will be attacking the pawn on c3. Petrosian realized he was in a difficult position because of the passive placement of his pieces. Kasparov discussed Petrosian's use of this motif: “ Petrosian introduced the exchange sacrifice for the sake of 'quality of position'. Petrosian devised a plan to maneuver his knight to the square d5.[33] The positional exchange sacrifice Petrosian was known for his use of the "positional exchange sacrifice".e4 d6 5. which may become mobile after Bf3 and d4–d5.[35] Reshevsky.wikipedia.c4 g6 3.Nf3 00 6. and blockade the advance of White's pawns.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 7/11 . plays hardly any role.Be2 e5 7.[37][38] This variation closes the center early in the game. very few players can operate confidently at the board with such abstract concepts. This system received much attention in 1980 when it was used by the young Garry Kasparov to defeat several grandmasters.. Petrosian did not even respond.Bb4+.c4 e6 3. and did not hear when Gligorić reoffered the draw.[45] Deafness Petrosian was partially deaf[46] and wore a hearing aid during his matches.e4 e6 2.wikipedia.a3. the free encyclopedia queen. he switched off his hearing aid..e5 Qd7.Nc3 dxe4 4. Chess can convey as much happiness as a good book or work of music can.Qe8) or by playing .Bh4 g5 10.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 8/11 ." – Lev Polugaevsky[49] "It is to Petrosian's advantage that his opponents never know when he is suddenly going to play like Mikhail Tal.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia.h6.d4 d5 3. but then changed his mind in a few seconds and reoffered the draw. He will 'smell' any kind of danger 20 moves before!" – Bobby Fischer "Chess is a game by its form.Nbd7 8....[39] Two of Black's responses to the Petrosian Variation were developed by grandmasters Paul Keres and Leonid Stein. which sometimes led to strange situations.[43] and the French Defence after 1.Nf3 Bg7 5.. 1. However.d4 d5 3.h4.." – Tigran Petrosian "I'm absolutely convinced that in chess – although it remains a game – there is nothing accidental. with the greatest score in Master games.Bg5 h6 9.[40] The Queen's Indian Defence also has a variation developed by Petrosian: 1. instead went ahead and won the game. Today the Petrosian Variation is still considered the most pressing variation.Bg3 Nh5 11.. On one occasion he offered a draw to Svetozar Gligorić. though the latter move weakens Black's kingside pawn structure.Nc3 d5 4..d4 Nf6 2.[44] Some authorities refer to a variation of the Caro–Kann Defence with his name. The Keres Variation arises after 7. No matter how much you think deep. However.[47] In 1971.[42] a b c d e f g h 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 a b c d e f g h King's Indian Defence. Petrosian System Other Petrosian variations can be found in the Grünfeld Defence after 1. an art by its content and a science by the difficulty of gaining mastery in it.d4 Nf6 2. it is necessary to learn to play well and only afterwards will one experience real delight.." – Boris Spassky[50] "He [Petrosian] has an incredible tactical view. along with former World Champion Vassily Smyslov: the Petrosian–Smyslov Variation. which Gligorić initially refused in surprise.Bg5. and a wonderful sense of the danger.... and the Stein Variation begins an immediate queenside offensive with 7.a5.e4 c6 2.Nc3 Bb4 4. Black can respond by either moving his queen (usually .[41] with the idea of preventing . he played a candidates match against Robert Hübner in a noisy area in Seville. it was easier to win the Soviet Championship than a game against 'Iron Tigran'.. https://en.Nxe4 Nd7. As it later turned out.Nf3 b6 4. which did not disturb him.[48] Quotations "In those years.c4 g6 3. but frustrated Hübner so much that he finally withdrew from the match. Vasiliev 1974. All other World Championship matches between 1934 and 1966 were won by the challengers. in which I have played in accordance with the position requirements. 60. Clarke 1964.org/web/20140915235449/http://www. 62. The Wall Street Journal. 3. Vasiliev 1974. 102–04. 