Chapter 1: What Is Psychology?MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of a. behavior and mental processes. b. diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders. c. conscious and unconscious mental processes. d. the mind. ANS: A OBJ: 1 DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes a. behaviorism. c. psychology. b. psychoanalysis. d. clinical psychology. ANS: C OBJ: 1 DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual 3. Eduardo DeLeon is engaged in scientific research involving the study of behavior and mental processes. DeLeon is a a. psychotherapist. b. psychoanalyst. ANS: D OBJ: 1 c. psychiatrist. d. psychologist. DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Applied 4. As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals? a. eliminate behavior c. predict behavior b. explain behavior d. control behavior ANS: A OBJ: 1 DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual 5. Dr. Kowalski believes that the reason the children he has observed on the playground are so aggressive with each other is because of the type of TV programs they watch. This is an example of which goal of psychology? a. describe c. predict b. explain d. control ANS: A OBJ: 1 DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Applied 6. A __________ proposes a relationship among observed events. a. science c. prediction b. theory d. school of psychology ANS: B OBJ: 1 DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual 7. A satisfactory psychological theory of thirst would a. be able to predict when people will or will not drink. b. be able to explain age-related drinking behavior. c. both a and b. d. none of these. ANS: C OBJ: 1 DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 8. Theories allow psychologists to make __________, such as a client’s chance of recovery. a. descriptions c. predictions b. explanations d. beliefs ANS: C OBJ: 1 DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Applied 9. Which of the following is NOT true of psychological theories? a. Theories make assumptions about behavior. b. Theories explain behavior and mental processes. c. Theories are used to make predictions. d. Theories are always discarded as new observations are made. ANS: D OBJ: 1 DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual 10. The clinical psychologist’s aim in applying prediction and control goals to a client’s behavior is to a. decide the treatment. b. help the client meet his or her treatment objectives. c. allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior. d. use a database to formulate a treatment for the client. ANS: B OBJ: 1 DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Applied 11. Dr. Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives. Whenever she performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward. If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward. Dr. Rossini is involved in a. pure research. c. psychoanalysis. b. basic research. d. the practice of psychology. ANS: D OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 12. The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans. c. controlled d. action a. pure b. basic ANS: A OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 13. Applied research is research undertaken a. with humans. b. with lower animals. ANS: D OBJ: 2 c. for its own sake. d. to find solutions to specific problems. DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 14. The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between a. prediction and control. b. practice and theory. c. research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems. d. application and adaptation. ANS: C OBJ: 2 DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 15. Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is an example of __________ research. a. pure b. applied ANS: A OBJ: 2 c. longitudinal d. none of these DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 16. Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in? a. analyzing c. research b. practice d. teaching ANS: A OBJ: 2 DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 17. Dr. Langer is treating a college student for depression in his private practice. Most likely Dr. Langer is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. counseling b. school ANS: D OBJ: 2 c. educational d. clinical DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 18. Jean, a divorced mother with two children, married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter. From the onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to his daughter. Once married, the family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became exacerbated. Who would be the most appropriate to consult? a. a developmental psychologist c. a counseling psychologist b. an educational psychologist d. an organizational psychologist ANS: C OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 19. Diagnosing the severity of mental illness and behavior problems is usually the job of a(n) __________ psychologist. a. clinical b. counseling ANS: A OBJ: 2 c. school d. educational DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 20. School psychologists are employed by school districts to a. develop achievement and aptitude tests. b. identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning. c. study hereditary and environmental influences on the development of students. d. develop instructional methods for teachers to employ. ANS: B OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 21. Interpretation of a client’s symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an achievement test is to a(n) __________ psychologist. c. educational d. personality a. social b. developmental ANS: C OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 22. Dr. Kendall is interested in the effects of teacher style (warm and supportive versus formal and objective) on the learning of mathematics by sixth graders. Most likely, Dr. Kendall is a(n) __________ psychologist. a. educational c. school b. personality d. experimental ANS: A OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 23. __________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span. c. Developmental d. Social a. Health b. Personality ANS: C OBJ: 2 DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 24. The study of human traits and characteristics is of interest to __________ psychologists. a. clinical c. community b. personality d. social ANS: B OBJ: 2 DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual School DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 27. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research? a. Social. consumer ANS: D OBJ: 2 c. School. human factors ANS: A OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 31. and ageism. human factors d. how extreme temperatures influence human behavior b. sport d. a. social DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 29. personality ANS: B OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 28. workplaces. ANS: A OBJ: 2 DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual . Educational. __________ psychologists focus on the influence of groups on behavior. __________ psychologists are concerned with racism. clinical a. introversion and extraversion. Environmental c. d. Personality. while __________psychologists focus on the influence of an individual’s traits on behavior. A theory that divides human behavior into two basic traits. universities. how human behavior affects the natural environment d. a. experimental c. research laboratories. c. a. c. developmental b. An environmental psychologist would study all of the following EXCEPT: a. how loud noises interfere with human concentration c. Educational ANS: C OBJ: 2 c. Personality d. Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in a. organizational d.25. How the group affects the individual and the effects of the individual on the group are the concerns of __________ psychologists. b. consumer b. Social b. was probably formulated by a __________ psychologist. court rooms. clinical b. sexism. how athletes improve their performance ANS: D OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 30. Social ANS: D OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 26. Personality d. Forensic b. habits. As much as she tried to lose weight. the advertising director hired Dr. ANS: B OBJ: 2 DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 33. sports. Faith Brewster to analyze the defective campaign and to propose an alternative approach. human factors a. schools. she was looking for a(n) a. and attitudes are related to heart disease. An organizational psychologist is most likely to study people in a. human factors b. social d. health ANS: D OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 36. consumer b. Richman.32. c. Most likely. organizational b. clinical c. experimental ANS: D OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 34. Accordingly. aerobics instructor. counseling d. The center’s director wanted to hire someone with a background in stress management and the control of health problems. A fitness center was looking for someone to direct a new program that linked diet to an exercise program. a. b. consumer c. forensic DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual . clinical b. health ANS: B OBJ: 2 c. court rooms. human factors ANS: A OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 35. c. ANS: C OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 37. Faith is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. c. businesses. health psychologist. a. a. b. d. industrial d. A __________ psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle. Pauline could not achieve her goal of 15% weight loss. a __________ psychologist. The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial engineers in consultation with __________ psychologists. personal trainer. counseling d. she made an appointment to consult with Dr. d. sports psychologist. cancer and diabetes. After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo. Josephine is a track athlete who does not perform well under extreme pressure to win. Wilhelm Wundt. analyzing criminal behavior patterns. counseling psychologist b. self-revelation. b. c. b. recovered memory. Socrates. He established psychology as a laboratory science. d. developing standardized intelligence tests. c. testing the mental health of a defendant in a criminal trial. William James. He defined psychology as the science of behavior. introspection. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called a. consulting with attorneys about selecting jury members. b. Gustav Fechner. What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology? a. ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 41. b. Aristotle. Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts. With what type of psychologist should she consult? a. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Applied 43. Pythagoras. d. industrial psychologist ANS: D OBJ: 2 c. c. Charles Darwin. insight. He wrote the first textbook of psychology. The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was a. sports psychologist DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Applied 39. experiences. health psychologist d. A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT: a. ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual . ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 42. He studied insight in lower animals. ANS: D OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 40. Democritus. d. d. d. c. Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT a. b. c. and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body.38. conditioning b. Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called a. analyze the relationship between sensory stimuli and behavior.44. b. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist? The mind is composed of discrete elements. introspection d. structuralism. G. Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior. and mental images. c. psychoanalysis ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 46. the functions of consciousness. d. Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings. feelings. d. b. ANS: A OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 47. b. d. c. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 45. insight a. Structuralism defined experience in terms of a. psychoanalysis. focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior. Perception is greater than the sum of its parts. determine the functions of conscious experience. a. c. The only object of psychology is the study of behavior. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual . a. Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to break down conscious experience into basic elements. c. c. b. functionalism. Wilhelm Wundt. b. John Watson. sensations. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 48. d. the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes. Stanley Hall. Under the school of structuralism. behaviorism. ANS: D OBJ: 3 c. Functionalism was established by a. d. DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 49. behavioral tendencies and habits. William James. led the individual to self-knowledge. Consciousness is a continuous process. b. more conscious of their surroundings d. ANS: A OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 51. feelings. measurable behavior. all of these ANS: A OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 52. psychoanalysis. c. structuralism. assisted the organism to adapt to the environment. a.50. unconscious mental processes. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of a. b. functionalism. A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements? a. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology. The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior a. b. process is called c. b. feelings. and mental images. The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous. were part of the unconscious. were broken down into sensations. better at problem solving DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 53. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit. Behavior and mental processes are adaptive. a. more intelligent b. better adapted to the environment ANS: B OBJ: 3 c. d. psychoanalysis ANS: A OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual . functionalism d. ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 55. John B. not discrete. a. structuralism b. stream of consciousness. c. c. d. John B. and thoughts. d. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 54. behaviorism c. sensation. Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts. behaviorism. d. ANS: B OBJ: 3 DIF: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 61. F. treatment of disorders. reinforcer. control. insight. functionalism. c. d. d. F. functionalism. c. b. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual . From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a a. ANS: B OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 57. Gestalt psychology. stimulus. adaptation to the environment. Watson and Skinner had one objective in common. reinforcement. Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. mental processes. d. b. feelings and thoughts. trial and error. c. b. ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 59. d. introspection. use of mental imagery. b. d. structuralism. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 62. c. Gestalt psychology. a. Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to a. Skinner made major contributions to a. ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 58. psychoanalysis. which was the a. d. consciousness. The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed c. d. B. discovery of unconscious conflicts. b. psychotherapy. c. behavior. John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT a. b. behaviorism. c. explanation of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement. Skinner studied learning in lower animals by using a. bribe. structuralism. B. perception. ANS: A OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 60. habit. b.56. perception. reinforcement. ANS: B OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual . insight and understanding. ANS: B OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 65. structuralism ANS: A OBJ: 3 c. Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of c.63. you c. psychoanalysis. The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is a. d. rote practice and repetition. Gestalt psychology. reinforcement ANS: A OBJ: 3 c. intelligence. environmental clues. the unconscious. functionalism. introspection. habit and environmental adaptation. DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 69. b. d. “Monkey see. d. b. The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on a. evolution DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 64.” b. “The whole is greater than the sum of its can achieve it. insight. Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with? a. introspection d. b. “What you see is what you get. Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution is found. d. d. insight b. c. c. In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees. insight. b. learning was largely a matter of a. ANS: D OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 66. monkey do. Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes a.” ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 67.” parts. a. trial and error. sensation. introspection. reinforcement. For the Gestalt psychologists.” d. b. ANS: B OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 68. observation. c. “If you can conceive it and believe it. a. d. ANS: A OBJ: 3 DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 73. Cognitively c. __________ oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans. b. and behavior. Psychodynamically d. brain activity b. hormone activity c. introspection. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied . ANS: C OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 72. a. functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of a. Levy studies the influences of hormones in determining maternal behavior and sexual behavior in rats. b. d. emotions. Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism. DIF: 2 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 71. Biologically ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 74. psychoanalysis. Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called a. PET scans. insight therapy. c. d. Psychologists with a biological perspective study the links between ______________ and behavior. behavioral psychologist. Humans are potentially good. psychotherapy. self-knowledge. behavior therapy. reality therapy.70. The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts. d. Levy is most probably a a. c. ANS: D OBJ: 3 c. Socioculturally b. heredity d. b. Learning is the basis of behavior. scientific inquiry. all of these ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 75. b. psychoanalyst. a. Dr. a. Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology? Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior. and electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts. c. biological psychologist. Gestalt psychologist. c. a. He concluded that there was increased interest in the __________ perspective. memory. Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying a. human thinking and memory. In reviewing the contents of several psychology journals. b. behavior in social settings. Neural processing is to the biological perspective as information processing is to the __________ perspective. b. genetic and hormonal effects on behavior. learning d. psychodynamic c. cognitive ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 80. Cognitive psychologists would be least interested in a. mental representations. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 78. a. sociocultural ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 77. d. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 79. biological b. biological c. learning d.76. c. a. introspection and behavioral disorders. psychodynamic d. cognitive b. d. a graduate student noted a marked increase in the number of articles on memory and thinking over the past dozen years. animal learning and motivation. cognitive ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied . humanistic-existential b. learning c. The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the __________ perspective. perception. b. culture. The humanistic-existential perspective unites __________ and __________ as central principles to its approach. brain. We will lay out a program to extinguish your disordered behavior and condition appropriate behavior. sociocultural b. humanistic-existential d.81. a. developmental ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied 84. is most likely to make which of the following statements to her clients about their objectives for therapy? a. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 83. where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. c. psychodynamic ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Today's Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual . a humanistic-existential psychotherapist. You will explore your perceptions and decisions in order to discover who you really are. Which perspective would best explain Cathy’s behavior? a. values ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 82. