Thesis Full Draft

Running head: RELIGION AND ABA1 Religion and Applied Behavior Analysis: Ignored Allies for Parents of Children with Autism Preeti Kumar Pennsylvania State University Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 2 Religion and Applied Behavior Analysis: Ignored Allies for Parents of Children with Autism The prevalence of autism, one of the leading developmental disorders in children, has increased from one in 150 children to one in 110 children (Autism Speaks, 2010), resulting in a 57% jump in a mere 4 years. This staggering increase in autism also means an increasing number of families facing the daunting task of raising a child with autism, a disorder characterized by severe deficits in language, social development, and presence of repetitive and stereotyped behaviors (American Psychiatric Asssociation, 2000). Given these debilitating symptoms, management and treatment of autism can result high levels of stress for parents (Osborne, McHugh, Saunders, & Reed, 2008). According to Gray (1994), sources of stress for parents of children with autism include absence of children¶s adequate language skills, public behavior such as throwing tantrums, obsessive behaviors, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, severe deficits in social skills, and extreme rigidity in daily routine. These stressors can increase the burden of caring for a child diagnosed with autism, and can further complicate choosing the proper course of treatment. Parents are faced with a ³buffet´ (Schreck & Mazur, 2008) of treatment options: Auditory Integration (AI), Discrete Trial Instruction (DTI), Facilitated Communication (FC), Floor Time, Gentle Teaching, Music Therapy, Nonaversive Treatment, Occupational Therapy, Picture Exchange Communication System, Person Centered Planning, Physical Therapy, Positive Behavior Support (PBS), Sensory Integration (SI), Treatment and Education of Autistic and Communication Handicapped Children (TEACCH), and Verbal Behavior (Jacobson, Foxx, & Mulick, 2005; Schreck & Mazur, 2008). Many of these treatment options have not been supported by scientific research and are thus considered fads. Parents are pulled towards fad treatments for various reasons (Jacobson, et al., 2005): Fad treatments enable parents to ³bridge Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 3 the gap between the child they hoped would be theirs and the one they have´ (Jacobson, et al., 2005, p. 10) more quickly than research-based treatments. Furthermore, fad treatments are often viewed as quick fixes compared to scientifically supported treaments (i.e., Applied Behavior Analysis). Given the stressors involved in raising a child with autism, parents are often drawn to these treatments because they are advertised to be the easiest and fastest way to ³cure´ their child of autism. Scientifically-validated treatments, on the other hand, are often more expensive (New York State Department of Health, 1999), stringent, and time-consuming (Green, 2007). Of all the various treatments available for autism, applied behavior analysis (ABA) is the only one that has been supported by scientific research (Lovaas, 1987; New York State Department of Health, 1999). Yet, it also the most difficult to implement and run (Green, 2007). The New York State Department of Health (1999) recomends the following in all early intensive behavioral interventions: a) Functional analysis of problem behavior; b) highly structured and supportive teaching environment; c) strategies in place to generlize skills to other environments and setting; d) strategies for smooth transition between daily activities; d) long-term strategies for transitions between invervention settings; and e) opportunities for family involvement. Successful implementionation of these elements require a large number of well-trained individuals to administer interventions in the home, leading to increased expense and disruption to the family (New York State Department of Health, 1999). Moreover, to ensure successful implemention of treatment, parents are often forced take on other roles(e.g., case manager, lead educator, data analyst, or primary therapist) (Cattell-Gordon & Cattell-Gordon, 1998), thus furuther increasing the difficulty in implemention of ABA programs. Also, behavioral intervention programs have been shown to be effective when implemented early (e.g., Fenske, Zalenski, Krantz, & McClannahan, 1985; Harris & Handleman, Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 4 2000). Children who began behavioral intervention at or earlier than five years of age were more likely to achieve a positive treatment outcome²defined as living at home with family, and enrolled full time in a public school²comapared to children who began behavioral intervention later than five years of age (Fenske, et al., 1985). In a more recent study, children who were enrolled in an intensive behavioral program at a younger age were more likely to be in a regular education setting during follow-up assessments compared to children who were older when enrolled in an intensive behavior program (Harris & Handleman, 2000). Along with early age of enrollment, ABA programs require many hours per week of intensive treatment. The New York State Department of Health (1999) recommends 18 to 40 hours of treatment with a minimum of 20 hours excluding time with parents. Parents are also trained in order to be able to provide treatment even in the absense of therapists (Lovaas, 1987; New York State Department of Health, 1999), thereby allowing treatment to be implemented in during all waking hours of the child. For parents under going training in order to understand and provide treatment for their child, the use of science in the treatment of autism can be difficult t o handle, especially for those who are unfamiliar with scientifc terminology. Behavior analytic procedures such as functional analysis, baselines measures, discrete trial instruction, extinction, among others, can lead to added frustration and confusion, (Maurice, Mannion, Letso, & Perry, 2001), depression, and personal strain (Poehlmann & Schwichtenberg, 2007) on the child¶s caregivers. All of this may cause parents extreme stress, increased difficulty in coping with their child¶s autism diagnosis, and a feeling of helplessness (Pisula & Kossakowska, 2010). These stressors are major contributing factors to parents electing scientifically un validated treatments over ABA even though parents report fad treatments to provide very minimal improvements . Such decisicions too..³religious faiths«have helped people behave well toward one another and manage their own lives more successfully. scientific treatments for their child with autism. parents of older children who already receive ABA/EIBI elect not to provide behavioral therapy to their younger children at risk for autism spectrum disorders. perhaps in response to the stressors involved (Regehr & Feldman.. Applied behavior analysis. 1995). attending church services). Even more distrubing is the fact that professionals trained in applied behavior analysis (i. but a religious one.g. This approach is no surprise as the founding father of behaviorism believed. as a displicine. no matter how inscrutable the reasons«. 2000). some parents may not come from a scientific background. on the other hand.E. . W. Moreover. J. parents of children with autism may not choose behavioral treaments because of ABA¶s complete reliance on science and disregard of religion and its role in many families¶ strategy for stress reduction.. non-validated treatments over ABA (Schreck & Mazur. Thus.. 1988).Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 5 (Smith & Antolovich.e.[I do not] curse God or ask God to curse others for me when I have suffered´ (Skinner. and we should accept it. prayer.hold little interest in religion/spirituality ideas and activities (Miller. Behaviorists. many of which reportedly aid in relieving stress for parents of children with disabilities (Bennet et al. happens. & Martin. Board-Certified Behavior Analysis)report they sometimes choose easier.R. 1987). ³What happens. They may find comfort in religious activies (e. Furthermore. 2008) . 1987). 