Tarifit Dictionary

Tarifit Dictionary Rif Tamazight. Other names for Tarifit in English are Shilha. If one wanted to be more specific. there are two predominant ones (in regard to population). Despite this linguistic characteristic of the Ayt Waryagher (and by other tribes). Unless the usage of a word is marked (by a dialect name). Although there are many dialects of Riffi. The other main dialect of Riffi is Taqrasht and is associated with the tribe of the Iqerayen near Nador. Tarifit is an Amazigh (or Berber) language. They live in the general vicinity of the city of Al Hoceima. He would probably see Taqrasht as a type of Tarifit. that person would also probably say that Tabeqquyt is a type of Tarifit. That is. a person from Nador. however. The Ayt Waryagher. The Netherlands. There are also some words from the Tarifit dialects of the Ibeqquyen (also in the Al Hoceima area) and the Iqerayen (Nador). A few words are from other Tarifit dialects like the Ayt Tuzin (Midar) and Tamsaman. However. Belgium. are Taqrasht and Tabeqquyt. Some figures say there are over 400. Nador could be considered the economic center of the Rif. In Tamazight languages. people call their language Tarifit or Tamazight n Arrif. it is more practical to keep to a more phonemic spelling rather than a phonetic one. and Spain. One is called Tarifit and is most associated with the tribe of the Ayt Waryagher. Germany. See the map to the right for the general area where Riffis live in Morocco. There are others as well.500. The main focus on vocabulary in the dictionary here is on those clans who live in and close to Al Hoceima. often change an initial ṯ (th) to a ḏ (dh). Other dialects of Tarifit. It is one of many Amazigh languages in North Africa (see map to the right). feminine forms most often begin with a t/ṯ. It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family of languages. the underlying ṯ's are retained as well as the r's. In other words.Introduction: There are several dialects of Tarifit. but there are many who have emigrated to Europe. would say he speaks Taqrasht and not Tarifit. There are significant populations of Riffians in France. the underlying form of the word is written here. Many r's are also dropped in their dialect. one dialect of the Tarifit Language is called Tarifit. . Amazigh:Tarifit is an Amazigh (or Berber) language. and Riffi. Speakers or students of the language can say the words as they like. A member of the tribe of the Ibeqquyen would say he speaks Tabeqquyt. but in a work of this nature.000 in Morocco. When speaking in general terms. They are located in the Al Hoceima area of north-central Morocco (see map further below). Al Hoceima could be considered the cultural heart of the Rif. then one can assume it is from one or more of the clans of the Ayt Waryagher. Tarifit is both the general name for the language of the Riffian people and the name of one of the main dialects of Riffi. Words can and do change from one clan to another. though. for example. for example. Tarifit: Most speakers of Tarifit live in northern Morocco.000 in Europe and around 1. but the main dialect dealt with in the dictionary at this web site is that of the Ayt Waryagher. Some of the information presented here is taken from David Montgomery Hart's landmark ethnography called The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (1976). This division is based on linguistic similarities among the members of these three groups. Linguistically. This map is mainly based on Sarrionandia and Ibáñez's work. and eastern. and the eastern dialects are 11-15. . Hart puts the Tarifit-speaking tribes into four dialectical groups: 1) northern and southwestern Ayt Waryagher. 