Test Bank Lifespan Development Lives in Context1st Edition by Tara L. Kuther Download Here SAMPLE Chapter 03: Test Bank The Prenatal Period, Birth, and the Newborn Multiple Choice 1. A newborn baby is also called a(n) _____. 2. organism 3. neonate 4. zygote 5. fetus Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 2. A zygote is also called a(n) ______. 3. neonate 4. fetus 5. embryo 6. fertilized ovum Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 3. Ovulation occurs approximately every _____ days. 4. 15 5. 22 6. 28 7. 34 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 4. The _____ is the largest cell in the human body. 5. zygote 6. ovum 7. sperm 8. embryo Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 5. Sperm contain _____ chromosomes’ worth of genetic material. 6. 8 7. 23 8. 46 9. 62 Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 6. Approximately how long can sperm live if they complete their journey up the fallopian tube? 7. Six hours 8. Ten hours 9. Three days 10. Six days Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 7. The ___________ in the female reproductive system guides spermtoward the ovum. 8. temperature gradient 9. shape of the fallopian tubes 10. movement of the uterus 11. timing of ovulation Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 8. What occurs as soon as a single sperm penetrates the ovum? 9. The sperm dies. 10. An embryo is formed. 11. The sperm’s tail falls off. 12. The ovum collapses. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 9. The human zygote contains ____ chromosomes. 10. 13 11. 23 12. 46 13. 64 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: MC 10. The germinal period is also known as the period of the ______. 11. zygote 12. embryo 13. trimester 14. fetus Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 11. About 30 hours after conception, the zygote splits and: 12. forms three embryos. 13. then reconnects. 14. forms two identical cells. 15. attaches to different parts of the uterus. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 12. Cleavage refers to the process in which: 13. the organism divides into 32 cells. 14. a hollow ball called a blastocyst forms. 15. the blastocyst begins to develop into part of the placenta. 16. the zygote splits down the middle, forming two identical cells. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 13. ______ are master cells that have the capacity to generate into muscle cells, blood cells, brain cells, and more. 14. Endoderm cells 15. Stem cells 16. Ectoderm cells 17. Nuclei Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 14. Rachel and Kevin have been trying to have a baby for the past 2 years. Unsuccessful, they have turned to fertility treatments. Next month, Rachel will undergo in vitro fertilization. Which type of stem cells will be used in this treatment? 15. Embryonic 16. Adult 17. Umbilical-cord 18. Ectoderm Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 15. Dr. Li conducts research with adult stem cells. These cells are used to: 16. increase the success rates of in vitro fertilization. 17. repair the tissues in which they are found. 18. treat lung and stomach cancers. 19. generate embryonic stem cells. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 16. _____ stem cells are made up of blood stem cells, primarily, but also contain stem cells that may generate into bone, cartilage, heart muscle, brain, and liver. 17. Embryonic 18. Adult 19. Umbilical-cord 20. Chemically-altered Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 17. Cell differentiation occurs roughly ____ hours after fertilization. 18. 6 19. 12 20. 24 21. 72 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 18. The _______ is a fluid-filled sphere with cells forming a protective circle around an inner cluster of cells from which the _____ will develop. 19. placenta; embryo 20. ectoderm; zygote 21. blastocyst; embryo 22. mesoderm; zygote Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 19. _____ begins at about Day 6 and is complete by about Day 11. 20. The embryonic period 21. Implantation 22. The fetal period 23. Conception Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 20. Renee, pregnant for the first time, wonders how the developing organism receives nutrients and oxygen and rids itself of waste. This principal organ of exchange between the mother and the developing organismis the ______. 21. placenta 22. embryo 23. endoderm 24. mesoderm Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 21. The placenta allows the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes through the _______. 22. mesoderm 23. endoderm 24. umbilical cord 25. blastocyst Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: MC 22. Marla is 4 weeks pregnant. She is in the ______ period of pregnancy. 23. germinal 24. embryonic 25. fetal 26. neonatal Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 23. The most rapid stage of prenatal development occurs during the ______ period. 24. germinal 25. embryonic 26. fetal 27. neonatal Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 24. During the _____ period, all of the organs and major body systemsare formed. 25. neonatal b.germinal 1. embryonic 2. fetal Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 25. The _______ becomes the skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system. 26. placenta 27. ectoderm 28. endoderm 29. mesoderm Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 26. The ______ becomes the digestive system, liver, lungs, pancreas, salivary glands, and respiratory system. 