Anatomy and PhysiologyGastrointestinal system To aid in understanding the disease process, Anatomy and Physiology provides the necessary information about the normal function of certain body components, its structure and function. Anatomy and physiology are always related. Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another. Physiology is the study of how the body pars work or function. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of a hollow muscular tube starting from the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and intestines to the rectum and anus, where food is expelled. There are various accessory organs that assist the tract by secreting enzymes to help break down food into its component nutrients. Thus the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gall bladder have important functions in the digestive system. Food is propelled along the length of the GIT by peristaltic movements of the muscular The inner surface of the stomach is contracted intonumerous longitudinal folds called rugae. Gastric contents are expelled into the proximalduodenum via the pyloric sphincter. In the case of gastrointestinal disease ordisorders. The large intestine plays a key role inreabsorbing excess water. The body is the largest section between thefundus and the curved portion of the J. diarrhea. This is where most gastric glands are located and where most mixing of the food occurs. The fundus is the superior. Stomach The stomach is a J shaped expanded bag. vomiting. undigested material and secreted waste products are excretedfrom the body via defecation (passing of faeces). located just left of the midline between the oesophagusand small intestine. The first section is the cardia which surrounds the cardial orifice where theoesophagus enters the stomach. Smaller molecules are then absorbed across the epithelium of the smallintestine and subsequently enter the circulation. which can be absorbed into the body to provide energy. Finally. fats and carbohydrates are chemically broken down into theirbasic building blocks. It is divided into four main regions and has two borders called the greaterand lesser curvatures. digestion occurs mainly in the stomach andsmall intestine where proteins. First food must be ingested into the mouth to bemechanically processed and moistened. Secondly. Patients maydevelop symptoms of nausea. these functions of the gastrointestinal tract are not achieved successfully.or obstruction. dilated portion of the stomach thathas contact with the left dome of the diaphragm. These allow the stomach to stretch and expand . malabsorption. Finally the pylorus is the curved base of the stomach.The primary purpose of the gastrointestinal tract is to break down food into nutrients.Gastrointestinal problems are very common and most people will have experienced some of theabove symptoms several times throughout their lives. The small intestine is compressed into numerous foldsand occupies a large proportion of the abdominal cavity. and ileum. 5. 4. . The start of the jejunum is marked by a sharpbend.5 litres of material.The short-term storage of ingested food. Theduodenum serves a mixing function as it combines digestive secretions from the pancreas andliver with the contents expelled from the stomach.Stomach acid kills bugs and germs. The final portion. Some cells are responsible for secreting acid and others secrete enzymes tobreak down proteins. The lining of the small intestine is made up of numerous permanent folds called plicae circulares. the ileum.Mechanical breakdown of food by churning and mixing motions. and carbohydrates arebroken down to small building blocks and absorbed into the body's blood stream. After further digestion. Some areresponsible for absorption. is the longest segment and empties into thecaecum at the ileocaecal junction. whilst others secrete digestive enzymes and mucous to protect theintestinal lining from digestive actions. These secretions enter the duodenum at the Ampulla ofVater. This increases the surface area for absorption by a factor ofseveral hundred. 2. It is in the jejunum where the majority of digestion andabsorption occurs. the duodenojejunal flexure.Some absorption of substances such as alcohol. The duodenum is the proximal C-shaped section that curves around the head of the pancreas. The mucosa of the small intestine contains several specialised cells. The small intestine performs the majority of digestion and absorption of nutrients.whenfood enters. It averages approximately6m in length. The stomach can hold up to 1. fats. food constituents such as proteins. 3.Each plica has numerous villi (folds of mucosa) and each villus is covered by epithelium withprojecting microvilli (brush border). Most of these functions are achieved by the secretion of stomach juices by gastric glands in thebody and fundus. jejunum.Chemical digestion of proteins by acids and enzymes. Partlydigested food from the stomach is further broken down by enzymes from the pancreas and bilesalts from the liver and gallbladder. The functions of the stomach include: 1. Small intestine The small intestine is composed of the duodenum. extending from the pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the ileocaecal valveseparating the ileum from the caecum. 3. The mucosa of the large intestine lacks villi seen in the small intestine. 2. descending and sigmoid colon. The mucosal surface isflat with several deep intestinal glands. Numerous goblet cells line the glands that secretemucous to lubricate faecal matter as it solidifies. . The wall of the colon ismade up of several pouches (haustra) that are held under tension by three thick bands of muscle(taenia coli). It has a length of approximately 1.5cm. The bacteria are responsible for the formation of intestinal gas.Large intestine The large intestine is horse-shoe shaped and extends around the small intestine like a frame.5m and a width of 7.The accumulation of unabsorbed material to form faeces.Some digestion by bacteria. Thick bands of muscle. transverse. and therectum. caecum.control the passage of faeces. ascending. salts. Food then travels along the colon. It expands to hold faecal matter before itpasses through the anorectal canal to the anus. The functions of the large intestine can besummarised as: 1.Reabsorption of water. Itconsists of the appendix. The caecum is the expanded pouch that receives material from the ileum and starts to compressfood products into faecal material. sugar and vitamins. The rectum is the final 15cm of the large intestine. known as sphincters. Demographic data Name: Erwin Tulfo Age. 2011 the patient admitted in Adolfo O. Madella Quirino Religion. 6 y/o Sex. The patient take paracetamol. Filipino Birthday. Thypoid fever Nursing History Present Medical History: 3 days prior to admission the patient experienced fever and body malaise. 2005 Address. November 18. . Fever. Body malaise Diagnosis. according to his father the patient was fond of eating street foods. Male Citizen. 2011 Time of admission. January 8. Past medical History Patient has been hospitalize because of the same situation when he was 5 y/o. The patient has no other past diseases. On november 18.25pm Chief complain. Roman Catholic Date of admission. Family History: According to the father there is no heritable diseases. 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