ABBREVIATIONSMCU-Microcontroller Unit. LCD-Liquid Crystal Display UART- Universal Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter. MC- Microcontroller. IC- Integrated Circuit. ROM- Read Only Memory. RAM- Random Access Memory. RF- Radio Frequency. GPS- Global Positioning System. GSM- Global System for Mobile NMEA- National Marine Electronics Association. LFCSP- Lead Frame Chip Scale Package. SPDT- Single Pole Double Throw. DC- Direct Current. CPU- Central Processing Unit. IDE – Integrated Development Environment. ABSTRACT Wireless technology has utterly remodeled the method. we have a tendency to live in today‟s world virtually each automobile vehicle operates arduous functions during a wire affiliation. Commutation a wired reference to wireless affiliation might sway be productive in economic senses because it can have an impression on the burden, value and performance. during this project, I propose a wireless network to which can manage Overall Traffic Management system and alternative functions within the vehicle. The show unit is before of the motive force, practicality interface on the dashboard initially enclosed the handwheel and, therefore, the instrument cluster. The instrument cluster contains a number of the sensors like Temperature, Gas, Respiration and stress and alternative telltale. the most objective of the projected system to style a wireless instrument cluster to work the vehicle in safe speed at essential zones victimisation varied sensors and 1EEE 802.15.4 customary wireless module. Wireless communication between the vehicle body management unit and instrument cluster unit for indicate the vehicle practicality of the vehicle, device unit used for safe distance activity For Simulation purpose the Vehicle unit takes into account as ARM controller unit and, therefore, the instrument cluster hardware is intended with AVR controller for interfacing and style a practical method of the vehicle, this proposed system gives economical Traffic Management System within which the traffic signal functioning can flip as automobile or emergency vehicle moves towards instrument cluster.. Keywords: ARM-LPC2148, LCD Display, (AVR)ATMEGA328, Standard,Temprature sensor. LED‟S, Meters, buzzer, IEE 802.15.4, CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION EMBEDDED SYSTEMS : Embedded systems are designed to try and do some specific task, instead of being a general purpose PC for multiple tasks. Some even have real-time performance constraints that have got to be met, for a reason like safety and value. Others could have low or no performance necessities, permitting the system hardware to be simplified to scale back prices. Wireless communication has become a crucial feature for industrial product and a well-liked analysis topic at intervals the last 10 years. Their ar currently additional portable subscriptions than wired-line subscriptions. Lately, one space of economic interest has been inexpensive, low-power, and short-distance wireless communication used for networks." Technology advancements are providing smaller and additional price effective devices for group action procedure process, wireless communication, and a bunch of alternative functionalities. These embedded communications devices are going to be integrated into applications starting from independent agency to business automation and observation. they're going to conjointly change custom tailored engineering solutions, making a revolutionary means of diffusing and process info. With new technologies and devices return new business activities, and also, the would like for workers in these technological areas. Engineers World Health Organization have information of embedded systems and wireless communications are going to be in high demand. sadly, their are few lovable environments obtainable for development and room use, therefore, students typically don't study these technologies throughout active science lab exercises. The communication mediums were twisted try, optical fiber, infrared, and usually wireless radio. all the sensors square measure triggered and its sends signal to the megacycle per second.9 million by 2020. Once there's any accident. disabilities. this project came into existence. road vehicle accidents kill AN calculable one. life belt red light. This project is especially want to get the position of the emergency vehicle by the owner or can also be utilized in the general public transportation by the individuals to understand the situation of the buses or trains. lighting controls. car to save lots of the individuals will be wise by this device. This uses a wireless system to understand the precise position of the vehicle with AN accuracy of many fetor is employed to receive information from the user and reply the position of the vehicle through an RF Module. these days road traffic injuries square measure one in all the leading causes of deaths. low value. The owner of the vehicle. There might . the system sends machine-driven messages to the pre.OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT: There is a forceful increase within the range of vehicles in currently that conjointly cause a steep rise within the range of accidents with lots of individuals losing their lives. we will send messages to any range of mobile. and also. Heating and ventilation controls and vents. and hospitalizations with severe socioeconomic prices across the planet. the victims lose their lives owing to the inaccessibility of medical facilities at the proper time. police to clear the traffic. India’s road accidents record 16 PF of the world’s road accident deaths. A compartment is usually situated on the passenger's aspect.3 million individuals and injure fifty million individuals each year globally. it's because of the rise within the range of vehicles while not a future increase within the road facilities needed for it. There might also be indicators. whereas Bharat has just one of the world’s road vehicles. parking-brake engagement red light and. the wholly designed unit is on as single chip. the world road fatalities square measure forecast to succeed in one.programmed numbers. the drives use the corporate vehicle seven for his or her own functions and impact a loss to the company. The instrument cluster contains control system position. the most idea during this style is introducing the good information work and RF Technologies into the embedded system. The designed unit is incredibly straightforward &. The megacycle per second processes the input and sends the suitable output per the programming done. In most of the accident cases. to resolve issues like these. As per the Commission for world Road Safety (2012). A Microcontroller (MC) is employed to regulate and co-ordinate all the elements utilized in the system. just in case of any accidents. In massive corporations with an outsized range of vehicles. ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which permit for personalization and favor total integration. the newest like GPS square measure extremely helpful currently days. daylight may cause a bright glare on the chrome. ZigBee builds on the physical layer and media access management outlined in IEEE customary 802. notably for a convertible. these days most family vehicles have warning lights rather than voltmeters or pressure level gauges in their dashboard instrument clusters.g. this is often improved security systems for vehicles. the management of its parameters and basic maintenance. Some automobiles use a head-up show to project the speed of the car onto the windshield in imitation of a fighter.15. however in a very way less complicated show.also be AN receptacle and an igniter which may give an influence outlet for alternative lowtension appliances. Later it had been replaced by the meter. application layer. each tree and meshes enable the employment of ZigBee routers to increase communication at the network level. Toyota and Mercedes-Benz have enclosed fuel economy gauges in some instrument clusters. In recent years. The ZigBee network layer natively supports each star and tree networks. that might be less clear. this technique allows the owner to watch and .. With the approaching of the junction rectifier in shopper natural philosophy. some makers used instruments with digital readouts to form their cars seem additional up to now. The accident alert system main aim is to rescue individuals in accidents. The specification includes four further key components: network layer.4 for low rate. a custom graphics package) and interior cosmetic upgrades. spurred on by the growing aftermarket use of dash kits. tho' sports cars typically have correct gauges for performance functions and driver calming. ZDOs square measure answerable for a variety of tasks. the organizer should be the central node. however. tasked with its creation. inside star networks. showing fuel mileage in real time. this has light from observing. several automakers have taken the initiative to feature additional rhetorical parts to their dashboards. was typically thought to be additional fashionable. makers like Honda. together with keeping Vehicle trailing system main aim is to convey Security to any or all vehicles. American automobile makers and their imitators designed unusually-shaped instruments on a dashboard laden with chrome and clear plastic. however. each network should have one organizer device. and generic Mesh networking. One distinguished example of this is often the Chevrolet Sonic that offers each exterior (e. The meter was the gauge of selection for observance the state of the charging system till the Nineteen Seventies. 2 Accident Alert System Features This system relies on new technology. Since it will show the position of all vehicles in real time. PC etc. it's used as a covert unit that unendingly or by any interrupt to the system. its main purpose is to sight associate degree accident and conscious of the room. what proportion time it takes for them to come back to a specific stop. If this method is inserted in each vehicle then it's simple to grasp what percentage vehicles area unit concerned in an exceedingly explicit accident and the way intense is it. what proportion time it take at each stop and may produce whole information analysis. that . 