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. behavior b. free choice c. The view that people have the freedom to choose and be responsible for their own behavior represents the ____________ perspective. You need to identify the ethnic and social and environmental factors that may be at the root of your mental disorder. self-fulfillment. sociocultural c. mental processes. cognitive b. humanistic-existential c. a. consciousness d. Cathy was a very successful real estate agent. d. social-cognitive d. Lydia Corfield. At age 36 she decided to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti. humanistic-existential b. psychodynamic ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 85. Which perspective dominated psychotherapy during the 1940s and 1950s? a. We will uncover the unconscious ideas that are at the source of your disorder. Todd’s behavior is best described by which perspective? a. and explaining behavior. introspection. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 87. social-cognitive c. behavioral d. humanistic-existential c. a. Biological ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 88. In comparison to traditional psychoanalysts. unconscious processes. observation a. conditioning. psychoanalytic b. c. psychotherapy. Behavioral c. Neoanalytic b. and the latter emphasizes __________ in learning. a. scientific research. sociocultural ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 89. Soon Todd was next to his father. c.86. hammer in hand. Five-year-old Todd watched his father at his workbench. reinforcement. b. tapping the workbench. learning d. hammering together a birdhouse. brain processes. Both social-cognitive theorists and behaviorists adhere to the __________ perspective. d. predicting. conscious choice. sociocultural b. development ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual . neoanalytic ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied 90. controlling. social processes b. neoanalysts place less emphasis on a. self-determination d. __________ psychologists take the position that learning is essential in describing. Humanistic-existential d. A distinction between behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives is that the former emphasizes __________. Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists? a. a. c. sociocultural d. sociocultural b. racial bias ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 95. and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective. humanistic-existential c. alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups b. gender roles d. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist. Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women. gender. Dr. color perception c. Observe and imitate models engaged in social interactions with women. humanistic-existential c. behavioral ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied 94. Most likely. sociocultural d. Dr. a.91. Maloff is a __________ psychologist. a. school a. Dr. industrial b. b. personality ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied . psychoanalytic b. Prescribe anti-anxiety medication for him to take before going out with a woman. is most likely to take which approach in treating a male client who is extremely shy of females? Condition positive emotional responses to women. a psychiatrist who is strongly influenced by the social-cognitive perspective. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. d. c. ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied 92. The issues of ethnicity. social-cognitive ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 93. psychoanalytic d. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Jean Blake. d. influence of a group on the behavior of the individual. Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted research on the negative effects of ______________ on African American children. extra-curricular activities c. language. attitudes. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective. c. and religion. b. music instruction ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 100. cultural heritage. psychoanalytic c. school segregation d. Membership in an ethnic group is defined by common features such as a. a. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the a. humanistic-existential d. values. The Rumbaughs b. Most likely. makeup of social and cultural organizations. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 98. intelligence testing b. learning b. genetic variables. The Sherifs ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual . socioeconomic status and political identity. b. Dr. behavior of society. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 99. c. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. a. sociocultural ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Applied 97. Dr. and socioeconomic status. The Watsons c. issues of gender. The Clarks d. Whose research on the negative effects of school segregation on African American children was cited by the United States Supreme Court when it overturned the “separate but equal” school doctrine in 1954? a. and common history.96. ethnicity. d. road stability. a doctorate at Radcliff college for women. skeptical. was offered. d. disbelief. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 104. d. All of these are true. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 103. parent-child attachment. introspection in research. We can say that Amy is a. _________ refers to the concepts of femininity and masculinity that are defined by one’s culture.’ ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied . and frequency of repairs. skepticism. Identity d. Gender b. She asked about the gas mileage. d. c. Prejudice ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 102. was denied a doctorate at Harvard University because of her gender. Prior to becoming the first female president of the APA.101. She checked the salesperson’s answers against the ratings in a consumer’s guide and brought the discrepancies to his attention. d. c. inaccuracies of memory. a ‘know-it-all. c. Sex c. respect. Amy listened to the salesperson describe the qualities of a well-known sport utility vehicle that she was considering buying. The salesperson assured her that this model had the best record in its class on all of the variables. but declined. c. Contributions to psychology by women researchers include research on all of the following topics EXCEPT a. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 105. b. primacy and recency effects. opposition. b. b. argumentative. Mary Whiton Calkins a. feisty. Critical thinking is associated with a. b. attended Harvard as a guest because they did not accept female students. a. assumptions or premises. justify our values. oversimplification of the question. maintain traditions. Examine the assumptions of arguments. scientific method c. b. b. b. In terms of principles of critical thinking. the statement “Intelligence is genetically based” needs to be examined for its a. prone to argue. theory d. ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 109. a difficult person. cynical about politicians’ claims. a. c. Examine the definitions of terms. hypothesis ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . d. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 107. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 108. critical thinking. d. definition of intelligence. observation b. b. rational mental processes. point and counterpoint. test ideas and refine knowledge. c. Nikki can be described as c. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 111. Nikki went to the town hall to find out which candidate’s claims were best supported by the government documents on file there. d. A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research. d. all of these. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 110. c. Consider the credentials of the d. self-interest. Be skeptical. The scientific method allows us to a.106. support popular opinion. b. c. authority. a critical thinker. Which of the following is NOT a principle of critical thinking? a. A form of reasoning characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments defines a. a. After the political debate. b. healthy people may schedule exams more often than others. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 114. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual . b. This approach is consistent with your use of a. she has not considered the risk of a selection factor. A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that a. Which of the following is a valid hypothesis? a. A doctor concludes from evidence that having yearly physical exams helps people stay healthy. hypochondriacs do the same thing. selection factor ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 115. b. d. d. c. becomes a selection factor in research. d. personal experience. c. good economic decisions. you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. some people have better genes than others. As a scientist. this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results. common sense. ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 116.112. ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 113. hypothesis d. c. Viewing TV violence may influence children’s behavior. d. placebo a. people who are sick go to the doctor more often. provides an operational definition. None of these. b. can be tested by gathering evidence. Viewing TV violence is unlikely to change children’s behavior. Viewing TV violence increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior in children. c. is accepted if it is popular. the scientific method. the doctor may ignore the possibility that a. If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study. However. correlation b. thus. c. what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic? a. commonsense views of the times. representative group. b. all of these ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 119. b. These groups of students would be considered the a. generalize d. If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample. population. c. free sample ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 122. the results can be generalized if the sample represents the a. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 118. If 12% of the American population is Hispanic. sample. a. c. target population.117. c. group d. 88% ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied . speculate ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 121. d. selection sample c. none of these. stratified sample d. ideas of the researcher. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. conclude a. each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate. theory in question. 24% c. A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study. then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 120. a. team b. 12% d. replicate b. sample c. In a __________. d. Dr. 6% b. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. random sample b. In selecting research participants. The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory. Yes. case study ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 127. a. and economically diverse than the nation as a whole. random ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 128. a. Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases. No. because they are nothing like the average American child. survey b. d. b. c. scientific observation d. b. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 125. selection factors. because affluent suburban schools tend to be less racially. d. controversial c. Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children? a. naturalistic observation c. because they have all the advantages and none of the disadvantages.123. A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups. a. Yes. stratified b. case study b. rare d. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 124. ethnically. a. naturalistic observation c. because public education is available to all children. journal d. correlation c. stratified selection. The bias stemming from the likelihood that those who offer to participate in certain kinds of surveys differ systematically from those who are less likely to offer is known as c. Which of these is NOT one of the controlled ways that scientists utilize to observe others? a. case study ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 126. No. case study and survey ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . survey d. volunteer bias. survey b. self-selection. represent d. a. experimental d. Working for a consumer research organization. it is less subject to volunteer bias. b. An advantage of survey research is that a. Respondents may answer in a way that they think is socially desirable.129. it allows you to work in a lab. select c. ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied . c. it allows you to have a large sample size. Respondents may answer the questions in the comfort of their own home. b. d. it allows you to get in-depth information. case study d. a. scientific c. case study b. All of the following are disadvantages of survey research EXCEPT which? a. survey ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 133. influence b. Respondents may have inaccurate self-reports. The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people. survey ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 130. She probably will use the __________ method. a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. c. One explanation for the failure of a survey to predict events is that the survey participants do not __________ the general population. limit ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 131. a. Respondents may lie about or exaggerate their own behavior. ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 132. experimental b. observational c. d. If you want to be certain that the behavior of interest to your research is as natural as possible. In __________. inaccurate reporting c. You decide to watch children playing in a day care setting. interference with the behaviors being observed d. laboratory procedure. naturalistic observation ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 137. naturalistic observation d. naturalistic observation. naturalistic observations b. cause-effect b. b. you will want to use a(n) a. or “in the field. experimental ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 136. d. expert interviewer.” a. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 138. case study c. interview d. You are using the __________ method. case studies ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 135. validity scale. experimenters’ expectations b. the time involved ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . researchers study behavior where it actually happens. a. Jane Goodall studied chimpanzees by means of the __________ method. You are interested in studying whether preschool boys engage in more aggressive play than preschool girls. a. experiments c. correlational research d.134. Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize __________ during naturalistic observation. survey b. c. case study c. a. the correlational method b.139. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance. ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 142.97 c. By using the __________ method. -. not going to get good data if you do not interact. that presents the average relationship. representing a location on the normal curve. statistical ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 141. You decide to observe the behavior of children in day care. researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait. A correlation coefficient is a number a. that expresses the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. indicating the percentile of a score. You are a. +. an experimental method c. correlational b. experimental d. d. d. c.99 ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual . naturalistic observation ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 143. b. trying to warm up the children so that they notice you. -. a. b. You design a test of intelligence.90 d. Which represents the strongest correlation? a. survey a. c. When the children speak to you. c.09 b. ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 140. you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school. A few days before you are to start data collection you go the center and sit quietly to the side of the room. attempting to be unobtrusive. probably not very good with children. you respond as little as possible. a test-retest method d. +. reliable a. 0 d. There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school. positive b. average ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 149. weak ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied . positive d. a. invalid d. low d.90 between two sets of test scores indicates that people who earned high scores on the first test generally earned __________ scores on the second. Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation? a. high b. dubious c. +1 c. studying and GPA ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 146. -0.98 ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 145. Which of the following is reported as a negative correlation? a. Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health? a. negative c. In correlational research. when one variable increases as the other variable decreases. it is a __________ correlation. intelligence and academic achievement c. all of these ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 147. studying and academic achievement b.78 b. c. perfect b. salary and years of education c. negative ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 148. a. +0. stress and health d. age and incidence of illness d. studying and GPA b. A correlation of -.144. The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is a. independent variable c. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 152. the dependent variable. c. exercise and stress relief b. -.57 ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 151. alcohol consumption and aggression c. a case study. d. b. consequence ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 153.92 b. -. d. the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined. In an experiment. In an experiment. you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. unethical. c. dependent variable b. an experiment. Which of the following is the weakest negative correlation? a. treatment c. placebo d. a. a. For which of the following variables could a cause-effect relationship be found? a. random effect d. The administration of caffeine is a. caffeine and hyperactivity d. the treatment.34 d. If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep. 0 c. the control.150. -. observer ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . correlation. all of these ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 155. observation. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 154. b. a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________. dependent variable b. participants in an experimental group receive ___________. c. a. The experimental group participants in an experiment receive a. dependent variable. d. correlate of d. If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior. b. dependent variables. d. controls. b. independent ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 157. In an experimental design. treatments. no treatment c. a. cause of c. An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction. the dependent variable. the treatment b. treatment for b. the independent variable. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 158. aggressive behavior would be the a. The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called a. no treatment. d. dependent b. temperature would be the __________ variable. c. In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression. the answers ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . correlated a. independent variable. the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise. effect of ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 161. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 159. c.156. b. treatment. independent variables. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 160. hypothetical d. conditions d. control variable. the same treatment as the control group participants. c. placebo d. however. random ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 163. Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group. expectations b. confounding variables ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 165. failed earlier tests. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Applied 164. were disqualified. chance factors d. fears b. treatment b. were in the control group. a. This is because you a. c. high costs c. However. a. bias ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 166. cooperation ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . you learn that another group of participants had an experimental treatment that you and members of your group did not have. b. suspicions c. The purpose of the use of a placebo is to control for the __________ of research participants.162. control d. c. a. d. experimental a. were in the treatment group. You volunteer to participate in a research experiment. Blind and double-blind procedures are one way to control for the effects of __________ in experimental research. confederate c. self-selected b. You participate in a variety of test procedures and interviews. expectations/beliefs d. the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing. Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. Later. c. experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. expectations ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . alcohol c. debriefed ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 170. When Lang demonstrated that belief that one has consumed alcohol influenced aggression. neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained the real treatment. the treatment. singled out for a. double-blind c. experimenter bias d. confounded d. d. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to a. unconscious of d. double-blind studies b. b.167. blind to b. he demonstrated that controlling for __________ does influence the outcome of research. use the double-blind technique. debrief them. The Food and Drug Administration requires __________ before it will allow the marketing and sale of new drugs. Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. a. psychological testing c. indifferent to ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 168. remind them of the importance of the research. surveys d. a. c. In a __________ study. a. patient approval ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 171. Consequently. be sure they understand ethics. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 169. or __________. Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of. aggression b. single blind b. c. Informed consent b. This concern recognizes the requirement for c. public approval. informed consent. a. Reviewing d. c. Ethical review c. grant-writing techniques ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 175. you are attempting to set up __________ for factors that would make your experimental findings questionable. controls b. global communications d. ethics review committee b. b. Confidentiality ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 176. When you use procedures like placebos and double-blind conditions. applied science. confidentiality. Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about a. __________ procedures allow participants to review the demands of a research project before they participate and give them an opportunity to choose not to participate. The purpose of a(n) __________ is to review research studies and help researchers consider the areas of potential harm in their proposed studies. Debriefing b. selections d. Controlling c. Consenting ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . cases a. electronic methods a. Debriefing d. ethics. unimpeded progress. ____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed. c. dignity and human welfare. d. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 177. a. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 174. treatments ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 173. d. Psychologists and other researchers must protect and respect the privacy of research participants. a.172. b. scientific progress at all costs. you a. b. d. d. often rely on volunteers. b. fight the use of animal models by your colleagues. d. lacked informed consent. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual . ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 180. must abandon those issues. rely on theoretical models. often use animals. can never justify the loss of the animal’s right to freedom. b. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 181. b. cannot be demonstrated. electrically shocked a person with a heart condition. c. must justify the harm that might be done to an animal. attachment in monkeys. were deceived. When research cannot be carried out with human participants. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 179. As an animal lover. know that these models are unjustified. b. c. The benefits of animal research a. are obvious to everyone. regulation of eating and eating disorders. realize that ethical animal models are never uncomfortable for the animal. researchers a. understand the value of animal research and promote ethical standards. d. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 182. c. abuses of animals in laboratories. As a scientist. you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. The text makes an ethical critique of the Lang studies because the participants a. Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding a. social evolution.178. c. d. were not debriefed. c. Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called __________. ANS: Pure DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 2 4. The science that studies behavior and mental processes is __________. __________ psychologists study the changes that occur throughout the life span. ANS: psychology DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 1 2. ANS: Theories DIF: 1 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 1 3. ANS: Developmental DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 2 6. ANS: structuralism DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History .COMPLETION 1. ANS: Applied DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 2 5. ANS: Personality DIF: 1 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual OBJ: 2 7. __________ research is conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems. __________ research has no immediate application to personal or social problems and has been characterized as research for its own sake. __________ describe apparent relationships among observed events. __________ psychologists attempt to define human traits. __________ believe psychologists must limit their investigations to observable. ANS: Behaviorists DIF: 2 OBJ: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 10. The _________ perspective in psychology focuses on the roles of ethnicity. The ___________ perspective examines the influence of brain activity. language. and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes. ANS: functionalist DIF: 1 OBJ: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 9. According to __________ psychologists. ANS: unconscious DIF: 1 OBJ: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 12.OBJ: 3 MSC: TYPE: Factual 8. hormones. ANS: cognitive DIF: 1 OBJ: 4 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 14. ANS: sociocultural . and heredity on human behavior. measurable events like people’s actions. culture. ANS: Gestalt DIF: 1 OBJ: 3 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 11. The __________ perspective focuses on memory. gender. William James wanted to investigate the purpose of behavior and mental processes and established the __________ school of psychology. ANS: biological DIF: 1 OBJ: 4 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 13. The psychological approach that emphasizes __________ processes is called psychoanalysis. perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. and decision-making skills. The only research method that can determine whether a cause-effect relationship exists between two factors is called a(n) __________. The participants selected to take part in an experiment are called the __________ and must represent those to whom the results will be generalized. ANS: Survey DIF: 1 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 19. __________ research methods usually involve asking for general information from a large number of individuals. ANS: experiment DIF: 1 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 20. Being skeptical and examining the assumptions or premises of arguments are important aspects of __________ __________ skills. ANS: hypothesis DIF: 1 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 16. ANS: independent DIF: 1 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual . The __________ variable in an experiment is also referred to as the treatment. ANS: critical thinking DIF: 1 