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SURVEY OF THE SOMALIFOOD INDUSTRY AND ITS 4BtLlTY f 0 IMPROVE UTILlZATION OF LQCAL FOODS BY GLENN W. PATTERSON & HASSAN NOOR FAHlYE FGR U. S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONTRACT NO. 649-844132-086 MOGADISHU NOVEMBER 1984 BEST AVAILABLE COPY SURVEY OF THE SOMALI FOOD INDUSTRY AND ITS ABlLlfY TO IMPROVE UTILIZATION OF LOCAL FOODS BY GLENN W. PATrERSON 8 H A S A N NOOR FAHIYE FOR U. S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT CONTRACT NO. 649-844132U81 NOVEMBER 1984 . . . . . . . . . . I T A B L E O F C O N T g . s N . T Page Preface Introduction .............................................. ..................................... i 1 2 Purpose. Objectives. Scope of Work Methodology ................ Overview of the Somalia Food Industry ......................................... tonsumption/Marketing .............................. Background 4 Production of Locally Grown Foods Imports Existing Food Processing Operations New Food Processing Possibilities Recommendations Bibliography .................. 6 ......................................... . 13 ................ 14 .................. 19 ..................................... ....................................... 29 5 23 Food Industry Survey Results and Recommendations A EDIBLE OIL 3 GRAIN MILLING C PASTA D BAKERIES E DAIRIES VINEGAR F .......................................... ........................................ .................................... ............................... ........................................ .........**.*..................... A 1 3 1 C 1 D 1 E l w . F 1 H 1 1 1 B I FRUIT BEVERAGES J K L M ...................................... CONFECTIONERIES ................................ FRESH WATER FlSH ............................... FRESH FOOD PRESERVATION AND STORAGE ...................................... PACKAGING ..........................**.......... N ............ J 1 K 1 L 1 1 N FOOD INDUSTRY SUPPORT SERVICES ................. N 1 it w a s l e a r n e d that l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n was a v a i l a b l e to g u i d e them and other agencies on p o l i c i e s . skills and facilities. Many studies..nil t h e Somali government are a c t i v e l y addressing the problems o f t'hese industry segments. The M i n i s t r y of F i s h e r i e s should bz contacted r e g a r d i n g particulars on f i s h processj. No known studies ha. C o n s u l t a n t s Glenn Patter- son and Hassan Noor Fahiye were asked t o survey t h e food i n dustry t o o b t a i n up t o date industry d e s c r i p t i o n and develop recommendations f o r ways t o h e l p improve and expand its a b i l l t y to use as many local resources as possible.ve been done s p e c i f i c a l l y looking a t the food industry's c a ? ~ .:. outputs. S i L i t i e s .y upgrading p u b l i c operations. programs o r s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t s aimed a t strengthening t h e Somali food i n d u s t r y .PREFACE In discu~aionsw i t h USAID s t a f f i n Mogadishu.ng and Min- istry of Industry f o r meat and sngsr. ion In a d d i ~ - international agencies. progress r e p o r t s etc. meat p r o c e s s i n g and large scale sugar m i l l i n g were n o t surveyed. I t w a s felt lack of t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a l s o has i n h i b i t e d the Somali government from making better d e ~ i s i o n s on how t o assist the indust r y t o make the desired shift to increased participation of the private s e c t o r and possib1. inputs. domestic and import competitio~and prqblems preventing g r e a t e r u s e of l o c a l f o o d s . foreign icvestors . S p e c i a l a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d thanks must be given to the . Three segments: ccean fish p r o c e s s i n g . have been done t o give good historical and n e a r l y up t o date s t a t u s of these operations. Abdullahi Moharned Yusuf Director of Private Sector Department M i n i s t r y of Industry Mogadishu 2. Lafoole Somali National University Mogadishu 5. Sujatha Krishnan Research Assistant P. Box 2 9 2 5 Mogadishu Phone 22979 4. Hassan Farah Warfa Research Assistant College of E d u c a t i o n . 0. B.following persons who assisted greatly in the research and writing of this report: 1. Ms. MS. 0. Box 2 4 Mogadishu Phone 2 0 4 0 1 . Roy Choudhury - Editor P. A l i O m e r Sheego Director of Public Sector D e p a r t m e n t Ministry of Industries Mogadishu 3. Objectives: A. quantity and seasonal availability of presently grown or harvested foods which are or could be processed/preserved using different levels of technology and p r o d u c t i o n capacity. TO develop recommendations for other food p r o c e s s i n g / p r e s e r v a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s which are n o t p r e s e n t l y used o r used to a very limited degree. I d e n t i f y t y p e . nutritional improvement and import substitution. I d e n t i f y future plans for increased prosuction or presently grown or harvested foods or new food resources which could be processed/preserved. Identify q u a n t i t y and type of importeii foods which . 4. B. C. TG develop recommendations for food processing/ preservation interventions which could better u t i l i z e l o c a l l y a v a i l a b l e food i n d u s t r y f a c i l i t i e s . To determjne what foods harvested or planned for f u t u r e production could b e p r o c e s s e d / p r e s a r v e d for domestic consumption or export. To determine present food processing/preservation related capabilities and problems inhibiting expansion o r increased output of f a c i l i t i e s . D. C.INTRODUCTION Purpose: To explore t h e ability of t h e Somalia food industry to improve utilization of locally available foods for income generation. Scope of Work: A. Formal ar. D.d informal interviews w e r e conducted to learn what Government. and condition of the f a c i l i t i e s and equipment of existing food industry operations. E. utilization. Identify food process~ng/preservation related I problems and other factors (lack of skills.now compete against the present Somalia food industry or which could be partly or completely locally processed/preserved using ail or nearly all local resources and capabilities. ment. H. Identify type and quantity of processed/preserved food now produced anti capability. etc. ) which curtail the capability of certain portions of the food industry to produce more. Develop recommendations on possible food processing/ preservation interventions which would better utilize e x i s t i n g operations and skills. F. inter- . Develop a bibliography of e x i s t i n g reports and list of contacts to guide future in-depth studies and projects. equip-. Methodology Information and statistics presented in this report were taken from three sources (a) i n t e r v i e w s (b) market studies and (c) l i b r a r y research. Develop recommendations on food processing/preserva t i o n interventions not now utilized b u t offer potential. G. differect and better quality prod-acts and services. USAID. The second section is divided into 1 4 parts o n e for each type of food processing done and/or allied industries.n a t i o n a l agencies and private businesses axe presently doing. wholesalers. Somali Development Bank. World Concern. and H a r g e i s a . raw material production. past. is information on consumption/marketing. and over 75 private sector businesses in Mogadishu. Each part is m e a n t to be self-contained to serve as a basis for future study. UNDP. N a t i o n a l Trading Agency. present and future status of processing done. Commerce. . SALT-USA. a summary of present food i n d u s - try operations and future possibilities. Afsicare. Industry. Agricultural Development Corporation. Jowhar. problems encountered and future plans related to the food industry. Discussions were held with Ministries of Agricul- ture. public sector factory managers. a general overview of the food industry. ILO. prices and the general market system for local and imported processed foods. imports. imports. and recommendations applicable to the e n t i r e industry. GTZ. UNICEF. This report has two sections. raw food resources. Included. includes background. FAO. A m a r k e t s u r v e y was conducted of importers. Health. where applicable. Library research was also carried out to locate s u r veys and reports relating to the food industry and to obtain additional background statistics and information. The first. Afgoi. and Planning. open raarket vendors to learn more about products. recommendations. OVERVIEW OF THE SOMALI FOOD INDUSTRY Background 1 I . t o encourage import substitution t h e r e b y reducing t h e adverse trade imbalance. < . Shalambod and Mogadishu. some cotton gins and oil mills is Jammaame. With the October 1969 R e v o l u t i o n . The only industries existing before independence were t h e Jowhar Sugar factory. .o t h e r processing possibilities.- When t h e Somali Democratic Republic was formed from t h e . In 1 9 6 0 . bibliography: contacts and appendixes.* . the Government looked at industrialization to boost overall production. I n some cases t h e country lacked the knowledge and skills t o u n d e r t a k e proper pre-project planning and formulation t o e n s u r e profitability of t h e enterprise and these projects saw l i t t l e success. it inherited virtually no industrial development. objectives were: The main - t o raise t h e standard of living/provide employment opportunities. Gelib s t a t e farms and t h e Laskoreh fish factory w e r e s e t up. i Italian Somaliland i n July 1 9 6 0 . t o boost production t o satisfy domestic demand f o r rnanufactured/processed goods.-. - t o make maximum use of l o c a l resonrces in a l l fields. Sopral meat factory. a few p r o j e c t s such a s t h e Tugwajale wheat p r o j e c t .. ---. All existing enterprises w e r e nation- alized. A g e n c i e s l i k e the ADC and ENC were set up to control domestic and foreign trade. This resulted i n an increase in producer prices l e a d i n g to a substantial . however. The ADC (Agricultural Development 3rganization) was founded in 1967 as the sole purchasing agency for ~ i z and e sorghum and w z s also responsible f o r providing farmers with the necessary inputs. export. Purchase and sale prices were fixed for a number of items to ensure availability of cheap basic consumer goods. for import. also a number of new enterprises w e r e established so that investments and projects could be channelled into socially desirable projects. Nearly all the enterprises were oriented The idea was to process indigenous to the domestic market. the government launched a new liberalization policy in favor of private ventures and curtailed the functions of the public agencies. etc.5 - The government focused its development policy initially in the pcblic sector. materials to provide the people with consumer foods and semimanufacturers. The ENC (National Trading Agency) was founded i n 1962 as the sole controller of imports and exports of basic consumer items suck as cereals. proved unsuccessful. Prices in particular of food showed very h i g h i n f l a t i o n r a t e s d u r i n g the 1970s. This measure.. sugar. storage and domestic marketing. To stem this undesirable trend. increase i n p r ~ d u c t i o nbetween 1 9 8 0 and 1983 because earlier producers such as farmers had to sell their produce only to ADC at f i x e d prices which at times of unfavorable conditions When prices were l i b e r a l i z e d were less than t h e i n p u t costs.8 million for private sector investment and of the industrial investments approved that year t h e p r i v a t e sector received 4 6 . Thus the Somali Development Bank allocated in 1 9 8 2 about So. to productive i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y . . 28. In the present Five Year Economic and Social Develop- ment Plan (1982-1986) Government industrial development policy clearly underlines the promotion sf p r i v a t e industrial activity t o encourage and allow private entrepreneurship and investment. 5 % . Support is given where u r g e n t problems e x i s t and r a p i d results might be expected. The objectives are to divert sizable p r i v a t e investment from the traditional sectors. - large size industrial units in the public sector mainly resource-based agro-industries. such as transporta- tion. Today the existing industrial enterprises can be put i n t o t w o broad c a t e g o r i e s : - small and medium size industrial u n i t s in the private sector m a i n l y processing imported and local semi-finished inputs '. Sh. together with freedom to farmers to sell in o t h e r markets. production increased. depending on local conditions. Possible areas of direct and indirect promotion that is given to small/medium size enterprises are:- - Credit Finance: The Somali'Development Bank extends up to 75% of t h e initial investment to some productive industrial units in the p r i v a t e s e c t o r . Im- port substitution industries are needed to minimize the . Like all developing countries. and the consumer may have preference for the imported products. Medium units in the private sector industries may be given tax r e l i e f f o r the f i r s t years i f financial problems a r i s e . The Government. - Tax Relief: Practically all enterprises are able to avail themselves of tax incentives on production. Most of t h e operating units in the urban areas have benefited f r o m this credit financing. imposes a protective tariff to increase the price of imported products or if necessary imposes quotas to restrict entry to the local market. - Protective Tariffs: It is common experience that l o c a l industrial products may not be able to successfully compete with similar imported items in khe l o c a l market beczuse of poor labelling. it will be profitable to use indigenous raw material resources as far as poszible. Somalia is in the e a r l y stages of development and offers industrial development opportunities in a wide variety of fields to meet the existing r n a r ~ e tdemands. tax and customs exemption on imported raw materials and semi- finished goods. Naturally. therefore. g. Increase in consumption will inevitably lead to i n c r e a s e i n demand b u t i f past and present trends are any i n d i c a t i o n . T h e main manufacturing branches for import substitution are those for which there is a r e s o u r c e b a s e . p a r t i c u l a r l y women. The r a t i o of food imports t o total export earnings in 1 9 8 2 was 96. f u e l c o s t s etc. and mobility. Consumption/Marketing Consumption of nearly all p r o c e s s e d foods i s expected to increase for t h e following reasons. One of the quidel~nesof the government industrial policy is the concept of import y s u b s t i t u t i o n . - Rxposure to Western and other developed c o u n t r y f o o d s . likes. w i t h t h e domestic market failing to satisfy consumer demands. Till date. have less t i m e for food p r o d u c t i o n . 2 % of t o t a l gross import in 1 9 7 9 to 2 3 .8%. the import of foodstuffs has increased s h a r p l y in recent years from 1 2 . It seems f a i r l y positive that investments i n t h e domestic . d i s l i k e s and efforts to i m i t a t e these. if not for others: - Increase i n p e r capita income. E f f o r t s t o look f o r more convenience in food preparation as more people. Changes in life styles with more persons moving towards nrban areas and away f r o m nomadic l i v i n g .import b i l l s . e. t a k i n g jobs. may also go up. 0 % in 1 9 8 2 and i s expected t o i n c r e a s e further. agricultural products. Cost of p r e p a r a t i o n . availability of resources w i l l be l a c k i n g t o a l l o w supply and subsequent consumption to meed demand. p o p u l a t i o n . These are aimed to increase domestic production especially agro-industry products and t o promote import substitution and export development. Government imports tariffs help to make t h i s possible through distribution and p r i c i n g policies regarding exports and imports and incentives for producers and processors. lower than imports (vegetable oil being one example t o the contrary). Wheat. The market s t r u c t u r e is many t i m e s very complex and d i f f i c u l t to trace. .rade available.food industry should prove fruitful if inputs from agriculture and necessary imports are . The primary m e r k e t objective is to produce and distribute locally processed foods of a quality and p r i c e which will encourage consumers to purchase local r a t h e r than imported foods. Many middlemen are involved i n moving precessed focds ~r even processed food ingredients from the initial processor to the ultimate consumer. The importation of many food and ingredients thrcugh the FRANC0 VFSUTO system and other means makes tracing that market structure even more difficult l e t alone c o n t r o l .. Prices of locally processed foods are usually. it i s understoodr passes thrcugh a t least five middlemen before pasta made from wheat flour and semolina is purchased by consumers. lable1 ROCESSED/ RESERVED 1 (3) (4) O i l Bearing crops 1 d I ! I / 1 Se salne -Cocorlut I i i -Sunfl-ower -Safflower C .o t t o n seed Grains m2cuLci~qnll+ s / / I II I 1 I / v Maize. green grams.-P r o d u c t i o n of Locally G r o w n Foods Table A shows while a v a r i e t y of foods are grown i n Somalia many are not b e i n g processed/preserved or offer potential for commercially viable food industry applications.. TABLE A PRINCIPAL S O L A Z I GROWN FOODS FOODS jCOMMERCSALLY 1 COMMERCIAL POSSIBILITIES -Small Done now (2 (Generally ava.-. Sorghum + Rice / Legumes Cowpeas. and soyabeans I I I 1 f L Animal l?roducts Milk-Cow lCameI Goat I / V ' / Mea t--Cow Camel I / ' bf I 1 I t I / G o a t + Sheep Chicken Fresh Water F i s h .i. FOODS (Generally available) Vegetables Beans f 1 I / Beets Cabbage c . / ' I 1 Cassava 1 ! cucumber r ~ g plant g I Lettuce Maize ( g r e e n ) Okra I 1 1 1I I r / f i / w ' !i I j P ' I I f i 1 / / Onion Pepper Potato (white Potato ( s w e e t ) Pumpkin Radish Spinach J i I / b ' ! 1 I / 4 Zucchine Pepper ( r e d ) 1i I v=/ I' / ! - Garlic 1 1 1 I ik-' . g .8 - 3. chicken. c e r t a i n vegetabfes. Sorghum 222 19 235 20 15 120 2. Maize 1981 142 1982 1983 235 1984 282 150 2 . s c u s s e d i n l a t e r parts of t h i s report. Rice 4 -. . g . Listed in column 4 are those which o f f e r less potential because they (a) are not available in sufficient quantities to justify t h e expense of processing. etc. and 3 are more f u l l y d i .Those foods listed in columns 1 . 9.g.(d) in t h e i r fresh forms are more acceptable to most consumers and nutritionally p r o v i d e more v i t a m i n s and m i n e r a l s t h a n their processed counterparts e. 51 4 57 59 NK 5. Sesame 6 . Fruits & Vegetables 3 5 Banana 69 535 102 72 500 83 85 NK 1 74 85 Note: a) Source - Ministry of Agriculture b) c) 1984 P r o j e c t e d y i e l d s NK - Not known . TABLE B PRODUCTION OF PRINCIPAL CROPS IN SOMALIA (Metric Tons 0 0 0 ) CROP 1. certain vegetables. e . certain vegetables.1 9 8 6 have not allowed i n c r e a s e s t o take place f o r a l l crops as r a p i d l y a s planned. g . 2.(c) require a high level of technology to produce safe p r o d u c t s e . Groundnut 7.5 144 3. tangerines. . - Production of principal crops shown in TabLe B indicates that t o t a l yields have increased f o r many crops but d r y weather and many other reasons p o i n t e d out in c h a p t e r 6 of the Five Year De reloprnent Plan 1 9 8 2 . o r a n g e s ..8 20.(b) are more cheaply processed or prepared at home.6 Sugar cane 420 8.2 2. Beans 8 33 10 5.. e . g a r l i c . Fixed vegetable oils + fats Essential oils 12. The food industry. IMP ORT S Value of imports for 1981/82.20 -41 . efficiently and effectively.Shs 1 Meat Dairy Fish cereals Fruit & Vegetables Sugar Beverages(non-alcoholic) Oil seeds.000 15.000 81.92 -10 13.500 2.etc.The Five Year Development Plan 1982-1986 describes the objectives and strategies to increase the production of the agricultural sector. Somalia has seen increases in production in the first half of the 5 year plan. and increasing yields through various agricultural improvement programs.000 38. needs to be geared to take advantage of that capacity by having the other necessary inputs: fuel. These will help to use the increased agri-ultural production.28 4. e t c . indicate some food categories which make up a sizable portion of the foreign exchange needed to import vital foods.000 71 1.000 2. having considerable capacity to use t h i s increased production. technical know-how.02 107 Note: Source: Ministry of P l a n n i n g These high imports may continue because of dry weather in spite of efforts to increasefood production through cui- tivating more land.82 1. cont a i n e r s . .Shs) 1982 Value (000) % (So. spare parts. shown in Table B. TABLE 3 Item IMPORTS O F F O O D S 1981/82 1981 % Value (000) (So.00 10. However.It is a.3% imported i n p u t was 8 . there a r e several foods grown here w h i c h offer good s u b s t i t u t e s for those imports - The 1 9 8 1 figures on domestic and imported i n p u t content i n food manufacturing support the view that g i v e n t h e necesssry b a c k i n g the locally grown f o o d industry i s capable t o m e e t i n g t o a l a r g e d e g r e e consumer demand. Whilst domestic inputs in the food manufacturing sector in 1981 was 91. While all of these are good sources of energy and to a lesser extent o t h e r nutriznts. EXISTING FOOD PROCESSING OPERATIONS Table C summarizing information about the existing food industry shows p e r cent utilization of i n s t a l l e d capacity t o be Low. vegetable o i l s and f a t s and dairy products.lso obvious that much effort needs to be put i n t o reducing thase high h a r d c u r r e n c y expendLture items such as cereals. . the private sector seems to make better use of capacity than the p u b l i c s e c t o r . 7 % . s u g a r . Mogadishu 1 1980 II 1. Mogadishu 2. Semol i n a . E'lour (~njeero) each 70-80 I I 70-80 1 1 i I 100 1416 1981 1981 Semolina ( I ) F l o u r (I) Long + Short Pasta 55 T/d Private 1 . i (PB) 1 I\ ! I 68 2-4 ea 20-35 1 I 1976 I Sesame seed (L) Sesame oil Sesame seed (L) i L t 50 TD 0 I Private Mills throughout Country GRAIN MILLING ADC (PB) 260-285 1 i Variable Sesame Oil each 8-10 T/d 30-60 4 1974 3 I 1 I ND ! 1977 L Maize (L) Sorghum (L) meit (I) Rice (L) . Bran 25-50 each 8-10 T/d each Polished r i c e Bran I 30-50 - Flour + Pasta Factory Mog.Mog. 1984 ~ypelownerof Operat ion EDIBLE OIL - i 1 1 Operations v Major ~ a w Products o ate rials i ' m I I I Capacity Used Oil Mill . Mogadishu 15 ! Semolina (I) Flour (1) If Short Pasta II to 2 ~ / d 2 T/d t 50-70 1 15 10 .TABLE C FOOD INDUSTRY. IN SOMAIJA SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS SEYT. ( P B ) I i I I1 Variable I Maize (. Meal. I) ghum (L) 2-1. 3 . (PB) (see a l s o pasta) 1 1 I I 200 1 1 1976 P r i v a t e Mills thraugho u t country 1 /200-250 I 1 ! i j Wheat: ( I ) \ Sar- Flour. Flour.. Bran I I I 100 ~ / d 2-4 ea PASTA F l o u r + Pasta Factory Mog.5~/d 1 I 50-70 0 - I U .0 ~ / d Meal (soor) . .molasses 14...) Dry milk (I) Dry milk (I) Milk Milk Cheese.125 o i l ( ~ + l ) ~ eta(I) Bread. Yogurt 22500 l / d NK NK 40-70 1985 Variable 28350 I / d Variable - 10-15 Cheese 15-20 Milk (L) Dry m i l k (I) 1 I Ice cream I I ea /lo-15 : Sugar (L +I) Ice Cream VINEGAR - Private 2 Variable Acetic Acid (I) Flavors (I) Vinegar 800/d 40-60 SUGAR JSP - I 1775 Juba (PB) 1 ! i i 1980 1927 Sugar Cane (L) Sugar Cane (I.1984 .0 I Tomato paste I TM 1 15-20 ' - 0 FRUIT ITOP (PB) 1 70 1972 Tomatoes (L) 150 T l d 20-30 .000 T/yr Sugar. s T/d Mogadishu (PB) 1 I I Hargeisa (PR) Private 1 NK NK 2-5 ea 1966 (see not?) Milk (I. pas tries 2-4 T/d 0.. 10-20 3-20 each NK Variable lour (I)Sugar (I) Bread cakes...5-5..molasses 65.. Sugar Cane (L) 1 Sugar.2-4 40-80 60-75 ! Private DAIRIES 20. alcohol 40..Table C contd.000 T/yr 50-55 SNAI-Jowhar (PB) 1 ! 1731 Private 3 18-10 e a t ! . Type/owner of Number uperacions Employees Start up date Major Raw Materials Yroduccs Capacity r~nstalled % Used Operat i o n BAKERIES Public 3 .) Sugar. . Panta. Sugar dL) .Table C C o n t d . d i s h (PR) j i i I ! I Sugar (1) Color (1) Essence (1) Flavor (1) Fruit flavored 150-260 1/d sugar syrups 1 175 75 1968 1981 Syrups (1) C 0 2 (L+I) Coke. . . ^ 750 case/ hr 84 case/ hr j I NK ! ' L (1) 11 Ginger .Hargeisa (PR) I 1 1 Pepsi. 2. Hard candy ( 6 flavors) 10 T/d 10-15 ~ssence(~). . .Fanta. . i 8 date Materials 1984 Mango (L) Mango juice 540 l / d 33-45 40-60 i I 1 10-15 NK BEVERAGES Coke-Moga-.Sugar ( I+L) F l a v ~ r(z+L) CSZ Sprite I L. ~ y p /owner of e Number Operations Employees Products I - Start up Major Raw capacity % Used Installed Operat ion FRUIT (contd. .Citric Acid(1) Colors (I) River fish (I) FRESH WATER FISH 1 NK ! Fresh. Teem Mirinda Pepsi.) Private 1. Mirinda 400 c a s e / hr 150-175 caselhr I j 70 i I !977 1985 Sugar (1) 1 coke-~argeisa (PR) ALBA (PR) I J 1 1 NK 30 Coke. . . .Teem. smoked I& NK presently catches about 1-2 T/d NK I I II dried f i s h . A p p l e Tamar inda I I j 60-75 ! I f CONFECTIONERY 4 II 1 40 ! i Private i I I I I 1974 II I 1984 I Glucose (11. . Sprite 430 case/ hr 40-60 20-30 30-50 Peps i-Mogad i s h u (PR) P e p s i . ..Table C contd. Sheep & Goats NK (L) NOTE: a) b) PB = Public owned.. Products Type/owner of Operat i o n Number start up 1 Major Raw Capacity Installed % ~sea date Materials 77 1960 Cattle (L) Cfinned beef. meat extract NK 0 -- I 303 1968 Cattle (L) I Mogadishu Slaughter House Private Same as Sopral 200 Aid + frozen meat 70-80 1 NK NK Sheep + Goats ( L ) .products and capacity and inforamtion based on projections after renovations are completed i n 1984. Cattle (L) Camel (L) Fresh meat 340 ~ / d . NK = Not known.. Operations Employees ... .. I = Imported Mogadishu dairy raw materialm... Fresh meat 50-70 3. . stewed steaks. g e l a t i n .10 1 Variable Cattle (L) Camel ( L ) . L = Local. PR = Private owner. These could produce extensions to existing Some of product lines or new products by new companies.Coconut oil Composite b a k e r y and pasta flours Bakery yeast Cheese rennet Fermented v i n e g a r Sugar of various grades to meet industry/consumer needs Dried fruit. imported raw rnzterials and expertisel information. . problens These include : - Lack of hard currency to purchase equipment. There are.New Food Processing Possibilities Primary emphasis should be p l a c e d on assisting t h e existing food industry to move production output closer to installed capacity. jams. spare p a r t s . other food processing operations which are not presently done but should be explored. jelly Citric acid Essential oils Pectin Confectioneries using more local materials ~ried/saltedfresh water fish Glass/plastic bottles and b o t t l e caps Problems Facing the Food Industry Most problems faced by the Somali food industry are not much different than those of other industries. the more important include:. however. - Lack of capital for initial investment and expansion. Bank loans are difficult to get, interest rates high and repayment terms difficult. - Lack of technical know-how, trained staff and i n f o r mation,necessary import inputs and export markets. Lack of some local r a w materials and infrastructure to obtain them. - Having to compete with retail and in some cases the wholesale market for raw materials and o t h e r necessary inputs thus increasing costs. - Frequent fuel. breakdown of e l e c t r i c i t y supply and lack of Lack of financial i n c e n t i v e s a c c o u n t f o r t h e shortage of qualified staff. - Public enterprises pay far too less to the producers to a t t r a c t adequate supplies. Recornendations S p e c i f i c recommendations are given for each processing sector described later i n this report. Below are general recommendations applicable to the entire food industry. A. Access to Hard Currency: - I t is fully realized that there is very limited hard currency for the large number of p e r s o n s / b u s i n e s s e s requesting i t . For this reason, the following recommendations are offered to h e l p make better decisions based on accurate and relevant information to justify issuing letters of credit (LC). 