An individual's characteristic pattern of1. thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her A) self-esteem. B) personality. C) reality principle. D) defense mechanism. Ans: B The concept of personality most clearly 2. embodies the notion of A) moral integrity. B) self-consciousness. C) behavioral consistency. D) free association. Ans: C Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can 3. reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive A) fixation. B) personality. C) Electra complex. D) collective unconscious. Ans: B Which contemporary theoretical approach is 4. most directly descended from Freud's psychoanalysis? A) trait theories B) psychodynamic theories C) social-cognitive theories D) humanistic theories Ans: B The importance of unconscious conflicts and 5. childhood experiences is of most central importance to A) humanistic theories. B) psychodynamic theories. C) social-cognitive theories. D) trait theories. Ans: B Psychodynamic theories emphasize that 6. personality involves a dynamic interaction between A) persons and situations. B) repression and fixation. C) conscious and unconscious mental processes. the inferiority complex and the collective D) unconscious. Ans: C A therapist thinks that Jordan would be much less agitated and ineffective at work if he could recognize his own conflicting feelings 7. of respect for and irritation toward his workplace supervisor. The therapist's belief best illustrates the ________ perspective. A) trait B) humanistic C) psychodynamic D) social-cognitive Ans: C Psychoanalysis refers to the personality 8. theory and therapeutic practices developed by A) Karen Horney. B) Carl Jung. C) Sigmund Freud. D) Alfred Adler. Ans: C 9. By professional training, Freud was a A) philosopher. B) sociologist. C) physician. D) literary scholar. Ans: C Freud became interested in unconscious 10. personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms resulted from the physical abuse they had A) received from their parents during childhood. B) reflected a loss of individuality. C) illustrated a collective unconscious. D) made no neurological sense. Ans: D Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful 11. unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from A) genetic defects. B) an inferiority complex. C) psychological processes. D) an Electra complex. Ans: C 12. According to Freud, the unconscious is the part of personality that cannot process A) information. the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories B) of which we are largely unaware. a set of universal concepts acquired by all C) humans from our common past. a reservoir of deeply repressed memories that D) do not affect behavior. Ans: B Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind 13. even if they are trivial or embarrassing is characteristic of A) defense mechanisms. B) the spotlight effect. C) free association. D) self-serving bias. Ans: C 14. Free association is central to the process of A) personality development. B) reaction formation. C) psychoanalysis. D) projective testing. Ans: C A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and state aloud whatever 15. thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as A) fixation. B) free association. C) projection. D) hypnosis. Ans: B Forgotten memories that we can easily recall 16. were said by Freud to be A) displaced. B) preconscious. C) fixated. D) unconscious. Ans: B According to psychoanalytic theory, the part 17. of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the A) id. B) ego. C) superego. D) erogenous zones. Ans: A When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the floor in a 18. temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his A) superego. B) ego. C) id. D) Oedipus complex. Ans: C Freud emphasized that the id operates on the 19. ________ principle. A) self-transcendence B) false consensus C) identity D) pleasure Ans: D 20. Ego is to id as ________ is to ________. A) unconscious; conscious B) biology; morality C) reality principle; pleasure principle D) regression; repression Ans: C decided. C) superego. that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment is the A) Oedipus complex. and reality is the A) collective unconscious. Hafez shows signs of a A) weak superego. According to Freud. C) id. D) superego. personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of the id. a pornographic video. B) Oedipus complex. He 22. B) ego. Ans: D Janine is repulsed by the thought of watching 24. Freud would have attributed these feelings to Janine's A) ego. C) erogenous zone. to deposit all the money into a savings account for his college education. C) strong collective unconscious. B) weak id. Ans: D According to Freud. D) inferiority complex. the part of personality 23. he was tempted to purchase an expensive new car. Ans: D When 16-year-old Hafez received a large inheritance from his grandfather. D) ego. Ans: C . D) strong ego. superego. the component of 21. B) id. instead. D) Oedipus complexes. Bruce's ________ might enable him to partially satisfy both desires. A Freudian psychologist would suggest that Lerae shows signs of a A) weak id. B) superego. C) strong id. According to Freud. No matter how long and hard Lerae studies. energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as A) psychosexual stages. D) strong superego. Ans: D Freud referred to the largely conscious 26. B) weak ego. she should have. B) archetypes. some of his wife's habits. Ans: C . A) collective unconscious B) superego C) Oedipus complex D) ego Ans: D Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking 28. C) erogenous zones. Ans: C Bruce wants to be a loving husband but at the same time wants to express his disgust for 27. she always feels she hasn't studied as much as 25. “executive” part of the personality as the A) Oedipus complex. C) ego. D) id. B) reaction formation. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n) A) oral fixation. children's efforts to overcome feelings of C) inferiority. Ans: D . A) anal B) phallic C) oral D) latency Ans: B The Oedipus complex is the term used by 31. independence from their control. saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. boys are most likely to 30. 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he 32. Ans: D One night after he heard his parents arguing. Freud would have suggested that Damien is going through the ________ stage of development. boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment D) over their sexual desire for their mother. Freud to describe the erogenous zones that are the focus of the A) latency stage. A) phallic B) anal C) latency D) oral Ans: B According to Freud. the passive dependence of someone who is B) orally fixated. Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his 29. D) Oedipus complex. C) projective test. experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage. B) reaction formation. B) free association. Ans: D . saved his mother from being bitten by a large snake. Ans: B Freud suggested that a boy's identification 34. C) free association. C) an anal fixation. One night after he heard his parents arguing. desires for their father during the phallic stage. D) a weak superego. they thought. D) Sigmund Freud. These feelings. B) the benefits of immediate gratification. with his father during the phallic stage illustrates A) latency development. difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity was proposed by A) Carl Jung. identification is most directly responsible for strengthening A) the Oedipus complex. D) the process of conflict resolution. C) Karen Horney. C) the superego. C) projective test. D) Oedipus complex. 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he 32. D) erogenous zones. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Wei's dream reflects a(n) A) oral fixation. Ans: D Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual 33. Ans: C The theory that would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have 36. Ans: D Freud suggested that the process of 35. B) Alfred Adler. reflected A) reaction formation. B) an Electra complex. the sense of being male. A) oral B) latency C) phallic D) anal Ans: C Freud referred to a lingering focus of 39. Ans: D 37. or a B) combination of the two. Gender identity refers to A) our biological sex. D) repression. C) displacement. C) Karen Horney. The theory that would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have 36. B) Alfred Adler. internalized ideals for appropriate sexual D) behavior. B) an inferiority complex. female. D) a strong superego. especially likely to exhibit A) passive dependence. Ans: A . would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage. the set of socially expected behaviors for C) males and females. D) Sigmund Freud. B) fixation. C) an Electra complex. pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as A) projection. Ans: B Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are 40. difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity was proposed by A) Carl Jung. Freud 38. Ans: B Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. D) a strong superego. ego. . his or her dependence on others shows signs of a(n) A) free association. used by the id to defend against the accusations and guilt A) feelings produced by the superego. D) erogenous zones. B) free association. C) self-transcendence. id. superego to prevent expression of sexual and C) aggressive drives. and superego in a repetitive sequence D) of internal conflicts. ego to prevent threatening impulses from B) being consciously recognized. D) collective unconscious. C) the collective unconscious. Ans: D Arjean's opinions are so dependent on what her friends think that she will swallow just 42. D) fixation. especially likely to exhibit A) passive dependence. B) identification. Ans: A Freud suggested that defense mechanisms 43. Freud would have suggested that Arjean demonstrates a A) fixation. an adult who exhibits biting sarcasm and an exaggerated denial of 41. protect an individual from A) anxiety. B) an inferiority complex. about anything they tell her. Ans: A According to Freud. Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are 40. C) an Electra complex. defense mechanisms are 44. C) reaction formation. Ans: A According to Freud. B) an inferiority complex. Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. ego to prevent threatening impulses from B) being consciously recognized. banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from D) consciousness. B) rationalization. Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle 46. C) rationalization. by which people offer self-justifying explanations in place of A) the real but threatening unconscious reasons for action. Ans: B Repression refers to the defense mechanism 45. D) displacement. Ans: A Freud suggested that slips of the tongue 47. defense mechanisms are 44. At 14. disguise threatening impulses by attributing C) them to others. used by the id to defend against the accusations and guilt A) feelings produced by the superego. Ans: D When she was 4 years old. According to Freud. Ans: D . B) displacement. ego. and superego in a repetitive sequence D) of internal conflicts. superego to prevent expression of sexual and C) aggressive drives. illustrate an incomplete A) fixation. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a B) more infantile stage of development. id. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of A) repression. D) repression. but was unable to understand why she felt this way. C) regression. B) sexual and aggressive images. B) latent content. D) censored expressions of unconscious wishes. B) displacement. affection and resentment toward his own father. C) reality principle. His therapist suggested that his dream reflected Matt's mixed feelings of 51. archetypes derived from our species' universal C) experiences. and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dream's A) psychosexual stages.” A) projective tests B) dreams C) erogenous zones D) psychosexual stages Ans: B Freud believed that the manifest content of 49. Ans: D Freud suggested that the remembered events 50. illustrate an incomplete A) fixation. C) erogenous zone. the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's A) factor analysis. Ans: D Freud believed that ________ are the “royal 48. D) psychosexual stage. D) repression. dreams consisted of A) repressed memories. Ans: B . B) latent content. road to the unconscious. D) collective unconscious. Ans: B Matt reported a dream in which he repeatedly fell off a horse. C) rationalization. Freud suggested that slips of the tongue 47. According to Freud. again soon after his sister was born. Ans: C Reaction formation refers to the process by 55. involves consciously expressing feelings that are the A) opposite of underlying unconscious impulses. B) projection. he started bed-wetting 54. consciously express feelings that are the B) opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. Ans: A Four-year-old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. offer self-justifying explanations in place of . B) latent content. fixation is most likely to contribute to A) regression. shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward D) less-threatening targets. which people disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses A) by attributing them to others. C) erogenous zone. C) regression. the therapist was attempting to reveal the dream's A) factor analysis. disguising threatening impulses by attributing B) them to others. D) psychosexual stage. D) free association. B) an inferiority complex. Ans: B Regression is a defense mechanism that 52. Timmy's behavior best illustrates A) reaction formation. However. According to Freud. D) denial. father. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a C) more infantile stage of development. Ans: C Freud would have suggested that an excessive 53. retreating to a more infantile psychosexual C) stage. C) reciprocal determinism. D) reaction formation. offer self-justifying explanations in place of D) the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action. C) fixation. consciously express feelings that are the B) opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. which people disguise unacceptable unconscious impulses A) by attributing them to others. D) reaction formation. C) rationalization. B) regression. According to psychoanalytic theory. school. them are very likely using the defense mechanism of A) projection. retreat to behavior patterns characteristic of a C) more infantile stage of development. Abdul is the most quarrelsome and aggressive child in the 58. B) displacement. disguise threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called A) projection. D) reaction formation. Ans: A Abdul mistakenly believes that his classmates are unusually hostile. Ans: B Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of 56. Reaction formation refers to the process by 55. Ans: D The defense mechanism by which people 57. C) denial. In fact. Ans: B . Abdul's belief that his classmates are hostile is a A) regression. B) projection. Smith. C) displacement. tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential 59. neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks.” Melissa's comment best illustrates A) projection. D) regression. Ans: B The defense mechanism in which self- 60. C) denial. who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation. said she. B) projection. C) rationalization. C) displacement. B) projection. Ans: B . Ans: C Melissa is unconsciously fearful that her husband is a better cook than she is. D) reaction formation. Ans: B Mrs. she refused his offer to prepare dinner 61. Recently. is a A) regression. Smith best illustrates A) reaction formation. because. B) rationalization. Mrs. According to psychoanalytic theory. unconscious reasons for actions is A) projection. D) displacement. “You could better spend the time playing with your kids. D) reaction formation. B) denial. justifying explanations replace the real. Ans: B Children who release unexpressed anger 63. Ans: B A refusal to believe direct and highly credible 65. B) displacement. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of A) reaction formation. While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce. C) displacement. Ans: B Refusing to believe or even to perceive 64. B) displacement. D) projection. D) projection. he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his 62. Ans: A . C) fixation. painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as A) regression. D) regression. C) regression. D) reaction formation. B) displacement. toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of A) projection. C) projection. B) denial. students unusually low grades. evidence that your spouse is suffering from a terminal illness best illustrates A) denial. D) penis envy. Ans: C Karen Horney. ego. C) anxiety and defense mechanisms. 69. she is homeless and squanders any money she can 68. B) identification. B) a collective unconscious. Alfred Adler would have suggested that Hasina suffers from A) an Electra complex. Ans: A . disputed Freud's assumption that women A) have weak superegos. as an adult. proposed the concept of A) an oral fixation. find on alcohol. D) an oral fixation. Neo-Freudian personality theorists were most 66. a prominent neo-Freudian. B) childhood sexual instincts. and superego. D) distinguishing between id. C) an inferiority complex. B) perceive an internal locus of control. C) an inferiority complex. never experience a phallic stage of D) development. C) have stronger sexual instincts than men. Ans: C Hasina was an abused child. Ans: B Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who 67. likely to disagree with Freud about the importance of the unconscious dynamics underlying A) behavior. Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of 70. C) collective unconscious. evil that are shared across many different cultures are expressions of universally experienced archetypes? A) Sigmund Freud B) Karen Horney C) Carl Jung D) Alfred Adler Ans: C Which neo-Freudian theorist emphasized the 73. Ans: C Carl Jung believed that the collective 71. B) pleasure principle. D) erogenous zone. memory traces from our species history as the A) false consensus effect. unconscious contains ________ derived from our species' universal experiences. influence of the collective unconscious in personality development? A) Carl Jung B) Alfred Adler C) Karen Horney D) Henry Murray Ans: A . A) archetypes B) free associations C) defense mechanisms D) erogenous zones Ans: A Which personality theorist would have suggested that many ideas about good and 72. Mr. Ans: C Henry Murray found that children's perceptions of photographs were biased by 76. D) erogenous zones. up a story about each. B) people often struggle with conflicting wishes. childhood experiences influence our C) adulthood relationships. D) Rorschach inkblot test. Ans: A . Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make 77. B) free association. C) MMPI. Ans: D Contemporary psychodynamic theorists agree 75. their previous participation in a frightening game. sexual drives are central to personality D) development. most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that much of our mental functioning is A) unconscious. C) identification. that childhood experiences shape our A) Electra complex. B) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. C) ways of becoming attached to others. Their perceptual reactions most clearly highlighted the potential value of A) projective tests. Dutoit was most likely completing the A) Thematic Apperception Test. D) archetypes. Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are 74. Ans: A Mr. B) collective unconscious. C) memories are often distorted and incomplete. only a few of the many Rorschach-derived B) scores have demonstrated validity. Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to A) frightening pictures. B) ambiguous stories. D) incomplete sentences. the test discourages individuals from C) communicating openly in clinical interviews. B) Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. the test can be used effectively only with D) individuals who are severely maladjusted. likely completing the A) Thematic Apperception Test. D) Rorschach inkblot test. Ans: A . Ans: A The famous test introduced by Hermann 78. C) MMPI. Ans: B Rorschach inkblot test results diagnose many 80. defense mechanisms help protect individuals D) from anxiety. conscious awareness of our own mental B) processes is very limited. Ans: D Contemporary psychologists are LEAST 81. normal adults as disordered. C) meaningless inkblots. D) validity. likely to agree with Freud's belief that conscience and gender identity form during A) the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. Rorschach test is that no computer-aided tool has been designed to A) facilitate scoring of the test. Ans: C The major reason for criticism of the 79. C) genuineness. B) interpretive value. This indicates that the test has little A) consensus. is contradicted by recent research B) demonstrating the human capacity for destructive behavior. C) recovery of repressed wishes. Ans: B . B) repression. associated with the A) fixation of repressed sexual desires. Ans: C Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death 85. D) social standing. B) inferiority complexes. Ans: D Freud emphasized that emotional healing is 84. conscience and gender identity form during A) the process of resolving the Oedipus complex. reported by his adult female patients reflected their A) erogenous zones. Ans: A According to some scholars. Freud thought that stories of childhood sexual abuse 82. D) displacement of repressed hostilities. D) motivational conflict. C) childhood sexual wishes. B) projection of repressed fears. C) memories are often distorted and incomplete. is overly reliant upon observations derived C) from Freud's use of projective tests. conscious awareness of our own mental B) processes is very limited. camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of A) fixation. offers few testable hypotheses that allow one D) to determine its validity. criticized because it underestimates the importance of biological A) contributions to personality development. C) the Oedipus complex. Ans: C Freud's theory of personality has been 83. defense mechanisms help protect individuals D) from anxiety. B) repression. This best illustrates the importance of A) the false consensus effect. C) the Oedipus complex. Ans: C Right-hemisphere brain activity enables a split-brain patient's left hand to carry out 88. instructions the patient cannot verbalize. Gordon continues to suffer intrusive anxiety-arousing images of his war 86. Gordon's experience is most clearly inconsistent with Freud's concept of A) erogenous zones. B) repression. Ans: D Subliminal stimuli can briefly prime our 87. Ans: B . B) free association. B) unconscious thought. D) motivational conflict. experiences. D) repression. Ans: B Years after his participation in terrifying military combat. responses to subsequent events. C) archetypes. camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of A) fixation. C) reaction formation. which he wishes he could forget. This best illustrates the importance of A) erogenous zones. D) the false consensus effect. Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death 85. D) identification. C) unconscious thought. anxiety is triggered by an awareness of one's A) impending death. B) the false consensus effect. C) an inferiority complex. to what today's researchers call A) schemas. Ans: B Rusty is a heavy drinker who overestimates the extent to which other people also engage 91. C) fixations. C) displacement. Ans: A Terror-management theory emphasizes that 92. in heavy drinking. B) regression. D) Oedipus complex. more negative attitudes toward gays than most people do. B) erogenous zones. B) identification. D) priming. D) priming. Ans: A . Ans: D Freud's concept of projection is most similar 90. Rusty's overestimate best illustrates A) the false consensus effect. D) reaction formation. C) a superiority complex. This best illustrates the defense mechanism known as A) projection. Preliminary evidence suggests that those who unconsciously identify as homosexual—but who consciously identify as straight—report 89. value of A) empirically derived tests. D) factor analysis. C) self-actualization. B) self-transcendence. Ans: B . hierarchy of needs. D) unconditional positive regard. 93. anxiety about our own mortality motivates us to enhance our A) self-esteem. According to terror-management theory. C) social norms. A) cognitive needs B) social needs C) bodily needs D) spiritual needs Ans: C Abraham Maslow suggested that those who 96. D) free association. According to Maslow. for growth and self-actualization. C) unconditional positive regard. fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for A) trait heritability. Jin is striving for A) acceptance. B) self-determination. C) erogenous zones. D) reciprocal determinism. Ans: C Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential 97. Ans: A The humanistic perspective emphasized the 94. B) immediate gratification. B) collective unconscious. Ans: B Maslow placed ________ at the base of his 95. such as Abraham Lincoln in order to understand the nature of A) empathy. Ans: B Abraham Maslow studied the lives of people 98. D) reciprocal determinism. D) self-accepting. interactions with others who are genuine. C) agreeableness. Maslow. Ans: C Self-actualized people. According to Maslow. C) conforming. B) extraversion. B) self-transcendence. C) unconditional positive regard. for growth and self-actualization. Jin is searching for a sense of purpose in life that goes beyond fulfilling her own potential 97. Ans: C Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by 100. accepting. B) religious. Jin is striving for A) acceptance. as described by 99. D) genuineness. self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating A) self-transcendence. D) extraversion. C) self-actualization. people who are 101. and empathic? A) Gordon Allport B) Carl Rogers C) Abraham Maslow D) Hans Eysenck Ans: B According to Carl Rogers. are LEAST likely to be highly A) compassionate. Ans: D . B) factor analysis. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their children's feelings and should honestly disclose their 103. Her approach to parent-child interaction was most explicitly recommended by A) Abraham Maslow. Ans: C Carl Rogers suggested that ________ is a 104. D) Carl Rogers. Ans: D Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total 102. C) Carl Rogers. central feature of personality. B) extraversion. Ans: B Mrs. B) Gordon Allport. C) Hans and Sybil Eysenck. B) unconditional positive regard. D) Carl Jung. D) the ideal self. D) genuineness. A) extraversion B) emotional stability C) agreeableness D) self-concept Ans: D Mario doesn't feel very positive about himself because he often fails to measure up to his 105. people who are 101. self-disclosing and open with their own feelings are demonstrating A) self-transcendence. Ans: D . According to Carl Rogers. own inner feelings to their children. acceptance toward another person as A) extraversion. Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed by an assessment strategy utilized by A) Gordon Allport. B) Starke Hathaway. C) self-actualization. unrealistically high performance aspirations. C) agreeableness. D) Carl Rogers. D) self-esteem and self-actualization. and based on the theorists' personal opinions. interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as B) self-serving. individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he selectively studied people with qualities he A) admired. C) Hans and Sybil Eysenck. B) Starke Hathaway. rather than on scientific methods? A) trait theorists B) humanistic theorists C) social-cognitive theorists D) terror-management theorists Ans: B Maslow's description of self-actualized 109. Ans: C Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for 107. Mario's predicament is most clearly addressed by an assessment strategy utilized by A) Gordon Allport. Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between A) emotional stability and instability. overemphasized the value of their loyalty to . because he often fails to measure up to his 105. B) introversion and extraversion. Ans: D Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by 106. unrealistically high performance aspirations. C) the actual self and the ideal self. failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality? A) psychodynamic theorists B) trait theorists C) social-cognitive theorists D) humanistic theorists Ans: D Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague 108. C) social obligations. interpreted their flattering self-descriptions as B) self-serving. Ans: D Freud is to psychoanalytic theory as Allport is 112. be criticized for underestimating the value of A) the self-concept. underestimating the inconsistency of behavior B) from one situation to another. overestimating the degree of similarity among C) people. D) used projective tests to assess their motives. B) individualism. Humanistic theorists have been criticized for overestimating the impact of childhood A) experiences on adult personality. Ans: A Humanistic psychologists would most likely 110. Maslow's description of self-actualized 109. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: C 111. overemphasized the value of their loyalty to C) cultural norms. underestimating the inherent human capacity D) for destructive and evil behaviors. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) trait D) social-cognitive Ans: C . to ________ theory. individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he selectively studied people with qualities he A) admired. D) Carl Rogers. C) self-actualization. Ans: D A consistent tendency to be shy is best 114. and tactful as a(n) ________ type. Ans: B The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a 117. B) unconditional positive regard. A) predicting. described as A) a trait. D) a person-centered perspective. A characteristic pattern of behavior or 113. appreciative. person who is sympathetic. people according to personality types identified by A) Gordon Allport. assessing B) describing. Ans: A Trait theorists are more concerned with 115. B) empirically derived. A) thinking B) judging C) feeling D) intuitive Ans: C . D) a trait. ________ personality than with ________ it. C) introversion. C) Sigmund Freud. observing Ans: B The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies 116. tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called A) a self-concept. explaining C) changing. analyzing D) interpreting. B) Carl Jung. most basic A) needs on Maslow's hierarchy. C) internalized standards of judgment. B) a hierarchy of needs. Personality factors are best described as clusters of behavior tendencies that occur A) together. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator labels a 117. Ans: C 119. D) empirically derived tests. D) basic factors. Ans: A Hans and Sybil Eysenck described personality 120. person who is sympathetic. and tactful as a(n) ________ type. A) thinking B) judging C) feeling D) intuitive Ans: C Factor analysis has been used to identify the 118. Ans: D Which of the following is a basic personality 121. factor assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire? A) emotional stability B) self-transcendence C) individualism D) self-actualization Ans: A . appreciative. C) self-actualized people. D) situational factors. differences by identifying A) genetic markers. B) self-concepts. C) personality traits. B) a hierarchy of needs. B) genuine and empathic. Ans: B The Eysencks believed that extraversion and 123. This best illustrates 125. Ans: C A frontal lobe area involved in ________ is 124. B) empirically derived. ________ active in extraverts than in introverts. B) introverted. C) narcissistic. Coretta is typically quiet. A) inhibiting behavior. researchers can produce bold or shy birds. more C) empathy. factors. C) genetically influenced. less B) addictive cravings. D) emotionally unstable. more Ans: A By selective breeding. emotionality are A) higher-level needs. less D) aggression. D) aspects of self-esteem. D) situational. C) genetically influenced. In terms of the Eysencks' basic 122. she would most clearly be classified as A) defensive. Ans: C . that some personality differences among birds are A) among the Big Five. thoughtful. and reserved. Ans: C Personality inventories are designed to assess 130. C) shyness. anxiety if they A) are pessimistic. especially likely to receive a receptive hearing from employers with the trait of A) extraversion. C) exhibit unconditional positive regard. D) have a reactive autonomic nervous system. D) narcissism. were especially likely to salivate a lot when tasting lemon juice. Ans: C One classic study found that ________ people 128. A) open-minded B) extraverted C) close-minded D) introverted Ans: D When employees voice their ideas and challenge existing workplace norms. introversion is belittled in 127. B) narcissism. D) pessimism. B) self-transcendence. they are 129. A) possible selves B) basic needs C) repressed motives D) traits Ans: D . Ans: D In Western cultures. several ________ at once. Children respond to stress with greater 126. part because people tend to equate introversion with A) selfishness. C) introversion. B) have a hierarchy of needs. This 134. A) possible selves B) basic needs C) repressed motives D) traits