Botany And Climate About Sugarcane Vernacular Names Origin Introduction Botanical description Climate Vernacular Names English: Cultivated Sugarcane, Sugarcane, Sugar Cane. Noble Cane, Noble Hindi: Ganna, Sakhara, Ukh. Tamil: karumbu Malayalam: Karimbu, Karimpu Kannadam: kabbu Origin Sugarcane originated in New Guinea where it has been known since about 6000 BC.The cultivated canes belong to two main groups: (a) thin, hardy north Indian types S.barberiand the Chinese S.sinenses and (b) thick, juicy noble canes S.officinarum. Highly prized cane is S.officinarum. The origin of S.officinarum is the Indo-Myanmar China border with New Guinea as the main centre of diversity. The officinarums are called the "noble canes' due to thick, juicy, low-fibred canes of high sucrose content. The origin of S.robustum is New Guinea. The origin of S.spontaneum is subtropical India. The habitat of these two wild canes is swamps, river banks, water courses etc. Tropical cane (Thick cane) might have originated in New Guinea. From India it spreads probably to China, Arabia, Egypt and Sicily. Introduction Sugarcane and sugarbeet are the main sources of sugar in the world. Out of total sugar produced in the world 60 per cent is obtained only from sugarcane. Asia is the largest producer of sugar followed by Europe Most of the sugar in Asia comes from sugarcane whereas in Europe from sugarbeet. Presently sugarcane is grown in an area of 16 m. ha in over 79 countries. The global production of raw sugar is 112 m.t. India stands first in area (3.93 m. ha) and production (167 m.t) among the sugarcane growing countries of the world. Uttar Pradesh has the largest area almost 50 per cent of the cane area in the country, followed by Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana and Punjab. These nine are most important sugarcane producing states. Sugarcane production is also highest in U.P. followed by Maharashtra. Productivity wise, Tamilnadu stands first with over 100 tonnes per hectare followed by Karnataka, Maharashtra. Bihar has the lowest productivity amount the major sugarcane growing states. The sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry, next only to textiles, in the country. Classification of Sugarcane Family - Gramineae Class - Monocotyledons Order - Glumaceae Sub family - Panicoidae Tribe - Andripogoneae Sub-tribe - Saccharininea Top of page Botanical Description Sugarcane is a tall perennial tropical grass, which tillers at the base to produce unbranched stems from 2-8 m more tall, and to around 5cm in diameter; it could be called as giant grass. It is cultivated for these thick stems or stalks or canes, from which the sugar is extracted. The botany of cane consists of root, leaves, stem and inflorescences. Root Stem Leaf Inflorescence Root The root system is fibrous and in two types namely ‘sett roots’ and ‘shoot roots’. When the sugarcane sett is planted in the soil, the root primordial situated at the base of every cane joint is activated and produces roots. These roots are ‘sett roots’ and are mostly temporary. Sett roots can emerge within 24 hours of planting. The shoot roots arise from the root rings of the lower nodes of tillers. These roots are thick, fleshy, white and less branched. These are permanent roots which are continually produced from tillers. Shoot root emerges from the base of the new shoot 5 - 7 days after planting. Stem Sugarcane is propagated vegetatively from stem cuttings. The stem of sugarcane is roughly cylindrical and consists of nodes and internodes, the former being the area around the bud from the leaf scar to the growth ring and the later being the part between two nodes. The node consists of a lateral bud, root primordia and growth ring. Bud situated in the axil of the leaf on alternate sides of the stalk. Root primordia at lower side of the leaf scar arranged in rows. Growth ring present immediately above the each node, coated with waxy layer. The top of the stem is poor in sucrose and is of little value to the sugar factory. Leaf The leaf consists of two parts, the blade and the sheath, separated by a leaf joint. The leaves are attached alternately to the nodes. The leaf sheath is tubular in shape and is inserted at the node. The leaf blade is linear or lanceolate reaching one to one and midrib is prominent with groove on upper surface. The ligule is a membranous ring found as an appendage of the sheath, separating the latter from the blade, and bears long hairs. The scarious extension of the leaf sheath is know as auricles. Inflorescence The inflorescence or tassel of sugarcane, generally called as ‘Arrow’ is a loose terminal panicle. 25-50 cm long arrow with silky appearance owing to rings of long hairs below each spikelet. The arrangement of the spikelet is racemose. Each tassel consist of several thousand tiny flowers, each capable of producing one seed. Sugarcane usually flowers at the age of 10-12 months but some varieties do not flower at all. Climate Sugarcane is a tropical plant. It grows more successfully in those regions where the climate is more or less tropical but it can grow in sub tropics too as in north India. Sugarcane is grown in the world from altitude 35° N and 35° S, from sea level to 1000m of altitude or little more. Climatic factor Latitude and altitude: Sugarcane is grown in the world from altitude 36.7° N and 31.0° S, from sea level to 1000m of altitude or little more. Rainfall: A total rainfall between 1100 and 1500 mm is adequate provided the distribution is right, abundant in the months of vegetative growth followed by a dry period for ripening. It also grown in area where rainfall is low upto 500 mm. Above 1500 mm rainfall cause lodging of cane. Temperature: Growth is closely related to temperature. It has a wide temperature range from over 38°c. Optimum temperature for cane growth (germination) is 27° to 33°c (80 to 90°F). Temperature below 27°c definitely injurious to the cane, reduce tillers and above 38°c adversely affect the sprouting. Ideal temperature: Carbon Sugar Sugar Tillering-33.3-34.4°c Root Shoot growth- 33°c transport- assimilation-30°c synthesis-30°c 30-35°c growth- 36°c Sunshine: Sugarcane is a sun loving plant. Wind: High velocity winds exceeding 60 km/hr are harmful to grown up canes leading to lodging and cane breakage. A moderate value of 45-65% coupled with limited water supply is favourable during the ripening phase. About 7-9 hr of bright sunshine is highly useful for both active growth and ripening. Greater incident radiation favours higher sugar yields. . Relative humidity: High humidity (80-85%) favours rapid cane elongation during grand growth period. Frost: Sever cold weather inhibits bud sprouting in ratoons and arrest cane growth. At temperature -1°c to 2°c the cane leaves and meristem tissues are killed. Above 40% humidity coupled with warm weather favours vegetative growth of cane. Production and Productivity of sugarcane in World . Statistics Area. production and productivity of Sugarcane in India (20082009) . State Wise Area. Kerela and Karnataka (1999-2009) . Sugarcane Statistics for Tamil Nadu. Production and Productivity of Sugar cane (2007-08) . District wise Area.Production and Productivity of sugarcane Area. KERALA Area. Production and Productivity of Sugar cane (2006-07) . KARNATAKA Area. Production and Productivity of Sugar cane (2006-07) . . Salem. it is also raised during the special season (June . Karur. The particulars in respect of each season are given below: .May) in the entire State.September). In parts of Tiruchirapalli. Perambalur. Namakkal and Coimbatore districts. Season and Varieties About Season Tamil Nadu Karnataka Kerela Tamil Nadu Sugarcane is grown chiefly in the main season (December . May season ii) Mid: Feb . Morphological characters 3. Important variety performance 7. Delay in planting reduces cane yield. Kerela The normal planting season is October-December. Planting should not be delayed beyond February in the plains. Suitable varieties for Kerala 8. Suitable varieties for Tamil Nadu (District wise) 5.March 2. 1. in October-November for the 15 to 16 month crop which is called Preseasonal. planting should be done after abatement of heavy rains. Suitable varieties for Karnataka Particulars of varieties . 3. New varieties of sugarcane 6. Eksali season: Throughout the year except June.Jan iii) Late:April . Season wise suitable varieties 4. Main i) Early: Dec . In hilly tracts where sugarcane is cultivated under rain fed conditions. Karnataka Sugarcane planting is done in December-February for the 12-month crop which is calledEksali. which is called Adsali. and in July-August for the 18-month crop. Special season: June – July Early season varieties are suitable for special season. Particulars of varieties 2. Varieties 1. 6 11.40 Co 8021 10-11 137.40 CoC 776 11 112.5 13.30 15.40 15.11 102.0 12.50 CoC 771 10 140.28 .20 13.00 CoC 90063 10-11 124.9 13.50 CoC 774 11 159.76 16.60 CoC 92061 8-11 132.3 14.0 13.60 CoC 8001 (C 66191) 10 .50 15.10 CoC 779 12 204.20 17.5 13.80 20.30 CoC 772 10 143.50 CoC 8001 10-11 102.00 18.5 12.00 14.20 17.00 15.0 13.5 11.0 11.90 CoC 775 11 122.80 CoSi 86071 10-11 131.80 24.7 12.5 10.00 20.0 13.50 CoC 85061 10-11 128.5 14.30 15.7 11.50 11.8 11.80 Co 6304 12 115.05 Co 8362 11-12 124.3 12.90 16.40 16.60 CoC 91061 10-11 131.00 CoC 773 10 97.7 12.60 16.40 CoG 93076 11-12 132.07 15.00 CoC 778 12 165.40 Co 8208 11-13 141.60 CoC 86062 10-11 133.20 16.5 12.50 CoC 777 12 171.3 11.20 13.10 18. Variety Duration (Month) Cane yield (t/ha) CCS % CCS (t/ha) CoC 671 10 123.00 Co 419 12 112.20 12.3 14.5 13.90 17.5 11. 7 12.5 16.3 CoC 99061 10-12 130.9 17.5 Co Si (SC) 6 10-11 142.2 11.2 13.1 16.3 11.64 CoC 98061 10-11 120.7 11.6 Co 86032 10-12 110.7 Co 86249 10-12 128.1 10.0 12.9 15.7 14.0 12.1 18.5 12.3 14.9 12. CoG 94077 11 133.60 13.0 14.6 Morphological characters Characters COC 671 COC 771 COC 772 COC 773 Parentage Q63xCO775 CO419xCO658 CO740xCO658 CO658XCO1305 Leaf size Broad Broad Broad Broad Leaf colour Green Green Green Green Sheath colour Green with Green with Green with Green with purple tinge purple tinge purple tinge purple tinge Clasping Loose Loose Loose Loose Spines Present Present Present Present Ligular process Present Absent Absent Present Sheath .6 CoG 95076 10-11 108.6 CoG (SC) 5 11-12 115.0 11.0 13.5 17.5 12.8 CoSi 95071 10 152.3 CoC (SC) 22 10-12 135.0 13.9 21 CoSi 96071 10 145.3 17.0 11.3 Co 86010 10-12 146.78 15.80 CoSi 98071 12 144.4 Co 85019 12 134. C. Absent Present Absent Ligular Lanceolate Present on Present on one Absent one side side Lanceolate process (4-5 cm) Stem colour Greenish yellow Yellowish green Purple heavy with Yellowish green wax deposition Girth Medium Medium Medium Medium Joint Thick Staggered Erect Staggered Bud Groove Present Absent Present and Absent .. Stem colour Green with Yellow with Yellow with Yellow with purple tinge purple tinge Green tinge green tinge Girth Thick Medium Medium Medium Joint Staggered Straight Staggered Straight Bud Groove Absent Present Absent Absent Size Medium Medium Medium Medium CO 8021 COC 91061 Character COC 8201 COC 90063 Parentage CO740xCO62174 CO6304XCOC671 CO740xCO6806 COC779 G. Leaf size Medium Medium Medium Medium Leaf colour Green Green Green Green Sheath colour Green with Green Purple Whitish Pink tinge Yellow Sheath clasping Loose Loose Loose Tight Spines Glabrous Present Glabrous Absent Splits . Prominent Size Medium Medium Medium/Big Small Character COC 92061 CO 