1 . Somali Government A c t i o n Review and update existing criteria for selecting LC r e c i p i e n t s . This criteria should include a c o s t / b e n e f i t analysis involving not only cost/ benefits to the immediate recipient but also those to local suppliers (farmers and other i n d u s t r i e s ) , merchants and consumers. For example, providing LC's to sugar factories to get equipment/spare parts for producing more sugar thus e n a b l i n g f r u i t processors needing sugar to utilize excess local fruits for making f r u i t j u i c e , jams, etc. which in turn will help reduce imports, create jobs and provide lower priced and possibly more nutritious p r o d u c t s to consumers. A s i m i l a r example can be given for importing wheat instead of f l o u r t o b e t t e r utilize existing m i l l i n g c a p a c i t y f o r producing f l o u r , semolina and bran which in turn increases u t i l i z a t i o n of bakery and pasta factories to produce lower priced, better quality products. The grain a l s o h e l p s feed animals leading to increased milk and meat production. 2. USAID Commodity Import Program (CZP) Action To make C I P more useful t o t h e food i n d u s t r y , technical and follow-up assistance should be provided to: a. Help specifically identify the quantity, quality and other s p e c i f i c a t i o n s necessary for imported inputs, b. Find suppliers in "free worldn countries or the U . S . w i t h emphasis given to "free world" purchases. c. Facilitate contacts with technical expertise and information to make good cost/benefit s e l e c t i o n s of i n p u t s and use of inputs once received. d. Increase C I P staffing to provide more i n - d e p t h assistance to those p r e p a r i n g proposals. This also includes s i t e v i s i t s to better judge justification for requests and ascertain h o w the requested inputs once received are used. B. Review existing Commercial Bank credit program and develop means t o b r i n g its procedures and objectives in line w i t h the country's development: policy of providing more assistance to the private sector. C. Set up a Somali consultant group to provide assistance to food industry members f o r preparing feasibility studies, conducting market research, providing technical assistance, facilitating contacts with government, i n t e r n - n a t i o n a l funding and j o i n t venture investment groups. D. R e v i e w needs of Ministry of Industry to see what s p e c i f i c technical, marketing, training and financial inputs are needed t o enable more and better assistance to be giver. w the food industry. E. Emphasis should be given t o assisting the following industries which offer potential for b r h g i n g most benefits to Somalis. - grain milling sugar . W. Raw and semi-processed foods will find markets easier because of less tariff restraints and lobbies in buying countries. G. C. Conduct export market research in Gulf States..: The Private Manufacturing Sector in . quality. 29p.M. Daoud. .October 14. semi-processed or processed products. Susanne Gura. vinegar. B. 1983. . Hummen. Bibliography A. Assessment cf the Food. 25 p. marketing system.: Back to Office Report - Syria. Gasten. ete. September 2 1 . F. Agriculture and Livestock Situation. I t a l y . of raw foods which c o d d b e / a r e processed. N .:Id. B. Conduct an up-to-date specific resource analysis to identify the types. amounts. January 1984. ~einarius. bakery. Jordan. beverage. Germany and possibly elsewhere to ascertain markets for raw. Report fox FA0 Mogadishu. FAO: SOMPLI DEMOCRATIC REPUSLIC - R e p o r t of the FAO/WFP Mission. Kenya. H. Explore feasibility of turning over public sector food processing operations not saking good use ef capacity t~ private sector investors/companies. L Assistance also makes more locally produced ingredients available to the local pasta. Somalia.- Fruit Packaging - Improving their capacity to produce more znd better quality helps reduce imports of products directly competing with these industries. and confectionery industries. N. Hippler. Somalia.426 December 16. Somali Ministry of Industry. 13. 140p. Somali Ministry of Industry. March 4984. 1983. E. M.based Industrial Development i n t h e Least Developed Countries No.: FA0 and Agricultural Development in Somalia. G. UNIDO: The Potential f o r Resource . German Development Institute. Septe&. SOMALIA. Conference on I n d u s t r i a l Development and Management Octohzr 4-6. 1 0 4 ~ .er 1984. Mogadishu. Mogadishu. Five 1986. 1982. 20p. K. Mogadishu. - Report on the Proceedings 1982. Somali Democratic Republic Year Development Plan 1982 369p. . 1983. Shawki. F. D. 263p. Investxent Promotion Conference - Report on t h e Proceedings. - Ministry of Planning. UNIDO/ 15. November 6-9. 9p plus annexes. 6 . 19 per litre.4 kg. For the corresponding period in 1984.00 for 1975.600 for 1984. 13. Whilst e a r l i e r reports used different per capita values. locally produced sesame oil s o l d fox So.3 kg. the prices were So. - about 3 % for population increases and 1 % f o r increased us_age due possibly to increased availability and more favourable prices. oilseeds and oilnuts. respectively. It is. Shs.000 for 1977 and 33. 100-110. the main users being from the urban and rural regions comprising of 24% and 26%.3 million with an increase of 3.4.part b : y. are relatively small users of edible oil. a more realistic estimate was made in 1977 of 6. In August 1983. Shs. per capita consumption. .import of crude oil. being nomadic. Shs. a variety of refined vegetable oils/fats . the population is now estimated at 5 . I 180-205 and So. however. 21. The estimate for 1984 assumed a population of 4 million with a growth rate of 2. consumption of 44. important to note that the increase in demand has affected the price pattern.05% per year.520 This gives an estimated metric tons and per capita consumption of 8. - local production ai mainly sesame oil. FA0 fore- sees an increase in demand of 3. 7 0 per l i t r e and imported vegetable oil for So.A EDIBLE OILS The demand for edible oil in Somalia is met.6% to 4.6%.in. reported in 1971 were 8 8 0 0 .5% per year . Consumption estimates of edible oil in metric tons. However. . It must be remembered that abotlt50% of the Somali population. respectively. Shs. 000 5.) when purchasing edible oils. TABLE A PRODUCTION IN METRIC TONS: PRINCIPAL OILSEEDS OF SOMALIA 1982 1983 Crop 1984 51.000 1984 Sesame Groundnut cotton seed 57.000 7.000 5. which runs from September to November and u s u a l l y has lower r a i n f a l l levels. b.400 4. the Gu and Dayr seasons.600 50. Source: Ministry of Agriculture . etc. Production of sesame seed and other principal oil seeds grown in Somalia is shown in Table A.000 Note : a.000 4. Cotton seeds are used m o s t l y as seedstock f o r replanting d. 1984 - estimated figures Groundnuts are not processed into o i l but consumed directly c. running from March to June. bottles. They purchase the locally produced sesame o i l d i r e c t l y from private manufacturers whilst the imported oil is purchased from retailers who buy in bulk from importers/wholesalers and in turn dispense it into the consumers containers in quantities ranging from 1 / 4 litre upwards.000 4.Consumers normally f u r n i s h t h e c o n t a i n e r s (cans. produces lower yields of sesame than the Dayr season.500 2.000 3.200 59. P r o d u c t i o n of Locally Grown Raw Materials There are two seasons of crop production. The Gu season. - Sunflower - A t present produced i n v e r y l i m i t e d quan- t i t i e s . shown i n Table 3 f o r 7987/82 show an increase i n t h e v a l ~ e of foreign exchange s p e n t . - Jojoba i s now grown i n small q u a n t i t i e s i n the Lower S h e b e l l e r e g i o n by a l o c a l businessman and i n n o r t h western Somalia but no p r o c e s s i n g is done a t present. but some have been planned. o n l y a s m a l l amount i s allowed t o mature to copra stage and s m a l l amounts of copra a-re processed to produce h a i r o i l . but a World Bank p r o j e c t i s e x p l o r i n g its potential i n the Lower Shebelle region (Kunton-warrey). y i e l d e d 5 quintals per h e c t a r e d u r i n g t h e l a s t 2 years. - Safflower - Under t h e same World Bank p r o j e c t a s sunIt flower.Other l o c a l l y grown crops which could be o r are minor c o n t r i b u t o r s t o o i l p r o d u c t i o n include: - Coconut - Almost t h e entire c r o p i s e a t e n i n wet. no domestic c u l t i v a t i o n s a r e kn-own t o be operating. it i s produced as a Dayr season crop. It is a dry land crop rotated w i t h cowpea. green o r w a t e r s t a g e . - C a s t o r beans - These grow w i l d i n many parts of Somalia.s. . Imports I m p o r t a t i o n s of f i x e d oils and fats. 047. 40.s.121.945 5.178 2.: NR : None Reported It should be noted that data f o r q u a n t i t i e s are not believed t o be as accurate as t h e d a t a f o r values.767.886 5.228 12.439.906.572. c.300.933.342 I Coconut o i l Fixed vegetable o i l .252.232.068.647 11 900.390 1 T 5.979 1 /18.127 NR NR NR NR 1.343 1 : 37.7.025. 1 1. I 1 Fixed vegetable o i l and fats 119.278 i29.s.834.061 ' ! n.e.336 Note: a.sn. 1983 and 1 9 8 4 import d a t a w a s n o t a v a i l a b l e a t t h e time this w r i t i n g . b u t imports are expected t o increase due to low . r e f i n e d o r purified i 1 1.507 . b.712 .322 .020 157. Data for 1 9 8 2 is believed to k not a s complete as t h a t f o r 1981. I Soya bean o i l 1 t ! I 54.6771 49.00 1.935 787.731 i : Cotton seed oil t 1 . 6.789 1 7.833 29.350. Source: M i n i s t r y of Planning N o t elsewhere s t a t e d n. crude.675.907 I . fluid or s o l i d .988 172.TABLE B 1981 /82 WORTS - FIXED VEGETABLE OILS + FATS 1981 1982 j QUANTITY DESCXIPTION OF ITEMS i VALUE (so.679.529 125.725. Tables 3 and C ( g i v e n later) a r e meant p r i m a r i l y to i n d i c a t e type of items i m p o r t e d a n d the data t o i n d i c a t e i n general some relative information on amounts w i t h i n each year and n o t between years.358. i 6.e.878 - 1.) I 1 (KG) I%?H.200 Gro~ndnut(~eanut) oil Sesame o i l Other f i x e d vegetable oils.843. 116. 102.rainfall resulting i n low farm p r o d u c t i o n . fixed vegetable a B oils e $ O i l s e e d s or k i n d s [ 5 used for e x t r a c t i o n 8 ' ! NR I . TABLE C IMPORTS OF OILSEEDS. shows t h a t a d e f i c i t of 1 0 9 .960 106. -* NR A 0 3 7 .215 7. OILNUTS Z I KERNELS 1981/82 QD DESCRIPTION OF ITEM Oil-seeds.610 Note: a. The import data shown on T a b l e B does not include the amount of edible o i l s imported f o r t h e refugee program.390 I Oil seeds and oleaginous f r u i t whole or broken of r i ii a kind used for .555 extraction of soft . Imports of oilseeds.) f 1982 QUANTITYjVALUE (KG) / (so. oil nuts and oil kernels 1981 i QUANTITY f VALUE ! (KG) / (SO-SH.SH.990 3.31. Source: M i n i s t r y of P l a n n i n g A UNIDO report i n 1983 outlining demand projections. . The r e d u c t i o n i n quantity i n 1 9 8 1 / 8 2 may have partly resulted f r o m a c e r t a i n p o r t i o n of r e f u g e e oil r a t i o n s being channeled back into the local market s y s t e m . t h u s reducing imports. 68. 0 0 0 metric t o n s of o i l s e e d s existed in 1981 and a deficit of 131.31.000 would exist for 1986.) I .077 !70. oil nuts and o i l k e r n e l s shown in Table C i n d i c a t e most a r e n o t u s e d f o r edible oil e x t r a c t i o n purposes. Processing - Past/Present/Future Somalia has for many years imported e d i b l e oil both cooking and salad oils to meet demand that local production could not meet.000 Other oilseed (safflower. . Though much progress has been made. cotton. .EXPECTED CONSUMPTION AND SOURCES OF EDIBLE OILS - 1984 Metric Tons Consumption (8.4 kilogram per capita 5.500 (estimate only) TOTAL Needed as imports Expected Title I + 11 i m p o r t s O t h e r imports needed This data c l e a r l y indicates the need to increase local oil seed p r o d u c t i o n . processing capacity and efficiency of presently operating'oil mills.3 million population) Local production Sesame 50.. According to available publications.000 metric tons at 40% oil yield 20. a l o t remains t o be accomplished. efforts to upgrade and expand the e d i b l e o i l industry in Somalia f i r s t began in 1 9 6 1 w i t h plans for a groundnut m i l l . Many studies and projects have been carried L o u t t o achieve self-sufficiency .. A c t i v i t y increased d u r i n g the 7 0 ' s and early part of the 80's as evidenced by: reports on production and processing of castor beans and . groundnut) 2. the public sector had m o n o p o l i s t i c control of a l l oil processing. sesame. c o t t o n seeds. R e s u l t s of both snrveps are expected to be available within the next four months. By 1983 the monopolistic c o n t r o l was reduced t o allow for price liberalization and the subsequent revival and expansion of p r i v a t e sector m i l l s . U n t i l 1981. A b r i e f s u r v e y of p r i v a t e oil mills in Mogadishu and discussions with the Ministry of Industry as w e l l as individuals knowledgeable a b o u t oil m i l l o p e r a t i o n s i n Somalia reveal a substantial increase in the number of oil m i l l s as shown in Table D. and an estimated 520 camel p o w e r e d . surveys and feasibility-studies of the entire industry and s p e c i f i c r e p o r t s on t h e p u b l i c s e c t o r factory i n Mogadishu. from farmers o r grow t h e m s e l v e s I n 1 9 7 1 there were 7 0 m o - torized mills in Mogadishu.other oil seeds. Small private oil mills were not encouraged and the only processing was what they c o u l d obtain. sunflower and c o t t o n seeds. The Agricultural Corporation was responsible for all marketing and off-farm s t o r a g e of c e r e a l grains. . sometimes i l l e g a l l y . reviews. 40 in other parts of the country. R e c e n t prefeasibility studies are: (a) for a public s e c t o r factory by t h e Arab Industrial Development Organization and (b) f o r a ~rivate company.m i l l s t h r o ~ g h o u tthe country. groundnuts. a. OSAKA. T a i w a n m i l l s made by Ching Tien Ta.- 1 . : c. LOCATION + PRODUCTION O i l M i l l Type Number 1 1 Location Approximate Production (quintals per 12 hour s h i f t ) . L i m i t e d . JAPAN- b. c. Japan nade I 40-50 30 I I W 50 j Mogadishu 3-4 I Other Regions i i i 3-4 3-4 H 52 H 54 1 ! 1 20 110 I I i Mogadishu 1 Mogadishu 6-7 1 . T A I P E I . d. Taiwan made . TAIWAN. factory) Mogadishu i 7-8 or more . Italian m i l l manuf ac-turer not determined. A n i m a l Powered 1 4 26 : i j Note: a. I t a l i a n made: . not known 1-2 d. 50-60 i Other R e g i o n s 6-7 X 130 b. j O t h e r Regions 1 7 -2 . .m i l l s made by Hander O i l Machinery Corp.TABLE D OIL - MILLS IN SOMALIA TYPE.. - J a p a n . 10 Mogadishu 7-8 7-8 or more 2 ! Mogadishu 2 I i i t I Afgoi Mugadishu (at public edible oil. There are four other expellers in the public o i l factory but t h e i r origin and production capacity were n o t determined.. NUMBER. Industries Co. d e ~ e n d i n gon availability of sesame and o p e r a t i n g condition of the expeller. 7000 to 8000 per quintal. The mills operate 180-200 days per year w i t h one or t w o s h i f t s . pump and motor. which need r e p l a c i n g every 1 to 4 years. Sesame seeds. This work has to be done by a spe- c i a l i t y workshop in Mogadishu. are imported through . The e x p e l l e r worm and collar need to be b u i l t up and remachined about 2-3 months at a cost of a b o u t So. Private Mills Most private mills use Japanese made HANDER model H54 screw type expellers and process a b o u t 6 quintals of sesame per shift. the major barriers to increasing production are problems with t h e parts on the expeller. Shs. collar a.A. staff usually includes: Operating the owner/manager.nd barrel blades. 1 0 0 0 . sand and other particles larger and smaller than the seed. Problems: Other than lack of raw materials. yielding 180 to 240 litres (30 to 40% extraction). Often sand remains and when p u t through the expeller causes excessive wear to the worm. especially that grown during the Gu season. No roasting or additional drying is done prior to expelling. Shs. pump or motor. now selling for So. . are purchased from wholesalers and farmers or are raised on the farms of the oil mill owners. an equipment operator and one or t w o other persons. In processing. filter. Lower o i l y i e l d s are a result of poor equipment and operational inefficiencies as well as low oil c o n t e n t of sesame. first t h e sesame i s sieved t o remove dirt. The b a r r e l blades or l i n e r s . sunflower. . the factory were to meet a capacity of 5 0 t o n s per day. tons. P u b l i c Sector M i l l There is one public sector e d i b l e o i l factory. s i n c e t h e last quarter of 1983 the factory has Based on a 300 day woxk year today. ?t w a s completed i n 1 9 7 5 and s t a r t e d p r o d u c t i o n i n January 1 9 7 6 w i t h an installed capacity of 20 metric tons per day in 3 shifts. In 1981-82 c r u d e o i l was imported to increase the output. located i n Mogadishu. it would use 15.a l o c a l importer. production dropped during the p e r i o d 1979-1980. T h e main problem w a s t h e equipment. Elec- tric ( 1 2 H P ) o r diesel ( 1 6 MP) motors have t h e usual p r o b l e m s o r maintenance and r e p a i r . Two HANDER H 5 4 operators said they could d o u b l e production i f spare parts were Less c o s t l y and thus more r e a d i l y available. H e says p a r t s are a v a i l a b l e nearly a l l the t i m e b u t a r e very expensive. Efforts were made However. l o w voltage and high diesel fuel costs and availability also reduce productivity. Electric power c u t s . prbducing 6000 tons of oil or about 13. B. due t o lack of s p a r e parts a n d / o r kncwledge t o repair them. most of which are second hand and very old. to increase production to 50 t o n s per day in 1 9 7 8 .000 t o n s of sesame seed. However.5% of the expected 1 9 8 4 consumption of oil. i f not o p e r a t e d at all. I n 1 9 7 6 the factory operated at 868 of its c a p a c i t y . c o t t o n s e e d and c o p r a . Some filter pumps are difficult t o repair l o c a l l y . to process sesame. reaching its highest level of p r o d u c t i o n . A v i s i t t o t h e factory and meeting with the managing d i r e c t o r i n d i c a t e d a need t o r e a s s e s s t h e factory's a b i l i t y t o compete a g a i n s t the p r i v a t e s e c t o r m i l l s . Some of t h e major problems o r c a u s e s f o r t h e factory's failure o r lack of success are: - lack of adequate equipment Major equipment p r e s e n t l y i n need of assessment and p o s s i b l e r e n o v a t i o n i n c l u d e 2 c o t t o n seed d e l i n t e r s , 2 seed c r u s h e r s , a v i b r a t o r y seed c l e a n e r , 5 e x p e l - lers (only 3 a r e o p e r a t i v e ) and oil f i l t e r i n g and r e f i n i n g equipment, (some of which was updated by FA0 i n 7 9 8 0 ) and 2 HANDER H 5 4 expeller which a r e used o c c a s i o n a l l y . - l a c k of s p a r e p a r t s lack of trained p r o f e s s i o n a l and technical personnel l a c k of a p p r o p r i a t e q u a l i t y c o n t r o l and s a n i t a t i o n programs - inadequate supply of raw materials, containers and packing materials - overabundance of old, o u t d a t e d equipment low price of So. Shs. 4 5 0 per quintal f o r p u r c h a s e of sesame caused farmers to s e l l t o p r i v a t e m i l l s and thus o b t a i n h i g h e r p r i c e s . One of t h e major problems in i n c r e a s i n g local edible o i l seed p r o d u c t i o n is lack of adequate production of oil b e a r i n g crops. Low yielding and shattering varieties, l o w r a i n f a l l , i n a d e q u a t e i n p u t s of s e e d s , f e r t i l i z e r , pesticides, e t c . , and poor pricing and c r e d i t system have all hampered increased production. The Ministry of Agriculture in i t s 1984 Annual Development Plan o u t l i n e s steps to overcome some of these constraints. In the private sector one Somali businessman has ordered two Indian made expellers capable of producing 1000/litres/day of sesame oil. A Somali importer has just imported 1 0 expellers from Taiwan (of which 3 have already been sold) and 40 Japaaese HANDER Model X 6 4 expellers. These w i l l sell for So. Shs. 422,000 and 1,100,000 respectively and will include filters and pumps but not motors. This importer also p l a n s t o start an edible oil factory in 1985 to process 15-20 tons of oil seeds/day. A prefeasibility study just completed for this factory can be available to parties interested in assisting in this venture. Plans f o r the f a c t o r y a l s o include a farm to supply sesame, groundnuts and sunflower seeds t o compensate f o r the present shortage of raw materials. Imports of sesame seed will continue until the farm can produce adequate quantities. The management at the public sector factory in Mogadishu wants a feasibility study conducted to determine what can be done to make the factory more competitive with private sector operators. Recommendations (in o r d e r of p r i ~ r i t y f A. Conduct market research t o determine up to date consumption levels, uses and crverall demand for all edible oils particularly cooking oils. Review present progress on current activities to increase oil seed production and assess future plans to determine c o n s t r a i n t s that may prevent objectives from b e i n g achieved. Determine inputs needed to overcome constraints. Determine cost-profit margins for farmers. Devise p r i c i n g systems which will encourage farmers to increase production. Identify ways to prevent imported oils from reducing local o i l mill processors (a) profit margin to unacceptable levels, and ( 5 ) their inability to purchase raw materials, equipment, spare parts, f u e l , etc. Conduct a needs/resource assessment of t h e p r i v a t e I sector oil mills to determine specific reasons for the low production of milling operations with a view to provide t e c h n i c a l assistance and training on how to operate, maintain and repair the equipment and improve yields. Explore feasibility of importing raw oil seeds acceptable to Somalis for better utilization of private sector operations. Determine feasibility of increasing production and diverting groundnuts and coconuts for oil e x t r a c t i o n . C a r r y o u t market research with concept and prototypes to determine acceptability of e d i b l e o i l s not presently familiar to Somali customers. For t h o s e not acceptable explore strategies to incorporate in the diet through p r o c e s s e d foods such a s confectionery p r o d u c t s , b a k e r y goods, ice creams, e t c . Survey existing uses of presscake to determine cost effectivenss of using solvent e x t r a c t i o n to remove a d d i t i o n a l o i l before f e e d i n g to animals. lubricants. for domestic use or export.I. etc. Bibliographx 1. Develop p l a n s for uses of these o i l s in items such as soap. Feasibility study on cotton ginnery and oil mill. Various pages. R e v i e w f e a s i b i l i t y study carried out for public sector oil factory to determine how adequately it is dealing with the problems of low productivity and competitiveness with the private sector. hair oil. 2. 1 9 ~ . If research findings are inadequate. British Cotton Growing Association: Somali Project. conduct a study. paints. medicines. K. January q979. Kermit: Market study of the e d i b l e o i l i n d u s t r y in Somalia. Mogadishu Afgoi-Mordille I r r i g a t i o n Agency 1973. December 1971. L. J. . 3. Explore potential of using under utilized e x p e l l e r equipment to produce castor and other oils not now being processed. Survey on supply and demand of edible oil Summary report. Mogadishu. -ZNDP/'CMIDO Project SOM/72/007 T e c h n i c a l Report. CITACO SPA: in Somali. Bird. 2 2 2 (also in I t a l i a n ) . Determine feasibility of a small cooker-extruder operation to obtain oil from imported unmilled rice bran. . Mogadishu. Berlin. FEE - CEE: P r o g e t t o oleaginese. Hippler. Gasten. 1973 (also in I t a l i a ) CITACO SPA: . Jordan. Somalia September 1 4 - October 1 4 . Present and future programs of the Somalia oil industry. Syria. T h e Private Manufacturing Sector Somalia.N: Back to Office Report. Hummen. CITACO. W. 29p. Considerazional S u l l e culture oleoginese i n Somalia in v i s i t a del programmato ragguingigmento del auto sufficienza e dei i avvio di ua o l e i f i c i o i n d u s t r i a l e . FAO: Development of Oil Seeds and Beans Production 1977 + June 1983 (note see FAO/Mogadishu Office f o r 1983 Reports). Mogadishu 1974. H. N. . Marienfeld. Rome.. Volume 4 - Agronomic Study. 1961. Meinarlus. Volume 3 - Hydraulics and Infra- s t r u c t u r e Studies. Volume 5 - . Volume - Basic Studies. German Development IFAGRARIA Executive Project for an agricultural v t e r - prise to produce c a s t o r bean and other oil seeds in the t e r r i t o r y of Audigle. 8p + 1 chart. CITACO SPA: Program of Interventions for the Develop- ment of O i l Beraring Crops. Capacity and 75 tons milled groundnuts in 2 4 h o u r s .CITACO SPA: CITACO SPA: Oil Bearing Project. Daoud. Febbraio Fritz. 2 Volume 1 - Summary. 1972. M . Suzanne Gura. 1 9 8 3 . Werner: Oil m i l l for g r o u n d n u t s . April 1975. 17p. 8 8 p. Volume 6 - Maps and Technical drawings. February 1 9 7 6 . John: Study of 5 0 Small Scale Industries which can utilize Local Raw Materials in Somalia. January 1984. Mogadishu. USAID/ Mogadishu. and Associates. D e c e m b e r 16. Terlizzi. 1976 2 p (short. Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadida ee Soornaaliya Warshadda Saliidda ee Xamar warbixin gaaban. Mogadishu. Mogadishu. Paul: Review of the oil seed industry sector in the Somalia Democratic Republic and a feasibility study covering the processing of 50MT/day of cotton seed to produce cotton seed oil and o i l cake. 36p. Ifagraria. December 1977. August.426. UNIDO/ 15. English summary available) R e p o r t on Edible Oil Factory 1976. 71p.Economic Study. UNIDO: Industrial Sector Review - Somalia Report prepared f o r the Ministry of Industry. Semida. 1983. 1 9 7 8 . K. 6 2 p . Miner Thomas H. 1984. 1968. . Ministry of Agriculture Department of Planning and Training: Annual Development Plan "Agriculture Sector". Watkins. l o p . Somali Democratic Republic. 2p. M: Mogadishu Short survey of the vegetable oil m i l l W D P / u N I D O Project DO/SOM/72/007 Technical Report. 6 Somalia. llp. UNIDO: The Potential for Resource Based Industrial Developmezt in the Least Developed Countries No. Inc: Feasibility study for a vegetable oil industry in the Republic of Somalia. Box 1 2 6 5 Mogadishu. Mecca All Mukarama Street. Ltd. 0. Box 822 V i a Burgao. Manager - O i l expelling equipment importer H a j i Weheliye and Sons Company PTE. Repair Mechanic and Mohamoud Mohamed Ali (Gudhle) Expeller Service Mechanic c/o Ali Daud Workshop Behani - opposite C i n e m a Behani Shibis - District. 