Teaching the Elements of Language A.SOUNDS (Phonology) Aileen Pacayra Page 1 Page 2 is "the study of sound pertaining to the system of language”. is "the study of sound pertaining to the act of speech." (Ni olai !ru"et# oy $in$Grundzüge der Phonologie$) !he %ays in %hich languages use sounds or signs to construct meaning are studied in$phonology. !he study of ho% humans produce and percei&e &ocal sounds is called$phonetics. ('i ipedia) Page 3 Page 4 . Page 5 . Page 6 . !he (amily of )onsonant Sounds )onsonant sounds can "e classified according to three dimensions* +.the place of articulation(%here the sound is made) -..the manner of articulation (ho% the sound is made) Page 7 .&oicing (&oiceless or &oiced) . whereas a sound is voiceless if the vocal cords are not vibrating upon the production of sounds. Page 8 .Voicing A sound is voiced if the vocal chords vibrate. Dental.tip of the tongue and hard palate Page 9 Place or Point of Articulation . Bilabial. Labio dental.lower lip touches the upper teeth 3. Alveolar.two lips touching each other 2.tip of the tongue and the inner edge of the upper teeth 4.1. Palatal.throat passage Page 10 . Velar.dorsal tongue and soft palate 7.5.the tongue and hard palate 6. Glottal. Page 11 . T.These are the sounds produced when the air stream is compressed and passes through a small opening creating friction. Stops/Plosives. . Fricatives.These are the sounds produced when the air stream is blocked completely before it is abruptly released.1.!.K. are the members of this family. The sounds P. 2.". The sounds Page 12 Manner of Articulation . and so the air passes through the nose. . Page 13 .&. 0 and /" are nasal sounds.%. %'. Nasals..These are the sounds produced when the oral ca)ity is blocked. Affricates.' and . /.These are the sounds produced when a plosi)e is followed by a fricati)e.$.T' ()oiced* and ()oiceless*. &' are members of this group.are the members of this group . +.#. %ounds are produced when air stream mo)es around the tongue in an obstructed manner. %ounds like 4 and 5.5. 6. %ounds like 1 and 2 are e3amples. Liquid/Lateral.%ounds that are close to )owel sounds. Glides. Page 14 . Page 15 . Page 16 . and the way the mouth opens. $owel sounds can be classified according to the height of the tongue and 8aw. 7t is also a fact that all )owel sounds are )oiced sounds.Vowel $owel sounds are produced with one6s mouth open. Page 17 What You Need to Know for Vowels . • HIGH/MID/LO ! This designation refers to whether the lips are rounded (: shape* or spread (no rounding* when the sound is being made.• FRONT/CENTRAL/BACK9 These three refers to the position of the tongue from front to back of the mouth during the production of the sound. TEN"E #"$ LA%9 <lso important in describing )owel sounds are the designations T=/%= and 1<>. which refer to the relati)e tenseness of the )ocal muscles.. Page 18 . Page 19 . International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Page 20 .. 7n order to represent the sounds of the world?s languages in writing. linguists ha)e de)eloped the 7nternational Phonetic <lphabet. designed to represent all of the discrete sounds that are known to contribute to meaning in human languages. $oiced .onsonant %ounds 7P< symbol /b/ /d/ /ð/ /g/ /z/ /ʒ / /dʒ / /v/ /m/ /n/ %ound b d th g @ @h 8 ) m n Page 21 7P< symbol /ŋ/ /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/ %ound ng l r w y . $oiceless .onsonant %ounds 7P< symbol /s/ /ʃ / /θ/ /f/ / / /!ʃ / /"/ /!/ /#/ %ound s sh th f h ch k t p Page 22 . %hort $owels 7P< symbol %ound short i eh ae ah ohABaweB uh s!ressed s&llable %chwa %ounds 7P< symbol /$/ /ɚ / %ound %ns!ressed s&llable /I/ /3/ A'/ /ɑ / /ɔ / /ʊ / /ʌ / er Page 23 . 1ong $owel %ounds 7P< symbol AiA AuA %ound long i ooh !iphthongs 7P< symbol Aaʊ / Aaɪ/ / ɔ ɪ/ Aoʊ / Aeɪ/ %ound aw ay oy ow ey Page 24 . Activities Page 25 . Page 26 . Consonan IPA t sound s sh th th ch zh j ng y t Voicing Place of Articulati on Manner of Articulati on Page 27 . Consonan IPA t sound s sh th th ch zh j ng y t s ʃ θ ð tʃ ʒ dʒ ŋ j t Voicing Place of Articulati on Alveolar Palatal Dental Dental Palatal Palatal Palatal Velar Palatal Alveolar Manner of Articulati on Fricative Fricative Fricative Fricative affricative Fricative Affricative Nasal Glides Stops Page 28 Voiceless Voiceless Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiced Voiced Voiced Voiceless . 'un#oiced schwa /'long e &0'ooh Page 29 .Vowel Sound IPA Placement of the tongue from roof to floor of the mouth Position of "enseness the tongue of the #ocal from front to muscles ac! of the mouth $i% rounding &'short e ('eh )'aah *'ah +'oh .'ey -'#oiced schwa . Vowel Sound IPA Placement of the tongue from roof to floor of the mouth I ɛ 1 ɑ ɔ e High Mid Lo Lo Mid Mid Mid $ i u Mid High High Position of "enseness the tongue of the #ocal from front to muscles ac! of the mouth Front Front Front !ac" !ac" Front %entral %entral Front !ac" Lax Lax Lax Lax Lax $ense Lax Lax $ense $ense $i% rounding &'short e ('eh )'aah *'ah +'oh .'un#oiced schwa /'long e &0'ooh Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded #ounded Unrounded #ounded #ounded Unrounded #ounded Page 30 .'ey -'#oiced schwa . Page 31 .