2009). However. Skinner also believed. But the claimed power to intervene in supernatural rewards and punishments is the kind of power that corrupts«´(Skinner. could be related to the stressors involved in behavior analytic treatment of autism. tries to convince parents who are already highly stressed to employ high-stress. This reduced point of view may result in many children with autism not getting proper treatment. (2000) further explore the five roles of religion by identifying strategies relevant to adult coping. d) intimacy/spirituality. people may see the event as God¶s punishment for their sins (Punishing God Reappraisal). use to reduce the stress related to having a child with a developmental disability. Koenig. & Perez. 2000). Koenig. RELIGIOUS COPING: Use of Religion to Handle Stressful Circusmstances in Daily Life and in Times of Crisis Psychology offers a theoretical viewpoint that. Pargament. and e) life transformation (Pargament. may provide parents with the necessary tools to fight the stresses related to raising their child with autism. Religious coping involves the use of religion to cope with a person¶s most stressful situations (Pargament. stressful life event: People may see the event as possibly beneficial and thus may actually praise God inspite of the event (Benevolent Religious Appriasal). the purpose of this article is to argue that behavior analysts working with families of chldren with autism should consider acknowlement of religious coping strategies that families of children with developemental disabilities. one of the first questions that arise in parents¶ mind is why? Why my child? Why autism? Why these behaviors? One function of religion is to provide a way of understanding and interpreting major events in life (Pargament. et al. 2000). Meaning: Why? When a child is diagnosed with any kind of disability. b) control.. & Perez. medical or developmental.. Religion plays a variety of roles in everyday life and in times of crisis. people may blame the event on the Devil . Researchers pinpoint five functions of religion: a) meaning. c) comfort/spiritual. or question God¶s powers in lieu of the event (Reappraisal of God¶s Powers). & Perez (2000) outline four different ways of understanding and interpreting a major. et al. Paragament. although seemingly very different from ABA¶s scientific approach. including autism. Finally. On the other hand. Koenig.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 6 Thus. 2000). 1994. Parents may believe that God is attempting to teach them a lesson. Parents who attribute the cause of their child¶s disability to the will of God are likely to seek God¶s help in managing the stresses involved in caring for their child. Parents of children with autism may also accept their child¶s inappropriate behaviors simply as God¶s will and may not consider it necessary to ³fix´ the child (King. With autism. & Fowler. 2010). 2009). Zwaigenbaum. 1991.g. Many parents of children with various disabilities. Research supports these assumptions. interpret their child¶s disability as God¶s will and/or a gift from God (Bennet. et al. spiritually beneficial (Pargament et al. Rowittz. plead for a miracle. & Farber. While some may leave everything in God¶s hands.. Miller. others may create a partnership and make a .Heller. Research points out parents of some religious cultures strongly object emphasis on child deficits (e. through which God is/will testing/test their strength. Markwardt. 2000). Jegatheesan. parents may question why their child developed an autism diagnosis. and thereby perhaps consider it unnecessary to target inappropriate behaviors. Deluca. These parents believe God has especially chosen them to care for a child with a disability (Bennet. Baxter. Rudi. including autism. Erin. 1995.. et al.. &Njoroge. They may also see the autism diagnosis of their child as potentially. 1995) and this belief can become more prevalent with time (Erin.. Although the causes of autism are still unknown. 1991).Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 7 rather than God (Demonic Reappraisal). and why the child may be engaging in socially inappropriate behaviors (or not engaging in socially appropriate behaviors). Parents of children with developmental disabilities incorporate Benevolent Religious Appraisal perhaps to search for an answer as to why their child has a developmental disability. parents of children with autism may believe that the autism diagnosis of their child may be an act of God.). & Allen. & Bates. Benevolent religious reappraisal: God¶s will be done. Cho. thereby delaying intervention and losing precious time. & Perez. they may be less likely to turn toward God for strength and courage. 1993). Parents may blame their child¶s disability on the devil. As a result. 1993). who heals you¶(Exodus. µIf you listen carefully to the LORD your God and do what is right in his eyes. I will not bring on you any of the diseases I brought on the Egyptians. Religious teachings such as these can lead parents to believe that their child has a disability because either they or their child has been cursed by God. 2000). if you pay attention to his commands and keep all his decrees.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 8 commitment to work together with God in order to overcome any and all obstacles in their treatment of their child¶s disability. They may wonder if the devil had a hand in their child¶s disability. when parents do seek services. is being punished for sins commited in this or a past life. for I am the LORD. These beliefs can result in parental shame and hesitation in seeking services for their child (Groce & Zola. Gabel. parents may believe that their child¶s disability is a result of God¶s punishment for poor parenting or punishment for sins (e.g. NIV). and/or they may believe that the devil used their child¶s disability as a way to turn them away from God . Morever. Rather. Koenig.an embodiment of evil. In the Biblical book of Exodus. & Perez.. Demonic reappraisal: The devil did it! Parents may also attribute the cause of their child¶s autism to Satan/devil. They may attribute the punishment to a lack of devotion or a lack of faith towards God (Pargament. they may question what sins they may have commited in order to receive a child with a disability in form of punishment from God (Pargament. 2000. 15:46. 2004). These behaviors may enable parents to feel that someone much more powerful than theyare in control of a situation that is beyond their own control. 2000). Koenig. or the disability has been cause by the ³evil eye´ (Groce & Zola. God says. Punishing God reappraisal: What did I do wrong?On the hand. they would be more likely to attempt to face the challenges alone. & Perez (2000)¶sReappraisal of God¶s Power . Koenig. Control: Finding order in chaos. Geisler (1974) (as cited in Ratcliff. Reappraisal of God¶s power: Even God has limits. such as an autism diagnosis of their child. These studies show that patients utilizing negative religious coping techniques coping were more likely to have poorer physical and mental health compared to patients utilizing positive religious coping techniques. NIV). NIV NIV. 2000). et al.. 17:15.g. Parents may begin to think that some things that are beyond even God¶s control. 1998)have assessed the use of negative religious coping techniques such as questioning God¶s power in the face of lifechanging events such as illness. perhaps decreased attention . Job 2:6-2:8. 2004. meetings with school officials. 12: 22. it is not uncommon for people to question God¶s power in the face of negative life events. Koenig.. An autism diagnosis may also Comment [P1]: Is NIV ok or should it be New International Version? cause parents to question God¶s powers.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 9 (Pargament. Pargament.. to see a limit to the prayers that God can answer. Biblical teachings support this view of disability. 1980) suggested developmental disability was a type of phyical evil and can be caused by demons. Biblical teachings also point a finger at Satan as the cause of illness and disabilities (e. Matthew 9:32-33. Koenig. Such beliefs can cause parents to further feel ashamed and hesitate in seeking treatments. Although no recent research articles were found supporting this idea. In the face of stressful life events. Although no articles were found showing that parents of children with disabilities utilize Pargament. & Perez.. 