8362 COG93076 CO 8208 Parentage CO 7314 GC CO 6304X COC 772X CO 62198X (Natural cross) COC 671 CO 419 COC 671 Involving CO6314 as female Leaf size Broad Medium Medium Medium Leaf colour Green Green Dark green Dark green Sheath Colour Purple with Green Dark green Greenish purple heavy bloom Sheath clasping Loose — Loose — Spines Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Deciduous Splits Absent Absent Absent — Ligular process One side indica.Present on both One side ted and the other side side rudimentary Stem colour Greenish yellow Purple green with pink tinge Greenish yellow Girth - - - Joint Slightly staggered Straight Slightly staggered Straight Bud Groove Absent Absent Absent Absent Size Medium Medium Medium Small - COG 95076 Present Asymmetrical light Green with purple tinge Character COG 94077 CO 85019 Parentage CO 740 x C0 775 COC 771 x CO CO 7201 x CO 775 775 COSi 95071 COC 671x MS 6847 . Leaf size Medium Medium Length 140 cm Medium Medium width 6.0 cm Leaf colour Dark green Green Light green harvest Sheath colour Greenish with Green Purple tingle at Green Green with purple Light tinge yellow Sheath Clasping Loose Loose Spines Absent Present,deciduos Easily trashing Loose Hard few Absent Ligular process Present on One one side Absent side lanceolate and one side dentoid greenish Present, Asymmetrical Stem colour Greenish yellow Greenish yellow Exposed purple Greenish yellow with purplish tinge unexposed yellowish green with heavy waxy coating Girth Medium Medium Joint Slightly staggered Slightly staggered Zig Zag Staggered Bud groove Short, shallow Indicated Absent Present Size Medium Medium Small Medium Character CO Si 96071 CO 86010 Parentage C 82061GC CO 740xCo C80 172 GC Bo 91/Co CO J 64 x CoA 7409 62198 7601 Leaf size Medium Broad Medium Broad Medium Leaf colour Green Light green Green Dark green Green Sheath colour Light green Light green Green with Yellowish pink pink tinge green with pink with blotches blotches Medium COC 98061 CO Si 98071 Medium CO 86249 Light green Spines Present deciduous Ligular Asymmetrical - Stem colour Purplish Yellowish Yellowish Greenish with green yellow with green tinge slight purple tinge Greenish yellow Girth Medium Thick Medium Thick Thick Joint Concave, convex - Cylindrical Cylindrical Cylindrical Budgroove Absent Prominent Absent Numerous Absent Size Small Big Medium Big Big Character & Absent CoC 99061CoC 99061 Absent Deciduous Absent on Short both sides lanceolate CO 86032 Small, present on one side COC (SC) 22 COC Parentage CO 6806 X CO 740 Co 62198 x CoC 671 CO 8208 GC CO 62198 XCOC 671 Leaf size Medium Medium Medium Leaf colour Green Dark green Green Sheath colour Green with pink tinge Green with purple Green with scarious border Sheath clasping Tight Loose Loose slight Spines Deciduous Few, hard, deciduous Absent Splits Absent Present Absent Ligular process Present, lanceolate “O” Present asymmetrical Stem colour Dark green Yellowish (Unexposed) Girth Medium Medium Medium Joint Cylindrical Cylinderical Cylindrical Bud groove Absent Absent Absent Size Medium Medium Medium asymmetrical, (Exposed) Reddish pink Reddish Pink with green (exposed) purple (exposed) Greenish yellow Greenish (unexposed) yellow(unexposed) Season wise suitable varieties Early Mid Late Factory Jaggery Factory Co Co Co CoC CoC CoC CoC CoC CoC CoC 671 CoC 771 CoC 772 CoC 8001 CoC 85061 CoC 86062 419 Co 6304 Co 658 Co Co 449 6304 Co 62198 Co Co 6304 CoC 8201 CoC 774 CoC 771 CoC 775 CoC 776 CoC 778 CoC 8001 CoC 8001 CoC 779 Co 419 658 62174 62198 671 771 772 8001 85061 86062 Jaggery Factory Special Jaggery Factory Co 62175 Early Co 419 varieties Co 6304 are CoC 8201 suitable for Special - Jaggery - CoSi 86071 CoC 90063 CoC 91061 CoG 94077 Co Si 95071 CoC 98061 Co 86010 Co 86249 CoSi CoC CoC CoG - 86071 90063 91061 94077 - - CoG 93076 Co 85019 CoC 99061 Co 86032 CoC(Sc) 22 - Co 740 Co Co 658 - - - - CoG 93076 Co 85019 CoC 99061 Co 86032 CoC (SC) 22 - 740 - - - - - - Suitable varieties for Tamil Nadu (District wise) Place / District Suitable Varieties Salient features Pudukkottai CoV 92102, CoC 90063, Co Si (Sc)6, Co Drought tolerance G (Sc) 5, Co C (Sc) 22 Erode Co 86032, CoSi 95071, Co 86249, CoG Drought 93076, CoV 94102, Co 85019, Co Good yielder Si(Sc)6, Co G (Sc)5, Co C (Sc)22 tolerance, Co V 94102 Thiruvannamalai Kancheepuram tolerance & CoC 90063. Drought tolerance Co Si(Sc)6. CoC 22. Co 85019. Co Si(Sc)6. CoC 90063. Co Si(Sc)6. Co 85019. Co G (Sc)5. Co 97009. Drought tolerance Co Si(Sc)6. Tirunelveli Co 86032. Co G good yield. CoG Drought 94077. Co G (Sc)5. Co 86027. Co Si(Sc)6. resistant high Thanjavur. and New varieties of sugarcane . tolerance and Co C (Sc)22. Drought tolerance Co 86032. Drought tolerance good yield and Theni. CoV 92102. Co G Performing well in drought (Sc)5. CoV 92102. Vellore CoV 92102. CoSi 95071. Co G (Sc)5. Co Si(Sc)6. Drought tolerance Co C (Sc)22 better yield. Co G (Sc)5. Co C better yield. CoG 93076. better yield. CoC 90063. CoC 22. Co G (Sc)5. Co C (Sc)22 Si(Sc)6. CoV 92102. Co G (Sc)5. Co Si(Sc)6. Co C (Sc)22. CoV 92102. Co Si(Sc)6. Co Drought tolerance and high Si(Sc)6. Co G (Sc)5. CoV 94101. Drought better yield. Co 86032. Co C (Sc)22 and Namakkal & Salem CoV 92102. Co G (Sc)5. Co C (Sc)22 Trichy & Perambalur Co Si 95071. CoC 671. Co C (Sc)22 yield. CoSi 95071 Karur Co V 92102. Co Co G (Sc)5. Co Drought tolerant G (Sc)5. Co 97009. Co 94008. Co C (Sc)22 and Tiruvallur 85019. Co Drought Si(Sc)6. CoG 94077. Co G (Sc)5. Co C (Sc)22 Villuppuram Co 86032. Co Dought tolerance and good yield & Tiruvarur Si(Sc)6. Surviving better in drought. Nagapattinam Co V 92102. Co C (Sc)22 Dharmapuri & Krishnagiri Co 86032. CoC 90063 Good yielder even in Co Si(Sc)6. and Chengalput CoSi 95071. Co Si(Sc)6. (Sc)22 and Virudhunagar. (Sc)5. Sivaganga & Ramnad Co 86032. Co 93001. Co C (Sc)22 Coimbatore Co 86032. Co 85019. Co G (Sc)5. Madurai Dindigul and Co 92012. Co Si(Sc)6. Co C (Sc)22 better yield. Drought tolerance CoC 90063. Co C (Sc)22 drought suitable for late Planting. Cuddalore CoV 92102. Performing well in drought & Tuticorin Co G (Sc)5. Co C (Sc)22 yield. CoC 90063. 29 t/ha Mean sugar yield: 9.Cane type: Medium thin (b).59% Red rot reaction: Resistant or Moderately Resistant (MR) to red rot Botanical description (a). ii. Co 99004 (Damodar) Year of Release 2007 Parents Co 62175 and Co 86250 Recommended region for release A mid-late variety suited to Peninsular India (Gujarat. interior Andhra Pradesh. (d). Two clones evolved at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute. Karnataka and Kerala) .Internode shape: Conoidal internodes and long lanceolate auricle on one side. pith.26 t/ha Meansucrose % in juice(10 months): 17. Leaf tip drying is common during summer months. Tamil nadu.Colour: Greenish yellow (c). i.Others: The clone is free from spines. splits. Maharashtra. Co 98014 (Karan-1) Year of Release 2007 Parents Co 8316 x Co 8213 Recommended region for release An early variety (spring planting) suited to North Western Zone General performance factors Mean cane yield: 76. bud groove and bud cushion. namely Co 98014 (Karan 1) and Co 99004 (Damodar) have been released as varieties for the general public during February 2007. 5 Drought tolerant variety. Gives higher recovery. General performance factors Mean cane yield: 116. Ratoon performance is satisfactory.30 Drought and alkaline tolerant variety and good ratooner.2 Self stripping with good field habit. dark green foliage.0 garden land condition.9 planting. (b) Tolerant to internode borer (c) Golden yellow A1 quality jaggery (d) Shy flowering habit General characteristics The variety has excellent field habits like erectness. Non lodging and non flowering.0 CoC 90063 Non lodging. 124. 12. Can be grown throughout the year.2 sugar. Self detrashing in nature.0 Co 86027 Suitable for mid late planting. Yield (t/ha) 110.1 Thick cane with good tillering. Resistant to red rot.0 CoV 92102 High quality variety with yield on par with Co 86032. Suitable for early planting. Amenable for wide row spacing. Non flowering. Good quality cane with higher yield. 152. tall canes without spines or splits and 14% mean fibre content. clay and alkaline soils.69 t/ha Mean sugar yield: 16. Right seed Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in collaboration with Sugar Cane Breeding Institute. high tillering. 120 Co 85019 134. 115 CoSi 95071 Performs well in December. Coimbatore released many high yielding varieties with high recovery to suit various eco systems and other biotic and abiotic problematic area and of which the following listed varieties can be recommended for higher cane productivity. 12.5 . Performs well in red. early vigorous growth. Has multi ratooning capacity. 12. Important variety performance Variety Performance CCS% Co 86032 Performs well in all soil types and extremely well in 13. high yield and good quality.83 t/ha Mean sucrose % in juice (12 months): 18.76% Disease reaction: Resistance to red rot and wilt Others: (a) Tolerant to drought and salinity. January and February 12. 12. 132 CoV 94101 Good ratooner. Non lodging. Moderate yielder with high 12. 7 effluent soils 115. tolerant to drought and water logging Co 91010 (Dhanush) Resistant to smut. 135. high sugar content Cul 527/85 (Madhurima) Resistant to red rot.05 Source of seed For the varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for supply of primary seed materials the Sugarcane Research Stations at Cuddalore. 133.7 CoV 94102 Yield is on par with Co 86032 and quality is lower 12. Suitable for early and 12. high yielding. 142. field resistant to red rot. tolerant to drought Co 87025 (Kalyani) Resistant to smut. Drought tolerant 13.3 128.2 than Co 86032 123 CoSi(Sc) 6 High yielder and high quality. 11. Non lodging. Drought tolerant. for seed materials the concerned factories may be contacted. For other varieties promoted by the factories. moderately susceptible to red rot. tolerant to drought and water logging Co 88017 (Madhumathi) Resistant to red rot. tolerant to drought and water logging . Co 86249 Red rot resistant.0 CoG(Sc)5 High yielder suitable for jaggary making and tannery 12. Drought tolerant.0 CoC(Sc)22 High yielder and high quality drought tolerant moderately 12.9 CoC(SC) 23 Good ratooner.1 moderately resistant to red rot.1 resistant to red rot. Sirugamani and Melalathur may be contacted. Suitable varieties for Kerala Varieties Salient features Co Tl 88322 (Madhuri) Resistant to red rot disease Co 92175 Suitable for drought prone situation Co 740 For rationing Co 6907.95 Special season. Co 7405 (Thirumadhuram): and Cul 57/84 Red rot resistant. 0 Co 62174 Co 740. CoC 671 14. CoC 671 13.0 to 12.5 Co 86032 Southern Aug. Oct & Nov. 12 to 14 July. 11.5 Co 94012 Co 86032 Co 92020 Co6415 Co 7704 Central& North Karnataka Oct Jan.0 2.5 4.0 to 12. Aug. to 12 to 14 12. Co 8371 12. Co 87044 (Uttara) Moderately resistant to smut. 1st 12 to 14 & Coastal week & onwards Karnataka 11. C0 7804 13.5 3.0 to 12. Variety Sucrose% Region Planting Season Age at Expected harvest Recovery % (months) 1.2 Co 86032 Co94012 SNK 754 SNK 61 SNK44 North Karnataka June to 12 to 14 February 12. Co 98014 Central Karnataka June.0 to 11.5 Gallery Sugar . moderately susceptible to red rot Suitable varieties for Karnataka Sl No. Nursery Management About Nursery Management How to select Location for raising Nursery crop Soil preparations Selection of seed cane Sett treatment Spacing . There should facility. be adequate irrigation The seed plots should be distributed in different divisions or sections accessible for easy distribution. A higher amount of organic manures is advantageous for nursery crops for obtaining a vigorous crop. station Soil preparations Ploughing and cultivation is essential so that a good seed bed is prepared. water logging etc. and There should be good road facility for easy and quick transport. The farmers should be progressive. Polybag nursery How to select Location for raising Nursery crop Soil should be without problems like alkalinity. . salinity. Primary nurseries should be located in the factory farm/research farm/Government seed farm. Apply 25 to 30 tonnes of FYM or cured press mud may be applied about 15 days before planting. 