The Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

THE FOUNDATIONS OFARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Philosophy (428 B.C.-present) Mathematics (c. 800-present) Psychology (1879-present) Computer engineering (1940present) Linguistics (1957-present) Philosophy (428 B.C.-present)  Together. his teacher Socrates. mathematics. and several branches of philosophy. Plato.  His writings range across politics. and his student Aristotle laid the foundation for much of western thought and culture. physics. astronomy. .PLATO  428 B.C. HUBERT DREYFUS  450 B.C  Says that "The story of artificial intelligence might well . Dualism Materialism Empiricist Induction . DUALISM The position that mental phenomena are. . in some respects. non-physical. or that the mind and body are not identical. MATERIALISM Which holds that all the world (including the brain and mind) operate according to physical law . WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716)  Was probably the first to take the materialist position to its logical conclusion and build a mechanical device intended to carry out mental operations. .  His formulation of logic was so weak that his mechanical concept generator could not produce interesting results. EMPIRICIST a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences. . particularly your sensory experiences. 1978) Operation of the mind selecting among what appear to be the possible courses of action.INDUCTION  Was proposed by Treatise of Human Nature (Hume. . They remain "possible" because the brain does not have access to its own future states . LOGICAL POSITIVISM OBSERVATION SENTENCES CONFIRMATION THEORY MEANS-ENDS ANALYSIS . connected .LOGICAL POSITIVISM This theory was introduced Bertrand Russell (1872-1970). theories.  This doctrine holds that all knowledge can be characterized by logical. . and how can particular actions be justified? .CONFIRMATION THEORY Rudolf Carnap and Carl Hempel attempted to establish the nature of the connection between the observation sentences and the more general theories—in other words. to understand how knowledge can be acquired from experience. What form should this connection take. These questions are vital to AI. or rational . . because only by understanding how actions are justified can we understand how to build an agent whose actions are justifiable. It is useful. .MEANS-ENDS ANALYSIS Typified by the following kind of common-sense argument. but does not say what to do when several actions will achieve the goal. or when no action will completely achieve it. Mathematics (c. 800-present) . The notion of expressing a computation as a formal algorithm goes back to al-Khowarazmi.ALGORITHM Philosophers staked out most of the important ideas of ArtificiaI Intelligence. whose writings also introduced Europe to Arabic numerals and algebra. an Arab mathematician of the ninth century. . there are true statements that are undecidable: their truth cannot be established by any algorithm.INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM Showed that in any language expressive enough to describe the properties of the natural numbers. . which means different things to different people. .INTRACTABILITY is a controversial concept. a thing that is made smaller or less in size or amount. in particular. .REDUCTION refers to the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form. .NP-COMPLETENESS the set of all decision problems whose solutions can be verified in polynomial time. .DECISION THEORY the mathematical study of strategies for optimal decision-making between options involving different risks or expectations of gain or loss depending on the outcome. Psychology (1879-present) . .BEHAVIORISM John Watson(1878-1958) aid Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) rebelled against this subjectivism. rejecting any theory involving mental processes on the grounds that introspection could not provide reliable evidence. memory. creativity. perception. problem solving. and thinking.COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY is the study of mental processes such as "attention." . language use. Computer engineering (1940present) . FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO SUCCEED. WE NEED TWO THINGS: Intelligence Artifact . Linguistics (1957-present) . .KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language. COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS is the study of computer processing. It is often regarded as a subfield of artificial intelligence. . understanding. and generation of human languages.