2000). All of a sudden.people feel that as if they have lost control over their lives. and to acknowledge a limit to things that God can change (Pargament. et al. Health care studies (e. daily routines shift from the regular care and upbringing of a child to endless meetings with therapists. & Nielsen. strangers coming into the home to work with the child. Vandercreek.g. g. emergency . Although no articles were found showing that parents of children with disabilities used this coping technique to buffer stress. Furthermore. and thus leave everything in God¶s hands (Passive Religious Deferral). Another function of religion is to provide a means and sense of control in times when a person may he/she has lost control (Pargament.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 10 from siblings of the child with autism.. & Perez. a person may also deny the need of God in order to handle the situation (Self-directing Religious Coping). stressful life (Collaborative Religious Coping). one creates a partnership with God in order to face the challenges brought upon by the stressful event. working together in order to meet all the requirements of the new. A person may also develop an attitude to do his/her very best to handle the situation and then leave the result in God¶s hands (Active Religious Surrender). & Perez (2000) outline four different ways in which people use religion to gain a sense of control: A person may create a partnership with God. Koenig.. the All-Powerful. a person may develop an opposite attiude. They may partner with God to work towards understanding the stressful situation (e. is on his/her side and assisting the person through difficult times. Added on are the financial burdens of paying for the treatment of the child with autism. Koenig. 2000). This approach helps a person gain a sense of control by believing that God. A person may also pray for a miracle (Pleading for Direct Intervention). feeling that there is nothing he/she can do perhaps because he/she is not as powerful as God. Collaborative religious coping: There is no I in TEAM. It is but natural that parents feel that they have lost control of their lives. On the other hand. Pargament.g. Through Collaborative Religious Coping. their child¶s autism). Parents of children with autism may incorporate this technique by agreeing to work with God as a team member. research with other populations (e. the rest is in God¶s hands. 1997). et al.. and turn towards God for strength during stressful times (Bennet. Islamic teachings also point toward working towards Comment [P4]: Put in reference list . greater sense of personal control. A mother of a young boy with hearing impairment stated she turns to God for the ³courage«and understanding to do whatever it is [she] needs to do´ (Bennet. research with parents of children with other disabilities shows some parents adopt the Active Religious Surrender method by making a commitment to do their best to care for their child with a disability. p. These studies show that Collaborative Religious Coping results in better mental health. et al. clearly states that one should do his/her duty and be detached from its outcome. Hathaway. Active Religious Surrender is similar to the idea that a person should concentrate on doing hi/her best in any situation and leave the results in God¶s hands. Active religious surrender: I¶m doing my best. a central text of Hindu teachings. 308) and leaves the rest in God¶s hands because ³he knows what is beyond and he knows what is best´ (Bennet. Although Comment [P2]: Friedel&Pargament. Newman. 1995. 1995. and is thus a very worthwhile and beneficial coping technique. p. but enjoy the process of getting there (2:47 SRIMAD BHAGVAD GITA). et.church members (Pargament. Kennell. 1993 no research has been found showing that parents of children with autism use Active Religious Surrender. A person should not be driven by the end product. 1990). al. (as cited in Pargament. 1994). 1995 Comment [P3]: Rutledge and Spika . Beizer. et. flood victims (Pargament & Park. one of the central aspects of Hindu philosophy. and greater self-esteem (Pargament. Families of South Asian cultures are perhaps more likely to use this technique because of the idea behind Active Religious Surrender . 1991). less depression (as cited in Pargament. al. single men and women) use Collaborative Religious Coping to cope with stressful circumstances. 1995. 1995).Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 11 healthcare workers. college students (Pargament. and middleaged. 307). Grevengoed. et. & Jones. 1988). & Stolze. al.. Weisner.The Bhagvad Gita. 1997) . g. Parents of children with debilitatiing disabilities such as autism may also turn to God for to ask for miracles. learning. intellectual. Parents may adopt this technique because they may believe that they can never be as powerful and/or influential as God.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 12 righteousness and putting trust in God about the success and ultimate results of one¶s deeds (Abdul Bahro. 2011). and sensory disability. 1994) was found showing that parents of children with disabilities such as autism adopted a Passive Religious Deferral. miracles such as those that might result in their child no longer showing symptoms that would result in an autism diagnosis. Such beliefs can motivate parents in providing the best for their child. God¶s the one in control.. organic. Only one article (Leyser. such as his/her future. physical. in God¶s hand while taking up active roles in the treatment of their child¶s disability by using available services.In his study. but only in certain aspects of the child¶s life. their child¶s autism and associated behaviors can be minimized. and autism). & Perez (2000)¶s Pleading for Divine Intercession techinque. Leyser (1994) interviewed Orthodox Jewish families with children with disabilities (e. . Passive Religious Deferral: I can¶t do anything. Pleading for direct intervention: Miracles happen to those who believe. Koenig. June 14. personal communication. Twenty-eight percent of these families reported that they left certain aspects of their child¶s life. thus they themselves cannot do anything to eradicate their child¶s autism. Praying for miracles can perhaps give parents with hope that in the future. Parents who pray for miracles adopt Pargament. Passive Religious Deferral involves waiting for God to take control of the situation without necessarily making any effort to solve the problem. Some parents of children with disabilities may also turn to Passive Religious Deferral as a coping technique. rarely allowing any mental rest. and look to God for strength and guidance (Seeking Spiritual Support). Koenig. On the other hand. While many turn to family and friends. they may turn to religion for spiritual cleansing by confessing their sins and asking for forgiveness from God (Religious Purification). they may be less likely to turn to God in times of stress. as a result of the stressful event (Spiritual Discontent). people seek comfort. & Perez (2000) outline five different ways in which people get comfort from religion. some people may create boundaries. For people who believe that the stressful event in their life is a result of sin. people may be confused about God¶s relationship with them.