Suport Curs de Engleza VII-VIII Medii-Avansati

SUPORT DE CURS - LIMBA ENGLEZA- CLASELE a VII-a si a VIII-a NIVEL DE CUNOSTINTA: MEDIU-AVANSAT FORMATORI: SOFIEA MIHAELA DINU MIOARA ENE GABRIELA MARIN ROXANA LOCATIA: SCOALA GIMNAZIALA NR. 19 TUDOR ARGHEZI GRUPE: 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29 UNIT 1 Do you read detective stories? What are your favourite ones? Who are your favourite detectives? Who can tell us ,in just a few words, the last detective story he/she has read? Private investigators investigated David Lee investigates the world of the private eye - and uncovers some surprising truths. When I walk into the offices of Wright & Wrong Ltd, a predominantly female firm of private investigators, I have to say I am a little disappointed. My only previous contact with private detective agencies has been through crime novels read during my far-off student days, or black and white films from the golden age of Hollywood. So, I am half expecting to see a small, dark, smoke-filled room, a single desk with an empty in-tray and a long scruffy raincoat hanging from a hat stand in the corner. Clearly, my romantic image of the profession needs updating. Wright & Wrong Ltd's offices are light and spacious and there are no ashtrays in sight on any of the dozen or so desks. These are tidy and free of paper, but concentrated faces at large computer screens give the place a busy feel. Jenny Wright, founder of the agency, is not surprised at my error, and with a note of irritation in her voice, points to further misconceptions. "Cinema and television are mostly to blame for our reputation. Contrary to popular belief, we always work very strictly within the law - there's no violence, no break-ins, and certainly no guns. The laws relating to our activities are very tight, and if we don't stick to them there's a very real danger that the evidence we obtain will not be accepted in court". The types of cases her agency deals with are varied but the day-to-day work is often far from stimulating. Wright & Wrong Ltd handles anything from infidelity in a marriage or tracing a missing person to insurance fraud, employee theft and advising companies on security measures. "Resolving a case is very rewarding", says Jenny, "but the actual investigation can be rather dull. When we are not dealing with paperwork or Internet searches, we're usually involved in surveillance. And that normally means just sitting around in cars or cafes for hours, waiting for something to happen". Not surprisingly, then, patience is an important asset for anyone doing thiskind of work. Is that why nine of the twelve investigators in her team are women? " Obviously, women don't have a monopoly on patience", replies Jenny, diplomatically, for my benefit, I sense, " but perhaps it's no coincidence that they tend to stay in the job a lot longer that men - at least in my experience, anyway." Jenny tells me that people's perceptions of women make them popular with clients, and also, consequently, with her as an employer. Women are often considered to be more sensitive than men. They're looked upon as less threatening when it comes to making inquiries or serving court papers. " People open up to women more readily", she says, " and are relieved when a woman picks up the phone to speak to them. We're also good at breaking bad news. What may be a victory for the agency- filming someone doing something they shouldn't be doing, for example - tends not o be such a pleasant discovery for the client, and there's a right way and a wrong way of handling that information." Most of Jenny's clients are wealthy. The hourly rate is anything between 50 and 80 pounds, so the cost of a single case will often run into thousands of pounds. Even with the latest high-tech equipment, such as GPS and long-range listening devices, a surveillance campaign can last several days. " The technology is freely available and most of what we do could be done be the clients", explains Jenny, " but they're reluctant to get involved. Finding out the truth is often just too painful to do on your own." I ask Jenny, a former night club owner, how she came to be a private detective. Her face turns red, she gives a slight grin and drops her voice to a whisper so as not to be overheard by her staff. " I used to read a lot of crime novels during the daytime", she confides, " and I started to think 'I could do that '. I went on a training course and realized I was in the wrong job. " I am about to ask her whether she ever wears a long, scruffy raincoat, when her mobile phone rings and she is called away on business. 2.For questions 1-8, choose the answer ( A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. 1. What does the writer discover on his visit to the offices of Wright & Wrong Ltd? A the firm is not as dynamic as he had been told B the offices have recently been modernized C all the private detectives are women D he has an old fashioned idea of private detectives. 2. What does " these " in paragraph 2 refer to? A offices B ashtrays C desks D computer screens 3. Jenny Wright is annoyed by A the strict laws controlling private detectives B the inflexibility of the law courts C the her profession is represented in films D the violence used by other detective agencies 4. According to Jenny, most of the work of a private detective is A monotonous B challenging C exhausting D enjoyable. 5. The writer uses the word " diplomatically" in paragraph 5 to imply that Jenny A had no strong views of her own B was trying not to offend him C was being oversensitive D was unsure of her answer. 6. Jenny is influenced in her decision to take on women by A women's ability to get results B the speed at which women work C women's tendency to speak openly D the way clients see the women 7. What do we learn about Jenny's clients? A they cannot afford to buy the surveillance equipment B they object to paying such high prices for the work C they do not want to do the detective work themselves D they prefer more than one detective to work on a case. 8. How does Jenny feel about telling her story in the last paragraph? A embarrassed B frightened C proud D angry 3.Match each of the following definitions with the word from the box. There is one extra word which you do not need to use. Vandal kidnapper arsonist blackmailer shoplifter smuggler mugger drug trafficker hijacker pickpocket murderer A person who… 1 kills someone______________ 2 takes goods into or out of a country illegally_______________ 3 deliberately sets fire to a building_____________________ 4 steals things from people’s pockets or bags in public places__________________ 5 threatens to give away secrets unless he is given money________________ 6 takes things from shops without paying for them________________ 7 holds someone prisoner until he is given money__________________ 8 takes control of an aeroplane by force________________ 9 deliberately damages other people’s property___________________ 10 attacks people in the street and steals their money__________________ Grammar Reported speech  we use reported speech when we want to say what someone else said.  with the reported speech we have to change the tense of the verb, some pronouns and determiners and words or phrases connected to time and place 1.Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. 1. “You must wear a tie”, the teacher told him. ( TO ) The teacher told him he................................................................................................ a tie. 2. “ We were trying to phone you”, they said. ( BEEN ) They said ......................................................................................................... to phone me. 3. “ Where did you buy you shoes, Sally?” asked Gail. ( HAD ) Gail asked Sally...........................................................................................................shoes. 4. “ Don't swim too far out”, she warned him. ( WARNED ) She .............................................................................................................swim too far out. 5. Sean said I ought to lie down for a while. ( LIE ) Sean suggested.....................................................................................................for a while. 6. She gave me very little help with the homework. ( NOT ) She did............................................................................................help with my homework. 2.Pass the following sentences into reported speech. Use verbs like say, tell, ask, wonder, want to know, promise, order, advise. Ex. He said.../ He asked ... etc. 1. I watched TV last night. 2. What are you studying? 3. You must hurry. 4. Will you call me a taxi? 5. My father may be at the meeting. 6. Smoking is bad for young people. 7. Help me with the washing please. 8. Don't go away. 9. Don't talk while you are eating. 10.She lost her purse. 11.Paul has brought you a message. 12.They will leave soon. 13.She came back two hours ago. 14.I went to the beach every day when I was living in France. 15. I don't like sugar in my tea. 16. Lisa can play the piano. 17. It has been raining since Sunday. 18. They had finished he project before the deadline. 19. She wanted to play tennis yesterday. 20. They were cooking yesterday morning. 3.Speaking What do you think are the main causes of crime in your country? Do you have any suggestions for reducing crime in your local area? What do you think should be the police attitude in order to reduce crime? What punishment suggestions do you have? ANEXA 1-CAN YOU FIND THE GUILTY ONE? Reading comprehension and problem–solving exercise. You will read a detective story about a man, Dr. DeLator, who solves cases using the same logical reasoning as Sherlock Holmes. Read the story and try to answer the final question in it: THE CASE OF THE STOLEN BOOK (sound of telephone ringing) DeLator: hello. Narrator: When Dr.DeLator answered the phone he heard the frantic voice of Ted Petrie, a rare book collector. Petrie:(over the telephone) A thief took the hinges off the door of one of my book cabinets and made off with a valuable 16 th -century manuscript. Can you come right over to my place? Narrator: Half an hour later, De Lator stood on the second floor of Petrie’s home and examined the small, empty book cabinet. The glass door, unhinged, lay on the carpet. Petrie: I was downstairs, watching TV.I went to the kitchen for a bite to eat, and suddenly a man dashed down the stairs and out the front door. He was carrying the book. Of course I chased him. At the corner of Vine and Davis *, I lost him in the crowd watching the St. Patrick’s Day parade.