0 . Mogadishu Andrew Hayman. Phone 22701 . Resident Representative World Bank. Mogadishu Abdillahi Yusuf (Buulof Director of Private Sector Department Ministry of Industry. Phone 22539 Hussein Abdulle Alasow General Manages. Adde - Hander oil expeller owner and sesame seed famer Bakaraha Market. Mogadishu Amir - Hander o i l expeller owner Shibis Market. P.Contacts A. Somalia Arab Essa H a i d - Jojoba farmer P. Mogadishu Abdirahrnan O m a s Abdi. P u b l i c S e c t o r Edible Oil Factory 21st October Road. Mogadishu Phone 2 1 9 6 9 Hashi Haji Weheliye. Mogadishu. A b q u l l a h i Seek ALi. Ibrahim A l i O m a r Sheego Director of Public Sector Department M i n i s t r y of Industry. Mogadishu Phone 2 0 4 1 4 Note: Major Sesame Producers in Afgoi D i s t r i c t could be c o n t a c t e d via M r . Ali Deria. 4. Director of Planning for M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e . Ministry of Agriculture in Afgoi. Via Roma. 5. 8. I b r a h i m Osman Wassan Inspector of Cotton Farms Cotton Development Department Somaftex. O i l expelling equipment importer Xamar Weyne. 7. Mohamed Abukar Mahad. Isaq Abukar Mukhtar Abdusahman Mohamed S a b r i y e Other Useful Contacts 1. 3. Mogadishu J. Michael Von Boguslawski Advisor to Mr. Haji Abdullahi Buue Haji Mohamed Malaq H a ji Mayow Ikow Haji Osrnan Haji 6. Dr. Afi Mohamed Omar 2. Knowledgeable about many aspects of Somali Agriculture 2.I. Balad K. 1. L i n c o l n Young - Agricultural Advisor to Refugee Agricultural Unit. District Coordinator. 78 Source: Ministry of Planning . '83 and '84 are given below: Maize Maize Meal Sorghum Rice Wheat Flour 4.50 5. USAID and other donors f o r details. use different levels of these grains and their flours or meals.9 4 31 -62 38.. A number of local foods such as condensed porridge (soors).73 6. ADC (Agricultural Development Corporation].33 7. a thinner .72 8.78 15.00 7. whole toasted or fried grains (daango) and yeast r a i s e d baked b r e a d s and cakes. Marketing is done through a variety of channels involving farmers.3 GRAIN MILLING Consumption/Marketing The primary cereal grains milled and eaten in Somalia are maize. I t i s beyond the scope of this report to go into the marketicg system but the zeader is referred to Ministry of Agriculture.34 16.37 8. Per capita conppular sumption data was not available. sorghum. 18. wholesalers.27 9.27 35. ENC [National Trading Agency).39 14. rice and wheat with consumption standing at 27. retailers and government agencies as well as donor agencies. 44 and 13% respectively. importers. Retail prices for various grains and grain preparations for comparative times i n September 1 9 8 2 . porridge (mishaaro) boiled g r a i n s breads fan- jero and mofoo). biscuits and sweet pastries.39 31 . Production of Locally Grown Raw Materials Table A shows p r o d u c t i o n of major l o c a l l y grown. .70% and 6 4 % f o r 1 9 8 1 and 8 2 respectively.c e r e a l grains.S IN SOMALIA PRODUCTION (Metric Ton 0 0 0 ) CROP 1981 1982 1983 Maize Sorghum I42 150 235 Rice Legumes (cowpeas and green grams) 10 Imports A s u b s t a n t i a l amount. TABLE A PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CEREAL G R A I N S & LEGUME. was made up of c e r e a l s a n d c e r e a l p r e p a r a t i o n s shown i n Table B. of t h e total value of foods imported.From this it is obvious that e f f o r t s should be made to make better use of l o c a l l y g r o w n g r a i n s to k e e p consumer prices f r o m r i s i n g f u r t h e r and t o reduce imports and hard currency expenditure. 768 t . rice.800 I 22.s. brown r i c e ) Rice.096 1 ' 22.SH. I Note: i I 1 a. s e m i or wholly m i l l e d whether or not polished or galzed excluding broken rice Broken rice Barley unmilled head Maize (corn) unmilled i i i 19. c.750 1.> QUANTITY VALUE i 356.: NR : .788 Rice Rice i n the husk or husked b u t not further prepared Rice.200 8.079. Source: Ministry of Planning Not elsewhere stated None reported n. barley and maize M i l l e t (white) Other cereals. b. s e m i o r wholly m i l l e d whether or not polish& or galzed (including parboiled or broken rice) Rice.167 57.753 3.096' \ 28.TABLE 3 IMTORT OF CEREALS + CEREAL PREPARATIONS 1981 - 1982 DESCRIPTION OF ITEM Cereals and c e r e a l preparations Wheat and s p e l t (inc lud ing mes 1in) unmi 11ed 1 i QUANTITY (KG) : VALUE : (so. husked but not further prepared (Cargo rice. 7.s.e. n. unmilled other than wheat.418 ! i NR NR Cereals.689.e.860. . cakes.1 ! VALUE (SO. vermicelli and s i m i l a r preparations ! 3.156. biscuits.010 1 191.453. NR : None reported .906.607 1. n.270. Meal and g r o a t s of wheat: Cereals.: M i n i s t r y of P l a n n i n g Not elsewhere s t a t e d b.) (KG. VALUE DESCRIPTION OF ITEM Meal and f l o u r of wheat and mes lin Flour of wheat o r of meslin r i QUANTITY 1 QUANTITY (KG.154 1 I I 245.882 15.) Bread. used as infant food o r for dietolic. c..346.195 1 105.458 29.695.e..368 . 128.721.834 1. cakes and o t h e r o r d i n a r y bakerswares P r e p a r a t i o n s of cereal f l o u r and starch for food. Note: a.SH.TABLE B contd .081 18. b i s c u i t s .SH. 781.610.) 1 1 i 31. P r e p a r a t i o n s of f l o u r .137 I .881 Bakery products (bread..e.) I (SO. m i l l e d except wheat and f l o u r Cereal preparations i n c l u d i n g pr eparacions from f l o u r and s t a r c h of f r u i t s and vegetables Noddles.s. ships' b i s c u i t s and other ordinary bakers wares Pastry.. starch o r m a l t e x t r a c t . I 1 18..820 Source: n.499. etc.s.. accounts for an estimated 14% or more of the locally grown grains milled. These have found mixed acceptance with most people. work has Seen done to modify the metal plate mills as done in other c o u n t r i e s t o i n c r e a s e o u t p u t with less t i m e and energy input.. Wet milling could possibly be done as well b u t field t e s t s would b e necessary. These are most suited for producing dry ground cereal meals and coarse flours whereas some more traditional methods such as pestle and mortar can produce wet ground cereals as well. Each has: (a) its own methods of processing. community and regional/multi-regional.Processing - Past/Present/Future Grain milling in Somalia is conducted at three levels: household. who find them too time/ energy consuming. Household level: Though not a commercial o p e r a t i o n . and (c) problems peculiar to it greater o u t p u t . In nearly all cases hand powered tools are used. In t h e last few years hand powered metal plate grinders have been imported from Kenya and possibly elsewhere to help increase output and reduce operator time and energy inputs. Community level: This level of milling takes place in privately owned shops with at least one shop in every town and s e v e r a l located near each other in open market . mostly women o p e r a t o r s . household l e v e l g r a i n p r o c e s s i n g . a s described in a 1982 report on traditional food processing p r a c t i c e s . L i t t l e o r no. (b) t y p e of products preventing produced. areas of l a r g e towns and districts Mogadishu. The procedures used, description of the two basic types of motor (diesel or electric) d r i v e n mills, r:early all made in Mogad i s h u , and technical f e a s i b i l i t y i s described i n a 1984 report. It is estimated about 200-250 metal plate mills making soor and 175-200 roller millstone machines are operating at present each mill having a capacity of 7 5 0 1 0 0 0 and 200-350 kilograms per shift respectively. for These operations provide a very useful service to people who don't have hand operated mills or time and eAergy t o mill grain themselves. Customers bring their own grain, maize or sorghum to the shops where it is ground and returned t o t h e m f o r a service charge, So. Sh, 1-2 per kilogram for soor and So. Sh. 2-3 for anjeero. Primary problems described by both present owners and local manufacturers include: - power cuts and/or fuel cost and availability difficulty i n g e t t i n g spare parts, mostly bearings, although nearly all other parts are made locally w e a r i n g out of metal plate grinders and cylindrical millstones. Repairs can be made with semi-skilled p e r s o n s and t h i s , coupled with local availability of nearly all parts, make these mills more feasible than imported models. Regional/~ulti-regional level: These milling o p e r a t i o n s use Italian or German commercial size roller mills and accessory equipment for milling maize, sorghum, rice and wheat. Most have capability to separate o u t t h e b r a n f r o m the endosperm g i v i n g varying levels of e x t r a c t i o n and t h u s different grades of flour and/or meal from m a i z e , sorghum and wheat and whole r i c e g r a i n . 1. A g r i c u l t r u a l Development Corporation (ADC) started operating 4 mills i n 1974: one each i n H a r g e i s a , Busao, Baydahabo and Kismayo. These w e r e used p r i m a r i l y t o p r o c e s s maize meal and sorghum purchased from farmers through ADC and imported donated wheat. Capacity now is 8 ton/shift fox They operate a b o u t 3 m i l l s and 10 tons f o r t h e Burao m i l l . 6-8 months p e r y e a r with one shift o n l y and employ 20-35 persons using imported soft wheat. About 50% i s m i l l e d t o f l o u r , 30-40% bran and 10-20% semi-coarse f l o u r o r m e a l . Wheat costs So. Sh. 1000 per q u i n t a l and the f l o u r , bran and meal from it are sold for So. Sh. 1380, 340 and 5 0 0 per quintal r e s p e c t i v e l y t o r e t a i l outlets and bakers. Estimated utilization of c a p a c i t y i s between 25-50% depending on the particular m i l l . utilization of capacity include : P r i n c i p a l problems reducing - i n s u f f i c i e n t quantities of g r a i n lack of spare parts, fuel, e t c . need f o r more t e c h n i c a l know-how f o r operating, maintaining and repairing equipment , proper milling techniques, especially for s o f t wheat an5 other ways t o reduce milling losses 2. g e n e r a l u p g r a d i n g of equipment and f a c i l i t i e s . 2 i n Shalambod ADC since 1977 has operated 3 more mills: and one i n G e l i p m i l l i n g only locally grown rice. Capacity is 8 - 10 tons per shift b u t since only 20.000 to 28,000 tons of rice were produced last year,maximum utilization of capacity has been only 2 to 5 months per year, after the harvest season. 3. R i c e b r a n is sold f o r animal feed. Mogadishu Pasta and Flour Mill: Major efforts to establish a larger scale commercial wheat m i l l s t a r t e d in 1971 with pre-feasibility and feasibility studies. In 1 9 7 6 the Somali Development Bank financed a mill in Mogadishu which was expanded i n 1 9 8 1 t o a capacity of 1 0 0 0 quintals per day in 3 shifts. Present utilization of capacity is a b o u t 8 0 % depending on quantity, type and quality of wheat received. Good quality h a r d wheat a l l o w s t h e mill t o get about 9 0 % e x t r a c t i o n whereas poor quality hard and soft wheats allow o n l y 6 0 - 70% e x t r a c t i o n . Most wheat is donated b u t occasionally some is purchased in the world market. At times, donated wheat, of poor q u a l i t y . reduces efficiency of the mill and subsequent quality of products made from the flour and semolina. The mill sells to and ENC who in turn sells to wholesalers, r e t a i l e r bakers pasta makers. Bran is sold and used for animal feed. Primary problems inhibiting more utilization of capacity include: - insufficient quantities of wheat, especially good quality wheat lack of an efficient, effective import procurement p o l i c y eliminating middlemen - lack of f o r e i g n exchange for spare parts The mill appears to be maintained and managed well and. T h e recommended ratios of wheat flour t o be blended w i t h Somali crops are: Wheat flour 70 Supplement f l o u r 30 - 95% 5% Somali grown crops which could be supplement flour sources include sweet p o t a t o .or? t o other food i n d u s t r i e s such a s pasta makers and bakers. c a s s a v a . t h e r they employ persons depending on availability of raw materials. Other P r o c e s s i n g Possibilities Composite f l o u r s - a blend of wheat f l o u r and supplement flours from Somali grown c r o p s - would not only make better u s e of local food crops b u t would h e l p reduce wheat imports. could c o n t r i bute g r e a t l y t o the a v a i l a b i l i t y of f l o u r and semolina and subsequent i n c r e a s e d producti. mung beans). with means to overcome these problems. The mill has a s i s t e r -mill i n t h e same compound which produces pasta (see P a r t Pasta t h i s report). maize and legumes (cowpeas. To a r r i v e a t t h e supplement f l o u r c o s t e x c l u d i n g l a b o u r 2nd other processing costs and t o convert f r e s h price per k i l o to d r i e d p r i c e . provide employment and improve the n u t r i t i o n a l ' value of certain food products. sorghum. To be economically acceptable it is essential that t h e c o s t of supplement f l o u r b e equal t o or less than wheat flour. banana. flavor. 2. R i g i d consumer testing would be necessary t o determine blends/ratios most a c c e p t a b l e t o Somali tastes/uses.per k i l o . 3 x dry whole grain price = supplement f l o u r c o s t Advantages of Composite Flours: I . For every per cent of supplement f l o u r used. 4. Supplement flours from root crops/bananas c a n be stored f o r l o n g e r p e r i o d s and also the transport and storage weight and volumes would be less than their fresh counterparts. c o l . Employment and a d d i t i o n a l income would be g e n e r a t e d through the a c t u a l p r o d u c t i o n of d r i e d supplement flours from root c r o p s and bananas. etc. 7. can produce a c c e p t a b l e products i n terms of b a k i n g quality. It would mean an additional market f o r farmers especially i f a g u a r a n t e e d f a i r p r i c e were o f f e r e d . 6. may be acceptable when converted i n t o f l o u r and blended with wheat f l o u r . n o t a c c e p t e d when e a t e n d i r e c t l y . imports of wheat f l o u r would be reduced by an equal amount. t h e f o l l o w i n g conversion f a c t o r s c o u l d b e used: Root Crops:Banana 4 x f r e s h price = supplement flour cost Dry Grains/Legurnes 1 . . depending on t h e supplement f l o u r used. Foods such as c a s s a v a . Increased n u t r i t i o n a l value would result if legume flours were blended with wheat f l o u r .o r . 3. Supplement flour levels of 30% o r less. 5. 2. maintenance. 2. The final cost of supplement flours after processing and blending wikh wheat flour must be equal to or lass than wheat flour.Disadvantages : 1. develop methods t o make t h i s equipment locally. Community Level 1. Study manufacturing and operating techniques of l o c a l l y made metal p l a t e and roller millstone machines. because of cultural and s o c i a l reasons. This may be difficult as crops to make supplement f l o u r s may n o t be available or at s u i t a b l e prices. inputs. If these modified mills are acceptable. From this develop new or improved ways to reduce problems. Improve metal plate. outputs. Recommendations c o s t s .grain mills so i n p u t s a r e reduced and outputs and versatility (for b o t h dry and wet m i l l i n g ) are increased. Somalis. may not accept food made with composite flours even though the quality of the food may be equal to products using 100% w h e a t flour. Develop ways t o reduce production. operating costs and time. Develop a system to improve availability of necessary . maintenance needed. 2. repairs. operation. advantages and disadvantages. 3. especially wheat flour to determine quality and quantity needs for increased production of products which are cost/quality competitive to imported products or products for which a demand exists. Follow ADC/FAO project related to grain milling to: - monitor progress provide inputs. . Investigate experience of bakers and other users of wheat ff our about using supplement/composite flours.imported steel and other raw materials for manufacturing.tly. equipment and f a c i l i t i e s Composite Flours 1. as much as possible. Provide hard currency to import cost/benefit effective type wheat or flours and spare parts reducing middlemen 4. and replacement parts such as bearings and springs. including tools and equipment. . Conduct cost/benefit analysis to see which type of flour and. to meet - objectives for upgrading milling technical knowhow. 2. Survey food industry users of g r a i n f l o u r s and meals. . E f f o r t s should be directed to imported wheat and not flour since unused mill capacity exists.. more importar. Develop prototypes/proceduxes f o r using l o c a l l y grown . Regional/Multi-Regional Level 1. where necessary.. wheat should be imported to meet industry needs and be most costbenefit e f f e c t i v e for the e n t i r e c o u n t r y . German Planning and Economic Advisory Group. German Planning and Economic Advisory Group: Feasi- bility Study on a Wheat Flour Mill for Northern -Somalia.Pre-feasibility Study. March 1973. Meinarlus. W. quality and prices of supplement flour sources. September 1984. 5. Develop and test concepts with users and consumers. Dr. 3. Conduct a feasibility study to determine the present and future potential in terms of availability. Market test prototype bakers. and overall feasibility of producing/marketing composite flours. pasta makers and with consumers. Hendrikson.. Bibliography 1. N. Patterson. Hummen. H. 53 p. German Development Institute. John: A Study of 50 Small Scale Industries .. M. K. 30 p. Gasten. February 1973. Semida. 65 p .. 2. Mogadishu. 5. Susanne G u r a . Mogadishu. Save the Children Federation.) 4. Mogadishu April 1984. : Feasibility Report on t h e production of Banana Powder in Somalia (Date not known but believed to be about 1973. Hippler. G. 163 p. composite flours with Somali 4. N. W: Technical Feasibility of a Motor Driven Grain Milling Operation for Qorioley Refugee Camps. 6.and processed supplement flours. 3. 44 p .: The Private Manufacturing Sector of Somalia. Hendrikson: Establishment of a Milling Industry i n Somalia. B. Quereshi Project Manager Grain Storage and Pest C o n t r o l Project FA0 ADC Compound Mogadishu. Mogadishu.which can Utilize Local Raw Materials in Somalia. 8. H. October 1976. 1 5 p + 1 0 c h a r t s . Sofia 1 9 7 1 . Contacts A. Phone: 80788 Abukar Moallin Mohamed Head - Department of Plant Production and Protection Faculty of Agriculture. USAID. Osman Yusuf Farah General Manager Somali Development Bank Mogadishu . 1 1 0 p. IV. Mogadishu. 15 tons/24 hours of processed maize. Somali Democratic Republic (State Planning Commission) : Vol. A. 1 2 9 0 / 6 3 / 7 1 for the delivery of a flour mill of a capacity of 2 5 tons/24 hours of processed wheat. Pasta and Wheat Flour Plant. 7. National University of Somalia Af g o i C. August 1984. Techno Export: Offer No. Mohamed Farah Anshur General Manager ADC Mogadishu D. p a y So. increasing. T h i s v a l u e seems high in v i e w of the fact that distribution and availability are less favorable t h a n f o r urban a n d most r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n s . however. each r e f u g e e intake being. 3 m i l l i o n . Per capita consumption. Shs. 5 t o 20 o r t o r e t a i l e r s who. The main consumers are t h e urban and r u r a l f o l k s making up 26% and 2 4 % r e s p e c t i v e l y out of a population of 5 . t h e consumption p a t t e r n i s not uniform. 3 6 t o 4 8 k i l o s of pasta p e r y e a r when s u p p l i e s permit. Shs. estimated at about 6 0 0 . a price fixed by Min'istry of Commerce based on production c o s t s t . Shs. 25 and finally to consumers for So.C PASTA Pasta i s one of t h e major s t a p l e foods of Somalis along w i t h sorghum and maize. Some r e a s o n s are: It i s . 34. 0 0 0 i n number. i f t h e y p u r c h a s e from w h o l e s a l e r s . The remaining 5 0 % are nomads and their pasta consumption has been comparatively low in the past. are t h e fourth category of consumers. approximately 24-36 k i l o g r a m s a n n u a l l y i s estimated t o be second o n l y to Italy. 1 6 . However. - awareness of pasta as a food s o u r c e - s c a r c i t y of other foods due to drought overall development of t h e country R e f u g e e s . Most locally made pasta i s b u l k packaged a t t h e factories i n c a r d b o a r d c a r t o n s of 10-20 kilograms and d i s t r i buted to wholesalers for So. according t o a marketing r e p o r t r e l a t i n g t o refugee income g e n e r a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s . It was. imported mainly from Italy by importers is sold to wholesalers (price not o b t a i n e d ) who sell to retailers f o r So. Demand of private sector pasta i s . 34 to 50.088. . due to: - decreased production of t h e o n l y public pasta factory - high prices of imported pasta Imworts overall shortage 3f semolina and/or wheat Imports of pasta type products (noddles. 16. Shs. for the large value increase in 1982 is available.982 1982 4971 126. other than operation of the FRANC0 VALUTO monetary system. 30 and then to consumers for So. This pasta is usually more expensive than local pasta not only because it has to absorb transport costs but also government tariffs. It is generally of superior quality mostly because local manufacturers cannot get good quality flour and semolina. Shs. however. expressed by one pasta maker a n d some retailers t h a t I t a l y does now export low quality pasta i n t o Somalia a l s o .480.) were: Yeas 1981 Metric Tons 3582 Value in So.Pasta. It should be noted that the above imports do not include wheatiflour imported for local pasta production. a t t i m e s ve'ry h i g h .726 No explanation. Shs. etc. vermicelli. A recent study outlined inputs necessary to set up a long line pasta factory with a c a p a c i t y of 3 . Public. conducted in 1968.d a t e d equipment and other r e l a t e d problems a t a private f a c t o r y in Mogadishu. indicated the feasibility of setting up a p a s t a factory i n Somalia whilst a study in 1 9 8 3 outlined potential spaghetti production by refugees using hand operated equipment. Expansion plans i n c l u d e a long Ins- pasta production line of 30 tons per day capacity.) and 110 quintal of macaroni per day.Processing - Past/Present/Future A p a r t from t h e f o u r motor powered pasta operations in Somalia an unknown number of hand operated pasta machines are used in Somali homes/refugee camps for family consumption.Pasta Factory In 1974. In spite of problems r e l a t i n g to a v a i l a b i l i t y of semolina/flour in sufficient quantities and/or spare machine p a r t s . the factory has made a profit a n d repaid its loan to the Somali Development Bank. . A study in 1973 indicated the feasibility of overhauling and improving o u t .W-heat Millinq and . plans It started production in 1 9 7 6 . The factory has maintained production targets meeting 20-308 of local consumption requirements. etc.. The Ministry of Industry plans to do a feasibility study. In 1 9 8 1 the capacity was i~creasedto 550 quintals. A study. the Somali Development bank developed to construct a 3 3 0 quintal per day pasta factory. comprising of 550 quintals of long pasta (spaghetti. 2 q u i n t a l per hour.. t h e l o c a l l y made p a s t a . Both f a c t o r i e s which had closed down since December 1 9 8 3 f o r l a c k of semolina. O t h e r problems faced by the private pasta makers a r e : - total dependence on t h e public f l o u r m i l l for semolina. the p u b l i c pasta f a c t o r y . These f a c t o r i e s mostly use semo- l i n a made f r o m imported Durum wheat being m i l l e d at t h e p u b l i c wheat m i l l i n g f a c t o r y which m i l l s b o t h hard and soft wheats. T h i s f l o u r m i l l has a s i s t e r c o n c e r n . which it gives p r i o r i t y to in t e r m s of quality and quantity of semolina. each w i t h a c a p a c i t y of 20 quintals of macaroni per day in t w o s h i f t s . I t often s e l l s i n f e r i o r quality semolina from s o f t wheat t o t h e p r i v a t e T h i s r e s u l t s i n inferior quality s e c t o r factories. h o w e v e r . T h e p r o d u c t i o n i n actual t e r m s i s 1 5 quintals per day p e r f a c t o r y . - e l e c t r i c power cuts . T h i s reduces t h e q u a l i t y of T h e managers. T h e p r i v a t e pasta makers m o s t l y m i x semolina in a 5 0 / 5 0 r a t i o w i t h imported f l o u r which i s u s u a l l y received as a i d and is of i n f e r i o r q u a l i t y . P r i v a t e S e c t o r Factories There are t w o pasta factories owned by the same company. re- opened i n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 4 . f e e l that even w h e r t h e imported pasta i s of a lower q u a l i t y than that l o c a l l y made w i t h imported aid f l o u r . pasta l e a d i n g to reduced Cemands from consumers. consumers s t i l l t e n d t o purchase the former.t a l l a t i o n date is n o t a v a i l a b l e . lack of hard c u r r e n c y to purchase spare parts.77 pasta.etc. banana.000 in and around Hargeisa could j u s t i f y a pasta factory there. b u r e a u c r a t i c process to get import license. 15. Shs. Shs. has n o t operated for n e a r l y a year as the h i g h cost of raw materials - semolina/ flour.. However. in March 1 9 8 4 - it is imperative that n e w technical know-how to make an acceptable pasta with some portion of other flours. A successful businessman in Hargeisa feels that the population of 250.00in March 1983 to So.. with a capacity of 1 5 q u i n t a l s per day of macaroni. The third factory under this caterory. should be made available. The management hopes to purchase r a w materials from the National Trading Agency (ENC) when prices are lower b u t w a s not s u r e when this would materialize. O t h e r Possible Processing One possible way to reduce dependence on imported semolina and other flours to make pasta is to blend these with flours made from locally grown crops such as cassava. . equipment and good quality semolina/flour. attempts by the p u b l i c pasta mill t o blend with cassava flour met with little success as consumers felt that addition of other flours lowered pasta quality and thus d i d not compare favora b l y w i t h imported pasta prices 58. But in view of t h e i n c r e z s i n g - So. -increased the cost of p r o d u c t i o n making it i m p o s s i b l e t o s e l l a t t h e price fixed by the Ministry of Commerce. sweet potato. cereals and legumes. Note:. If f a v o u r a b l e . I not available then expertise with upf to-date knowledge of new pasta making technology should be supplied. Determine if local technical expertise is available to provide the necessary assistance to make acceptable pastas from the v a r i e t y of available imported/local flours. Provide assistance to public/private pasta manufacturers and flour mills to obtain. If field tests show favourable results. quality. conduct concept and - prototype development and f i e l d testing of possible blended pastas directed to retail/institutional consumers. both in terms of quality and quantity. . Use of Composite Flours for Pasta 1. Provide hard currency to purchase raw materials. Technical Assistance 1. 2. quantity. 