Telugu grammarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Telugu grammar is called Vyākaranam (Telugu: వవ్యాకరణణ). The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the "Andhra Shabda Chintamani" was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, who was considered as the first poet and translator of Telugu in the 11th century A.D. There was no grammatical work in Telugu prior to Nannayya's "Andhra shabda chintamani". This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Asṣt ṣādhyāyīand Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pānṣini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya.[1] After Nannayya, Atharvana and Ahobala composed sutras, vartikas and bhashyam. Like Nannayya, they had previously written their works in Sanskrit.[1] In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a simplified work on Telugu grammar called Bāla Vyākaranam, borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's Andhra Shabda Chintamani, and wrote his literary work in Telugu.[1] Every Telugu grammatical rule is derived from Pānṣinian, Katyayana and Patanjali concepts. However high percentage of Paninian aspects and techniques borrowed in Telugu. [1] According to Nannayya, language without 'Niyama' or the language which doesn't adhere to Vyākaranam is called Grāmya or Apabhramṣ śa and hence it is unfit for literary usage. All the literary texts in Telugu followsVyākaranam.[1] Contents 1Subject–object–verb 2Inflection o 2.1Gender 3Pronouns 4Vibhakti or postpositions/prepositions 5Punctuation 6Sandhi or joining 7Samasam or nominal compounds 8Alankaram or ornamentation 9Chandassu or Telugu prosody 10Vachanam or grammatical numbers 11Prakruti and Vikruti 12See also 13References Subject–object–verb[edit] The primary word order of Telugu is SOV (subject–object–verb) Sentence రమడ బడక వళళడ. But it does not affect the SOV order. Parts Subject Object Verb Translation Ramu goes to schooḷ. Transliteration Rāmuḍ ḍu baḍ ḍiki veḷ ḍtāḍ ḍu Gloss Ramu to schooḷ goes. Words రమడ బడక వళళడ. This sentence can also be interpreted as 'Ramu will go to school' depending on the context. [1] Inflection[edit] . Telugu nouns are inflected for number (singular. and neuter) and case (nominative. plural). For example: ta-mmu-Du (younger brother). However.[2] Gender[edit] Telugu has three genders: masculine (purusha limṣ gam). Ramu-Du (Ramu). there are more masculine nouns that do not end in (Du). and locative). nA-ya-ku-Du (leader). . genitive.(–Du ) is almost always indicative of masculine gender. neuter (napumṣ saka limṣ gam). mu-khyu-Du (important man). vocative.Telugu is more inflected than the other literary Dravidian languages. feminine (strī limṣ gam). In Telugu the suffix . dative. gender (masculine. accusative. feminine. For example: a-nna (elder brother). instrumental. Masculine Feminine na-rta-ku-Du (dancer) na-rta-ku-rA-lu (dancer) pri-yu-Du (lover) pri-yu-rA-lu (lover) bha-ktu-Du (male devote) bha-ktu-rA-lu (female devotee) . (rAlu). mA-ma (uncle). Some masculine nouns ending in (Du) can be converted to feminine nouns by deleting the (–Du) suffix and adding a suffix (I). Masculine Feminine na-rta-ku-Du (dancer) na-rta-ki (dancer) vA-cha-ku-Du (narrator) vA-cha-ki (narrator) pre-mi-ku-Du (lover) pre-ya-si (lover) Some Masculine names ending in (Du) can be converted to Feminine names by deleting the (Du) and adding the suffix. Indefinite pronoun. or the persons or things spoken about). Chitra-mu or Chitr-am (Picture/Photo) Akash-am or Akasha-mu (sky). Reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb's subject). For example: Chitra Pata-mu or Chitra Pat-am (Photo Frame). Parikar-am or Parikara-mu (Tool).(–Mu ) or (-Am) or (-u) is almost always indicative of the neuter gender. Telugu sometimes uses the same forms for singular feminine and neuter genders – the third person pronoun (అద /add ɪ/) is used to refer to animals and objects. .In Telugu the suffix . Neer-u (Water). However. Interrogative Pronoun.[3] Pronouns[edit] Telugu pronouns include Personal pronouns and Demonstrative pronouns(The persons speaking. the persons spoken to. వ. Demonstrative adjective and Interrogative adjective Pronouns. With the use of postpositions. vu. mu. there are eight possible cases (vibhakti వభకళ). kūrci. nun. ల lu నన. Usual Transliterat Telugu English Significance Suffix es ion of Suffixes Prathamā (I) Vibhakti Nominativ Subject of (ప ప థమ e Dvitīyā Accusativ Object of sentence వభకళ) (II) Vibhakti డ. dṣu. Possessive adjective Pronouns. [4] Vibhakti or postpositions/prepositions[edit] Telugu language uses postpositions for word in different cases. నన. nin. lan. మ. . Pronouns referring to numbers. Distributive Pronouns. kamṣ t ṣen. Association. Object for whom action is performed (V) Panchamī Ablative o Motion from Vibhakti (పణచమ . cēn. కణటన. కరర. gurimṣ ci గరణచ Means by which action is done Trutīyā (III) Vibhakti Instrumen (తతతయ tal. or means by which action చతన. Social వభకళ) (Instrumental) . tōn కఱకన korakun.క క f motion an animate/inani వలనన. tōdṣan. తడన. చన. . valanan. kai తన is done (Social) Object to Chaturthi (IV) Vibhakti (చతర ర whom action Dative వభకళ) is performed.