** I stopped at the first telephone booth and called you. I always keep the cabinet locked. I suppose the noise of the television kept me from hearing the thief at work upstairs. Narrator: At this point Dr.DeLator interrupted with a question: DeLator: Is the book insured? Petrie: Yes, for a fortune! But money can’t replace such a book! DeLator: Then I suggest you put it back. I don’t believe a word of your story! Narrator: Why didn’t Dr. DeLator believe Mr .Petrie’s story? a)Who was Petrie? b)What did the thief steal from his book cabinet? c)How did the thief steal the book? d)Where was Petrie and what was he doing while the thief was stealing the book? e)What did he do when he saw the thief with the book? f)Did he catch the thief? Why/why not? g)What did he do after he had lost the thief? h) Was the book insured? Vocabulary practice: (Contest) Find out in the text words or phrases which mean: 1.stole= 2.come here immediately= 3.my home= 4.a little bit of food= 5.I lost sight of him= 6.the first public telephone= 7.return it to its place= *Vine and Davis=Vine Street and Davis Street **St Patrick ‘s Day parade=New York and some other cities that have many residents of Irish origin have parades on March 17 to celebrate St Patrick’s day UNIT 2 A walk in the midday sun Warm up: How much water do you drink every day? Can you tell us some of the water drinking benefits? Is water available everywhere in the world? When the heat is on, walkers need to be on their guard. Hot weather makes your heart pump harder, and if you're not very fit, you start to understand why the majority of mountain rescue statistics are made up from summer walkers suffering heart attacks. Heat exhaustion is quite easy to get when you're making a great physical effort. It happens when your body can't produce enough sweat to keep you cool. The answer is to keep up your water intake. It's a good idea to drink a pint of water for every 10 degrees Fahrenheit every 24 hours. So, if the temperature is in the 70s, and you are doing a five-hour walk, you'll need a minimum of around one and a half pints of water. It's vital that you don't wait until you develop a raging thirst before you stop for a drink - keep taking regular swigs from your water bottle. Many walkers flavour their water with fruit juice, which makes it a lot more palatable. You could even use one of the isotonic drinks made for athletes, which replaces the body's salts lost through sweating. Given that evaporation is your body's cooling mechanism, you can help things along with an external application of water. Soaking your hat with water is a great way to cool the head, though if the sun is beating down, it will probably dry off almost immediately. Better still then if you can plunge into a river or the sea fully - clothed. And if that's not possible, then at least take off your boots and socks and paddle in a cool stream. Walking in the heat increases the rate at which your feet swell, which can lead to them feeling tight in your boots. Cool water from a stream reduces swelling and helps general foot comfort. At the same time, you can check out your feet for signs of blisters. Extra sweating makes the skin softer and increases the chance of blisters forming, in the same way as when water leaks into your boots and get to your feet. As for what clothing you wear, this should be lightweight and reasonably loose-fitting. Tight clothing will feel uncomfortable and may even lead to the formation of an irritating rash on your skin. The answer, if this develops, is to try and stay cool as much as possible. Do this by either keeping in the shade, or washing the affected area with cold water, but without soap. But prevention is by far the best approach, so keep your clothing light. It's understandable to want to remove any extraneous clothing when it's extremely hot, but it doesn't really make much sense to take off T-shirts. The sun rays can be quite strong, and shoulders are always very sensitive to sunburn. This is the worst place to be red and sore when you're wearing a heavy rucksack on your back. Wearing shorts can also create problems for walkers, as the backs of the leg can catch the sun very easily. In fact, those days when an apparently harmless breeze is blowing can be the most deceptive. It might not feel so hot, so you probably won't notice the damage being done so soon. As on every other day then, a good strong sun cream should therefore be applied to any skin which is exposed. Make the most of the summer, but treat the sun with the respect it deserves. For questions 1-8, choose the answer ( A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. 1. The writer says that hot weather A is the main cause of heart attacks. B requires walkers to have frequent drjnks. C is the worst type of weather for mountain walking. D ensures that mountain walkers stay fit. 2. What does the writer say about isotonic drinks? A it helps to reduce sweating. B it prevents the loss of body salts. C it is no better than fruit juice. D it will prevent you getting sunburnt. 3. It - in paragraph 4 refers to A the sun. B your hat. C the head. D water. 4. According to the writer , it is better to wear loose-fitting clothing because A it keeps you cool. B it is very light. C it is less likely to create problems for your skin. D it lasts longer than tight-fitting clothing. 5. According to the text, when might your feet suffer? A when they cool down. B if you are wearing tightly-fitting boots. C when they are wet. D if you have to walk through water. 6. What does the writer mean by extraneuos clothing in paragraph 7? A clothing which is no longer needed to keep you warm. B clothing which most people would consider unusual in hot weather. C clothing which is too tight. D clothing which is too heavy to wear. 7. According to the writer, when are the walkers particularly at risk from the effects of the sun? A when they are unaware of the heat. B if their sun cream is not strong enough. C when there is a strong wind. D if they have suffered an injury. 8. Who has the text been written for? A people who go walking in the mountains. B walkers who are unfit. C people who go walking in hot weather. D people who only go walking in summer. Vocabulary Complete the spaces with one of the words from the box. Ear stomach nose heart blood 1 If you get a ___________ bleed, pinch it with two fingers until it stops. 2 She’ll have a ____________ attack when she sees what you’ve done. 3 Of course he had a _________ ache. He ate far too many cream cakes. 4 With such high____________ pressure you should eat less salt. 5 She’s got a bad____________ infection, so she can’t come swimming. Ankle nose eye throat 1 That’s a nasty black____________. Did somebody hit you? 2 She’s got a very sore_____________. She can hardly speak. 3 You’ve got a runny_______________. Would you like a handkerchief? 4 It’s just a badly sprained____________. You haven’t broken anything. Grammar The passive voice Noun + be ( in the correct form) + past participle 1.Choose the correct word or phrase 1. The prime minister was / has criticised for his recent actions. 2. When I walked past the Wilson’s house, their new sofa was / has being delivered. 3. Our teacher was / has told us to take our favourite book to school tomorrow. 4. I think my mobile was / has been stolen. 5. Jonathan was / has chosen to play the lead role in the school play. 6. I’m sleeping downstairs because my bedroom is being painted / has been painting. 7. This picture was / has probably taken during the winter. 8. Your essays must be / have handed in on Friday morning. 9. Someone was / has left their wallet on the floor. 10. Did you hear about the bank being / having robbed? 11. Treasure Island was / has written by Robert Louis Stevenson. 12. It was a real shock when my dad was / has fired from his job. 13. The Vikings had visited America before it was / has discovered by Columbus. 14. Was / has your ticket for the concert for tomorrow paid for by you or your parents? 15. When we got to the airport, we learned that our flight was / had been delayed. 2.Complete using the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 The Earth (hold)……………………………by the gravity of the sun and orbits around it. 2 The first feature- length comedy film ( create) …………………………..by Charlie Chaplin. 3 The award for best video ( present) ………………………. later this evening. 4 By the time you read this, I (arrest)……………………….for murder. 5 I don’t know whether our tests ( mark) …………………… yet or not. 6 Radio waves ( discover)………………………by Marconi. 7 You wouldn’t think it to look at him now, but Jack ( bully)…………………. When he was at school. 8 Your application ( consider)…………………..and we will let you know as soon as we’ve made a decision. 9 The roof of the car can ( lower) ……………………by pressing this button here. 10 Our tent ( blow)……………………over in the night by the wind. 11 Chess ( play) ……………………….. for around 2000 years now. 12 Two men ( question)………………………. at this moment by police in connection with the burglary. 3.Complete the second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Use between 2 -5 words in each gap. 1 Someone has scratched my car on the door. ( been) My car ……………………………………………………..……on the door. 2 Tommy is having an operation right now . ( being) Tommy……………………………………………..…………….. right now. 3 Has Fiona invited you to her party? ( been) Have………………………………………………………..……….party? 4 Shakespeare probably wrote this play in 1587. ( written) This play……………………………………………..Shakespeare in 1587. 5 The government is considering a new law to ban smoking following new research. (considered) A new law to ban smoking…………………………………………………………………………. following new research. 