27. placenta 28. ectoderm 29. endoderm 30. mesoderm Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 27. The ______ becomes the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and internal organs. 28. placenta 29. ectoderm 30. endoderm 31. mesoderm Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 28. When does the neural tube form? 29. During the germinal period 30. About 22 days after conception 31. Toward the end of the second trimester 32. At the beginning of the fetal period Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 29. During the fifth week of development, the _____ grow(s) faster than other parts of the body. 30. head 31. torso 32. feet 33. skin Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 30. The indifferent gonad develops into: 31. the circulatory system. 32. the ovaries and testes. 33. the central nervous system. 34. the male or female genitals. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 31. Felipe’s wife is pregnant with their first baby. Felipe is anxious to have a boy and wants to know when he’ll be able to see the external genital organs on an ultrasound. The genitalorgans will become apparent at about ____ weeks. 32. 6 33. 8 34. 12 35. 16 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 32. When serious defects occur during the embryonic period, they often: 33. are reversible with fetal surgery. 34. result in spontaneous abortion. 35. cause life-threatening illness in the mother. 36. affect the developing sex organs. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 33. Up to ___ percent of all conceptions abort spontaneously, with most occurring before the pregnancy is detected. 34. 10 35. 25 36. 45 37. 60 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: MC 34. The fetal period is marked by the appearance of _____. 35. bone 36. muscle tissue 37. the brain 38. the indifferent gonad Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 35. Eileen is pregnant with her first child. She wonders when she will be able to feel the fetus moving. The doctor will tell her the fetal movements can be felt between ____ to ____ weeks. 36. 5; 10 37. 8; 13 38. 10; 15 39. 17; 20 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 36. _____ is a fine, down-like hair that covers the fetus’s body. 37. Vernix caseosa 38. Lanugo 39. The amnion 40. The mesoderm Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 37. _____ is a greasy material that protects the fetal skin from abrasions, chapping, and hardening that can occur with exposure to amniotic fluid. 38. Vernix caseosa 39. Lanugo 40. The amnion 41. The mesoderm Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 38. During the last three months of pregnancy, the fetal body gains over ____ pounds and grows ____ inches. 39. 2; 4 40. 4; 9 41. 5; 7 42. 7; 10 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 39. In the United States, about 1 in every ____ babies is born premature. 40. 5 41. 8 42. 10 43. 20 Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 40. Diane has been a neonatal nurse for over 30 years. She is often asked questions about the age of viability. The period begins at about ___ weeks after conception. 41. 12 42. 18 43. 22 44. 27 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: MC 41. A(n) ______ is an agent that causes damage to prenatal development, producing a birth defect. 42. teratogen 43. chemical 44. organism 45. compound Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: MC 42. During the embryonic period: 43. teratogens have little impact on the developing organism. 44. teratogens primarily affect limb growth. 45. the organism is especially vulnerable to damage from teratogens. 46. the developing organism is at high risk for miscarriage. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: MC 43. Which of the following statements about teratogens is true? 44. During the last few months of pregnancy, teratogens have minimal impact on the fetus. 45. Teratogens always result in observable birth defects, such as facial or limb deformities. 46. The effects of exposure to drugs or alcohol are universal and primarily influenced by genetic factors. 47. Different teratogens can cause the same birth defect, and a variety of birth defects can result from the same teratogen. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: MC 44. Which of the following is an example of involuntary exposure to a teratogen? 45. Smoking cigarettes 46. Maternal illness 47. Alow-calorie diet to prevent excessive weight gain 48. Not alerting medical staff to a pregnancy prior to receiving an X-ray Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 45. Denise has been using cocaine throughout her pregnancy. Denise’s baby is atrisk for: 46. cataracts and hearing loss. 47. childhood cancer and blood vessel abnormalities. 48. restricted physical growth and autism. 49. microcephaly and neurobehavioral disturbances. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 46. Each year, about ____ percent of infants are born without defects. 47. 50 48. 75 49. 88 50. 97 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 47. Baby Dante was born blind and deaf and has undergonefour surgeries on his heart, with more surgeries planned in the future. Dante was likely exposed to _____ within the first 10 weeks of his mother’s pregnancy. 48. mumps 49. inadequate nutrition 50. rubella 51. gonorrhea Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 48. Which of the following has reduced mother-to-child HIV transmission during childbirth? 