tap 6e ch28 - reform rebellion and reaction

Roark • Johnson • Cohen • Stage • HartmannTHE AMERICAN PROMISE: A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SIXTH EDITION CHAPTER 28 Reform, Rebellion, and Reaction 1960–1974 Copyright © 2015 by Bedford/St. Martin’s Distributed by W.H. Freeman and Company/Worth Publishers/Bedford/St. Martin's/Macmillan Education. Strictly for use with its products. Not for redistribution. Section 1 Liberalism at High Tide Learning Objective  Identify the ways in which liberalism was manifested in President Johnson’s Great Society. The Unrealized Promise of Kennedy’s New Frontier  John F. Kennedy  World War II veteran  House of Representatives 1946  Senate 1952  President 1960  age 43  “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” The Unrealized Promise of Kennedy’s New Frontier  The Other America  Michael    Harrington full-scale attack on poverty “New Frontier” November 22, 1963  assassination  Lee Harvey Oswald  Warren Commission  VP Johnson takes over The Election of 1960 The Kennedy Appeal  The freshness and glamor of the Kennedy administration are apparent in this photo of the candidate and his wife riding through New York City a few weeks before his election in 1960s.  The couple’s second child was born between his election and inauguration, further contributing to his youthful image. Johnson Fulfills the Kennedy Promise  Lyndon B. Johnson  Great Society  “unconditional war on poverty”  pushed through Kennedy’s tax cut bill  Civil Rights Act of 1964  discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal  Economic     Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start work-study grants Job Corps VISTA The “Johnson Treatment”  Abe Fortas, a distinguished lawyer who had argued a major criminal rights case, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), before the Supreme Court, was a close friend of and adviser to President Johnson.  This photograph of the president and Fortas taken in July 1956 illustrates how Johnson used his body as well as his voice to bend people to his will. Policymaking for a Great Society  Election of 1964 B. Johnson (D)   Barry M. Goldwater (R)  Lyndon  War on Poverty  food stamp program  rent supplements  Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965  Higher Education Act of 1965  Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965  National Housing Act of 1968 Policymaking for a Great Society  Medicare  universal medical insurance for the elderly  Medicaid  medical care for the poor  consumer activism  safer cars  high standards for food, drugs, & cosmetics  air & water pollution control  Vietnam War – diverted attention A Tribute to Johnson for Medicare  George Niedermeyer, who lived in Hollywood, Florida, and received a Social Security pension, painted pieces of wood and glued them together to create this thank-you to President Johnson for establishing Medicare.  Niedermeyer entrusted his congressional representative, Claude Pepper, known for his support of the interest of the elderly, to deliver the four-foottall tribute to Johnson. Assessing the Great Society        1959 -20% poverty 1968 – 13% poverty large increases in subsidies funded by economic growth, rather than new taxes no significant redistribution of income improved the lives of millions no victory in the War on Poverty Poverty in the U.S., 19601974  The shortterm effects of economic growth and the Great Society’s attack on poverty are seen here. The Judicial Revolution  Warren Court  Chief Justice Earl Warren  1953-1969   Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 Baker v. Carr, 1963  “one  Gideon V. Wainwright, 1963  right  person, one vote” to an attorney Abington School District v. Schempp, 1963  banned  prayer in public schools Miranda v. Arizona, 1966  suspects  informed of rights Loving v. Virginia, 1967  allowed interracial marriage Review Question  How did the Kennedy and Johnson administrations exemplify a liberal vision of the federal government? Section 2 The Second Reconstruction Learning Objectives  Identify the strategies civil rights activists used during the 1960s and describe Washington’s response.  Explain the rise of the black power movement and its influence on American society. The Flowering of the Black Freedom Struggle      Montgomery bus boycott, 19551956 Greensboro sit ins, 1960 Freedom Rides, 1961 Voter Education Project, 1962 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963    MLK Jr. “I have a dream.” Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 Selma to Montgomery marches, Lunch Counter Sit-in    Tougaloo College Professor John Salter Jr. and students Joan Trumpauer and Anne Moody take part in a 1963 sit-in at the Woolworth’s lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi. Shortly before this photograph was taken, whites had thrown two students to the floor, and police had arrested one student. In 1968, Moody published Coming of Age in Mississippi, a book about her experiences in the black freedom struggle. Civil Rights Freedom Rides, May 1961 Selma March   The 54-mile voting rights march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital, Montgomery, gained national attention because of the violent reaction to the marchers from onlookers and state officials. The protest helped get the 1965 Voting Rights Act through Congress, a measure that eventually rewrote politics in the South. Protest Banner   In the 1960s Americans carried banners to broadcast a variety of political positions. This pennant represents the black freedom struggle, which inspired a host of other movements. Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Rally    Fannie Lou Hamer and other activists rally at the 1964 Democratic National Convention, supporting the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in its challenge to the all-white delegation sent by the state party. Next to Hamer is civil rights lawyer Eleanor Homes Norton, and Ella Baker, who helped organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. In the straw hat is SNCC leader, Stokely Carmichael. The Response in Washington   violence against peaceful demonstrators broadcast worldwide Civil Rights Act of 1964  equal access to public accommodations, public education, employment, and voting  Voting Rights Act of 1965  federal intervention to enable African Americans to register & vote  Civil Rights Act of 1968  banned discrimination in housing & jury selection  authorized federal intervention to enforce The Rise of the African American Vote, 1940-1976  Voting rates of southern blacks increased gradually in the 1940s and 1950s, but shot up dramatically in the deep South after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided the federal agents to enforce African American’s right to vote. Black Power and Urban Rebellions     Watts riots, 1965 Newark & Detroit riots, 1967 Washington, D.C. riots, 1968 Malcolm X  black  pride & autonomy Stokely Carmichael  SNCC chairman  rejected integration & assimilation  black power movement  Black Panther Party for Self-Defense  combat police brutality Urban Uprisings, 1965-1968     When a white police officer in Watts district of Los Angeles struck a 21-year-old African American, who he had just pulled over for driving drunk, one onlooker shouted, “We’ve got no rights at all – it’s just like Selma.” The altercation sparked a 5-day uprising, during which young blacks set fires, looted, and attacked police and firefighters. When the riot ended, 34 people were dead, 3,000 were arrested, and scores of businesses had been wiped out. Similar but smaller-scale violence erupted in dozens of cities across the nation during the next 3 summers. Black Power    Black Panthers in San Francisco organized a number of community centers where they provided free breakfasts to poor children, distributed party literature, organized protests,, and operated “liberation schools” Here adults and children give the black power salute outside the Panther school in the Fillmore district in 1969. Such shows of militancy struck fear into many whites. Review Question  How and why did the civil rights movement change in the mid1960s? Section 3 A Multitude of Movements Learning Objective  Explain how the civil rights movement inspired protest movements among other groups, including Native Americans, Chicanos, students, and gays and lesbians. Native American Protest  American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968  Dennis Banks & George Mitchell  “Trail of Broken Treaties”  caravan to capital  occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs  Occupation of Alcatraz, 1969  abandoned federal prison  San Francisco Bay  occupied for 19 months  Wounded Knee incident, 1973  72-day siege  U.S. Marshals called in Native Americans Occupy Alcatraz Island  Beginning in November 1969, some one hundred Native Americans occupied Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. Calling themselves “Indians of All Tribes” to reflect their diversity, they demanded the deed to the island and the creation of an Indian university, museum, and cultural center.  Although failing to achieve their goals, they brought attention to the Native American cause and spurred further activism. Latino Struggles for Justice  Chicano movement  Cesar Chavez  Dolores Huerta  United Farm Workers Union, 1962  California grape boycott  “brown power”  “freedom schools”  La Raza Unida, 1970  the United Race  political party  cultural pride & brotherhood Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta    Under posters showing Senator Robert Kennedy and Mahatma Gandhi, Chavez and Huerta confer in 1968 during the United Farm Workers’ struggle with grape growers for better wages and working conditions. Chavez, like Martin Luther King, had studied the ideas of Gandhi, who used civil disobedience and nonviolence to gain independence for