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 13 Self-directing Religious Coping: I can do this on my own. Beliefs such as these can bring comfort and assurance to parents. they may also turn to religion. Religion also provides people an opportunities to engage in activities such as prayer or going to church. Finally. Stressful events may also lead a person to develop a stronger spiritual connection by looking for a stronger connection with God or experiencing a stronger feeling of spirituality (Spiritual Connection). People may seek comfort in the faith that God is with them. They may also attempt to interpret their child¶s autism and its cause without any help from God. People who may not have relied on God in the past. separating religious and unreligious behaviors and then staying within those religious boundaries (Marking Religious Boundaries). Pargament. Parents of children with autism who adopt this technique may make decisions about their child¶s treatment without relying on God for direction. They may choose to depend on their own strength in managing their child¶s autism without relying on God for strength. Stressful events and all that is involved in dealing with them often force a person to think constantly about the stressor. Even though they cannot . Comfort: Reassurance during Turmoil In stressful times. that can take their mind off of the stressor (Religious Focus). and care. Religious purification: He washed my sins away. strength.e. Spiritual connection: I¶m part of something bigger. Parents may utilize religion as a way to step away from all things autism. but spirituality as well. Parents of children of autism who believe that their child¶s autism is a result of sin may turn to God/church to confess their sins. Life-changing events can increase not only religiosity. ask God for forgiveness of any trespasses. Seeking spiritual support: God¶s love prevails.\ . They may also feel they are a part of a larger spiritual force. guidance. Parents may seek God¶s love. and ask God for the strength to prevent them from committing any more sins.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 14 control what is happening to their child. wish to create a stronger bond with a higher power or experience more spirituality. which may result in anger towards God. Given the stress associated with raising a child with autism. Parents of children with autism may increase spirituality by seeking a stronger connection with God and other people.. Spiritual Discontent: Why did He do this to me? Similar to expressing anger towards God in the face of stressful circumstance. Parents of children with autism may feel that God has deserted them in their most difficult time. parents may turn to God and for comfort and support. someone is in control (i. life-changing events are a result of sin may gain comfort in confession of sins. people may also express spiritual discontent. and focus their thoughts on religious and spiritual matters rather than autism. God). Those who believe that negative. Parents may choose to pray. attend church. Religious focus: Get me out of here! Effective management of a child¶s autism Comment [P5]: What more can I add here?? involves multiple sacrifices on the behalf of parents. and He will lead them to answersthey seek. thereby gaining and providing much-needed spiritual support during stressful times. Skinner. and practices of their own faith in order to avoid false religious teachings.. Majnemer. By sharing their experiences with the stressful event. people may also provide help and support to others in similar circumstance (Religious Helping). Platt. practical aid. 2006). 2008. Pargament. and information (Skinner. Koenig. Jr. Gray.. people create rules that create boundaries. Bennett. Gray. These people may avoid others who are not of their faith and stick people. & Novak. which specify the acceptable in their new. 1988). & Bailey. Correa. religious/spiritual lifestyle. Religious institutions such as churches can provide parents with socioemotional support. 1994. Parents of children with autism greatly rely on social support systems as a major stress coping strategy (e. On the other hand. teachings. especially when the demands of raising their child exceed the resources available to the family (Donovan. 2001. & Perez (2000) outline four different ways in which people use religion to gain intimacy and spiritual support from others: People may seek spiritual support from clergy and members of the congregation (Seeking Support from Clergy or Members). Connolly.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 15 Marking Religious Boundaries: Do this but not that. & Shevell. In order to increase spirituality and religiosity. Parents of children with disabilities such as autism need sufficient social support in order to adequately buffer the effects of stress caused by their child¶s disability (Webster. Twoy. Seeking Support from Clergy Members: Strength in numbers.g. 1994). they may express discontent (Interpersonal Religious Disconent). . How Intimacy is Used to Cope with Stressful Circumstances Religion and thereby religious institutions such as church provide ways in which people can congregate with other people. Deluca. if people do not receive the needed support from their church. Buell. Kornman. more families are being reached and helped by people who can understand them the best --families facing the same struggles as they. &Njoroge. Religion Helping: I can help others in the same boat. offer spiritual support. and thus may be more willing and able to provide each other comfort. et. Lewis. & Perez. acceptance.. al. With the advancements in technology. The church is a place where people come for comfort.parents are finding(Shift in Tense. &Njoroge.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 16 &Allen. By publishing articles (e. strength. 2007. 1995. Erin. 2000). 2003.g. their struggles with incorporating religion into their lives (e. Koenig. 1991). & Kidder. Beresford. McCorkle. support. and comfort to each other (Pargament. 1994). how do I fix?) ways to help each other. and peace. and reassurance (Bennet. Parents report the most common types of support they receive in churches are prayers and emotional support (Erin. Shell. Corrigan. Families of children with autism may offer to pray for each other. Rudi.. care. especially in times of sorrow and life challenges.g. The main question is: Why? Why do churches tend to turn away families of children with disabilities such as autism? The answer lies in the unpreparedness of churches. 1991). going to church). 1995. others have turned them away. Rudi. Interreligious Discontent: This is God¶s house. Parents of children with autism understand the plight of families of children with autism perhaps much better than anyone else. Lewis. reliance on fast distribution of information through the Internet. Research shows that parents of children with other disabilities have turned to churches for love. How am I not welcome?While many churches are open to children with disabilities. Little do they expect to be turned away for the mere fact that their child has a disability. 2011. Even though . Parents of children with autism are also speaking out in the public about their experiences. 2007b. 2007) and blogs on the Internet and in print. Mandleco. Parents report churches are insensitive to their child¶s autism and the behaviors associated with autism (Tarakeshar& Pargament. & Sansom. an act that would ³desecrate´ (Clancy. Allred. a Catholic church denied Communion to a boy with autism because he was extremely selective eater and would not consume the host. This decision was made despite the fact that in the Guidelines for the Celebration of the Sacraments with Persons with Disabilities (Catholic Diocese of Richmond. one study reported children with autism were 70 percent less likely to attend a weekly religious service compared to children with ADHD and typically developing children (Lee. Harrington. 2003). p. Marshall. 2006. 2001. . & Sansom. & Caine. that the person be able to distinguish the Body of Christ from ordinary food. 1997. For example. it is clearly stated that a person of disability of any type should not be denied any sacrament for the simple fact that they have a disability. Olsen. 2008). 2003). or reverential silence rather than verbally´ Comment [P6]: Double check if this is cited correctly in the reference list. Olsen. Other parents report being given incorrect advice from church members. Louie. & Newschaffer. 2) the host. Emerson. but simply spit it out. even if this recognition is evidenced through manner. The document also gives a solution for persons who may not be able take communion as others do: ³The criterion for reception of holy communion is the same for persons with developmental and mental disabilities as for all persons. fear of not fitting into the church community.