6 My mum told me to go to Megagrocers. ( sent) I ………………………………………………………….my mum. 7 I didn’t understand a word so I asked my teacher and she explained it to me. ( got) I didn’t understand a word so I ………………………………………………. it to me. Speaking What kind of sports do you practice? What activities do you do in order to keep fit? How does the day-by-day life affects our health? What means in your opinion a healthy life? UNIT 3 UFOs - have we been visited? Is there a scientific explanation for UFOs or do alien life forms really exist? Kevin McCullough investigates two cases of UFO sightings. On a cold dark winter's evening in 1988, Jon Hickes and Richard Williams were driving to a friend's house near Canterbury when they saw a bright red object glowing above the fields about 500 metres in front of them. As they drove nearer to investigate they were amazed to find a large area of molten metal, bubbling on the ground like a pool of volcanic lava. When firemen arrived shortly after, it took them over an hour to cool down the boiling mass and make it safe. Samples of the solidified metal were taken to the nearby University of Kent where they were found to contain iron and small amounts of tin and chromium. James Radcliffe, a specialist at the university, concluded that material such as this could not have come from a meteor , and military experts, for their part, were quick to point out that it could not have fallen from any aeroplane or spacecraft; space debris does not hit the earth's surface in a liquid state. Of course, there were suggestions that the whole thing might have been a hoax, but a practical joke on this scale would have been very difficult to set up. The only factory in the area capable of producing molten metal had recently closed down, and besides, arranging for large quantities of the metal to be dropped from the sky would not be very easy. Clearly, this was not a simple open-and-shut matter. Unexplained aerial phenomena of this nature have been observed and noted down for centuries, but the modern preoccupation with UFOs began in 1947, when there was an unusually large number of reported sightings. In the last 50 years there have been over 10,000 such reports in Britain alone. Most of these can be attributed to man-made objects such as aircraft and satellites, or astronomical phenomena such as shooting stars. Just over five per cent of cases, however, remain unexplained, leading many UFO experts to the conclusion that aliens have indeed visited our planet. In another case in the 1980s Les and Linda Burnham were cycling together along a country road near Rye in Sussex when a sudden, blinding light almost caused them to fall off their bicycles. As the couple stopped to cover their eyes, they felt intense heat and heard a deafening roar like the sound of a high-speed train. A minute or so later they were able to look up again , and were greeted with the sight of a huge, diamond-shaped metal object floating above the treetops, spitting flames and emitting a loud , high-pitched noise. They watched in shocked silence as the gigantic structure climbed high into the air and disappeared at great speed out to sea. Then, they claimed, five or six jet aircraft appeared from nowhere and raced off after the mysterious object. As they cycled the short distance home, Les and Linda suffered headaches and sickness, and during the next few days experienced minor skin burns. As a result of illness and depression Linda was unable to go work for nearly six weeks. Underneath where the object had been floating, an area of woodland had burnt down, electricity cables had snapped and the road surface had melted. Whatever caused it, the heat must have been incredibly intense to do all that. As for the jet aircraft, military bases denied all knowledge of them and to this day their origin, like that of the diamond-shaped object, remains a mystery. Secret military activities or rare atmospheric phenomena may account for some of the unexplained sightings but the origin of others could lie elsewhere. And until the opposite is proved, that 'elsewhere' might include visits from extraterrestrial beings. 1.For questions 1-8, choose the answer ( A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. 1. Which of the following sentences best sum up the writer's views? A aliens have visited our planet. B all UFO sightings can explained scientifically. C alien life forms may exist. D most UFOs are practical jokes. 2. What are we told about the object which Jon Hickes and Richard William witnessed? A it is very hot. B it came up through the ground. C they watched it change from solid to liquid. D it was 500 metres wide. 3. 'It' in paragraph 2 refers to A a meteor B a spacecraft C the metal D the university 4. What does the writer mean when he says ' this is not a simple open-and-shut matter' in paragraph 3? A it was a complicated hoax. B the factory was no longer open. C the sighting is still being investigated D there was no obvious explanation for the incident. 5. Records of mysterious happenings in the sky were first made A 50 years ago. B in 1947 C hundreds of years ago. D in the nineteen eighties. 6. The object which Les and Linda saw A was travelling at the same speed as a train. B made two different sounds. C was made of metal and diamonds. D was on fire. 7. As a result of their experience Les and Linda A began to feel unwell soon B were ill for several weeks C were badly burnt D started feeling sick when they got home. 8. According to Les and Linda, the jet aircraft they saw A were involved in secret military activity B followed the strange object C probably came from a nearby military base D were the same shape as the unidentified object. 2.Match each sentence beginning on the left with an appropriate ending on the right. 1 As soon as I gave up a )state secrets, he was arrested and held in jail. 2 The cooker was giving off b) the homework tomorrow morning. 3 Suspected of giving away c) smoking, I felt a lot better. 4 He listened closely as they gave out d) food to homeless people. 5 She said we had to give in e) a strange smell, so I got someone to look at it. 6 Street Aid is a charity which gives out f )the money I lent him until Friday. 7 He says he can’t give back g) the winning lottery numbers on the news. Grammar: Conditionals 1.Complete the sentences using your own ideas 1 If you trust him, 2 If you trusted him, 3 If you had trusted him, 4 If you leave at 5 o'clock, 5 If she had called you, 6 If he ate that cake, 7 If she is lazy, 8 If they had looked in his pocket, 9 If Mike found his wallet, 10 If he came to the party, 11 If I'd started learning English a year earlier, 12 If a meteor had struck the Earth, 13 If I won the lottery, 14 If my parents were here, 15 If he does his homework, 2.Complete the gaps in the following sentences with the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. 1 If I ( have )___________ more time, I ( help)_____________ you, but I'm afraid I'm just too busy. 2 I (buy) ___________you a new pair of shoes if you ( promise)___________ to look after them properly. 3 Why did you tell your parents? If you ( not say ) ________________ anything, we (not get ) __________________ into trouble. 4 If he (sleep) ____________ for less than eight hours, he ( be) ____________ bad-tempered all morning. 5 It's a shame you weren't at the party. If you ( go)______________, you ( meet) ________________ my sister. 6 If we ( beat ) _______________ United next Saturday, we ( go) _____________ to the top of the league. 7 There's a quicker way to do it. If you ( press) "control" and "U", it ( underline) ____________ your work as you write. 8 If I ( be )___________ you, I ( go)___________ to the doctor's. 9 We ( be) ____________ there by 6 o'clock this evening, if the manager ( leave ) ___________ early from the office. 10 I had to wait two hours to see the doctor. If I ( not take ) _____________ my book with me to read, I ( get ) _____________ so bored. 3.Rewrite sentences below to form second, third or mixed conditional sentences. 1 I don't have to pay to get into the museum because I am unemployed. 2 We didn't go sailing because there wasn't enough wind. 3 We don't go abroad on holiday because I'm afraid of flying. 4 He's broken his leg so he can't drive. 5 I couldn't take any photos because I forgot to pack my camera. 6 He isn't going to the wedding because he hasn't got a suit. 7 He's feeling ill because he drank too much last night. 8 She didn't pass her exams so she couldn't go to university. 9 They didn't watch the news so they didn't hear about the earthquake. 4.Speaking Do you believe in the existence of UFOs? Have you heard a story about a UFO visiting your country ? Do you like science-fiction films? Tell us about your favourite science-fiction film. 5.Describe these images in your own words: UNIT 4 Travel narrows the mind Is your journey really necessary? John Rentoul makes the case against travel and tourism. I do not understand the modern fashion for long-distance travel. Of course, there was once an evolutionary advantage to it all; people moved around in the search for food and better living conditions. But now we do so without a purpose. We travel thousands of miles to get to the other side of the world, and then two weeks later we come back again. What for? To see the sights…. and make a mess of them ? To get to know other cultures? You must be joking. The instinct to explore has been exhausted. Humans have been everywhere, done everything. They have climbed to the top of Everest so often the summit resembles a rubbish dump. Driven be their genes to invent ever more absurd frontiers to cross, the sort of people who might once have trekked across the Rocky Mountain are now chartering jets so they can free fall parachute over Antarctica. This restlessness and our ever increasing desire to travel long distances is disastrous for the environment. Air travel burns up unimaginable quantities of fuel and is the most energy-hungry thing that people can do. It is a scandal that aviation fuel for international flights is not taxed. If the governments of the world could agree to do something about it, they would have a permanent source of income - and put the brakes on the fastest growing source of global warming gases. As for the idea that travel broadens the mind, widens people's horizons and promotes international understanding, this is just nonsense. You can only really learn anything about foreign countries by living and working in them and I applaud those who do it. It is tourism I object to, and especially the desire to go to the remotest, wildest and often purest places in the world and build four-star hotels in them. It does not do the local people much good: the hotels are owned by foreign companies and only thirty per cent of the profits stay in the country. Instead, it encourages the demand for Coca Cola and McDonalds and accelerates the homogenization of world culture. Go abroad and do exactly what you do at home. But it is not just travel to remote places which is unwise. Even in the United Kingdom, there is no way I would travel long distances by car. As with air travel, statistics may tell us that motorways are not dangerous, but no one can tell me that it is safe for people to be hurtling along within feet of each other at more than 70 miles per hour. If you have to travel long distances, the only civilized way is by train. Next summer, as you hold on to your seat nervously during take-off, and prepare yourself for a week or two of jet lag and sunburn, think of me, enjoying uninterrupted sleep on the overnight train to Glasgow. For questions 1-5, choose the answer ( A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. 