1. These trailing system will store the full information wherever the vehicle had gone. 1. information analysis and eventually information transfer.track his vehicle and determine vehicle movement and its past activities of auto. Therefore. the victim will realize some facilitate. therefore. This new technology popularly referred to as vehicle trailing Systems that created several wonders within the security of the vehicle.1 Vehicle Tracking Features It is in the main profit for the businesses that square measure supported transport system. Some Vehicle trailing System will even observe unauthorized movements of the vehicle and so alert the owner. so they'll produce the expected information consequently. sends the situation information to the observance unit. the situation information from the training system will be wont to realize the situation and may learn to police for additional action. it's conjointly employed in buses and trains. once the vehicle is taken. information storage. to estimate however so much square measure they. This accident alert system in it detects the accident and also the location of the accident occurred and sends GPS coordinates to the required mobile. This hardware is fitted onto the vehicle in such a fashion that it's not visible to anyone WHO is within or outside of the vehicle. It will sight accidents the intensity of the accident with none visual contact from the room. These systems square measure accustomed information capture. this offers a grip over alternative items of technology for an equivalent purpose. in order that the assistance from the room is consistent with the room. the current board designed has each vehicle trailing and accident alert systems. wherever did it stop. taxi firms. which may be more divided into an energetic half associated an inactive . Taxi operators use this to estimate however way the vehicle is from a selected space and send this data to decision centers and that they will inform general public regarding the gap of the taxi location and time it takes tom return to them. Frames air the essential unit of information transport.build it a lot of valuable and helpful. Tracking in an Asian country is especially employed by transport systems. IEEE 802. is also used. acknowledgment. a completely different variety of wireless communication technique ar gave below that ar vehicle to vehicle communication. during which case 2 beacons act as its limits and supply synchronization to different devices additionally as configuration info.4 commonplace is employed for knowledge transmission. Wireless communication can play a serious role in economical vehicle management systems. beacon and raincoat command frames). outlined by the organiser. vehicle to infrastructure communication. Another use is for traffic police if this technique is found in each vehicle they will estimate the traffic by reckoning on the map and if any accident is detected then they will route the traffic into a different approach. A superframe consists of sixteen equal-length slots. This device detects heart accidents additionally by putting heart detector in one among the interrupt pins.3 Usage of tracking in India. a superframe structure. PROPOSED SYSTEM Wireless communication has transferred the info between 2 or additional points that aren't connected by an associate electrical conductor.15. intervehicle communication For transmission a knowledge between the vehicle with the assistance of various protocol for dominant the info loss. This board alerts the United States of America from thievery and on accident detection additionally. In my projected system offer the look of wireless instrument cluster. traffic operators. which give an affordable trade-off between simplicity and lustiness. {this is|this is often|this will be} however following is beneficial as a result of Asian country is one among busy traffic countries and this technique can management several of the traffic issues. in addition. of that their ar four basic sorts (data. 1. inside superframes rivalry happens between their limits and is resolved by CSMA/CA. . throughout that the organiser might enter power saving mode. not wanting to management its network. each transmission should finish before the arrival of the second beacon.half. Block Diagram: Database Unit GSM/xbee Modem Sensor1 GSM Modem/Xbee Modem Arm Load Sensor2 Microcontroller Display Device Sensor3 Sensor4 User Mobile FigureGeneral Block Diagram LITERATURE REVIEW . “steep slopes”. Abdus Samad Kamalet al[1] this paper presents a vehicle driving system in an exceedingly model prophetic management framework that effectively improves traffic flow. they're designed to regulate the speed of vehicles all told days. Since the sensible vehicle considerably attenuates the electronic jamming waves. and . The increase in the count of violation will increase the penalty quantity that can be collected in toll gates placed near. The ARM processor is enforced at receiver aspect. “school zone” in the sort of acoustic messages and additionally in LCD. et al [2] projected a system has associate alerting. It additionally focuses on assuaging the impact of breaking on the vehicles that follow.R. The receiver unit placed within the vehicle receives the messages and sends to the microcontroller. the flow of vehicles within the following traffic becomes sleek. In Rubini. which can be operated solely by the traffic police in whom he can retrieve the info hold on at any time. Speed management Driver (SCD) may be customized to suit into a vehicle ‟s dashboard.It is ascertained that the system alleviates congestion-forming phenomena from the traffic and improves the traffic flow by solely dominant one vehicle. the most objective of the projected system is to control the vehicle in safe speed at essential zones. speed was profaned. the associate genuine device is additionally provided. that receives the essential frequency. The LCD displays the lane ordinance and shows the number of times. recording and news system for over speed violationmanagement. A GSM module sends messages to the closest traffic personnel directly once a violation happens. the bottom station having the transmitter that is intended for FM (FM). once speed of the vehicle nears the ordinance it displays the warning and if exceeds the limit. and then it's activated in essential mode.Parvez Ahmed et al [3] this paper specialises in unifying the world Positioning system with embedded wireless system is that the new approaches in intelligent vehicle management for essential remote location application mistreatment ARM. thus would like some string stability. The vehicle driving system regulates safe intervehicle distance beneath the finite driving torsion condition by predicting the preceding traffic. In F. The Zigbee transmitter sends the speed limited the actual lane entered by the vehicle and additionally gives alerts like “road works”. the microcontroller records the profaned speed and time. the receiver half is enforced in Vehicle.In Md. that helps electronic jamming waves attenuate to within the traffic. In the standard system. it mechanically alerts the motive force. it may be programmed to acknowledge just one color or multiple color sorts or shades for sorting operations. this method if adopted by some state will effectively cut back the quantity of road accidents caused by rushing vehicles losing management of the vehicle at speed breakers or by driver‟s negligence towards traffic signals. In Gummarekula Sattibabu [3] et al this paper describes the advancement within the processor technology and microcontrollers has opened a replacement system designed to forestall the accidents caused because of the negligence of drivers in seeing traffic signals aboard the road and different anomalies on the roads. the present techniques still does‟t ready to cut back the quantity of accidents. to cut back the speed in keeping with the time and zone. it proposes automatic speed system supported color strips for road road and also the roads wherever the speed management at intervals limit is needed. thence there's a requirement to implement Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) {in that|during which|within which} vehicles speed may be mechanically controlled by numerous limit techniques which area unit supported zones. that runs on associate embedded system and might be customized to suit into a vehicle‟s dashboard to show info on the vehicle.displays info on the vehicle. traffic density etc. several color sensors area unit ready to sight over one color for multiple color sorting applications. thus to intimate the motive force concerning the zones and to mechanically maintain the speed is accomplished by means that RF technology. highway. during this analysis work. looking on the sophistication of the detector. Once the data is received. In Sunil R. Kate et al [5]Road accidents may be prevented by adopting measures like Traffic management. This paper presents a replacement style to regulate the speed of the cars at distant places for mounted time. the simulation is achieved through Keil C computer code and results area unit mentioned. rising quality of road infrastructure and safer vehicles. the most objective is to style associate Electronic Display management led meant for vehicle ‟s speed control and monitors the zones. The novel system is enforced with the support of embedded processor and also. The methodology explains that a numerous color strips area unit marked on road road or the roads wherever the speed management at intervals limit is needed and the vehicle can have a color sensor hooked up which can acknowledge the colour marked on the road road and consequently maintain the vehicles speed in . . once the system activated then our vehicle is controlled at given restricted speed or below that limiting speed and can't exceed on the far side that limit until successive color strip crossed..this specific limit. high method and the other roads wherever the ordinance is needed etc. This reduces the road accidents and gets driving comfort for the motive force. once implementation of this automatic speed system. In