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 17 religious institutions are a great source of support and strength for parents of children with disabilities. Mandleco. and not being able to participate in church activities due to their child¶s disability and the associated behaviors (Marshall. Hatton. Tarakeshar & Pargament. Allred. This situation results in parents being turned away from the church. Dyches. Dyches. gesture. namely. The media also reports of families being turned away from the church. many feel that churches are ill equipped to provide proper services to children with disabilities (Azmi. For example. 2008). 2001). & Perez (2000) outline three ways in which people use religion to make a life transformation: People may turn to religion to find a new purpose for life (Seeking Religious Direction). in Minnesota. 2008. . or new reason for living (Pargament. obtained a restraining order from the court for a thirteenyear old boy with autism (Meryhew& Brown. 2008. Koenig. Parents may come to believe that their life. Pargament. Pargament. 2008). disruptive or distracting acts. The diagnosis of a child with autism may have similar results. they may turn to God for a new purpose. sounds. 1). and their faith. The article reports that the teen engaged in behavior that included µrepeated. as a result of the stressful event. and their way of living it may not be applicable anymore. their concept of life. & Perez. p. 1) during church services. Finally. and gestures¶ (Meryhew& Brown.2000) as a way to cope with their child¶s diagnosis with autism. The ruling was given due to µobjectively unreasonable. Thus.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 18 (Catholic Diocese of Richmond. Religion provides ways in which people can redefine what sources hold most significance and what do not really matter anymore.. bigger perspective. p. Seeking religious direction: A new purpose.8). such as parents attempting to reassess their outlook on life. they may seek religion¶s help in letting go of negative emotions and seek ways to bring peace to themselves and others (Religious Forgiving). p. They may use religion to make a complete tranforation of their life (Religious Conversion). Life changing events can force one to take a step back and reassess one¶s entire life and his/her outlook on life.conduct¶ (Meryhew& Brown. 2008. the family was forced to attend another church in a nearby town. new direction. Another church. Koenig. How Life Transformation is Used to Cope with Stressful Circumstances Comment [P7]: Article url no longer available so how do I cite? Stressful events may also cause people to step back and look at life from a more general. As a result of this ban. Meaning. Parents may turn to religion as a new way of life.g. In the face of stressful events. Religious Forgiving: From chaos to peace. but may not have ever really relied on Him. anger. Table 1(See Appendix A) describes each of Pargament. Understanding the functions of these behaviors can allow behaviorists to understand and respond to parental needs. They also may request help from God¶s help to release their negative emotions. people may also turn to religion for a completely different. Religion provides a way for parents to manage these negative emotions. Koenig. This coping technique is most likely used by people who believe in God¶s existence. & Perez¶s (2000) religious coping behaviors and the approach that behaviorists should take in response to these behaviors. pray for a spiritual reawakening and/or rebirth. Parents may request help from God to be more forgiving of oneself and others. The diagnosis of developmental disabilities such as autism in a child can cause emotional reactions in parents (e. perhaps realizing that God and His path can help them through this situation in ways that other people and other ways of life may not be able to help. such a diagnosis of a child may force parents to turn to God. ADD MORE AND CITE A PAPER). and may seek spiritual help to give up these negative emotions. Behavior analysts can help these parents by taking to time to understand the functions of these parents¶ religious coping behaviors. hurt. How Can Behavior Analysts Help? Parents of children with disabilities such as autism are under tremendous stress.. completely new life.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 19 Religious conversion: Born again. For parents of children with autism who may not have turned to religion in the past.Parents holding positive beliefs such those that help them accept their child with autism as a gift from God are very likely to do their ultimate best in order to provide their . fear. and many turn to religion in order to cope. By doing so. For negative beliefs that lead to negative consequences. &Stolze. in order to avoid the possibility of violating certain parental beliefs about their child¶s negative behaviors. 1988).Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 20 child with the optimal environment for effective learning and management of the symptoms of autism. . 1991. 1996). and further delays in child¶s treatment).g. Targeting negative beliefs and replacing them with positive beliefs can develop and increase motivation for parents to help their child in all ways possible to overcome autism (Miller. a feeling of helplessness) and the consequences that follow these thoughts (more stress. thus loosing precious time. p. blaming themselves. guilt. Behaviors should ask parents their opinion of what behaviors should be targeted and take parental opinions into consideration when determining target behaviors. Miller (1988) suggests self-monitoring of negative thoughts (e. Behaviorists should encourage parents to continue to view their child¶s autism and associated behaviors as ³an opportunity [given by God] to help´ (Weisner.g. on the other hand. Hill & Glidden. questioning God¶s powers. Beizer. behaviorists incorporate parental beliefs into the course of the treatment the child¶s autism. blaming Satan/evil). behaviorists should acknowledge parental belief of God¶s will and the role it plays in their child¶s autism. These parents may not perhaps be able to understand the relationship between their negative beliefs and the impact these beliefs are having on their child. sadness.. Haworth. Behaviorists can help parents assess this relationship. Miller (1988) further suggests endorsement of alternative beliefs systems (such as Active Religious Surrender and Collaborative Religious Coping) that would lead to positive consequences (such Early Intensive Behavioral Therapy).. may hesitate in seeking treatment for their child¶s autism. and improve the child¶s life by reducing behaviors that impair child functioning. Furthermore. 656. Parents holding negative beliefs regarding their child¶s autism (e. anger. . Early intervention can perhaps be the solution these parents are seeking. get married. a miracle that makes everything better). Parents who actively seek God¶s help and partnership in facing and overcoming the challenge that life has presented to them should be highly encouraged to continue doing so by behaviorists. Behaviorists can encourage these parents to take on a more active role in their child¶s treatment by providing treatment options such as EIBI. and passive waiting can then be applied to future aspects of a child¶s life (e. parents who passively wait for God¶s help in removing the stressors accompanied by their child¶s autism have perhaps lost hope (Baugh. In fact.