Ans: D 131. Zytowics wants to assess the extent to which a client is suffering from depression. social withdrawal. best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they A) have validity. Personality inventories are designed to assess 130. B) personality inventory. C) hierarchical test. and other symptoms of an 133. C) assess several different traits. Which personality inventory would be most helpful for this purpose? A) the MMPI B) the Rorschach C) the TAT D) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Ans: A People who take personality inventories can lie in order to create a good impression. Ans: B Which of the following tests was empirically 132. derived? A) the Eysenck Personality Inventory B) the Rorschach inkblot test C) the MMPI D) the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Ans: C Dr. The MMPI is an example of a(n) A) projective test. B) are empirically derived. several ________ at once. emotional disorder. Ans: A . D) have been subjected to factor analysis. D) self-esteem test. most likely appear on a lie scale? A) “I am usually fairly happy.” “Most people are willing to lie in order to get C) ahead.” D) “I have never disliked anyone. Ans: D . C) projective tests. Ans: A Which of the following statements would 135. Five today has the advantage of providing a(n) ________ personality description. D) factor analysis Ans: D A person who is careless and disorganized 138.” Ans: D Assessing an individual's standing on the Big 136. most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of A) neuroticism. D) conscientiousness. C) assess several different traits. best illustrates that the objectivity in scoring personality inventories does not guarantee that they A) have validity. by means of A) the MMPI. This 134.” B) “I constantly worry about my health. A) empathic B) flattering C) hierarchical D) comprehensive Ans: D The Big Five trait dimensions were identified 137. D) have been subjected to factor analysis. B) are empirically derived. B) selective breeding. C) openness. B) extraversion. People who take personality inventories can lie in order to create a good impression. Ans: D Emotional instability is most closely related 139. C) neuroticism. C) agreeableness. D) adulthood. C) openness. 138. D) conscientiousness. related to the Big Five trait dimension of A) extraversion. D) conscientiousness. B) individualism. C) extraversion. Ans: B Being highly imaginative is most closely 140. C) adolescence. stability during A) early childhood. D) conscientiousness. Ans: C The Big Five traits show their greatest 142. to the Big Five trait dimension of A) openness. B) extraversion. time. most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of A) neuroticism. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as A) openness. Ans: B Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. B) late childhood. D) conscientiousness. B) neuroticism. Ans: D . B) openness. She prefers to be around other people most of the 141. increases D) decreases. _____ tend to have a larger frontal lobe area that aids in planning and controlling behavior. decreases B) decreases. accompanied by ________ in extraversion and ________ in conscientiousness. C) from democratic cultures only. Heritability generally runs about ________ 143. A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) neuroticism Ans: C Cultural changes over time within the United States and the Netherlands have been 145. increases C) increases. decreases Ans: C Features of the Big Five traits are common to 146. D) from all human groups. A) increases. Ans: D . B) from individualist cultures only. percent or a tad more for each of the Big Five trait dimensions. people A) from industrialized countries only. A) 25 B) 50 C) 75 D) 90 Ans: B Those who score high on the Big Five trait of 144. emotions C) environments. C) 30-year-olds. B) extraversion. 150. Ans: B Studies have correlated early trait scores with scores for the same traits seven years later. D) biopsychosocial approach. self-esteem B) factor analysis. external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the A) psychodynamic perspective. D) conscientiousness. messaging is best predicted by the Big Five trait of A) openness. C) hierarchy of needs. traits D) extraversion. Ans: C The person-situation controversy involves a 148. Ans: A . D) 70-year-olds. A) self-concept. B) person-situation controversy. debate regarding the influence of ________ and ________ on behavior. introversion Ans: C Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary 149. C) agreeableness. B) college students. The use of positive-emotion words in text 147. The weakest correlations were observed among A) children. A) extraversion B) personality traits C) self-actualization D) unconditional positive regard Ans: B Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend. Which theorists are most likely to be 151. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior. and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. A) personality traits B) self-actualization C) factor analysis D) the self-concept Ans: A . but he is often quiet and reserved at home. Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior. criticized for underestimating the variability of behavior from situation to situation? A) social-cognitive B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) trait Ans: D Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion 152. seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently 153. those who prefer classical. and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as A) extraversion. B) day. People's scores on a test of extraversion are ________ predictors of how agreeable they will act in one particular situation. 156. and religious music lovers. remain hidden as we carefully attend to social cues in A) unfamiliar. formal situations. number of social conversations they initiate during the course of a single A) hour. scores are ________ predictors of how agreeable they will act on average over many different situations. Ans: C . jazz. D) conscientiousness. poor Ans: C People's scores on a test of extraversion are likely to be most strongly correlated with the 155. B) openness. C) week. Their 154. C) neuroticism. formal situations. pop. C) unfamiliar. D) month. Ans: B Our personality traits are most likely to 157. D) familiar. B) familiar. good D) good. informal situations. poor B) good. good C) poor. Ans: D Unlike country. A) poor. blues. informal situations. behaviors. D) self-concepts. self-actualization. informal situations. B) situations. self-concept. ego. informal situations. determinism involves multidirectional influences among A) thoughts. illustrated by the consistency of A) factor analysis. Ans: C The stability of personality traits is best 158. and B) environmental events. reciprocal 161. cues in A) unfamiliar. C) id. and superego. Ans: B . D) self-transcendence. emotions. B) familiar. C) unfamiliar. and actions. internal personal factors. formal situations. D) familiar. Ans: C The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes 159. C) fixations. that our personalities help create the situations to which we react? A) the psychoanalytic perspective B) the social-cognitive perspective C) the humanistic perspective D) the trait perspective Ans: B According to Bandura. formal situations. B) unconditional positive regard. C) expressive styles. the interactive influences of our traits and our A) temperaments. and self- D) transcendence. Ans: B Which perspective most clearly emphasizes 160. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf. Jim is an introvert. B) the spotlight effect. Ans: C Because Mr. C) reciprocal determinism. academic inferiority. C) free association. Randy's substandard academic performance is both a result and a cause of his feelings of 162. increases his trust in them. he treats them kindly. B) the spotlight effect. kindness. which in turn 163. B) reciprocal determinism. C) the self-serving bias. Greta and Jim best illustrate what is meant by A) free association. D) the spotlight effect. D) free association. and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by A) a fixation. This pattern of trust. This best illustrates the importance of A) self-serving bias. D) reciprocal determinism. Maloney trusts his employees. he frequently spends weekends in the library where it's easy to quietly reflect and study. she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Ans: D Because Greta is an extravert. diligence. Because 164. Ans: B . A) trait B) psychoanalytic C) social-cognitive D) humanistic Ans: C . and her optimistic expectations best illustrates A) the spotlight effect. Our genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses in others. U. D) gene-environment interactions. C) a biopsychosocial approach. D) possible selves. Ans: D Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple 166. specific social-interaction skills. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories. B) unconditional positive regard. levels of analysis because people are best understood as A) unconscious information processors. undercover conditions. Ans: C In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II. B) biopsychosocial organisms. her calm temperament. B) the spotlight effect. supportive peer relationships. D) a humanistic perspective. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated 168. Ans: B An integrated understanding of Tara's consistent cheerfulness in terms of her 167.S. C) unconditional positive regard. C) demonstrating self-serving bias. which lead us to develop 165. This best illustrates the impact of A) free association. past performance in situations involving D) similar responsibilities. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theorists. Ans: D Which personality theories have most clearly 171. A) trait B) psychoanalytic C) social-cognitive D) humanistic Ans: C Many colleges assess potential faculty members' teaching abilities by observing 169. C) general feelings of optimism about the future. B) specific political goals for the future. Ans: A . performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's A) self-esteem. be criticized for neglecting the importance of A) environmental influences. B) unconscious motives. the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories. been developed through psychological research on learning and cognition? A) trait theories B) humanistic theories C) psychodynamic theories D) social-cognitive theories Ans: D Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to 172. them teach. A) social-cognitive B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) trait Ans: A Social-cognitive theorists would suggest that the best way to predict a political candidate's 170. D) genetic influences. C) personality traits. to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality. B) unconscious motives. Bandura Ans: D . job after graduation. D) the spotlight effect. Ans: C Larry studies diligently because he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to get a 175. be criticized for neglecting the importance of A) environmental influences. D) genetic influences. Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to 172. C) possible selves. totality of our feelings of unconditional B) positive regard. Bandura B) Bandura. as the concept of reciprocal determinism is to ________. feelings. and C) actions. B) unconditional positive regard. the self is 174. inherited reservoir of memory traces from our D) species' history. C) personality traits. A) Allport. organizer of our thoughts. Ans: A Contemporary psychologists are most likely 173. Markus D) Markus. Ans: C The concept of possible selves is to ________ 176. Allport C) Bandura. considered to be the part of personality that represents our A) internalized standards of morality. Larry's diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of A) free association. A) the superego B) unconditional positive regard C) the sense of self D) free association Ans: C In contemporary psychology. Markus D) Markus. D) a fixation. Bandura Ans: D Overestimating the extent to which others 177. A) Allport. A) overestimate. Bandura B) Bandura. notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called A) reciprocal determinism. as the concept of reciprocal determinism is to ________. B) self-serving bias. much our classmates empathize with us can reduce the threat associated with our experience of A) self-efficacy. Allport C) Bandura. underestimate B) underestimate. overestimate C) overestimate. others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle. simply imagining how 179. we are likely to ________ the extent to which 178. Ans: C If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle. The concept of possible selves is to ________ 176. D) the spotlight effect. B) free association C) self-serving bias. C) the spotlight effect. overestimate D) underestimate. underestimate Ans: C Although we are nervous about giving a talk in psychology class. Ans: D . B) narcissism. This most clearly indicates that she experiences a high level of A) self-efficacy. likely than those with low self-esteem to A) work persistently at difficult tasks. Ans: C Janet attributes her good grade on a difficult algebra test to her high level of mathematical 182. D) self-disclosure. dismiss flattering descriptions of themselves C) as untrue. A sense of personal self-worth is called A) self-esteem. threatened is especially likely to demonstrate an independence from social A) pressure to conform. Ans: A Individuals with high self-esteem are more 183. B) experience the spotlight effect. D) be motivated by a desire for self-actualization. Ans: B . 