actual observe. during this developed system. the system works that once vehicle enter in speed limiting roads like express–high method. the vehicle detector sight the colour to activate the system and send the signals to programmable EU/MCU and also the programmable ECU /MCU controls the position of throttle valve/fuel pump/motor that end in dominant the speed of engine at given limit. the colour police work detector of specific intensity is employed to activate/deactivate the system of speed management at intervals the colour strips marked on the road. DB-9 cable 5. Sensors Rs232. DC motor 3.3 SCHAMATIC DIAGRAM . LCD (2X16) 4.Background HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS LPC 2148 Development Board 2.MAX232 GSM Modem(RS232 based) GPS Modem 7812/7805 voltage regulators for power supply Power supply circuit Temperature Sensor(LM35) Accelerometer Sensor(ADXL330) L293D Driver IC. ADC 3. very low power consumption and less silicon die area.bit DAC which give variable analog output. Besides all these features this board also provides devices such as LEDs. . The development board has 40 KB static RAM and 512 KB of in built flash memory.LPC 2148 Development Board: LPC 2148 Development Board [2] is a developmental tool based on LPC 2148 ARM7TDMI microcontroller with 512KB on-chip memory. The ARM7 three stage pipeline has independent fetch. On the top of all it has 50 pin expansion header which provides for up to 45 of general purpose I/O pins (0V-5V). Buzzer. which provides high performance and uses very low power. It is suitable for developing applications which require high speed data communication. IR receiver. user switches and a 16X2 LCD for display. one PWM unit (six outputs) and a watchdog. The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose 32-bit microprocessor. execute and decode stages. two 10-bit ADCs which can be used for 14 analog inputs and one 10. It also features a low powered real time clock with 32 kHz clock input. ARM uses pipeline technique to execute instructions which offers high performance. It supports In-System Programming/InApplication Programming (ISP/IAP) with the help of a boot loader software already present in it. It has two 32-bit timers/counters. real time clock for data checking etc. It uses Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC) principles in its architecture which is much more simple and powerful than those Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC). LPC2148 Plug-in module .Board Overview: Figure LPC2148 Development Board 1. Boot loader switch 10. 3V cell holder for RTC 3.2. UART0 DB9 connector 5. 9-12V AC/DC socket 8. ON/OFF slide switch 9. 2X5 JTAG header 7. Microcontroller reset switch 11. USB connector B-type . 50-pin expansion header 6. UART1 DB9 connector 4. Jumpers for selection between UART1 and Xbee 18. Jumpers for I2C EEPROM 20. Jumpers for Buzzer and IR Receiver 16. Four user switches . Jumpers for LCD interface 13. Jumpers for LEDs 17. 16X2 character LCD 22. Jumpers for Trimpots 15. Jumpers for Switches 14.12. Jumpers for SPI – SD/MMC interface 19. SD/MMC card socket 21. 23. Two trimpots connected to ADC 24. Four user LEDs 25. Buzzer 26. TSOP1738 IR Receiver 27. Xbee module interface 28. ULN2003 driver side header 29. L293D o/p header 30. Jumpers for ULN2003 Figure:pin configuration of lpc2148 [2] Pin Description P0.0 to P0.31- Port 0: Port 0 is a 32-bit I/O port with one direction controls for each bit. 28 pins of the Port 0 can be used as a general purpose bi-directional I/Os while P0.31 provides output functions only. The operation of port 0 pins depends upon the pin function selected via the pin connect block. Pins P0.24, P0.26 and P0.27 are not available for use. P1.0 to P1.31-Port 1: Port 1 is a 32-bit bi-directional I/O port with one direction controls for each bit. The operation of port 1 pins is decided by the pin function selected via the pin connect block. Pins 0 through 15 of port 1 are not available for use. RESET: A LOW on this pin resets the device, which causes I/O ports and peripherals to return to their default states. XTAL1: Input to the oscillator circuit and internal clock generator circuits. XTAL2: Output from the oscillator amplifier. RTCX1: Input to the RTC oscillator circuit. It can be left floating if the RTC is not used. RTCX2: Output from the RTC oscillator circuit. It can be left floating if the RTC is not used. VSS: (Ground) 0 V reference VSSA: (Analog Ground) 0 V reference. This should technically be the same voltage as VSS, but should be separated to minimize noise and error. This pin must be grounded if the ADC/DAC are not used. VDD: 3.3 V Power Supply: This is the power supply voltage for the core and I/O ports. VDDA: Analog 3.3 V Power Supply: This should technically be the same voltage as VDD, but should be separated to minimize noise and error. This voltage is used to power the ADC(s) and DAC (where available). This pin must be tied to VDD when the ADC/DAC is not used. VREF: A/D Converter Reference: This should technically be the same voltage as VDD, but should be separated to minimize noise and error. Level on this pin is used as a reference for A/D convertor and DAC (where available). This pin must be tied to VDD when the ADC/DAC are not used. controlling external devices and what not. To use the expansion header. It is also has a 3.VBAT: RTC Power Supply: A 3. The expansion header enables the user to interface external peripherals/devices to LPC-2148 microcontroller. reading digital signal. In LPC-2148 MCUs most of the PINS are multiplexed i. The expansion header is shown below. generating triggers for external components. LPC-2148 has two 32-bit wide GPIO ports.3 V on this pin supplies the power to the RTC. [2] Figure 1.e. these pins can be configured to provide different functions.3: GPIO pin description ADC . it is necessary to disconnect the peripherals connected to these pins by removing the jumpers which links these pins to the peripherals.3V supply which can be utilized to power external devices. All pins of the ports on LPC-2148 microcontroller can be accessed with the help of the 50 pin main expansion header. GPIO and the expansion header The GPIO pins can be used for driving LEDS. The data register stores the data that is to be displayed on the LCD. It also has Power-down mode. Jumper AN1 represents trimpot AN1 and AN2 represents trimpot AN2. The jumper positions are as shown in the below figure. and each block can be in any shape. [2] Liquid Crystal Display A liquid crystal display is a distinctive thin flat panel that can let light pass through it. LPC2148 has two 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter with input multiplexing among 6 or 8 pins (ADC0 and ADC1). 10-bit and 12 bit. Each block is filled with liquid crystals that can be made clear or solid. an input more than 2. The voltage range of trimpot lies between 0-3.8mV approx. setting the cursor position.The main problem in interfacing sensors like LM35. or proximity sensor is that they provide analog voltage outputs depending on the physical quantity that they are designed to measure. This helps us to interface the types of sensors which give analog output. controlling display etc. takes only digital inputs. microcontrollers have built-in ADCs which convert the analog voltage in a digital form. To solve this. The command register stores the command instructions received by the LCD.Command and Data. Common ADCs are 8-bit. They can differentiate in only high level or low level pin. It also supports Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs. It is built of many blocks.5V is taken as 1 and input less than 2. The resolution of an ADC indicates its accuracy.5V is taken as 0.44μs. The range of the ADCs present in the board is 0V to typically 3V. by changing the electric current to that block. The board has two trimpots connected to AD0. A 10-bit ADC will break the 0-5V range in 5/1023=4. The conversion time this ADC is 2. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. or can block the light.3V. (Unlike an LED it does not produce its own light).2 present on the LPC2148 microcontroller. A microcontroller however. Liquid crystal displays are often abbreviated LCDs. For example. A common LCD has two registers: . clearing its screen.1 and AD0. [2] . LPC-2148 has a 2X16 LCD which means it can display 16 characters per line and there can be two such lines. The B/L jumper setting is used to control LCD backlight. .5: LCD The LPC-2148 development board has a 4-bit HD44780 based LCD interface. On removing this jumper LCD backlight will turn OFF.Figure 1. The jumper positions and port pins are as shown in the below figure. Pin Description DB-9 Cable Db-9 [6] is a common connector type used for serial communication which consists of 9 pins for the male connector and 9 holes foe the female connector. Pin out of DB-9 connector commonly used for serial communication via serial ports (RS232). . It works on according to the RS232 serial interface standards. Figure 1.10: pin out of DB-9 . 11: pin configuration of DB-9 male connector [6] AVR Controller: .Figure 1. For the implementation purpose sensing element ought to be correct. however. It’s low output electrical resistance. pressure. and convert it into a sign which might be measured electrically for e. not enthusiastic about environmental conditions. that is a preciseness integrated temperature sensing element. humidity. thus for this purpose usually.Sensors The sensor could be a refined device whose perform is to sight and live any non-electrical parameters like temperature. whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the centigrade temperature. our sensing element provides output from a pair of to 150°C. usually.g. In our project. 