5. Sett treatment with Azospirillum: Prepare the slurry with 10 packets (2000 g/ha) of Azospirillum inoculum with sufficient water and soak the setts in the slurry for 15 minutes before planting. Space should be75cm between the rows. 4. Harvest the seed crop one day before planting to obtain higher percentage and uniform germination. Change the seed material after every two to three seasons. . Take seed material from short crop (6 to 7 months age) free from pests and diseases incidence. 3. the top one-third portion can be used satisfactorily. Avoid damage to buds while cutting setts. Sett treatment with fungicide: The setts should be soaked in Carbendazim (1 gram in 1litre of water) d. Preparation of setts for planting: 1. In case if it is inevitable to use mature cane as seed. Sett treatment a. Planting material or seed cane should be free from aerial roots and splits. 2. b. 6. Aerated steam treatment: Treat setts with Aerated steam at 50 o C for one hour to control primary infection of grassy shoot disease. c. Detrash the cane with hand before setts preparation. Spacing To get a higher yield of setts a slightly narrower spacing is advantageous. Apply 125 kg Urea / ha + 125 kg MOP/ha one month prior to harvest 5. Do not trash & prop. 4. Before planting setts 1. Irrigate the crop well before harvest 6.May (Late season) Dec – Apr June . Discard pest. Raise six to seven months old nursery crop prior to main field planting as follows: Raise nursery crop during Main field planting June December . Selection of proper planting months for raising nursery crop in relation to main field planting. Detrash the cane with hand at the time of sett preparation 7.January (early season) July February . disease affected and damaged buds and canes. Use short crop (6-8 months) seed materials 2.March (Mid season) August April .September (Special season) Polybag nursery . 3. close to water source. But some times. Scooped buds are at 1-2 cm depth. keeping buds just touching the soil. Saplings will be ready for planting in 60 days. Polythene bags of 10x15cm filled with soil and compost mixture (in 1:1 ratio) are arranged closely in an open space. Irrigate these bags twice a week. Generally sugarcane is grown by planting the seeds setts directly into the field. when the water is in short supply or the field is occupied with some other crop. buds or seed setts can be planted in polythene bags to raise nursery. Cultivation practices About Cultivation Practices . Cut sugarcane pieces with one bud can also be used for raising the nursery. Insert these cut pieces into the soil. filled bags up to the node level. Land Preparation Intercultural Operation Method of Planting Weed Management Ratoon Management Land Preparation Ploughing Harrowing Levelling Lay out of field Ploughing The common method of tillage preparation is ploughing the land and bringing the soil to fine tilth. Plough the field for 2 to 4 times at the depth of 50-60 cm with tractor drawn disc plough or victory plough. Harrowing . Harrowing is done at shallow depth of 12-15 cm to crush the clods by disc harrow or rotavator Levelling To ensure a uniform crop stand levelling is important also for easy movement of irrigation water. smoothens and compact the soil to conserve the moisture. Lay out of field Irrigation – cum – drainage channels along and across the slope of the field at 10-15m intervals. Basal Application of organic manure and fertilizer . Levelling can be carried out using a tractor operated leveller. It is the secondary tillage operation in sugarcane cultivation which pulverizes. Apply FYM at 12.5 t/ha before the last ploughing. The nursery bed should be well soaked so that the settlings could be easily removed without much damage to the root system. Proper irrigation management till setllings establish is very important. Apply 37.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha and 100 kg Ferrous sulphate/ha to zinc and iron deficient soils. Apply compost from sugarcane trash and pressmud @ 1:1 ratio. rock phosphate. Main field preparation and transplanting The mainfield preparation is done as usual. The life irrigation is given on 3rd or 4th day. The furrow is irrigated. ready to use after 3months).5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at 37. After 10- 15 days.cow dung slurry or water for moisture. gypsum and urea in the ratio of 2:2:1. by digging a pit at the site of transplanting.pressmud5cm thickness. They are then transplanted in the furrow following 30- 45 cm spacing. Test the soil and apply P fertilizer based on soil test values. Basal manures are applied in the furrow in band or if labour is available. This technique may not be suitable during dry weather. the gap filling is done using the setllings planted on the 10th row. Otherwise apply super phosphate (37.(sugarcane trash-15cm thickness. An additional line may be planted in every 10th row as material for gap filling. Intercultural Operations .5 kg/ha) along the furrows and incorporate with hand hoe. Gap filling 5. Control / Regulation of flowering in sugarcane 7. 1. Trash mulching 2. Mulch the field with trash after 21 days of planting in heavy soil and wetland conditions. conserves moisture. Raising inter crops 3. Crop rotation 4. Earthing up 6. Avoid trash mulching in areas where incidence of termites is noticed. Covering the field with green leaf manure plants Trash mulching Mulch the ridges uniformly with cane trash to a thickness of 10 cm within a week after planting. Removal of water shoots 10. Propping 9. It helps to tide over drought. reduce weed population and minimise shoot borer incidence. Raising inter crops . Detrashing 8. and also the cane yield. toria. Especially Intercropping of Co. In sequence under 2 to 3 years rotation. Karnataka They sow groundnut and pulse as inter crop with sugarcane. etc. Intercropping of daincha or sunhemp along ridges and incorporation of the same on the 45th day during partial earthing up helps to increase the soil fertility. wheat. potato. maize. rice.1 Soybean gives a yield of 800 kg/ha without any adverse effect on cane yield. Crop rotation Sugarcane is generally grown after the harvest of cotton. sow one row of soybean or blackgram or greengram along the centre of the ridge on the 3rd day of planting. Gap filling . Tamilnadu Areas of adequate irrigation. Kerala Intercropping with short duration pulse crop. work victory plough along the ridges for efficient and economical earthing up. This operation is carried out in two or three stages. This operation could be done either manually or by using a bullock-drawn/tractor drawn furrower depending upon the spacing adopted. During full earthing-up the soil from the ridge in between is fully removed and placed near the cane on either side. Full earthing-up is done after 120 days after planting coinciding with the peak tiller population stage. within 30 days after planting with sprouted setts. if any. Maintain adequate moisture for 3 weeks for proper establishment of the sprouted setts. The partial earthing-up is done at 45 days after planting. This operation converts the furrows into ridges and ridges into furrows. little amount of soil from either side of the furrow is taken and placed around the base of the shoots. In partial earthing-up. Earthing up Earthing-up operation is also known as "hilling-up". After application of 3rd dose fertilizer (90 days). . earthing up may be done with spade. The first earthing-up operation is known “partial earthing-up” and the second/third operation is known as "full earthing-up". Fill the gaps. At 150 days after planting. Co 87025. Detrashing should be taken up after the cane formation around 150 days after planting. flowering can be avoided in heavy flowering areas. Co 91010. Detrashing Detrashing refers to removal of unwanted bottom dry and green leaves at regular intervals. Sugarcane stalk bears large number of leaves (30-35) equal to the number of inter-nodes under good management systems. By altering the planting date. Co 86032. . There after it could be done at bi-monthly interval depending up on the labour availability. Adsali planting or special season planting (July to September) helps in avoiding flowering and its adverse effects. Control / Regulation of flowering in sugarcane Ethephon (ethrel) applied at the rate of 500 ppm effectively controlled flowering in a number of profuse flowering varieties. Non-flowering varieties are Co 8021. Co 94005 and Co 94008. low sucrose and more of reducing sugars. Water shoots affects the growth of adjacent statics. It is primarily done to avoid lodging of cane. Water shoots contain lot of water. the evaporation of moisture from the recently planted fields is controlled to some extent and it will be possible to prolong the interval between irrigation. . Water shoots can be used as cattle feed. heavy and late manuring. It is done at the age of 210 days of the crop Removal of water shoots Water shoots are late formed tillers or side shoots. Propping The operation of tying the leaves together using the bottom dry and green leaves is known as propping. When this is done. Covering the field with green leaf manure plants There is a practice of spreading lightly one to two tonnes of green wild indigo plants per acre over the entire planted fields immediately after the planting. which are robust and fast growing. Subsequently the green matter can be incorporated in the soil. Therefore removal of water shoots whenever they appear is highly essential. Propping can be either done for each row or two rows can be brought together and tied. They originate mainly due to excess water supply. inadequate earthing up. Shallow furrows( 8-10 cm deep) are opened with a local plough or cultivator at a distance of 75 – 90 cm. Method of Planting Planting in flat beds Low rainfall areas generally optimum for this planting method. After germination. Further repetition of inter-row cultivation transforms the furrow into ridges by putting soil around the plants and inter-row space become furrow automatically. As the canes start growing. The setts are placed in horizontal position. which is simplest as well as cheapest of all. . The furrows are made in ‘v’ shape about 80-100 cm. Generally. Ridge and furrow method The method is generally adopted in areas with moderate rainfall but have drainage problems. Setts are planted at end to end taking care that one three budded sett falls in each running 30 cm length of furrow. if it is necessary the crop may be given one earthing during July-August to protect the crop from lodging and to provide drainage in the field. through which irrigation or drainage is provided. two to five inter row cultivation may be given at proper intervals to control the weeds