3.Recommendations A. 2. Determine type. conduct a a study to Setermine overall feasibility of producing blended pastas. B. spare parts and possible new equipment. price and availability of local crops which could be substitute flour sources. Part B on Grain Milling of this report should be con- sulted regarding making better use of present milling operations and use of composite flour for baking and pasta making. adequate wheat/flour and semolina. : Feasibility Study f o r Pasta Manufacturing in t h e Republic of Somalia. Phone 23130 C. & Associates. Wada Jir District P. Box 696 Mogadishu. Warshadda Pastada DaLka - Private Pasta Maker Medina. - available at ILO O f f i c e Mogadishu. Box 1299 Mogadishu. Ahmed Haji Sahardeed General Manager National Pasta and Flour Factory P. I n c . J a n u a r y 1 9 7 3 .Conducted for Ministry of Industry. 1983.Bibliography 1. CITACO SPA: R e p o r t on the Reservicing of Pasta Manufacturing Plant in Mogadishu. 26p. Jirdeh Hussein & Company:. Marketing Report Muttrega. 0. B. Poonam: - Potentially Viable Income Generating Activities for Refugees in Somalia. Miner Thomas H. Mogadishu. 1968. Phoner 22461 Mohamed Odey Omer - Private Pasta Maker Warshadda Pastada Hamar Shibis District Mogadishu. Phone: 81933 . May 1 9 8 3 Contacts A. 2. 3. 90p. 24p. 4. 3. Somalia. Feasibility Study f o r the Manufacture of Pasta in Xargeisa. r e s t a u r a n t s and institutions serve only b r e a d . . the price per r o t i was So.Sh. and a wide range of sweet pastries. same period. cakes. It is b e l i e v e d . open market v e n d o r s . and other large u s e r s purchase bakery products directly from bakers. In ccinpared T h e 20 gm. Imports Imports of bakery products for 1 9 8 1 / 8 2 listed in Table A indicate a substantial decrease in 1982. 8 over the Bakery sales drop at times as consumers s w i t c h to maize. Sorghum and p a s t a when these a r e plentiful and l o w e r priced compared t o bakery products. a few varieties of biscuits. dough nuts.Sh. 2 3 and then So. 2 f o r the corresponding p e r i o d in 1 9 8 3 . These are purchased to carry Many home from neighborhood b a k e r i e s and in tea s h o p s . BAKERIES Consumption/Marketing The p r i m a r y bakery p r o d u c t s consumed by Somalis are: - t w o types of bread - a r o ~ n i ielongated r o l l called " r o t i " a n d loaves French brea2 in the Northwest r e g i o n ) .Sh. food stores. that the 1 9 8 2 data is n o t complete and that the Ministry of p l a n n i n g is s t i l l making additions to import statistics. Some tea shops. 2 3 .Sh. however. September 1984. cookies. Most bakers sell at retail l e v e l a t their bakery site or in other retail shops that t h e y own.D.3 to Sc. French l o a f sold f o r So. ? Bread. Whilst most bakeries are p r i v a t e l y owned.1 300 Value of Item Bakery Products (Kg.745. TABLE A IMPORTS OF BAKERY PRODUCTS 1981 t 982 Value Description Quantity Quantity Wg. etc.I t should be noted that t h e Ministry's i m p o s t list does n o t include yeast.112 (so.) 4.321 (so. cakes.s~.787 (bread. biscuits. ) 298. cakes. It lists o n l y t h o s e bakery p r o d u c t s which compete a g a i n s t S o m a l i bakers. baking powder. ships biscuits. the f o l l o w i n g government d e p a r t m e n t s operate bakeries to s u p p l y to their s t a f f and others under .s~. b i s c u i t s and o t h e r f i n e bakers wares Source: Ministry of Planning Processing - Past/Present/Future No reports or studies were found indicating any o r g a n i z e d e f f o r t s t o improve o r increase t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e bakery products industry. c o o k i n g o i l and other i n g r e d i e n t s used by b a k e r s . and ordinary bakers wares Pastries.) 2. For m o s t bakeries. good or a combination. Ministry of E d u c a t i o n and p o s s i b l y some others.000 rotis per d a y . The number of employees range from 3-30 depending oa the availability of major inpuks p o w e r . are mostly imported f r o m France o r Italy. It is difficult to g e t well-trained. depends largely o n two f a c t o r s : C a p a c i t y utilized - availability of r a w materials consumers demand which t e n d s to d i v e r t to l o w cost and r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e foods like m a i z e . $cring psrticular months of the y e a r . dough kneaders. ovens. Although now most of t h e bakeries have electric power generators. - raw m a t e r i a l s . Ovens are heated with electric. lad*: of spare p a r t s and power/fuel shortage are some of the major problens that the bakery industry faces. sorghum and p a s t a . Equipment such as sifters. t h e p r o d u c t i o n i s about 5 . r e l i a b l e . 0 0 0 10. dividing and rounding machines. fuel shortage and non-availability of spare parts c o n t i n u e to pose serious problems. etc. A b a k e r y s u r v e y snowed that on the average 10-30 quintals of flour p e r 2 1 hours are used and the u t i l i z a t i o n of capacity w a s between 40-80%. diesel. etc.000 - rotis per s h i f t .their d i r e c t i o n : the Ministry of Defence. The capacity of bakeries v a r i e s from prodacing a few hundred to 40. Eguipnent breakdown. An alternate method bakers use f o r measuring p r o d u c t i o n is by the number of quintals of r1 ~ i o u xused. S . Occasionally good q u a l i t y French and U .Sh. a baker p a i d So. In 1 9 8 4 . a s with most food i n d u s t r i e s .S.-D 4staff. handling and milling. storage. Good q ~ a l i t yflour is even m o r e . Normally.A. France and I t a l y . low availability and poor quality of raw m a t e r i a l s which r e d u c e production and s a l e s . Among t h e most important i n g r e d i e n t s which cause problems are: Flour: M o s t of t h e f l o u r i m p o r t s are f r o m the IJ. There a r e basically t w o reasons for t h i s : low wages because of low production and subsequent - low profits - high overheads night shifts in most bakeries The bakery i n d u s t r y . Sometimes poor grade f l o u r s are blended with good g r a d e f l o u r s i n the r a t i o of 1:1 to 3:1. These f l o u r s are m a n y times of a poor q u a l i t y related mostly t o the original wheat. Lack of hard c u r r e n c y prevents most bakers f r o m i m p o r t i n g good q u a l i t y flour. 50 k i l o s . f l o u r s a r e obtained t h r o u g h alternated ways. i s adversely a f f e c t e d by the high cost. Some flour i s produced by the ADC grain mills and t h e Mogadishu public flour m i l l from imported w h e a t . i t i s purchased from the government which o b t a i n s i t from food a i d prGgrams of d i f f e r e n t k i n d s and also p u r c h a s e s from t h e world market. Canada. Sesame oil. imported refined sugar is mostly used.Sh. According to some bakers who were interviewed. Salt: Local salt is used when available and its c o s t s at So.1 0 per kg. more refined which sells at So. which bakers often have to pay for raw materials. 60 and 80 respectively.Sh. of l o c a l sesame oil. locally produced. Oil/Shortening: 50-60. 300 and 80 per liter respectively whereas imported 500 gm. margarine and butter sell at So.Sh. In spite i t s b e i n g . Oil is used in most of the baking formulas as well as f o r greasing baking pans to prevent baked products from sticking. Retail prices. Sugar: Due to inadequate local supplies. local ghee and imported v e g e t a b l e o i l are So. some portion of local sugar could be used but they felt that the color of the l o c a l sugar which i s not s o white could influence color of the baked products and create consumer problems.expensive if and when available. is preferred but high prices and low availability force bakess'to purchase imported oil/shortening. 200. Yeast: A l l bakers u s e d r y active yeast imported from France and India.Sh. 6 . is more favorquality a b l e than t h e imported. there is no one with either experience .Sh. Even when l o c a l m i i k i s available. cakes. when available. it is Sh. thereby reducing baking qualityOther Ingredients: Most other ingredients used i n sweet pastries. chocolate. r a i s j n s . Milk: Since the q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y of local milk is not favorable. a r e purchased locally. Most bakers a r e interested i n obtaining know-how a b o u t making yeast locally. Mogadishu or other towns but a c c e s s t o Djibouti and other Gulf S t a t e s h a s helped t o slightly reduce t h e problems of bakers in Hargeisa. The p r i c e of yeast in t h e local market is Sh. Interest w a s also shown i n t e s t i n g composite f l o u r s . E g g s . imported dry whole or skim milk is used. i s poor.such an important i n p u t . canned and d r y f r u i t s . it i s n o t always r e a d i l y available and the q u a l i t y . 1 5 0 0 - 1800 and i n t h e b l a c k m a r k e t .Sh. 3 600/10 k i l o g r a m s . some bakers f e e l t h a t water i s added t o it before -it i s sold t o them. Problems f a c i n g bakers are common whether in H a r g e i s a . jams. baking powder and some f l a v o r s . d i s c u s s e d i n P a r t 3 on G r a i n Milling. partic u l a r l y from I n d i a . Presently. though h i g h p r i c e d . doughnuts and biscuits are imported. These include cocoa powder. flour. Provide technical assistance and training to improve ability to use lower quality flours and make better . e. The number of bakeries in Somalia is not known but is believed to be high compared to t h e number of consumers. Conduct a specific needs assessment to identify constraints pertainin9 to procurement. Improve access to hard currency for those necessary imported items.g. This is one sector of the food industry which has a great deal of competition. which provide more benefits to the e n t i r e country through t h e their use by bakers than for direct consumption by consumers. m a r k e t i n g and personnel skills. C. problems with production inputs restrict their ability to coqpete favorably and possibly sell at lower prices. However. - s u g a r . Those who are better managers and planners have succeeded in a higher utilization of capacity. Explore cost/benefits to t h e e n t i r e country. B. whereby bakers can receive priority on purchase of r a w materials over retail outlets. D. Recommendations A. Suggestions f r o m t h r e e ( 3 ) baker^ - t w o in Moqadishu and one in Hargeisa - point towgrds the government to give special consideration to bakers so that they do not have to compete a g a i n s t retailers and consumers f o r scarce i n p u t s . inhibiting better utilization of present capacity. production. etc.or knowledge about composite flours. See on Grain M i l l i n g for m o r e s p e c i f i c recommend- F. Mcgadishu. John: Study of 5 0 Small Scale Industries which can U t i l i z e Local Raw Materials in S o m a l i a . Part B ations. Explore making y e a s t l o c a l l y either at the bakery l e v e l or at a central location where there could be b e t t e r quality c o n t r o l . 1 1 0 p . Explcre feasibility of using composite flours. August 1 4 . E. U S A I D . Bibliography Semida. 1 9 8 4 .use of scarce resources. . ) per l i t r e Year 1982 1983 Cow Camel 9.) p r i c e (So. The price per litre varies with the seasons. also serves as the sole food source for young children and as a widely accepted food for all ages. When available. Table A Milk Prices 1982-84 ( S e p t .10 10.00 20.00 18. etc. it being ten shillings more during the dry months of April-June and October-November. butterr ghee and different types of cheese. Sh. usually excess.00 1984 20. neighbours.E DAIRIES Consumption/Marketina Milk. restaurants and institutions. t e d in the large number of tea shops. The p r i c e s shown in Table A indicate an increase in the past three years. is processed into yohgurt.80 23. It is r e f r i g e r a .09 . a major food item of nearly 50% of the Somali nomadic population. A small portion. Per capita consumption is not known because of t h e spread out nature of p r o d u c t i o n and consumption by small family units and nomads scattered throughout t h e country. it is normally consumed fresh in homes owning milch cattle and the amount not directly consumed by them is sold fresh in varying quantities to other families. In Mogadishu there are an estimated 35. Transport problems. The cows. with about COWS. Most of the dairies in Mogadishu are small. prevent milk supplies from reaching urban centers. it is estimated to be quite high.For Mogadishu and t h e o t h e r urban centers. This is supplemented w i t h fodder which i s both expensive and n o t easily available. . t h e municipal d a i r y w i t h about 8 0 0 cows. It is sold in varying quantities into c o n t a i n e r s furnished by t h e consumers - small d a i r i e s l o c a t e d in urban areas i. e a t i n g whatever is available. usually women. r e . These are l o c a t e d in different parts of the city. however. are allowed to roam at will. Milk Production Though there i s no r e l i a b l e data on the number or production of milch animals in Somalia. raised much like t h e i r rural c o u n t e r p a r t s . who bring the cows/ camels milk to urban r e t a i l e r s or directly toconsumers. Fodder consists of corn s t a l k s .000 cows of which a r e milch cows w i t h an average y i e l d of 2-4 A yield of 2-5 liters is reported from liters per day.otd -- dry skim/full cream milk. This is particularly true during the dry periods of the year when milk is scarce. Milk p r o d u c t i o n increases during t h e wet months. It is not as high as it could be probably due to weather c o n d i t i o n s which adversely a f f e c t both quantity and quality of water/animal feed. milk comes from three sources: - rural people. . A r e t a i l m a r k e t s u r v e y in September 1 9 8 4 . a variety of dairy and dairy substitutes have. indicates the dairy and dairy substitutes imported to meet m a r k e t demand. sesame seed cake. Other constraints inhibiting production are shortage of: - water space - - resulting in unsatisfactory environment and hygiene trained personnel The presence of the tse-tse fly is another important factor. etc. page E5. nomads partly preserved milk which was n o t consumed fresh. shown in Table C. Imports To help neet demand. w h e a t bran. Processing - Past/~resent/Future Till 1969. been imported as shown in T a b l e B.early 1 9 e C ' s . little w a s reported on milk production and processi~gbut intcrest was activatedduringthe 1970's and . not for . page E4. Eome level production of cheese was limited till simple techniques were introduced into Somalia by Italians and others. in the past.grass. P r o d u c t i o n of d a i r y products such as butter and cheese were relatively unknown though y o g h u r t and ghee were sometimes made for home consumption. Earlier. skimmed m i l k and whey) dry.IMPORT OF DAIRY PRODUCTS 1981 1982 Value Description of I t e m Quantity (KG) Quantity Value (So.Sh.120 Cheese and curd 5.280 23.Table 3 . sour m i l k . skimmed milk/ whey) evaporated or condensed (including in semisolid form) Milk and cream ( i n c l u d i n g butterm i l k . (KG) (So.327 Butter Ghee 21 5 . skimmed milk. Ghee 10.130.428 33.720 00.356 blocks/powder Milk and cream/ fresh (including buttermilk.748.224 0.Sh*) Milk and cream Milk and cream (including buttermilk. in 627 7.623 NOTE : a) Source: Ministry of Planning b) N. : Not reported .R.651.258.005 2. s o u r cream & whey) B u t t e r .614 530. 9 9 2 1. Table C Imported Dairy and Dairy Substitutes September 1984 Item M i l k Powder Quantity ( g r ) P r i c e s (So. ) 1700 540 Origin France Milk powder M i l k Powder 1800 500 130 Holland 400 454 Rolland Holland Denmark Milk Powder Milk Powder 150 150 60 70 400 500 Mar gar ine Butter Singapore Kenya 500 commercial purposes. T h e r e are a f e w small scale c o m m e r i c a l ' d a i r y operations where some cheese and. These operations are possible only when there i s excess m i l k . milk is scarce during the dry months. butter and yoghurt are produced. other factors which inhibit production of these dairy products include the lack of : - p r o p e r equipment for cream separation - adequate preservation facilities such as refrigeration. As stated earlier. to a lesser extent. six . milk and use imported rennet tablets. which are sometimes difficult to o b t a i n . Apart from this. As p e r information available.Sh. such as d u r i n g t h e wet months. Cheese is produced on a very small scale by p r i v a t e They p r e f e r c o w s milk to aoats/sheep Cheese: parties in Mogadishu. p i t a c k i o .moisture Cheese makers r e p o r t a good demand f o r cheese which s u p p l i e s a r e unable t o meet.d i f f e r e n t types of h a r d . 6 kg. This variation due t o d i f f e r e n c e s in: .. Ice Cream: -- There is e x c e l l e n t demand for i c e cream I t i s produced mainly by s m a l l . . 40 -400 M i l k made a v a i l a b l e t o them v a r i e s from l i t r e s / d a y i n Mogadishu and t h i s v a r i a t i o n c a u s e s f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e amount of cheese produced. a b o u t 20 l i t r e s of i c e cream a r e produced f r o m 8 l i t r e s of mix. c h o c o l a t e . Flavors such a s v a n i l l a .. menta. 100 litres of milk a r e r e q u i r e d t o make 2 0 k g .temperature time -I 1 ( t for maturing the cheese humidity -i I amouct of s a l t / s e a s o n i n g s used content ..A d u r i n g t h e warmer months. hard c h e e s e and 9 l i t r e s yoghurt. strawberry. depending on the variety of c h e e s e .. 200-300 per k g . rose. The price of milk determines the price of cheese which varies from So. Sh. According t o one cheese maker.h ~ r t and s o f t cheese are marketed. . snack shops u s i n g batch type m e c h a n i c a l l y r e f r i g e r a t e d freezers. cclors and s t a b i l i z e r s . A c c o r d i n g t o oxe operator. The main ingredients used i n making i c e cream i n Somalia are: d r y f u l l cream. s e m i . are made with the h e l p of imported . s o f t cheese. hazelnut etc. Lack of good hardening freezers affects f o r m u l a t i o n and r e s u l t s in t h e i c e cream b e i n g of a less smoother consistency. a p u b l i c one i n Mogadishu and a private one in Hargeisa. Major problems of ice cream makers are related to: . w h i c h i c e cream makers say is sweeter. i s p r e f e r r e d t o imported sugar as less i s required. g r a p e f r u i t . both scheduled to s t a r t o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r A.S.02.lack . U.mzhtenance . 6 per cone. water melon. T h e 34. papayar mango.materials w h i l s t some flavours a r e e x t r a c t e d f r o m local f o o d s such as banana. Sh.Sh. Thus. dates and peanuts. Local s u g a r . P u b l i c The Mogadishu factory had initially started o p e r a t i o n s i n 1 9 6 6 b u t lack of l o c a l m i l k s u p p l i e s . yeast and colouring agent. coconut. 2 0 . he c a n s e l l t h e same a q c u n t of ice cream i n a cone f o r So. Ice cream is s o l d i n cups or cones. led to its closedown and it has . break- d o w n of equipment e t c . Large Scale D a i r i e s : There are t w o l a r g e dairies. made cups are imported from Saudi Arabia: cones are either imported or made locally from flour.high of equipment and l a c k of trained p e r s o n n e l t o carry o u t r e p a i r s of c u p s / c o n e s / m a t e r i a l s t o make cones cost of imported raw materials. according to a Hargeisa ice cream maker. 1 0 w h i c h now he sells i n a cup f o r So. Sh. One producer i n Mogadishu makes up t o 5000 cones per day at a s a l e / p r i c e of So. P r e s e o t l y capacity utilization varies from 30-50%. . however. 1983. I t is proposed t o purchase milk from m i l c h c o w owners a t t h e going m a r k e t rate.been idle since N o v e m b e r .s which a r e b e i n g imported. No more t h a n 5 0 % of The the production is to be derived from imported sources. Two things. A d e p o s i t system w i l l be s e t up and a loss of 5% per y e a r is anticipated. establishment of a Zairy farm t o supply milk to the f a c t o r y w a s c o n s i d e r e d economically u n v i a b l e . about 70% of the n e w equipment had been i n s t a l l e d . and Qorioley.whether factory the suppliers of m i l k t o t h e factory w i l l receive s u f f i c i e n t i n c e n t i v e s t o s e l l t o the - a s a s u b s t a n t i a l quantity of milk is now being consumed by the immediate family members. Currently. w i l l need t o be monitored. Afgoi. 1984. T e c h o i c a l p a r t i c u l a r s of t h e factory are g i v e n i n A p p e n d i x A. Milk w i l l be distributed i n r e t u r n a b l e bottles/crat-. Till September. the European Investment Bank is financing a project to renovate the f a c t o r y and increase i t s o p e r a t i n g capacity from 5 0 0 0 l i t e r s per day t o 2 2 . A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n of the project can be had from t h e f a c t o r y manager. and f u l l cream m i l k w i l l be imported. 0 0 0 liters p e r shift. it w i l l be necessary t o e n s u r e t h a t income g e n e r a t i o n does not take p r i o r i t y a t the expense of reduced ~utritionals t a t u s . of milk producing groups. These are: . Cow's milk w i l l be provided from six c o l l e c t i o n c e n t e r s D r y half cream located near Jowhar. B. Private The Kargeisa dairy p l a n t is expected to start opera t i o n s between January-March, 1985. s i t e revealed t h e following: A visit to the plant o n l y about 50% of the walls and roof and 20% of the concrete f l o o r have been constructed whilst none of t h e equipment (mostly from Afla-Laval), which has arrived a n 8 i s lying at the building site, has been i n s t a l l e d . Thus, starting operations early 1985 seems unprobable. Plant details can be obtained f r o m the Somali Develop- ment Bank in Mogadishu which is financino the project. Capacity is rated at 3 8 , 3 5 0 l i t t e s ( 3 % f a t ) of milk i l s i n g r e c o n s t i t u t e d imported d r y full cream nilk on the basis of one s h i f t of 6 hours p e r day, 2(! Cays per month. Packaging will be in 'Tetra P a k ' thus making a l l material i n p u t s imported except w a t e r . very vital input but there was There is shortage of this no i n d i c a t i o n of any plans to s o l v e t h e water shortage problerr. in t h e H a r ~ e i s ap i a n t . TWO o t h e r products are p l a n n e s in this p l a n t are : These - reconstituted f r u i t juice u s i n g 1 8 % i m p p o t ~ c 2f f r u t j u i c e c o n c e n t r a t e a t t h e r a t e of 6 7 5 0 l i t r e s i n one 6 hour shift per Say, 2 0 days a month - chocolate confectionery production, to start e a r l y 1985. However, in addition to t h e h a z e currency and water problems, the l i m i t e d buying power of consumers necessitates a p o d m a r k e t survey to determine whether buyers/retailera will accept a packaged reconstituted dry milk product, or the reconstituted fruit juice in view of the resistance from the Mogadishu market when ITOP tried to market canned grapefruit juice (for details see Part H of this r e p o r t . ) Recommendations A. Large D a i r i e s : 1. Review the feasibility of the two large planned dairies to start in 1985. 2. For the projects which are feasible, monitor to determine: B. progress made identify constraints preventing progress ways to overcome constraints and impiement same Small Dairies : 1. Explore overall costs/benefits of supplying milk, l o c a l or imported, to cheese and ice cream makers vs . direct consumption by consumers. 2. Specific needs assessment necessary to determine what can be done to improve production quantity and quality in order to make better use of resources, local materials and reduce imports. 3 . Explore ways to make rennet locally for use by commerical cheese makers/nomads to preserve milk nutrients d u r i n g d r y p e r i o d s . 4. Improve ways to get hard currency required to purchase necessary imported raw materials. Bibliography Improvement of Milk Supply to Mogadishu, F i n z l 3-M-£3: Report, EDF Project 4505-015.43.19, p. 66 + Appendix Tilburg 1981, Bernsschot-Moret-Bosboom: to Mogadishu Improvement of Milk Supply - Interim Report, Tilburq, December 1979 p. 84. CITACO Sp~:Spenmentazioni P r e s s o L'azinda Dairy Farm 21 O t t o b r e de A f g o i , Mogadishu November 1 9 7 2 , p . 9. CITACO SPA: Report on Berbera Ice Plant and Prelimi- nary Analysis of the Feasibility of an I c e Cream Factory and Gaseous Drinks Factory, Mogadishu, 1973 p . 1 7 . European Investment Bank: Mogadishu Dairy Project, Finance Contract, June 1982. Hunmen, W., G a s t e n , N., Susanne G u r a , Eippler, N., Meinarlus, M: The Private Manufacturing Sector of Somalia, German Development Institute, S e p t 1984. 163p. Jamhuuriyadda Dimooraadiga ee Soomaaliya Warshadda Caanaha: Warbixin Kooban oo ku Saabsan Wasrshadda, p . 75. Mogadishu :976, R c d g e r s , Roland V: Hilk Processing Plant, 'JNIDO Study, Mogadishu, January 1968, p . 20. 9. Shafgat Ali. S: Pre-feasibility Study on t h e Establish- ment of Milk Processing Plant at Somalia, UNDP/UNIDO Project DP/S0~/72/C07,Mogadishu, J u l y 1976, p. 7 0 . Somali Democratic R e p u b l i c Draft Tender Dossier.B. 11. p. Box 346 Hargeisa B. SOM/78/008.Box 449 Hargeisa . 148. Ministry of N a t i o n a l Planning. Contacts A. S i n g h . Ahmed Sita - Ownership P a r t n e r Ayaan Milk and Juice Factory P. 0 . 2 3 1 . p . Mohamed Adan ADINO Ice Cream P. Somali Democratic Republic: Supply P l a n t and Equip- ment to Mogadishu M i l k F a c t o r y .: Study f o r Establishing B a n a d i r Dairy P r o j e c t . C. Mogadishu March 1981.O. Mogadishu.10. May 1980. offices ( 3 9 7 m2). Its daily processing capacity will be brought to at least 22. of the following units: Capacity 1 0 0 0 0 l/hour - Milk r e c e p t i o n " reconstitution and precooling storage .8 ha of which 1 . The plot is 3. 2-2 The New machinery The @ant ni. The factory is located in Hodan District. Specifications of the main plant 2. and concrete s l a b s .APPENDIX A * SCHEDULE A SOMALIA - MOGADISHU DALRY PROJECT TECHNICAL DESCEIPTION 1. The investment will be carried out accordin9 timeto the specifications given below and t h e a ~ t a c h e d table.500 l/day of milk equivalent per s h i f t . implementation and operation and maintenance). 8 4 ha are used f o r the p l n a t (1 640 m2). roads and ancillary facilities. f u t u r e w a s t e water disposal plant will cover about 1 ha. s t o r e s ( 6 4 4 m2).1 N e w buildings and waste disposal plant New floors and walls will be installed in all processing rooms and i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y of t h e existing plant.11 conprf se. Mogadishu. General The project consists of the rehabilitation and expans i o n of the Mogadishu Dairy (study. rnaintained. 4. 5. will be. 3.- Milk pasteurization Fermented milk p r o d u c t i o n unit ' 5 000 I /hour 5 000 l/hour 2 000 l/charge ( 5 hrs) 1 O G O l/charge Yoghurt production unit Cheese production unit - Bottle cleaning unit 4 000 bottles/hour Steam production. Technical a s s i s t a n c e About 8 0 man-months of t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e w i l l be . In-town chilled distribution centers The centers will have an area of about 1 6 m 2 . Collection centers Four to s i x collection centers will be established outside Mogadishu within a 100 k n radius. 2 furnaces. r p u t will be of 2 000 Their through- - 3 000 l/hour. their cooling and collection of milk from out-of-town. pumps Cooling unit E f f l u e n t disposal 70 000-100 000 kcal/ hour - Laboratory equipment to make daily checks on milk quality inputs and outputs Complete system of cleaning in place The existing equipment considered t o have a remaining l i f e of more t h a n 3 years and which is compatible with the new equipment. be in- sulated and have c o o l i n g u n i t s of about 25 Rcal/hour. Finance C o n t r a c t . Timetable Tender procedures a r e scheduled to be completed by June 1 9 8 2 . 