India. People across the country, including Robert Kennedy, supported the UFW’s grape boycott. Student Rebellion, the New Left, and the Counterculture  Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 1960  “New Left”  civil rights, peace, and universal economic security  “free speech” movement  University of California, Berkley  free speech  academic freedom  occupation spread to other universities  hippies  rejected consumerism, order, and sexual discipline  “sexual revolution” Anti-Establishment Clothing Fringed Jacket Bell-Bottom Jeans Halter & Shorts The Pill    Urged on by longtime birth control advocate Margaret Sanger and funded by Katharine Dexter McCormick, scientists discovered how to prevent ovulation. In 1960, the FDA approved the first birth control pill, which soon became the leading form of contraception for American women. This 1965 ad shows doctors how the Ortho-Novin Dialpack will help women remember to take the daily tablet. Review Question  What other movements emerged in the 1960s, and how were they influenced by the black freedom struggle? Section 4 The New Wave of Feminism Learning Objective  Define the origins of the feminist movement and identify its various strategies and criticisms of society.  Explain feminism’s achievements and the backlash it provoked. A Multifaceted Movement Emerges  National Organization for Women (NOW), 1966  Betty Friedan  feminists  “women’s liberation”  picketed Miss America in 1968  total transformation of society  Ms: The Magazine for Women, 1972  Gloria Steinem Ms. Magazine  In 1972, Gloria Steinem and other journalists and writers published the premier issue of the first mass-circulation magazine for and controlled by women.  Ms: The New Magazine for Women shunned the recipes and fashion tips typical of women’s magazine and instead featured literature by women writers and articles on a broad range of women’s issues. Feminist Gains Spark a Countermovement  Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)  1972 sent to state legislatures  defeated in 1982  Phyllis Schlafly  Roe v. Wade, 1973  the right to abortion  right-to-life activists  Title IX of the Educational Amendments Act of 1972  banned sex discrimination in education  admissions, athletics, & hiring International Women’s Year Tribune    Along with the official UN conference in Mexico City in 1975, nongovernmental organizations associated with the UN sponsored a tribune, where 6,000 women gathered. Participants expressed the conflicting priorities of Western women and women from developing countries, arguing over whether issues such as apartheid in South Africa and self-government for Palestinians were women’s issues. Despite their disagreements, most women left Mexico City enlightened and energized. Review Question  What were the key goals of feminist reformers, and why did a countermovement arise to resist them? Section 5 Liberal Reform in the Nixon Administration Learning Objective  Describe the ways in which liberalism persisted during the Nixon administration. Extending the Welfare State and Regulating the Economy  Nixon administration  liberal policies  Social Security, housing, & food stamps grew  Pell grants  “stagflation,” 1970  6%+    inflation & unemployment gold standard abandoned, 1971 dollar devalued energy crisis Nixon’s 1968 Campaign  Attempting to appeal to a broad spectrum of voters, this poster includes the liberal Republican Nelson Rockefeller and the conservative Barry Goldwater.  While Nixon’s slogan “Champion of Forgotten America” spoke to whites alienated by Great Society programs for minorities and the poor, the poster’s inclusion of black Republican senator Edward Brooke and basketball player Wilt Chamberlain gave a nod to African Americans. Responding to Environmental Concerns  environmental movement    Biologist Rachel Carson         conserve energy protect nature & human beings Silent Spring, 1962 harmful effects of DDT Earth Day, April 1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1970 Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA), 1970 Clean Air Act, 1970 Clean Water Act, 1972 Endangered Species Act, 1973 Earth Day 1970    Building on the success of teach-ins about the Vietnam War, Democratic senator Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin came up with the idea of Earth Day “to shake up the political establishment and force this issue (environmentalism) onto the national agenda.” As a result, on April 22, 1970, some 20 million people participated in grassroots demonstrations throughout the country. Above are demonstrators in New York City. Expanding Social Justice  affirmative action  federal contractors and unions   government contracts to minority businesses Twenty-sixth Amendment  lowered   voting age to 18 Title IX public support for justice to Native Americans  restored tribal status  restored tribal lands Review Question  How did liberal reform fare under President Nixon?