1. What does the author mean say about the fashion for long distance travel? A it enables us to understand other cultures B there is no longer any point to it C it helps us to relax D it takes up a lot of time 2. Why do people do things such as free fall parachuting in Antarctica. according to the author ? A they are trying to solve personal problems B they feel the need for greater challenges C it is safer than climbing mountains D they want to go trekking in isolated places 3. Why, according to the author, should aviation fuel be taxed? A it would ultimately help reduce pollution B it would enable governments to buy more fuel C it would help governments stay in power D other types of fuel are taxed 4. What does the author mean when he says that tourism " accelerates the homogenization of world cultures" ( paragraph 4)? A everyone is eating fast food B people are rapidly becoming the same wherever you go C people in remote places are becoming purer D the pace of life is speeding up 5. What does the author feel about road travel? A distances are too long B motorways are safe C other countries are safer than the United Kingdom D driving can be dangerous. Choose the correct alternative in each sentence 1 – 10. 1. Everyone thought the holiday was great fun / funny but I didn't have such a good time. 2. The area near the palace was full / crowded with tourists. 3. The facilities on this camping / campsite are excellent. 4. Have you decided where you're going on holiday / holidays yet? 5. We always stay / live in the same hotel when we go to London. 6. All the hotel at the ski station / resort are fully booked, unfortunatelly. 7. We didn't bring back any souvenirs / memories from our holiday. We didn't see anything worth buying. 8. From the top of cathedral tower there are some spectacular sights / sites / views of the surroundings countryside. 9. The cost of the trip / journey / travel includes two nights in a four – star hotel with half-board. 10. She didn't enjoy the Mediterranean voyage / cruise / tour at all; she was seasick most of the time. Grammar: Countable and Uncountable Nouns / Quantifiers Complete each of the spaces with one of the words from the box. Some words will be used more than once and more than one answer may be possible for each space. little few much many some any no deal number piece lot plenty several 1. You drink nothing but lemonade with _________ salt and pepper for about seven days without__________ food. 2. I wasn't earning a great _________ of money and I simply couldn't afford to buy that car. 3. I used to eat a _________ of junk food. 4. I ate very ________ fresh food and this had a serious effect on my health. 5. And now if I get hungry between meals, I have a ________ cheese or ________nuts, just to fill the hole. 6. When I want to treat myself I have a ________ of cake or a ___________ biscuits. 7. As long as you eat sweet things after a meal, then there's _________ problem. 8. I only ever eat chocolates after lunch or dinner. And never too___________ of course- just one or two. 9. A sensible, balanced diet: __________ of fresh fruit and vegetables ..._______ glasses of water a day – and ___________ snacks between meals. 10. A large _______ of people follow diets, but very __________ of them are happier as a result. 11. I don't pay _____________ attention to what others think or say. Complete with the words in the plural form. 1. How many (cinema)_______________ are there in London? 2. How many (fly) ____________have you swatted? 3. How many (house)_____________ are there in your street? 4. Is your cat catching ________________ (mouse)? 5. How many (goose)______________ do you have on your farm? 6. Where do (deer) ________________live? 7. How many (fish)_______________ are there in the sea? 8. How many (child)____________ are there in the yard? 9. How many (pencil case) ______________do we have in stock? 10.How many (sheep)_______________ do you have on your farm? Find the correct answer. 1. Do you know the story where the fairy grants a little girl three (wish)_________. 2. It's the cackling of ( goose)__________ which save Rome from the Gauls. 3. ' There will be blue birds over the white (cliff)________ of Dover ' (a popular song of world war II) 4. Do turtles have (tooth)_________ ? 5. You should place the (knife)_________ and forks to the left of the plates. 6. The hunters never noticed the two (deer)__________ by the apple tree. 7. Please keep your hands and (foot)__________ inside the car. 8. John screamed and the(echo)___________ of his screams sounded in the cave. 9. The children stood on (box)___________ to see the parade. 10. James Bond and George Smiley are popular fictional (spy)_____________ Fill in the following words advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis and form meaningful phrases. Example: a cube of _____ Answer: a cube of sugar 1) a piece of _________________2) a packet o__________________3) a bar of ___________ 4) a glass of_______________ 5) a cup of______________ 6) a bottle of _______________ 7) a slice of______________ 8) a barrel of _____________9) a game of ________________ 10)a jar of________________ Choose the correct form of the verb "to be ". Mind the noun (singular or plural). 1) Ladies and gentlemen, here _______ the news. 2) Where _______my jeans. 3) Further information ______ available in the office. 4) The stairs _______ over there, Sir. 5) The furniture in our classroom ________ uncomfortable. 6) The USA ______ a very nice country. 7) Your sunglasses ________ on the table. 8) Homework _______boring. 9) The scissors on the table________ mine. 10) Physics _______ not easy. Finish the sentences with the singular or plural form of the nouns. Example: There is a ____ on the table. Answer: There is a book on the table. 1) The cat is sitting on my bed / beds. 2) There are five pencil / pencils on my desk. 3) I have two sister / sisters . 4) They are riding their bike / bikes. 5) We have a dog / dogs. 6) How many book /books do you have in your bag? 7) My mother has a new computer / computers . 8) There are three windows in the room / rooms . 9) Susan has four poster / posters . 10) There is one pen / pens on the floor. Underline the alternative which cannot be used. 1. Have you heard any / a / thenews about the accident ? 2. I didn't speak a large number / a great deal / a lot of English when I was in London. 3. Many / Several / Every people in our neighbourhood have complained about the smell from the factory. 4. They didn't give us very much advice / suggestion / information about where to look for a cheap guest house / hotel / accommodation in the town. 5. Could you pass me a piece / bar / sliceof bread please? 6. “ Would you like some / any / few more chips?” - “ No, thanks. I've already got plenty / much / enough.” 7. We haven't got no / any / much cheese left. Could you buy a few / a little / someon your way home tonight? 8. Come on, let's go out for a meal. We've still got a little / little / plenty of money. Speaking Where do you usually spend your holidays? What types of activities do you like doing on your holiday? Is there anywhere you would particularly like to visit ? Why? Would you like to go on a cruise? Why ? / Why not ? Do you usually travel by car / train / plane on your holiday? What is the most beautiful place you visited ? UNIT 5 Meet Bao Bao the Panda 1. Read the text below and try to guess the meaning of the words in bold: Fans of all things soft and cuddly queue up to hear the name of the latest addition to this US zoo's giant panda family. In keeping with Chinese tradition, the naming ceremony happened as Bao Bao, which means 'precious baby', turned 100 days old. Bao Bao herself was too busy snuggling up to mum in their den to see this special message from a famous panda-lover. 2. Now read these definitions to see if you were right: cuddly: something you want to hug in keeping with: following the usual way of doing things naming ceremony: event at which a person, animal or thing is given a name snuggling up to: moving itself close to another thing for comfort den: home for (some) animals 3. Use one of the words or phrases below to complete each of these sentences from news reports. Note that you may have to change the form of a word to complete the sentence correctly. cuddly / in keeping with / naming ceremony / snuggled up / dens a. Over the course of the three-day event, there are public prayers, two marriages, and a __________, where followers choose an ancient name - like Calisto, Hermis or Orpheus - and "cleanse" themselves of their modern Christian ones. b. Kipling had probably read a pamphlet by Sir William Henry Sleeman - An Account of Wolves Nurturing Children in Their __________ - before he created Mowgli. c. They flew over Belarus, dropping __________ toys with pro-democracy slogans over the town of Ivenets and a suburb of the capital Minsk, before flying back unmolested to neighbouring Lithuania. d. For the first 10 years, she __________ between the couple, but now at 130kg (287lbs) she has to have a bed of her own. e. The island - which is not populated by humans - is popular with birdwatchers, many hundreds of them flocking there every year to enjoy the peace and tranquillity. And the cliff-side loo, on the east of the island, is totally __________ that ambience. 