1. It operates from four to 40v and offers 10milli V analog output for per centigrade (°C) amendment in temperature. we've principally enforced four sensors. with a big selection of values and high resolution. speed. lumen thirty-five series provides a temperature within the vary of -55 to +150°C. [4] Figure 1. analog to a digital device is employed to convert this output to binary output. voltage. linear. weight etc. value effective and extremely graduated. linear output and precise inherent standardisation makes interfacing terribly easy with none want of signal learning.12 LM35DZ pin out diagram [4] . lumen thirty fiveDZ temperature sensing element: this sensor belongs to lumen 35 series. IC sensors area unit used. thus. a number of the non-contact proximity sensors ar inductive proximity sensors. In our project 2 proximity sensors for entirely totally different functions ar used. This is concerned to the safety of the system of the human driving the car so that once accident is detected the paramedics can reach to the location as soon as they can. and Hall impact etc. saturated core. supersonic proximity sensors.Proximity sensor: There ar numerous sorts of proximity sensors for police investigation the article and its style relies upon principles like variable reluctance. electrical phenomenon proximity sensors. Shock sensors position on vehicle . eddy current loss. [5] Shock sensor integration: It is integrated in the circuit system by connecting all the sensors to or gate whose output is connected to the int pin of microcontroller. These sensors are connected in such a way that they detect force impact occurring from any side of the car. and photoelectrical sensors. 000 g shock survival Excellent temperature stability BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis RoHS/WEEE lead-free compliant GPS Basics: The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times . FEATURES OF ADXL330 : 3-axis sensing Small. The motion is detected in a sensitive portion of the accelerometer. This force is directly proportional to the acceleration component in the direction of movement when the moving body is accelerated. The output of MMA7260Q is analog mode. slope. low profile package 4 mm × 4 mm × 1. so you need a A/D converter to read the acceleration value. ADXL330: 3 Axis Acceleration Sensor Board based on ADXL330 from Analog devices. It is a first generation 3 axis acceleration sensor.6 V 10. and Z axis. It is this resistance to change in velocity that is the source of the force exerted by the moving body. And it is widely used in shock. This motion is indicative of motion in the larger object or application in which the accelerometer is mounted. and moving detection.ACCELEROMETER SENSOR: Accelerometers are sensors or transducers that measure acceleration. A moving body possesses an inertia which tends to resist change in velocity.Thus.8 V to 3. Accelerometers generally measure acceleration forces applied to a body by being mounted directly onto a surface of the accelerated body. User could get acceleration value of X. An accelerometer measures force exerted by a body as a result of a change in the velocity of the body. Y.45 mm LFCSP Low power : 350 mA (typical) Single-Supply operation: 1. Output sensitivity could be select by simply set voltage level on few pins. a sensitive accelerometer can quickly detect motion in the application. Accelerometers are useful in detecting motion in objects. and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. Ground stations precisely monitor the orbit of every satellite and by measuring the travel time of the signals transmitted from the satellite four distances between receiver and satellites will yield accurate position. The U. Though three ." they usually mean a GPS receiver. elevation information may be included. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.to 4. depending on which algorithm is used. anywhere on Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include the time the message was transmitted precise orbital information (the ephemeris) the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac). the fourth observation is essential for solving clock synchronization error between receiver and satellite.000 miles (19. making two complete rotations every day.300 km). This position is then displayed.000. calculated from position changes.000-pound solar-powered satellites circles the globe at about 12. military developed and implemented this satellite network as a military navigation system. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation and three extras in case one fails). The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. to compute the position of the receiver. direction and speed. there are at least four satellites "visible" in the sky. but soon opened it up to everybody else. When people talk about "a GPS. the term ―pseudo ranges‖ is derived. Each of these 3. Thus. perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the possible aid of trilateration.range measurements are sufficient. The fundamental navigation principle is based on the measurement of pseudo ranges between the user and four satellites. The secret of GPS measurement is due to the ability of measuring carrier phases to about 1/100 of a cycle equalling to 2 to 3 mm in linear distance.S. Moreover the high frequency L1 and L2 carrier signal can easily . A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and speed. GPS Principle: The GPS satellites act as reference points from which receivers on the ground detect their position. The orbits are arranged so that at anytime. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands of U. Data is actually sent at a much lower rate. Receivers with internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. and tens of millions of civil. and some may also calculate altitude. aviation. Originally limited to four or five. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service. This is typically in the form of an RS-232 port at 4. as of 2007. As of 2006. Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA 0183 protocol. which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. using the RTCM SC-104 format. marine and consumer product applications. even low-cost units commonly include Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) receivers. A receiver is often described by its number of channels: this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously. receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels. Dual frequency observations are important for large station separation and for eliminating most of the error parameters. although this is not considered sufficiently accurate or continuously available enough (due to the possibility of signal blockage and other factors) to rely on exclusively to pilot aircraft. GPS devices provide latitude and longitude information. commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service. GPS receivers are composed of an antenna. GPS Receiver: A GPS navigation device is any device that receives Global Positioning System (GPS) signals for the purpose of determining the device's current location on Earth.penetrate the ionosphere to reduce its effect.800 bit/s speed. tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites. GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections.S. this has progressively increased over the years so that. and a highly stable clock (often a crystal oscillator). GPS devices are used in military. . receiver-processors. They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the user. The satellites are distributed on 6 orbits. the position of the satellite.. This data allows the receiver to calculate its position. A receiver needs signals from at least three GPS satellites to pinpoint your vehicle„s position. longitude and velocity. . data sampling and data processing oscillator Power supply User interface.Major Components of a GPS Receiver: The main components of a GPS receiver are : Antenna with pre-amplifier RF section with signal identification and signal processing Micro-processor for receiver control. 4 per orbit.000km high GPS satellites. Function Of GPS: It is a "constellation" of twenty-four 20. its state. data storage. Every satellite possesses an atomic clock. Every satellite makes a complete rotation of the Earth every 12 hours. Each GPS satellite transmits radio signals that enable the GPS receivers to calculate where its (or your vehicles) location on the Earth and convert the calculations into geodetic latitude. command and display panel Memory. allowing a very precise measure of time.. L2 being reserved for the American Army. the position of the other satellites. Every satellite thus sends ceaselessly a code of 1500 bits. They emit on two different frequencies: L1: 1575 MHz and L2: 1227 MHz. containing numerous data such as the time at which the code is to be sent. RECEIVER OUTPUT: Typically receivers provide two different formats. velocity and timing service that is designed primarily for the military and other authorized users. In order to do this they normally use GSM-GPRS Cellular networks connectivity using additional GSM modem/module. Two levels of navigation and positioning are offered by the Global Positioning System: The Standard Positioning Service (SPS). and the Precise Positioning Service (PPS). The output in the following Position: Latitude: degrees: minutes: seconds Longitude: degrees: minutes: seconds Altitude m Velocity: . As we will see. although under certain conditions can be used by civilians who have specialized equipment.GPS Receivers commonly used in most Vehicle tracking systems can only receive data from GPS Satellites. The Precise Positioning Service is a highly accurate positioning. A system based on GPS can only calculate its location but cannot send it to central control room. there are various techniques available that substantially increase the SPS accuracy. NMEA (Nation Marine Electronics Association) ASCII Format Defines a set of standard messages. velocity and time. but is available to all users with even the most inexpensive receivers. Proprietary Format Typically Binary No limit on information transmitted Receiver output is related to position. They cannot communicate back with GPS or any other satellite. The Standard Positioning Service offers a base-line accuracy that is much lower than the PPS. even well beyond that which is offered by the PPS. 2. 