the grammar plan book 3 - tenses and more

 Table of Contents Part 1 – Past Continuous Tense page 1 Part 2 – Present Perfect Tense page 12 Part 3 – Present Perfect Continuous Tense page 24 Part 4 – Passive Voice page 35 Part 5 – Embedded Questions page 46 Part 6 – Relative Clauses page 56 Part 7 – Appendix and Answer Key page 66 Introduction The Grammar Plan – Book 3: Tenses and More! is intended as an intermediate/advanced grammar workbook for English and ESL students. The worksheets in this book introduce the following grammar aspects: Past Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Passive Voice, Embedded Questions, and Relative Clauses. This book is primarily a book of worksheets. Each worksheet, however, contains explanations and examples of the different grammar points written in clear, simple English, so that learners should be able to understand the content and the instructions without relying on explanations from the teacher. The worksheets in The Grammar Plan progress slowly and steadily. When new or difficult information is presented, the worksheets are relatively simple, including identification and recognition exercises. Then, the worksheets become gradually more complex, requiring learners to understand and apply the grammar points being taught. As a long-time ESL teacher, I have developed and used these worksheets in large classes as well as with private, one-on-one students. The worksheets in this book are very effective at getting students to understand English grammar without being overwhelmed. Good luck, and good grammar! The material in this book is Copyright 2011 by Brian Giles. All Rights Reserved. Unauthorized copying or distribution is prohibited without the expressed written consent of the author. The Grammar Plan Part 1 Past Continuous Tense 1 Be Verbs – Past Tense (1) You should already know the Be Verbs – am, is, are. There are also Past Tense Be Verbs – was, were. Present Tense Past Tense I am I was He is She is It is He was She was It was You are They are We are You were They were We were Write was / wasn’t or were / weren’t in the blanks to complete each sentence: 1. Amanda _______________ sick today, so she _______________ in school. 2. We _______________ busy yesterday, so we didn’t have time to call you. 3. Mike _______________ afraid of ghosts when he was young. 4. I _______________ short when I was young. 5. My parents _______________ in the hospital because their friend _______________ sick. 6. The baby _______________ crying very loudly. 2 Be Verbs – Past Tense (2) Use was, wasn’t, were, or weren’t to answer the following questions: 1. Where were you this morning? ________________________________________________________ 2. Where was your mother this morning? ________________________________________________________ 3. Where were you yesterday afternoon? ________________________________________________________ 4. Where was your teacher last night? ________________________________________________________ 5. How old were you when you learned how to write your English name? ________________________________________________________ 6. Where was your friend 2 minutes ago? ________________________________________________________ 7. Where were you before class? ________________________________________________________ 8. Where was your teacher before class? ________________________________________________________ 9. Where were your friends yesterday? ________________________________________________________ 3 Past Continuous Tense (1) We use the Past Continuous Tense to talk about something that was happening at a specific time in the past. To use the Past Continuous Tense, you need a [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing]: We also use the Past Continuos Tense with the word “during,” to talk about two things that were happening at the same time: Æ I [past continuous] during [time]: Examples: • • I was sleeping during the concert. They were arguing during the movie. Write [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing] to complete the following sentences: 1. I _______ ____________ during the baseball game. 2. The two girls _______ ______________ during the math test, so the teacher was angry at them. 3. Mary _______ ______________ during math class. 4. James and Mark _______ ______________ during lunchtime. 5. Those two boys _______ ______________ during the whole movie! 6. Everyone _______ ______________ during the party. 7. My sisters _______ ______________ during summer vacation. 8. Nathan _______ ______________ during the music concert. 9. Christina and Lilian _______ ____________ during the football game. 4 Past Continuous Tense (2) We use the Past Continuous Tense to talk about something that was happening at a specific time in the past. To use the Past Continuous Tense, you need a [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing]: We often use the Past Continuos Tense with the word “when,” to talk about two things that happened at the same time: Æ I [past continuous] when [past tense]: I was He was She was It was You were They were We were talking on the phone eating dinner writing her homework raining running playing baseball fighting when the doorbell rang. when the phone rang. when she fell asleep. when I went to school. while it rained. when I saw them. when my mother came home. Write [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing] to complete these sentences: 1. What was Nick doing when his father came home? He _______ ______________ when his father came home. 2. What were you doing when the phone rang? I _______ ______________ when the phone rang. 3. What were you doing when I called you? I _______ ______________ when you called me. 4. What was Jenny doing when it started to rain? She _______ ______________ when it started to rain. 5. What were your parents doing when you went to sleep? They _______ ______________ when I went to sleep. 5 Past Continuous Tense (3) To use the Past Continuous Tense, you need a [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing]: We often use the Past Continuos Tense with the word “when,” to talk about two things that happened at the same time: Æ I [past continous] when [past tense]: Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below. 1. I was watching TV when __________________________________. 2. My mother was driving her car when ________________________. 3. Roger was ____________________ when he heard a strange noise. 4. I was talking to my friend when ____________________________. 5. We were sleeping when __________________________________. 6. Dave and James were ___________________ when ____________ _____________________________________________________. 7. Tina was____________________________ when her friend hit her. 8. Steve was riding his motorcycle when _______________________. 9. It was raining when _____________________________________. 10. The cat ______________________ when the dog started barking. 6 Past Continuous Tense (4) To use the Past Continuous Tense, you need a [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing]: We also use the Past Continuos Tense with the words “while” or “as,” to talk about two things that were happening at the same time: Æ I [past tense] while/as [past continuous] Æ While/As [past continuous], I [past tense] Fix the mistakes in the following sentences: 1. I stay inside while it was raining. ________________________________________________________ 2. William listen to music as he walking to school. ________________________________________________________ 3. Amy played video games while her mother talking to her. ________________________________________________________ 4. As I was taking a shower, I brush my teeth. ________________________________________________________ 5. We read magazines while we eating. ________________________________________________________ 6. As they eating, Lynn and Tim talked about their jobs. ________________________________________________________ 7. Brian’s cat went to the bathroom while he is sleeping. ________________________________________________________ 7 Past Continuous Tense (5) Fill in the blanks to complete the Past Continuous Tense sentences below. 1. Craig ______________________ during the basketball game. 2. Wendy and Mike were _____________ when it started raining. 3. John _________________ while he was writing his homework. 4. Mandy was eating during _____________________________. 5. Daniel and Kevin were talking when ____________________. 6. My mother and father _____________________ while the man was talking to them. 7. My pet cat was ___________________ while I was yelling its name. 8. Everyone was laughing while Bobby was _____________. 9. Ted and Thomas _________________ during English class. 10. Mickey _______________ while he __________________. 8 Past Continuous Tense (6) Is it Past Continuous Tense or Present Continous Tense? Choose the correct words and fill in the blanks to complete the sentences below: 1. They _______________ lunch right now. are eating were eating 2. Mandy _______________ during the football game last is sleeping was sleeping night! 3. Look! Kim _______________ with Dennis! is dancing was dancing 4. Joe _______________ at the beach when it started to is running was running rain. 5. As I _______________, my TV suddenly turned on! am sleeping was sleeping 6. My brother _______________, so he can’t talk on the is studying was studying telephone. 7. Slow down! You _______________ too fast! are driving were driving 8. I _______________ a shower when the phone rang. am taking was taking 9. My uncle _______________ in his bedroom right now. is sleeping was sleeping 9 Past Continuous Tense (7) Fix the mistakes in the following Past Continuous sentences: 1. Chris sleeping during the math class. ________________________________________________________ 2. I fall asleep while I was riding on the train. ________________________________________________________ 3. Jeff took your pencil when you wasn’t looking! ________________________________________________________ 4. I went to the grocery store while you are sleeping. ________________________________________________________ 5. Samantha got a ticket because she talking on her cell phone while she driving. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 6. We was playing cards when a stranger knocked on the door. ________________________________________________________ 7. As I watching the scary movie, I start to get scared. ________________________________________________________ 10 Past Continuous Tense (8) Look at the story below. It uses the Past Continuous Tense to talk about things that were happening, in the past, at the same time. I Can’t Stop Laughing! Mickey was in a strange mood yesterday. He was laughing all day, and nobody knew why. He was laughing during breakfast, and his parents didn’t know why. He was laughing when he went to school, and his friends didn’t know why. At night, he was still laughing while he was writing his homework. “Why are you laughing?” his mother asked him. “I can’t stop laughing because I can’t stop thinking about this really funny joke,” Mickey said, “but I wish I could stop, because my stomach really hurts!” Now, use the Past Continuous Tense to write a story like the one above. Instead of “laughing,” you can write “sleeping,” “dancing,” “singing,” crying,” or something else. ____________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 11 The Grammar Plan Part 2 Present Perfect Tense 12 Past Participles (1) Every verb has a simple form, past tense form, and also a past participle. *Regular verbs (verbs that add –ed to form the past tense) also add –ed to form the past participle. For Irregular Verbs, the past participle is different: Simple Form eat go do write come Past Tense Form ate went did wrote came Past Participle eaten gone done written come Complete the table below with the past tense forms and past participles of each verb. (Look on page 68 for a complete list of irregular verb forms.) Simple Form Past Tense Form break buy cut fall fly find forget get give have know make read speak take write 13 Past Participle Past Participles (2) Fill in the blanks below with the simple form, past tense form, or past participle, to complete the table. Simple Form Past Tense Form Past Participle eaten run played gotten paid cut run did make sat began understand stood spoke sleep taken think say met left know forgotten heard leave 14 Present Perfect Tense (1) To use Present Perfect Tense, we use have/has + the past participle. I You We They He She It have has eaten given taken written gotten finished broken Chinese food in China. money to charity. 3 tests today. 2 books. a cold. her homework. its leg 3 times. Fix the mistakes in the sentences below. 1. Derek has live in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. ________________________________________________________ 2. Rita have finished her homework already. ________________________________________________________ 3. Ellen and Steven have never ate at that restaurant before. ________________________________________________________ 4. Julie is tired because she haven’t took a nap yet. ________________________________________________________ 5. I have ate sushi, but I don’t really like it. ________________________________________________________ 6. Our baseball team has win 20 games this season. ________________________________________________________ 7. I have never saw the Great Wall of China, but I hope to see it someday. ________________________________________________________ 15 Present Perfect Tense (2) We often use the Present Perfect Tense with “already” or “not yet.” • I have already eaten dinner. • • She has already taken the English test. • • I haven’t eaten dinner yet. She hasn’t taken the English test yet. It has already stopped raining. • It hasn’t stopped raining yet. ---------Use these subjects and verbs to write sentences with “already” and “not yet.” Example: I – go to church I have already gone to church._______________________________ I haven’t gone to church yet.________________________________ 1. I – graduate from college ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. My dog – get his shots ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 3. Blake – clean his room ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 4. Mickey and Jane – get married ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 16 Present Perfect Tense (3) We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about our experiences and accomplishments. • • • • • • I I I I I I have have have have have have been to Africa. flown in an Airplane. eaten Italian food. passed the English exam. worked three jobs. earned a lot of money. Talk about your own experiences and accomplishments! Answer the questions below with a Present Perfect Tense sentence. 1. What countries have you been to? ________________________________________________________ 2. What cities have you lived in? ________________________________________________________ 3. What strange foods have you eaten? ________________________________________________________ 4. Where have you flown? ________________________________________________________ 5. What languages have you spoken? ________________________________________________________ 6. What sports have you played? ________________________________________________________ 7. What cities have you visited? ________________________________________________________ 17 Present Perfect Tense (4) We often use the Present Perfect Tense to say how many times we have done something. • • • • I have gone skiing 3 times. John has broken his arm twice (two times). I have been to China 4 times, but Rita has only been once (one time). Chris has never eaten Mexican food, but his brother has eaten Mexican food several times. Use the Present Perfect Tense to answer the questions below. 1. How many times have you gone on vacation? ________________________________________________________ 2. How many times have you eaten today? ________________________________________________________ 3. How many times have your parents punished you? ________________________________________________________ 4. How many times has it rained this year? ________________________________________________________ 5. How many times have you been late to school? ________________________________________________________ 6. How many times has your teacher been late to English class? ________________________________________________________ 7. How many times have you flown in an airplane? ________________________________________________________ 18 Present Perfect Tense (5) We also use the Present Perfect Tense with the words “for” and “since.” We often use “haven’t” or “hasn’t” to talk about the last time that something happened. • • • The last time I went on vacation was in 2006. o I haven’t gone on vacation since 2006. The last time I slept in was a long time ago. o I haven’t slept in for a long time. The last time Jane played golf was before she broke her leg. o Jane hasn’t played golf since she broke her leg. Use haven’t/hasn’t and since/for to rewrite the sentences below. 1. The last time John had a pet was when he was young. ________________________________________________________ 2. The last time it rained was 3 months ago. ________________________________________________________ 3. The last time Gail saw her aunt was 5 years ago. ________________________________________________________ 4. The last time I spoke English was last week. ________________________________________________________ 5. The last time Bob went to the movie theater was in January. ________________________________________________________ 6. The last time a human stood on the moon was in 1972. ________________________________________________________ 7. The last time my uncle had a job was 6 months ago. ________________________________________________________ 19 Present Perfect Tense (6) To make a Present Perfect Tense sentence, you can also use “have been” + adjective. (You often use a time word like lately/recently/before with these sentences.) • • • • I have been married for three years. John has been tired lately. We have been busy recently. Dave and Sarah have been sad for a few days. Read the following sentences. Change the “Be Verbs” to “have been”, and add a time word. Example: I am angry. • I have been angry for 1 hour.________________ 1. Julie is married. ________________________________________________________ 2. Zack and Jane are sick. ________________________________________________________ 3. My mother is worried about her health. ________________________________________________________ 4. I am in a good mood. ________________________________________________________ 5. Richard is very busy today. ________________________________________________________ 6. My brother is lazy. ________________________________________________________ 20 Present Perfect Tense (7) Fix the mistakes in the following Present Perfect Tense sentences: 1. Maria hasn’t already graduate from high school. ________________________________________________________ 2. Evan is sick lately. ________________________________________________________ 3. We have go to Europe three times this year. ________________________________________________________ 4. I never gone to China, but I hope to go someday. ________________________________________________________ 5. Stacey hasn’t eaten yet her vegetables. ________________________________________________________ 6. My family has been to the San Diego Zoo many time. ________________________________________________________ 7. Kyle and Lyle are very busy with school work lately. ________________________________________________________ 8. I already finish my math homework, but I haven’t already finished my English homework. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 21 Present Perfect Tense (8) We use the Present Perfect Tense when we talk about experiences, number of times, and what we have already/not yet done. However, if you talk about a specific time in the past, you need to use the past tense (not the present perfect tense). Example: • I have been to Japan many times. (This is Present Perfect Tense because it says “many times” and there is no specific time mentioned.) • I went to Japan last month. (“Last month” is the specific time, so you use past tense.) Choose the correct verb form in the sentences below: 1. They _______________ sushi before. ate have eaten 2. We _______________ pizza for dinner last night! ate have eaten 3. Stephanie _______________ a penguin last year. saw has seen 4. Joe _______________ many movies recently. saw has seen 5. I _______________ to Canada twice! went have gone 6. I _______________ to Canada twice last year! went have gone 22 Present Perfect Tense (9) Choose the correct verb form in the sentences below: 1. I have already _______________ three tests today! took taken 2. I _______________ three tests yesterday, too! took have taken 3. My uncle and I _______________ camping several times. went have gone 4. We _______________ camping several times in 2007. went have gone 5. Doris _______________ a motorcycle last week. rode has ridden 6. Don _______________ a motorcycle since he was 18. rode has ridden 7. I _______________ for two days! didn’t sleep haven’t slept 8. I _______________ well last night. didn’t sleep haven’t slept 9. Jake _______________ basketball this morning. played has played 10.He _______________ basketball since he was a child. played has played 23 The Grammar Plan Part 3 Present Perfect Continuous Tense 24 Present Continuous (Review) We use the Present Continuous to talk about what is happening right now. To talk about right now, you have to use a “Be verb” (am, is, are) and a verb+ing: I am You We They are He She It is going reading playing talking watching jumping walking to the city right now. books at the moment. baseball right now. too loudly. a movie at the moment. and singing. slowly right now. Use the following subjects and verbs to write Present Continuous sentences. Example: John – pick on John is picking on his sister right now, and she is crying.