and to facilitate the tillering. the furrows are partly filled with soil and inter-row cultivation is carried out. This transformation of furrows into ridges is called as second earthing. There should be adequate moisture in the field at the time of planting and two blind hoeings are given to replace the insect damaged setts. earthing is not done but some times. usually in end-to-end system but if the seed stalk is not good and inter-nodes are longer eye-to-eye system of planting setts may be done. doubling of setts is done at the ends of the furrows. This repeated inter-row cultivation results in leveling of the land by end of May or Mid of June which is called as first earthing. Apart and about 20-25 cm deep. To minimize the border effects of gaps. 0 m with one 8 LPH Irrigation – daily or in alternative days .5 m Number of pits/ha. On 50 to 60 days after planting give partial earthing up by sliding the soil from the outer boundary of the pit and full earthing up should be given leaving a depression of 2.lateral to lateral spacing 3.1. Fertilizer dose.275:62. The nitrogen and potassium as urea and MOP (White potash) should be applied through fertigation system in 14 equal splits starting from 15 DAP upto 210 DAP Drip design.5 kg NPK/ha The entire phosphorous dose can be applied as basal at the time of planting.45m Number of budded setts / pit – 32 (Single budded setts) or 16 number of single budded setts. Fill the pits to a depth of 15 cm with compost and native soil and mix it well.5:112.5 cm from the ground level at 90 to 100 days after planting.9 to 1.38 to 0. Place the healthy setts in circular fashion leaving 10 cm from the outer boundary of the pits with equal spacing between each setts and cover the setts with the soil.4.444 pits Pit diameter – 0. Pit method of sugarcane under drip fertigation system Pit to pit spacing.5x1.2 m Pit depth – 0.0 m (alternate rows) 8 mm micro tubes on either side of the lateral to a length of 1. If any settlings fails to establish it is required to replace by the extra stock maintain in the nursery This method saves seed cost by 60-70%. ‘dual row planting’ has been developed. In this method distance between two sets kept at 30cm.3 t/ha compared to 126. For this STP or single eyed set method 750-1MT seed per acre is required. Spaced transplanting (STP) method with single eye set Recently in STP (Spaced transplanting) method single eyed sets are used for planting. the dual row planting and the normal 90 cm were on par and were significantly better than the other spacing. In a comparative study of two different methods of wide row planting. soil and sand 1:1:1 proportion. the dual row system gave a cane yield of 136. a new technology. Wider or dual row planting To facilitate mechanisation in sugarcane cultivation. a small pit is dug out at specified spacing (45cm). For both furrow and flat method rows are made 90cm apart and settlings are spaced at 45 – 90cm. Broad furrows are formed at a spacing of 150 cm and in the middle of the furrows sugarcane setts are planted in two rows adopting a spacing of 30 cm between them. wide row planting adopting a spacing of 150 cm is becoming popular. In this method. In the ratoon crop. around 95-99%. ' . Here the seedlings are raised in perforater plastic bags of size 10x15 cm filled with FYM or pressmud. In plant crop. as there is no damage to the root system. variety Co 94005 recorded the highest cane yield under dual row planting. variety Co 94005 was best for wide row spacing followed by Co 91010.7 t/ha recorded by the single row system. Then the settling is planted after clipping the green leaves. Poly bag seedling transplanting This technique is also more or less same as STP technique. Among the spacing. In this technique field establishment of seedlings is better. Further improve the cane yield under wide rows. Either direct sets or seedlings raised in polybag nurseries are transplanted into the field after 50-55 days. A small quantity of phosphatic fertilizer is placed and covered with some soil. Seedlings are transplanted as in case of STP technique. The advantages are that the quantity of seed material (chip buds) required is only around 1 to 1. Apical meristem (growing part of sugarcane) is dissected and inoculated on a growth medium having definite nutrient composition.5 Kgs. .faster multiplication of a sugarcane variety can be done. Chip-bud' or 'bud-chip' technique In this technique the bud along with a portion of the nodal region is chipped off using a bud chipping machine. This helps in preventing early shoot borer infestation. The well hardened plantlets developed when used give 98 to 100 % survival under field condition. If necessary main shoot may be removed 35-40 days after transplanting. The bud chips are treated with fungicide and planted in the raised bed nursery or in polythene bags filled with FYM/press mud. one apical meristem one can develop millions of plantlets in a period of seven to eight months. The apical meristem starts producing tillers in the laboratory after about 45 days of incubation in temperature and light controlled conditions. soil and sand in 1:1:1 proportion. The plantlets well established and hardened in plastic bags are transplanted to field condition. of granular lindane per hectare in the soil after fifteen days of transplantation and irrigate the field. Apply 16. A seed multiplication ratio of 1:25 (planting material for 25 hectares is obtained from one hectare seed nursery) is obtained from the seed nursery planted with tissue culture plantlets.5 tonnes and the cane after taking chips can be sent for milling. Tissue culture Micropropagation of seed cane through Tissue Culture technology is useful in developing large scale production of true to type and disease free sugarcane plantlets using apical meristem culture technique. The major earthing up needs to be done at 90-100 days after transplanting. there is considerable stress on nutrients supply on lower buds. 3. lateral shoots develop into tailed Rayungan which are cut off and planted out in the trenches made ready for the purpose. the lower buds also sprout which are similarly used. As a consequence. The weed flora differs from location to location due to variation in agro-ecological conditions and management practices. perennials and parasitic have been observed in sugarcane fields in different parts of India. Trianthema portulacastrum L. and adequate fertilization. The planted ones and mother stalks are adequately irrigated and fertilized. . Distance Planting In this method the top setts are collected and put in nursery and after they sprout and roots come out. Being a long duration crop. Major weed flora observed in sugarcane fields are: Sedges.. frequent irrigation. Amaranthus viridis L. Tjeblock Method Tjeblock is an improvement over the Rayungan method because it takes care of proper availability of nutrients and energy to all the buds where as in Rayungan method. Convolvulus arvensis L. it is heavily infested with a variety of weeds. shallow planting. Chenapodium album. Sablang or sprouting Method Plants are grown in fertile soil with wide spacing. Dactylocternium aegyptium.. Other Planting Methods Other planting methods 1. Commelina bengalensis L. In Tjeblock method the stalk is cut off at its half length and planted vertically with one node under the soil for rooting. autumn (SeptemberOctober) and adsaliplanting (July-August). Sorghum helepense... 2.Cyprus rotundus Grasses-Cynodon dactylon. they are transplanted in the main field at a spacing of 90 cm x 50 cm. Weed Management Introduction In India. 4. Portulaca oleraceae L. The tillers are removed carefully from the mother plant as soon as they develop their own roots and are transplanted in the main field. Panicum spp. Rayungan Method Seed stalks are decaptivated (topped off) about 4-6 weeks before planting time. the cogan grass Imperata cylindrica Broad leaved weeds – Striga asiatica. sugarcane is planted in spring (February-March). Thus by removing the upper rayungans. The mother plant continues tillering and the tillers are planted in the main field in the same manner. Nearly 150 weed species including manuals. Direct yield losses ranged from 11-74% depending upon the nature and intensity of weed flora and period of occurrence of weeds. land preparation and similar operations. Harbouring insects’ pests and diseases. The losses due to weeds comprise i. Removing weed at any time during growing season may not be beneficial. weeds remove large amount of nutrients from soil. Increased costs in harvesting. and iv. Indirect losses from reduced crop quality. Besides. Critical period of crop-weed competition Critical period can be defined. weed infestation during 60-120 days after planting has been found detrimental for the final crop yield. . In sugarcane. as “the shortest span of time in the ontogeny of crop growth when weeding will result in higher economic returns”. In ratoon crop. Direct yield losses resulting from competition. iii. ii. Sugarcane being initially slow-growing crop faces an acute competition from weeds. critical period of crop-weed competition has been identified as 30- 50 days after ratoon initiation. It is necessary to identify critical period of crop-weed competition to render weed control practices more effective. The loss is mainly due to restriction of tiller production. Cultural method Crop rotation. Generally. Besides. and weeds in intrarow spaces are not killed. Trash mulching Chemical Method Mechanical Method Since sugarcane rows are widely spaced. Intercropping 3. mechanical weeding may not be possible. shallow-rooted weeds can be managed by hoeing with hand tools or with intercultural operations during growing season of crop. monocropping of sugarcane may lead to severe crop-weed competition. . Inclusions of green manure crops or fodder crops like sorghum not only suppress weeds but also help in crop diversification. Certain weeds have association with sugarcane crop and hence. 3-4 hoeing are required after every irrigation during tillering phase of crop to check crop-weed competition. Method of weed control Mechanical method Cultural Method 1. The removal of weeds by mechanical means is laborious and expensive. Crop rotation 2. sometimes due to unfavourable weather/soil conditions. Sugarcane is planted in wider-row spacing. Inter-row crops like mustard. Inclusion of short duration and quick growing intercrops in these row spaces can suppress weed growth to a great extent. Pre-emergence application of simazine or atrazine at 1. and provides a potential source of organic matter.0 kg/ha as post-effective for broad-spectrum weed control in sugarcane. suppressing weeds. Trash mulching.0 kg/ha or ametryn at 2. This provides better opportunity for weeds to emerge in a large numbers and infest crop. potato or wheat in autumn and blackgram. Trash cover restricts sunlight and checks weed emergence. Chemical method Generally.0 kg/ha or diuron at 2. In this. application of single herbicide may not be effective in controlling weeds in sugarcane because of a great diversity in weed flora and a longer duration required to suppress the weeds which come in several flushes. soon after emergence of cane trash covers of about 10-12 cm thickness should be provided in between cane rows. Intercropping. trash mulching also conserves soil moisture. . 