1. Anyone attempting to design anything to this standard should obtain an official copy. time) solution computed by the GPS receiver. velocity. longitude. Antenna open short detection/protection Tracking sensitivity:-154dB-m Acquisition sensitivity -148dB-m 5v and 3. Very good acquisition and good tracking sensitivity. speed of the satellite. The idea of NMEA is to send a line of data called a sentence that is .3volt option available Most computer programs that provide real time position information understand and expect data to be in NMEA format.Speed knots Heading degrees Time (UTC): Date dd/mm/yy Time hh/mm/ss. None of the information on this site comes from this standard and I do not have a copy. no of satellites on view etc… The National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) has developed a specification that defines the interface between various pieces of marine electronic equipment. This data includes the complete PVT (position.sss GPS receiver gives the latitude. The standard permits marine electronics to send information to computers and to other marine equipment. date. time. RECEIVER FEATURES: 12 parallel channel L1 Band SPS GPS. A full copy of this standard is available for purchase at their web site. There are standard sentences for each device category and there is also the ability to define proprietary sentences for use by the individual company. the info could vary the quantity of preciseness contained within the message. which may or may not be checked by the unit that reads the data. There is a provision for a checksum at the end of each sentence. The data may vary in the amount of precision contained in the message. For example a Garmin sentence would start with PGRM and Magellan would begin with PMGN. which can or might not be checked by the unit that reads the info. Programs that read the data should only use the commas to determine the field boundaries and not depend on column positions.totally self-contained and independent from other sentences. however. The data itself is just ASCII text and may extend over multiple sentences in certain specialized instances but is normally fully contained in one variable length sentence. The confirmation field consists of a '*' associate degreed 2 hex digits representing an eight bit exclusive OR of all characters between. the '. A confirmation is needed on some sentences. All proprietary sentences begin with the letter P and are followed with 3 letters that identifies the manufacturer controlling that sentence. time might be indicated to decimal parts of a second or location may be shown with 3 or even 4 digits after the decimal point. For example. time could be indicated to decimal elements of a second or location could also be shown with three or perhaps four digits once the mathematical notation. the info itself is simply ASCII text and will extend over multiple sentences in sure specialized instances. The data is contained within this single line with data items separated by commas. knowledge|the info|the information} is contained at intervals this single line with data things separated by commas. Each sentence begins with a '.) This is followed by a three-letter sequence that defines the sentence contents. but not . there's a provision for a confirmation at the top of every sentence. The checksum field consists of a '*' and two hex digits representing an 8 bit exclusive OR of all characters between. Programs that browse the info ought to solely use the commas to see the sector boundaries and not rely on column positions. In addition NMEA permits hardwar manufactures to define their own proprietary sentences for whatever purpose they see fit. however not together with. All of the standard sentences have a two-letter prefix that defines the device that uses that sentence type. and ends with a carriage return/line feed sequence and may be now not than eighty characters of visible text (plus the road terminators). (For GPS receivers the prefix is GP. is generally totally contained in one variable length sentence. for instance. These just specify some different sentence configurations which may be peculiar to the needs of a particular device thus the GPS may need to be changed to match the devices being interfaced to. they're additionally compatible with most pc serial ports mistreatment RS232 protocols. Hardware Connection: The hardware interface for GPS units is intended to fulfill the NMEA needs.including. which may or may not be checked by the unit that reads the data. A checksum is required on some sentences. All units that support NMEA ought to support this speed. The interface speed is adjusted on some models however the NMEA normal is 4800 b/s (bit per second rate) with eight bits of knowledge. The data is contained within this single line with data items separated by commas. time might be indicated to decimal parts of a second or location may be shown with 3 or even 4 digits after the decimal point. The checksum field consists of a '*' and two hex digits representing an 8 bit exclusive OR of all characters between. the '$' and '*'.3. A checksum is required on some sentences. The data may vary in the amount of precision contained in the message. They suggest correspondence to EIA-422. The current version of the standard is 3. the '$' and '*'. but I am not aware of any GPS products that require conformance to this version. and '*'. I have no specific information on this version.0 through 2. and ends with a carriage return/line feed sequence and may be now not than eighty characters of visible text (plus the road terminators).01.5 and 2. Note that. but not including. at a b/s rate of 4800. and one stop bit. no parity. Programs that read the data should only use the commas to determine the field boundaries and not depend on column positions. There have been several changes to the standard but for GPS use the only ones that are likely to be encountered are 1. A checksum is required on some sentences. For example. but to be precise the NMEA normal isn't RS232. Many GPS receivers simply output a fixed set of sentences that cannot be changed by the user. There is a provision for a checksum at the end of each sentence. Some GPS's provide the ability configure a custom set the sentences while other may offer a set of fixed choices. The data itself is just ASCII text and may extend over multiple sentences in certain specialized instances but is normally fully contained in one variable length sentence. you'll simply send enough knowledge to over fill a full second of . that transferred knowledge at 1200 b/s. Since associate degree NMEA sentence is as long as eighty two characters you'll be restricted to but half-dozen totally different sentences. Setting it to run as quick as you'll improve the responsiveness of the program. then use the info for screen show. Some programs cannot try this and these programs can sample the info stream. the particular limit is set by the precise sentences used.your time. that is called: 0183 version two. this might be fine in some applications however whole unacceptable in others. and so sample the info once more. This normal dictates a transfer rate of 4800 b/s. as an example a automotive traveling at sixty mph can travel eighty eight feet in one second. NMEA is intended to run as a method within the background spit out sentences that area unit then captured pro re nata by the mistreatment program. For this reason some units solely send updates each 2 seconds or could send some knowledge each second whereas reserving different knowledge to be sent less typically. The oldest normal was 0180 followed by 0182. Some sentences could also be sent solely throughout a selected action of the receiver like whereas following a route whereas different receivers could continuously send the sentence and simply null out the values. At 4800 b/s you'll solely send 480 characters in one second. The NMEA normal has been around {for many|for many} years (1983) and has undergone several revisions. betting on the time required to use {the knowledge|the info|the information} there will simply be a lag of four seconds within the responsiveness to modified data.5. . additionally some units could send knowledge one or two of seconds previous whereas different units could send knowledge that's collected among the second it's sent. Most GPS receivers perceive the quality. different distinction are going to be noted within the specific knowledge descriptions outlined later within the text. Some receivers additionally perceive associate degree earlier version of 0183 known as version one. many second delays may build the whole system appear unresponsive and will cause you to miss your flip. usually time is distributed in thusme field among every second so it's pretty straightforward to work out what a selected GPS is doing. Some Garmin units and different brands are set to 9600 for NMEA output or perhaps higher however this can be solely suggested if you have got determined that 4800 works ok and so you'll try and set it quicker. Some receivers additionally perceive older standards. The protocol has modified and therefore the variety and kinds of sentences could also be totally different betting on the revision. however this shows that it's straightforward to overrun the capabilities if you would like speedy sentence response. AT Commands for RF Configuration: Commands continually begin with AT (which means that Attention) and end with a <. the merchandise doesn't come to the OK string as a response.Err>. Voltage regulator IC maintains the output value to constant value. So 7805 indicates constant output of +5V. info responses and result codes Responses begin and finish with <. strings area unit came with completely different error codes.CR>. In parallel knowledge transfers.SmsErr>. therefore. or +CMS ERROR: <. In some cases. it provides knowledge in computer memory unit sized chunks. If command syntax is correct however with some incorrect parameters.. If command syntax is inaccurate. apart from the ATV0 DCE response format) and.