__________ 1. Samantha – listen _____________________________________________________________ 2. Dave and I – take pictures _____________________________________________________________ 3. Julia and Kiki – relax _____________________________________________________________ 4. I – think _____________________________________________________________ 5. Jake – make fun of _____________________________________________________________ 6. You – look _____________________________________________________________ 25 Past Continuous (Review) We use the Past Continuous Tense to talk about what was happening at a specific time in the past. To use the Past Continuous Tense, you need a [Past Tense Be Verb] + [Verb+ing]. *We often use the Past Continuous Tense with the words when, while, during, or as. I was He was She was It was You were They were We were talking on the phone eating dinner writing her homework raining running playing baseball fighting when the doorbell rang. while he watched TV. during the typhoon. as the sun came up. while it rained. when it got dark outside. as my mother came home. Use the following subjects and verbs to write Past Continuous sentences. Example: John – pick on John was picking on his sister when their mother walked in the door. 1. Samantha – listen _____________________________________________________________ 2. Dave and I – take pictures _____________________________________________________________ 3. Julia and Kiki – relax _____________________________________________________________ 4. I – think _____________________________________________________________ 5. Jake – make fun of _____________________________________________________________ 6. You – look _____________________________________________________________ 26 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (1) If something was happening before, and it is still happening now, you use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense. To use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense, you need have/has + been + [verb+ing]. *We often use the Present Continuous Tense with the words for, since, recently, or lately. I You We They have been He She It has been studying hard lately. writing for 3 hours! dating since 2007. speaking English a lot recently. traveling since he was young. working out for 2 hours. raining a lot lately. Using the example below, write Present Perfect Continuous sentences using the information provided. Example: I was running 20 minutes ago. I am still running now. I have been running for 20 minutes.__________________________ 1. It was raining last week. It is still raining now. _____________________________________________________________ 2. My mother was talking on the telephone at 3:00. She is still talking on the telephone now (5:00). _____________________________________________________________ 3. The dogs were barking this morning. The dogs are still barking now. _____________________________________________________________ 4. They were building a supermarket next to my house 6 months ago. They are still building the supermarket now. _____________________________________________________________ 27 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (2) We also use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense with the words “ever since,” to talk about what has been happening since a specific time in the past. (“Ever since” is similar to “since.”) I have been [verb+ing] ever since [time in the past]. • He has been sleeping ever since he got home. • They have been dating ever since they met. • It has been snowing ever since I woke up. • I have been living here ever since I was born. Use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense with ever since to write sentences about yourself using the information below. Example: playing tennis I have been playing tennis ever since I was in third grade. 1. studying English ________________________________________________________ 2. waking up early ________________________________________________________ 3. getting good grades ________________________________________________________ 4. studying math ________________________________________________________ 5. riding bicycles ________________________________________________________ 6. eating lunch at 12:00 ________________________________________________________ 28 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (3) Because we use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense to talk about what has been happening recently, we often use this tense when we meet people and have conversations. Use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense to answer the following questions and describe events that have been happening lately/recently/these days. 1. What time have you been waking up lately? ________________________________________________________ 2. What have you been doing for fun recently? _____________________________________________________________ 3. Where have you been working/studying lately? _____________________________________________________________ 4. What else have you been doing lately? _____________________________________________________________ 5. Who have you been hanging out with recently? _____________________________________________________________ 6. How late have you been staying up these days? _____________________________________________________________ 7. What kind of exercise have you been doing lately? _____________________________________________________________ 8. What has the weather been like recently? _____________________________________________________________ 9. What have your parents been up to lately? _____________________________________________________________ 29 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (4) Remember: if something was happening before, and it is still happening now, you use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Using the example below, write Present Perfect Continuous sentences using the information provided. Example: Johnny was eating at 3:00. He is still eating now (3:30). Johnny has been eating for 30 minutes._____________________________ or: Johnny has been eating since 3:00.______________________________ or: Johnny has been eating ever since 3:00.__________________________ 1. I didn’t watch the news last month. I am still not watching the news. _____________________________________________________________ 2. Cindy fixed things when she was young. Cindy is still fixing things these days. _____________________________________________________________ 3. My aunt was living in Mexico in 2004. She is still living in Mexico now! _____________________________________________________________ 4. The trash was stinking yesterday. The trash is still stinking today. _____________________________________________________________ 5. The birds were singing at 5:00 this morning. The birds are still singing now (10:00 in the morning). _____________________________________________________________ 6. People celebrated Christmas many years ago. People still celebrate Christmas today. _____________________________________________________________ 7. I used a cell phone when I was 6 years old. I still use a cell phone now. (How old are you??) _____________________________________________________________ 30 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (5) Fix the mistakes in the Present Perfect Continuous sentences below. 1. Mickey has been studying English since he is in second grade. ________________________________________________________ 2. Adam have been read that book since 10:00 this morning! ________________________________________________________ 3. The baby has been sleeping since two hours. ________________________________________________________ 4. Bret has playing basketball all day. ________________________________________________________ 5. I have been watching the news every day for I was young. ________________________________________________________ 6. It has been raining last night. ________________________________________________________ 7. I have been fixing things ever since I am a little kid. ________________________________________________________ 8. Joe have been teach me English for six year. ________________________________________________________ 9. My father has dusting the furniture for 20 minutes. ________________________________________________________ 10. Rick and Rachel have been dating ever since they meet. ________________________________________________________ 31 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (6) Remember: if something was happening before, and it is still happening now, you use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Using the example below, write Present Perfect Continuous sentences using the information provided. Example: It started raining at noon. It is still raining now (6:00). It has been raining for 6 hours.___________________________________ or: It has been raining since noon._________________________________ or: It has been raining ever since noon._____________________________ 1. I moved to South Africa 6 years ago. I still live in South Africa now. _____________________________________________________________ 2. Greg started playing the piano when he was a child. Greg still plays piano as an adult. _____________________________________________________________ 3. This movie started at 12:00. I am still watching this movie now (at 3:00). _____________________________________________________________ 4. You were coughing last week. You are still coughing now! _____________________________________________________________ 5. John and Lisa were dating in 2008. They are still dating now. _____________________________________________________________ 6. I called you on the phone at 4:00. It is 9:00, and we are still talking on the phone! _____________________________________________________________ 7. I began speaking English when I was 5 years old. I still speak English. (How old are you??) _____________________________________________________________ 32 Present Perfect Continuous Tense (7) Practice Makes Perfect! I’ve been practicing and practicing, but I’m still not able to play the guitar as well as I would like. I’ve been taking lessons from a very talented guitar teacher, and I’ve been practicing over two hours a day, but my progress has been very slow. My teacher has been encouraging me a lot, and he has been giving me some good advice. He said that I should just focus on enjoying myself and not worry about my progress so much. I’ve been trying to take his advice, but it has been very frustrating, because I want to be the world’s best guitarist! I guess I’ll just have to keep practicing and hope for the best! 33 Composition Use the paragraph on the previous page as an example, and write a paragraph about yourself. • • • • What have you been practicing (or studying, or playing)? Who has been encouraging you and giving you advice? Has it been frustrating? Have you been making progress? _________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 34 The Grammar Plan Part 4 Passive Voice 35 Subject – Verb – Object (1) The Subject of a sentence is what the sentence is about. The Verb in a sentence is the action word. The Object receives the action of the verb. The cat ate the mouse. The cat ate what? A mouse! Æ “A mouse” is the object. John hit his sister. John hit whom? His sister! Æ “His sister” is the object. Write a subject (on the red line) and an object (on the blue line) to complete each sentence below. 