6. During i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h e n e w equipment.: d u r e s and l a b o r a t o r y tests. June 1 9 8 2 . and t h e e x p a t r i a t e technical assistants to have terminated their s t a y by 1 9 8 5 / 8 6 . the factory will continue to r u n at least at its c u r r e n t daily c a p a c i t y of about 5 000 I/day. ensuring q u a l i t y m i l k s u p p l i e s . The new factory will start 3perat- ing i n 1983 and be commissioned before mid 1984. They w i l l be ca-responsible w i t h t h e i r local c o u n t e r p a r t s f o r installing t h e new equipment. In addition. developing new marketing and accounting proce. installation of the machinery by e a r l y 1 9 8 3 . local professional staff will receive foreign or local training to h e l p them adapt to the new technology and procedures.. * Source: European Investment Bank: Mogadishu D a i r y Project.provided over 3 years by foreign expatriate p e r s o n n e l . vinegar made by b l e n d i n g imported acetic acid. Thus l o c a l producers are unable to give any estimate of their annual prcduction. Processing - ~ast/~resent/Future . At p r e s e n t .Sh. cooked rice. VINEGAR The demand for vinegar in Somalia is good as it is used by the people for various purposes in s a l a d s .70 and 40 respectively. and could be used as a flavourinq/preserving agent for pickles.tles. commercial production of vinegar using the fermentation method.F. There are no reports or studies on vinegar p r o d ~ c t i o n in Somalia and interviews r e v e a l e d that there had been little. ketchups/sauces. is obtained f r o m food i t e m s c o n t a i n i n g fermentable carbohydrates such a s f r u i t juice. a s o u r liquid consisting of dilute (4-6%) a c e t i c acid and o t h e ~f l a v o u r i n g s such as malt.* A . bananas and molasses. water and flavors is being manufactured by two Somali companies which produce about 1 2 0 0 / 7 5 0 r n l bottles p e r day. depending on availability of a c e t i c acid and bot. however. as well as a curing and t e n d e r i z i n g agent for meats. A market survey showed that both imported and local vinegar were being sold in 500 m l bottles for So. Vinegar. Local production is. i2 any. One . sporadic because of t h e s p o r a d i c availability of imported acid and bottles. they could produce a very acceptable fermented vineqar a t p r i c e s that could compete with imported vinegar. Experiments using local molasses for fermentation are bring conducted by one processor. Other Processing Possibilities The possibility of producing vinegar in Somalia w i t h the fermentation of l o c a l l y available raw materials should investigated. Some basic manufacturing knowledge is present but it is necessary t o build on t h a t i f a n a c c e p t a b l e quality vinegar i s to be produced that can effectively compete/replace imported vinegar. imported from Saudi Arabia. Considerable quantities of molasses at . However. easy to nanage and control procedures.producer uses dates.. acetic acid continues to be imported from Italy.) is one of the major hurdles p r z v e n t i n g the two companies from . b o t t l e s and caps lack of sufficient technical knowhow to produce a c e t i c acid or vinegar using simple. t h e s c a r c i t y of containers (bottles. In spite of the fact that there is sufficient local demand f o r vinegar. as the fermentable carbohydrate to produce s o m e acetic acid. Both producers feel that with some t e c h n i c a l and financial assistance. etc.expanding t h e i r business or making a c e t i c a c i d i n sufficient quantities to replace imported a c e t i c acid. Some of the m a j o r problems preventing increased production - l a c k of hard currency to import a c e t i c a c i d . l o w c o s t could be o b t a i n e d from the Jowhar Sugar Mill ( S N A I ) or other medium size sugar mills now o p e r a t i n g i n t h e Lower Shebelle region. b) how bottle and caps a r e now used by a l l manufactures (food and non-food) and which uses asp most bene. Lofig Term I . (See Part G of this r e p o r t regarding sugar processing) Non-exportable bananas have also been successfully used in other c o u n t r i e s as a source of f e r m e n t a b l e carbohydrate and offer possibilities here. germicides. Determine feasibility of producing acceptable quality . a) quantity and quality of bottles presently availability given t h e Somali Government's planned changes on imported alcholic beverages. Determine acetic a c i d needs t o meet l o c a l demand and reduce importations. Conduct a market study of used bottles and caps to determine: . .. insecticides.. shampoo. Other ingredients such as malt or other flavourings could be imported if needed. Possibly other containers could be used or locally made for such i t e m s as hydrochloric acid.ficial t o t h e e n t i r e c o u n t r y . Recommendations S h o r t Term 1. and floor polish which now u s e glass b o t t l e s . Develop and implement plans to expedite the necessary importations of acetic acid. 2. Work with one or both present processorS depending on interest and capability. Explore feasibility of making plastic containers and/or caps using present f a c i l i t i e s of p l a s t i c industry in Somalia or making glass containers. 2 1 0 6 6 . - Vinegar manufacture Box 1338 Karaan. sufficient quantities of vinegar to v e r i f y t e c h n i c a l and managerial feasibility and m a r k e t test f o r acceptability to replace imported brands. produce. Mogadishu Phone No. Contacts Ali H. (See P a r t M of this report regarding packaging). 3 . 2. If 1 above is feasible. using appropriate technical e x p e r t i s e .F 4 vineqar in Somalia with simple method fermentation so as to reduce importation of acetic acid. H a s h i m OKAY PRODUCTS P. 2 1 0 1 7 / 3 6 0 4 6 Ujeer X j a m i MAUTONE ROCCO - Vinegar manufacture Via Karnaldin Mogadishu Phone No.O. as a p i l o t project. 3 4 pew kilo i n September. milk. as in the p a s t years. 0 0 0 m e t r i c tons .3 million.G SUGAR The 1984 figures f o r t h e per c a p i t a consumption of sugar by Somalis i s estimated t o be about 1 4 k i l o s o r 7 4 .Sh. I n Somalia. produced Locally to s u p p l e m e n t imports. as l o c a l production increases and imports drop. A d e f i c i e n c y of 3 8 . as a s e m i r e f i n e d l i g h t tan o r "plantation g r a d e " . f r u i t juices - n a t u r a l and s y n t h e t i c . L o c a l l y produced sugar. problems b e s e t t i n g t h e two l a r g e scale local f a c t o r i e s may prevent self sufficiency from being achieved with t h e r e s u l t t h a t b o t h t h e p u b l i c and the food processing i n d u s t r y may face shortages. i s made a v a i l a b l e . Con- suinption i s expected t o increase a s more sugar. local c o n f e c t i o n e r i e s . Production o f L o c a l l y Grown Raw Materials Sugar cane i s grown p r i m a r i l y a l o n g the Middle and L o w e r S h e b e l l e and Juba r e g i o n s w i t h 4 2 0 . . 1 9 8 4 .200 tons. possibly a t lower prices. 5 8 0 t o n s is expected in 1 9 8 4 w i t h local p r o d u c t i o n e s t i m a t e d a t 3 5 . C o n t r a r i l y . 2 0 0 metric tons for a population of 5. coffee. s u g a r is mainly used in tea. 6 2 0 t o n s and consumption at 74. sold in varying amounts for Sh. sweet > a s t r i e s and even drinking water containing unaccept- a b l e levels of salt. a survey was made of the smaller s u g a r m i l l s and honey produced in Somalia. Page C 3 . sugar t y p e p r o d u c t s and honey for 1981/82 are shown in Table A . lack of long term production policies. according to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture. a medium s i z e sugar mill near Afgoi began operation with an installed capacity of 4 5 . S F A I at Jowhar and JSP (Juba Sugar Project) at Gelib and since p r e s e n t l y a g r e a t d e a l of attention of the Somali Government and international agencies is directed towards increasing output. S i n c e t h e r e have been many s t u d i e s and reports concerning the feasibility. pesticides and spare parts. Imports Imports of sugar. poor drainage. planiing. Froduction has dropped o f f in Jowhar in recent years due to such f a c t o r s as build up of salinity. A. However. M e d i u m S i z e d S u g a r Mills In J u l y 1 9 8 4 . implementation. The reader is referred to t h e studies and r e p o r t s located in the Ministry of Planning and m I D O Libraries and more importantly to the contacts listed at the end of the chapter who have both goad historical and up to d a t e i n f o r m a t i o n on these t w o mills.grown in 1981 and 5 3 5 . lack of fertilizers.5 U quintals . it was decided n o t t o s u r v e y these in t h i s s t u d y . absence of research programs. progress and changes in the t w o major s u g a r m i l i s . 0 0 0 in 1982. 842 1 I I I 1 I I 31.824 1 I t 9.168.607 20. (includ i n g artif ic ial honey and canned) Sugar c o n f e c t i o n e r y and other s u g a r p r e p a r a t i o n s (except chocolate confectionery I 1. : Not elsewhere stated .757 1 i I 1 222.093 3. s .000 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I 26.516.222.055 I 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 I 266.Shl I 1 I I I 1' i 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 2'! . 7 6 6 137.250.905.057 l 1 0 ~ 0 5 2 .964 I I ! 1 I 1 I 1 1 "73.305. beet and cane Beet and cane sugar ref iced Molasses N a t u r a l honey O t h e r sugar and syrup.000 1I 1I I I 50 3.205 I I 1 1 I I I 1 I 76. n.215 1 1 I 32.839 21.740 14.150 1I I 71.414 j 2 I I I 1 I II I I 1.518 1.Sh) I I I QUANTITY I I I I VALUE OF ITEM Suqas and sugar preparations Sugar and Honey [Kg) (Kg) ~(So. e .089 1 I 1 I 81.056 . 1982 I DESCRIPTION j I I I 1 QUANTITY I VALUE r(So.274 1 783.467 11 I 621.366 I I Raw sugar.216 I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I i I I I I I I I I Sugar confectionery n o t containing cocoa 1 I I I I I I I I I 98.C48 136.046.646 1 i I I I 128.922 Flavoured or colcured f syrups and molasses ( n o t i n c l u d i n g sweetenzd f r u i t s juices l sugar I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I 168. s .103 1 9.G 3 TABLE A IMPORTS O F SUGAR TYPE PRODUCTS + HONEY 1981 / 8 2 ? 98 . 580 7.900.6471 I t I I 481.960 1 79.741 1 I I 1 1.814 i I I I 900 /I I I 900 I I I 1 Note: a) Source: Ministry of Planning 5) n .505.374 135.404.e.624.914 1 I 1 27.841.501.817.7471 1 1 474. Two mills of s i m i l a r size.Shs. over a f i r e of dry bagasses and wood. to f o r m jaggery. This jaggery is then centrifu~edto remove molasses and washed with s o m e L o c a l l y a v a i l a b l e / i r n p o r t e d chemicals to whiten the s u g a r . 4 8 6 . farmers w i l l have a n alternative cash crop t o p l a n t and i r r i g a t i o n water f r o m the Shebelle will help obtain good yields. 0 0 0 and i s using expertise from India. employs about 8 persons per shift. one a t Kurtun Weyre and the o t h e r at S a b l a l e . are owned by settlement project cooperatives.So. on the hundred h e c t a r e farm owned by the p o l i c e but also on other farms. . grown not only near the m i l l . The success of the t h e s e mills f u r all concerned i s t o be s e e n a f t e r production reaches near installed c a p a c i t y . The n e w m i l l viewed at A f g o i is large enough t o accommodate o t h e r equipment t o increase production in t h e future to over 1 0 0 quintals per day. Present production is 10 quintals per Z a y of semi refined light tan sugar o r khandsari. Sugar cane. The entire mechanical equipment is powered w i t h one d i e s e l S H P e n g i n e and a belt/pulley system. owned and operated by the Somali All t h e Police Forcz. suqar produced by t h i s m i l l is consumed by the police force. It has new equipment worth about. The z i l l . They hope to begin p r o d u c t i o n shortly and supply s u g a r to local residents. i s r o l l e r crushed and t h e r e s u l t i n g j u i c e ( 6 0 - 65% of the cane weight) i s boiled'down i n three open p a n s . W i t h sugar m i l l s operating in t h e i r areas.per day. : . b i s c u i t s '. is not now utilized but it is f e l t that it c o u l d be used i n making c o n f e c t i o n e r i e s . B.000liters with an approximate total v a l u e of So. a by-product making up to 50% o f the original cane weight. Sugar from t h e s e m i l l s is expected t o s e l l for about 1/3 to. The industry i s now e v o l v i n g according t o a FA0 report (Appendix A) on beekeeping and honey p r o d u c t i o n . The Ministry o f A g r i c u l t u r e is p r o v i d i n g assistance w i t h equipment.4- Molasses. . There a r e . a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e p o r t . At present a slightly Less r e f i n e d o r darker c r y s t a l l i z e d sugar i s accepted by local residents near the mills. t o farmers and it i s hoped t h a t farmers and m i l l owners will reinvest to p u r c h a s e the n e c e s s a r y inputs and become more self sufficient. extension. about 3 . 13 m i l l i o n .-. T h e a n n u a l honey p r o d u c t i o n i s estimated at 225. - and animal feed.e t c .. 0 0 0 beekeepers with a n estimated 71.1/2 the price from the Jowhar or G e l i b m i l l s and be equal in whiteness and overall quality once the mills a t t a i n n e a r capacity p r o d u c t i o n .Shs. Honey P r o d u c t i o n : R e l i a b l e data on t h e national p r o d u c t i o n of honey i s lacking.000 h i v e s a l o n g the sides of the Juba and Shebelle rivers. T h e s e production figures refer to and r e f l e c t the capacity o f hollow l o g hive-s w i t h annual y i e l d s per hive of 3-5 litres. c o u n t r y training.Shs. Local honey sells for So . T h i s price difference i s p a r t l y reElected in the fact t h a t l o c a l h ~ n e yis n o t as w e l l r e f i n e d . IIoney is used for medicinal purposes as home remedy and as a sweetner an bread and biscuits. b o t t l e d and labelled as imported honey. processing and marketing . appear to be much use made of bees w a x . 400.A Somali businessman in Jannalle has successfully e x t r a c t e d 40-50 l i t r e s per h i v e annually through t h e adoption of Greek type beehives.Shs. I m p o r t s shown i n T a b l e A indicate a substantial reduction in imports. A FA0 consultant surveyed the beekeeping industry and a report is to be issued. Import figures f o r 1 9 8 3 / 8 4 w e r e not a v a i l a b l e to check i f that t r e n d c o n t i n u e s . The government import t a r i f f s a l s o cause i m p o r t e d honey t o be h i g h e r p r i c e d thus helping t o stimulate local p r o d u c t i o n . 300 a k i l o and imported for So. Training a b r o a d f o r 4 Somalis i s p l a n n e d a s well as i n . The government has initiated an e x p e r i m e n t a l beekeeping f a r m a t J a n n a l l e and Bonkai villages. in Lower Shebzlle and Saidao r e s p e c t i v e l y . O t h e r a c t i v i t i e s by t h e Somali Government and FA0 are outlined i n Appendix A. Limitations of Honey Production: - lack of proper technology and training of producers t o o p t i m i s e production. by-product There does not Uses for this (applicable to Somali needs) should be explored. dustry using sugar as an ingredient t o produce i m p o r t substitution products and other products not available but for which a Local or export market exists. Appropriate ways to make b e s t use of all sugar grades (local and imported) for the economic. j e l l i e s . nutritional and t e c h n i c a l benefit of t h e c o u n t r y and not just d i r e c t consumption by consumers. Recommendations A. m o r e benefits o r value added may come by diverting more refined grades to the food industry to produce more and better quality products (jams. . labour and existing f a c i l i t i e s r a t h e r than s e l l i n g t o consumers through retail outlets or to institutions. For example.- d e f o r e s t a t i o n reducing favourable habitats for bees - spraying methods t o eradicate tse-tse fly possibly threatening t h e survival of bees production areas located in remote areas which pose communication problems and accessibility t o potential markets. Sugar Resources and Uses A study s h o u l d be made of s u g a r resources and uses in Somalia to determine: 1. bakery goods. . skills. . etc) utilizing local fruits. etc. Present and projected q u a n t i t y and quality needs of the food i:. 2. explore the replication of such mills in other locations. If these mills are cost-/benefiteffective. 3. problems encountered and how. etcj for b o t h consumer and. for food industry users. C. Small Mediuq Scale Sugar Processing 1. I n t r o d u c e ways to make better use of honey and by-products (bees wax. its cane farmers and customers and overall benefits to Somalia provided by these mills vs the mills at Jowhar and J e l i b 2. .B. Somali Government should p r o v i d e material i n p u t s . training and credit necessary to help operations beco~neself-sufficient since this is a very necessary outcome if the mills axe t o be successful. . Honey ~roduction/~rocessing 1. operating profitably and efficiently. and Somali Government to provide technical assistance and training to overcome honey production/processing/marketing problems 2. problems were solved b) Provide necessary technical and other assistance to cane farmers and the mills to solve problems and help expand production if feasible c) Determine cost benefits for the mill. more importantly. Determine plans by FA0 . if possible. Monitor the three newly started medium size mills to: a) Identify progress made. Final report and accounts 24 months ended 31 D e c .Bibliography Booker Agriculture and Technical Services Ltd: Planning and Design Study for the Juba Sugar Project. UNIDO.M. Hummen. Booker Mcconnell Project Ltd: Juba Sugar Project Draft Implementation Contract. 1 9 8 4 . Hippler. Gasten. V: Rehabilitation and Improvement Programme f o r the SEA1 Suqar Plant at Jowhar. London. CITACO. Dr. 163p. 39p. : The Private Manufacturing Sector of Somalia G e r m a n Eevelopment Institute. 8. UNIDO Mission. April 1980. 1976..N. June f 976. S e p t . Vienna June 1 9 8 0 . p r o g r e s s reports. Hendrikson: Comments on the Suitability o f establishing a Sugar F a c t o r y in the Juba Region. SPA: Feasibility Study on the Establishment of Sugar Estate in the lower Juba region. W. Guruswamy. V: Assistance to the SNAI Sugar Plant at Jowhar. UNIDO Mission Report 1972. Monthly Bovell. H: Appraisal of the Project Design of Sugar A g r o - Industrial Complex. 1978. 7 7 p . M e i n a r l u s .. Somalia. . SP/SQX/78/804/41-01. 1978.. Susanne Gura. P and EL-Zeini. UNIDO. M. Terminal Report. SP/SOM/79/804/ Terminal R e p o r t . Guruswamy. 1976. German Planning and Economic Advisory Group. Mogadishu 1 3 p . 33p + Appendix. 79p. Nikas Consultant Bureau C-32 Greater Kailash-1 New Delhi.9. John: A study of 50 small scale industries w h i c h can utilize local raw matexials in Somalia. A j i t Sinqh.0. Guruswarny B: Report to the Somali Democratic Republic Rehabilitation and Improvement Programme far the SNAI Sugar Plant at Jowhar. Honey Producer P. The International Scgar Market Special Report No. 1977. V i c e General M. India Somalia Address - in office building behind Kenya Airlines Ticket Office 3. Mohamed Sheikh Abdillahi - Director of Production Dept . ~ ~ / S O M / 7 2 / 0 0 7 14. 3 .06 p. Technical Dept . Sernida. Contacts: Sept. A.S.AID 11 Mogadishu August 1 9 8 4 . 1 9 8 1 .106. . 10. Report for U.anager . Mogadishu Office behined Kenya Airlines Ticket Office C. Jowhar Sugar F a c t o r y : 1. Economist Intelligence Unit: Per C a p i t a S u g a r Consumption by Country ( 1 9 7 9 ) . Supplier + installer of medium size sugar mill equipment Resident Director NIKAS Commerical Business Pvt L t d . Omer Hersi Omer - G e n e r a l Fanager 2. Box 822. UNIDO Mission. Arab Essa Haid. Abdi Farah Essa. 000 litres with an approximate total value of 13 million Somali shillings. Juba Sugar Project: 1 . Modern beekeeping facilities do n o t exist. About 80% of t h e beekeepers and 9 0 % of the bee- h i v e s are l o c a t e d i n forested areas. M . R . Bassan Mohamoud Gibin E x e c t i v e Chairman 2 . Mr. i n a n a t t e m p t t o i n c r e a s e t h e income of t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n and improve c r o p yields . APPENDIX A* Beekeeping and Honey Production. 0 0 0 beekeepers with an estimated 71.000 along the sides of t h e Juba and S h e b e l l e r i v e r s . This method is rather d e s t r u c t i v e t o t h e h i v e s and all of the resultant wax is d i s c a r d e d . T h e e f f e c t of spraying t o e r a d i c a t e the tse- tse fly on t h e bees i s c u r r e n t l y u n d e r i n v e s i t g a t i o n . The increase i n beekeeping activities resulting f r o m economic incentives is being threatened by d e f o r e s t a t i o n for charcoal and farming. Honey i s produced by t h e hollow log h i v e system on a village scale u s i n g traditional s i m p l e methods of beekeeping and honey e x t r a c t i o n . Dr. The annual honey production is estimated at 225. Beekeeping znd honey production in Somalia is a totally p r i v a t e enterprise. H . There hives are about 3 . - J u b a Sugar Project Mogadishu Curry General Manager - Juba Sugar Project Mareri. About two years ago.D. . However. It was requested t h a t the training course be held early e n o u ~ hso t h a t the knowledge g a i n e d could be used in assessing the impact of t h e spraying operation on bees during the aerial spraying operations. Shawki. It should also be noted here that the Environmental D e p a r t m e n t of the National Tse-Tse and Trypanosomiasis Control Projecthave also requested the s e r v i c e s . FA0 Representative.21.N. pg. the Government requested FAG/'TCP assistance in advancing beekeeping management techniques and t r a i n i n g of a group of national technical officers in apiculture. Daoud e n t i t l e d "Back to Office Report .Syria. fox a two-month p e r i o d and he d r a f t e d a project f o r the development of apiculture i n Sornzlia. Sarborelli was appointed as Apiculture Consultant to Somalia in December.through improved pollination. 1 9 8 3 . 1982.a f one F A 0 consultant-trainer in beekeeping t o provide in-country training. followed by a longterm project'akmed at develo~ingand expanding apiculture in t h e c o u n t r y . indicated that they would like to see t h a t a follow-up should consist of sending a F A 0 consultant for one to t w o months to provide in-country training in beekeeping f o r the local beekeepers. Accordingly. Jordan and Somalia Sept. a project agreement was signed in 1982 and Ms. 1 4 - October 1 4 . both the Government of Somalia and M r . * Note: Taken from a r e p o r t by H. It has not been determined w h e t h e r processing of the excess low cost fruits would h e l p e x t e n d nutritional advantage over the year when certain fruits are scarce and/or to the p e r s o n s n e e d i n g i t .M FRUIT PROCESSING Almost all fruit grown in Somalia i s consumed a t t h e fresh s t a t e . However. and low profits for farmers-. the consumers b e n e f i t for they a r e able to obtain some important nutritional components at low cost. shown in Table B. supply is able to meet demand e x c e p t during peak production periods when it is in e x c e s s leading t o low prices.2. Imparts Imports of important fruits/fruit preparations and essential oils. which grow wild or are c u l t i v a t e d in sufEicient quantit&esdcan be possibly processed for l o c a l consumption/export. indicate that there is a demand f o r these. Given the necessary technical. . see page. retailers and traders. The marketing of many fresh fruits is well documented in a recent U S A I D survey by Jaffee in 1984. Production of Locally Grown Raw M a t e r i a l s Many of the fruits. No estimates of per capita consumption is available but for most fruits. possibly several of these could be produced in Somalia. as shown in Table A. f i n a n c i a l and government support. . Middle S h e b e l l e A 1 3 year .Jan Lower. - - August Jan DATES Oct. Middle Shebelle Bussaso Baydhaba Hiran Not know^ GRAPE July Dec. Sept - August Feb Jan GUAVA Togdheer N. M i d d l e Shebelle ORANGE W Sept. TAMARIND Lower. I HARVEST MONTHS All year GRAPEFRUIT June Dec.PI. Biran Middle Skebelle Lower Juba Lower Shebelle Hiran PAPAYA July .- NAME BANANA REGION OR DISTRICT GROWN Lower Shebelle Lower Juba Bu ' le Lower Shebelle Lower Juba Middle Shebelle Hiran Badhaba Nugal (Xillin) Berbera (M. - Dec.August Dec. Middle Shebelle All year All Year A l l Year LIN3 Lower. - Dec FIGS Baydhaba as t ) Hiran Lower.MAJOR F R U I T S GROWN IN SOMALIA .W. Mj?Zie Shebelle Lower. tanqerines or mandarins and clmentines. mnnalades. dreid D a t e s . fresh or dried Avocados.TABLE B F R U I T . fresh Other citrus fruits Apples fresh Grapes. mangoes a d W V a s Other fresh fruits Fruits.) (KG) VALUE VA5UE (SO.SN. F R U I T PRODUCTS AND ESSENTIAL OILS IMPORTS I N 1 9 8 1 / 8 2 DESCRIPTION OF ITEM QUAFTITTTY (KG) QUANTITY (SO. f r u i t jellies.SH. ) Fresh or dried fruits and nuts (not hcP3din4 oil nuts) Oranges. fruit puree and pastes O m q e juice Gwapefruit juice . preserved and other reparations J m . 337 141.510 1.e.I 74. or other preservative solutions Nuts roasted (including roasted ground nuts) NR I . water. Fssential o i l s . prepared or preserved. frozen.s. = not elsewhere stated 3.087 12.293.200 Note: Source : 1.066 NR hF.434 383. NR = none reported . 14.595 9.625 1. NF.) (KG) VALUE QUANTITY (KG) Juices of any other citrus f r u i t Pineapple juice 12.SH. sulphur.SH. dried or provisionally preserved in brine.DESCRIPTION OF ITEM 1981 1982 QUANTITY (SO. n. Ministry of Planning 1 9 8 2 d a t a is not as c o m p l e t e or as accurate as 1 9 8 1 n.e.865 3.165 378. essences and other flavour materials 61.970 256. Fruit tmprarily preserved Peel of melons and citrus fruits fresh.323 VALUE (s0.438 97 532. 2.s.620 47.566 Papaya juice Juice of any other fruit or vegetable NR NR _=we of f r u i t or vegetable juice P m o juice q q .836 Fruit and nuts.200 117.200 FR I NR 51.794 1.241 11.580 Tomato juice 657. ORIGIN 60 40 F r u i t jam USA Bulgaria Tomato j u i c e Tomato juice 800 150 125 320 580 i6 0 25 Fruit j u i c e Jam F r u i t peel 15 40 Italy Italy Italy Italy Denmark 180 150 Grapefruit juice 330 266 Orange n e c t a r 30 32 Denmark Ja-pzn Crape juice P i n e a p p l e pieces Orange j u i c e . S F . a market survey i n 1 9 8 4 r e v i e w e d t h e imports of processed f r u i t s . some of which could be processed locally. 330 270 71 Austriz Kenya Saudi Arabia 40 80 Fruit jelly Tomato sauce 450 420 50 Italy USSR. TABLE C PROCESSED FRUIT PRODUCTS IN XOGADISHU A MARKET SUP. shown in Table C.am (melon) Fruit < r i n k powder and concentrate (TANG & SUPITQUICK) 1000 250 USA and Kenya . 