11–12.wsj.html). Botvinnik retained his title because he drew with David Bronstein and with Vasily Smyslov respectively.org/players/ikkqkgyh. pp. p. 29.wikipedia. Petrosian. 7.com 23. 26.am/en/armenia/sights/monuments/TigranPetrosian/). Schonberg 1973. pp. p. 13 May 2010.co. Vasiliev 1974.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106293) on ChessGames. 155–86. Larry (9 July 1972). The Independent. 245.2035865).atb. pp. 20.google.olimpbase. p. 9. pp. p. Armenian Travel Bureau. 43. Saidy 1972.chessgames. 4. Vasiliev 1974.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1069975) at Chessgames. Retrieved 24 August 2013.chessgames. In the 1951 and 1954 World Championship matches. I believe only in logical and right game. 80. 11–13. Evans. 27. Petrosian. 21. "Monument Tigran Petrosian" (http://www. pp. CHESS Magazine – September 1984 22. pp. I like only those chess games. 10. p.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 9/11 . Vasiliev 1974. 8. Winter 1981.html) team chess records at olimpbase. 27.com/article/SB10001424127887324020804578147393825457694. 24." – Tigran Petrosian[51] See also Chess in Armenia References 1. Vasiliev 1974.com 28.archive. 7. 15–22. Chelminski 1969. 11.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16149) on ChessGames. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian (http://www. 353–54. 2. 18. "Winning Move: Chess Reigns as Kingly Pursuit in Armenia" (http://online.chessgames. 5. Tilburg 1981 (http://www. the free encyclopedia And this is my credo.. 16.com https://en. Edmonds & Eidinow 2004.independent.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. 13. Retrieved 20100624. 19. 6. "Fischer on Russian Cheating" (http://news.independent. Parkinson. Joe (3 December 2012).uk/news/world/europe/inarmenia chessiskingandgrandmastersarestars1972407. Schonberg 1973. "In Armenia chess is king and grandmasters are stars" (https://web.. The Register Guard. 42. Tigran Vartanovich Petrosian vs Mark Taimanov (http://www. Schonberg 1973. Archived from the original (http://www.uk/news/world/europe/inarmeniachessiskingandgrandmastersarestars 1972407. pp. Vasiliev 1974. Kasparov vs.com/newspapers? nid=1310&dat=19720709&id=B0ISAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4004. 16.html). 7. Kasparov 2004. 246–47. Sunnucks 1970.co. Saidy 1972.org 25. 104–06.html) on 15 September 2014. 12. pp. pp. 15. pp. 248. p. Tigran (http://www. 14. Saidy 1972. 106–08. pp. p. 17. 103–04. 48. p. Karpov & Beliavsky 1994.com 38.wikipedia. "Petrosian vs the Elite" (http://www. 140.11. 6. John (2004). Irving (1995). 33. Garry (2004). P. p.chessmaniac.com/opening/eco/E12_Queens_Indian_Defense_Petrosian_Variation) on Chess. chessgames.Nf3. 80. Rudolph (1969).htm). Standpoint. Sports Illustrated. Queen's Indian Defense. Everyman Chess.kramnik.com/opening/eco/D91_Gruenfeld_Defense_Three_Knights_Variation_Petrosian_System) on Chess.com/reviews/petrosianvselite. 243. Petrosian Variation (http://www.org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 10/11 .365chess.com. Reshevsky vs. Jacob (2002). New York: Dover. p. 2010.com/opening. Rick. 92–108.chessgames.e6. King's Indian.php?chem=pet) Bibliography Aagaard. Vladimir (15 May 2005).b6&ns=7. ISBN 9781596913875. Garry (2007). [1] (http://www. B.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1106248) 36. Petrosian & Sehtman 1989.c4. Petrosian Variation (http://www.shtm). French Defense: Winawer Variation. pp. 41. Bloomsbury.com 42. 140–42. Batsford.com/opening/eco/C16_French_Defense_Winawer_Variation_Petrosian_Variation) on Chess. 31.chessgames. 37. King's Indian Defense. 1971). T. Bobby Fischer Goes to War. Gufeld & Schiller 2000. Gruenfeld Defense: Three Knights Variation. 40. p. p. Chess Champion of the World Tigran Petrosian (http://www. ISBN 9781857443714. HarperCollins. Kasparov 2004.com 44. 35. Kramnik.com/opening/eco/E93_Kings_Indian_Defense_Petrosian_Variation_Normal_Defense) on Chess. "Six moves toward a world championship" (http://www.chess. 12.chess.33.chessebook. Dominic (May 2009). (1964).chess. Chesville. 