1. ____________________ bought ____________________. 2. _____________________ likes _____________________. 3. _____________________ made _____________________. 4. ___________________ is carrying ___________________. 5. ______________________ bit ______________________. 6. _____________________ used ______________________. 7. __________________ is cleaning ____________________. 8. __________________ is watching ____________________. 9. ___________________ washes______________________. 10. ____________________ took ______________________. 36 Subject – Verb – Object (2) Directions: Underline the subject(s) and circle the object(s) in the following sentences. 1. Angela answered many questions in class today. 2. Could you please lend me a pencil? 3. David threw a paper airplane out the window! 4. My sister is writing a novel. 5. Can you smell the food that my mother is cooking? 6. After I finish my homework, I will listen to the radio. 7. Oh no! I lost my cell phone! 8. The rain is hitting my window. 9. I have twenty dollars in my pocket. 10. My aunt ate a hamburger in a fast food restaurant. 11. You shouldn’t say that word in front of your teacher! 12. Derek is playing basketball in the park with his friends. 13. Be careful! That fish will bite your hand! 37 Passive Voice (1) Subject – Verb – Object is called Active Voice. However, sometimes the subject and the object can trade places. This is called the Passive Voice. Active Voice: The dog bit the cat. Passive Voice: The cat was bitten by the dog. Active Voice: John wrote this novel. Passive Voice: This novel was written by John. To use the Passive Voice, you say: Object + [Be Verb + Past Participle] + by + Subject *Remember: the Be Verbs are am, is, are, was, and were. *The passive voice is usually past tense, so we usually use was or were. These sentences are in the Active Voice. Rewrite them using the Passive Voice. 1. The dog ate the food. _________________________________________ 2. The car hit John. _____________________________________________ 3. Jenny wrote the letter. _________________________________________ 4. Julie answered the question. ____________________________________ 5. That boy stole the money. ______________________________________ 6. Many children took the test. ____________________________________ 7. Several people watched the new movie. _____________________________________________________________ 8. The poor children used the free computers. _____________________________________________________________ 38 Passive Voice (2) To use the Passive Voice, you say: Object + [Be Verb + Past Participle] + by + Subject Active Voice: A truck hit the stray dog yesterday. Passive Voice: The stray dog was hit by a truck yesterday. Active Voice: A tornado destroyed the house. Passive Voice: The house was destroyed by a tornado. *Remember: the Be Verbs are am, is, are, was, and were. *The passive voice is usually past tense, so we usually use was or were. These sentences are in the Active Voice. Rewrite them using the Passive Voice. 1. My little brother spilled the milk._________________________________ 2. Maria flew the plane. __________________________________________ 3. Chris broke the window. _______________________________________ 4. Mr. Kurtz bought the painting. ___________________________________ 5. My sister cleaned my room. _____________________________________ 6. The owner sold the company. ___________________________________ 7. The professors solved the difficult math problem. _____________________________________________________________ 8. Mark Twain wrote many famous books in the 19th century. _____________________________________________________________ 39 Passive Voice (3) We often use the Passive Voice when: • we don’t know what the subject is o The door was opened (by someone – I don’t know whom). o My car was stolen (but I don’t know who stole it). • the subject is not important, or we don’t want to say the subject o This paper was written very well. o Jordan was given a car for his birthday. These sentences are in the Active Voice. Rewrite them using the Passive Voice, but don’t include the subject. 1. Someone stole my cell phone! _____________________________________________________________ 2. Someone kicked my dog in the leg! _____________________________________________________________ 3. A policeman caught the thief last night. _____________________________________________________________ 4. (Someone) cancelled class because of the weather. _____________________________________________________________ 5. The Boston Red Sox defeated the New York Yankees yesterday. _____________________________________________________________ 6. (Someone) stopped the concert because of the rain. _____________________________________________________________ 7. People discovered gold in California in 1848. _____________________________________________________________ 8. The teachers rewarded John for his good grades. _____________________________________________________________ 40 Passive Voice (4) When using the Passive Voice, we often use get/got instead of a Be Verb. • • • My motorcycle got hit by a car. The house got destroyed by the tornado. Jason is getting yelled at by his teacher right now. *Using get/got is not as formal as using Be Verbs, so we usually use get/got in spoken English and Be Verbs in written English. These sentences are in the Active Voice. Rewrite them using the Passive Voice, using get/got instead of Be Verbs. (You might not have to write the subject in some sentences.) 1. The carpenters built the house. ________________________________________________________ 2. The campfire burned my finger. ________________________________________________________ 3. A train hit one of the farmer’s chickens yesterday. ________________________________________________________ 4. Someone stole Luke’s apple! ________________________________________________________ 5. The manager traded the baseball player. ________________________________________________________ 6. The police caught the thief. ________________________________________________________ 7. Maria fired her employee yesterday. ________________________________________________________ 41 Passive Voice (5) Read the following sentences. If they are written in the Active Voice, change them to the Passive Voice. If they are written in the Passive Voice, change them to the Active Voice. (Did you notice that the sentences above are written in the Passive Voice?) *Remember: you need to write in the same tense. If the first sentence is past tense, then the second sentence should be past tense, too. If the first sentence is present tense, then the second sentence should be present tense, too. 1. The sharks were killed by the fishermen. _____________________________________________________________ 2. The big dog ate the cute little cat! ________________________________________________________ 3. In the movie, the car hits a bridge. ________________________________________________________ 4. The gold was found by a child playing in the park. ________________________________________________________ 5. The criminal was caught by the young policeman. ________________________________________________________ 6. Jane’s nephew stole my new watch! ________________________________________________________ 7. Many people heard that strange sound. ________________________________________________________ 8. The shooting star was seen by many people. ________________________________________________________ 42 Passive Voice (6) The past tense is often useful when the subject of a sentence is not important or is not known. For example: • • The man was arrested by police last night. (We already know that the police arrested the man, so you don’t need to add this information.) My car was stolen by someone! (I don’t know who stole my car, so it is not necessary to say “by someone”.) Write passive sentences using the words below. Only use the subject if you think it is necessary. Example: car / stolen / by someone My car was stolen.________________________________ car / stolen / by John My car was stolen by John._________________________ 1. Lynn and Brian / married / by a priest ________________________________________________________ 2. The workers / paid on Thursdays / by their boss ________________________________________________________ 3. This song / written / by my grandmother ________________________________________________________ 4. I / pulled over last night / by a policeman 5. My house / built / by a charity ________________________________________________________ 43 Passive Voice (7) Fix the mistakes in the following Passive Voice sentences. If there is no mistake, write OK. 1. This research was done very quickly. _____________________________________________________________ 2. Carol was bitten a dog, so she had to go to the hospital. _____________________________________________________________ 3. The same questions were asked by many people. _____________________________________________________________ 4. Coffee is drink by many Americans every day. _____________________________________________________________ 5. I applied to Harvard University, but I am rejected. _____________________________________________________________ 6. My car got destroyed in the accident. _____________________________________________________________ 7. This paper was written a team of researchers. _____________________________________________________________ 8. This website was updated by someone on January 3rd. _____________________________________________________________ 44 Passive Voice (8) Read the following sentences. If they are written in the Active Voice, change them to the Passive Voice. If they are written in the Passive Voice, change them to the Active Voice. (Did you notice that the sentences above are written in the Passive Voice?) *Remember: you need to write in the same tense. If the first sentence is past tense, then the second sentence should be past tense, too. If the first sentence is present tense, then the second sentence should be present tense, too. **Also remember that you don’t need to write the subject in Passive Voice sentences if the subject is not important or not known. 