3) Igzennayen and the Ayt Tuzin. it does discuss in some detail the other Riffian tribes in the area. Ibáñez's main work on Tarifit is called Diccionario Español-Rifeño (1944). Ayt Bu Ayyash and the Jbel Hmam area). See the map below to help understand the dialectical situation of the Rif. and Ayt Ittef. The Ayt Settut are not mentioned by Sarrionandia and Ibañez. The central dialects are 5-10. Pedro Sarrionandia at the turn of the century and by Rev. but many of them now speak Tarifit. Sarrionandia and Ibáñez divide the Riffian dialects into three groups: western. Although it concentrates on the tribe of the Ayt Waryagher. Ayt Amart. Esteban Ibáñez in the 1940's. This book is the main anthropological work done on the Rif. central. 4) Tamsaman and the eastern tribes.e. They are in the area around the town of Zayo. Some good information can also be found in Carlton Coon's 1931 book Tribes of the Rif and in a few other books named at the bottom of this page. Ibeqquyen. They are an Arab tribe. The western dialects are numbers 1-4. 2) southeastern Ayt Waryagher (i.. Extensive linguistic work was done on Tarifit by the Catholic priest Rev. 1994: Etudes et documents berbères (INALCO: Paris. Deporte. 2004). "Étude sur les Dialectes Berbères du Rif Marocain. Castellanos. A Tarifit Berber-English Dictionary: Documenting an Endangered Language (The Edwin Mellen Press: New York. La vegetación natural del norte de Marruecos y la elección de especies para su repoblación forestal (Servicio de Montes: Larache. . Carelton Stevens. 2002). .2007: Lafkioui. Pedro. . Esteban. Los izran: expresión poética y símbolo de la mujer rifeña (GRANADA LINGVISTICA: Granada. La flora silvestre de Melilla (Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla. 1925). 1994). Ayt Buayyash. and the Iqerayen (Nador area).1949:Ibañez.2003: Juan Antonio González García. and José M. See http://www. These sub-tribes can be divided even further into many clans. Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Madrid. Igzennayen. Étude sur les Dialectes Berbères du Rif: Lexique et Notes de Phonétique." in Actes du Onzième Congrès International des Orientalistes. Educación. 1995). Germany. Mohamed. 1976). 1926). Tribes of the Rif (Peabody Museum of Harvard University: Cambridge. Juventud.1999: AWB. David Montgomery. Juan Ruíz.1994: El Aissati. Ayt Amart. Ayt Urishek (Ben Taib area). 1897 (Ernest Leroux: Paris. 1987). . Ibdarsen (Drioush area). Proverbes et expressions proverbiales amazighs: Le Tarifit (Hilal Impression: Oujda."Tira n Tmazight: Propositions pour la notation usuelle à base latine du berbère" (INALCO: Paris. Ekram. Spain. 1899). Houtsma Stichting: Utrecht. February 1997). south. Cabo Henández. 1999). y Turismo: Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla. The Netherlands. Mena (ed. Gramática de la Lengua Rifeña (Tipografía Hispano-Arábiga de le Misión Católica: Tánger. Koppe Verlag: Cologne. . Naït-Zerrad and Salem Chaker. The land they inhabit is mostly rocky and mountainous. . 1956).1987: Cadi.1976: Hart. and Ayt Hadifa. Système verbal rifain: formes et sens (SELAF: Paris. and H. Banhakeia. . Abderrahman. . 1. Huberto García Peña. open. These are the conclusions from a workshop held June 24-25.1944: Ibañez. 1996. C. "Propositions pour la notation usuelle à base latine du rifain" (INALCO: Paris.1925: Sarrionandia. and rolling country. 1931).0 (AWB: Utrecht.1996: Chaker.1926: Justinard. . 1994). v. Ayt Ittef.1917: Biarnay. . F. . Morocco. . 1998). Diccionario Rifeño-Español: Etimológico (Instituto de Estudios Africanos: Madrid.Geographically. v. Ayt Said (Dar Kebdani area).amazigh. 