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 21 Control. behaviorists may actually strengthen these religious beliefs by assessing the functions of inappropriate behaviors in children with autism and implementing interventions based on those functions. will my child get a job. In these situations.e. Over time. raise a family?).Autism and the stresses involved in its management can often cause parents to feel as if they are losing control of not only their child but also their lives. On the other hand. Parents can then attribute these improvements to miracles from God. These worries can be surrendered into God¶s hands and parents can turn their attention to their child¶s immediate future and ways in which they can . others may simply wait for a miracle or other forms of help from God to take away their worries and stresses.. while some parents may turn to God and seek His help and partnership in facing the stressors involved in combating their child¶s autism. By taking a more active role. and are sitting back and waiting the solutions to their problems to simply fall into their laps (i. parents can motivated by even the smallest improvements in their child¶s functioning. these small improvements can then grow into larger and larger achievements to the ultimate goal²typical or near-typical child functioning. 1988).g. behaviorists can provide parents concrete ways in which they can take on collaborative and active roles with God in managing their child¶s autism. In this way. Religious beliefs and visits to religious institutions such as church can provide parents with much needed social support that can help reduce stress (e. & Novak. and questions about their child¶s autism and its Comment [PK8]: No page number because it s a website is that ok? . Life challenges. angry.g. challenges. Comfort. For these parents. Facing life challenges²such as raising a child with autism²alone may also result in further stress because the lack of social support that religion can provide. How can we help? Support groups can provide parents a ³safe and secure environment´ (Dugosh. 2006). and isolated. However.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 22 make the foreseeable future bright. parents can overcome frustration. By doing so. 1988). Others may turn to religion in order to escape the stress by engaging in activities such as such as prayer and attendance of church services. struggle. doing so may not be emotionally or physically healthy (Martin & Carlson. However. such the diagnosis of a child with autism. These support groups can also be a place where parents come together to discuss their experiences. Parents may feel the need to ask for forgiveness for sins or express their anger towards God. Parents may also use these activities in order to find comfort and encouragement from God to face the battle of autism. 1985). behaviorists can simply guide parents in the treatment of their child. behavior analysts should encourage parents to adopt these techniques. and resistance. some may also turn away from God/religion and attempt to face the challenges alone. conflict. When parents of children with autism are willing to adopt religious coping techniques that involve belief in God and attendance of religious services. behaviorists must keep in mind that parents who are not willing to adopt religious beliefs and practices into their lives should not be forced to do so. Twoy. 1997)to express and explore their emotions. In times of stress.. can leave parents feeling stressed. Connolly. and find joy in tackling their child¶s autism (Brenner. Many families of children with disabilities such as autism have been turned away from the church (e.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 23 treatment within the context of their religious beliefs. Meryhew& Brown. and support groups for parents. trainings.. However. religious institutions may not be a welcome place for people with disabilities. Behaviorists can also provide parents with ways of taking a break from the stresses of raising a child with autism by directing them to available respite care or other similar services. associated behaviors. are in dire need of social support (Webster. 2008).. . such as raising a child with autism. Christ Fellowship Church. Those who are religiously oriented often turn to their religious institution.People facing stressful circumstances in their lives. In this way. Behaviorists may even help churches to create assistance programs for children with disabilities during church-services and church-sponsored events (e. Clancy. 2002. and how to interact with children with autism. behaviorists can step in by providing answers to parents¶ questions and reinforcement for beginning and continuing behavioral therapy for the child with autism. Gray. 1994). its congregation. Behavior analysts can assist in helping more churches open their doors to families of children with disabilities such as autism by educating the church about autism. parents of children with disabilities such as autism can attend worship services without worrying about their child. and its leaders for support and comfort. opposite of what one might expect. Platt.g. This goal can be reached through workshops. Majnemer. Here. behavior analysts can provide parents of children with autism much need social support and thereby help in decreasing stress caused by the child¶s disability. Intimacy. 2008. 2011). &Shevell. By providing religious institutions the tools to integrate children with autism and their families into their communities.g. time and space. shaping.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 24 Life Transformation. chaining. Sanctification Related to religious coping is the idea of santification. social atrributes. yet another resource parents can use to cope with the stressors in raising a child with autism. Nontheistic sanctification. Pargament and Mahoney (2005) further divide sanctification into two types: theistic and nontheistic. involves attributing objects with qualities² . Theistic sanctifiation involves associating objects²material objects. 2005). psychological atrributes. cultural products. and positive ways of dealing with negative emotions such as anger. They may also look to religion for help in increasing spirituality. and what things no longer hold importance. or guilt. In fact. stimulus control.The diagnosis of autism in a child is a life-changing experience for parents. Behaviorists should encourage these endeavors of parents. on the other hand. hurt. behaviorists can help parents enhance their religious/spiritual life. and overlearning (Martin & Booth. Such life-altering events often force a person to reassess his/her life. Sanctification involves viewing aspects of life as having divine character and significance (Pargament& Mahoney. thereby indirectly giving them the tools parents need to overcome stress and provide the best for their child. behavioral contracting. what things in life hold importance in light of the event. self-monitoring. events and transitions. In doing so. 2000). people. and roles such as parenting²with one¶s beliefs or experiences of God (Pargament & Mahoney. behaviorists can provide parents with ways in which they can increase spiritual/religious practices through behaviorally well-known techniques such as goal setting. 2005). Everything parents had imagined and dreamed for their child suddenly seems impossible. These endeavors can give parents the inner strength and motivation to provide the best for their child with autism. fear. Parents of children with autism may seek a new reason for living. Deluca. timelesssness. it really changes my whole perspective of why he¶s here and what I should be doing to help him.. and protectiveness (Pargament & Mahoney. & Farber. 2005)²feelings that are deeply incorporated into role that people take up as parents. Mahoney. Marshall. Mahoney.e. Holding this belief can encourage parents of children with autism to invest more of themselves into the care of their child (Murray-Swank.Pargament and Mahoney (2005) describe investment in the care of a child as consistent parenting. Mandleco. etc. 2009). increasing religious behaviors such as prayer. Nontheistic sanctification is commonly incorporated in the sanctification of family relationships such as children and parents. 2003). Baxter. If you start looking at it that way. developing speech.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 25 transcedence. et al. sanctify the relationship to their child by believing their child is a gift from God and/or has a special purpose in life (Erin. 1994. Heller. 2006). Olsen. &Njoroge. al (2003). and Pargament s study shows (as cited in Pargament & Mahoney. Pargament. Many parents of children with developmental disabilities. In Marshall. & Sansom. & Bates. obligation. 1995. strengthen sanctification (Doerhring. Zwaigenbaum. Rosenbaum. 