1. The workers completed the house yesterday. _____________________________________________________________ 2. My great-great-grandfather founded this village. ________________________________________________________ 3. I was taught guitar by my sister. ________________________________________________________ 4. The teacher ignored the silly question. ________________________________________________________ 5. My missing cell phone was found by Jack. ________________________________________________________ 6. Someone wrote this book over two thousand years ago. ________________________________________________________ 7. That stranger paid for my meal! ________________________________________________________ 8. I was surprised by that stranger’s kindness! ________________________________________________________ 45 The Grammar Plan Part 5 Embedded Questions 46 Embedded Questions (1) “Embedded questions” are questions that are inside another sentence or another question. Here are two questions: Where is Brian? What are they doing? When these questions are inside another sentence, you change them: I don’t know where Brian is. I’m not sure what they are doing. (Because you are not asking the question, you have to change the order of the words.) Look at the questions below, and rewrite them as embedded questions. 1. Who is that? I don’t know______________________________ 2. What is he watching? 3. Why are they tired? I don’t know_______________________ I don’t know__________________________ 4. When is Sam’s birthday? 5. Where are they going? 6. How is your mother? I forgot __________________________ I can’t remember_____________________ I’m not sure __________________________ 7. What time is the movie? I don’t know ______________________ 47 Embedded Questions (2) “Embedded questions” are questions that are inside other sentences. With embedded questions, you need to put the subject before the verb. Question What time does the movie start? When will John be back? How much does this book cost? Where is this train going? Who is Jenna dating? Why is school cancelled? What does Mom want for her birthday? Embedded Question …what time the movie starts …when John will be back. …how much this book costs. …where this train is going. …who Jenna is dating. …why school is cancelled. …what Mom wants for her birthday. Fill in the blanks to complete the following questions and answers. 1. A. Where ___________________________________________? B. I’m not sure where Jenna went. 2. A. How will you get to the bus station? B. I don’t know ______________________________________. 3. A. Who is Bobby talking to? B. I’m not sure ______________________________________. 4. A. What time________________________________________? B. I can’t remember what time James gets off work. 5. A. Why ____________________________________________? B. I don’t know why he’s going to South America for the summer. 6. A: How much does a new sports car cost? B: ________________________________________________. 48 Embedded Questions (3) “Embedded questions” can also be questions that are inside other questions. Here are two questions: Where is Brian? What are they doing? When these questions are inside another question, you change them: Do you know where Brian is? Do you know what they are doing? Look at the following questions, and rewrite them as embedded questions. 1. Where is David? Do you know_________________? 2. Who is that? Do you know_________________? 3. When does the movie start? Do you know_________________? 4. What does this word mean? Do you know_________________? 5. Why was Jane late to class? Do you know_________________? 6. Who is our president? Do you know_________________? 7. How many questions are there on the test? Do you know ________________________________________? 8. How much money will you need this weekend? Do you know ________________________________________? 49 Embedded Questions (4) Fix the mistakes in the following sentences with embedded questions. 1. Do you know where is Bill? ________________________________________________________ 2. Can you remember what is her name? ________________________________________________________ 3. I want to know why are you so late! ________________________________________________________ 4. Tell me how many students are there in the class. ________________________________________________________ 5. Do you know what is the president’s middle name? ________________________________________________________ 6. Let me know when do you get home. ________________________________________________________ 7. Did you learn how did World War II start? ________________________________________________________ 8. Can you tell me where does James live? ________________________________________________________ 50 Embedded Questions (5) With Yes/No questions, we often use “embedded questions” with the word “if”: Here are two questions: Are James and Kyle coming to class today? (Yes or No?) Did Bill buy a new car? (Yes or No?) Here are these questions as embedded questions using “if”: Do you know if James and Kyle are coming to class today? Do you know if Bill bought a new car? Rewrite the following sentences as embedded questions using “if”: 1. Is Bill’s car new? ________________________________________________________ 2. Does Julie have a new computer? ________________________________________________________ 3. Do they plan to go to a movie tonight? ________________________________________________________ 4. Does school start in August? ________________________________________________________ 5. Are Mike and Jane planning to get married? ________________________________________________________ 6. Did Anna find her missing dog? ________________________________________________________ 51 Embedded Questions (6) With Yes/No questions, you can also use “embedded questions” with the word “whether”: *When you use “whether”, you can also put the words “or not” at the end of the sentence. Do you know if we have a test today? (Yes or No?) Î I don’t know whether we have a test today (or not). Do you know if Rick is sick today? (Yes or No?) Î I don’t know whether he’s sick (or not). Answer the following questions, using whether … or not. 1. Do you know if school is cancelled tomorrow? ________________________________________________________ 2. Do you know if the trash truck will come today? ________________________________________________________ 3. Do you know if Walt is free after school? ________________________________________________________ 4. Do you know if this washing machine works? ________________________________________________________ 5. Do you know if we have math homework today? ________________________________________________________ 6. Do you know if they will come back from vacation tomorrow? ________________________________________________________ 52 Embedded Questions (7) Answer the questions below using an embedded question. You can begin your sentences with these phrases: I don’t know… I can’t remember… I forgot… I’m not sure… I can’t tell you… It’s hard to say… *Remember: If it is a Yes/No question, you need to use “if” or “whether…or not” with the embedded question. 1. Can I recycle this bottle? ________________________________________________________ 2. Why isn’t Joe here today? ________________________________________________________ 3. Where did Dad put the remote control? ________________________________________________________ 4. Is dinner ready yet? ________________________________________________________ 5. Did the Red Sox beat the Yankees yesterday? ________________________________________________________ 6. How long is this movie? ________________________________________________________ 7. Who is our substitute teacher? ________________________________________________________ 53 Embedded Questions (8) Fix the mistakes in the following sentences. 1. Do you know what time does the grocery store open? ________________________________________________________ 2. I don’t understand why are you so tired. ________________________________________________________ 3. I’m not sure if does John want to come to your birthday party. ________________________________________________________ 4. It’s hard to say where will I go to college next year. ________________________________________________________ 5. I can’t tell whether do you have a fever or not. ________________________________________________________ 6. I can’t remember how does this book end. ________________________________________________________ 7. Can you see where is my contact lens? ________________________________________________________ 8. Do you know what is the answer to number 8? ________________________________________________________ 9. I forgot what does this word mean. ________________________________________________________ 10. I’m not sure whether will the typhoon hit us or not. ________________________________________________________ 54 Embedded Questions (9) Rewrite the following questions as embedded questions. *Remember: If it is a Yes/No question, you need to use “if” or “whether…or not” with the embedded question. Example: Is there a baseball game tonight? Î Do you know if there is a baseball game tonight? __________ 1. Where does the president live? ________________________________________________________ 2. Can dogs see colors? ________________________________________________________ 3. How many donuts are there in a dozen? ________________________________________________________ 4. Did Jack finish writing his novel? ________________________________________________________ 5. Who did Melissa go out with last night? ________________________________________________________ 6. What is Morgan going to do this weekend? ________________________________________________________ 7. Can Nathan drive a car yet? ________________________________________________________ 55 The Grammar Plan Part 6 Relative Clauses 56 Relative Clauses (that / which / who) Relative clauses give extra information about nouns. Relative clauses often begin with that/which or who If the noun is a thing, you use that or which. If the noun is a person, you must use who. The pencil that is on my desk (“that is on my desk” gives extra information about “pencil”) The cat which is standing on the couch (“that is standing on the couch” gives extra information about “cat”) The person who took my chair (“who took my chair” gives extra information about “person”) Combine these sentences using a relative clause. Put the information in the boldfaced sentences into the relative clauses. The first one is done for you. 1. The man is my brother. He is standing under the poster. The man who is standing under the poster is my brother.________________________ 2. The woman will go to prison. She stole a car from the parking lot. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. The hat is yours. It is under the sofa. ________________________________________________________________________ 4. I want a job. The job should be interesting and challenging. ________________________________________________________________________ 5. I’m glad we have this boss. She is kind and generous. ________________________________________________________________________ 6. I want to get a pet. The pet should be easy to take care of. ________________________________________________________________________ 7. I like to listen to music. I like fast and loud music. ________________________________________________________________________ 8. Jack wants a girlfriend. He wants a beautiful and nice girlfriend. ________________________________________________________________________ 57 Relative Clauses (that / which / who) Read the paragraphs below, and answer the questions. PART 1 There are three women in the room. My Aunt Martha is talking on her cell phone. My sister Kelly is sitting on the sofa. My mother is reading a magazine. Answer the questions below using relative clauses. (The first one is done for you.) Which woman is your sister? My sister is the woman who is sitting on the sofa.________________________________ OR The woman who is sitting on the sofa is my sister._______________________________ Which woman is your mother? ________________________________________________________________________ Which woman is your aunt? ________________________________________________________________________ PART 2 You brought your dogs to a dog park. Many dogs are playing and running around. Your oldest dog is laying under a tree and watching the other dogs. Your youngest dog is playing with a little brown dog. Your neighbor’s dog is chasing a cat. Answer the questions below using relative clauses. Which one is your youngest dog? ________________________________________________________________________ Which one is your oldest dog? ________________________________________________________________________ Which one is your neighbor’s dog? ________________________________________________________________________ 58 Relative Clauses (that / which / who) Look at this picture. The dog is watching the cat. The cat is watching the bird. And the bird is sitting in a tree. PART 3: Your friend cannot speak English very well and asks you some questions about this picture. Answer the questions using relative clauses. Which animal is the dog? The dog is the animal that is_________________________________________________ Which animal is the cat? ________________________________________________________________________ Which animal is the bird? ________________________________________________________________________ PART 4: Look at this picture. Melissa is on the left. She is holding a pencil and wearing a red jacket. Jane is in the middle. She is wearing a green jacket and yellow shirt. Debbie is on the right. She is holding a piece of paper with both hands. Answer the questions about these women using relative clauses. Who is Debbie? ________________________________________________________________________ Which of these women is Melissa? ________________________________________________________________________ Is Jane the woman on the left? ________________________________________________________________________ 59 Relative Clauses (where / when / whose) You already learned about relative clauses with that, which, and who. You can also use the words where, when, and whose. Use “where” if you are talking about a place: • This is the park where I met my girlfriend. (A “park” is a place.) • That is the bank where I keep my money. (A “bank” is a place.) Use “when” if you are talking about a time: • My father was born in 1945, when World War II was ending. • I grew up at a time when everyone was using the internet. Use “whose” to show that the subject possesses something: • I hope my wife’s parents are rich. Æ I want a wife whose parents are rich. • I met that boy’s father last night. Æ That’s the boy whose father I met last night. Fill in the blanks below with when, where, who or whose. I had a very interesting childhood. I grew up at a time __________ there were no cell phones or computers. I felt lucky to live on a farm, __________ I could play with animals and enjoy nature. Although I didn’t live in a city, I had many friends __________ came to my house often. My best friend Jason, __________ father worked with my father, came to my house every weekend. We liked to go to my basement, __________ we could play ping-pong or do puzzles. When I think about my childhood, it seems like a time __________ everything was perfect. I am an adult now, and I have kept in touch with most of my old friends. Jason, __________ wife is a Senator, is a successful businessman. He told me that he enjoys working in a company __________ he can travel to different countries and meet different people. He is the kind of person __________ likes to come visit me suddenly, without telling me first. When we get together, we often talk about our childhood, a magical time __________ we could play all day and never get bored. 60 Relative Clauses If the information in a relative clause is necessary, you do not put commas around it. This is called an “identifying relative clause” (because the information is necessary to “identify” the subject). However, if the information in the relative clause is not necessary -- if it is just extra information about the subject -- then you put commas around the relative clause. This is called a “non-identifying relative clause” (because the information is not necessary to identify the subject). *With non-identifying relative clauses, you cannot use “that” – you must use “which” instead Example: That dog, which only has three legs, is my dog. (“which only has three legs” is not necessary to identify this dog) You might say this sentence if you are looking at one specific dog. The dog that/which only has three legs is my dog. (“which only has three legs” is necessary to identify this dog) You might say this sentence if you are looking at several dogs, and you use the clause “which only has three legs” to identify one specific dog. Billy, who drives a red pickup, was caught speeding last night. (“who drives a red pickup” is not necessary to identify Billy – it is extra information, so you put commas around it ) Read these sentences and find the relative clauses. If the information is not necessary (if it is just extra information about the subject), put commas around the relative clause. 1. California which has the nation’s largest economy is on the west coast. 2. James who moved here just two weeks ago won the spelling bee. 3. The movie which I was talking about will come to the local movie theater next week. 4. Barack Obama whose father was from Kenya became President of the USA. 5. The man that I saw had dark hair. 6. England where Dave grew up has some of the best universities in the world. 7. The neighborhood where I grew up was very safe and quiet. 8. Santa Claus who wears a red suit and has a long white beard is loved by children everywhere. 9. This book which was written over one hundred years ago has some very interesting facts. 10. The amusement park where people of all ages come to relax and have fun will close next year. 61 Relative Clauses (which / who / whose / where) Write a non-identifying relative clause (extra information inside two commas) to complete each sentence. *Remember: You cannot use “that” with non-identifying relative clauses. 1. Mr. Roberts, ______________________________________, won this year’s Best Teacher Award. 2. My computer, ____________________________________, only cost $500. 3. I’m going to visit Mrs. Jacobs, ____________________________________________. 4. Brian decided to attend Boston University, __________________________________. 5. We’re moving to California, ______________________________________________. 6. This car, __________________________________, can go up to 200 miles per hour. 7. I prefer to do my homework in my room, ____________________________________. 8. Bill Gates, __________________________________, is speaking at my school today. 9. This neighborhood, _____________________________________, has been my home for years. 10. This company, ________________________________________, is among the most successful in the world. 62 Relative Clauses (that / which / where / when / who / whose) Combine these sentences. Write an identifying (no commas) relative clause using the word in parentheses. 1. I want to go to a university. The university should have a good science program. (that) ________________________________________________________________________ 2. James is my classmate. His hair is long and curly. (whose) ________________________________________________________________________ 3. James is my classmate. His lair is long and curly. (who) ________________________________________________________________________ 4. She is the woman. I invited her to your birthday party. (who) ________________________________________________________________________ 5. I visited a famous house in Amsterdam. Anne Frank hid from the Nazis in this house. (where) ________________________________________________________________________ 6. That is the woman. Her car was stolen today. (whose) ________________________________________________________________________ 7. I read an interesting article yesterday. The article explained the nature of the universe. (which) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. This is the apartment. My brother told me about this apartment. (that) ________________________________________________________________________ 9. That’s the girl! She stole my computer! (who) ________________________________________________________________________ 10. That’s the girl. Someone stole her laptop. (whose) ________________________________________________________________________ 63 Relative Clauses – No Prepositions at the End of Sentences!  There is an old grammar rule that says you should never end a sentence with a  preposition. Actually, it is often okay to end a sentence with a preposition. However, in  formal writing, it is usually good to rearrange the sentences so that the preposition is  not at the end. To do this, you need to put the preposition before “which” or “whom”  (you cannot use “that” after the preposition).     Here are some examples:  Jane is the girl who/whom I was talking to. (“to” is a preposition)    ÎJane is the girl to whom I was talking.    Physics is a subject that I know very little about. (“about” is a preposition)    ÎPhysics is a subject about which I know very little.    This is the room that I found the spider in.    ÎThis is the room in which I found the spider.    This is the book that the movie is based on.    ÎThis is the book on which the movie is based.        Fill in the blanks with a preposition and which or whom    1. I made a new rule that everyone is complaining about.    ÎI made a new rule _____ _______ everyone is complaining.    2. This is a class that we discuss current events in.    