4-D at 0.5-3.0 kg/ha or metribuzine at 1.0 kg/ha each followed by 2. Besides. greengram or cowpea in spring planted sugarcane have been found quite effective in weed suppression and higher cane yields.75-1.5-2. viz atrazine or metribuzine and intercultural operations has been found effective and economical. Intercropping with legumes such as soybean. o Combination of pre-emergence herbicides. the herbicide 2. should be taken out of the field and burned so that seeds are not produced and shed from the drying plants.0 kg/ha + 1 hand weeding at 45 days after planting with an earthing up at 60 days after planting combine with post-emergence application of 2. o In planted and ratoon crops. Where it is available and feasible or the farmer.50%) + urea 20 g/l (2%) at 90 days after planting has been recommended for effective control of Striga in sugarcane. within 2-3 weeks of the start of flowering. Pre-emergence application of atrazine at 1.4-D Na salt at 5 g/l (0. Striga removes nutrients and extracts water from the sugarcane plant and causes heavy loss in cane productivity and quality. Plants which are pulled.0 tonnes/ha at 90 days after planting has been found effective in reducing the density and dry weight of Striga. trash mulching at 5. . Integrated weed management o Being a long duration and widely spaced crop. as an alternative to hand-pulling but it may need to be repeated.4-D can be used before Strigaflowering. Management of parasitic weed striga in sugarcane Striga is a becoming a major problem in sugaracane of Tamil Nadu and many other sugarcane growing areas of the country. trash mulching followed by post-emergence application of herbicides has been found effective. cowpea or groundnut within the sugarcane rows row can significantly reduce the number of Strigacoming to maturity. there is an ample scope of using cultural/mechanical and chemical methods in combination so as to reduce dependence on either of the methods. o Irrigation at 40-45 DAP followed by hoeing and application of atrazine at 2.0 kg/ha or metribuzine at 1.0 kg/ha and 2,4-D at 0.50 kg/ha have been found effective and economical. Weed management in pure crop of sugarcane Spray Atrazine 2 kg or Oxyflurofen 750 ml/ha mixed in 500 lit of water as pre emergence herbicide on the 3rd day of planting. For post-emergence spray of Grammaxone 1.5 litre + 2,4-D sodium salt 2.5 kg/ha in 500 litre of water on 21st day of planting. If the parasitic weed striga is a problem, post- emergence application of 2,4-D sodium salt @ 1.25 kg/ha in 500 litre of water/ha may be done. 2, 4-D spraying should be avoided when neighboring crop is cotton or bhendi. Apply 20% urea also for the control of striga as direct spray. Pre- plant application of glyphosate at 2.0 kg ha-1 along with 2% ammonium sulphate at 21 days before planting of sugarcane. If herbicide is not applied work the junior-hoe along the ridges on 25, 55 and 85 days after planting for removal of weeds and proper stirring. Remove the weeds along the furrows with hand hoe. Otherwise operate power tiller fitted with tynes for intercultivation. Weed management in ratoon crop Weed management in sugarcane ratoon crop, the maximum cane yield could be obtained by three hoeing at 30, 60 and 90 days after harvest or spray atrazine 2.0 kg/ha as pre-emergence followed by 2,4-D at 1.25 kg/ha as post-emergence at 90 days after harvesting followed by directed spraying of glyphosate 1.0 kg/ha at 150 days after harvesting. Weed management in Sugarcane intercropping system Premergence application of Thiobencarb @ 1.25 kg a.i / ha under intercropping system insugarcane which gives effective weed control. Pre-Emergence weed management: Protect the sugarcane crop without weeds for 90 days from planting onwards. During 3rd or 4th day after planting spray Atrazine @ 2.5 kg/ha uniformly on the surface of field before the emergence of weeds. Chemical should be diluted in 1000liter of water and spray through hand sprayer. Separate hand sprayer and nossel should be used for herbicide application. Before application of fertilizer, weeds which are not controlled by herbicide application should be uprooted by hand weeding. By this method we can reduce the maximum level of crop damage. Post-Emergence weed management: After the emergence of weeds, spray 2-4-D @ 2.5kg/ha to control broad leaves weed. Grass sp are controlled by hand weeding. Spraying of Ethoxy sulfuron @ 13kg/10 litre of water controls the Cyprus sp. Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides For Weed Control in Sugarcane S.No. Herbicide Control (weeks) Dosage (kg/ha) based on clay% 20% 21 - 30% 30% Pre-Emergence 1 Atrazine 50 FW 6- 8 2.0 2.5 3.0 2 Ametryn 80 WP 6- 8 2.0 2.5 3.0 3 Diuron 80 WP 5-7 2.0 2.0 2.5 4 Metribuzin 70 WP 10-12 2.0 2.5 3.0 5 Alachlor 48 EC 6- 8 3.0 3.0 4.0 6 Trifluralin 48 EC 5- 7 1.5 1.5 1.5 7 Pendimethalin 50 EC 8-10 1.5 1.5 1.5 8 Terbacil --- 1.0 1.2 1.5 9 Diuron + 2, 4-D --- 1.2 + 1.8 1.2 + 1.8 1.2 + 1.8 10 Atrazine + Dalapan --- 1.25 2.5 + 1.25 + 2.5 1.25 2.5 Post - Emergence 1 2, 4-D Sodium salt 80 WSP 5-6 1.0 1.2 1.5 2 Paraquat --- 2.0 3.0 4.0 3 Glyphosate 41 WSC 8 1.2 1.5 2.0 4 MAMA 6 4.0 4.0 4.0 + Ratoon Cane Management Sugarcane productivity has shown the increasing trend, a wide gap exists between potential (competition crops) and existing (commercial plots) productivity levels. Ratooning constitutes around 50% of the total area under cane and ratoon productivity and early maturity that the plant crop. Ratoon productivity has been proved to increase with proper management involving timely agricultural operations, proper nutrition management, and integrated pest management and maintenance of adequate plant population. Management Practices for better ratoon crop: 1.Selection of suitable varieties: 1. Selection of suitable sugarcane varieties with good ratoonability. 2. It is observed that certain sugarcane varieties perform better in ratoon crop or at least on par with plant crop. Varieties like Co 8013, Co 6907, Co 8014, 85A261, 87A298, 90A272, 92A123, 81V48, 91V83, 93V297, 97V60 and 83R23 in early category and 83V18, 89V74, 93A145, 94A109, Co 7219, Co 7805, Co 7706 and Co 86032 in mid –late category are to be selected for cultivation. 2.Cultivation practices: 1. At the time of harvest of plant crop sharp knives for cutting the clump to the ground level need to be used. 2. Cleaning of field and removal of dead canes, trash etc., where ever they are in the field. 3. Breaking the clods by intercultivation between the furrows with the plough. 4. Stubble shaving has to be done with sharp knives to the ground level. The advantage of stubble shaving includes the removal of generated old buds and rejuvenation of new buds. Care should be taken not to disturb the clump while stubble shaving. 3.Gap filling: Normally while harvesting the plant crop due to the movement of labor, more gaps are found in the ratoon crop. Therefore, it is very essential to fill the gaps so as to have more number of millable canes in ratoon crop also. This can be done in the following ways: 8. The buds start sprouting from 10th to 12th day onwards. With a blade give a gentle cut on one side of the bag along the length. 6. Keep the root zone moist. 5. Early Shoot Borer (ESB). While planting. 7. A thin layer of soil medium should be on the bud of the sett. Poly bags should be kept in rows. Prevents evaporation of soil moisture. The advantages include the following: 1. 10. 8. Helps in the production of more tillers. 3. remove bag carefully and put the setting in the furrows of the main field and press gently. Aids the nutrients. 7.Poly bag seed nursery: 1. 2. plant in absorbing more . Normally the settlings aged between 35-40 days are to be used for planting. 2. 2. care is to be taken not to disturb the soil of the poly bag. For every six rows path should be left for easy sprinkling of water with rose cans. 5. 11. Conserves the soil moisture. Single budded setts are to be cut carefully. Keeps the standing crop in lush green color. 3. 1. 4. Poly bags should be kept under shade preferably. 6. With setts: Placement of either single/two/three budded setts in the gaps. 5. Number of sprinklings depends on prevailing environmental conditions. Trash mulching: This should be done by applying 3 tonnes of trash per hectare and need to be spread on the field inbetween the furrows. While planting in the bag proper care should be taken to keep the bud in upward direction. Taking the clumps from thickly populated area and filling the gaps. 4. 9. Forms as a cover to the soil. 4. Pre-germinated settlings raised through “Polybag system” 3. 50 bag of muriate of potash are to be applied at the time of rationing. normal irrigations at regular intervals arerecommended to get higher yields. Inorganic Fertilizers: For ratoon crop.50 Kg) per hectare are to be used for the control of weeds. The post emergence weedicides Gramoxone (4.50 liters) and Femoxone(2. Organic fertilizers: Application of 2 bags of bio-compost. 7. The second dose of 3 bags of urea should be given at 45th day after rationing. b). all the care should be taken to get the cutting orders by respective sugar factories well in advance so that the cane may be used as an open mill cane at the time of starting of the crushing season. 5 bags of super phosphate and 1. wherever there is plenty of water. Harvesting of ratoon crop: It is an established fact that ratoons mature early (at least by one month) when compared to plant crop. If necessary one manual weedling may be done. 8. alternate furrow method is recommended. Integrated Nutrient Management: a). 4 kgs of Azospirillum and 4 kgs of phosphobactor per acre is recommended for getting higher yields and better sugar recovery. Drip irrigation is also recommended in the places of water scarcity. Weed management: In ratoon crops we should not apply any pre-emergence weedicide (Atrozin). Hence. . Water management: Ratoon crops normally require 18-20 irrigations in their life span. However. In certain cases. 6. 3 bags of urea. 9. trash. 6. Ratoon crops generally come to maturity at least one month early. 3. in due course of time gets converted in to organic matter. No preparatory cultivation is required. 3. cutting of the setts and planting are not undertaken in rations. etc. . 2. 5. Saving of labor since many operations such as collection of seed cane. 4. Disadvantages: 7. the ratoon crops receive neglected attention. Nitrogenous fertilizer requirement is more. Under some situations in certain varieties. 10. The expenditure involved in growing ratoon crops is less as compared to plant crop. Saving in the cost of seed material. In almost all the places. Cane yields are generally lower than plant crop yields. The leftover in the field especially in the form of fallen leaves. 1. Neglected cultivation makes the ratoon crops more prone to pests and diseases. 2. Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages 1.. flowering takes place and unusual delay in the harvest and particular conditions might result in the increase of fiber content that might ultimately affect the sugar recovery. Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative(SSI) About Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative The major principles that govern SSI can be stated as below Cultivation aspects Fertigation schedule for sugarcane in SSI Comparison between Conventional and SSI methods of Sugarcane Cultivation Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative The Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) is yet another practical approach to sugarcane production which is based on the principles of ‘more with less’ in agriculture like System of Rice Intensification (SRI). SSI improves the productivity of water. SSI is an alternate to conventional seed. while reducing the overall pressure on water resources. . Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative is a method of sugarcane production which involves using less seeds. water and space intensive Sugarcane cultivation. Driven by farmers. land and labour. all at the same time. less water and optimum utilization of fertilizers and land to achieve more yields. 2-3 budded sets are used and normally no nursery is prepared). as compared to 1015 tillers and 4-5 millable canes in conventional cultivation. direct planting of 3-budded chips is done). and alteast 20-25 tillers/plant and 9-10 millable canes/plant.5 ft). Raising a nursery and grading reduces plant mortality significantly as compared to conventional cultivation. which reduces the seed requirement by 75% from 48. Providing sufficient moisture and avoiding inundation of water. . Encouraging organic methods of nutrient management and plant protection.5 x 2. whereby 40% of water is saved (conventionally. The major principles that govern SSI can be stated as below: Raising nursery using single-budded chips (conventionally. lead to increased length and weight of individual canes. Maintaining wide spacing (5 x 2 feet) in the main field. Wider spacing supports easy air and sunlight penetration in the crop canopy. Transplanting young seedlings (25-35 days old). All of the above practices. after grading (conventionally. thereby increasing effective utilization of land. Practicing intercropping (which is possible due to wider spacing and non-flooding).000 (16000 3-budded chips) to 5000 single-budded chips per acre (conventional spacing is 1. leading to better and healthier cane growth. This is significant as sugarcane consumes about 2500L of water per kg of sugarcane produced. It also allows for easier intercultural operations. giving additional income and reducing weed growth by 60%. flooding is practiced). white roots (primodia) will come out and shoots will also appear in next 2 to 3 days. Care should be taken to avoid water. Cover the bud chips in trays completely with coco-pith. Cultivation aspects Bud selection Select healthy canes of 7 to 9 months old with10-12 buds per cane. This is the most crucial phase of the nursery management. warm temperature) within 3 – 5 days. Create artificial warmth through electric bulbs if the climate is too cold. Nursery preparation Take-well decomposed coco-pith. Based on the moisture content of coco- pith. Under proper conditions (especially. . 450-500 canes per acre is required. grading of the plants has to be done. Fill half of each cone in the tray with coco-pith. Remove buds from the selected canes using an implement called Bud Chipper The chipped buds have to be treated with organic or chemical solutions. air or sunlight entering into the trays by tightly covering and keeping the bundles in shade net or preferably inside a room. During six leaf stage (about 20 days old seedling). Place the buds flat or in a slightly slanting position in the cones of a tray. watering to the trays (seedlings) has to be initiated in the evenings for the next 15 days using rose cans. Removal of residues Main land preparation for sugarcane starts with clearing the preceding crop residues. . deep plantation and prevention of lodging. a. If there is no facility for that. soil must be allowed to weather for a week or two before going for further tillage operations. d. This will support proper incorporation of the manure. respectively through inorganic or organic methods. c. Tillage Tillage operations through tractor drawn implements are most ideal and quick. Making furrows and ridges • Make furrows with a distance of 5 ft in between • Run a sub-soiler attached to the ridger/plough through the furrow to loosen the soil. Stubbles are to be collected and removed from the field. All residues can be incorporated into soil by a rotavator. then NPK can be applied at the rate of 112 kg. Main field preparation The main field preparation in SSI method is similar to that of conventional method. A good land preparation should be done. After one or two initial ploughings. helps in optimum utilization of some of the chemical fertilizers and protects the soil from degradation and other hazardous effects. It is always better to know the required quantity of nutrients through soil testing and enrich the soil accordingly. b. Addition of organic manures The SSI method encourages application of organic manure as it enhances the macro and micro nutrient content in the soil in an eco friendly way. Fertilizer application Nutrient management in sugarcane cultivation is very essential for crop growth. 25 kg and 48 kg per acre. 5 t/acre within 3days of planting. Weeding A weed-free environment is absolutely essential for efficient intake of nutrients. Intercropping SSI supports intercropping in sugarcane with crops like wheat. water melon. This can be achieved by: • Deep ploughing and removal of perennial weeds. Sugarcane trash can be applied @ 1. brinjal etc. cowpea. 60 and 90days after planting) are better for long term benefits. this practice will reduce the weed growth up to 60% and give extra income to farmers. . Plant to plant distance of 2 ft has to be maintained for easy sunlight penetration and profuse tillering. Mulching Trash mulching is important in sugarcane cultivation as it helps in checking the weeds and providing needed moisture. While transplanting to the main field. All the other cultivation practices are same as conventional method. after detrashing the removed leaves can be applied in the interspaces as mulch. chickpea. In addition to effective utilization of land. Transplanting The ideal age for transplanting the young seedlings from nursery to the main field is 25 to 35 days. • Hand weedings and mechanical weedings (30. Similarly. zigzag method of planting (see picture) can be followed to utilize more space and achieve maximum tillers. potato. french bean. Apply organic manure FYM/compost/well-decomposed mud (about 8-10 tonnes/acre). This will improve the soil fertility to realize higher yields. helps in optimum utilization of some of the chemical fertilizers and protects the soil from degradation and other hazardous effects. Trichoderma and Pseudomonas (each 1 kg/acre) and Decomposing cultures can be mixed with the organic manures. like press Quantity of organic manure could be adjusted in such a way as to supply 112 kg N/acre through one or more sources depending on their N content. . Organic method of cultivation The SSI method encourages application of organic manure as it enhances the macro and micro nutrient content in the soil in an eco friendly way. Alternate furrow irrigation means irrigating the furrows of odd numbers initially followed by irrigating the furrows of even numbers after 7 to 15 days as per the moisture content and age of the crop. After transplantation. For sandy soil. the frequency will be more and for clay soil it will be less. This will ensure saving of water up to 50%. Water management Drip irrigation can be practiced effectively in SSI due to wider spacing and raising of single seedlings. It is always better to provide sufficient quantity of water on time rather than flooding the field with enormous amount of water. Give irrigation once in 10 days during tillering stage (36-100 days). the frequency of the irrigation may differ depending on the soil type. In conventional flooding method water is always applied more than the biological demand of the crop which may affect the crop growth. once in 7 days during Grand Growth period (101270 days) and once in 15 days during Maturity period (from 271 days till harvest) Furrow irrigation helps in proper application and saving of water. rainfall and moisture availability. age of the crop. . m Duration of irrigation 250 days 250 days Irrigation Interval 7 days 1 day Number of irrigation 36 250 6.4 lakhs Yield 92-105 t/ha 150-200 t/ha Fertilizer Use Effieciency 30% 60% Benifit Cost Ratio 1. Comparison between Flood irrigation and Drip fertigation in SSI Particulars Flood Irrigation Drip Fertigation Water Requirement 2200m.m 1000m.7 Water requirement irrigation(lit) of single .1 lakhs 0.97 4. 6 26.4 20.0 Total 275. Normally two earthing up’s (partial and full) are followed during a crop period.50 13.8 0 40.5 181-210 10.4 0 0 31-60 48. Earthing up Earthing up means application of soil at the root zone to strengthen the crop stand.275:63:115 NPK kg/ha Once in 10 days Stage (Day After Planting) (kg/ha) N P K 0-30 39.25 14.0 .0 63. Fertigation schedule for sugarcane in SSI: RDF .5 91-120 55.2 16.0 115.5 0 35.6 121-180 57.25 9 61-90 51. to suit the factory timings. and they will be ready for harvest within the next two months. Comparison between Conventional and SSI methods of Sugarcane Cultivation Harvesting Harvesting in sugarcane is practiced in collaboration with the industry. Sucrose content in the plants will reach the desirable level on the 10th month of the one year crop duration. . in most of the cases. The wider spacing suggested in SSI are ideal in case of introducing Mechanical harvester. eager to take up any new technologies with great enthusiasm and support. Due to wider spacing. this seed cost can be reduced up to 75% � Reduction in the plant mortality rate � Increases in the length and weight of each cane � It is easy to transport the young seedlings for longer distance � Intercultural operations can be carried out easily due to wider spacing Scope of SSI in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu. . has a great potential in SSI. The following are some of the reasons to foresee the great impact of SSI in Tamil Nadu sugarcane sector. Farmers are very much innovative. labour cost and other soil fertility and productivity related issues. SSI will be a suitable option to solve the present problems of increasing seed cost. an effort already in practice in some of the Mills areas in Tamil Nadu. intercultural operation becomes easy. being the number one state in sugarcane productivity (more than 100 t/ha). cost of setts occupies the major part of cost of cultivation � By practicing SSI. Overall benefits � In conventional method. thus reducing the drudgery among women labourers. Conclusion SSI involves use of less seeds. wider spacing. the following benefits can be realized: Better germination percentage High number of millable canes Reduction in the duration of crop to some extent Increased water use efficiency Improvement in accessibility to nutrients with optimum use of fertilizers More accessibility to air and sunlight Reduction in cost of cultivation and Extra income from intercrops On the whole. sufficient irrigation and intercropping. . by practicing SSI farmers can very well increase their productivity by reducing the use of inputs like fertilizers and saving the vital resources like water simultaneously. Hence. By practicing these measures. It is governed by some principles like using single budded chips. raising nursery. less water and optimum land utilization to achieve more yields. it is very much possible for sugarcane farmers to reap greater economical benefits by maintaining ecological sustainability. Under water logging conditions the root respiration becomes poor. The crop sown in trenches needs relatively less water but sandy soils and application of more fertilizers increase the water uptake. First irrigation should be done when about 2025% plant have germinated or about 20 days after sowing and the irrigations are given at 10-15 days interval during summer. On an average 1 ton cane needs about 6070 tons of water or thin varieties of cane need 150 cm thick canes and need 200 cm water and Adsali planted canes 200 cm. Irrigation Management About Irrigation Management Water requirement Irrigation Methods Drip irrigation Fertigation Drought management Water requirement Depending upon the agro climatic conditions. The soil must have sufficient moisture at the time of sowing. The crop needs maximum water at tillering stage and during elongation or grand growth phase.The hot weather associated with dry winds and drought increases the water requirement of the crop. type of soil. in addition to 75 cm rainfall. 