1949). These are the acts from a roundtable discussion that took place at INALCO in April of 1993.2000: El Ayoubi.nl/geografie/aithwayagher/ for a good description and map of these divisions (or see Hart. 2003). Ayt Buyahyi (Aaroui area). . Publications de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger: Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine. René. Bibliography . "Sur la notation usuelle du berbère – Eléments d'orthgraphe. El Molghy. Ayt Tuzin. Atlas linguistique des variétés berbères du Rif (Rudiger. and east of the port city of Al Hoceima: Ayt Waryagher. Clive. Esteban. There are several eastern Riffian tribes and they inhabit the land from Midar to Melilla: Tafarsit (part of the Ayt Tuzin).1997: Lafkioui. Les Merveilles du Rif (M. .1998: K. 12. MA. . The central Riffian tribes inhabit the country to the west.1998: M. 1944). Ishebdanen (Kebdana area). Leopold V. . The Ayt Waryagher can be divided into five main sub-tribes: Ayt Yusef u-Ali/Ayt Ali. Hart divides the Tarifit-speaking tribes into two main groups: central and eastern. These are the acts from a roundtable discussion that took place at INALCO in April of 1993. . 2004). 1917).2004: Hamdaoui. Tilmatine. A. . pp.1995: Etudes et documents berbères (INALCO: Paris.1931: Coon. La Lengua Rifeña (Consejería de Cultura. . Mena. LIV (Ernest Leroux: Paris. 250-252). Manuel de Berbère Marocain: Dialecte Rifain (Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner: Paris. These tribes inhabit flat. Th." . Nessawal Tmazight: Let's Speak Tamazight (Vereniging ADRAR voor Tamazight Kultuur en kunst: Nijmegen. . This is volume 16 of the series Berber Studies. Morocco.1899: Basset. AZ. Imrabeden.2004: McClelland. Mimoun. Kaddour. . Ayt Abdallah. v. S. . and the Tamsaman. 2007). Rif 2000 Dictionary v." This is an orthography written up for Chleuh and based on the INALCO documents. M. 2000). Salem.1956: De la Torre. Conclusions from a roundtable discussion on the standardization of Tarifit orthography which took place at INALCO in Paris on Noveber 21-23. Ibeqquyen.). The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif (The University of Arizona Press: Tucson. .2002: Hamu Haddu. 1996 at INALCO in Paris called "Problèmes en suspens de la notation usuelle à base latine du berbère. 1996). 11. Diccionario Español-Rifeño (O. Abbreviations Table of English Abbreviations Eng adj adv ANAT AS AT aux AW BOT BQ col conj const English adjective adverb anatomy Ayt Sider Ayt Tuzin auxiliary verb Ayt Waryagher Botany Ibeqquyen collective conjunction construct/bound form of a noun Español adjetivo adverbio anatomía ayt sider ayt tuzin verbo auxiliar ayt waryagher botánica beqquyen colectivo/a conjunción estado de anexión de un sustantivo demostrativo/a dirreccional etcétera femenino figurativo estado libre de un sustantivo modismo interjección interrogativo/a ayt iznasen literalmente masculino sustantivo ornitología plural preposición pronombre ‫العربية‬ ‫َة‬ ‫صِف‬ ‫َرْف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫بني سيدل‬ ‫بني توزين‬ ‫ِد‬ ‫َاع‬ ‫ُس‬ ‫فعَل م‬ َ ‫بني ورياغل‬ ‫نبات‬ ‫بقوية‬ ‫َمْع‬ ‫َة الج‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َطْف‬ ‫َرْف ع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫َابي‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم اإل‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َة‬ ‫َار‬ ‫ِش‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫صِف‬ ‫َاد‬ ‫تع‬ ِ ْ‫ِب‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ِه‬ ‫ِر‬ ‫ِلى آخ‬ ‫ إ‬،‫الخ‬ ‫َث‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ُؤ‬ ‫الم‬ ‫ِي‬ ّ ‫َاز‬ ‫مَج‬ ‫َاب‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم غير إ‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫تعبير‬ ‫ُب‬ ‫َة التعج‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َام‬ ‫فه‬ ْ ِ‫ِسْت‬ ‫ِير اإل‬ ‫ضم‬ َ ‫بني سناسن‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ِي‬ ‫رف‬ َْ ‫ح‬ ‫َر‬ ‫ذّك‬ َُ ‫م‬ ‫ِسْم‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ علم الطيور‬:‫طيور‬ ‫جمْع‬ َ ‫َر‬ ّ ‫َرْف الج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ِير‬ ‫ضم‬ َ dem dir etc fem fig free idiom interj interr IZ lit masc n ORN pl prep pron demonstrative dirrectional etcetera feminine figurative free state of a noun expression interjection interrogative Ayt Iznasen literally masculine noun ornithology plural preposition pronoun . Eng QR rel sg sl v vi vt English Iqerayen relative singular slang verb intransitive verb transitive verb Español Guelaya relativo/a singular argot verbo verbo intransitivo verbo transitivo ‫العربية‬ ‫قلعية‬ ‫ُول‬ ‫َوص‬ ‫ِسْم الم‬ ‫إ‬ ‫َد‬ ‫ُفْر‬ ‫م‬ ‫َة‬ ‫َي‬ ‫َام‬ ‫َة ع‬ ‫َان‬ ‫َط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫فعْل‬ ِ ‫َد‬ ٍ ‫تع‬ َُ ‫فعْل م‬ ِ ‫َد‬ ٍ ‫تع‬ َُ ‫فعْل غير م‬ ِ Esp adj adv ANAT AS AT anex Español adjetivo adverbio anatomía ayt sider ayt tuzin estado de anexión de un sustantivo English adjective adverb anatomy Ayt Sider Ayt Tuzin bound form of a noun ‫العربية‬ ‫َة‬ ‫صِف‬ ‫َرْف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫بني سيدل‬ ‫بني توزين‬ ‫َابي‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم اإل‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫بني ورياغل‬ ‫َة‬ ‫َي‬ ‫َام‬ ‫َة ع‬ ‫َان‬ ‫َط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ِد‬ ‫َاع‬ ‫ُس‬ ‫فعَل م‬ َ ‫نبات‬ ‫بقوية‬ ‫جمْع‬ َ ‫َة ال‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َطْف‬ ‫َرْف ع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫َة‬ ‫َار‬ ‫ِش‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫صِف‬ ،‫َاب‬ ‫ِر‬ ‫إقْت‬ ِ ‫َرْف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ِه‬ ‫ِر‬ ‫ِلى آخ‬ ‫ إ‬،‫الخ‬ ‫َث‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ُؤ‬ ‫الم‬ ‫ِي‬ ّ ‫َاز‬ ‫مَج‬ ‫تعبير‬ ‫ُب‬ ‫َة التعج‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َام‬ ‫فه‬ ْ ِ‫ِسْت‬ ‫ِير اإل‬ ‫ضم‬ َ ‫بني سناسن‬ ‫َاب‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم غير إ‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ AW arg aux BOT BQ col conj dem dir etc fem fig mod interj interr IZ libre ayt waryagher argot verbo auxiliar botánica ibeqquyen colectivo/a conjunción demostrativo/a dirreccional etcétera femenino figurativo modismo interjección interrogativo/a ayt iznasen estado libre de un sustantivo Ayt Waryagher slang auxiliary verb botany/a Ibeqquyen collective conjunction demonstrative dirrectional etcetera feminine figurative expression interjection interrogative Ayt Iznasen free state of a noun . Esp lit masc ORN pl prep pron QR rel s sg v vi vt Español literalmente masculino ornitología plural preposición pronombre Guelaya relativo/a sustantivo singular verbo verbo intransitivo verbo transitivo English literally masculine ornithology plural preposition pronoun Iqerayen relative noun singular verb intransitive verb transitive verb ‫العربية‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ِي‬ ‫رف‬ َْ ‫ح‬ ‫َر‬ ‫ذّك‬ َُ ‫م‬ ‫ علم الطيور‬:‫طيور‬ ‫جمْع‬ َ ‫َر‬ ّ ‫َرْف الج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ِير‬ ‫ضم‬ َ ‫قلعية‬ ‫ُول‬ ‫َوص‬ ‫ِسْم الم‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ِسْم‬ ‫إ‬ ‫َد‬ ‫ُفْر‬ ‫م‬ ‫فعْل‬ ِ ‫َد‬ ٍ ‫تع‬ َُ ‫فعْل م‬ ِ ‫َد‬ ٍ ‫تع‬ َُ ‫فعْل غير م‬ ِ Español sustantivo relativo/a ibeqquyen ayt tuzin ayt iznasen ayt sider ayt waryagher anatomía modismo plural dirreccional preposición conjunción literalmente etcétera argot adjetivo English noun relative Ibeqquyen Ayt Tuzin Ayt Iznasen Ayt Sider Ayt Waryagher anatomy expression plural directional preposition conjunction literally etcetera slang adjective ‫العربية‬ ‫ِسْم‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ُول‬ ‫َوص‬ ‫ِسْم الم‬ ‫إ‬ ‫بقوية‬ ‫بني توزين‬ ‫بني سناسن‬ ‫بني سيدل‬ ‫بني ورياغل‬ ‫تشريح‬ ‫تعبير‬ ‫جمْع‬ َ ،‫َاب‬ ‫ِر‬ ‫إقْت‬ ِ ‫َرْف‬ ‫ح‬ ‫َر‬ ّ ‫َرْف الج‬ ‫ح‬ ‫َطْف‬ ‫َرْف ع‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ًا‬ ‫ِي‬ ‫رف‬ َْ ‫ح‬ ‫ِه‬ ‫ِر‬ ‫ِلى آخ‬ ‫ إ‬،‫الخ‬ ‫َة‬ ‫َي‬ ‫َام‬ ‫َة ع‬ ‫َان‬ ‫َط‬ ‫ر‬ ‫َة‬ ‫صِف‬ . There are irregular endings for both masculine and feminine nouns. or -an. In the plural. -yen. or u in the singular form.Español demostrativo/a estado de anexión de un sustantivo estado libre de un sustantivo estado libre de un sustantivo interjección colectivo/a pronombre interrogativo/a ornitología adverbio verbo verbo transitivo verbo intransitivo verbo auxiliar Guelaya femenino figurativo masculino singular botánica English demonstrative bound form of a noun free state of a noun free state of a noun interjection collective pronoun interrogative ornithology adverb verb transitive verb intransitive verb auxiliary verb Iqerayen feminine figurative masculine singular botany ‫العربية‬ ‫َة‬ ‫َار‬ ‫ِش‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫صِف‬ ‫َابي‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم اإل‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َاب‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم غير إ‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫َاب‬ ‫ِعْر‬ ‫ِسْم غير إ‬ ‫َة اإل‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ُب‬ ‫َة التعج‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫جمْع‬ َ ‫َة ال‬ ‫ِيغ‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ِير‬ ‫ضم‬ َ ‫َام‬ ‫فه‬ ْ ِ‫ِسْت‬ ‫ِير اإل‬ ‫ضم‬ َ ‫ علم الطيور‬:‫طيور‬ ‫َرْف‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫فعْل‬ ِ ‫َد‬ ٍ ‫تع‬ َُ ‫فعْل غير م‬ ِ ‫َد‬ ٍ ‫تع‬ َُ ‫فعْل م‬ ِ ‫ِد‬ ‫َاع‬ ‫ُس‬ ‫فعَل م‬ َ ‫قلعية‬ ‫َث‬ ‫َن‬ ‫ُؤ‬ ‫الم‬ ‫ِي‬ ّ ‫َاز‬ ‫مَج‬ ‫َر‬ ‫ذّك‬ َُ ‫م‬ ‫َد‬ ‫ُفْر‬ ‫م‬ ‫نبات‬ Tarifit Grammar : Here are a few tips about Tarifit grammar to help you the reader use this online dictionary. . Masculine nouns usually begin with a. Only enough is given to help you better understand the entries in the dictionary. ṯi or ṯu in the singular and end in ṯ. they also usually begin with a. It is far from a comprehensive grammar of Tarifit. In this dictionary. Nouns: Nouns are either masculine or feminine. The majority of these exceptions are loan words. ṯi or ṯu and usually end with -in or -yin. These are forms that are used in certain linguistic environments. construct forms are usually listed. gender is often marked for the nouns which do not follow the patterns mentioned above. i or u and usually end in -en. Most nouns have a special form which is often called the construct or bound form. In the plural form. In this dictionary. they also usually begin with ṯa. Feminine nouns usually begin with ṯa. i. This is a general rule to follow. The context of the utterance determines its meaning. The accent on verbs with a geminate consonant (doubled consonant) are especially likely to have exceptions to this accent rule. and the negative intensive. Numbers: Most numbers have come into Tarifit from Moroccan Colloquial Arabic. if any. Many words can be used as both adjectives or nouns. For the thirty or so verbs that are in the dictionary. They are not the numbers that most Riffis actually use themselves and neither would most Riffis understand them.Word order in Tarifit is normally VSO (Verb Subject Object). Verbs: There are only about thirty verbs so far in this dictionary. Derivation has to do with the process of how new words are derived from other ones (happy -> happiness. If the word only has two syllables.They are in parentheses in the entry. 