The study of language 5th ed.pdf

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04419-7 - The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information The Study of Language This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in bite-sized sections, clearly explaining the major concepts in linguistics – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This Fifth Edition has been revised and updated with new figures and tables, additional topics, and numerous new examples using languages from across the world. To increase student engagement, and to foster problem-solving and critical-thinking skills, the book includes thirty new tasks. An expanded and revised online study guide provides students with further resources, including answers and tutorials for all tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the universities of Edinburgh, Hawai‘i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org cambridge. provides a clear and concise introduction to linguistics suitable for beginners. user-friendly and non-threatening. University of Linköping “Perfect for the beginners’ level introductory linguistics course. . Adelaide. easily manageable and logically organized chunks..” Dr. eLanguage.” Alan Smith. . . Louisiana State University “Very clear and easy to read for beginners. Jeffrey Gil. Australia © in this web service Cambridge University Press www. lucid style and accessibility . Flinders University. University of Bergen “This textbook is an excellent overview of the central topics in linguistics and how linguists study language. Tougaloo College “The Study of Language is one of the most accessible and entertaining introductions to linguistics available.The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information “A genuinely introductory linguistics text. well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language.” Hugh Buckingham. .” Jean Aitchison. this updated and highly accessible text- book is the obvious choice for the beginner language student. . Web Journal of Modern Language Linguistics “Comprehensive. Professor of Linguistics.” Nigel Musk.” Elise Morse-Gagne.” Torill Hestetræet.net “. Yule’s crisp and thought- provoking presentation of key issues works well for a wide range of students. Professor of Language and Communication. .” Daniel W. both in style and content. Rosetta Stone. concise and compelling.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 . Newly updated with a wealth of material for practice and discussion. clear presentation. Hieber. which has proved particularly important after recently restructuring our courses and reorganizing the order in which to cover the topics. University of Hong Kong “Its strength is in providing a general survey of mainstream linguistics in palatable. chapters are in absorbable bite-size chunks. University of Oxford “An impressive breadth of coverage . a solid foundation for further study in linguistics as well as being a pleasure to read in its own right.” Stephen Matthews. . .org . it will continue to inspire new generations of students. The chapter divisions allow for considerable flexibility. The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information The Study of Language FIFTH EDITION George Yule © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .org .cambridge. pages cm Previous ed.cambridge. New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. I. or will remain. George. no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Language and languages. – 5th ed. Arte sobre papel A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yule. First published 1985 Second edition 1996 Third edition 2006 Fourth edition 2010 Fifth edition 2014 Printed in Spain by Grafos SA. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements.Y85 2014 400–dc23 2013028557 ISBN 978-1-107-04419-7 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-65817-2 Paperback Additional resources for this publication at www. though in some cases it has proved impossible to trace copyright holders. 1947– The study of language / George Yule. ISBN 978-1-107-04419-7 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-65817-2 (Paperback) 1. Cambridge CB2 8BS. and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is.cambridge. If any omissions are brought to our notice. we will be happy to include appropriate acknowledgements on reprinting. Linguistics. 2014 This publication is in copyright. Every effort has been made to secure necessary permissions to reproduce copyright material in this work. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 . accurate or appropriate. learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press.org Information on this title: www. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education. www. Title.: 2010. 2.cambridge. 2010. 