25-30 days interval during winter and if there is drought the crop should be irrigated during rainy season also as and when needed. methods of planting and use of manures and fertilizers and sugarcane yield the water requirement varies. These all make it necessary to drain the excess water from the field. . activities of useful micro-organisms are reduced and the crop lodges down with an excessive branching. Thus the quality becomes poor along with very low crop yield. Nutrients are leached down. The crop should be irrigated when available water reaches to 50% level. Crops Duration in days Water (mm) 1. S. Sugarcane 365 2000 requirement No. Average water requirement for sugarcane Average water requirement for sugarcane is 1800 to 2200 mm. irrigations of 24 For 12 months sugarcane crop water requirement at each growth phase Irrigation interval approach Growth Phase Duration of phase Water Requirement Germination 0-45 days 300mm Tillering Phase 45-120 days 550mm Grand Growth Phase 120-270 days 1000mm Ripening Phase 270-360 days 650mm Irrigation interval in different season and type of soil Irrigation Interval (days) Growth Phase Coarse textured soil Medium textured soil Fine soil Germination(0-45 days ) 5-6 6-7 8-10 Tillering Phase(45-120days ) 6-7 7-10 12-15 Grand Growth 270days) 7 10 12-15 10 12-15 15-20 Ripening days) Phase(120- Phase(270-360 textured .No. 4 14. (mt/ha) 175.S.56 0. C. sugar content decreases.97 18.72 17. .87 Drip irrigation 132.64 0. damage to roots.71 Rain sprinkler gun Poor irrigation leads to Decrease length of internodes Decrease amount of juice and increase percent of fiber Decrease rate of germination Decrease of sugar yield Heavy irrigation leads to Death of buds.42 0. cane yield decreases plant can not adsorb elements from soil and becomes yellowish.14 128.29 Furrow irrigation 258. Water Use Efficiency of Different irrigation systems Water applied Irrigation system (ha -cm) Cane yield (mt/ha) Water use efficiency C.26 126.45 104. Reduced furrow length is sometimes used to allow better distribution of water over the field in a later stage. there are 6 irrigations (4 before rain and 2 after rain) . Irrigation Methods Flood irrigation: In Flood irrigation method. In later crop growth periods and during ratoon crops.one irrigation at tillering is must. In Autumn planting. free flow of irrigation water is allowed in the fields in all directions. sugarcane is planted in flat beds as usual and after germination. 45 cm wide and 15 cm deep furrows were made in alternate inter row spaces. It is practiced in the flat planted cane. the water distribution may become increasingly problematic because of deterioration of the furrows. there are 7 irrigations in plains (5 before rain and 2 after rain) In spring planting. There is considerable saving of water in this method of irrigation. Furrow irrigation: Furrow irrigation is most commonly used and is particularly effective for early plant crop. but water loss is high. . Alternate skip furrow method: In skip-furrow method. increasing use is made of spray guns. resulting in partial wetting of the soil surface. Sprinkler irrigation: For sprinkler irrigation. replacing the cumbersome boom and labour-intensive hand-moved sprinkler laterals Prevailing winds of more than 4 or 5 m/sec will limit their usefulness. Drip irrigation: Drip irrigation is defined as the precise. .6 to 20 LPH). slow and frequent application of water through point or line source emitters on or below the soil surface at a small operating pressure (20-200 kPa) and at a low discharge rate (0. hand and automatically moved. rising pumping (energy) costs and depressed farm profits Drip will be successful depends on a host of agronomic. Drip Irrigation Drip Irrigation Drip irrigation is defined as the precise.online or integral type surface drip system. Surface Drip: o The application of water to the soil surface as drops or a tiny stream through emitters placed at predetermined distance along the drip lateral is termed as surface drip irrigation. engineering and economic factors. slow and frequent application of water through point or line source emitters on or below the soil surface at a small operating pressure (20-200 kPa) and at a low discharge rate (0.water scarcity.6 to 20 LPH). 12 mm drip laterals have to be placed in the middle ridge of each furrow with the lateral spacing of 240 cm & 8 ‘Lph’ clog free drippers should be placed with a spacing of 75 cm on the lateral lines. Drip irrigation may help in solving three most important problems of irrigated sugarcane . Integral recommended for sugarcane. The lateral length should not exceed more than 30-40 m. Drip Irrigation is given once in three days based on the evapo-transpiration demand of the crop. o It can be of two types . resulting in partial wetting of the soil surface. Drip irrigation in sugarcane is a relatively new innovative technology that can conserve water. dripline is . energy and increase profits. 0 LPH) generally in the same range as integral surface drip irrigation.3. Subsurface Drip (SDI): o The application of water below the soil surface through emitters molded on the inner wall of the dripline."one crop" and "multicrop". Decreasing the pollution in canals. Evaporation losses get reduce. o Subsurface irrigation saves water and improves yields by eliminating surface water evaporation and reducing the incidence of disease and weeds. o There are two main types of SDI . . Increasing the area of planting by saving the area of canals. o The integral dripline (thin or thick-walled) is installed at some predetermined depth in the soil depending on the soil type and crop requirements.0 . Little application of water but gives more yield. Decrease the infestation with pests (insects. Decrease the number of weeds. Advantages Save 25-50% of water Low requirement of water. diseases and weeds). Decreasing man infection by contacting the water (bilharzia or Schistosomiasis). with discharge rates (1. Period of irrigation is low (2-3 hours) The growth of plants is homogeneous. There is considerable saving of water in this method of irrigation. 15 to 0.2 to 1.6 1.4 to 1.0 to 3.5 1.3 Major benefits of drip irrigation Water Saving irrigation water 40 .0 1.4 to 2.0 to 3.0 Paired row Sub surface 0.0 to 2.30 0.0 --- 0.4 to 1. Sugarcane Drip Design Guidelines Planting pattern Drip system Distance (m) Two rows of a pair Two Two driplines paired / rows two rows Dripline installation depth (cm) Emitter distance (m) Discharge (LPH) Single row Surface --- 1.0 Paired row Surface 0.0 0.0 1.4 to 0.6 1.4 to 2.4 to 0.6 1.8 to 2.2 to 1.5 1.8 to 2.5 --- 0.70 % Low Labour cost for irrigation Increased water use efficiency Uniformity in water distribution (90%) Suitable for inferior quality irrigation water Use of saline water is possible Soil Suitable for any type of soil Suitable for marginal and undulating land Low tillage requirement .4 to 0.5 1. Non-Electric Proportional Liquid Dispenser (NEPLD) and automated system. Fertigation ensures that essential nutrients are supplied precisely at the area of most intensive root activity according to the specific requirements of sugarcane crop and type of soil resulting in higher cane yields and sugar recovery. The best answer to this challenge is "Fertigation". where both water and fertilizers are delivered to crop simultaneously through a drip irrigation system. Fertigation can be achieved through fertilizer tank. Urea and MOP (white potash) fertilizers can be used as Nitrogen and Potassium sources respectively. venturi System. Fertigation up to 210 DAP can also be recommended. The cost of chemical fertilizers has also increased and there is a need to improve fertilizer use efficiency for more benefits.5 kg/ha may be applied in 14 equal splits with 15 days interval from 15 DAP. Injector Pump. . Fertigation Fertigation Sugarcane being a giant crop producing huge quantity of biomass generally demands higher amounts of nutrient elements. Recommended Nitrogen & Potassium @ of 275 and 112. 25 kg Nitrogen and 8 kg K2O per ha per split. Concept of fertigation Fertigation is the judicious application of fertilizers by combining with irrigation water. 6 Urea 8 14. 70th day) 13-00-45 Second stage Third stage Fourth stage 71 days to 120 days 121 days to 160 days 161 day to 210 days Fertilizer grade No.8 Urea 10 8.3 . of times Quantity (kg/time) 14 0.8 Urea 14 12.1 12-61-00 10 1.9 12-61-00 8 3.9 14 1.5 kg NPK / ha For Fertigation recommended : 275:15:112.0 Urea 10 20.5:112.10….5 13-00-45 10 6.1 13-00-45 8 5.5 NPK / ha Fertigation Schedule Crop stage Duration in days First stage From planting to 70 12-61-00 days(5.1 12-61-00 10 2.2 13-00-45 10 5. Requirement & Type of Water soluble fertilizers in Sugarcane Recommended dose : 275: 62. 50 0.30 81-110 Days 2.50 111-150 Days 0.75 151-190 Days -- 1.50 0.5 0.25 31-80 Days 2.5 1.0 151-190 Days -- 1.80 Advantages of fertigation Ensures a regular flow of water as well as nutrients resulting in increased growth rates for higher yields Offers greater versatility in the timing of the nutrient application to meet specific crop demands Safer application method which eliminates the danger of burning the plant root system Offers simpler and more convenient application than soil application of fertilizer thus saving time.00 0.50 1.30 0.24 81-110 Days 2.75 0.20 0. Fertigation Schedule for Seasonal (12 months)/Ratoon Sugarcane Days After Planting Nutrients (kg/ha/day) N P2O5 K2O 1-30 Days 1.40 0.15 0. labour.00 1.10 0.0 0.40 111-150 Days 0.60 0.75 0. equipment and energy Improves fertilizer use efficiency Reduction of soil compaction and mechanical damage to the crops .20 31-80 Days 1.50 Fertigation Schedule for Preseasonal (14 to 16 months) Sugarcane Days After Planting Nutrients (kg/ha/day) N P2O5 K2O 1-30 Days 1. . breakage of leaves. as occurs with conventional fertilizer application methods/equipment Less energy is expended in application of the fertilizer Usually less labour & equipment are required for application of the fertilizer and to supervise the application Soil compaction is avoided because heavy equipment never enters the field No salt injury to foliage Allows rising of crop on marginal lands. Free from chlorides and sodium No salt build up in the crop root zone Most of the fertilizers are blended with micronutrients. Convenient use of compound and ready-mix nutrient solutions containing also small concentration of micronutrients. where accurate control of water and nutrient ion in the plant's root environment is critical. or bending of