2) when the noun follows a true preposition. Accent: Accent is normally on the vowel of the penultimate syllable (second-to-the-last syllable). These are the numbers that people actually use in everyday speech. continuous action. then the accent falls back to the vowel of the third to the last syllable." The "future tense" is usually formed with aḏ + aorist. then the accent falls on whatever vowel is found in the penultimate syllable. A word in the dictionary with a part of speech indicated as adj/n is a word that can act as an adjective or a noun. Stative verbs can appear to be adjectives. . so in a general way. but the above three are the main ones. present. etc. neologisms. the negative preterit. but they are really verbs and are conjugated like verbs. These are given in the full conjugation of the verb. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules and patterns for constructing phrases. This kind of study shows us how the words of a language fit together naturally to form units of meaning. Many verbs are still being worked on and will be added to the dictionary in good time and as they are ready. Adjectives: Adjectives are often similar in form to nouns except that they do not have construct forms. There is a future continuous as well. Berber languages do not have tense (past. Some linguists have proposed "purer" numbers based on other Berber languages. These are all given in the "he/it" form (3rd person masculine singular). but those numbers can only be found in some of the new books. happy -> unhappy). there is a paradigm of the verb conjugations for each one. he or she can be sure that it is a term used somewhere in one of the dialects of Tarifit. If the vowel of the penultimate syllable is a schwa (e). This dictionary gives the words that Riffis actually use in everyday speech. The citation form for most verbs is the 2nd person singular imperative (the "you" command form). Morphology: Morphology is the study of how words are formed in a language. it is to document common words and phrases used by Riffis in Morocco. these forms may be missing. news+paper -> newspaper). Before the paradigm in the verb entry. clauses. and 3) when the noun follows the conjunction ḏ (dh). future). And compounding has to do with the process of how two different words can be combined to form a new word (news+stand -> newsstand. It is not a made-up term. These five forms are given in this order: the aorist (or unmarked form). The three main topics discussed here are inflection. That is formed using aḏ + continuous. Stative verbs are not really preterit or continuous. there are the minimum five forms which can be used to conjugate all the other forms (for those who have the knowledge to do that). They have what is called aspect (completed action. Varying from the normal VSO order can signify a change in the meaning of a sentence. dog -> dogs). the intensive (a continuous or habitual action). you can look at the preterit as the "past tense" and the intensive/continuous as the "present tense. It may appear in a few other environments (like after bu-). so those are the numbers listed in this dictionary. It can often be SVO (Subject Verb Object) and it can have other orders as well. That can be a little hard to grasp. If the entry is not yet complete. The objective of this online dictionary is not to promote (or denegrade) neologisms. and sentences in a language. and compounding. but there are many exceptions. the preterit (a completed action). derivation. There are few. Inflection has to do with the process of forming variants of the same word (go -> goes. . The construct form of the noun is used most often in the following environments: 1) when the subject comes after the verb. There are also imperatives and participles. When a person uses a word or phrase from this dictionary.).