(దదతయ వభకళ) e action లన. cētan. ō. యకక. లపలన Place in Saptamī (VII Vibhakti ) (సపళమ which. calling ఓయ. amṣ dun. yokka. On the Locative వభకళ) person of (animate) in the presence నన of Sambodh anā (VII I) Prathamā Vibhakti (సణబధన ప ప థమ వభకళ) Punctuation[edit] Vocative Addressing. ōī.వభకళ) from mate object కన. Shashthī (VI) Vibhakti పట ట Genitive Possessive (షష ష వభకళ) pat ṣt ṣi కన. kun. ఓస ōsī . ఓర. lōn. ōrī. kin. lōpalan అణదన. లన. nan ఓ. Yanadesha Sandhi. Telugu uses morphological processes to join words together. . Vruddhi Sandhi. forming complex words. Example. Akara Sandhi. Trika Sandhi. However modern Telugu uses punctuation marks which are borrowed from English. There are many types of sandhi in Telugu.Telugu uses single and double vertical bars to indicate a comma and a fullstop.[5] Sandhi or joining[edit] Sandhi is the fusion of sounds across word boundaries and the alteration of sounds due to neighboring sounds or due to the grammatical function of adjacent words. These processes are traditionally referred to as sandhi. Shankara + Abharanam gives the word shankarabhranamu. Some of them are mentioned below: Savarna Deergha Sandhi. Guna Sandhi. but morphologically speaking they are essentially the same: each noun (or adjective) is in its (weak) stem form. Rugagama Sandhi. Prathametara Vibhakti Sandhi. Saraladesha Sandhi Gasadadavadesha Sandhi. Dugagama Sandhi. Yadagama Sandhi. uchadadi sandhi. Prathama tatpurusha samasam Dvitiya tatpurusha samasam . Ikara Sandhi. Samasam or nominal compounds[edit] Samasam or samasa occurs with various structures. Ukara sandhi. with only the final element receiving case inflection. Some of the Telugu samasams are: Tatpurusṣa Samasam. Trutiya tatpurusha samasam Chaturthi tatpurusha samasam Panchami tatpurusha samasam Shashthi tatpurusha samasam Saptami tatpurusha samasam Nai tatpurusha samasam Karmadhāraya Samasam. . Viśeshana purwapada karmadharaya samasam Viśeshana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam Viśeshana ubhayapada karmadharaya samasam Upamana purvapada karmadharaya samasam Upamana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam Avadharana purvapada karmadharaya samasam Sambhavana purvapada karmadharaya samasam Dvigu Samasam. Dvandva Samasam. Shabdalankaram Vruttyanuprasa Chekanuprasa Latanuprasa antyanuprasa Yamakam Mukta pada grastam Arthalamkaram . There are two types of Alankarams. Amredita Samasam. awyaee bhava samasam Alankaram or ornamentation[edit] Telugu Alankaram is a figure of speech which means ornaments or embellishments which are used to enhance the beauty of the poems. These two alankarams are further broken down in to different categories.[6] shabdalankaras are 6 types where as there are nearly 30 to 40 types in ardhalankaras. 'Shabdalankaram' which primarily focuses on Sound and 'Arthalamkaram' which focuses on meaning. Bahuvrīhi Samasam. Upamanaalankaram Utprekshaalankaram Rupakaalankaram Shleshalankaram Arthantaranyaasam Atishayokti Drushtantam Swabhavokti vyajastu virodhi vishamamu parikaramu branti madala kramalam Chandassu or Telugu prosody[edit] Main article: Chandas (Telugu) . {nILlu} is always plural. Water . which means distorted. Devullu is a plural form of gods. However.you) and Plural is called Bahu-Vachanam (Ex: Manam . Utpalamala. In Telugu language some are always plural and some are always singular for e. They are called Prakruti. Mattebham. moon (chandrudu) these are always singular form. However. which are equivalent to Sanskrit words. etc. Champakamala.Metrical poetry in Telugu is called 'Chandassu' or 'Chandas'. Singular is Called Eka-Vachanam (Ex: Nuvvu .we). The equivalent colloquial words are called Vikruti. Sragdhara. Vachanam or grammatical numbers[edit] Any thing in singular form is singular (Ekavacanam): Any things more than one in number are called plural: (bahuvacanam) In Telugu. God (Bhagavantudu).g. Sardoola. In Telugu plural is also used address elders with respect. water. are some metrics used in Telugu poetry. earth (bhoomi).Neeru (singular) and NeeLLu (Plural) Prakruti and Vikruti[edit] Telugu has many Tatsama words. Kanda. Prakruti is only used as a medium of instruction in educational institutions. . Bhujangaprayata. yamaa-taa-raa-ja-bhaa-na-sa-la-gam is called the chandassu chakram. sun (suryudu). offices etc. For example: Prakruti Vikruti అగగ Agni (fire) అగ గ Aggi భజనణ Bhojanam (food) బనణ Bonam వదవ్యా Vidya (education) వద ద Vidde. వద ద య Viddiya రకస Raakshasi (evil) రకకస Rakkasi శనవ్యా Shoonya (zero) సనగ Sunna దతష ట Drishti (sight) దష ట Dishti కనష ట ణ Kanishtam (minimum) కనసణ Kaneesam అగరవరళ Agaravarti (inscent. scent wounded) అగరవతళ Agaravatti . agara+varthi. వభథ Vibhoothi (ash) చనక Chanaka (chick pea. Chanakya is derived from the same root) కవచ Kavacha (protective shell) వభధ Vibhudhi శనగ śanaga గవచ Gavacha. గవద Gavva భకణ Bhiksham (alms) బచరణ Bichcham దదతయ Dvitiya (second) వదయ Vidiya తతతయ Trutiya (third) తదయ Tadhiya జగ ప త Jaagrata (alert) జగ ప తళ Jaagratta వమత Vamati (vomit) వణత Vanti సదణత Swanta (own) సణత Sonta అటవ Atavi (forest) అడవ Adavi తదర Twara (fast) తరగ Toraga .