<. usually a lot of lines area unit accustomed transfer knowledge to a tool and eight-bit knowledge path is dear. The serial communication transfer uses solely one knowledge line rather than the eight-bit knowledge line of parallel communication that makes the information transfer not solely cheaper however additionally makes it attainable {for 2|for 2} computers settled . the +CME ERROR: <. Product Serial range +CGSN Description This command permits the user application to urge the IMEI (International Mobile instrumentation Identity) of the merchandise. a slip string comes. like “AT+CPIN?” or (unsolicited) incoming events. character. Here XX represents the fixed output voltage. IC 7805 (voltage regulator): It belongs to 78XX series of fixed linear regulated IC voltage. the ATQ1 (result code suppression) commands. the associate OK string comes.LF>. Computers transfer knowledge in 2 ways: parallel and serial.CR>. If the statement has been performed with success. Serial communication When a processor communicates with the skin world. This normal is employed in PCs and diverse forms of instrumentality. DB-9P refers to the plug instrumentality (male) and DB-9S is for the socket instrumentality (female). whereas a zero bit is delineate +3 to +25V. the speed of serial knowledge transfer communication is declared in rate or it will be referred to as baud. In labeling. For this reason. its input and output voltage levels don't seem to be TTL compatible. area unit packed in between a begin and stop bit. 80286. to attach any RS232 to a microcontroller system. The AT89C51 chip encompasses an in-built UART. In the asynchronous technique. These chips area unit unremarkably remarked as UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter) and USART (universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter). the data. and interfacing normal referred to as RS232 was set by the physics industries Association in 1960. asynchronous and synchronous. like ASCII characters. they're bypassed since they're not supported by the UART chip. The RS232 cables area unit typically remarked as DB-9 instrumentality. Serial electronic communication uses 2 ways. and ground. RXD. creating -3 to +3 indefinite. nowadays RS232 is that the most generally used I/O interfacing normal.in two completely different cities to speak over phone phone. The synchronous technique transfers knowledge at a time whereas the asynchronous transfers one computer memory unit at a time. every character is placed between begin and stop bits. TXD. IBM PC/ compatibles computers supported x86(8086. we've got a complete of ten bits for a character: eight bits for the ASCII code and one bit every for the beginning and stop bits. There area unit some special IC chips created by several makers for knowledge communications. 486 and Pentium) microprocessors unremarkably . one bit is delineated by -3 to -25V. However. this can be referred to as framing. several of the pins of the RS232 instrumentality area unit used for shake signals. to permit the compatibility among electronic communication instrumentality created by varied makers. we have a tendency to should use voltage converters like MAX232 to attach the TTL logic levels to RS232 voltage levels and contrariwise. In knowledge framing of asynchronous communications. since the quality was set long before the arrival of the TTL logic family. MAX232 ICs area unit unremarkably remarked as line drivers. 386. In RS232. the best association between a laptop and microcontroller needs a minimum of 3 pins. .... SET USED_LAYERS name | number.. The COM ports area unit selected as COM1 and COM2... SET DIAMETER_MENU value. we have a tendency to use a DB9 instrumentality in our arrangement.6 for PCB Designing: Configuring EAGLE Global EAGLE parameters can be adjusted in the Control Panel.scr file. several PCs use one every of the DB-25 and DB-9 RS232 connectors. SET SELECT_FACTOR value.have 2 COM ports. Tools & SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT EAGLE5. ASSIGN function_key command. or in the eagle. SET DRILL_MENU value.. each COM ports have RS232 port connectors. SET SNAP_LENGTH number. we will connect the interface to the COM two port of a laptop for serial communication experiments. SET WIDTH_MENU value. User Interface Command menu Assign keys Snap function Content of menus MENU command... The following editor commands can be used to customize the way EAGLE works.. They can be given either directly from an editor window's command line. SET CATCH_FACTOR value. SET SPACING_MENU value. SET MITER_MENU value.. SET DISPLAY_MODE REAL | NODRILL.. Presettings Pad shape Wire width Pad/via diameter Pad/via/hole drill diam. GRID options. SET VECTOR_FONT OFF | ON. SET POLYGON_RATSNEST OFF | ON.. SET COLOR_LAYER layer color.Wire bend Beep on/off SET SMD_MENU value. CHANGE RATIO ratio. text size displayed Display of net lines Display of pads Display of bus lines DRC fill style Polygon processing Vector font SET COLOR_GRID color. SET BUS_WIRE_WIDTH width. CHANGE THERMALS OFF | ON... SET OPTIMIZING OFF | ON. SET MIN_GRID_SIZE pixels. SET AUTO_JUNCTION OFF | ON. Mode Parameters Package check Grid parameters Replace mode UNDO Buffer Wire Optimizing Net wire termination Automatic junctions SET CHECK_CONNECTS OFF | ON. SET BEEP OFF | ON. SET PAD_NAMES OFF | ON. CHANGE SMD width height. SET SIZE_MENU value.. CHANGE SIZE value. CHANGE DRILL value. SET FILL_LAYER layer fill. SET ISOLATE_MENU value. SET WIRE_BEND bend_nr. SET MIN_TEXT_SIZE size. Screen Display Color for grid lines Color for layer Fill style for layer Grid parameter Min. .. SET NET_WIRE_WIDTH width. SET DRC_FILL fill_name. CHANGE WIDTH value... Smd size Text height Text line width Text font Polygon parameter CHANGE SHAPE shape. SET REPLACE_SAME NAMES | COORDS. SET UNDO_LOG OFF | ON. CHANGE DIAMETER diameter. SET AUTO_END_NET OFF | ON.. CHANGE FONT font. You can NAME a bus in such a way that you can drag nets out of the bus which are named accordingly. . define a new one with the library editor. ROTATE. Where a particular component is not available. Draw Net Connections Using the NET command. MOVE. VALUE). CHANGE ISOLATE distance. DELETE. Load a Drawing Frame Load library FRAMES with USE and place a frame of your choice with ADD.Polygon parameter Polygon parameter Polygon parameter Polygon parameter Polygon parameter CHANGE ORPHANS OFF | ON. connect up the pins of the various elements on the drawing. Place Symbols Load appropriate libraries with USE and place symbols (see ADD. Draw Bus Connections Using the BUS command. CHANGE RANK value. Intersecting nets may be made into connections with the JUNCTION command. Drawing a Schematic Create a Schematic File Use File/New and Save as to create a schematic with a name of your choice. CHANGE SPACING distance. CHANGE POUR SOLID | HATCH. draw bus connections. NAME. This mechanism makes sure that schematic and board are consistent. You must follow these steps as they build upon each other. the RATSNEST command is used to optimize airwires. Define Restricted Areas If required. Creating a Library Device Creating a new component part in a library has three steps. or CIRCLEs on the tRestrict. together with their connections drawn as airwires. board and schematic must be loaded to keep Forward&Back Annotation active. restricted areas for the Autorouter can be defined as RECTangles. Once all packages have been placed. Use the File menu Open or New command (not the USE command). Routing Airwires are now converted into tracks with the aid of the ROUTE command. Power pins are automatically connected to the appropriate supply (if not connected by a net on the schematic). open a library. To start. The board is linked to the schematic via Forward&Back Annotation. too. appear beside a blank board ready for placing. This function can also be performed automatically by the Autorouter. POLYGONs. or vRestrict layers. All the components. Set Board Outlines and Place Components The board outlines can be adjusted with the MOVE and SPLIT commands as appropriate before moving each package on the board. Note: areas enclosed by wires drawn on the Dimension layer are borders for the Autorouter. Create a Package . when available.Generating a Board from a Schematic By using the BOARD command or clicking the Switch-to-Board icon you can generate a board from the loaded schematic (if there is no board with the same name yet). bRestrict. When editing a drawing. Create the Device Devices are the "master" part of a component and use both a package and one or more symbols.Packages are the part of the device that are added to a board. Click the Edit Package icon and edit a new package by typing its name in the New field of the dialog box. NAME and place PADs properly. Add texts >NAME and >VALUE with the TEXT command (show actual name and value in the schematic) and draw symbol outlines (WIRE command) in the proper layers. Use CONNECT to specify which of the packages pads are connected to the pins of each gate. Add the gate(s) with ADD. . Assign the package with the PACKAGE command. Set the proper distance GRID. Place and name pins with the commands PIN and NAME and provide pin parameters (CHANGE). Click the Edit Device icon and edit a new device by typing its name in the New field of the dialog box. Add texts >NAME and >VALUE with the TEXT command (show actual name and value in the board) and draw package outlines (WIRE command) in the proper layers. User Interface The User interface dialog allows you to customize the appearance of the layout. schematic and library editor windows. you can have as many gates as needed. Click the Edit Symbol icon and edit a new symbol by typing its name in the New field of the dialog box. Create a Symbol Symbols are the part of the device that are added to a schematic. Save the library and you can USE it from the schematic or board editor. "Print" etc. activates the dynamic parameter toolbar. white or colored background for the schematic mode selects a small or large cursor for the schematic mode Help Bubble help User guidance activates the "Bubble Help" function. which pops up a short hint about the meaning of several buttons when moving the cursor over them activates the "User Guidance" function. regardless of which font is actually set for a particular text defines the zoom factor that will be used to zoom in and out of an editor window when the mouse wheel is turned ('0' disables this feature. white or colored background for the layout mode selects a small or large cursor for the layout mode Schematic Background Cursor selects a black. which contains all the parameters that are available for the currently active command activates the command buttons activates the textual command menu aktivates the sheet thumbnail preview Layout Background Cursor selects a black.Controls Pulldown menu Action toolbar Parameter toolbar Command buttons Command texts Sheet thumbnails activates the pulldown menu at the top of the editor window activates the action toolbar containing buttons for "File". which displays a helping text telling the user what would be the next meaningful action when a command is active Misc Always vector font Mouse wheel zoom always displays texts in drawings with the builtin vector font. the sign of this value defines the direction of the zoom operation) . The chapter also documents the development of the program for the application. 