70 T o m a t o sauce 140 400 24 70 400 55 Greece Tomato sauce Grapes d r i e d 1000 3 40 Italy Turkey China .A l t h o u g h import data was n o t available f o r 1 9 8 3 / 8 4 .VEY September 1584 ITEM Pineapple slices SIZE ( g r or m l ) 4 5 4 gr 454 P R I C E SO. and grapefruit. a s i z e a b l e amount of tin sheet is still in storage. papaya. A s per information a v a i l a b l e . ITOP After some preliminary studies. Inconsistent supply of raw m a t e r i a l s and of c a n s were t w o of t h e major problems reducing both productive e f f i c i e n c y and success. b l o c k i n g a great d e a l of f o r e i g n exchange. The f r u i t s mainly were mangoes. During the e a r l y . As it produced poor quality side seams. Can c o s t is estimated at 60% of total canned p r o j e c t cost. A brief des- c r i p t i o n i n Appendix A outlines ITOP's growth and some of its problems up to 1983. commercial processing of fruits began in 1972 w i t h the establishment of ITOP ( i n d u s t r i a l Transformazione P r o d o t t i O r t i f r u t t i c a l i ) by t h e Somalia Development Bank. Obtaining consistent supply of raw materials also caused productive efficiency to vary. A second- hand can-forming machine was put into operation to utilize the imported f l a t tin sheets. tomatoes. the scheme was dropped and it was decided t o import semiformed cans i n s t e a d o f purchasing a new can forming equipment. Foreign exchange shortages however reduced ability to obtain adequate quantities of semiformed cans. Tomatoes w e r e a v a i l a b l e in l a r g e quantities d u r i n g peak harvest periods t h u s p r e v e n t i n g t h e processing operations from being stretched out over a longer period. Attempts to export to Kenya have f a i l e i i .A. ITOP will produce only tomato paste i n 400 grn semifosmed cans. the fresh market did. cac i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e paste will contain 28% solids thus preventing ITOP from canning a lower % solids product and using the same label/ can. An o u t p u t of 2 5 0 0 tons of paste over a 5-6 month . Because of excess. possibly very expensive. farmers sold to the fresh market r a t h e r t h a n to ITOP because they received higher prices.Sh. fertilizers. in 1983. however. 300 per quintal and bought nearly all quality grades delivered to the factory. fuel. and shipping containers for raw materials. imported from Italy. supplies. pledged to supply it torr~atoes. offered a higher price of So.Sh. Salt at 1 % level is the only inqredient added. The 1984 price is expected to be So. The 3 c o l o u r printed. To overcome these problems. spread out over a l a r g e r period. reject a large p e r c e n t a g e of the t ~ m a t o e s .thus reducing farmer's prof its. ownership was transferred to the Union Member farmers are of Somali Cooperative Movement. Assistance is given to farmers to obtain seeds. ITOP. credit. pesticides. In 1984.(Sept/Oct) and latter (March/April) parts o f the h a r v e s t ing season. It is hoped that this will ensure a better supply. In 1983. 450 per quintal and the reject rate about 5%. A visit to the factory showed t h e equipment and facilities to be in reasonably good condition. A second- hand bottle washing and filling line has s e e n little use because of Lack of bottles. a r e expected to be i n excess i n 1 9 8 4 . A higher yield i s expected i f weather i s f a v o u r a b l e . This w i l l be a big increase over 1 9 8 3 when 1 4 2 . They have the capacity t o produce 2 0 0 t o 3 5 0 / 7 5 0 ml b o t t l e s p e r d a y with a work f o r c e of 1 0 -15 p e r s o n s i n each business when necessary inputs are a v a i l a b l e . which. m e n t a . orange. Other Processors Flavoured Sugar Syrup: Two businessmen in Mogadishu make a v a r i e t y of s u g a r syrup cancentrates flavored w i t h lemon. a study of t h e ITOP f a c t o r y was carried o u t by a f r u i t / v e g e t a b l e p r o c e s s i n g s p e c i a l i s t .7 respectively and used caps are utilized when imported ones a r e not a v a i l a b l e . 15-April 15. By-products such as tomato skins. w e r e used by farmers for seed s t o c k and p o u l t r y feed. almond. Hand o p e r a t e d equipment i s used wherever possible t o reduce dependence on electric power supplies. Used beer and wine b o t t l e s costing So. g r a p e f r u i t . T h i s assumes a h a r v e s t y i e l d of 5 t o n p e r hectare expected by farmers from 500 h e c t a r e s of l a n d brought under tomato c u l t i v a t i o n . from 8 0 0 tons of tomatoes. s e e d s . B. 7 t o n s of tomato p a s t e . & I n t e r e s t e d r e a d e r s may o b t a i n his report from t h e Di.period . I n September 1 9 8 4 . 14 - 2 and 5 .O c t . were produced. . i n t h e p a s t .e c t o r at ITOP . With the exception of tamarind and pomegran- a t e . t h e other s y r u p s use imported f l a v o r e s s e n c e s (essential o i l s ) and colors.Sh.i s planned. e t c . tamarind o r pomegranate. ) w i l l be needed. and containers a r e available. One company i s e x p l o r i n g t h e use of l o c a l l y made plastic b o t t l e s made at t h e SNAI BIASA F a c t o r y i n Jowhar . confectionary and dairy c h e e s e products. ments Basic technical a s s i s t a n c e . .Sh. O t h e r p r o d u c t s produced by one o r b o t h of these two companies include r e c o n s t i t u t e d v i n e g a r . Drying of whole limes by s e v e r a l farmers A good m a r k e t Line Drying: i n the Lower Shebelle area started in . P r e s e n t facilities and equipment seem n e a r l y adequate for present p r o d u c t i o n b u t if p r o d u c t i o n i s expanded o r new product lines are introduced. f l a v o r i n g s . ice cream and rose w a t e r . facilities and s u p p o r t c a p a b i l i t i e s ( e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r s . has s e r v e d a s an outlet for e x c e s s limes when f r e s h lime p r i c e s are v e r y low. improve- on p r e s e n t p r o d u c t s . F u t u r e p l a n s c a l l f o r expansion t o o t h e r products such a s jams. processing equipment. and development o f o t h e r products a r e also needed. receive So. producer said it takes about 4 5 days t o sundry l i m e s depending on t h e weather. j e l l i e s . etc. c o l o r s . found i n Saudi Arabia.Both businesses can produce more i f raw materials s u c h a s s u g a r .60 Producers One per kilo from Somali e x p o r t e r s . causino drying t i m e t o be l o n g e r t h a n necessary and dried lime quality to be lowered even though o n l y good fresh quality limes are used f o r drying. canned fruits. A v i s i t to one o p e r a t o r showed them d r y i n g on t h e ground. The non-availability a t certain A n attempt to seasons of the year is the major problem. I n t e r e s t was e x p r e s s e d during a survey of s h o p s and r e s t a u r a n t s for other juices such as watermelon. Many shops a l s o serve f r u i t type drink made with orange f l a v o r e d d r i n k powder (TANG) or orange s q u a s h c o n c e n t r a t e (SUN-QUICK) . it seems advantageous to explore the production of some f r u i t products and ingredients from local f r u i t s . mango. Papaya j a m . the demand for s e v e r a l f r u i t products and t h e possible e x p a n s i o n of exports. guava. t h e military and o t h e r institutions. h o t e l s . Somali Airlines. Table D . p H11. Bakeries. . i n d i c a t e s s o m e p r o d u c t s which offer potential-and for which a market demand is known to -exist b u t n c t its size. etc. are unable to make several sweet p a s t r i e s for lack of fruit-containing ingredients. for example. Other Processing Possibilities - Based on the availability o f a variety o f local f r u i t s .Grapefruit Juice: A market: survey showed many snack shops and restaurants sell j u i c e which they s q u e e z e from g r a p e f r u i t p u r c h a s e d f r o m local fresh f r u i t and vegetable m a r k e t s . s o l v e this problem by ITOP by canning t h e juice proved unacceptable a s consumers p r e f e r r e d f r e s h j u i c e and would not u s e canned j u i c e even when f r e s h j u i c e was n o t available. Many of t h e s e p r o d u c t s would n o t o n l y be used by consumers directly b u t a l s o by bakeries. ) Essential oils ( f o r f l a v o r ing sugar syrup. O r a n g e . Tamarind. Papaya. G r a p e f r u i t Manqo. Tomatoes. confectionaries . Guava Canned/bottled juices Candied f r u i t peels Candied f r u i t s Dry f r u i t s P e c t i n ( f o r jellies. Guava. Manqo Banana. ketchup Tomatoes . etc. Papaya. ice creams. ) G r a p e f r u i t . Grapef r u i t . Papaya. Lemon Papaya. Mango. Orange Tomato - Sauce. T o m a t o skins Papaya Papain (meat t e n d e r i z e r . Watermelon. G r a p e s . Papaya. Tomatoes etc. Mango. Mango G r a p e f r u i t . etc. Lemon. G r a p e f r u i t . . Guava.Papaya. Mango. Grapefruit. paste.TABLE D F R U I T PRODUCTS FOR POSSIBLE PRODUCTION IN SOMALIA F R U I T PRODUCTS -~ ~ Jams Jelly Marmalade Canned f r u i t pieces Banana. 1 Grapefruit. confections. f r u i t j u i c e s . Tomatoes Guava. G r a p e f r u i t Orange. reducing imports and creating employment vs. citrus and tomatoes offer reasonable substitutes for some imported items. Dried products from bananas.must look at the value added by diverting suitable grades of sugar to the fruit processing industry thus utilizing excess fruit. a major ingredient in many fruit products. were grown out of which about 62.H 1 2 once produced by ITOP. was well received but lack of containers. Flour from dried green bananas offers possibilities for extending t h e amounts of wheat flour and thus reducing wheat and wheat f l o u r imports.ills in the Lower Shebelle offer a possible source of lower cost acceptable sugar. stopped production.. The cost/benefits would be very favorable. and possibly sugar. It is in this instance that the government. papaya. direct sugar consumption in items such as tea/coffee. (See part N Food Packaging) To compete in quality with some imported products some preservatives such as sodium benzoate and potassium meta b i s u l f a t e a r e needed to be imported. Besides direct consum?tion. Sugar. a major fruit of Somalia. The newly started medium size sugar rr. (See part G on Sugar Processing) Another major problem inhibiting production of many fruit products is lack of containers and now with incrased demand the possibility of locally making suitable containers should be explored. a market exists with d bakeries to help broaden their product line.000 tons were . mango. (See part B Grain Milling) In 1983. 75. would have to be made more readily available to processers if such products are to be produced.000 tons of bananas. passion fruit. and other tropical fruits which may offer possibilities for processing. Solar powered equipment for drying fruits could be made using l o c a l l y available materials and easily taught skills for operation and maintenance. will be free. and some packaging (polyethylene bags presently made in Somalia). . labour. It could also be used in meat products processed f o r export to upgrade tougher cuts of meat to more tender finished frozen or refrigerated products.exported. a citrus juice plant and a tomato. Papain used as a meat tenderizer and beverage clari- fier may h a v e an export market. Since the sun's energy. The Afgoi Agriculture Research Institute is now field testing production possibilities of plums. mango. It is understood the Ministry of Industry is considering conducting feasibility studies on these. production costs will come mostly from local 'raw materials. A r e c e n t study i n 1 9 8 4 outlines inputs for two agro- industries. which is estimated to be 1700 to 2200 kilowatt hours per square meter in Somalia. Those not exported and possibly available for processing were: - not of export quality not a v a r i e t y that could withstand export shipment grown for local consumption and eaten in the green or ripe stage of maturity. and papaya juice plant. p r i c e s . for more description and problems concerning this factory. package size and qcality. Recommendations: 1.The proposed dairy to start in mid 1985 in Rargeisa is to also produce 6750 liters of fruit juice 118% concentrated) from imported juice concentrate. expected d e m a ~ d . Dairies. instit~tional~military. 3. The Somali Development Bank and/or owners should be contacted for details. Conduct market research to determine customer and commercial) (retail. Conduct concept and prototype development and field testing of possible products on a pilot scale utilizing existing commercial and/or academic facilities and expertise with outside t e c h n i c a l assistance if needed. C a p a c i t y is about 8-10 litres p e r day per 8 hour shift. Local market for manufacturers of pectin and essential oils needs to be determined. needs. See Part E. Carry out a specific resource assessment of fruits presently available and new or improved ones planned for f u t u r e production by the A f g o i Agriculture Research Institute and private businesses. jasmine. and citronella were once produced for perfumes. . where essences of lemon oil. specific uses. At the same t i m e . 2. and advantages and disadvantages of local vs imported fruit and fruit derived products. Essential oils could be produced in the idle steam distillation units at SNAI-BIASA in Jowhar. 4. Susanne Gura. Explore export market potential for dry limes and other fruit products to determine feasibility of upgrading existing operations a n d / o r producing semi or fully processed products. N. 2. Mogadiscio. W. Provide technical a s s i s t a n c e t o help processors use more local materials such as sugar. Hendrikson. Mogadiscio. 4.. April 1972. Meinarius. N.. Feasibility Study on a Tomato Paste Factory in Somalia. 5 . essential oils. Feasibility Study on the Establishment of a Tomato Processing P l a n t in Somalia. H i p p l e r . German Planning and Economic Advisory Group Dr. German Planning and Ecgnomic Advisory Group: Dr.. M: The Private Manufacturing Sector of Somalia German Development Institute. Gasten. 163 p. p 51 + 4 appendices. 1967. 3. Jaffee. Conduct an analysis to determine if it is cost/ benefit effective to provide necessary inputs to fruit processors. 1984. Biblicgraphy 1. Hendrikson. 6. August.ercialfeasibility and try to i n c o r p o r a t e existing food processing o p e r a t i o n s where possible. S: Fruit and Vegetable Production and Marketing in Somalia: A survey of the Dheffeso Farmers' Cooper- ative of Afgoi and an analysis of the domestic and . etc. Sept. Hummen.determine eo~m. p 77 + 4 annexes. May. . Mogadishu.M. 1934. Mogadishu. K a z m i S. p104. A U S A I D survey. Derek: Mission Report 6-20 October 1983. Semida. Chicago. p 64. N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 3 . 7. Miner and A s s o c i a t e s Inc: Feasibility Study for Tomato Paste Manufacturing in the Republic of Somalia. 1 0 . 9. 5. Ragay: Tamarindus Indica Z. Mogadiscio. Sept. 1980. Development Loan Section. A P l a n t Which Needs Attention. Thomas H. In Somali R a n g e Bulletin by N a t i o n a l R a n g e Agency No.and export marketing system for fruits and vegetables. Department of Technical Cooperation for Development.. 4 to 6 . -Thomas H.A. 6. 20.1968. Prepared for Credite Somalo. August 14. Said Afawi Said: Availability of Raw Materials to Agro-Industries in Conference on Industrial Development and Management. Miner and Associates I n c . May 1968. 8. O c t . Ill. : Feasibility Study for Tomato P a s t e Manufacturing in t h e R e p u b l i c of Somalia. John: A Study of 50 Small Scale Industries w h i c h can U t i l i z e Local Raw Materials in Somalia. 10. E n e r g y R e s ~ u r c e sBranch. November. UNDP . Inter-regional Advisor. 1984. Longoz. for USAID. 1982 p 77. Adam Manager ITOP F a c t o r y Af g o i C. Ali Managing Director OK PRODUCTS P. Hassan. A b e d Abu Sita Owner/Partner AYAAN Milk and Juice F a c t o r y P. Box 3 4 6 Harqeisa B.O.Contacts A. Ujeeri A j a r n i MAUTONE ROCCO v i a Kamaldin Mogadishu PH: 21066 . Hashirn H. Box 1 3 3 8 Mogadishu PH: 21017/36046 D.O. Salirn Abukar Salim Af goi (Dried L i m e Producer) E. Bowever. Since then. t h e capacity o f t h e factory remains the same and i t s entire ouput is consumed i n t h e domestid market. with an initial production c a p a c i t y of 300 q u i n t a l s of fresh f r u i t s p e r d a y i n a two s h i f t cycle. Through Afgoi passes t h e river S h e b e l l e . The factory i s g e o g r a p h i c a l l y l o c a t e d n e a r Afgoi which is in a very productive agricultural region. and tomato juice. The seasonal delivery table below g i v e s the p r o d u c t i o n data. The f a c t o r y s t a r t e d i n 1 9 7 3 w i t h one u n i v e r s a l production line for p r o c e s s i n g mango. papaya. t h e factory serves p u r e l y a s an imporr-substituting industry ( f o r e i g n exchange s a v e r ) .APPENDIX A Summary Report of ITOP Canning Factory (a) T h e I T O P f a c t o r y w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 7 2 by the Somali Development Bank to promote the economic development o f t h e c o u n t r y . t h e addition of a t o m a t . There- f o r e . grapefruit. paste processing l i n e i n c r e a s e d capacity t o 1 8 0 0 quintals of fresh fruits per d a y . The factory o p e r a t e s on s e a s o n a l conditions as it is impossible to process one kind of fresh fruit during the whole y e a r . working i n t w o shifts. . = . i n 1 9 7 5 . A major market is g u a r a n t e e d as w e l l . and t h e r e also ex s t many roadways for t h e t r a n s f e r of finished p r o d u c t t o t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y . 30 unskilled w o r k e r s . 10 semi- In 1 9 7 3 . the f a c t o r y employed 77 persons consisting of: 1 2 skilled workers.July E : & . 2 4 semi-skilled w o r k e r s . 5 staff and no e x p a t r i a t e s . 26 p e r s o n s consisting of: 1 5 unskilled w o r k e r s .15 M. F a c t o r y area = 190 X 1 4 0 . skilled workers and one e x p a t r i a t e . meter Factory building 1 2 0 X 80 Finished goods storage 30 X 80 Raw materials storage 7 X 3 4 Spare parts store 1 0 X 34 (a) Supplied by former I T O P f a c t o r y manager . Products T-~O 3) 16 S r p t . 2) 1) Jan-15 Fgr.Harvesting Periocls 3istance fm fam " factory a Cqacity of lines 7800 CIS. 15 June from 4 h to 200 km Alwa17s fm paste Tamto juice . it employed -. 21 J a - @i lb 400 kn r 300 Qls Mango jilice ~ C J nectar O mgo d a d e r Jliiie frm 4 h -to . 300' Q l s Grapefruit juice May - June from 3 krn t o 20 lan 300 Q l s Mixture juice syrup/marmaZade Xhen t h e f a c t o r y began p r o d u c t i o n i n 1 9 7 3 . . The current price increase is partly e x p l a i n e d by decreased importation of tamarind.Sh. respectively.) Tamarinda (Somali names Xamar and Raqay) not only grow wild mostly along the Juba and Shebelle Rivers.Sh.APPENDIX B Tamarind (TAMARINDUS INDICA L. but in other regions as well. 250 per k i l o . Previously t h e price w a s So. the price has risen to So. Alba. 2 5 and 1 5 for local and imported tamarind. Since May 1984. One softdrink manufacturer. Some processing is done at the production site by removing the outer dry dark-colored shell and packaging the remaining mixture of pulp. Though the current price cf local tamarind is about t w i c e the imported price. Tamarind was previously imported from Thailand and China. seeds and support membranes into small l/4 kilo p l a s t i c wrap. The tree yields fruit two times a year (Dayr and Haga) which is c o l l e c t e d by local p e r s o n s and s o l d t o traders and marketers from Mogadishu and other urban markets. t h e better flavor of local tamarind is preferred. porridge and occasionally with rice and pasta. but recently locally produced supplies are being used to replace these imports. uses some to make tamarind-flavored bottled drinks. Primary use of tamarind in Somalia is the p r e p a r a t i o n of sauces to be eaten with maize. - . wood and uses has been printed by the Somalia National Range Agency.A review of the presence of tamarind in Somalia and a description of its fruit. Per capita consumption is not known but i s believed t o be h i g h . Warm c l i m a t e n e c e s s i t a t i n g increased l i q u i d intakes b. S h o r t a g e of w a t e r and i n some cases p o t a b l e water C.Consumption/Marketing The major b o t t l e d beverages consumed i n Somalia are m o s t l y c a r b o n a t e d w i t h a few uncarbonated f l a v o r e d d r i n k s and m i n e r a l waters making up t h e r e s t . Exposure and e f f o r t t o i m i t a t e Western beverage habits d . due t o a. Locally made beverages a r e marketed some through w h o l e s a l e r s but m o s t l y through retailers w h o pay a b o t t l e / case d e p o s i t . High demand for sweet f o o d s e. 1 / 3 I liter mineral water and 1 / 4 liter c a r b o n a t e d b e v e r a g e s . Lower cost t h a n and basic Moslem l a w s / b e l i e f s against alcoholic beverages Management a t t h e Mogadishu Coca Cola plant e s t i m a t e s p r e s e n t p r o d u c t i o n of 2 2 0 cases ( 2 4 b o t t l e s per case) p e r hour only s a t i s f i e s 1 / 3 of the market Zemand f o r Mogadishu and immediate area. Average r e t a i l p r i c e f o r 1 / 3 l i t e r c a r b o n a t e d . Some delivery t o retailers i s done b u t r e t a i l e r s a l s o come t o b o t t l e r s t o h e l p improve a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n -adequate s u p p l i e s t o m e e t demand which i s v e r y r a r e l y met. second o n l y t o tea. : M i n i s t r y of P l a n n i n g Not elsewhere s t a t e d . n.SE.330 1.Sh.457.360 64.876 46.Sh.361 (SO-SH.) 1.535. Imports Some i m p o r t e d mineral water i n 1 and 1 4 l i t e r p l a s t i c b o t t l e s helps t o meet demand but no flavored c a r b o n a t e d b e v e r a g e s a r e imported as shown in T a b l e A.521.280 Wn-alcoholic bevcyages.315.is So.031 403. TABLE A IMPORTS OF NON ALCOHOLIC BEVEFAGES Description of Item (KG) ~- (SO. 7.91 and 4.e. Demand is reported to b e very h i g h b u t supply is limited due to low productivity of the sugar mill.205 a h h o l i c beverages Note: a) b) Source: n.901 (KG) 201.050 85. No beer i s produced i n Somalia b u t a feasibility study was done in 1 9 8 0 .485 220. g i n and o t h e r high alcohol l i q u i d s a t "the SPYAI-BIASA factory. can be o b t a i n e d from t h e SNAI-BIASA management in Jowhar. s . Ethyl alcohol is produced at t h e SNAI-Jowhar sugar mill from molasses and mixed with flavors and colors to produce rum. Waters (ir?cluding spa waters and aerated waters) ice and snow Lemnade and flavoured spa waters and other non- 449.516 22.) 22.16 respectively not including a 1 0 t o 20.e .851 125. This sector of the Further details food industry has n o t been explored.2.s. b o t t l e deposit of So. TABLE MON-FLCCHOLIC B BEVErZAGE PRODUCTION IN SOMALIA a t i o n Product Capacity First No.Processing - Past/Present/Future Production of b o t t l e d beverages summarized in Table B shows all are o p e r a t i n g considerably under c a p a c i t y . of Installed (cases/hr) (24 bottles per case) Moqadishu % Used (Estimate) Pmduction employ&s Date (year) Coke Fanta Sprite So& w a t e r A.LBA 430 40-60 1968 175 100 60-75 I ND 30 mandarin Ginger Tarnmind Pepsi Team ~Mzrinda S?4XL 400 20-30 I982 I10-15 10-12 40-50 1984 Mango juice Hargeisa I Pepsi Tern Marifi* 150-1 75 30-50 1977 i 70 Coke 750 hX Props& NK for late 1985 Note: ND = Not Determined NK = P l o t known . in o n l y one to two s h i f t s . but a r e not limited t o .Becaase of difficulty in o b t a i n i n g r a w materials of the preferred quality the parent company has relaxed quality control standards t o allow production t o proceed. Increasing labor cost accentuated by under utilization of capacity and resultant lower productivity of labor force. maintaining and repairing equipment Some additional facts about each plant follow. 1. Quality and quantity of local sugar and water not adequate although all have equipment to f i l t e r and improve slightly below quality standard sugar and water 3 . U s e of imported bottles and caps which must be to quality standard set by parent company.Sh. They import from Pakistan about 1 5 . 1 2 0 each are used which they feel are cheaper than plastic . L a c k of h a r d currency and difficulty in getting letters of credit 2. 0 0 0 cases of b o t t l e s per year. costin9 So. caps are from Italy. 6. Lack of good technical knowhow for operating.ALBA uses some used beer bottles but also has imported bottles and caps 5. availability and dependab- ility - All have electric power generators 4 . the following . Wooden cases. locally made. F u e l and electric costs. Mogadishu Coke Plant .1 4 Some problems preventing more use af local materials and greater utilization of capacity c o m o n to a11 presently operating plants include. I n 1 9 8 3 . s y r u p s o r caps. . This f a c t o r y and p o s s i b l y o t h e r s have h i r e d e x p a t r i a t e t e c h n i c i a n s from P a k s i t a n and India who come on l o w e r salaries t h a n t h o s e from Europe o r t h e U. I t h a s i t s own w e l l but power cuts and surges b u r n o u t pump motors. b o t t l e s . So. I t i m p o r t s about 55. t S i n c e t h e equipment i s g e t t i n g worn out.S.AID1s about 4 0 % of demand during t h e h o t months. Mogadishu P e p s i P l a n t - T h i s plant uses l o c a l l y produced suqar when a v a i l a b l e b u t p r e f e r s r e f i n e d imported sugar.because wood cases can b e r e p a i r e d . c a p s i m p o r t e d from I t a l y c o s t Management f e e l s t h i s p l a n t meets U. so it has t o depend on c i t y water s u p p l y .Sh. Since f e w s p a r e p a r t s were o r d e r e d w i t h t h e new equipment many p r o d u c t i o n stoppages o c c u r . t h e g e n e r a l condition of t h e b u i l d i n g and equipment i s v e r y poor. production cap- a c i t y i s even less compared t o raw material s h o r t a g e s . Technically trained S o m a l i p e r s o n n e l are n o t qualified enough to h a n d l e t h e q u a l i t y of work r e q u i r e d .000 cases of bottles every 2 y e a r s t o r e p l a c e t h o s e broken and/or l o s t and t o meet increased demand. The C o 2 p l a n t a t t a c h e d to this f a c t o r y is in a broken down condition mostly because of lack of spare parts and of technical knowhow on operation and maintenance. Though o n l y a little over 2 years o l d . C I P has assisted in g e t t i n g c l e a n i n g c h e m i c a l s but n o t spare p a r t s . It owns its own carbon d i o x i d e ((202) gas ~ l a n and s e l l s excess t o o t h e r s . 3 6 per 1 0 0 0 .S. already available. . So-Sh. S u p p l y o f mangoes i s made more constant because SAGAL has a c o n t r a c t w i t h growers t o s u p p l y d i r e c t l y t o it. capped and repastuerized. and J u n e the cold months. They are filled with a very simply prepared and pasteurized juice.Sh.Sh. is installed production czpacity is to expand to 2 0 0 cases per day.Sh. Mangement feels demand for a t When new l e a s t 5 0 0 cases per day e x i s t s i n Mogadishu. N preservatives a r e used as none are available o in Somalia. Sales a r e made t o r e t a i l e r s a t So. Used s o f t d r i n k s and beer bottles are purchased f o r So. 2 and washed.500 per 10. T h e r e a r e only about 1 4 months per y e a r when mangoes a r e n ' t harvested. 3. D e m a n d is lowest in April. May.Sh. Because of limitations of equipment and storage. Other raw materials used are sugar. 10-12 Retailers sell for per bottle. equipment. Washing b o t t l e s a r e a problem because of time involved but sufficient quantities of water are available. The p l a n t would like t o have the capability t o store f r e s h mangoes or juice in bulk to enable it to extend production all through the year. 48 for b o t t l e / c a s e deposits. 