49. Cesarean delivery 50. Vaginal delivery 51. Antibiotics during delivery 52. Water birth Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 49. Globally, _____ accounts for 30 to 50% of HIV transmission in newborns. 50. cesarean delivery 51. breast-feeding 52. lack of immunization 53. mother-infant contact after birth Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 50. In the 1950s and early 1960s, many women were prescribed thalidomide to prevent morning sickness. This drug, often taken in early pregnancy, was associated with: a.juvenile diabetes. b.high birth weight. 1. deformities of the arms and legs. 2. stomach cancer. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 51. Research on the effects of caffeine use during pregnancy: 52. indicate that caffeine is not a human teratogen. 53. show that even one cup of coffee can cause permanent damage. 54. suggest that moderate doses predict low birth weight and prematurity. 55. indicate that it supports cardiovascular development. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 52. _____ use during pregnancy has been identified as the leading cause of developmental disabilities. 53. Caffeine 54. Tobacco 55. Alcohol 56. Over-the-counter drugs Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.5 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 53. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: 54. affect between 10% and 15% of American school-age children. 55. have been mostly eradicated due to public health campaigns. 56. have a more negative impact on girls than boys. 57. refer to the continuum of effects of exposure to alcohol. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.5 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 54. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome: 55. generally recover with intense home-based early intervention. 56. have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics and deficits in intellectual development. 57. have a distinct patternof facial characteristics but generally have average to above-average intelligence. 58. score slightly lower on cognitive assessments than their unexposed age-mates. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.5 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 55. Marty’s mother drank during her pregnancy. She often consumed a beer in the evenings, followed by an occasional glass of wine. Marty is shorter and lighter than his peers, he has a below- average head circumference, and has difficulty attending to directions. Marty most likely has: 56. fetal alcohol syndrome. 57. alcohol-induced dwarfism. 58. partial fetal alcohol syndrome. 59. cerebral palsy. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.5 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 56. Bianca recently found out that she’s pregnant. Prior to confirming the pregnancy, Bianca was a heavy smoker. However, she plans to cut back to no more than fivecigarettes a day. Bianca: 57. will have a healthy, full-term infant. 58. is atrisk for having a lowbirthweight baby. 59. is likely consuming other harmful teratogens. 60. will likely have a baby with subtle physical defects. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 57. Evidence on the effects of marijuana on prenatal development: 58. are not wellunderstood. 59. show long-lasting effects of physical and cognitive development. 60. conclusively show no lasting, negative consequences. 61. show similar outcomes as cocaine and heroin use. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 58. One-month-old Nolan has difficulty regulating his arousal states, shows poor movement skills, poor reflexes, and greater excitability than most infants his age. Nolan was likely exposed to _____ during his mother’s pregnancy. 59. aspirin 60. large doses of caffeine 61. marijuana 62. cocaine Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 59. _____-exposed newborns often show signs of addiction and withdrawal symptoms, including tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control. 60. Nicotine 61. Heroin 62. Mercury 63. Marijuana Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 60. Why is it difficult to determine the effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine and heroin? 61. Most cocaine- and heroin-addicted infants are never identified by health-care workers. 62. Many of these babies were exposed in the first trimester, making it difficult to determine its effects on older fetuses. 63. Most of these babies were exposed to other substances, making it difficult to isolate the effect of each drug on prenatal development. 64. Drug-abusing mothers often refuse to have their babies tested for illegal drugs. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 61. Which of the following contextual factors often co-occur with prenatal substance abuse? 62. Poverty 63. Single parenthood 64. Being enabled by loved ones 65. Having a controlling spouse Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 62. Maecy was prenatally exposed to marijuana and cocaine. Both of her parents continue to struggle with substance abuse. At age 5, Maecy is atrisk for: 63. nonmaternal child care. 64. parenting that is overly controlling. 65. obesity. 66. overly harsh discipline. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 63. Benji was prenatally exposed to mercury. Children like Benji who are exposed to heavy metals: 64. often experience withdrawal symptoms similar to those of cocaine-exposed babies. 