13.2 Tools Used: .Keil UVision for ARM Programing: INTRODUCTION: In this chapter the software used and the language in which the program code is defined is mentioned and the program code dumping tools are explained. This program has been termed as “Source code”. Before we look at the source code we define the two header files that we have used in the code. The Keil C51 Compiler is a full ANSI implementation o the C programming language that supports all standard features of the C language. In addition.Figure 13.internal stages C51 Compiler & A51 Macro Assembler: Source files are created by the μVision IDE and are passed to the C51 Compiler or A51 Macro Assembler. μVISION: .1 Kiel Software. numerous features for direct support of the ARM architecture have been added. The compiler and assembler process source files and create replaceable object files. Select Project . μVision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write. A make facility.UV2). 2. and link) an application in μVision2. Quick Function Navigation. and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup. μVision3 is fully compatible to μVision2 and can be used in parallel with μVision2. A powerful debugger. . Creating Your Own Application in μVision2: To create a new project in μVision2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. It encapsulates the following components: A project manager. compile. Tool configuration. assembles. BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN μVISION: To build (compile. you must: 1. Select Project . and links the files in your project. Select Project -(forexample.μVision2 compiles.μVision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates. assemble. Editor. 2.New Project.Rebuild all target files or Build target. you must: 1. and debug embedded programs.166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO. main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function. Break. μVision2 creates a replacement project file with the name PROJECT1. Files. or C16x/ST10 device from the Device Database™. and add the source files to the project. Select Project . the tool settings below choices . 7. You may enter G.Options and set the tool options. Project1.e. 3. select Source Group1. 251.3.choose Device for Target and choose a CPU for your project. This opens a customary Windows dialog that asks you for the new project file name. and so on. correct your program exploitation commonplace choices like Step. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program.Targets.Start/Stop Debug Session. Select Project . you'll merely use the icon produce New Folder during this dialog to induce a replacement empty folder. Create source files to add to the project. 6. Select Project . 5.Target square measure . currently use from the menu Project . You typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Note when you select the target device from the Device Database™ all special options are set automatically. Then choose this folder and enter the file name for the new project. you must: 1. Open the Serial Window exploitation the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Add/Files.Select Device and select an 8051. This choice sets necessary tool choices for the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies during this approach the tool Configuration Building comes and making an HEX Files Typical.Rebuild all target files or Build target. Select Debug . 2. Select Project . Groups. Default memory model settings are optimal for most applications. we propose that you just use a separate folder for every project. we tend to square measure exploitation for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. Go. The choose Device panel shows the μVision2 device info. Debugging an Application in μVision2: To debug an application created using μVision2. to make a replacement project file choose from the μVision2 menu Project – New Project…. you'll see these names within the Project Window . simply choose the microcontroller you utilize.Files.UV2 that contain default target and file cluster name. i. beginning μVision2 and making a Project μVision2 may be a commonplace Windows application and began by clicking on the program icon. 4. you'll be able to conjointly modification the aspects of every peripheral victimization the controls within the dialog boxes. it's needed to make associate Philips HEX file to transfer the package into associate read-only memory computer programmer or machine. The μVision2 machine traps and reports banned operation. the machine conjointly provides support for the integrated peripherals of the assorted 8051 derivatives. Refer page fifty-eight for additional info regarding choosing a tool. you'll begin your promenade programming utility when the create method once you specify the program below the choice Run User Program #1. you will choose and show the on-chip peripheral elements victimization the right menu. μVision2 creates HEX files with every build method once produce HEX files below choices for Target . If the program execution stops. you'll be ready to use the notice command or correct program errors. CPU Simulation μVision2 simulates up to sixteen Mbytes of memory from that areas may be mapped for browse write or code execution access. For example. The on-chip peripherals of the CPU you have got elect square measure organized from the Device Database selection: You have created after you produce your project target. throughout debugging. once you build an associate application with syntax errors. Start fighting you begin the right mode of μVision2 with the right . the extra rectify windows ar mentioned at intervals the .begin/Stop Debug Session command. μVision2 can load the applying program and run the startup code μVision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of the last right session. The μVision2 rectify mode differs from the edit mode at intervals the next aspects: The “Debug Menu and rectify Commands” represented below ar offered. μVision2 can show errors and warning messages within the Output Window Build page.right Configuration. μVision2 opens associate editor window with the supplied text or shows processor directions within the dismantling window. the most editor options area unit still accessible. you'll translate all supply files and line the appliance with a click on the Build Target toolbar icon. when you have got tested your application. A double click on a message line opens the supplied file on the right location in a very μVision2 editor window. Program provide the text of your application is shown at intervals identical windows. counting on the choices for Target . Once you have got with success generated your application you'll begin debugging. the consequent practicable statement is marked with a yellow arrow.all you wish to start out a replacement application. additionally to memory mapping.Output is enabled. disassembly Window The disassembly window shows your computer virus as mixed provides and program or simply assembly code. that permits you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the PC program you are debugging. you may opt for a text line and set or modify code breakpoints exploitation toolbar buttons or the context menu commands. to vary the trace history set rectify Enable/Disable Trace Recording. Implementation and Result .next. A trace history of antecedently dead directions would possibly even be displayed with rectifying . If you choose on the activity Window as a result of the active window all program step commands work on computer hardware instruction level rather than program provide lines.Inline Assembly… to modify the computer hardware directions. The project structure or tool parameters cannot be changed.browse Trace Records. All build Commands ar disabled. you may use the dialog rectify . Fig:PCB Layout at Hospital/Traffic Light Side Description of the project:Above figure shows the Board layout at the receiver end which will log all the date recived and will display it on lcd the data which above module will receive is bing send from the vehicle unit which contains LPC2148 board and some patient monitoring sensors named as smart sensors mounted in the vehicle itself at remote end the data is being monitored and stored in the buffer of the microcontroller unit then it is being transmitted through RF module having frequency of 2. .4 GHZ. . SPDT .ULN2003.Fig: Schematic Layout at Hospital/Traffic Light Side Schematic Description:Our receiver end which is also responsible for automation of traffic light system consist of various electronic components and ics like ATMEGA328. LCD.7805.Rectifier.Transformer and many more basic components. the overall working of the receiver end is loke it receives data from the remote end through rf receiver and then display on LCD.Relay. .A Relay arrangement is also provided in to the circuit causing the smart traffic light control mechanism. which work like following steps given below: Step1: Receive Data from the remote side Step2: Store the data in a variable and display the received data on LCD Step3: Monitor the condition of the switch pressed at the remote end Step4: There are 4 conditions given at remote side which is a kind of indicator Step5: The controller at the receiver end reads the data and initiates the traffic management system as per the direction from which vehicle is coming. It doesn't„t tell the precise nature of the accident. In several