ÎThis is a class _____ _______ we discuss current events.    3. She is the girl who/whom I had a relationship with a long time ago.    ΠShe is the girl _____ _______I had a relationship a long time ago.    4. Head Teacher is the job that I was recommended for.    ΠHead Teacher is the job _____ _______ I was recommended.    5. Which country are we at war with?    Î_____ _______ country are we at war?      64 Relative Clauses – No Prepositions at the End of Sentences!    Rewrite the following sentences without a preposition at the end.      1. Can you see the table that Jessica is sitting at?    ________________________________________________________________________    2. He is the person I was referring to.    ________________________________________________________________________    3. Who are you arguing with?    ________________________________________________________________________    4. The actor has a disease that there is no cure for.    ________________________________________________________________________    5. The 400m race is the event that Jason trained for.    ________________________________________________________________________    6. That is the bridge that I used to live under.    ________________________________________________________________________    7. In that picture, Robin is the girl who I’m standing by.    ________________________________________________________________________          65     The Grammar Plan Part 7 Appendix List of Irregular Verb Forms 66 List of Verb Forms Present be become begin blow break bring build buy catch choose come cut do drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forget forgive freeze Past was, were became began blew broke brought built bought caught chose came cut did drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot forgave froze 67 Past Participle been become begun blown broken brought built bought caught chosen come cut done drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forgotten forgiven frozen get give go grow have hear hide hold hurt keep know lay lead leave let lie lose make meet pay quit read ride ring rise run say see got gave went grew had heard hid held hurt kept knew laid led left let lay lost made met paid quit read rode rang rose ran said saw gotten given gone grown had heard hidden held hurt kept known laid led left let lain lost made met paid quit read ridden rung risen run said seen 68 sell send shake shine sing sit sleep speak spend stand steal swim swing take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write sold sent shook shone sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swam swung took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote 69 sold sent shaken shone sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written Answer Key     Many of the worksheets in this book have many possible answers. This answer key  provides sample answers. Students’ answers may vary.    page 2  1. was, wasn’t   2. were  3. was  4. was  5. were, was  6. was    page 3  1. I was at my friend’s house.  2. She was at the grocery store.  3. I was in school.  4. He was at home.  5. I was three years old.   6. He was in the bathroom.  7. I was at home.  8. She was in the office.  9. They were at the baseball game.    page 4  1. was sleeping  2. were talking  3. was sleeping  4. were playing basketball  5. were using their cell phones  6. was dancing  7. were playing soccer  8. was crying  9. were watching a movie    page 5  1. was playing video games  2. was taking a shower  3. was sleeping  4. was riding her bicycle  5. were watching TV    page 6  1. the phone rang  2. she saw an accident  3. watching TV  4. it started raining  5. my mom came home  6. eating breakfast, the phone rang  7. telling a joke  8. his cell phone rang  9. I went outside  10. was sitting outside    page 7  1. I stayed inside while it was raining.  2. William listened to music as he was walking to school.  3. Amy played video games while her mother was talking to her.  4. As I was taking a shower, I brushed my teeth.  5. We read magazines while we were eating.  6. As they were eating, Lynn and Tim talked about their jobs.  7. Brian’s cat went to the bathroom while he was sleeping.    page 8  1. was resting  2. standing outside  3. was listening to music  4. the movie  5. the phone rang  6. were laughing  7. running away  8. crying  9. were talking  10. talked, was eating    page 9  1. are eating  2. was sleeping  3. is dancing  4. was running  5. was sleeping  6. is studying  7. are driving  8. was taking  9. is sleeping    page 10  1. Chris was sleeping during the math class.  2. I fell asleep while I was riding on the train.  3. Jeff took your pencil when you weren’t looking!  4. I went to the grocery store while you were sleeping.  5. Samantha got a ticket because she was talked on her cell    phone while she was driving.  6. We were playing cards when a stranger knocked on the door.  7. As I was watching the scary movie, I started to get scared.    page 13  see the Appendix for a complete list of verb tenses    page 14  see the Appendix for a complete list of verb tenses    page 15  1. Derek has lived in Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.  2. Rita has finished her homework already.  3. Ellen and Steven have never eaten at that restaurant before.  4. Julie is tired because she hasn’t taken a nap yet.  5. I have eaten sushi, but I don’t really like it.  6. Our baseball team has won 20 games this season.  7. I have never seen the Great Wall of China, but I hope to see it    someday.    page 16  1.  I have already graduated from college.    I haven’t graduate from college yet.  2. My dog has already gotten his shots.    My dog hasn’t gotten his shots yet.  3. Blake has already cleaned his room.    Blake hasn’t cleaned his room yet.  4. Mickey and Jane have already gotten married.    Mickey and Jane haven’t gotten married yet.    page 17  1. I have been to Japan and Mexico.  2. I have lived in Boston and New York.  3. I have eaten sushi and ostrich.  4. I have flown to Japan and Mexico.  5. I have spoken Spanish, Chinese, and English.  6. I have played baseball and soccer.  7. I have visited New York, Tokyo, and Mexico City.    page 18  1. I have gone on vacation six times.  2. I have eaten two times today.  3. My parents have punished me many times.  4. It has rained three times this year.  5. I have been late to school five times.  6. My teacher has been late to English class one time.  7. I have flown in an airplane four times.    page 19  1. John hasn’t had a pet since he was young.  2. It has rained for three months.  3. Gail hasn’t seen her aunt for five years.  4. I haven’t spoken English since last week.  5. Bob hasn’t gone to a movie theater since January.  6. A human hasn’t stood on the moon since 1972.  7. My uncle hasn’t had a job for six months.     page 20   1. She has been married for one year.  2. They have been sick for two days.  3. She has been worried about her health recently.  4. I have been in a good mood lately.  5. He has been very busy for a few days.  6. He has been lazy for many years.    page 21  1. Maria hasn’t graduated from high school yet.  2. Evan has been sick lately.  3. We have gone to Europe three times this year.  4. I have never gone to China, but I hope to go someday.  5. Stacey hasn’t eaten her vegetables yet.  6. My family has been to the San Diego Zoo many times.  7. Kyle and Lyle have been very busy with school work lately.  8. I have already finished my math homework, but I haven’t    finished my English homework yet.    page 22  1. have eaten  2. ate  3. saw  4. has seen  5. have gone  6. went    page 23  1. taken  2. took  3. have gone  4. went  5. rode  6. has ridden  7. haven’t slept  8. didn’t sleep  9. played  10. has played    page 25  1. Samantha is listening to music right now.  2. Dave and I are taking pictures in the park.  3. Julia and Kiki are relaxing on the sofa.  4. I am thinking about my grandmother.  5. Jake is making fun of me!  6. You are looking at that girl!    page 26  1. Samantha was listening to music when the doorbell rang.  2. Dave and I were taking pictures when it started to rain.  3. Julia and Kiki were relaxing on the sofa when their mother    came home.  4. I was thinking about my grandmother when she called me!  5. Jake was making fun of me, so I hit him.  6. You were looking at that girl, and I saw you!    page 27  1. It has been raining for one week.  2. My mother has been talking on the telephone for two hours.  3. The dogs have been barking since this morning.  4. They have been building a supermarket next to my house for    six months.     page 28  1. I have been studying English ever since I was five years old.  2. I have been waking up early ever since I started my new job.  3. I have been getting good grades ever since I quit my part‐time    job.  4. I have been studying math ever since I started fifth grade.  5. I have been riding bicycles ever since I was five years old.  6. We have been eating lunch at 12:00 ever since we started first    grade.    page 29  1. I have been waking up at 8:00 lately.  2. I have been playing tennis lately.  3. I have been working at a convenience store recently.  4. I have been reading a lot of books these days.  5. I have been hanging out with Josh and Tara lately.  6. I have been staying up until midnight lately.  7. I have been jogging recently.  8. The weather has been warm these days.  9. My parents have been working hard recently.    page 30  1. I haven’t been watching the news lately.  2. Cindy has been fixing things since she was young.  3. My aunt has been living in Mexico since 2004.  4. The trash has been stinking for one day.  5. The birds have been singing for five hours!  6. People have been celebrated Christmas for many years.  7. I have been using a cell phone for ten years.    page 31  1. Mickey has been studying English since he was in second grade.  2. Adam has been reading that book since 10:00 this morning!  3. The baby has been sleeping for two hours.  4. Bret has been playing basketball all day.  5. I have been watching the news every day since I was young  6. It has been raining since last night.  7. I have been fixing things ever since I was a little kid.  8. Joe has been teaching me English for six years.   9. My father has been dusting the furniture for 20 minutes.  10. Rick and Rachel have been dating ever since they met.    page 32  1. I have been living in South Africa for 6 years.  2. Greg has been playing the piano since he was a child.  3. I have been watching this movie since 12:00.  4. You have been coughing since last week!  5. John and Lisa have been dating since 2008.  6. We have been talking on the phone for five hours!  7. I have been speaking English for eleven years.     