1996 Third.org/9781107658172 First and second editions © Cambridge University Press 1985.org/yule5 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication.The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information University Printing House. fourth and fifth editions © George Yule 2006.org .cambridge. or in any subsequent edition. P107. The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information Contents Preface xi l1 The origins of language l3 The sounds of language The divine source 2 Phonetics 27 The natural sound source 2 Voiced and voiceless sounds 27 The “bow-wow” theory 3 Place of articulation 27 The “pooh-pooh” theory 3 Consonants 28 The social interaction source 3 Familiar symbols 28 The physical adaptation Unfamiliar symbols 29 source 4 Consonants: manner of Teeth and lips 4 articulation 30 Mouth and tongue 5 Stops 30 Larynx and pharynx 5 Fricatives 30 The tool-making source 5 Affricates 30 The human brain 6 Nasals 31 The genetic source 6 Liquids 31 Study questions 8 Glides 31 Tasks 8 A consonant chart 31 Discussion topics/projects 9 Glottal stops and flaps 31 Further reading 9 Vowels 32 Diphthongs 33 l 2 Animals and human language Subtle individual variation Study questions 34 35 Communication 12 Tasks 35 Properties of human language 12 Discussion topics/projects 37 Displacement 13 Further reading 37 Arbitrariness 13 Productivity Cultural transmission 14 15 l4 The sound patterns of language Duality 16 Phonology 40 Talking to animals 16 Phonemes 40 Chimpanzees and language 17 Natural classes 41 Washoe 17 Phones and allophones 41 Sarah 18 Minimal pairs and sets 42 Lana 19 Phonotactics 43 The controversy 19 Syllables 43 Kanzi 20 Consonant clusters 44 Using language 20 Coarticulation effects 44 Study questions 22 Assimilation 45 Tasks 22 Nasalization 45 Discussion topics/projects 23 Elision 46 Further reading 24 Normal speech 46 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .org .cambridge. cambridge.The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information vi Contents Study questions 47 Study questions 73 Tasks 47 Tasks 73 Discussion topics/projects 48 Discussion topics/projects 76 Bob Belviso translated 49 Further reading 78 Further reading 49 l5 Word formation l7 Grammar English grammar 80 Neologisms 51 Traditional grammar 80 Etymology 51 The parts of speech 80 Borrowing 52 Agreement 81 Loan-translation 52 Grammatical gender 82 Compounding 53 Traditional analysis 83 Blending 53 The prescriptive approach 83 Clipping 54 Captain Kirk’s infinitive 84 Hypocorisms 54 The descriptive approach 84 Backformation 54 Structural analysis 85 Conversion 55 Constituent analysis 85 Coinage 56 Labeled and bracketed Acronyms 56 sentences 86 Derivation 57 Hierarchical organization 87 Prefixes and suffixes 57 A Gaelic sentence 87 Infixes 57 Why study grammar? 88 Multiple processes 58 Study questions 89 Study questions 59 Tasks 89 Tasks 60 Discussion topics/projects 92 Discussion topics/projects 62 Further reading 93 Further reading 63 l6 Morphology l8 Syntax Morphology 66 Syntactic rules 95 Morphemes 66 A generative grammar 95 Free and bound morphemes 66 Deep and surface structure 96 Lexical and functional Structural ambiguity 96 morphemes 67 Tree diagrams 97 Derivational morphemes 67 Tree diagram of an English Inflectional morphemes 68 sentence 97 Morphological description 68 Symbols used in syntactic Problems in morphological analysis 98 description 69 Phrase structure rules 99 Morphs and allomorphs 69 Lexical rules 100 Other languages 70 Movement rules 101 Kanuri 70 Study questions 103 Ganda 71 Tasks 104 Ilocano 71 Discussion topics/projects 106 Tagalog 71 Further reading 108 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .org . cambridge.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .org . source and goal 113 Hedges 145 Lexical relations 113 Implicatures 146 Synonymy 113 Background knowledge 146 Antonymy 114 Schemas and scripts 147 Hyponymy 115 Study questions 149 Prototypes 116 Tasks 149 Homophones and Discussion topics/projects 151 homonyms 116 Further reading 152 Polysemy 117 Word play Metonymy 117 118 l 12 Language and the brain Neurolinguistics 155 Collocation 118 Study questions 120 Language areas in the brain 155 Tasks 120 Broca’s area 156 Discussion topics/projects 123 Wernicke’s area 156 Further reading 123 The motor cortex and the arcuate fasciculus 157 l 10 Pragmatics The localization view Tongue tips and slips 157 158 Pragmatics 126 The tip of the tongue Context 127 phenomenon 158 Deixis 128 Slips of the tongue 158 Reference 128 Slips of the brain 159 Inference 129 Slips of the ear 159 Anaphora 129 Aphasia 160 Presupposition 130 Broca’s aphasia 160 Speech acts 131 Wernicke’s aphasia 160 Direct and indirect Conduction aphasia 161 speech acts 131 Dichotic listening 161 Politeness 132 Left brain.The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information Contents vii l9 Semantics l 11 Discourse analysis Meaning 110 Discourse 140 Semantic features 110 Interpreting discourse 140 Words as containers of Cohesion 141 meaning 111 Coherence 142 Semantic roles 112 Speech events 142 Agent and theme 112 Conversation analysis 143 Instrument and Turn-taking 143 experiencer 112 The co-operative principle 144 Location. right brain 162 Negative and positive The critical period 163 face 133 Genie 163 Study questions 134 Study questions 165 Tasks 134 Tasks 165 Discussion topics/projects 136 Discussion topics/projects 166 Further reading 138 Further reading 167 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www. Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .org .The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information viii Contents 194 l Communicative competence 13 First language acquisition Applied linguistics 194 Acquisition 170 Study questions 196 Input 170 Tasks 196 Caregiver speech 171 Discussion topics/projects 198 The acquisition schedule 171 Further reading 198 l Cooing 172 Babbling 172 15 Gestures and sign languages The one-word stage 173 Gestures 201 The two-word stage 173 Iconics 201 Telegraphic speech 174 Deictics 201 The acquisition process 174 Beats 202 Learning through Types of sign languages 202 imitation? 175 Oralism 203 Learning through Signed English 203 correction? 175 Origins of ASL 204 Developing morphology 176 The structure of signs 204 Developing syntax 177 Shape and orientation 205 Forming questions 177 Location 205 Forming negatives 178 Movement 205 Developing semantics 178 Primes 205 Later developments 179 Facial expressions and Study questions 181 finger-spelling 206 Tasks 181 The meaning of signs 206 Discussion topics/projects 183 Representing signs 207 Further reading 184 ASL as a natural language 208 Study questions 209 l Second language acquisition/ Tasks 209 14 Discussion topics/projects 210 learning Further reading 210 Second language learning 187 Acquisition and learning Acquisition barriers 187 187 l 16 Written language The age factor 188 Writing 213 Affective factors 188 Pictograms 213 Focus on teaching method 189 Ideograms 213 The grammar–translation Logograms 214 method 189 Phonographic writing 215 The audiolingual method 190 The rebus principle 216 Communicative Syllabic writing 216 approaches 190 Alphabetic writing 217 Focus on the learner 190 Written English 218 Transfer 191 English orthography 219 Interlanguage 191 Study questions 221 Motivation 192 Tasks 221 Input and output 192 Discussion topics/projects 222 Task-based learning 193 Further reading 224 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge. The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information Contents ix 254 l Discussion topics/projects 17 Language history and change Further reading 254 l Family trees 227 Indo-European 227 19 Social variation in language Cognates 228 Sociolinguistics 257 Comparative reconstruction 228 Social dialects 257 General principles 229 Education and occupation 257 Sound reconstruction 229 Social markers 259 Word reconstruction 230 Speech style and style-shifting 259 The history of English 230 Prestige 260 Old English 231 Speech accommodation 261 Middle English 231 Convergence 261 Sound changes 232 Divergence 261 Metathesis 233 Register 261 Epenthesis 233 Jargon 262 Prothesis 234 Slang 262 Syntactic changes 234 Taboo terms 263 Loss of inflections 234 African American English 263 Semantic changes 235 Vernacular language 263 Broadening of meaning 235 The sounds of a Narrowing of meaning 235 vernacular 264 Diachronic and synchronic The grammar of a variation 236 vernacular 264 Study questions 237 Study questions 266 Tasks 237 Tasks 266 Discussion topics/projects 239 Discussion topics/projects 268 Further reading 240 Further reading 268 l 18 Regional variation in language l 20 Language and culture The standard language 243 Culture 271 Accent and dialect 243 Categories 271 Variation in grammar 244 Kinship terms 272 Dialectology 244 Time concepts 272 Regional dialects 244 Linguistic relativity 273 Isoglosses and dialect The Sapir–Whorf boundaries 245 hypothesis 273 The dialect continuum 246 Against the Sapir–Whorf Bilingualism 247 hypothesis 274 Diglossia 248 Snow 274 Language planning 249 Non-lexicalized categories 275 Pidgins 250 Cognitive categories 275 Creoles 251 Classifiers 276 The post-creole Social categories 276 continuum 251 Address terms 277 Study questions 252 Gender 278 Tasks 252 Gendered words 278 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .org .cambridge. Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 .The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information x Contents Gendered structures 279 Discussion topics/projects 284 Gendered speech 279 Further reading 284 Same-gender talk 280 Gendered interaction 280 Glossary 286 Study questions 281 References 300 Tasks 281 Index 312 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.org .cambridge. the analyses. There have been many interesting developments in the study of language over the past two decades.Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 . Hawaiian. Additional topics explored in the study of the English language include adjective order. In addition. but it is still a fact that any individual speaker of a language has a more comprehensive “unconscious” knowledge of how language works than any linguist has yet been able to describe. I hope these revisions will make the book more informative. Spanish and Tamasheq provide an opportunity to explore further aspects of languages other than English. New examples from languages as diverse as German. synecdoche and vague language.org . there are thirty new tasks. easier to read. American and British differences. you should feel that you do know quite a lot © in this web service Cambridge University Press www. general extenders. and the generalizations by measuring them against your own intuitions about how your language works. and overall more user-friendly. The majority of these are data-based and designed to foster problem-solving and critical-thinking skills. I’d like to thank the reviewers. 