accidents. this may even be increased by mechanical lockup all the brakes just in case of the accident. By this improvement. this may be accustomed stop vehicle larceny. it becomes severe because the drivers lose management and can„t stop the vehicle. we are able to tell the precise position of the vehicle. The processor ought to be connected to devices which might lock the brakes once triggered.CONCLUSION This version of our project can send a reply once we send an SMS and conjointly sends the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and meridian once there's any accident. Modifying the code. the implementation of this instrumentation can ease the folks. This project may be increased in future by modifying within the program to search out the particular position of the vehicle and conjointly in accident interference. the measuring instrument detector can trigger because of vibrations that are received and processed by the Spartan processor. just in case of any larceny. whether or not it's severe or simply a gentle one. we are able to stop the vehicle and might cut back the impact of the accident. we are able to predict whether or not the vehicle is in traditional position or the wrong way up. once conveyance systems like a bus. In a public transport system. {we will|we will|we are able to} build it to send the position of the vehicle sporadically to a signed mobile range in order that firms can keep a watch on their vehicles. the owner will track the situation of the vehicle. throughout the accident. REFERENCES . With the assistance of measuring instrument detector. trains this area unit put in with this instrumentation. so we are able to build use of the out there technology to the good thing about the folks by saving the lives of the folks and serving to the homeowners of the vehicle to stay track of their vehicles. folks will understand the situation of the vehicle and arrive within the stop in time. [4] Eui Jung. Instrumentation And Control Engineering Volume 2. and Siddharth Gavhale (2014) . Vol. Liu.Infrastructure Communication Networks‟IEEE/CIC ICCC2013 China Communications January 2014. Sung Kim. No. 223-230. 15. 355– 361. (2014). S. [10] X. „Effects of Design Factors of the Instrument Cluster Panel on Consumers‟ Affection‟ IMES 2010 March. Goldsmith. Seong Kim. [8] S. no. ‟ „Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control: Network . Electronics. 2. Athans. [9] W. Intelligent Transport System. Saraydar. U. 625–630. Vol. pp. 3. Satyanarayan Kona . Levine and M. pp. „Embedded Based Vehicle Speed Control System Using Wireless Technology‟ International Journal Of Innovative Research In Electrical. (2014). and Sinan oncu.” (2010) IEEE. Hedrick. and T. „Smart Driving of a Vehicle Using Model PredictiveControl for Improving Traffic Flow ‟ IEEE Transactions On Intelligent Transportation Systems. K. (2014). „Explicit Rate Based Transmission Control Scheme in Vehicle-to. Issue 8 ISSN 2347-4289.ISSN 2250-3234 Volume 4. Kazuyuki Aihara and Tomohisa Hayakawa. volume 11. August. [2] M. August. Issue 8. Gahun Jung.” (2010) IEEE Transaction Automation Control. T. 1–9.Aware Analysis of String Stability‟ IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems.Sunil. (2014). [6] Gummarekula Sattibabu. Thulasi Ram. pp. No. [5] Govindaraju. . (2014) “Intravehicular wireless networks.” IEEE Globecom. Ames. Zhao Hai1 (2014). 15. Jun-ichi Imura. Jagadeeshraja. Jeroen Ploeg. Kewate. “On the optimal error regulation of a string of Moving vehicles. November.V.[1] Abdus Samad Kamal. Mahal. and J. Talty. Nathan van de Wouw. „Automatic Speed Control System by the Color Sensor for Automobiles -An Innovative Model Based Approach ‟ International Journal of Advanced Mechanical Engineering. C. July. Parvez Ahmed. Nehal Sayankar . [7] Henk Nijmeijer. S. “Effects of communication delay on string stability in vehicle platoons. Volume 2. Karmare . Elbatt. April. pp. R. 4. Sungjoon Park(2010). Akira Ohata. A. Number 2. „ Automatic Vehicle Speed Control With Wireless InVehicle Road Sign Delivery System Using ARM 7‟ International Journal Of Technology Enhancements And Emerging Engineering Research. [3] BI Yuanguo. Xuemin (Sherman) Shen. [12] D. (2010) “Trends in automotive communication systems. pp. Simonot-Lion. 6. 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Project Snapshots: Fig: Transmitter end LPC2148 Board . 19 Vout4 P0.25 P0.18 Vout3 P0.17 // DB6 - P0.16 // DB5 - P0.12 // E // R/W - - ------------------- P0.30 // RS P0.Fig: Instrumentation Cluster (Reciever) Data logger and street light control .13 GND Vout1 Vout2 P0.LPC2148 POT - LPC2148 // ----------------- // DB4 - P0.C Code at the Transmitter end for LPC2148 Board: // // PINOUT: LCD .29 // DB7 - P0.28 . //*******************End of Private Protoype************************************ .h" //**********************End of INCLUDES***************************************** //**********************Private Macro Definitions******************************* //#define LED1 (1<<20) //Assign LED1 pin number //#define LED2 (1<<21) //Assign LED2 pin number //#define LED3 (1<<22) //Assign LED3 pin number //#define LED4 (1<<23) //Assign LED4 pin number #define LEDS1_ON() IOSET0 |= (LED1).// LED1 - P0.//LEDs ON #define LEDS4_OFF() IOCLR0 |= (LED4).//LEDs ON #define LEDS1_OFF() IOCLR0 |= (LED1).//LEDs ON #define LEDS3_OFF() IOCLR0 |= (LED3).20 // LED2 - P0.23 //*************************************************************************** //**************************INCLUDES**************************************** **** #include "config.22 // LED4 - P0.//LEDs ON #define LEDS2_OFF() IOCLR0 |= (LED2).//LEDs OFF //*******************End of Private Macro Definitions*************************** //************************Private Protoype************************************** void _DelayMs(unsigned int count).//LEDs OFF #define LEDS4_ON() IOSET0 |= (LED4).21 // LED3 - P0.//LEDs OFF #define LEDS2_ON() IOSET0 |= (LED2).//LEDs OFF #define LEDS3_ON() IOSET0 |= (LED3). PINSEL1 |= ANALOG_IN_DIR1. float val3=0. int main(void) { unsigned char str1[] = "SYSTEM \r\n". // PINSEL1 |=0x15040000. float val4=0.//**************************************************************************** * // Function: int main(void) // // Input: None // // Output: None // // Overview: Main enrty point. int i=0. // // Note: None //**************************************************************************** * unsigned int da1[3]. unsigned char k=0. //Bit 25:24 of PINSEL1 . float val1=0. float val2=0. // PINSEL1 = 0x15541800. unsigned char str2[] = "READY\r\n ". initClocks(). //Select the AD0. IODIR1|=0xFFFE0000. //Select the AD0. // Initialize UART module at 9600 bps . //Bit 25:24 of PINSEL1 register IODIR0 &= ~(ANALOG_IN3). IODIR1|=0xFFFE0000. //pass channel number and clkdiv IODIR1=0X00000000.2 Input Adc0Init(10 ). //Bit 25:24 of PINSEL1 register IODIR0 &= ~(ANALOG_IN2). Uart0Init(). //Bit 25:24 of PINSEL1 register IODIR0 &= ~(ANALOG_IN4).2 Input PINSEL1 |= ANALOG_IN_DIR4. //Clear all the LEDs on board IOPIN1&=~(0xFFFF0000).2 Input PINSEL1 |= ANALOG_IN_DIR3.2 Input PINSEL1 |= ANALOG_IN_DIR2. //Select the AD0. //Clear all the LEDs on board IOPIN1&=~(0xFFFF0000). //Select the AD0.register IODIR0 &= ~(ANALOG_IN1). //Operate at 3MHz IODIR0=0X00000000. _DelayMs(100). ClcdPutS_P(" TRAFFIC LIGHT "). //A delay of 1 second ClcdClear(). ClcdPutS_P("SMART AMBULANCE "). _DelayMs(1000). ClcdPutS_P("MECHANISM "). ClcdGoto(1.2). _DelayMs(1000). screen //A delay of 1 second //Clear all contents on . ClcdInit().1). ClcdCursorOff().1). // Wait for UART module to stabilize // Following section of code demonstrates transmission of strings // stored in program memory Uart0PutS("\r\n\r\n*** SMART AMBULANCE USING VEHICULAR ***\r\n"). ClcdClear(). ClcdGoto(1. ClcdGoto(1.Uart1Init(). ClcdPutS_P("NETWORK & SMART "). _DelayMs(1000). Uart0PutS("NETWORK & SMART TRAFFIC LIGHT MECHANISM\r\n"). ClcdGoto(1.2). ClcdPutS_P(" USING VEHICULAR "). //A delay of 1 second ClcdClear(). ClcdGoto(1.1). Character LCD //Display Analog voltage on . ClcdGoto(1.//Converting in volts //val4= (val4*3. //Select channel number //Converting in volts // val1=((1650/val1)-500)/10. val4=(val4/10). //Converting in volts val2=(val2/10). //val1= (val1*3.3)/1023. //val3= (val3*3. _DelayMs(100).3)/1023. //Display Analog voltage on Character LCD Uart0PutS("\r\n").while(1) { ClcdClear(). ClcdPutS_P("T="). Uart0PutS("G="). // val3=Adc0Read(2).1). Uart0PutS("T="). val1=(val1/3)+1. //val2= (val2*3. val4=Adc0Read(3). //A lil delay ClcdGoto(7.1).3)/1023.0. //val3=(val3/10). val1=Adc0Read(4). val2=Adc0Read(1). ClcdPutFloat(val2).3)/1023. ClcdPutS_P("G="). ClcdPutFloat(val1). //A lil delay ClcdGoto(1. } //Display Analog . ClcdPutFloat(val4). _DelayMs(100). ClcdPutS_P("R=").010 && val3<0. Uart0PutS("\r\n"). } if(val3>=0. ClcdGoto(1.010) { ClcdPutS_P("<20%"). if(val3>=0. ClcdPutFloat(val3).020) { ClcdPutS_P("25%").2). voltage on Character LCD Uart0PutS("\r\n").Uart0PutS("\r\n"). _DelayMs(100). _DelayMs(500).2). Uart0PutS("H=").000 && val3<0. Uart0PutS("R="). Uart0PutS("25%"). Uart0PutS("<20%"). ClcdPutS_P("H="). } if(val3>=0.530) { ClcdPutS_P("50%").530 && val3<0.270) { ClcdPutS_P("45%").140 && val3<0.270 && val3<0. } if(val3>=0. } if(val3>=0. Uart0PutS("35%"). Uart0PutS("45%").if(val3>=0. } if(val3>=0. Uart0PutS("40%").140) { ClcdPutS_P("40%").010) . Uart0PutS("30%").720 && val3<1.040) { ClcdPutS_P("30%"). } if(val3>=0.720) { ClcdPutS_P("55%"). Uart0PutS("55%").080) { ClcdPutS_P("35%"). Uart0PutS("50%").020 && val3<0. } if(val3>=0.080 && val3<0.030 && val3<0. 260) { ClcdPutS_P("80%").010 && val3<1.720 && val3<1. Uart0PutS("70%"). } if(val3>=2.260 && val3<2.370 && val3<1.480) { ClcdPutS_P("85%").670) { . } if(val3>=1. Uart0PutS("85%").970) { ClcdPutS_P("75%").480 && val3<2. } if(val3>=2. Uart0PutS("60%"). } if(val3>=1.{ ClcdPutS_P("60%"). Uart0PutS("65%"). } if(val3>=1. Uart0PutS("80%").720) { ClcdPutS_P("70%"). Uart0PutS("75%"). } if(val3>=1.970 && val3<2.370) { ClcdPutS_P("65%"). } } } .k.j++) { for (k=0. } //A lil delay } } void _DelayMs(unsigned int count) { volatile unsigned int j.k<6000.000) { ClcdPutS_P(">90%"). nop.k++) { __asm { nop. for (j=0. Uart0PutS("90%").ClcdPutS_P("90%").j<count. Uart0PutS(">90%"). } if(val3>=2.670 && val3<3. } .