65. are at highrisk for childhood cancers, such as leukemia. 66. score lower on tests of cognitive ability and intelligence and have higher rates of illness. 67. are atrisk for severe mental health problems, which persist into adulthood. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 64. About ____% of the world’s birth defects occur in developing countries. 65. 25 66. 40 67. 62 68. 85 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 65. About ____ of U.S. states require physicians to test for or report drug-exposed newborns to child protective services or other agencies. 66. onetenth 67. onehalf 68. twothirds 69. threefourths Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 66. Which U.S. state is the only one to specifically criminalize drug use during pregnancy? 67. Illinois 68. New Jersey 69. North Dakota 70. Tennessee Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 67. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the American Medical Association argue that criminal sanctions for maternal drug use are ineffective because: 68. most prosecutors will not take these cases to court. 69. many of the drugs quickly wash out of the mother’s system, making it impossible to establish regular use. 70. they increase the risks of harm by discouraging prenatal and postnatal care. 71. only three U.S. states view prenatal substance abuse as an illegal act. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: MC 68. Caroline is pregnant with her first child. She often feels hungry but worries about excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Caroline’s doctor will likely tell her that she should consume between _____ and ______ calories per day. 69. 1,500; 1,800 70. 2,000; 2,300 71. 2,200; 2,900 72. 3,000; 3,500 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 69. Most children who are malnourished before birth: 70. grow up in enriched environments. 71. catchup in physical and cognitive development, regardless of their environment. 72. die within the first 6months of life. 73. remain malnourished, and few have the opportunity to be raised in an enriched environment. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 70. _____ occurs when the lower part of the neural tube fails to close. 71. Spina bifida 72. Cerebral palsy 73. Anencephaly 74. Sciatica Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 71. A neural tube defect called _______ occurs when the top part of the neural tube fails to close. 72. spina bifida 73. cerebral palsy 74. anencephaly 75. sciatica Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 72. _____ helps protect against spina bifida and anencephaly. 73. Vitamin C 74. Vitamin D 75. Calcium 76. Folic acid Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 73. Exposure to chronic and severe stress during pregnancy is linked to: 74. spinal cord defects. 75. premature birth. 76. childhood obesity. 77. diabetes. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 74. In the past five months, Delilah, who is currently pregnant, lost her grandmother to cancer and separated from her partner. According to research on exposure to stress during pregnancy, Delilah is atrisk for: 75. spontaneous miscarriage. 76. high birthweight. 77. anoxia. 78. amniotic syndrome. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 75. Which of the following is an example of how stress influences prenatal development in indirect ways? 76. Excessive stress can cause spontaneous miscarriage. 77. Maternal stress increases the production of stress hormones in the fetus. 78. Stress weakensthe immune system, making the mother and fetus more susceptible to disease. 79. Stress can lead to neural tube defects and anoxia. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 76. Which of the following women is most vulnerable to pregnancy-related illnesses, such as hypertension and diabetes, as well as an increased risk for miscarriage or stillbirth? 77. Mai, who is 19-years-old 78. Jaycee, who is 30-years-old 79. Gia, who is 35-years-old 80. London, who is 41-years-old Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 77. The risk of Down syndrome increases sharply, especially after age ____. 78. 30 79. 33 80. 35 81. 40 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 78. The majority of women over the age of 35: 79. give birth to healthy babies. 80. experience pregnancy complications. 81. have infants with developmental disabilities. 82. do not seek out prenatal health care. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: MC 79. The first stage of childbirth, labor, typically lasts ____ to ____ hours for a woman having her first child. 80. 2; 4 81. 6; 10 82. 8: 14 83. 12; 20 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 80. The second stage of childbirth is _____. 81. labor 82. delivery 83. contractions 84. elimination of the placenta Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 81. In the third stage of childbirth: 82. the placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled by uterine contractions. 83. the baby is born. 84. regular uterine contractions are spaced at 10- to 15-minute intervals. 85. the fetus’s head is positioned toward the opening of the cervix. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 82. A cesarean section: 83. is primarily used for fetuses who weigh more than 7 pounds. 84. causes the fetus to secrete high levels of stress hormones. 85. occurs in approximately 70% of U.S. births. 