1 7 6 per case plus So. and water.SAGAL P l a n t : Though mango juice i s a fruit product it i s included i n t h i s section since it is a beverage as well. SAG& purchases caps f r o m a l o c a l importer for So. spoilage and fermentation problems ofter: occur b e f o r e the j u i c e can be b o t t l e d . l o c a l l y purchased when s u g a r is available.000 but would like t o purchase direct. Hargeisa Coca Cola Plant (proposed to start producLike its competitor tion in the Patter half of 1 9 8 5 ) . .S. Hargeisa Pepsi P l a n t - T h e l a s t time a fetter of c r e d i t was obtained for syrup and sugar was in 1 9 8 1 . Bottle breakage is about 1000/month and Management feels they can r e t u r n s a r e very near 100%.I 7 U.S.AID's CIP has not been approached far aid as the management wants to get more established before submitting a proposal.the Eargeisa Pepsi plant problems t h i s p l a n t may also have getting sufficient water in s p i t e of plans t o improve the Hargeisa water p l a n t and the plans of the Coke plant to have a t h r e e day water storage facility. Water availability is very much a problem but there are no immediate plans for solving it. 5 proposal was sent to t h e U. According to management this w a t e r problem h a s been caused i n part by the i n f l u x of refugees i n t o the Hargeisa area. A Co2 plant is a l s o planned.AIDfs C I P office for all equipment except the bottling equipment. the Mogadishu Pepsi plant now supplies it when possible. Xn 1984. O t h e r fruit juices planned for include guava. The plant capacity seems rather large i n r e l a t i o n .6OG cases/day during the four c o o l months of the y e a r and much less of the demand during the remaining warmer months. A visit to the plant site showed that only 1G-30% of the construction had been completed. Co2 was imported f r o m Djoubuti. just meet demand of about 2. papaya and soursop. but has been idle for over one year for lack of containers.S. Mogadishu ALBA Plant - It imports most of the flavor and color concentrates f r r Italy. He also wants to start a mineral water operation but bottles are also a problem. CIP could not offer assistance although it a s s i s t s a Pepsi plant in Sudan. These are believed to be small operations located in Mogadishu and using used beer and soda bottles. One Mogadishu businessman has equipment for making demineralized water of different grades. particularly in r e l a t i o n to the equipment. 0: The plant has Water The raw materials. but according to management. suppliers for technical assistance. submitted 3 letters of credit £. Mineral Water - There are two other Somali manufacturers of mineral waterr but particulars on their operations could not be found. equipment and raw materials. . but the tamarind flavor on is made from local tamarinds when available. Some of these are very sparsely populated and also difficult to reach by road.to the demand from consumers of the 8 northern regions of Somalia. supply has been declining thus reducing output. A proposal has been prepared by a German company which i s looking for a joint +enture to help finance it. and the management would like to g e t assistance in locating U.AIDVs CTP program has received this proposal. C 0 2 is now imported. equipment is becoming worn out. Bottles are imported from Italy. The U. but there are plans to install a C02 plant along with proposed plans to expand capacity to 300-350 cases/hour.S. Mineral Water and Soft Drink Factory proposal with the view of providing the necessary hard c u r r e n c y and assistance to enable it to use more local material to make such items as fruit juices. 18 p . Somalia Feasibililty Study. Explore ways tomake and repair cases using low-cost simple techniques. Study feasibility and plans fox Hargeisa Coca-Cola plant.t e s t new p r o d u c t s . will bring most benefits to the country. Explore local production of bottles and caps. . See Part M on Food Packaging in this report fox more details. 1981. 7 5 p . October 1980. Anonymous: Seven-Up . 2. CITACO SPA: Feasibility Study Report on the construction of a plant in Hargeisa for the production of fizzy drinks. 356. reduce production problems and develop the m a r k e t . if made available through easier access to hard currency. p r o v i d e inputs a n d assistance where needed. January 1973. Provide technical assistance and training to t h e SAGAL plant to upgrade skills. 25 p . BRAUHASSE Brewery Project - Somalia No.Recommendations Carry out a cost/benefit analysis to decide what imported inputs. Biblioqxaphy 1.Hapi Orange Project in Moga- dishu. Mogadishu. Review ALBA . 3. If feasible. M. Z b r a h i m Hussein M a a L i r n ALBA (Mineral Water and Soft D r i n k Factory) F. O .N. 22764 Olad Operations Kanager T W . Box 4 7 9 Mogadishu Phone: 8 0 4 2 8 S.O. Planned mineral water producer D. 1973. Box 4 3 7 Mogadishu Phone: 21580 3 . German Development Institute.. Contacts A.. Box 728 Yaqshid District 14ogadishu ICS - - Mango juice manufacturer Phone: C. Sept.LTD P. ALBA Mineral Water and Soft Drink P l a n t Hummen.A. Eleinarlus.susanne Gura..O. Coutuiho Food Engineers - Plant for Soft D r i n k s Aug 1984 6. Hippler. Omer H o h a m e d Mohamed SAGAL JUICE P . Mogadishu.M: The Private Manufacturing Sector of Somalia. W. 1984 1 6 3 p. 17 p 5. Seraajk A l i Hagi Hassan Director of Finance COCA COLA - Mogadishu .4. CITACO SPA: Report on Berbera ice plant and preliminary analysis of the feasibility of an ice cream f a c t o r y and gaseous d r i n k s f a c t o r y . Gasten. Production of L o c a l l y Available Raw Materials Many of t h e major ingredients which are used i n making different types of confectioneries.. Confectionery consumption has not been determined but a considerable amount is sold in open markets.360. 1-2 per piece. Sh. tea shops and other retail outlets. 1.215 for 1 9 8 1 / 8 2 respectively. shown in T a b i e .80100 per kilo or So. imports worth So. A are now made or could be made locally. Sh. Imports To help meet part of the demand for confectionery. Sh.404.J CONFECTIONERY Somalis are great consumers of sweet foods.964 and 481. A 1983 feasibility study for a Mogadishu confectionery factory gave a relatively up to date p i c t u r e of the confectionery industry prevailing at that time but d i d n o t look . Some imported confectioneries go through the market chain-importers to wholesaiers to retailers and finally customers. Processinu - Past/Present/Future Few studies were found relating to confectionery manufacture in Somalia. were obtained. The price per kilo at whoLesale level is about So. Per capita consumption of sugar is estimated to be 10 to 20 kilos annually. Local confectioneries sold mostly in open markets (by women and children) and in tea shops are priced at So. Sh. 180 but at retailer level it is So.Sh. TABLE A CONFECTIONERY INGrCEDIENTS Essential Oils / I . Colors - Natural ' w 1 P ' Artificial -. Aqar packaging-~olyethYlenc{ 4 I L ' I / I . . H e feels he could produce hard candies . 1 0 b a g s / carton. and sold to wholesalers who sold to retailers in 5 kilo bags. 80 to 100 per kilo- The only known c o n f e c t i o n e r y factory in Somalia s t a r t e d i n ' 9 7 4 producing h a r d candies. Lack of dependable electric power a l s o reduces production levels so a generator p u r c h a s e i s planned. Some local sugar c a n be and has been used and the quota allocated (500 quintals per month) is adequate for production levels thus far.a t what was b e i n g produced a t home l e v e l or by commercial o p e r a t i o n s and the k i n d of problems t h e y f a c e d . Sh. was packed i n 5 k i l o bags. Home level confectioneries are usually simply made of c r y s t a l l i n e sugar formulas w i t h food c o l o r and some coconut or fruit added- An Arabian sweet. c i t r i c acid and color) and spare parts. No l o c a l l y produced wholesale o r retail prices Due to l a c k of raw materials (imported glu- were available. The factory has been shut down for most of 1 9 8 3 / 8 4 b u t plans c a l l for r e s t a r t ing later in 1 9 8 4 . o i l a n d guava o r o t h e r p e c t i n c o n t a i n ing fruits is s o l d for So. 1 0 skilled. The owner e s t i m a t e s about 8 0 % of the demand would b e m e t at the 1 0 ton/day capacity. hawlo. resembling fruit cheese made of sugar.5 tons/day or about 1 0 - 1 5 % of capacity. The p r o d u c t after b e i n g individually wrapped. flavor essences. actual production has been about 1. New p a c k a g i n g equipment i n s t a l l e d i n 1 9 8 0 brought c a p a c i t y t o 1 0 metric tons/day w i t h employment of 40 persons. cellophane wrapping paper. cose. produce the necessary inputs to the owner's knowledge. Besides t h e p r e v i o u s l y mentioned f e a s i b i l i t y study for a Mogadishu confectionery factory. Details of this p l a n t and some problems which need to be looked into are briefly discussed in Part E Dairies of this report.of quality comparable to imports and at lower prices. A proposed dairy to start o p e r a t i o n in B a r g e i s a about m i d 1 9 8 5 a l s o plans to make chocolate confectionery. The . i n t e r e s t has been expressed by others for more information on the subject.S. The alternative with CIP is through the U. W i t h p r e s e n t equipment and facilities hard toffee and some s o f t candies can be made. Future plans a l s o call for increasing the number of h a r d candy flavors and for producing chewing gum. purchases which are very expensive. the exact type of c o n f e c t i o n e r y equipment w a s seen. Even though the Government has greatly reduced imports through legal channles. Both are waiting until hard currency and local raw materials such as sugar are more liberally available. No thir2 world countries. a great deal is imported illegally. Some basic skills are available but no mechanized Also. products to be made have n o t been determined. At least t w o small Mogadishu p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s firms presently produceing vinegar and sugar syrups have plans to start c o n f e c t i o n e r y manufacture. USAID's CIP has been approached for assistance to purchase r a w materials and equipment. approved for CIP purchases. Improve ability to g e t hard currency if cost/benefits should be advantageous f o r entire country.Somafia Development Bank. preferences. D. Special a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be given for manufacturing and marketing more nutritious p r o d u c t s such as those containing more fruits. C. 3. nuts. e t c . Monitor progress made. Provide technical assistance and training to improve the ability of present operations t o make better use of scarce resources and to develop new/improved products/processes. Identify constraints inhibiting objectives from being met. For t h o s e feasible projects 1. Study recent feasibilty s t u d i e s to ascertain i f t h e y are still feasible given the present economic and resource climate. F. can give further details. Provide i n p u t s if necessary to help overcome/reduce eanstraknts. Develop and market test concepts and prototypes. 2. . Conduct a market survey to determine percent of diet made up of confectionery products. B. present and expected prices. principal funding source for this project. and less highly refined sugar and other imports. G. and the a n t i c i p a t e d market demand. Recommendations A. p. Bibliography 1 . Toffee. Karachi. Box 552 - Confectionery Manufacturer - Impoxt/Export Mogadishu Phone 20868 . 3. Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE) LRD : Feasibility Report on the Manufacture of Confectionery at Kismayo. p. J i r d e Hussein General Manager P. 1 9 6 2 . Mr. I f raw material supplies permit and foreign exchange cost/benefits are favorable e x p l o r e e x p o r t market. Somali Republic Ministry of Industry and Commerce: Investment Opportunities in Candy and Confectionery Factories and S t o r e s .O. November 1983.H. Ali Moharned: Feasibility Study f o r Establishment of Caramel. Contacts A. 1 4 . 2. 1983. 48. and Chocolate Confectionery F a c t o r y in Somali Democratic Republic for Somali Ministry of Industries. Mogadishu. Muktar. an international organization. however. World Concern. o f f e r good potential f o r a fresh fish harvest. is sold and eaten f r e s h . which are muddy a n d some- what brackish at certain times of the y e a r . Here the fish. E s t i m a t e s show a p o s s i b l e h a r v e s t of Though t h e r e a r e no estimates 8000-20. f r e s h water fishing as a means of i n c o m e / s u b s i s t e n c e i s done on both r i v e r s . There are. So. of the number of fresh water fishermen or the type of f i s h catch. previous experience of u n p l e a s a n t odour from partly spoiled fish. a greater number of fishermen in the Lower Juba areas than elsewhere a l o n g the two rivers. t r a p s o r T h e p r i c e r a n g e s between basic n e t s . .K FRESH WATER F I S H Consumption of f r e s h water f i s h from t h e Juba and S h e b e l l e r i v e r s and the s p a r s e l y s c a t t e r e d small l a k e s or h a r o . Processing - ~ast/~resent/~uture A. Sh. depending on availability. 10-20 per kilo.000 m e t r i c tons p e r year. in September 1982. i n i t i a t e d a project n e a r Luug in Halba I Refugee Camp. caught with hook and l i n e . as p e r i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e Ministry of Fisheries. Fresh Fish Resources The Juba and Shebelle rivers. Reasons for this may be: - lack of know-how about p r e p a r i n g fish. - desiring s t r o n g e r flavoured f l e s h t y p e food. Demand i s modest a s t h e people do n o t f i n d f r e s h water f i s h culturally acceptable. i s limited mostly to the lower income g r o u p s l i v i n g i n / n e a r these areas. Luug Project: In a n e f f o r t t o e x p l o r e this f i s h resource. for about 50 fishermen on how: - to build. It was found after preliminary testing of various processing methods that fish rubbed with salt. Sh. was acceptable to nearly 50% of the people who. N e a r l y a l l fishermen surveyed indicated interest to learn1 use different fishing methods. hopefully. per night were obtained. pepper and garlic and then smoked.Sh. Catches of 20-40 kg. 12 per kilo. a fisheries e x p e r t .3 0 . better fish catching techniques. ways to process the fish to a more acceptable form. smoked fish sold for So. After a preliminary survey of t h e types of f i s h i n the Juba river/Luug area.to determine : - t h e acceptability of fish as food by Somalis and refugees. - the interest of local fishermen to learn/use different and. 2 0 . Sh. Whilst fresh fish sold for So. were willing to buy it again. smoked by a World Concern employee in t h e i r compound in Halba I and sold to refugees and Luug area residents. a t r a i n i n g programme was conducted by R i c h B r a c y . the l a t t e r two product's showing a more popular p a t t e r n . trying it once. The Ministry of Fisheries showed interest in t h e expansion . repair and use fish traps to smoke fish develop a fish trap as an alternative to the hooks and line methods commonly used The traps were sold to the fishermen and a payback system set up to recover costs. 15-20 per kilo and fried fish from So. Africare. - fishermen have not traditionally fished when t h e water l e v e l of the rivers has. some of which are: - World Concern had neither the f u n d s nor s t a f f expertise to continue . Other agencies interested in the project at that t i m e . t h e hooptrap developed w a s heavy and d i f f i c u l t to h a n d l e . World Concern terminated the project. A recent survey in 1984 conducted for World Concern aimed . Mennonite Central Committee and Action Aid. time and effort i n smoking f i s h was too great. - according t o r e f u g e e s .of the project to other areas and though a proposal and a concept p a p e r were s u b m i t t e d by World Concern. no action w a s t a k e n due to lack of funds.season kill the fish. The project w a s terminated after operating for a little over one year for v a r i o u s reasons. - crocodiles sometimes Z a m a q e t h e traps. when the interest of fishermen dwindled with the f u n d s . - the smoke house built by World Concern in their compound was too far from refugee camp residents doing t h e smoking operations. - some fishermen feel that salt washed into t h e river at F a r Cusbo and Cusob Afdeer during t h e rainy. lack of proper tools and methods to build/repair h o o p t r a p s . included Food for the Hungry.been very high or low indicating a catch v a r i a t i o n d e p e n d i n g on the height of t h e r i v e r . a c c o r d i n g to fishermen. at getting up to date information on reasons why locaf fishermen have not continued fresh water fishing. Little commercial processinq such as salting. smoking and drying appears to have been done in the past as an income generating activity.50 and was aimed at developing a market. 1 3 per kilo w h i l ~ tthe latter fetch about So. or more are preferred to the smaller tilapia or carp for marketing because t h e y fetch a h i g h e r price of about So. 20 per kilo. Sh. Larger catfish of 4 kg. Sh. Private V e n t u r e : I n May 1 9 8 4 . a Somali businessman began catching catfish. employees at the Modern Fish M a r k e t d i d not want to process or even touch the fish. By September. Having solved the odour problem. When marketing operations began in May.2 tons to the Modern Fish Market in Mogadishu and the remainder to Kismayo f o r freezing and possibly local consumption. tilapia and carp from a reservoir near Balad. F i s h being processed at the Modern Fish Market are sold for So. It was discovered that icing down the fish shortly after catching and removing the head and entrails prevented odours from developing. fish market . a b o u t 4 tonsiweek were b e i n g mark-eted . B. World Concern is still i n t e r e s t e d in helping where possible but are unable to provide techincal and/or financial aid. 27. consumers were reluctant to purchase because they felt that the fish would emit bad odours which would b e transferred to people touching or eating them. Sh. Also. This compares favorably to the price of the kingfish and yellow tuna at So. Sh. 10. estimate t h a t 4 0 0 to 5 0 0 metric t o n s c a n b e harvested per p e r year from the t w o r i v e r s . s e l l s for So. Sh. 6 . however.employees and consurnerF a c c e p t e d t h e lower priced f i s h and sales i n c r e a s e d . Fresh f i s h m a r k e t c o m p e t i t i o n d o e s n o t p o s e a problem t o t h e Somali businessman f o r e v e n though p e o p l e i n t h e Balad and Jowhar a r e a s have s t a r t e d f i s h i n g . Balad. Consumers a l s o d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e f a t i n t h e f i s h f l e s h h e l p e d i n c o o k i n g and r e d u c e d t h e need f o r cooking oil. S t r i p s of f r e s h catfish weighing about one kilo sells f o r So. s a l t i n g a n d possible smoking operation as well as drying the o f f a l to prepare fish m e a l at a L o w e r Juba l o c a t i o n . C o m p e t i t i o n n a t u r a l l y exists from sea f i s h b u t p r i c e d i f f e r e n c e s a r e helping t o overcome t h i s . Both the manager a t the Modern Fish Market and t h e b u s i n e s s - man. t h e y l a c k the r e f r i g e r a t e d t r a n s p o r t w i t h i n s u l a t e d boxes for c a r r y i n g the i c e d down f i s h which he h a s . Jowhar. s t a r t e d drying t h e f i s h f l e s h i n s t r i p s which i s more e a s i l y t r a n s p o r t e d f o r sale t o Mogadishu. a n urban market f o r fresh water fish has been e s t a b l i s h e d which w a s e a r l i e r l i m i t e d t o t h e l o w e r income consumers l i v i n g near t h e r i v e r s . 1 0 whilst a strip of dried catfish w h i c h w a s o r i g i n a l l y t h e same w e i g h t as t h e f r e s h s t r i p s and t a k e s out 3-4 days of d r y i n g i n t h e s u n . e t c . . Sh. They have. I n t h i s way. - starting a f i s h d r y i n g . F u t u r e plans by Somali businessman i n c l u d e : - expanding f i s h i n g o p e r a t i o n t o 5 o r 6 o t h e r l o c a t i o n s a l o n g t h e L o w e r S h e b e l l e and Lower Juba r i v e r areas. that salt has on aquatic populations and harvest c) I n f l u e n c e different r i v e r heights nave on a b i l i t y to . using a fresh water capture fisheries expert familiar with African river fish ecology and capture techniques. further processed fish product equipment including skinners. if any. mixers. Public Fish Market Processor: The Modern Fish Market in Mogadishu has.To help expand the operation techincal and financial assistance is being sought dealing with shallow warm water fish gear and improved refrigeration. to identify: a) Type. This latter equipment has not been much used. Conduct a study. Recommendations: 1. quantity and size of fish and other river water dwellers which could be a resource for human or animal consumption S) Source a n d influence. in addition to walk-in freezers and plate freezing facilities. smoking. Assistance has already been provided by the Ministry of Fisheries through two Somali fish biology technicians to i m ~ r o v ethe overall operation and monitor the type and quantity of fish caught. is i d l e at p r e s e n t and no immediate plans exist for using it. drying and fish meal processing methods and equipment. a n d stuffers for handlicq 500 to 1000 kilograms per day d e p e n d i n g on t h e product. C. Bibliography: 1. parasites. then continue with the following: 2. World Concern. September 1 . transport. Rich: Catch Fishery - Proposal. Bracy. Rich:. 1983 2. maintain and use methods to harvest or ways to improve present methods f) Monitoring methods to prevent over exploiting river resources and causing ecological imbalances I f the above study indicates that further investment is desirable and feasible. etc. 1983 . refrigerate. Mogadishu. Quarterly Report F i s a e r i e s . Bracy. smoke. Employ a fish prod~cttechnologist experienced in small to mediun scale fresh water fish and fish by-product processing and marketing to: a) Identify a p ~ r o p r i a t emethods to handle. e a s y t o build.harvest d) Harmful diseases. which could be transmitted from river harvests to humans or animals e) Low cost. salt and otherwise produce acceptable 2 r o d u c t s for local consumption and export if a local market does not exist b) Conduct a study of small scale fishermen in Luug area or elsewhere to determine Lf sufficient market and financial rewards to fishermen are possible to make a more organized fishing venture feasible C) Develop a plan to provide the necessary technical and financial assistance based on needs assessments of interested fishermen. 1 9 8 2 - January 15. dry. Kawaguchi. Mogadishu Office behind. World Concern Project. 6. Dan: Semida. Arab Esaa Haid Fresh Water Fisherman P. Director of Research. 3 5 1 - 364. Mogadishu. D. Phone 8 0 1 8 4 . 8. Mr. 1978 Contacts A. Kenya Airlines Ticket O f f i c e C. Ministry of Fisheries. Mogadishu 3. 1983 5. R. Rich: Ministry of Fisheries Projects - Coordination Meeting. Mogadishu I I . 0. Maxon. pp. Vol. Welcome. January-April 1983 4. March 21. 1983 A Study of 50 Small Scale Industries Which Utilize Local Raw Materials in Somalia. Report for U S A I D . World Concern.3. August 1984 7. Dan Maxon: World Concern. Box 822. L: Some General and Theoretical Considerations on the Fish Yield of Africa Rivers. Rich: Quarterly Report Fisheries. Bracy. John: Can Concept Paper. Mogadishu I E Yusuf Abdullahi Nur Manager Modern Fish Market. Mogadishu. Director. Mogadishu. September 13. Ali F a r a h . Bracy. Journal Fish Biology. FA0 Strengthening of the Ministry of Fisheries Project. Ministry of Fisheries. TABLE A PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CEREALS & LEGUMES IN SOMALIA PRODUCTION (Metric Ton 0 0 0 ) CROP 1981 '1 982 1983 Maize 142 222 29 9 50 235 20 235 240 28 Sorghum Rice Legumes (cowpeas) and g r e e n grams 10 Source: Ministry of Agriculture . Cereal and Legumes: The more important cereals and legumes grown in Somalia are aimed a t meeting t h e staple food requirements of the local people. fresh fruits. storage and marketing with the result t h a t the demand for these items far exceeds actual requirements thus reducing supply. are purchased by retailers. The greater part of locally grown items like raw cereals. T a b l e A shows t h e production of some of the major cereals and legumes. vegetables and root c r o p s . f o r prccessing/preserving. legumes.L Introduction FRESH FOOD PRESERVATION AND STORAGE One of the many problems confronting the Somali food industry is s h o r t a g e of local r a w materials. in terms of quantity. Heavy to partially heavy losses are incurred during handling. Consumption at present stands at sorghum 2 8 % . on the economy and efforts must be initiated to make better use of locally grown cereals and legumes.ccording to the Head of the Somali National University. improvements and marketinp. nevertheless. The 2-year FA0 Grain S t o r a g e and P e s t C o n t r o l Project in cooperation with ADC (Agricultural Development Corporation) i s aimed at upgrading grain storage facilities and practices training and technical assistance. maize 27%. Plant production Department. F A 0 have given estimates of losses ranging from 5 % to over 30%.The pattern of cereal consumption i s changing with increasing reliance on imported rice and wheat. USAID is planning a s t o r a g r improvement project for cereal g r a i n s and legumes. ADC p r e s e n t l y has about 200. There are a number of reports and feasibility studies on grain storage status.000 t o n s of g r a i n storage . a report describing the present farm storage techniques commonly used and another o f f e r s attempt to improve these t e c h n i q u e s . rice 1 4 % and ~heat/flour 31%. This i m p ~ r t dependence is a s t r a i r . losses during storage and handling exceed 20% for legumes whilst no reliable estimates a r e a-:ailable Tor cereals but Several reports by are. believed to be high. . through Other organizations from t h e Netherlands and Australia plus World Food Program are also presently involved in grain loss reductioil programs. A 1 9 7 5 FA0 r e p o r t giving types or causzs for losses and problems encountered with traditional farm storage methods indicates improvements are necessary. underground and other types of flat storage.at warehouses. is not known. Persons knowledgeable about the production. unsuccessfully. Cassava was once exported to Italy but with t h e t e r mination of imports by Italy. It is now grown on a limited scale around Balad mainly to feed animals.The n a t i o n a l pasta factory tried. S i n c e this i s n o t used as a hcrnan food. the primary pest. considered a poor man's food. mostly in the Middle and Lower Shebelle regions. (See Part B Grain Milling for some possible human food uses of cassava). Somalis are becoming more familiar with sweet potatoes and this demaxi? has encouraged increase production. to incorporate cassava flour with wheat flour for xiaking p a s t a b u t t h e r e was resistance from consumers who felt t h a t the addition of cassava. production of cassava has dropped drastically. Potatoes are grown in the northern areas of Somalia particularly around Erigavo. Root crops: Sweet potato. in 1984. Only about 40% i s b e i n g utilized because of lack of g r a i n . Apprax- imately 1. cassava and white potato are the main root crops grown in Somalia but reliable production values seem to be lacking. expect a y i e l d of 20-30 tons/hectare during the Gu and Dayr seasons.0. storage and handling problems were not available . lowered pasta quality. little attention has been p a i d to storage and spoilage problems..000 hectares planted. silos. Damage and subsequent spoilage caused by weavils. Losses i n quality may be even greater since transport. It is felt by the P1an. There i s no reliable data available about the amount. who made an analysis of the domestic and export marketing systems for fruits and vegetables in Somalia. poor transport and road conditions. .