180. C) experience narcissism. B) self-efficacy. underestimate the accuracy of their own D) beliefs. C) reciprocal determinism. own A) fixations. B) criticize others. Ans: A A person whose self-esteem is momentarily 184. Ans: A Self-efficacy refers to our experience of our 181. D) unconditional positive regard. skills. C) self-monitoring. B) superego. D) self-serving bias. C) competence. D) low self-efficacy. C) the spotlight effect. D) be motivated by a desire for self-actualization. C) unrealistic optimism. develop drinking problems. Ans: B Compared with European-American students. A person whose self-esteem is momentarily 184. B) the spotlight effect. B) free association. B) criticize others. A) unconditional positive regard B) self-serving bias C) fixation D) pessimism Ans: D Most college students perceive themselves as less likely than their average classmate to 186. which may help to explain their impressive academic achievements. Asian-American students express a somewhat 185. threatened is especially likely to demonstrate an independence from social A) pressure to conform. Ans: D . This best illustrates the impact of A) low self-esteem. This best illustrates A) unconditional positive regard. see themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than the average college student. D) unrealistic optimism. greater ________ about their future performance. Ans: C Some sexually active college students do not consistently use contraceptives because they 187. C) experience narcissism. sustain A) confidence in our own abilities. view themselves very favorably in B) comparison to most others. D) narcissism. C) illusory optimism. Unrealistic optimism about future events in 188. B) a pessimistic attitude. one's life best illustrates A) self-serving bias. Ans: C Research on self-perception indicates that 192. C) learned helplessness. This best illustrated A) reciprocal determinism. B) the spotlight effect. B) the spotlight effect. D) free association. D) free association. Ans: C Our ignorance of what we don't know helps to 190. B) unconditional positive regard C) a fixation. C) self-serving bias. officiating. Ans: A Throughout a National Football League season. fans of all teams incorrectly guessed 189. D) the spotlight effect. This best illustrates A) unconditional positive regard. Ans: A Athletes often attribute their losses to bad 191. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs . most people feel more personally responsible for their A) failures than for their successes. on average (across teams and weeks) that their own team stood about a 2 in 3 chance of winning their next game. ” “I think the test questions were ambiguous D) and confusing. representative of a self-serving bias on Jacinda's part? “I really didn't prepare well enough for that A) test. Which of the following conclusions would be most 193. underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs C) and judgments. view themselves very favorably in B) comparison to most others. C) free association. most people feel more personally responsible for their A) failures than for their successes. Ans: D . B) reciprocal determinism. B) unconditional positive regard.” “I wasn't concentrating as hard as I should B) have during the test. Research on self-perception indicates that 192.” C) “I lack ability in history. are unrealistically pessimistic about their D) personal future.” Ans: D 194. D) self-serving bias. Ans: D Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests. C) unconditional positive regard. His mistaken belief best illustrates A) the spotlight effect. he justifies his behavior by erroneously 195. Ans: B Jacinda failed her last history midterm. D) self-serving bias. The better-than-average effect best illustrates A) reciprocal determinism. thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. C) unconditional positive regard. B) reaction formation. B) narcissism. people typically expressed self-esteem above 196. C) self-serving bias. Ans: B . This best illustrates the pervasiveness of A) extraversion. C) free association. B) the spotlight effect. are especially likely to trigger a response of aggression from those who experience A) high self-efficacy. Ans: C Which of the following is MOST likely to be 197. Ans: C Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's 199. B) reciprocal determinism. illustrates A) the spotlight effect. D) unconditional positive regard. new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of A) reciprocal determinism. C) inflated self-esteem. D) self-serving bias. associated with high self-esteem? A) the spotlight effect B) self-serving bias C) free association D) reciprocal determinism Ans: B Researchers have found that personal insults 198. D) unconditional positive regard. Ans: D In every one of the 53 countries surveyed. D) unconditional positive regard. the midpoint of the most widely used self- esteem scale. B) unconditional positive regard. current B) current. establish romantic relationships with them. Ans: D People are more critical of their ________ 202. unlikely D) likely. A) past. unlikely C) unlikely. Ans: D Alexis brags excessively about her good looks and frequently deceives others in order to 201. past C) possible. Her behavior most clearly illustrates A) the false consensus effect. 200. Narcissism is associated with A) less gambling and less cheating. selves than of their ________ selves. A) unlikely. B) less gambling and more cheating. serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when criticized. C) the spotlight effect. likely B) likely. impossible D) impossible. D) narcissism. likely Ans: D . C) more gambling and less cheating. D) more gambling and more cheating. possible Ans: A A person who experiences defensive self- esteem is ________ to demonstrate self- 203. Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset 204. C) excessive optimism. Ans: C Accepting ourselves without excessive 205. dependence on the approval of others best illustrates A) reciprocal determinism. D) free association. Ans: D . D) secure self-esteem. Ans: D Julie's positive feelings about herself are very consistent and do not depend on her frequent 206. when anyone criticizes her. athletic and academic successes or on her level of popularity among friends and classmates. B) free association. C) defensive self-esteem. Julie best illustrates A) narcissism. D) secure self-esteem. B) unconditional positive regard. C) self-serving bias. Kelly most clearly demonstrates A) the spotlight effect. B) low self-efficacy.