34. Gufeld. needed. p.com/node/1639/full). Cardoza. Part III. R&D Publishing. My Great Predecessors.aspx?id=61).com/Bobby_Fischer/Bobby_Fischer_Articles14. H. Petrosian Variation (http://www. Queen's Indian Defence. Time Magazine 66 (4): 41–46. Kennedy.com/history_1. Kasparov. Retrieved 21 December 2013. p. p. "Armenian Artist" (http://standpointmag.php?m=7&n=21&ms=d4. Edmonds.com/perl/chessopening?eco=E93) on ChessGames. needed.Nf6. 68–69. Clarke. Retrieved 12 April 2010. Secrets of the King's Indian. Alexander (1994). ISBN 9781883358167.chessville. David; Eidinow.com 39. Petrosian System (http://www. Anatoly; Beliavsky.21) on Chess365. Tigran Petrosian – Master of Defence: Petrosian's Best Games 1946–63. Petrosian 1990.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. Larry (June 21.14.chessgames. Schonberg 1973.com. How Life Imitates Chess. ISBN 1857443004. 46. 51. 48. the free encyclopedia 30.com/? id=mE8EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA41&dq=life%20magazine%20petrosian%201969&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q=life %20magazine%20petrosian%201969).com/eng/interviews/getinterview. 32. "Kramnik – Interviews" (http://www. "Closeup: Tigran Petrosian" (http://books. 49. Barsky.com 45. Kasparov. Petrosian System (http://www. 47. Chernev. pp. Kasparov 2004. Retrieved October 8. ISBN 0713469005. Petrosian.21. Everyman Chess. Chelminski.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1014968). Evans. Clarke 1964.chess. ISBN 0486286746. The Caro–Kann! In Black and White. Karpov. Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games. pp. ISBN 1580420176. Gufeld & Schiller 2000. Lawson.google. ISBN 9780060510244. Eduard; Schiller. 1953 (http://www. Retrieved 8 April 2010. 2010.com 43. Eric (2000). 50. Retrieved October 8. https://en. "Tigran Petrosian's Best Games" (http://www. ed.timthompson.php? player=Tigran_V_Petrosian&masterplayerid=21190) OlimpBase (http://www. External links Tigran Petrosian (http://www. Vasiliev.wikipedia.com/chess/grandmaster games/index.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=16149) player profile and games at Chessgames. E. Editions Erebouni. Batsford. The Battle of Chess ideas. you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. "Petrosian. (1989). Winter. B. Lippincott & Co. Batsford. Tigran Petrosian: His Life and Games.html) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tigran Petrosian Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tigran Petrosian. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation. a nonprofit organization.com Grandmaster Games Database – Tigran Petrosian (http://www. Schonberg.org/players/ikkqkgyh. Tigran".. The Encyclopedia of Chess. B.15/09/2015 Tigran Petrosian Wikipedia. Petrosian.org/w/index. (1973). ISBN 9780890580189.chessgames. Petrosian's Legacy. Text is available under the Creative Commons AttributionShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Awards Preceded by Mikhail Botvinnik World Chess Champion 1963–69 Succeeded by Boris Spassky Achievements Preceded by David Bronstein Youngest chess grandmaster ever 1952–1955 Succeeded by Boris Spassky Retrieved from "https://en. Harold C.com/petrosian. Tigran (1990). St. ISBN 0080240941. (1970). Martin's Press. T. Edward G. Anthony (1972). Inc. Sunnucks. ISBN 963 2538277.redhotpawn. B.wikipedia. ISBN 0397010044. Saidy. Tigran; Sehtman. Sport Lap és Könyvkiadó. at 07:18. Anne. World Chess Champions.php?title=Tigran_Petrosian&oldid=677120105" Categories: 1929 births 1984 deaths World chess champions Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR Armenian chess players Chess players from Georgia (country) Armenian writers Writers from Georgia (country) Georgian Armenians Soviet chess players Spartak athletes Sportspeople from Tbilisi Chess writers Chess theoreticians Deaths from stomach cancer Cancer deaths in the Soviet Union Burials at Vagankovo Cemetery Armenian male writers This page was last modified on 21 August 2015.. J. Petroszjan tanít (in Hungarian).org/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian 11/11 .olimpbase. https://en. T. ISBN 4871878139. ed. Grandmasters of Chess. the free encyclopedia Petrosian. (1981). By using this site. Viktor (1974).html) Biography (http://www.