page 36  1. John, a bicycle  2. Jane, books  3. Chris, a paper airplane  4. Beth, a bag  5. The dog, me  6. Jeff, this pencil  7. Mom, the living room  8. Dad, TV  9. My brother, the dishes  10. Steven, my picture    page 37  1. Subject: Angela, Object: questions  2. Subject: you, Object: pencil  3. Subject: David, Object: paper airplane  4. Subject: sister, Object: novel  5. Subject: you, Object: food  6. Subject: I, Object: homework    (Subject: I, Object: radio)  7. Subject: I, Object: cell phone  8. Subject: rain, Object: window  9. Subject: I, Object: dollars  10. Subject: aunt, Object: hamburger  11. Subject: You, Object: word  12. Subject: Derek, Object: basketball  13. Subject: fish, Object: hand    page 38  1. The food was eaten by the dog.  2. John was hit by the car.  3. The letter was written by Jenny.  4. The question was answered by Julie.  5. The money was stolen by that boy.  6. The test was taken by many children.  7. The new movie was watched by many people.  8. The free computers were used by the poor children.    page 39  1. The milk was spilled by my little brother.  2. The plane was flown by Maria.  3. The window was broken by Chris.  4. The painting was bought by Mr. Kurtz.  5. My room was cleaned by my sister.  6. The company was sold by the owner.  7. The difficult math problem was solved by the professors.  th 8. Many famous books were written by Mark Twain in the 19     century.    page 40  1. My cell phone was stolen!  2. My dog was kicked in the leg!  3. The thief was caught last night.  4. Class was cancelled because of the weather.  5. The New York Yankees were defeated yesterday.  6. The concert was stopped because of the rain.  7. Gold was discovered in California in 1848.  8. John was rewarded for his good grades.     page 41  1. The house got built by the carpenters.  2. My finger got burned by the campfire.  3. One of the farmer’s chickens got hit by a train yesterday.  4. Luke’s apple got stolen!  5. The baseball player got traded.  6. The thief got caught by the police.  7. The employee got fired by Maria yesterday.    page 42  1. The fishermen killed the sharks.  2. The cute little cat was eaten by the big dog!  3. In the movie, a bridge is hit by the car.   4. A child playing in the park found the gold.  5. The young policeman caught the criminal.  6. My new watch was stolen by Jane’s nephew.  7. That strange sound was heard by many people.  8. Many people saw the shooting star.    page 43  1. Lynn and Brian got married yesterday.  2. The workers are paid on Thursdays.  3. This song was written by my grandmother.  4. I was pulled over last night.  5. My house was built by a charity.    page 44  1. OK  2. Carol was bitten by a dog, so she had to go to the hospital.  3. OK  4. Coffee is drunk by many Americans every day.  5. I applied to Harvard University, but I was (got) rejected.  6. OK  7. This paper was written by a team of researchers.   rd 8. This website was updated on January 3 .    page 45  1. The house was completed by the workers yesterday.  2. This village was founded by my great‐great‐grandfather.  3. My sister taught me guitar.  4. The silly question was ignored by the teacher.  5. Jack found my missing cell phone.  6. This book was written over two thousand years ago.  7. My meal was paid for by that stranger.  8. That stranger’s kindness surprised me!    page 46  1. I don’t know who that is.  2. I don’t know what he is watching.  3. I don’t know why they are tired.  4. I forgot when Sam’s birthday is.  5. I can’t remember where they are going.  6. I’m not sure how she is.  7. I don’t know what time it is.    page 48  1. Where did Jenna go?  2. I don’t know how I will get to the bus station.  3. I’m not sure who Bobby is talking to.  4. What time does James get off work?  5. Why is he going to South America for the summer?  6. I don’t know how much a new sports car costs.    page 49  1. Do you know where David is?  2. Do you know who that is?  3. Do you know when the movie starts?  4. Do you know what this word means?  5. Do you know why Jane was late to class?  6. Do you know who our president is?  7. Do you know how many questions (there) are on the test?  8. Do you know how much money you will need this weekend?    page 50  1. Do you know where Bill is?  2. Can you remember what her name is?  3. I want to know why you are so late!  4. Tell me how many students (there) are in the class.  5. Do you know what the president’s middle name is?  6. Let me know when you get home.  7. Did you learn how World War II started?  8. Can you tell me where James lives?    page 51  1. Do you know if Bill’s car is new?  2. Do you know if Julie has a new computer?  3. Do you know if they plan to go to a movie tonight?  4. Do you know if school starts in August?  5. Do you know if Mike and Jane are planning to get married?  6. Do you know if Anna found her missing dog?    page 52  1. I don’t know whether school is cancelled tomorrow (or not).  2. I don’t know whether the trash truck will come today (or not).  3. I’m not sure whether Walt is free after school (or not).  4. I don’t know whether this washing machine works (or not).  5. I’m not sure whether we have math homework today (or not).  6. I don’t know whether they will come back tomorrow (or not).    page 53  1. I don’t know if you can recycle that bottle.  2. It’s hard to say why Joe isn’t here today.  3. I forgot where Dad put the remote control.  4. I’m not sure whether dinner is ready or not.  5. I don’t know if the Red Sox beat the Yankees yesterday.  6. I can’t remember how long this movie is.  7. I can’t tell you who our substitute teacher is.    page 54  1. Do you know what time the grocery store opens?  2. I don’t understand why you are so tired.  3. I’m not sure if John wants to come to your birthday party.  4. It’s hard to say where I will go to college next year.  5. I can’t tell whether you have a fever or not.  6. I can’t remember how this book ends.  7. Can you see where my contact lens is?  8. Do you know what the answer to number 8 is?  9. I forgot what this word means.  10. I’m not sure whether the typhoon will hit us or not.    page 55  1. Do you know where the president lives?  2. Do you know if dogs can see colors?  3. Do you know how many donuts (there) are in a dozen?  4. Do you know whether Jack finished writing his novel?  5. Do you know who Melissa went out with last night?  6. Do you know what Morgan is going to do this weekend?  7. Do you know if Nathan can drive a car yet?    page 57  2. The woman who stole a car from the parking lot will go to    prison.  3. The hat that is under the sofa is yours.  4. I want a job that is interesting and challenging.  5. I’m glad we have a boss who is kind and generous.  6. I want to get a pet that is easy to take care of.  7. I like to listen to music that is fast and loud.  8. Jack wants a girlfriend who is beautiful and nice.     page 58  PART 1  My mother is the woman who is reading a magazine.  My aunt is the woman who is talking on her cell phone.  PART 2  My youngest dog is the one that is playing with a little brown dog.  My oldest dog is the one that is laying under the tree.  My neighbor’s dog is the one that is chasing a cat.    page 59  PART 3  The dog is the animal that is watching the cat.  The cat is the animal that is watching the bird.  The bird is the animal that is sitting in a tree.  PART 4  Debbie is the woman who is holding a piece of paper with both  hands.  Melissa is the woman who is holding a pencil and wearing a red  jacket.  No, Jane is the woman who is in the middle.    page 60  I had a very interesting childhood. I grew up at a time when  there were no cell phones or computers. I felt lucky to live on a  farm, where I could play with animals and enjoy nature.  Although I didn’t live in a city, I had many friends who came to  my house often. My best friend Jason, whose father worked with  my father, came to my house every weekend. We liked to go to  my basement, where we could play ping‐pong or do puzzles.  When I think about my childhood, it seems like a time when  everything was perfect.     I am an adult now, and I have kept in touch with most  of my old friends. Jason, whose wife is a Senator, is a successful  businessman. He told me that he enjoys working in a company  where he can travel to different countries and meet different  people. He is the kind of person who likes to come visit me  suddenly, without telling me first. When we get together, we  often talk about our childhood, a magical time when we could  play all day and never get bored.    page 61  1. California, which has the nation’s largest economy, is on the  west coast.  2. James, who moved here just two weeks ago, won the spelling  bee.  3. The movie which I was talking about will come to the local  movie theater next week.  4. Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, became  President of the USA.  5. The man that I saw had dark hair.  6. England, where Dave grew up, has some of the best  universities in the world.  7. The neighborhood where I grew up was very safe and quiet.   8. Santa Claus, who wears a red suit and has a long white beard,  is loved by children everywhere.  9. This book, which was written over one hundred years ago, has  some very interesting facts.  10. The amusement park, where people of all ages come to relax  and have fun, will close next year.    page 62  1. Mr. Roberts, who was my teacher last year, won this year’s  Best Teacher Award.  2. My computer, which was made in China, only cost $500.  3. I’m going to visit Mrs. Jacobs, whom I haven’t seen for a long  time.  4. Brian decided to attend Boston University, which is famous for  its business school.  5. We’re moving to California, where the weather is nice year  round.  6. This car, which was made in Germany, can go up to 200 miles  per hour.  7. I prefer to do my homework in my room, where no one can  bother me.  8. Bill Gates, who founded Microsoft, is speaking at my school  today.  9. This neighborhood, which is safe and quiet, has been my home  for years.  10. This company, which was founded by my grandfather, is  among the most successful in the world.    page 63  1. I want to go to a university that has a good science program.  2. James, whose hair is long and curly, is my cousin.  3. James, who has long and curly hair, is my classmate.  4. She is the woman who I invited to your birthday party.  5. I visited a famous house in Amsterdam where Anne Frank hid  from the Nazis.  6. That is the woman whose car was stolen today.  7. I read an interesting article yesterday which explained the  nature of the universe.  8. This is the apartment that my brother told me about.  9. That’s the girl who stole my computer!  10. That’s the girl whose laptop was stolen.    page 64  1. about which  2. in which  3. with whom  4. for which  5. At which    page 65  1. Can you see the table at which Jessica is sitting?  2. He is the person to whom I was referring.  3. With whom are you arguing?  4. The actor has a disease for which there is no cure.  5. The 400m race is the event for which Jason trained.  6. That is the bridge under which I used to live.  7. In that picture, Robin is the girl by whom I’m standing.