2005). Rudi. & Allen. Sanctification also leads to feelings of responsibilty.´ By adopting Comment [P10]: Make sure this is cited correctly: Swank.. 1991. duty. and ultimate value and purpose such as blessed or sacred²that are usually associated with divine entities (Mahoney. Parental investment in the care of a child with autism can be translated into meeting the child¶s needs by advocating for the child. Markwardt. & Murray-Swank. and is thus blessed or sacred. Dumas & Nissely-Tsiopinis. et. including autism. choosing the most appropriate treatment (i. Dyches. a parent describes how sanctification has changed his/her perspective about his/her child with a disability: ³It¶s fun to sometimes think that maybe this is a great and noble person that is here to teach us. Allred. & Pargament. church attendance. monitoring diet needs. 2003). Furthermore. encouraging independence. and consistent management of maladaptive behaviors (King. EIBI). Bennet. 2009). Comment [P9]: This sentence doesn t fit here where else could it go? . 2006. Rowittz. we can infer that parents of children with autism utilize religious coping and sanctification as a way to face and cope with the stressors associated with raising a child with autism.. 1968). behaviorists must understand that religious coping and sanctification play quite the opposite role.g. Torgler. according to this differentiation. Gaddy. Behavior analysts may also argue that engaging in behaviors associated with religious coping and sanctification may result in neglecting the child and taking signficant time away from EIBI treatments. Thus. Accordingly. studies show people around the world do not attribute religious/spiritual beliefs to superstition (e. and thereby sanctifying the parent-child relationship. whereas a religious person engages in specific behaviors in order to face and cope with reality (Gaddy. Religious coping techniques help parents to accept and understand their child¶s . Although general psychology does regard religious beliefs and practices as superstition (Jahoda. Religious scholars (e. 2005). improve the child¶s care. a superstitious person engages in a specific behavior to avoid or change reality. parents can acquire the motivation to increase investment in their child with autism.g. These two techniques provide parents with the strength and motivation to cope with the child¶s behaviors and to continue with behavioral intervention. taking communion) are simply maintained by adventitious/accidental reinforcement and are thus nothing more than superstitious behaviors. faith healing. wrapped in layers of science. The community of applied behavior analysis. 2007). 2005) of the Christian faith differentiate religion and superstition by the denial and engagment with reality. may argue the coping techniques described above are nonscientific and subjective in nature.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 26 beliefs similar to this. 2003. Behaviorists may assert the behaviors associated with religious coping and sanctification (prayer.. and ensure adherence to stressful. yet effective treatments such as Applied Behavior Analysis. However. Rudski. attending church services. Even though research does not exsist on establishing motivating operations that can be incorporated by parents of children with autism to cope with stressors associated with their child¶s diagnosis. and reaching their greatest potentials. & Heward. adhere to. Long term effects of these stressors have . and persist with the most effective treatment for the child¶s autism. learning from their environment. Parents want nothing more than to see their child interacting with others in their environment. These two techniques combined can give parents the emotional tools necessary to place and encourage their children on the path for reaching their greatest potentials. and effective treatments cause a tremendous stress for parents of children with autism.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 27 disability and obtain much needed social support from religious institutions. Sanctification can increase the value of these reinforcers by giving parents the motivation to provide the best for their child because of the divine relationship of parents and their child and the belief of God¶s presence in the parental role. Discussion The diagnosis of autism. Religious coping can increase the frequency of behaviors associated with proper treatment and can provide much needed social support. its associated behaviors. Establishing operations alter the value of a reinforcer and alter the frequency of behaviors that produce that reinforcer (Cooper. no greater reinforcer exsists than seeing their child¶s autistic symptoms and maladaptive behaviors minimized. For parents of children with autism. and provide communication and assistance from others during such a stressful time. All these are possible through early intensive behavioral intervention. Sanctifictiation of the parent-relationship can motivate parents to provide. Heron. 2007). religious coping and sanctification can very well play these roles. Other parents may hold negative attitudes/beliefs about their child¶s autism (Punishing God Reappraisal. Religious Purification) in order to dissipate these negative beliefs. escape).g. Analysis of the literatudre revealed that parents of children with autism may turn to religion for various underlying reasons (e. Thus. Parents often turn to religious coping and sanctification in order to buffer the stresses caused by their child¶s autism.g. Understanding these underlying reasons can help behavior analysts help parents in their struggle with autism and its treatment.escape) from autism. Reappraisal of God¶s Powers) and thus may need support and attention from others. Understanding the reasons or functions of parental religious coping behaviors can help behavior analysts understand what parents need from them. For example. behavior analysts can help by directing parents to or creating support groups that can provide the needed attention and support for parents of children with autism. attention.e.. not just the child with autism.. While these parents may engage in religious activities (e. parents may resort to passively waiting for God¶s help in eradicating their . 2002). parents in need of reinforcement may turn to religion for assurance that they are doing the right things in caring for their child with autism (Seeking Spiritual Support). Parents may also want/need to step away (i. and stressors. Demonic Reappraisal. reinforcement. Being aware of the parental need for reinforcement can help behavior analysts ensure they also provide adequate reinforcement for parents. and may turn to clergy or church members for this reinforcement (Seeking Support from Clergy or Members) . its responsibilities..Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 28 lead to great anxiety and depression for parents and have required them to turn to psychotherapy and/or medication as coping methods (Gray. Thus. If parents of children with autism do not receive adequate reinforcement and attention from service providers for the efforts they put in for the treatment of their child. easier. They may then find ways to escape treatment-related responsibilities and eventual discontinue services. Applied Behavior Analysis . On the other hand. Functionalassessments are a core part of applied behavioral science. yet most beneficial treatment (ABA/EIBI) for their child with autism. they run into the risk of parents discontinuing treatment and children with autism not receiving necessary services.