86. is a surgical procedure that removes the fetus from the uterus through the abdomen. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 83. The average newborn is about ____ inches long and weighs about ____ pounds. 84. 18; 5 85. 20; 7.5 86. 24; 8 87. 22; 8.5 Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 84. In the United States, childbirth typically occurs: 85. in a birthing center. 86. in the presence of friends and family. 87. in a hospital. 88. at home. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 85. In a small village in southern Italy, childbirth: 86. takes place in a birthing center. 87. is a private event. 88. occurs in front of everyone in the community. 89. is a community event. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 86. In which of the following cultures is childbirth viewed as a public process? 87. Most Western nations 88. Maya of Yucatan region of Mexico 89. Jahara of South America 90. the Zinacanteco Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 87. After a delivery, women in _________ achieve a higher social position and can then give advice to other women. 88. the Brong-Ahaforegion of Ghana 89. Japan 90. southern Italy 91. the Zinacanteco Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: MC 88. The _______ provides a quick and easy overall assessment of the baby’s immediate health. 89. NBAS 90. Apgar Scale 91. WISC-V 92. Bayley Infant Scales Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Infants Question Type: MC 89. Newborn Rosie received an Apgar score of 3. This means that Rosie: 90. is in good health. 91. may need medical assistance, such as oxygen. 92. is in serious condition and needs immediate medical attention. 93. has a pulse over 100 and has active and strong reflexes. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Infants Question Type: MC 90. Over ____% of newborns in the United States achieve a 5-minute Apgar score of 7 to 10. 91. 25 92. 50 93. 77 94. 98 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Infants Question Type: MC 91. The _____ is administered a few days after birth to assess the newborn’s neurological functioning, including the strength of 20 inborn reflexes, responsiveness to the physical and social environment, and changes in state. 92. NBAS 93. Apgar Scale 94. WISC-V 95. Bayley Infant Scales Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Infants Question Type: MC 92. Carson and Olivia are first-time parents. They participated in a program in which they received education prior to their son’s birth, and they are currently taking a course in which they learn about the baby’s perceptual and behavioral capacities. Carson and Olivia are participating in a program that utilizes the ________. 93. NBAS 94. Apgar Sale 95. WISC-V 96. Bayley Infant Scales Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Infants Question Type: MC 93. Which of the following statements about the newborn’s perceptual capacities is true? 94. Vision is welldeveloped at birth. 95. In the first months of life, babies cannot discriminate between various smells. 96. Taste appears to function well before birth. 97. Hearing is the least developed sense at birth. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Newborn’s Perceptual Capacities Question Type: MC 94. Mrs. Cortez wants to make sure her newborn grandson can see her face when she talks to him. Mrs. Cortex should hold the baby about ____ inches from her face. 95. 6 96. 12 97. 15 98. 18 Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Newborn’s Perceptual Capacities Question Type: MC 95. In a typical day, newborn Jerico will move in and out of ____ states or levels of arousal. 96. 4 97. 6 98. 8 99. 10 Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Newborn States of Arousal Question Type: MC 96. Newborns spend about ___% of their sleep time in REM. 97. 10 98. 25 99. 50 100. 70 Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Newborn States of Arousal Question Type: MC 97. Which of the following children will spend the greatest amount of time in REM sleep? 98. Nev, who was born premature 99. Stacey, who is 2monthsold 100. Lara, who just turned 2 101. Braxton, who is 3 Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Newborn States of Arousal Question Type: MC 98. Preterm babies are: 99. born at least 3 months prior to their due date. 100. born before their due date. 101. almost fullterm but have experienced slow growth. 102. smaller than expected for their gestational age. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 99. Newborn Mirella was born at 38 weeks gestation. However, she only weighed 3.5pounds at birth. Mirella would be classified as: 100. preterm. 101. extremely low birthweight. 102. small for date. 103. having Down syndrome. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 100. Very low birthweight refers to a weight less than ____ pounds, and extremely low birthweight refers to a weight less than _____. 101. 6.5; 4.5 102. 5; 3 103. 4; 2lbs. 4oz. 104. 3.5; 1lb. 10oz. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 101. About ____% of babies born in the United States each year are low birthweight. 102. 8 103. 12 104. 15 105. 18 Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 102. Prenatal care is a set of services that: 103. focus exclusively on the health of the mother and the infant. 104. engage the expectant mother, family members, and friends in health care decisions. 105. provide free healthcare for the first trimester of pregnancy. 