4 (Phonology). I have made a number of revisions in the internal organization of all the chapters. There are also more substantial revisions in Chapters 3 (Phonetics). To the student In The Study of Language. recasts.cambridge.org/yule5. Proto-Polynesian. with a clearer division into major topics and subsec- tions.The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information Preface In this new edition For all their advice and suggestions for improvements to the fifth edition of this book. An expanded and revised Study Guide providing answers and tutorials for all the tasks can be found on the book’s website: www. instructors. By the end of the book. Quechua. take a critical view of the effectiveness of the descriptions. stylistics. as you read each of the following chapters.cambridge. Lakhota. adverb position in sentences. the presuppositions of jokes. Hungarian. 5 (Word formation) and 8 (Syntax) that should make these units more manageable. Consequently. I have tried to present a comprehensive survey of what is known about language and also of the methods used by linguists in arriving at that knowledge. students and researchers who have commented on earlier versions. Additional section headings have been included to make the material more accessible and a number of extra examples from everyday language use are offered to make some of the points clearer. compounds. Terrie Mathis (California State University. there is a section where you can test and apply what you have learned. I remain indebted to Willie and Annie Yule. Baltimore). with examples from English and a wide range of other languages  Discussion topics/projects that offer opportunities to consider some of the more general.The Study of Language: Fifth Edition George Yule Frontmatter More information xii Preface about both the internal structure of language (its form) and the varied uses of language in human life (its function). and. the University of Minnesota and Louisiana State Univer- sity. Daniel Hieber (Rosetta Stone). Karen Currie (Federal University of Espı́ritu Santo). For my own introductory course. Later versions have had the benefit of expert advice from a lot of teachers working with diverse groups in different situations. An early version of the written material was developed for Independent Study students at the University of Minnesota. Rick Santos (Fresno City College). I would like to thank Jean Aitchison (University of Oxford). South Bend). Gordon Gibson (University of Paisley). for sharing his expertise and enthusiasm over many years as a colleague and friend. for my continuing enlightenment. and to the suggestions and criticisms of hundreds of students who forced me to present what I had to say in a way they could understand. This section contains:  Study questions that you can use to check if you have understood some of the main points and important terms introduced during that chapter  Tasks that extend the topics covered in the book. Robyn Najar (Flinders University). Richard Hirsch (Linköping University). and also that you are ready to ask more of the kinds of questions that professional linguists ask when they conduct their research.cambridge. Eliza Kitis (Aristotle University).Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-04419-7 . Agustinus Gianto (Pontifical Biblical Institute). mostly through data analysis. For feedback and advice in the preparation of recent editions of the book. Michael Stubbs (University of Trier). Royal Skousen (Brigham Young University). Louisiana State University. Fiona Joseph (University of Wolver- hampton). Raymond Hickey (University of Duisburg–Essen). Katinka Hammerich (University of Hawai‘i). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.org . Mary Anna Dimitrako- poulos (Indiana University. Linda Blanton (University of New Orleans). At the end of each chapter. Jens Reinke (Christian Albrecht University Kiel). Joanne Scheibman (Old Dominion University). Stephen Matthews (University of Hong Kong). Anthony Fox (University of Leeds). Mary Talbot (University of Sunderland) and Sherman Wilcox (University of New Mexico). Philip Riley (University of Nancy 2). to Maryann Overstreet. I am particularly indebted to Professor Hugh Buckingham. language-related topics and to develop your own opinions on issues involving language  Further reading suggestions provided to help you find more detailed treatments of all the topics covered in that chapter The origins of this book can be traced to introductory courses on language taught at the University of Edinburgh. Eric Nelson (University of Minnesota). sometimes controversial. Thomas Field (University of Maryland. Northridge).