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 17. ANS: sample DIF: 2 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 18. A __________ is a specific statement that proposes the relationship between two factors that is tested through research.DIF: 1 OBJ: 4 REF: How Today's Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 15. ANS: informed consent DIF: 2 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual TRUE/FALSE 1. Sigmund Freud was an early psychologist whose theory had no influence on popular culture. Psychology has three main goals: describe. Psychology did not exist before the 19th century. Studies in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who has obtained the treatment are called __________ studies. ANS: F OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual . Individuals must provide __________ __________ before they participate in research. ANS: double-blind DIF: 1 OBJ: 5 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes MSC: TYPE: Factual 22.21. The school of Gestalt psychology claimed that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. ANS: F OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 5. ANS: F OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 4. explain and predict. Personality psychologists study the interaction of people and the environment. ANS: T OBJ: 2 DIF: 2 REF: What Psychologists Do MSC: TYPE: Factual 3. ANS: T OBJ: 3 DIF: 1 REF: Where Psychology Comes From: A History MSC: TYPE: Factual 6. Experimental psychologists often use humans or animals to study basic processes. ANS: F OBJ: 1 DIF: 2 REF: Psychology as a Science MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: How Today's Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 9. it must be true. Psychologists who come from a sociocultural perspective are less likely to be concerned with the influence of genetics on behavior. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 11. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 10. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual . ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: How Today’s Psychologists View Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 4 MSC: TYPE: Factual 8. According to ethical standards for research with humans.7. Correlations are associations or relationships among variables. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 12. Both behaviorists and social-cognitive theorists share the learning perspective. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental Processes OBJ: 5 MSC: TYPE: Factual 13. Correlational research can also prove cause and effect relationships. researchers are required to debrief participants. Evolutionary psychologists focus on how behavior and mental processes remain the same over time. Critical thinking means if something is in print. ignoring mental processes. Personality. a) Define the term “psychology” and briefly describe its four goals. observable/measurable behavior. Educational. explain. School. Counseling. focuses on introspection. Experimental. how experience influences adaptation. b) Discuss the emergence of behaviorism in psychology and describe how it differed from structuralism and functionalism. b) Watson believed that for psychology to be a science it must focus on behavior alone and not consciousness. b) Three of the following: Clinical. Health. . reinforcement. a) Contrast the structuralist and functionalist forces in the history of psychology. Functionalists disagreed that consciousness could be divided. predict and control behavior and mental processes. Consumer. Behaviorism – focus on learning. The mind functions by combining these. Industrial/Organizational. Sport. b) Choose three divisions of psychology and describe their perspectives on psychology. Human Factors. and direct observation of the functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience. Environmental.ESSAY 1. Functionalism focused on behavior and consciousness. Developmental. Forensic – including what is studied in each perspective. ANS: Essay should include: a) Structuralist perspective – consciousness could be divided into a combination of objective sensations and subjective feelings. Its four goals are to describe. ANS: Essay should include: a) Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Social. 2. using experiments. Humanistic-Existential -. Naturalistic Observation – observing and recording behavior in natural environments. (5) Draw conclusions (6) Theory construction or modification – lead to new research questions or modifications. b) Past – contributions of women and those of diverse ethnic groups have broadened the narrow European American focus of the study of behavior and mental processes. b) Discuss the importance of diversity in the past and present research in psychology. Jorge Sanchez – cultural bias of IQ tests. (4) Collect observations. ANS: Essay should include: a) Three of the following: Evolutionary – evolution of behavior and mental processes. memory. if done unobtrusively. responsibility for own behavior. b) Compare and contrast the three major methods of observing behavior. genes.3.inborn/instinctive biological processes. a) Describe how psychologists use the scientific method to conduct research. ANS: Essay should include: a) Steps: (1) Formulate research question. a) Choose three modern perspectives in psychology and describe the focus of each. . more on conscious choice and self-direction. 4. Present examples: Ainsworth (attachment) and Loftus (memory). Biological.e. Include the steps of the method. Examples: Clark & Clark. Psychodynamic – neoanalysts influenced by Freud – focus less on unconsciousness. Comparison – all three collect observable data to describe behavior. Survey – collect information from large samples of people about attitudes and behaviors.school segregation. b) Case study – collect detailed information about a few individuals or small groups. conscious choice. (2) Formulate hypotheses (define). (3) Test hypothesis . Work of diverse psychologists has shown that gender and ethnicity are important factors that can influence research findings. Contrast – case studies are based on smaller numbers than surveys. thought). Cognitive – mental processes of the “mind” ( i. Observation.self-awareness. however the former allows for in-depth information while the latter has the benefits of large samples. will prevent researcher interference that is a problem in the other two methods. and debriefing. Other issues to discuss: informed consent. confidentiality.5. deception. APA Guidelines: animals should only be harmed when there is no alternative and when benefits outweigh harm. human welfare. privacy. b) Discuss the ethical considerations that researchers must consider when conducting research with animals. and scientific integrity. b) Animal research: destroying brain cells in animals. a) Discuss the ethical considerations that researchers must consider when conducting research with humans. also to avoid potential harm to participants. ANS: Essay should include: a) Ethical standards are intended to promote individual dignity. Proponents argue that without animal research many advances in medicine and psychology would not have taken place. influence of drugs on animal behavior – results generalized to humans. .
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