106. isavailable during the second trimester of pregnancy. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 103. Which of the following is one of the most common reasons women delay or avoid seeking prenatal care? 104. It is not accepted within their culture. 105. They are unaware of the pregnancy. 106. They lack health insurance. 107. They want to keep the pregnancy a secret. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 104. Which of the following women is least likely to access prenatal care? 105. Adrian, who is Caucasian 106. Daisy, who is Latina 107. Daunelle, who is African American 108. Nakai, who is Native American Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 105. Which of the following statements reflects the Latinaparadox? 106. Despite low rates of prenatal care, Latinamothers experience low rates of low birthweight and mortality. 107. More than 80% of Latinamothers give birth to low birth weight babies. 108. Nearly 90% of Latinamothers seek prenatal health care but remain at high risk for birth complications. 109. Although Latina mothers have high rates of pregnancy complications with first births, subsequent births are generally free of complications. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 106. Which of the following babies is at greatest risk for serious health problems? 107. Morgan, who was born preterm 108. Vinnie, who was born small for date 109. Troy, who weighed 5.5pounds at birth 110. Flynn, who was born at 35 weeks gestation Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 107. Lowbirthweight infants: 108. are generally healthy and overcome developmental obstacles within the first year of life. 109. generally have hospital stays of 6 months or longer. 110. have Apgar scores of 7 or higher. 111. often experience difficulty breathing and are likely to suffer from respiratory distress syndrome. Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 108. The deficits that low birth weight infants endure correspond closely to the infant’s: 109. gestational age. 110. sex. 111. birthweight. 112. ethnicity. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 109. Lowbirthweight infants: 110. are especially likely to get sensitive care from parents. 111. are atrisk for insecure attachment. 112. actively seek out stimulation from the environment. 113. tend to sleep less than their full-term counterparts. Ans: b Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 110. Research on low birth weight infants indicates that: 111. females show better catch-up growth than males. 112. males show better catch-up growth than females. 113. both male and female infants tend to catchup to their peers by adolescence. 114. only 20 percent improve in overall cognitive and socioemotional development. Ans: a Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 111. _____ predicts positive neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm babies. 112. Low intensity parent-infant interactions 113. Highly stimulating play 114. Spending a month or more in an Isolette 115. Synchrony in parent-infant interactions Ans: d Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC 112. Placing the low birth weight or premature infant vertically against the parent’s chest, under the shirt, thereby promoting skin-to-skin contact is called: 113. attachment therapy. 114. newborn intervention. 115. kangaroo care. 116. supplemental care. Ans: c Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: MC True/False (NOTE: These should only be written for cognitive domains of knowledge or comprehension) 1. Sperm travel for approximately 12 hours to reach the fallopian tube where an ovum may or may not be present. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conception Question Type: TF 2. In the presence of an ovum, sperm become hyperactivated, they swim more vigorously, and the sperm’s head releases enzymes to help it penetrate the protective layers of the ovum. Ans:True Learning Objective: 3.1 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conception Question Type: TF 3. The germinal period is also known as the period of the zygote. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: TF 4. Implantation is the process in which the blastocyst burrows into the wall of the uterus. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception) Question Type: TF 5. During the fetal period, all of the organs and major body systems form. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: TF 6. The zygote shows reflex responses to touch. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: TF 7. The Y chromosome of the male embryo instructs it to secrete testosterone, causing the indifferent gonad to create testes. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: TF 8. In female embryos, no testosterone is released, and the indifferent gonad produces ovaries. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception) Question Type: TF 9. The end of the first month of pregnancy marks the close of the first trimester. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: TF 10. During weeks 21 to 25, the fetus’s body proportions become more like those of a newborn baby. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: TF 11. The age of viability begins at about 22 weeks after conception. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: TF 12. The age of viability occurs at about 28 weeks after conception. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: TF 13. A teratogen is an agent that causes damage to prenatal development but does not produce lasting defects. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: TF 14. In general, sensitivity to teratogens begins at 3 weeks after conception. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: TF 15. Some sexually transmitted diseases, such as syphilis, can be transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: TF 16. Nearly 80% of neonates with HIV develop AIDS during the first year of life. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: TF 17. Both caffeine and aspirin are linked to low birthweight, neurological disorders, and behavioral problems in childhood. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: TF 18. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders affect between 15% and 20% of school-age children in the United States. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.5 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: TF 19. Fetal deaths, premature births, and low birthweight are associated with maternal smoking. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: TF 20. Children who were prenatally exposed to heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, score lower on cognitive ability and intelligence and have higher rates of childhood illness. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: TF 21. Fetal malnutrition is associated with increased susceptibility to complex diseases in postnatal life. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: TF 22. Prenatal exposure to stress hormones is associated with a higher risk for developing ADHD. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: TF 23. Women who give birth after the age of 30 are at significant risk for having a child with Down syndrome. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Parental Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: TF 24. Childbirth takes place in four stages of approximately equal length. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: TF 25. A C-section is warranted in cases where the mother or baby’s health is in jeopardy. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: TF 26. At birth, girls tend to be slightly longer and heavier than boys. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: TF 27. The Apgar scale is administered one minute after delivery and again five minutes after birth. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Medical and Behavioral Assessment of Infants Question Type: TF 28. At birth, vision is nearly adult-like. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Newborn’s Perceptual Capacities Question Type: TF 29. At birth, newborns show preferences fortheir native language. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Newborn’s Perceptual Capacities Question Type: TF 30. Young infants seem to have a special need for REM sleep because they spend little time in the active alert state in which they get stimulation from the environment. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.8 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Newborn States of Arousal Question Type: TF 31. About 40% of women in the United States do not seek prenatal care. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: TF 32. Preterm babies tend to have more serious developmental problems than small-for-date babies. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: TF 33. Lowbirthweight infants experience higher rates of child abuse than their normalweight counterparts. Ans: True Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: TF 34. Kangaroo care is less effective than other medical interventions in improving growth and development in low birth weight babies. Ans: False Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: Low Birth Weight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: TF Short Answer (NOTE: Questions should have only one possible answer, but the software accepts multiple forms of that answer. While capitalization does not matter, an answer with spelling errors will be marked wrong. If the correct answer is “1966,” it would be unnecessary to write this multiple ways, whereas if the answer were “Analysis of Variance,” students might write “ANOVA,” which may be acceptable.) 1. Identify the three periods of prenatal development, noting the time frame associated with each period. Ans: The three periods of prenatal development are the germinal period (first two weeks after conception), the embryonic period (third to eighth week after conception), and the fetal period (ninth week to birth). Learning Objective: 3.2 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Germinal Period (First Two Weeks After Conception); Embryonic Period (Third to Eighth Week After Conception); Fetal Period (Ninth Week to Birth) Question Type: SA 2. What is a teratogen, and at what period of prenatal development is the developing organism especially vulnerable to damage from teratogens? Ans: A teratogen is an agent that causes damage to prenatal development, producing a birth defect. Because the embryonic period is a time of structural development, it is during this period that the organism is most vulnerable to damage from teratogens. Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: SA 3. Your textbook presents a number of hazards to prenatal development. Identify five of these hazards. Ans: Students should include any five of the following: alcohol, amphetamines, antibiotics, barbiturates, cocaine, heroin, lithium, marijuana, tobacco, HIV/AIDS, rubella, lead exposure, mercury exposure, and radiation exposure. Learning Objective: 3.4 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: SA 4. List the three stages of childbirth. Approximately how long does each stage last? Ans: Childbirth progresses in three stages. The first stage is labor and typically lasts 8 to 14 hours for a woman having her first child; for later-born children, the average is 3 to 8 hours. The second stage of childbirth is delivery, which can take from 30 minutes to an hour and a half. The third stage of childbirth occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall and is expelled by uterine contractions. This process can take up to half an hour. Learning Objective: 3.7 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Childbirth Question Type: SA 5. Distinguish between preterm and small-for-date babies. Ans: Premature babies are those who are born before their due date. Small-for-date babies are full term but have experienced slow growth and are smaller than expected for their gestational age. Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location:Infants at Risk: LowBirthweight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: SA Essay (NOTE: Include a sample answer, or write about the key points an excellent answer would mention. If answers may vary, please say so, but please do still include a sample.) 1. Research shows that the effects of exposure to teratogens on prenatal development vary depending on six principles. List these principles. Ans: The six principles include: There are critical periods during prenatal development in which an embryo is more susceptible to damage from exposure to teratogens. There are individual differences in susceptibility to particular teratogens. The amount of exposure (i.e., dose level) to a teratogen influences its effects. Teratogens show complicated effects on development. Some teratogens have subtle effects that result in developmental delays that are not obvious at birth. Some teratogens display sleeper effects, effects that are not visible until many years later. Learning Objective: 3.3 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Principles of Teratology Question Type: ESS 2. Judith, who is pregnant with her first child, is aware of the devastating consequences associated with heavy alcohol use during pregnancy. However, she believes that having a few glasses of wine a week is safe and may actually be good for her during the pregnancy. According to research on alcohol use during pregnancy, is Judith correct? Why or why not? Ans: Scientists have yet to determine if there is a safe level of drinking. However, research to date suggests that pregnant women be cautious. Less than one drink per day has been associated with negative effects on fetal growth and with deficits in visual information processing, attention, and numerical processing at 1 year of age. The only way for Judith to be certain of avoiding alcohol-related risks is to avoid alcohol altogether. Learning Objective: 3.5 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Types of Teratogens Question Type: ESS 3. Tia, who is pregnant with her fourth child, recently separated from her husband. She is currently taking care of three children under the age of 7, working two part-time jobs, and is experiencing significant financial hardship. What are the risks of chronic stress on the developing fetus? What can Tia do to minimize the risk of stress on pregnancy? Ans: Chronic and severe stress during pregnancy poses a number of risks, including low birth weight, premature birth, and a longer postpartum hospital stay. Pregnant women who experienced one or more negative life events in the past 5 months are more likely to have a spontaneous miscarriage. Long-term exposure to stress hormones in utero is also associated with higher levels of stress hormones in newborns and may lead the newborn to be more irritable, active, and have difficulties in sleep, digestion, and self-regulation. In addition, prenatal exposure to stress hormones is associated with a higher risk of displaying anxiety, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and aggression. To protect herself and her developing fetus from the effects of stress, Tia should seek out social support from family and/or friends. Learning Objective: 3.6 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Maternal Characteristics and Behaviors Question Type: ESS 4. Baby James was born premature, and baby Theo was small for date. According to research in your textbook, which baby is atrisk for more serious problems, and why? What is the long-term prognosis for the baby that you selected? Ans: Small-for-date babies like Theo tend to have more serious problems than preterm babies because their low birthweight is a result of stunted growth and development through pregnancy. Maternal illness, malnutrition, and exposure to teratogens can result in a baby who is small for date. Infants who are small for date show higher mortality and are more likely than preterm infants to remain small relative to other children throughout childhood, to perform poorly on neurological and cognitive tests, to suffer learning and behavioral problems at school, and display immature social behavior. Learning Objective: 3.9 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Infants at Risk: LowBirthweight and Small-for-Date Babies Question Type: ESS Download Here
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