theories of educational leadership and management

Theories of educationalLeadership and management. Bureaucracy Bureaucracy Is formal organization which seeks maximum efficiency through rational approaches to management. Main features of Bureaucracy: Emphasize on the order of the different positions. Emphasize the goal orientation of the organization. specialize the tasks between the staff according to their experience. Decision governed by rules rather than personal initiative Impersonal relationship. Recruitment and career determined on merit. Applying the bureaucratic models to education The hierarchical structure. Schools and colleges have bureaucratic features Headteacher or principle at the top. Specialize teachers on the basis of expertise. Head and senior staff in the governing body. External stakeholders for the activities. Weber's specifcation of bureaucracy Their division of work. Their hierarchal structures. Their rules and regulations Their impersonal procedures. Their employment practices. Bureaucracy in education There is a fear that the bureaucracy with be the raison deter of the organization: 1. All the schools are bureaucratic, they have formal and informal of behavior connected with the roles. 2. The management of the schools has been conditioned by ideology and practice of hierarchy. The condition : the artifcial needs a managers, organizations, system, bureaucracies. Example of bureaucracy in education system toured the world including Czech republic. Some authors point to some of the weaknesses of bureaucracy in education because of: Excessive centralization. Bureaucratization. Reforms undertaken that affect the efficiency of the system( south America). Example of solutions for Weaknesses of bureaucracy in education in Greek They should restructuring the organization of schools. Less complexity. Formalization and centralization of the system Extend professionalism and autonomy of teachers. The bureaucratic model has certain advantages for education but there are difficulties on applying it too enthusiastically to school and colleges because of the Professional role of teachers And if she don not “own” : Innovations in teachers Enthusiasm This will be Leading to Possible failure Rational Models Rational Models The focus is on the process of decisionmaking instead of the structural framework which constrains but does not determine managerial decisions. The sequence of the Rational Models Perceptio n of a problem. Analysis of the problem. Choice of the most appropriate solution. Impleme ntation of the chosen one. Formulati on of other solutions or choices. Monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of the chosen strategy. The Rational Principles: Aims and priorities Long-term planning Evaluation alternatives Zero-based budgeting Selecting the most appropriate options Hierarchical Models hierarchical Models Is approaches stress vertical relationship within organization and the accountability of leaders to external sponsors. Hierarchical Model Properties of bureaucratic organization Occupational roles: are graded in an vertical hierarchy, preform work from junior to senior. Authority : to prescribe work passes from senior to junior roles. Both: are attached to role not to the individuals personalities. Types of hierarchical modes Vertical communications It is in order from up to down. Difficult issues go from upwards to the level where the issue where resolved Example: the principle will give the lower order person to solve the problem. Horizontal communications Co-ordinations rather than management. Working together to solve the problems rather than taking orders. Organizational structure In schools and colleges each teachers and students have their roles. Each of them hold a defned role in the structure such as “teacher of class 1, head of science department”. The organizational structure tend to be hierarchical and vertical. The organizational structure Pr in ci p Vice al princip princip al Teachers Students External environment It is the relationships and interaction with other groups from outside of the school such as parents and other educational institutions. Closed system means that schools and other educational institutions don’t interact with anyone from outside but, nowadays they are tending to be opened to make relationships with others to maintain a good reputation. Answering questions