4. Relative pronouns Who and whom are for people and which is for things. Whom is not used much in conversation and refers to an object of a verb or a preposition. After nouns referring to times and places, when and where can be used to mean at which or in which and why can be used to mean for which. Whose is a possessive relative word, referring to people and things. Prepositions can come before the relative pronoun or at the end of the clause but you cannot use that or who after a preposition. That can often replace whom, who and which. It is used mainly: a) For people and things and in conversation. b) After the following: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, little, few, much. c) After superlatives. Defining and non-defining relative clauses «George, who lives next door, always watches television.» (non defining) «The couple who live next door always watch television.» (defining) «He showed me a photo that upset me.» (_____________________) «He tore up the photo, which upset me.» (______________________) In a non-defining relative clause that cannot be used. Practice the relatives by filling in the gaps in the text below: I had one like that, an aunt _______________ name was Enid. In fact whenever I hear the name spoken or read it in a book, I always conjure up in my mind that aunt ______________ must have been the strangest member that my family has produced. As a child I had heard stories about her _______________ may or may not have been true. The best one I remember was ______________ she ended up in hospital with a broken leg. Apparently she was very proud of her house, _______________ she kept in an immaculate condition, and in this particular incident ___________________ illustrates her eccentricity, she had seen a mess on one of the rugs she kept in her sitting room. As she was expecting a visitor, ____________________ was due any minute, she opened the door to the garden and threw out the rug ____________________ was causing the trouble and ________________ stain was upsetting her. Unfortunately she forgot to get off the rug first and threw herself out into the garden as well. That was ________________ she ended up in the hospital with a broken leg. There were endless stories like those, ________________ were probably exaggerated and _________________ had been added to over the years. Nobody really knew _______________ was true and ______________ was complete fabrication. The one thing ______________ nobody could understand or explain was why she had gone to live in another country ______________ she had stayed for more than twenty years. Everybody had something to say on the matter: she had had an unhappy love affair with a man ______________ was married, she wanted to make a fresh start in a place ______________ no-one knew her, she wanted to get away from her family ________________ she couldn't put up with. Such stories, ___________ grew in number as the years went by, fascinated me. The strange thing was that not one of these stories fitted with the generally accepted belief ______________ Aunt Enid was supposed to be a very shy person, _________________ wouldn't have the courage to say boo to a goose. 5. Choose the option that best completes the sentences below: Can you hear what he is .......? (a) saying (b) speaking (c) telling (d) talking She hasn't come home ........ (a) still (b) already (c) yet (d) till I ....... TV yesterday evening. (a) saw (b) looked (c) viewed (d) watched We live ....... the city centre. (a) near (b) next (c) by (d) nearby She looks ....... a famous film star. (a) as (b) like (c) similar (d) same This television gives you the ....... news. (a) last (b) latest (c) least (d) later I only ....... one mistake in last night's test. (a) made (b) done (c) did (d) make I want you to tell me the ....... truth. (a) all (b) exact (c) real (d) whole He is looking ....... a present to buy his girlfriend. (a) for (b) at (c) in (d) on That's what I would like ....... Christmas. (a) for (b) at (c) in (d) on UNIT 6 Robot Bike Park in Japan 1. Read the text below and try to guess the meaning of the words in bold: Where do you park your bicycle in a crowded, thronging city like Tokyo? The answer – in a subterranean cycle park. A robot gracefully whisks your bike 11 metres underground. It stores hundreds of them and returns each one to its rightful owner in seconds. Just don't forget your ID card. 2. Now read these definitions to see if you were right: thronging: crowded, full of people subterranean: under the ground whisks: takes something somewhere else suddenly and quickly rightful owner: person who owns something legally ID card: identity card 3. Use one of the words or phrases below to complete each of these sentences from news reports. Note that you may have to change the form of a word to complete the sentence correctly. thronging / subterranean / whisks / rightful owner / ID card a. Two sisters in Peru are claiming to be the _________ of the land on which the Unesco World Heritage site Machu Picchu is located. b. A big black suburban SUV lurked by the door of number 11 Downing Street as Mitt Romney spoke to the assembled press, ready to _________ him away when he had answered their last question about the Olympics. c. The nurses who remained during the SARS outbreak described the hospital as having become like a "desert island" - suddenly isolated and alone in the centre of an otherwise _________ city. d. The London Underground is celebrating its 150th anniversary and is the oldest _________ railway in the world. e. Janice "Lokelani" Keihanaikukauakahihuliheekahaunaele's name is so long - containing 36 letters and 19 syllables - that it would not fit on the documentation… Hawaii government computer systems are to be upgraded by the end of the year, allowing her to have her full name on her driving licence and _________. 4. Modal verbs MUST vs. HAVE TO Must often expresses someone’s opinion, while have to refers to rules, laws or need. Examples: We must get the fence repaired. You have to wear protection gear. I don’t have to put up with this. BE ABLE TO vs. COULD Be able to is more common when referring to ability/capability and it often is used to suggest managing to accomplish something or coping with difficulty. Could is more vague: it can refer to someone’s (in)ability to do something in the past (but not any longer) or to express possibility. Examples: We were able to make friends with the dolphins in just a few days. This could be quite difficult. I tried to open the door but I couldn’t. NEED vs. NEED TO Need is modal and it is nearly always negative. Need to refers to need or obligation and often carries personal opinion. It behaves like any other verb (-s for present simple 3 rd person singular, -ed for past participle form etc). Examples: You needn’t have given him food. She needs to get some help. You don’t need to leave right now. Rephrase the following sentences using the word given in brackets. Do not change the word given: a. I’m so sorry I never got round to seeing that movie…. (MANAGED) _____________________________________ b. I don’t want us to be late, please hurry up! (COULD) ______________________________________ c. Please come this way. (WILL) ________________________________________ d. Maybe moving out was not such a good idea. (SHOULD) ____________________________________ e. “My name is Ethel,” I think she said, though I am not sure at all! (HAVE) _______________________________________ 5. Look at the picture and, using modal verbs, write what you think the people in the picture might be thinking or saying: a. __________________________________________ b. __________________________________________ c. __________________________________________ d. __________________________________________ e. __________________________________________ f. __________________________________________ 6. Use modal verbs SHOULD, MUST or OUGHT TO to make sentences starting from the following prompts, according to the model given. Sarah/eat a lot of meat/high cholesterol Sarah shouldn’t eat a lot of meat, she has rather high cholesterol. diabetic people/eat sweets/coma stars/drink a lot/role models children/respect parents/family harmony I/do more exercise/weight friends/support each other/times of difficulty. people/ride bikes/pollution 7. Choose the colour that best completes the following sentences: Don't talk to him about politics because it's like a ....... rag to a bull. (a) blue (b) white (c) red (d) black He takes the optimistic view and talks about a ....... skies scenario. (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) yellow She hasn't worked here very long and is therefore a little ....... on matters of procedure. (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) green Now that they have read it in ......., they believe me. (a) red and blue (b) blue and red (c) white and black (d) black and white The reason why I feel so ....... today is because it's my birthday and no-one has sent me any cards. (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) black She lost the company a lot of money last week and as a result has got a ....... mark against her name. (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) black In this business you cannot afford to make any mistake and must be seen to be lily ........ (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) green As they turned round and ran away, people thought they were ........ (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) yellow Ask her to help you with your calculations because she's ....... hot at mathematics. (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) black I know he doesn't like you because the moment you came in the room I saw him give you a ....... look. (a) red (b) blue (c) white (d) black UNIT 7 Surgery App 1. Read the text below and try to guess what the words in bold mean: The operating theatre can be a daunting place for patients. And for trainee surgeons, limited time and resources mean not all get enough hands-on experience. Which is why four surgeons in London developed an app to practise surgery. It has training modules which give step-by-step guides to common surgical procedures. 2. Now read these definitions to see if you were right: operating theatre: a room in a hospital in which people are operated on daunting: making you feel slightly scared or worried about your ability to achieve something trainee surgeons: people who are learning to be surgeons; surgeons are doctors who are specially trained to perform medical operations hands-on experience: experience gained by doing something yourself step-by-step: doing one thing and then another thing in a fixed order 3. Use one of the words or phrases below to complete each of these sentences from news reports. Note that you may have to change the form of a word to complete the sentence correctly. operating theatre / daunting / trainee surgeons / hands-on experience / step-by-step a. "We've been working on this for seven years, _______, so we're very excited it's finally going to happen," Esencia's CEO Andrew McDonald said on a tour of the 170-hectare (420-acre) site. b. Relocating to another country can be a ________ prospect, particularly if you don't speak the language. c. Stamford Hospital has an outpatients department, a minor injury unit, one __________ and a day surgery unit. d. By learning online, _________ can do more in their spare time without travelling long distances. e. The CBI says teenagers will develop a serious interest in science only if they have the chance to get _________ in the subject. 