{because of lack of knowledge and limited resourcesl can do little to prevent physical damage and/or dehydration r e s u l t i n g i n w e i g h t losses and subsequent increase/decrease i n price/seller's profits. ~dsses which occur take place at many points along According to the market chain from producer to consumer.t Produc- tion and Plant Protection Department of the Somali National University that storage and handling problems do e x i s t which contribute t o the high cost of potatoes many times during the year. mangoes and tomatoes occur from: - delays in these perishable items being p i c k e d up by transporters. 0 0 0 in 1982. The reasons for this increase are outlined i n a 1984 U S A I D r e p o r t by Jaffe. According to statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture. Data on the extent of these problems was not found even if it exists. 0 0 0 tons in 1 9 8 1 to 1 0 2 . production increased from 3 5 .during t h e H a r g e i s a visit. Jaffe. Fruits and Vegetables: Consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased considerably as a result ofincreasedproduction. at least 20% losses and damage to papaya. type and causes of post harvest losses for any fruit or vegetables. handling and market practices. A description of the storage facilities of produce sold i n Mogadishu is d e a l t b y Jaffee in his report. - wholesalers/other traders may be discarding produce damaged/spoiled b e f o r e purchase by r e t a i l e r s . There a r e very few s t o r a g e facilities f o r f r u i t s and vegetables in the c o u n t r y and no refrigerated t r a n s p o r t or cold storage was found. An in-depth a n a l y s i s of how. before it actually reaches the market.According to J a f f e e . i s needed. C e r e a l Grains - Monitor progressmade by joint FAO/ADC . when and where these losses occur. the following loss estimates for 1 9 8 4 were made at t h e r e t a i l market level: % Loss Sweet Pepper Toma toes Lettuce Carrots Bananas Grapefruit 5 o r more 5 or less These estimates appear low since:. Recommendations A. - r e t a i l e r s may b e r e j e c t i n g some of t h e produce purchased from wholesalers/other traders. One Somali businessman is planning a cold storage f o r fruits and v e g e t a b l e s but the size and date of s t a r t i n g operations was not known. May 1978 ESC/FSAS/SOM. Storage and Pricing Stabilization Project UNDP/FA3/SF/SOM/7. Working . Report of the F i r s t Phase of the Project and General Plan of Work. 49. p. handling. Bibliography 1. p. Provide training on storage. Fruits and Vegetables 1. Root crops. Forest. FAO:. FA0 Mission. p r e s e n t specific practices. 3. LA/SF 68/52 and Price Stabilization. adapt and field test ways t o reduce losses. Somalia - Prolems of Grain Storage AGDP/SOM 1 6 6 / 5 0 7 Technical Report No. 2. and marketing. 1974. FAO: Bankers Programme Investment Center. Develop. Legumes. FAO: World Food S e c u r i t y Country Report: A Policy and Action Plan for Strengthening National Food Security in Somalia. Storage and P r i c e Stabilization. and how l o s s e s of diffzrent types occur and the a m o u t of each. Grain Marketing. 2lanned a c t i v i t i e s and progress made to reduce losses. R: Storage. Rome. Somalia Informal Technical Report on Grain UN/SF/FAO Project on Grain Marketing. 2. 3. 1978. Conduct an up to date assessment to identify: a. 5. 2. 1968 p . w h e r e . 80. Storage LA/UNDP/SF/SOM/7. FAO: Grain Marketing. b. B.transport.Grain Storage and Pest Control Project and provide inputs and assistance where needed. 1 6 . FA0 Mission. 4. when. 1973. Mohamed.Paper on Tentative ~roject/Possibilitiesin Somalia: A Basis for Discussion with the Somalia Development Bank. L. Hendrik- son: Feasibility Study on Renovation and Enlargement of Grain S t o r a g e Facilities i n Somalia. German Planning and Economic Advisory Group Dr. Storage and Price Stabiliz- ation Project 1970. May 1979 FA0 22 pages. 57 + Appendix. FA0 Mission. C. Mogadishu. Morely. FAO: Assessment of the Food Agriculture and Livestock Situation. A Study of Traditional Food P r o c e s s i n g and Storage Practices in two Pilot Viiiages in the District of Afgoi. September 1 0 . FAO: Actionprogramme for Improved Plant Protection AGP: IPP/81/1 Report o f the Survey on Plant Protection 27 Nov. p. 1980. Hayward. 0 1 / 8 4 / ~ Rome.R: Informal Technical Report c n Grain Marketing arid Storage. Mogadishu.W: Grain Marketing. Lower Shebelle Region FH/SOM/022 . Abukar Moallin: AGS/SOM/ Current Techniques and Uses in Conservation of Food Retained for Family Consumption in Somalia. Somalialiand C e n t r a l Grain Storage. Jaffee. For USAID. January 1984. p. 1 9 8 4 .- 7 Dec. - Problems o f Grain Storage. May 1966. OSRO Report No. 1 4 . A Survey of the Dhefisso Farmers A n Analysis of the Domestic a n d Export Marketing System for Fruits and Vegetables. FA0 Mission. Steven: F r u i t and Vegetable Production and Marketing in Somalia: C o o p e r a t i v e of Afgoi. 507. M. Mogadishu B.J: Somali - Grain S t o r a g e and Crop Production UNDP/FAO/SF Project SOM/7 Technical Report No. 1977. Ahmed A .49. H. Roma 1964. 1 9 0 5 FAO. 13. 27. Contacts A. Report of the Government of Somalia on Grain EAP/FAO TA Report No. Qureshi Project Manager FA0 G r a i n Storage and Pest C o n t r o l P r o j e c t Agricultural Development Corporation . Mohamed. - Developing RICCI C : Silos. F A 0 and Agriculture Development in Somalia. Abukar Moallim Mohamed Department Head of P l a n t Production and ? l a n t Protection F a c u l t y of Agriculture National University of Somalia. 14. 16. Dr. p. Abukar Moallim: Storage Improving Food Processing and - A Quantitative and Qualitative Description of the Implementation of Project FH/SOM/022 Rural Family Resources May 1983. p . M. Shawki. 15. 1.K: March 1 9 8 4 . 1477.October 1982. Afgoi C. A. Mokhtarzadeh Plant Breeder - Cereal Grains & Legumes M i n i s t r y of A g r i c u l t u r e - Research Institute. Watt. Olad. 0. S . A . Box 4 7 8 Mogadishu Phone 8 0 4 2 8 / 8 0 5 5 7 .E. - Plans Refrigerated Food Storage Operations Manager P. Production . Few studies were found relating to the production of A f e a s i b i l i k y study in 1977 for setting packaging materials.9 5 lack of spare parts for packaging and food processing equipment -no c l e a r data was found indicating t h e specific type of finished or semi-finished packaging materials which were/are imported for use. is another major problem faced by most of the Somali food enterprises thereby preventing better utlization of capacity.it depends on the availability of raw food and other materials which is sporadic .M FOOD PACKAGING Raw food materials and packaging are two very important inputs necessary for the successful operation of food processing businesses. technically and market acceptable packaging material of different types - p l a s t i c . On the other hand. p a p e r . a n d caps. demand f o r f l e x i b l e and semirigid plastic contsiners and cardboard cartons was sufficient . Having access to reasonably priced. The actual usage of packaging materials in Somalia is difficult to determine because: . up a g l a s s making factory reached the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t it would not be feasible because there was lack of s u f f i c i e n t demand f o r g l a s s battles and other glass items to make it a viabls scheme. - Past/~resent/Future - . g l a s s . Availability of raw materials and other problems connected with it have been discussed earlier in this report. m e t a l . a joint venture between an Italian company and the Somali Government. at present manufacturing plastic (polyvinyl chloride) window frames and folding doors in Mogadishu. The Ministry of Industry's Private Sector Department can assist with further information about this private venture .to warrant the establishment of factories for their manufacture in the 1970's and early 1980's. p r i n t e d but future plans include installation of printing facilities.S. and Taiwan and technical assistance is being sought through USAID's Commodity Import Program. was not known by persons interviewed but is believed to be the largnst in the country. based on s p e c i f i c orders received. started in Jamame. INCAS. A. the production of polyethylene bags and cardboard cartons for the banana export industry. it continues to 'use only polyethylene resin pellets. it manufactures polyethylene bags of various sizes (widths up t o 2 meters) and film thickness for retailers (shopping bags) and industrial users. these will be u n . production of polyethylene shopping bags to competeagainst INCAS. Since then. w i t h i n the next 6 to 7 months. The extruding capacity . Haplas. Unlike the Incas bags. A p r i v a t e enterprise. is scheduled to begin. Polyethylene pellets will be importedfrom the U. A third plastic bag factory in Mogadihsu is planned but particulars were not available at the t i m e of writing t h i s report. it kas expanded and. Plastic In 1 9 7 2 . In spite of expansion to meet growing demand. These are purchased by other industries as well as SNAI BIASA. however.) were n o t known. older u s e d blow-molding machine is now b e i n g set up to produce jerry cans. with a capacity of 48. 250. It has an Italian blow molding machine.000 bottle caps per 24 hours.as plans develop over next 4-6 months. 100. about 3 years old. Polyethylene pellets are at present being used to produce bottles of two qualities - softer and pliable/hardes and more rigid in 20. t h a t it had been operating under installed capacity but reasons (raw materials. There is one factory in Mogadishu which produces injection molded plastic drinking cups. t h e r e is a government owned and o p e r a t e d factory producing plastic bottles. water pitchers and strainers. funnels. Erratic electric supply prevented this from developing into a commercially viable adeitian to their product line.1. A second.uses . It was l e a r n e d . It also has a third blow-molding machine with which an attempt was made to produce transparent PVC bottles. the near future it plans to manufacture jerry can type con- In tainers of various sizes ( 3 to 20 l i t r e capacity). Particulars were not available as the factory is not operating at present and the private owner could not be located. with a capacity of 8000 bottles per 2 4 hours and also a 3 year old Italian injection molding unit. 5 0 0 and 1000milliliter sizes. no known. edible 01. A t the SNAI BIASA compound in Jowhar. water Apart from edible oil. d i s t i l l e d and medical alcohol. plates. markets etc. for products such as shampoo. p o l y s t y r e n e etc. The e s t i m a t e d p r i c e of a b o t t l e including the c a p is SO. one. size and So. B. boots and beach slippers a l s o e x i s t b u t l a c k of raw materials p r e v e n t operations. Apart from problems listed above. is considering these bottles as a s u b s t i t u t e to the used beer and s o f t drink b o t t l e s o r t h e glass b o t t l e s imported in the past. Additional markets for glass bottles exist if standards can be maintained for the following which are o p e r a t i n g today or are scheduled to start within the next 1 2 months. Shs. Shs. A private f i r m i s now making plans t o locate equipment for s t a r t up in 1986. Glass T h e r e may be i n 1 9 8 4 s u f f i c i e n t demand to justify the setting up of a glass factory. Primary p r o d u c t i o n problems r e l a t e t o l a c k of hard currency for the purchase of polyethylene pellets and other plastic such as PVC. A 9983 feasibility study as an extension of the 1 9 7 7 study showed local glass manufacture t o be f e a s i b l e . Equipment and s k i l l s t o make plastic shoes. a s o f t drink bottler.a r e made by the food industry a l t h o u g h ALBA. . t e c h n i c a l problems and locating additional markets seem to reduce better u t i l i z a t i o n of capacity. T h e f a c t o r y i s running a t 20-40% caps-city. which c a n be used on the existing machines. 8-10 f o r t h e 100ml. 3-5 for 250ml. a brief market survey showed t h a t a large number of used soft drink/beer/wine bottles a r e being used for l o c a l l y b o t t l e d items such as acids. capable ef making side seams on cans. In the present situaticn. d i d not operate well and as a result. For example. insecticides. the f a c t o r y now imports semi-formed cans. The machine. Metal Cans The ITOP f r u i t c a n n i n g plant in A f g o i was the o n l y one in Somalia capable of manufacturing cans (for details see Part H : Fruit). definite efforts have to be made for b e t t e r utilizaticn of the limited glass bottle supplies. shampoo an2 floor polish. S i n c e materials c o s t s amount to . germicides.INDUSTRIES OPERATING NOW PROPOSED 1 Beverages 4 Dairies F r u i t Processing 1 1 2 2 Mineral Water Vinegar 1 2 & - Alcohol-Medical Commercial I Non Food Containers 5 - The construction/building trade has increased considerably thus opening up a vast market for window glass as well as o t h e r household items. Plastic bottles could be made for some if not all of these non food items and thus make available more of the easier to clean and seal glass bottles for the food industryC. Cardboard Cardboard cartons produced by INCAS from imported roll stock are also cut. Survey existing Somalia packaging manufacturers for .nearly 85% of t h e t o t a l can cost and 6 0 % of the canned product c o s t . ITOP has a sizeable amount of f l a t t i n sheets lying unused and attemots t o e x p o r t t h e s e to-Kenya have f a i l e d . The p r i c e factor may be influenced by the fact that at present I N C A S is t h e o n l y p r o d u c e r of c a r d b o a r d cartons in Somalia. formed and s o l d t o i n d u s t r i a l customers. size. D. Some i n d u s t r i a l customers f e e l t h e p r i c e s of t h e cardboard cartons to be too high. o t h e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and q u a n t i t y of packaging required to b e t t e r utilize p r e s e n t production c a p a c i t y and a l l o w for implementation of plannaC increases in production. b u t t h e banana export trade t o p s i t s p r i o r i t y l i s t . t h e r e were no r e c u r r i n g problems either adversely a f f e c t i n g or p r e v e n t i n g p r o d u c t i o n by t h e f a c t o r y which now employs about 2 0 0 Somalis. Recommendations A. One of ITOP's major problems in the p a s t was obtaining s u f f i c i e n t cans and t h i s problem may continue f o r the 1984/85 season if hard cui-rency i s n o t made available. Conduct a s p e c i f i c needs assessment of packaging users from t h e food/non-food industries to identify type. 3. 5 n l i k e nearly a l l t h e business enterprises interviewed. it w a s decided n o t t o i m p o r t a F e w c a n forming machine. C. Explore u s e of l a r g z volume. Identify ways to utilize banana fibre and other indigenous materials to make packaging materials and glues for g a c k a g i n g . t h e military. types. Specifically look at cardboard cartons. 3. Explore new possibilities: 1 Conduct feasibibility studies f o r establishing n e w . marketing system and problems existing w i t h used glass bottles and c a p s . rensable containers f o r large use customers such as institu- t i o n s . Conduct a survey to identify t h e number. rigid/semirigid plastic c o n t a i n e r s . spare parts and replacement of packaging equipment. etc. 2. Conduct a cost/benefit analysis to determine t h e type of packaging r e q u i r e d f o r those food items that are most feasible to provide hard c u r r e n c y f o r importation of packaging materials. uses.specific identification of their capability to meet industry requirements and constraints preventing p m - d u c t i o n needs from being met. D. expanding present factories to manufacture such packaging materials t h a t are not being made now or are too costly or a£ poor quality. ~ f a c t o r i e s snd/or. returnable. Carry out a cost/benefit analysis to determine t h e t y p e s of uses of these two items which w i l l b r i n g . E. Used glass bottles and caps: 1. . m e t a l cans and bottle/jar caps. 2. Crown Cork Manufacturing U n i t : Feasibility Study. Mogadishu B. 26 4. Sheekay Sadiq Haji Abati - Plastic Bottle Manufacturer Head of P r o d u c t i o n Sector SNAI - BIASA F a c t o r y . INTBA - Uforal Plastics Factory - A Project Identification Report. For USAID Mogadishu. Mogadishu C. Semida. Gasten. Plan and implement a program to receive the benefits arid facilitate the obtaining of alternate packaging materials for users no longer having p r i o r i t y on used glass bottles. Meinarlus. N. G e r m a r i Developrr~ent I n s t i t u t e .maximum benefits to the country. August 1 9 8 4 Contacts A.. Bibliography f. Susame Gura. Board of Directors Somali. October 1983. John: A Study of 50 Small Scale Industries Which Can Utilize Local Raw Materials i n Somalia. September 1984.. Fruit/fNCAS. W.: The Private Manufacturing Sector of Somalia. H i p p l e r . 3. Moret. Jowhar . Haplas Via Balad Road. p. Mohamed Abukar - Polyethylene and Cardboard Box Manufacturer Chairman. Bosson. M. 3. M. Bernschott. Abdulqadir Arif - Polyethylene Bags Manufacturer General Manager.. 1980 2- H u m m e n . the department is presently involved in research with camel milk and papaya. Besides t r a i n i n g under- graduate students. There is no research directed specifically to any particular f o o d processing 2. According to discussions w i t h twa food S o m ~ l i technologists. history. when time a n d funds permit. there i s the need for technical and training support which could be furnished by aD organized institution either at t h e government or non-government level. two full time Somali food technologists and. has limited facilities. operation. J u s ti£i c a t i o n 1. At present there is no centrally located. The school and staff have limited ability to s e r v e t h e food industry since scarce resources such as f u n d s . The Faculty of Industrial Chemistry. s t a f f t i m e and facilities are allocated to teaching. some visiting I t a l i a n food technologists who come t o assist i n v a r i o u s teaching and research activities.N FOOD INDUSTRY SUPPORT SERVICES Apart from helping the food industry increase production through improved government policies and procedures. funded and equipped facility which the food industry can use as a source for trained personnel. affiliated to the Somali National University. techn i c a l t r a i n i n g and advice. adequately staffed. A short report giving the functions and needs of the Department of Food Science and Technology within the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry is given in Appendix A. . Most of those available are to be found in the libraries of the University. 4. Also.1/82.000 metric tons respectively. were 153. These figures are expected to increase as technical assistance and the necessary inputs are increasingly made available to farmers. 5.220 and So. one at the ITOP fruit cannery at Afgoi. Sh. Sh.233 and 168. 583.000 and 102. There are very few reference books and publications pertaining t o the food technology and the food industry. one at the Kismayo fish canning factory and a fifth person.178 respectively. A substantial amount of these imports consisted of processed/unprocessed food which could have been processed within the country itself if capabilities had existed thereby allowing the food industry to contribute towards import s u b s t i t u t i o n and saving hard currency.528.there are at present 5 food technologists in Somalia: two at the University.346 kilograms valued at So. .074.868. 581. Statistics for fruit and vegetable production i n Somalia for 1981/82 were 35.633. Much effort i s presently being put into increasing the ability of the agricultural sector. presently unemployed. imports of food during 198. 3. Due to the small number. According to the Ministrr of Planning statistics. t h e r e is l i t t l e they can do for the growing diversifying food industry.many of the food processing operations are too small to'justify or afford a full time food technologist even if one is available and adequately trained. specialized i n dairy p r o d u c t s . FA0 and UNLDO. . many international development agencies operating in Somalia have need f o r technical a d v i s e particularly relevant t o Somalia which will a i d i n development of income generating projects dealing with food processing/preservation. I n surveying a number of p r i v a t e sector businesses. .With increase in food production. Recommendations With t h e initiatives p u t forth by the Faculty of Industrial Chemistry it seems f u r t h e r efforts should be made . a common request was for more technical information and training and sources of equipment and other supplies. The needs of the Department of Food Science and Technology have been discussed with SID?AM (see Appendix A ) and it is possible that the proposed project may address some of those needs. f State Univeristy to provide inputs. T h i s capability will also allow more processed/semi-processed food to be exported thus e a r n i n g f o r e i g n exchange. In addition. Food i n d u s t r y support services can assist considerably in improving these capabilities once they have been initiated. the demand for fresh food will come closer to b e i n g m e t . It is essential that immediate p l a n s be made t o allow t h e food i n d u s t r y t o devel o p capabilities to utilize-excess food during peak harvest seasons when the farmers are compelled to sell at l o w prices. SIDAM (Somali Institute for Development of Administration a n d Management) i s considerinq a project by the C a 1L i s r n i a . y e t unspecified to the Somali National University. Specific technical . Laboratory and p i l o t plant equipment and facilities. adaptation and expansion. Assist with raw material prozurement methods. and management. Direct Food Industry Assistance A. the following: 1.assistance and training to industry s t a . marketing. Conduct a needs assessment of t h e FS & T and o t h e r p o s s i b l e agencies based on technical and training needs of different food industry sectors. periadicals. . Develop a direct food industry support assistance program which would be financially self-supporting. These would a s s i s t t h e food industry directly w i t h technical assistance and training and indirectly through qualified graduates. 2.to identify how t h e Food Science and Technology Department (FS & T) and possibly other Somali agencies could be improved or e s t a b l i s h e d . improvement. B. etc. 4. product/process development. Provide inputs to FS & T and other possible agencies. but not be limited to. f f i n Somalia o r abroad i f necessary. C. Some funds could come from fees charged to industry f o r services rendered. Reference books. 3. problem solving. Lists of food industry suppliersand assistance in other countries. These inputs could include. 5. I. 3. Upgrade teaching staff skills and facilities through exposure to visiting professors or study abroad. Develop curricuLnrn which provide basic and applied food science and technology skills to meet industry needs. Do needs assessment of food science and technology department based on technically trained personnel needs of different food industry sectors discussed earlier in this report and new food industries not n o w present in Sornaliabut are planned for. e . Indirect Food Industry Assistance A. It will be necessary to match number and type of training received to t h a t needed by i n d u s t r y . C. government agencies interested in the food industry and academic food technologists together for information exchange. Develop university level training program which provides a sufficient number of trained graduates to meet i n d u s t r y needs. Establish liaison with FAO. Assist in organizing and managing a Somali branch of the ~nstituteof Food Technologists which is a world wide organization aimed at b r i n g i n g the food industry processors. food industry suppliers. D. training and student placement. 11. E.D.g - food fermentations. Develop an incentive program t h a t will attract and keep qualified graduates in . UNIDO and other locally available information sources. Develop a program for on-the-job training of students. functional food equipment and tools. Abdullahi Mohamed Hussein Department of food Science and Food Technologist Faculty of Industrial Chemistry Somali National University Mogadishu 3. IV. Hassan Ali Elmi Food Technologist ITOP Fruit Processing Plant Af g o i C. Contacts A. financed by industry and industry suppliers. Cpgrade skills and facilities of a workshop providing assistance to build. Mostafa K.Somali food industry positions. Set up a Somali Bureau of Standards with accompanying quality control techniques and training and monitoring capabilities to act primarily as a support agency to the food industry and as a policy forming body. E. 0. Elhag SIDAM - World Bank Project Director P. adapt and repair sanitary. 111. Box 964 Mogadishu Phone 21945 . This could be partly. if not completely. Investigation and analysis.of imported food I n t h e meantime t h e department has developed under- graduate curriculum in food science and technology t h a t can serve a s the base for the preparation of B S c . A s s i s t i n g food related ministries in the development of food laws and standards e. Supervising. decided i n 1980 to create within the Faculty of Chemistry a new department of food science and technology whose functions would be: a.' Providing t e c h n i c a l assistance of s p e c i f i c problems for e x i s t i n g food industries d.APPENDIX A* . N7 - SOMALI NATIOWAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT QF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Prospective Report The Faculty of Industrial Chemistry. degree. The curriculum consists of three years of basic science and . teaching and guidance of t h a t discipline Preparing food science and technology c. Developing a research of traditional technology in t e r m s of advantage and disadvantage and ways of developing it into an industrial scale f. having recognized the need of scholars who have professional competence in foad science and technology and who can d e a l properly w i t h problems of the greatest concern i n our country: hunger and malnutrition. visiting professors should be available so they can contribute their e x p e r i e n c e in coordinating didatic and research activity in the d e p a r t m e n t . scienti£ic and industry journals. engineering and microbiological exercises b. National University. Information concerning food science and technology and related disciplines: Publications. 1984. Training opportunities for the department members Since the department is very young. Somali.chemistry and two last years of technological application. * Note: T h i s r e p o r t w a s submitted by Abdullahi Mohamed Hussein. Pilot plant facilities to teach p r i ~ c i p a l s of unit operations and processes c. At the present time the laboratory of the department is equipped to carry out chemical analysis which can h e l p i n the characterization of the most common food s t u f f s and t h e i r eventual adulteration. . e. reference materials and government documents d. the department needs these f a c i l i t i e s : a. Mogadishu. Food Technologist at Faculty of Industrial Chemistry. S i n c e t h e new department and the n e w curriculum in food science is supposed to get fully implemented in 1987. Teaching laboratory will have up-to-date and adequate fixtures and equipments to conduct the chemical. text books. 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