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 29 child¶s autism (Passive Religious Deferral) or may use religion in order to engage in activies that may allow them to focus other things (Religious Focus). if parents of children with autism are not given a break from autism and its stressors. they can easily become burnt-out. Parents may turn to simpler treatments that may or may not show effective results. if behavior analyts ignore the functions of these religious behaviors. children do not receive proper treatment .e. Behavior analysts aware of this need may be able to help parents by providing them ways in which they can step away from autism (i. Application of functional assessments to the religious coping behaviors of parents of children with autism can allow behavioral scientists to understand the underlying parental needs and supplement these needs during the treatment of their child with autism. yet noneffective treatments. Furthermore. behavior analysts can provide parents strength. assistance programs for church services and activities). and scientifically non-supported treatments could lead to great set backs in the development of children with autism. they may no longer be motivated to continue behavioral therapy and resort to simpler. Furthermore. Employingother. reinforcement for opting for and continuin even the most stressful.. If parents of children with autism discontinue behavioral therapy. motivation. respite care. et. and stressful compared to other treatments for autism. which while intensive and stressful. and endorse Applied Behavior Analysis as the most beneficial treatment for chidlren with autism. strength.. intensive. can be the answer to their prayers. Religious coping and sanctification can act as coping methods and can also offer motivation. if behavior analystis can be more aware of the needs of parents of children with autism and provide them with support. Religious coping and sanctification can help parents choose and continue the most effective treatments. The authors of this paper encourage behavior analysts to look beyond science. and take the time to understand how they can provide the ³miracle´ these parents so desperately seek. 2007). prayer. Parents of children with autism turn to these very things to understand why their child has autism.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 30 isalready notorious for being much more expensive.al. use this awareness to respond to parents¶ beliefs (King. Thus. thereby increasing resilience in families of children with autism (Bayat. continue. Even though such religious beliefs may be different or new to us. and escape. and divinity. . behavior analysts should consider parents¶ perspectives and priorities. reinforcement. 2009). parents will be more likely to opt for. and how they as parents can help their child. CONCLUSION Autism and its treatment are stressful for parents. they are not to the people we serve. Perhaps the dialogue between behavior analysts and parents of children with autism can be further improved if behaviorists can be more open to spirituality while encouraging parents to be more open to behaviorism. and support for parents. into a world of faith. Parental discontinuation of behavioral therapy for their child can lead to further discreditation for the science and the field. attention. However. God¶s the one in control. and further delays in child¶s treatment). Encourage parents to take on a more active role in their child¶s treatment by providing . CONTROL Collaborative Religious Coping: There is no I in Highly encourage parents who actively seek TEAM God¶s help and partnership in facing and Active Religious Surrender: I am doing my best. etc. Ask parents their opinion of what behaviors should be targeted.. guilt . anger..Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 31 Table 1.) and the consequences that follow these thoughts (more stress. Acknowledge done belief of God¶s will and the role it plays in child¶s behaviors.g. overcoming the challenge. Religious Coping Methods and Approach by Behaviorists Religious Coping Method Used by Parent1 Approach with Parents MEANING Benevolent Religious Reappraisal: God¶s will be Reinforce positive beliefs. Passive Religious Deferral: I can¶t do anything. learning. Punishing God reappraisal: What did I do wrong? Demonic Reappraisal: The devil did it! Reappraisal of God¶s Powers: Even God has limits Help parents understand the relationship between negative beliefs about the cause of their child¶s autism and the impact these beliefs are having on the child: selfmonitoring of negative thoughts (e. Behavioral techniques of functional assessment and the rest is in God¶s hands assessment-based interventions may actually provide parents concrete ways in which they can take on collaborative and active roles with God in managing their child¶s autism.Suggest alternative beliefs systems (such as Active Religious Surrender and Collaborative Religious Coping) that would lead to positive consequences (such Early Intensive Behavioral Therapy and thus improvements in child behaviors. sadness.a feeling of helplessness. and development ). For these parents. These Spiritual Connection: I¶m part of something support groups can be a place where parents bigger come together to discuss their emotions. COMFORT Seeking Spiritual Support: God¶s love prevails Direct parents to or help to create religionReligious Purification: He washed my sins away. unwilling parents should not be forced into doing so. etc«?). and questions about Marking Religious Boundaries: their child¶s autism and its treatment within the context of their religious beliefs. based support groups for parents. This can help parents can overcome frustration. etc. parents can be motivated improvements in their child¶s functioning. 1988). Help to create assistance programs . Religious Focus: A chance to think about something else Provide parents with ways of taking a break from their child with autism. Attempting to face autism alone may not be emotionally or physically healthy (Martin & Carlson. and may result in further stress. and resistance (Brenner. Spiritual Discontent: Why did He do this to me? experiences. conflict. struggle. raise a family. Passive waiting can then be applied to future aspects of a child¶s life (e. these small improvements can then grow into larger and larger achievements. By taking a to those who believe more active role. However. will my child get a job. prayer. 1985). Over time. attendance of religious services. simply guide parents in the treatment of their child. challenges..g. Self-Directing Religious Coping: I can do this on my own. Offer to provide answers to parents¶ questions about behavioral therapy for their child with autism. which can then be attributed to miracles from God. get married. For willing parents. Direct them to available respite care or other similar services. encourage adoption of religious coping techniques that involve belief in God.Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 32 Pleading for Direct Intercession: Miracles happen treatment options such as EIBI. 56(4) . .Running head: RELIGION AND ABA 33 for children with disabilities during churchservices and church-sponsored events (e. chaining. LIFE TRANFORMATION Seeking Religious Direction: A new purpose Encourage parental endeavors such as increasing spirituality/religiosity to deal with Religious Conversion: Born again Religious Forgiving: From chaos to peace negative emotions that arise as a result of child¶s autism. Perez. 2000). Educate churches about autism. and L. H. Pargament.I. trainings. 1 Adapted from ³The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE. and overlearning (Martin & Booth. Journal of Clinical Psychology. and support groups for parents. 2000. Interpersonal Religious Discontent associated behaviors. Christ Fellowship Church. Koeing. 2011).G. stimulus control. Provide parents with ways in which they can increase spiritual/religious practices through behaviorally well-known techniques such as goal setting. self-monitoring. These endeavors can give parents the inner strength and motivation to provide the best for their child with autism.M.g. and how to interact with children with autism via workshops.´ by K.. shaping. INTIMACY Seeking Support from Clergy or Members: Assist in helping churches open their doors Strength in numbers to families of children with disabilities such Religion Helping as autism. behavioral contracting. W. (2011.. Evidence of resilience in families of children with autism.com/articles/meet-my-son?p=3 Cassidy. R. Gaining control by giving up control: Strategies for coping with powerlessness. Journal of Religion. from Autism Speaks: http://www. N. P. 178 (2). 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