4. Reflexives a. Narcissus himself saw it in the water. (emphasis) b. Narcissus saw himself in the water. (reflexive proper) c. Narcissus himself didn’t see anything in the water, but others did. (50-50) Which is which in the story? Personally I myself have always prided myself on being able to look after myself in whatever situation I happen to find myself. My father himself always taught me to take decisions. «You should make your own mind up yourself and let other people get on with things by themselves.» Those are the very words themselves that he used. I don't know what you yourself do. I mean we are all supposed to try and make the best of ourselves. I guess or I imagine from what you yourself look like that you have a reasonable job. I don't imagine that you earn as much as I myself do. I assume that you and your family are yourselves struggling to pay the rent or the mortgage? What exactly do you yourself do for a living?' For a moment the pompous young man turned round on himself. When he turned back he found himself staring at himself in the mirror. The other 'self' had slipped away and was now enjoying herself in another part of the room talking to a young man who was looking very pleased with himself. 5. Use the words in the box to derive words that will fill in the blanks in the text below. The words are listed in the order you need to use them. Ever since primitive man traded rocks for dead rabbits, there have been (1) _________. A thought like 'those rocks are too small' in those days is a 'your service is too (2) _________' nowadays. Objections are rife in sales, and if you're selling your own (3) _________ or services, you're bound to have been hit hard when you (4) _________ them. Many people in the same situation as you have (5) _________ tired of objections and often told the (6) _________ customer to 'go find someone else' or ignored them and hoped they'd go away. That's the wrong attitude! If you could (7) _________ all of the customers who've had objections with your (8) _________ into happy customers who love you to bits, you'd have many more customers wouldn't you? 6. Rewrite each sentence beginning as shown: 1. I have an appointment for a haircut this afternoon. I’m having …………………………. 2. I remembered I had forgotten to buy any eggs after I arrived home. Only …………………………. 3. I wouldn’t tell her now if I were you. You …………………………. 4. The sooner the job is over the better. Let’s …………………………. 5. What would you do if you won the game? Supposing …………………………. OBJECT EXPENSE PRODUCE COUNTER QUICK PROSPECT CONVERSION SERVE 7. Choose the option that best completes each of the following sentences: 1. Doug ___ the rented video on his way to work. He asked if there was a sequel to the movie but they told him there was none. a. returned b. must not have returned c. had returned 2. The computer’s not working. It _ during shipping. a. got damaged b. has gotten damaged c. is getting damaged 3. The package ___ tomorrow afternoon. Express mail always works without a flaw. a. will be delivered. b. should have been delivered. c. would be delivered. 4. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He ___ at work to finish the marketing report. a. was staying b. had to stay c. would stay 5. She ___, so no wonder she was crying. a. was losing her keys b. had lost her keys c. would have lost 6. I ___ to Paris, but I know I will go one day! a. was never b. have never been c. wasn’t traveling 7. She said she ___ for sure, so I wouldn’t worry. a. is going to call b. will call c. would call 8. Choose the best solution for the gaps in the sentences below: Some people only read the ....... lines in a newspaper. (a) top (b) big (c) main (d) head You should always check the sell ....... date of things you buy in the supermarket. (a) in (b) through (c) by (d) off When the building was completed, all the workers were paid ........ (a) off (b) through (c) out (d) over The boss was good enough to ....... my mistake. (a) oversee (b) overtake (c) overdo (d) overlook It is always ....... when you misunderstand the customs of other countries. (a) embarrassing (b) peculiar (c) singular (d) attitude Newspapers are ....... to people's doors every day. (a) taken (b) distributed (c) delivered (d) handed In her speech she expressed her ....... for all the help she had been given. (a) thankfulness (b) gratitude (c) gratefulness (d) thanking In ....... nothing much happened at the meeting. (a) quick (b) briefly (c) short (d) shortly At the end of the speech the whole assembly gave the speakers a standing ........ (a) ovation (b) applause (c) cheering (d) support Politicians pretend to ignore opinion ........ (a) votes (b) figures (c) numbers (d) polls UNIT 8 Broken Hearts and Fish Out of Water 1.Warm-up Have you ever had an accident while eating? What kind of accidents may take place during meals? Can you describe these pictures? 2. Read the story silently Yesterday Tad and Hannah went to a seafood restaurant for lunch. While they were eating, Hannah noticed a very cute guy at the next table. Later, when Tad went to the restroom, Hannah started talking to the man, Jim. Tad came back while they were talking, and he got very angry. He yelled at Jim and grabbed him by the neck. Suddenly, Jim fainted. Tad didn’t know what to do, but Hannah started to perform CPR on Jim. While Hannah was performing CPR, Jim’s girlfriend, Tammy, walked into the restaurant. Tammy thought Hannah was kissing Jim, and she suddenly fainted. Unfortunately, when she fainted, she crashed into a giant fish tank. The fish and water spilled everywhere. After the fish tank fell over, the restaurant manager left the cash register and ran over to see what was happening. Before he returned to the cash register, someone robbed it. Both Jim and Tammy recovered, but the restaurant lost a lot of money and fish. The restaurant manager is suing Tad, Hannah, Jim and Tammy. Comprehension Questions 1. Why did Tad get angry? 2. Why did Jim faint? 3. Why did Tammy faint? 4. Why did the fish tank fall over? 5. Why was it easy for someone to rob the cash register? 3.In pairs, retell the story to each other without looking back at it. 4.Time Clause Exercise Using the words below, write sentences that match actions in the story. Example: Hannah/ notice/ eat Hannah noticed a cute guy at the next table while she and Tad were eating. Example: Tad and Hannah/eat/notice While Tad and Hannah were eating, Hannah noticed a cute guy at the next table. 1. Hannah/ start talking/go to the restroom ….……………………………………………………………………………… 2. Tad/go to the restroom/start talking ….……………………………………………………………………………… 3. Tad/come back/talking ….……………………………………………………………………………… 4. Tad/yell/grab …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. Hannah/do CPR/walk into ….…………………………………………………………….…………………………………… 6. Tammy/walk into/do CPR …………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Tammy/crash/faint ….…………………………………………………………………………..…… 8. Tammy/faint/crash …………………………………………………………………………………… 9. Water/spill/fall over ……………………………………………………… 5.In pairs, prepare questions for Tad, Hannah, Jim, Tammy and the restaurant manager to determine who was responsible for the damage. Try to make some questions for one of the fish, too. Make questions containing time clauses. e.g. (Question for Tad: What did you do when Jim fainted?) 6.The students who impersonate Tad, Hannah, the restaurant manager and the fish will answer their interviewers’ questions and another group of 4 students-The Jury- will decide who was guilty for the damage. 7.Follow-Up Assignment Write a description of the accident from the point of view of one of the characters in the story. Try to use time clauses in the assignment, but do not copy those used in the story or the time clause exercise. ANEXA 1 REPORTED SPEECH –COMMANDS Direct speech Reported speech “Close the windows, please!”, said the teacher. The teacher asked the pupils to cole the windows. “Don’t drink that!” the boy told me. The boy told me not to drink that. “Let’s hurry now!”, he said. He suggested that they should hurry then. EXCLAMATIONS Reporting exclamations involves the right choice of reporting verbs( greet, thank, wish, call, etc) and of equivalent phrases (to exclaim in surprise, in disgust, etc.) Direct speech Reported speech “Merry Christmas!”, she said. She wished me a Merry Christmas. “Good morning!”, he said. He greeted me. “What a glorious day!”, she exclaimed. She exclaimed/remarked that it was a glorious day. “well done, Tom!” I congratulated Tom. MODAL VERBS MODAL VERBS Should, ought to “You ought to be more polite”, she told Joe. She told Joe that he ought to be more polite. Might “I could ski at the age of 3”, he told us. He told us that he had been able to ski at the age of 3. Used to “I must take this medicine”, he said. He said that he had to take that medicine. Had better-all these DO NOT CHANGE “You must keep a diet”, the doctor told Ted. The doctor told Ted that he should keep a diet. “You needn’t write this”, the teacher told us. The teacher told us that we didn’t have to write that. Turn these sentences into Reported Speech: 1.”Please, come back soon!”Tom said. 2.”Good afternoon, Louise! How are you?”,She said. 3.Sally told me:”Happy birthday!” 4.Let’s go by train!, “ the girls said. 5.”Well done, Peter!”, said the teacher. ANEXA 2 1.Funny medical jokes : Turn these jokes into Reported Speech: Smile:A note on dentists' door: "Smile. You might be doing this for the last time". Pulling out a tooth Dentist: - Don’t worry, it will take me only a minute to pull your tooth out. Patient: - And how much will it cost me? - 100$. - For a 1 minute job?! - If you prefer, I can be pulling it out for one hour. Poison Doc to a patient: - There are no doubts - you have been poisoned! - For goodness' sake, With what, Doc? - Don't worry, we'll find that out during dissection.. At psychiatrist: - Do you consume alcohol? - No. - Do you smoke? - No. - Do you use drugs? - No. - Do you play cards? - No. - Do you run after other women? - No. - So why did you come to me? - You see, doc, I have one little problem - I lie a lot.. Prepare your husband Doctor: - Madam, please prepare your husband for the worst! Wife: - Oh God, will he die? Doctor: - No. He will not be allowed to drink any beer! New Russian says to a doctor after he gives his diagnosis: - Doc, you have to make the decision. Either I will live or you will die.... Doctor tells to patient: - I have some bad news and worse news. Patient: - What is it, doctor? Doctor: - The laboratory test results show that you have only 24 hours to live. Patient: - Oh my God! Doctor: - The worse news is that I was tried telling this to you yesterday but your cell phone was unreachable. 2. Find the reply: a)Dentist: Calm down. I haven’t touched your tooth yet. Patient:……………………………………………………………………………….. b)Patient: Is it serious, doctor? Doctor:…………………………………………………………………………………. c)Patient: Doctor, please, help me. I can’t stop telling lies. Doctor:…………………………………………………………………………………… d)Doctor: Are the pills I gave you to improve your memory helping you? Patient:……………………………………………………………………………………….. e)Doctor: Well. Mrs Smith, you seem to be coughing much more easily this morning. Patient: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. REPLIES: 1.What pills? 2.I wouldn’t start watching any new television serials. 3.I don’t believe you. 4.I know, but you’re standing on my foot. 5.That’s because I’ve been practicing all night. I FEEL TERRIBLE!!! (song) I’ve got a headache,I’ve got a headache, I don’t want to go to bed, I’ve got a fever,I’ve got a fever I don’t want to do my homework! I’ve got a stomach-ache, I’ve got a stomach-ache. I don’t want to eat my lunch, I’ve got a blister, I’ve got a blister, I don’t want to see my sister! CHORUS: Every time I get a headache Mamma takes me to the doctor, Every time I get a fever Mamma takes me to the nurse; Every time I get a toothache Mamma takes me to the dentist, Every time I see the dentist I always come home feeling worse!!! UNIT 9 I. Lead- in 1. Do you live in a house or a flat? What are the advantages/disadvantages of living in a house/flat? 2. What other types of houses are you familiar with? II. Reading You are going to read two articles. Look at the two pictures and read the headings. What are the articles about? Read and check. The lighthouse Luke Matthews says that as soon as he saw the lighthouse he wanted to live in it. “I was looking for a place in the country where I could concentrate on my writing without any disturbances. Having become a successful novelist I was getting fed up with people ringing the doorbell, so the lighthouse was the perfect answer.” It definitely prevents passers by from popping in – the lighthouse is in a remote part of the country. There’s a rough track from it that leads to the main road, and the nearest village is a 15-minute drive away so it’s certainly secluded. Does Luke feel isolated or lonely? “Not at all, I work much better alone and enjoy my own company. I prefer to work with the phone switched off too – I just don’t want anything to disrupt my train of thought. If I feel the need for some company I can always drive to the local pub or pop back to London for the weekend. Besides, the views from the lighthouse are inspirational. I get up early to see the dawn and love watching the sun setting over the sea too. Of course I have a 360-degree view so whenever I look up from my work there’s a beautiful scene. I especially love watching the thunderstorms and lightening, luckily the lighthouse is very solidly built because it can get very windy at times!” In fact the walls of the lighthouse are made from granite and the glass in the windows is one inch thick, enabling it to have stood for over one hundred years. “People think I live in a quiet place but this isn’t true. Not only is the wind quite noisy but there are also lots of sea birds like gulls that squawk and screech all day. The waves crashing on the rocks can be deafening too but I like that. When it’s calmer I scramble down and do a bit of fishing – there’s nothing nicer than eating freshly caught lobster and crab. I sometimes see whales, occasionally dolphins and quite often seals playing near the rocks. I love all this and I’m finding it increasingly difficult to return to London – I just want to be here with the smell of the sea and the wind in my hair.” Inside the lighthouse it is surprisingly comfortable, and a lot quieter too. The front door leads into the largest of the circular rooms – the kitchen cum dining room. Luke explains that the gas stove is on because he’s baking some bread. We climb the spiral staircase and reach the living room which has a number of large armchairs, hundreds of books and no TV. “I didn’t see the point in hanging any pictures – the wonderful views are enough to look at!” Next floor up is a bedroom and small bathroom, and right at the top is the study. Here there are a lot more books, a computer sitting on a small table and, of course, the same wonderful views west across the sea and east towards the countryside. “My only regret is that it’s too windy to grow vegetables, but the rabbits would eat everything anyway. Otherwise for me this is simply the best place in the world!” The narrowboat Nicole Fayolle has been living on her narrowboat for almost five years now. She bought it in Belgium and has been travelling around the canals and waterways of Europe ever since. “I love travelling so when a friend suggested I bought a narrowboat it seemed such a good idea – to be able to see lots of different places without having to leave home!” It also means that Nicole can take all her painting equipment with her wherever she goes. “Before, most of my baggage was taken up with my easel and paints and brushes but now I have everything at hand all the time. I love sitting on the deck and painting – and then popping downstairs for a cup of coffee!” Most of the time Nicole stays overnight in official moorings where water and electricity are provided. Sometimes however, if she finds a nice spot, she’ll tie the boat up to a tree. “The countryside in France for example can be very beautiful. There are usually lots of river birds, including herons, and it’s wonderfully peaceful. For me it’s the perfect place to sit and paint for hours and it’s especially nice knowing that I don’t have to leave.” The narrowboat, which is called Liberté, is just over 20 metres long and inside the rooms are low and narrow. The small kitchen has a boiler that heats up the radiators (“It can get very cold in the winter so good heating is essential.”) and lots of jars of homemade marmalade. There’s a small bedroom and a tiny bathroom. Nicole has put most effort into making the living room a nice place to be in. “There are many days when it’s just too cold to be outside so I wanted to feel ok about being inside a small space for a long time. Luckily the windows are quite large so there’s plenty of light. Otherwise I prefer sitting up on the deck here with Candy.” At the mention of its name a small dog appears, wagging its tail. Does she need the dog for company? “Not really, the narrowboat community is very sociable – it’s rather like a moving village. We keep in touch either by phone or email. When it starts getting colder we arrange to meet in the same place and then book ahead because most of the winter ports all have waiting lists. We then stay there together until the spring. I would say that most of us stay about five or six months, it adds some continuity to my life and also helps to make and keep friends. However, I do like dogs and having Candy means never feeling alone. She loves the water and is a good swimmer so I never worry about that.” Nicole doesn’t spend all day and night on her boat. She has a bicycle and often rides to the nearest villages for provisions. “Coming back with warm, fresh bread is great, and fresh coffee too. I usually cook for myself and love using home grown herbs but it’s been difficult growing things on the boat – there really isn’t too much space for many pots unfortunately.” Otherwise Nicole is more than happy with her nomadic lifestyle. “My only regret is that I didn’t start to do this earlier!” III. Reading tasks 1. Ask and answer these questions with another student: • Where would you prefer to live – in a lighthouse or on a narrowboat? • What do you think are the main differences between the two homes? • What kind of person would like to live in these homes? 2. Read either about the lighthouse or the narrowboat person and answer the questions. What does the person do? What is their main reason for choosing this type of home? How does their choice of home affect their work? What adjectives are used to describe the place? What does he/she do for companionship? Which aspect of the weather causes most problems? And what is/are the solutions to this? What words would you use to describe the person’s personality? What examples of self-reliance* are given? * Not dependent on other people for help. 3. What do you think? Ask and answer these questions with another student: • Do you think you need to be an ‘artistic’ person to have an alternative lifestyle? • Which person may want to leave and move back to a more conventional home? • How would your friends and family react if you wanted to live in a very different kind of home? • What’s important for you in a home? Put these in order of priority for you: the size – number of bedrooms etc / an outdoor area – balcony, terrace or garden / nice views / friendly neighbours / security / convenient location – near shops or transport / privacy. You can add something else if you want. IV. Vocabulary Practice 1. Study the phrases. Can you think of any more adjectives? Use as many phrases as possible to talk about where a) you live and b) a friend lives. - shop: busy, corner, local, expensive; - street: tree-lined; narrow; congested; wide; - village: quiet; isolated; pretty; small; - house: semi-detached; comfortable; traditional; terraced; spacious; - town: industrial; large; modern; clean; - restaurant: elegant; crowded; cheap; popular; fast-food. 2. Match the words below with their definitions: Stadium, port, tower, square, pedestrian area, underground, statue a. this electric train network runs under some cities b. sports events and concerts are held here c. this model of an important person is usually placed where everyone will see it d. cars and motorbikes are not allowed here e. this tall building may stand alone or be part of another building f. this is where ships are loaded and unloaded g. markets or events are often held in this open space V. WRITING 1. Write a short article for a teen magazine about yourself and the place you live in (60-80 words). Write: full name; job/studies/habits; name of the place you live in; reasons why you (don’t) like it. 2. Collect information to write a short quiz about the capital city of your country. VI. GRAMMAR PRACTICE Revision of PAST SIMPLE A. Put one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall hurt sell spend teach throw win write 1. Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. 2. 'How did you learn to drive?' 'My father --- me.' 3. We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we --- it. 4. I was very thirsty. I --- the water very quickly. 5. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he --- easily. 6. Don --- down the stairs this morning and --- his lag. 7. Jim --- the ball to Sue, who --- it. 8. Ann --- a lot of money yesterday. She --- a dress which --- l100. B. A friend has just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions. 1. (where/go?) Where did you go? 2. (go alone?) --- 3. (food/good?) --- 4. (how long/stay there?) --- 5. (stay/at a hotel?) --- 6. (how/travel?) --- 7. (the weather/fine?) --- 8. (what/do in the evenings?) --- 9. (meet anybody interesting?) --- C. Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1. It was warm, so I _took_ off my coat. (take) 2. The film wasn't very good. I didn't enjoy it very much. (enjoy) 3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I --- her. (disturb) 4. I was very tired, so I --- to bed early. (go) 5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I --- very well. (sleep) 6. Sue wasn't hungry, so she --- anything. (eat) 7. We went to Kate's house but she --- at home. (be) 8. It was a funny situation but nobody --- (laugh) 9. The window was open and a bird --- into the room. (fly) 10. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It --- very much. (cost) 11. I was in a hurry, so I --- time to phone you. (have) 12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They --- very heavy. (be) UNIT 10 I. Lead-in 1. What is the punishment for cheating in your school? 2. Do you know/have you heard of anyone who has ever caught cheating? 3. Have you ever cheated (on any tests or otherwise)? 4. What does plagiarism mean? II. Reading You are going to read an article about cheating. Were any of your previous answers/ideas present in the text? Cheating Everybody cheats. Whether it’s the taxi driver who tricks a visitor and takes them the long way round, or the shop assistant who doesn’t give the correct change, or the police officer who accepts a bribe – everybody’s at it. Cheats in the news include the scientist whose research was based on fake data, the game show contestant who collaborated with a friend in the audience to win a million pounds, and the doctor who forged his qualifications and wasn’t really a doctor at all. Everybody cheats; nobody’s playing the game. Is cheating acceptable, a natural way of surviving and being successful? Or is it something that should be frowned on, and young people discouraged from doing? If it’s the latter how can we explain to children why so many bend the rules? Take sport for example. The pinnacle of football, the World Cup, was rife with cheating. Whether diving, pretending to be hurt or denying a handball, footballers will do anything for a free-kick or a penalty shot. France striker Henry denied cheating to win the free-kick which led to his side’s second goal in their 3-1 victory over Spain. Many footballers, however, are often putting it on. Whatever the nationality there’s one common ploy: the player rolls over holding their leg, ankle or head seeming to be in great pain. As a result a yellow card and/or free-kick is given for the foul and then, a few seconds later, the player is up and about as if nothing had happened! The ref may be taken in by it but youngsters watching the game aren’t. They also see their heroes getting away with it. It’s not just the footballers. In June 2006 Fifa suspended Greece and its member clubs from International competition. As a result Greek clubs and officials are banned from European competition, including the Champions League and the EUFA cup. Meanwhile four leading Italian clubs are on trial for match-fixing. If found guilty the clubs could also be banned from European competition. Whatever, football suffers from unsportsmanship and it sets a bad example to children. Of course it’s not just football either. In 1998 the Tour de France, the world’s greatest cycling event, was hit by a drug- taking scandal. The 40 bottles of doping products found with the Festina team triggered a massive investigation that almost caused the Tour to be abandoned. One rider, Virenque, was banned for 9 months. He claimed: "You have cheats in sport, just as you do in business -there will always be people trying to take a short cut. At least we're not turning a blind eye to the problem, which other sports are." Cycling certainly does test more than others but whether it’s now cleaner than the ’98 fiasco remains to be seen. The day before the 2006 Tour started 13 riders were withdrawn by their teams under suspicion of doping. A climate of mistrust surrounds everyone and anyone connected with the sport. Is it all inevitable? There’s tremendous pressure on all athletes to perform for their fans and for their sponsors. It’s success, money and power that rule professional sport rather than an honest attempt to do the best one can. As for business, Virenque certainly has a point. The former bosses of Enron were convicted on fraud charges following one of the most infamous scandals in corporate history. Enron, which was America’s seventh-largest company, collapsed in 2001 causing thousands of people to lose their jobs and life savings. They had fooled investors into believing the company was healthier than it really was. One boss now faces the rest of his life in prison. Meanwhile companies around the world are losing billions of dollars to the counterfeit trade. From cut-price CDs and DVDs to sportswear and cosmetics, cheap fake products are everywhere. The piracy business has never been so lucrative for the high street cheat. It has become socially acceptable to buy phoney Gucci bags and illegal copies of films. If parents are doing this, their children will follow. So perhaps it’s not surprising that around the world more pupils than ever are caught cheating during exams. In one case missing exam papers were put up for sale on the Internet. In another, widespread cheating took place by pupils using their mobile phones to receive texted answers. In a third case pupils admitted to candidate substitution. They blame the pressure put on them to do well in exams. It doesn’t help that their role models are also cheats. Surely we can’t complain when we’re setting such a bad example? Reading tasks 1. In what ways can the following people cheat? a taxi drivers d scientists b shop assistants e game show contestants c police officers f doctors 2. Read the text and decide which is the best summary: a Exams are not a good way of testing children. b Children are natural cheats. c If adults cheat, children will cheat too. 3. Read the text again and fill in the table about who cheats, how they do it, and why they do it. If the information isn’t in the text then guess the answer. Then compare your answers with another student. Who? How? Why? Footballers Italian football clubs Cyclists Enron Sellers of counterfeit goods Pupils taking exams 4. There is a lot of vocabulary to do with cheating. Find the following 4 idioms in the text (paragraphs 1,2 and 5): to play the game to bend the rules (to take) a short cut to turn a blind eye (to sth) Remember that an idiom is an expression whose meaning is different from the meaning of the individual words. For example, ‘to have your feet on the ground’ is an idiom meaning ‘to be sensible’. (Macmillan Essential Dictionary) Look how the idioms are used and then choose an idiom for each of the sentences below: a The bosses of Enron didn’t _______. b The final’s on really late tonight – can you _______ if we’re not in at 9am? c There aren’t any _______ to learning English; it’s all hard work! d There’s a holiday tomorrow – can you _______ and not give us any homework? 5. There are also some idiomatic phrasal verbs too. See how they are used in paragraph 3 and then match the verb with a definition. a to put it on to escape without getting caught b to take sb in (often passive) to pretend (to be hurt etc) c to get away with sth to deceive sb in order to get what you want Now choose a verb, and correct tense, for each of the following sentences: d He looked so kind, I was completely _______ – and now he’s got my money! e The police can’t help, so he _______ ! f I really thought he needed help, but he _______ . 6. Read the text and either find four adjectives or find four nouns which are connected with cheating. Use a dictionary to find the meanings of the words. Then write a sentence for each word so that the meaning is clear. Then share your four sentences with another student to complete the table. adjective 1 2 3 4 noun 1 2 3 4 7. Do you agree or disagree with these statements from the reading? a Everybody cheats. b The World Cup was rife with cheating. c Football suffers from unsportsmanship. d It’s success, money and power that rule professional sport. e It has become socially acceptable to buy illegal copies of films. f It’s not surprising that pupils cheat when taking exams. 8. Write a letter to a sports magazine. Depending on your view you can either complain because so many sportsmen and women cheat nowadays, or stand up against the criticisms made in the reading about cheating in sport. Write 100-150 words. Try and use as many new words and phrases from the reading. GRAMMAR PRACTICE PAST SIMPLE and CONTINUOUS I. Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous. 1. Tom burnt his hand while he was cooking the dinner. 2. The doorbell rang while I --- 3. We saw an accident while we --- 4. Mary fell asleep while she --- 5. The television was on but nobody --- II. Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1. Jane was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (arrive). 2. 'What --- (you/do) this time yesterday?' 'I was asleep.' 3. '--- (you/go) out last night?' 'No, I was too tired.' 4. 'Was Carol at the party last night?' 'Yes, she --- (wear) a really nice dress.' 5. How fast --- (you/drive) when the accident --- (happen)? 6. John --- (take) a photograph of me while I --- (not/look). 7. We were in a very difficult position. We --- (not/know) what to do. 8. I haven't seen Alan for ages. When I last --- (see) him, he --- (try) to find a Job in London. 9. I --- (walk) along the street when suddenly I --- (hear) footsteps behind me. Somebody --- (follow) me. I was frightened and I --- (start) to run. 10. When I was young, I --- (want) to be a bus driver.