leaves. leaching and runoff No damage to the crop by root pruning. Fertigation Offers Several Distinct Advantages in Comparison to Conventional Application Methods: Distribution of plant nutrients more evenly throughout the wetted root zone resulting in increased nutrient availability & uptake contributing to higher crop growth rates and cane yields Supply of nutrients incrementally according to the crop developmental phases throughout the season to meet the actual nutritional requirements of the crop Careful regulation and monitoring the supply of nutrients Application of nutrients to the soil when crop or soil conditions would otherwise prohibit entry into the field with conventional equipment Minimal nutrient losses through consumption by weeds. Infact. Sugarcane being a long duration crop which requires more irrigation. So the requirement of water is insufficient during those period which leads to drying of crop and yield loss. In sugarcane. In India this period comes on summer months and availability of water is poor.7 --- Drought Management Drought Drought is a meteorological term and is defined as a period without a significant rainfall. . when evapotranspiration exceeds soil moisture supply i.e. Fertilizers Suitable for Fertigation Via Drip Irrigation System Nutrient Water soluble fertilizers Nitrogen Urea Ammonium Ammonium Calcium Magnesium Urea Ammonium Potassium Monoammonium Phosphate Nutrient content Nitrate Sulphate Nitrate Nitrate Nitrate Nitrate 46-0-0 34-0-0 21-0-0 16-0-0 11-0-0 32-0-0 13-0-46 32-0-0 Phosphorus Monoammonium Monopotassium Phosphoric Acid Phosphate Phosphate 12-61-0 0-54-32 0-82-0 Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Monopotassium Phosphate Chloride Sulphate Nitrate Thiosulphate 0-0-60 0-0-50 13-0-46 0-0-25 0-52-34 NPK Polyfeed 19-19-19 20-20-20 Micronutrients Fe EDTA Fe DTPA Fe EDDHA Zn EDTA Ca EDTA Rexolin CXK (B+Cu+Fe+Mn+Mo+Zn+Mg) 13 12 6 15 9. water uptake. Germination and grand growth phase are the two important periods which requires more irrigation. the water deficit/drought is resulted. 6. Under water scarcity condition. 3. Soak the setts in lime solution (80 kg Kiln lime in 400 lit water) for one hour. This reduces the temperature upto 2ºC. 7. Spray Kaolin (60 g in 1 ltr. in the field. Apply 125 kg of Muriate of Potash additionally at 120 day of planting. 2. Use drought tolerant resistant varieties like Co 86032. Basal incorporation of coir waste @ 25 tonnes/ha at the time of last ploughing. 5. Spray potash and urea each at 25 gm in 1 litre of water during moisture stress period at 15 days interval. Drought Management: 1. of water) to alleviate the water stress. Co 99004. In drought area plant the setts with spacing of 60-75 cm instead of 90 cm. 4. 10. Planting of sugarcane in early season at the depth of 30 cm in furrow. 9. 8. alternate furrow and skip furrow irrigation method is beneficial. Co 94008 and Co 86249 . Removal of dry trash at 5th month and leave it as mulch. and chlorine) are supplied either from soil minerals and soil organic matter or by organic or inorganic fertilizers. and oxygen are derived from the atmosphere and soil water. phosphorus. calcium. Nutrient Management About Nutrient Management Introduction Role of Nutrient Nutrient Application Organic Manure Nutritional Disorder Integrated Nutrient Management Fertilizer Requirements Introduction Among various riputes of sugarcane production. during tillering (from the third to the sixth months after planting). There is no doubt that sugarcane crop needs nutrients. The remaining 13 essential elements (nitrogen. zinc. although nutrients contribute maximum to the increase in yield. A combination of these three methods gives the most complete inventory of the nutrient status of a crop. Each is equally important to the plant. During vegetation the sugarcane consumes many nutrients. manganese. potassium. sulfur. Carbon. These nutrients are essential for proper crop development. boron. iron. magnesium. The nutrient needs of sugarcane can be assessed by soil analysis. copper. Role of Nutrient Plants require 16 essential nutrient elements. The most active uptake of nutrients is observed during the early stage of the sugarcane plant. molybdenum. hydrogen. plant tissue analysis and / or deficiency symptoms. . foliage formation. lowering juice quality vi. in juice pest and affecting disease Phosphorus Uptake depends on presence of soluble and plant absorbable form. Excess P is wasted due to fixation in soil . prolongs vegetative growth iii. harmful to crop ii. susceptible incidence to N lodging. increases soluble clarification vii. stalk formation and growth) and root growth. Important for cell division leads to crop growth Stimulates root growth Necessary for plant metabolism and photo synthesis Required for adequate tillering Interacts with N and thus enhance ripening.requirement is relatively less than N and K. delays maturity and ripening iv. P. Major Nutrient Nitrogen Influences sugarcane yield and quality. increases reducing sugar content in juice v. Excess Nitrogen leads to: i. Required for vegetative growth (tillering. Necessary for formation of proteins and thus for yield build up. Vegetative growth in sugarcane is directly related to yield. protein and vitamins in sugarcane. CCS% and cane yield. Activity of various enzymes also depended upon the presence of zinc. Maintains cell conditions. stress Balances the effect of N and P Excess availability of K leads to "Luxury consumption". Zinc: It is essential for bio synthesis of plant growth regulator. photo synthesis translocation of carbohydrates Involved in various enzymatic activities Important for sugar synthesis and translocation to the storage organs. turgidity sugarcane under against moisture pest. Minor Nutrients Sulphur: It is essential for synthesis of amino acids. It increases the juice quality. Required for carbon assimilation. Develops resistance to disease and lodging. Potassium Requirement of K is greater than N and P. . . Carrier of Phosphorus in the plant Magnesium is both an enzyme activator and a constituent of many enzymes Sugar synthesis Copper: It is a constituent of several enzyme systems involved in building and converting amino acids to proteins. Manganese: It is activator of many enzymes involve in protein synthesis of sugarcane. It is important to the formation of lignin in plant cell walls which contributes to the structural strength of the cells. Copper is important in carbohydrate and protein metabolism. quality and nutrient content of sugarcane crop. Boron: The main functions of boron relate to cell wall strength and development. sugar transport. and the cane. and hormone development. It increasing the yield. cell division For cane development. Magnesium: Mg is the central element of the chlorophyll molecule. In wetlands this may be applied along the furrows and incorporated well.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at 37. 2. applied in bands on either side of the cane row. Test the soil and apply P fertilizer based on soil test values. Apply FYM at 12. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizer are given in split doses. Nutrient Application Basal application Basal application of organic manures: 1. Basal Application of Fertilizer 1. Apply phosphorus in the furrow bottom and mix slightly with soil before planting. 1. 2. . Apply 37.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha and 100 kg Ferrous sulphate/ha to zinc and iron deficient soils.5 t/ha before the last ploughing under gardenland conditions. 2. Otherwise apply super phosphate (375 kg/ha) along the furrows and incorporate with hand hoe. apply 225 kg of nitrogen and 112. Sprayings done preferably in the morning hours. For Nitrogen Saving Neem Cake Blended Urea: Apply 67. 60 and 90 days in coastal and flow irrigated belts (assured water supply areas).5 kg of K2O/ha in three equal splits on 30. 60 and 90 days. Thus. 'Teepol' can be used as a wetting agent.5 kg of K2O/ha in three equal splits at 30. A boom sprayer may be used in a grown up crop. 60 and 90 days (water scarcity areas). apply 175 kg of nitrogen and 112. Foliar application of DAP formed to be useful to improve yield and quality. For jaggery areas. This is also achieved by partial earthing after first top dressing and full earthing up after second top dressing. Top Dressing with Fertilizers Soil application Apply 275 kg of nitrogen and 112. . Foliar application Foliar nutrition of urea (1 to 2. Cover the fertilizer with soil immediately after placement to reduce volatilization losses.5 kg of N/ha + 27.5%) and potassium (2. Note: Neem cake blending: Powder the required quantity of neem cake and mix it with urea thoroughly and keep it for 24 hours.5%) under moisture stress is a useful practice to improve cane yield and quality. 75 kg of nitrogen/ha can be saved by this method. Good foliage wetting is necessary. In the case of lift irrigation belt.5 kg of Neem Cake at 30 days and repeat on 60th and 90th days.5 kg of K2O/ha in three equal splits at 30. 50 kg /ha of micronutrient mixture containing 20 kg Ferrous sulphate.10 kg Manganese sulphate. 10 kg Zinc sulphate. Band placement: Open deep furrows of 15 cm depth with hand hoes and place the fertilisers in the form of band and cover it properly. Common Micronutrient mixture : To provide all micronutrients to sugarcane. 5 kg of Borax mixed with 100 kg of well decomposed FYM. Azospirillum: Mix 12 packets (2400 g)/ha of Azospirillum inoculant or TNAU Biofert –1 with 25 kg of FYM and 25 kg soil and apply near the clumps on 30th day of planting. Subsurface application: Application of 255 kg of Nitrogen in the form of urea along with potash at 15 cm depth by the side of the cane clump will result in the saving of 20 kg N/ha without any yield reduction. 5 kg of Copper sulphate. . Repeat the same on 60th day with another 12 packets (2400 gm). Repeat the above on the other side of the crop row on the 90th day (for lift irrigated belt). can be recommended as soil application prior to planting. 4% P2O5 and 2. When cow dung and urine are mixed. Apply 37. a balanced nutrition is made available for cane growth.2%N. Daincha has around 0. apply 12.5 per cent N. Harvest and insitu incorporate the intercrop around 45 days after transplanting.2 per cent P2O5and 0.12% P2O5 and 0. It contains 1. crusting and cracking. An average well decomposed farmyard manure contains 0. 0.5 per cent K2O. .5 to 25 tonnes of green matter per ha contributing about 10 – 30 kg N per ha. For every 100 tonnes of sugarcane crushed about 3 tonnes of press mud cake is left behind as by-product. Green manure adds about 7. 0. It contains trace quantity of micronutrients and prevents soil erosion.51% K2O. Organic manure Farm yard manure: For sugarcane. Press Mud: Press Mud is a by-product of sugar industry. improves drainage and promotes normal bacterial and microbial growth in the soil.75% N. adjust soil pH.1-2.0% K2O. Green manure: Sow green manure crops like daincha or sunhemp on one side of the ridges on 3rd or 4th day after planting sugarcane and raise it as an intercrop with sugarcane.62% N and sunhemp contains 0.5 t/ha of press mud before planting.5 t/ha of FYM before the last ploughing. 2. P and Ca content. avoid moistening the heap.15 days before or after application of chemical fertilizer. Bio fertilizer: Application of azospirillum gives atmospheric nitrogen to the sugarcane crop. Sprinkle the fertilizer mixture containing mussoorie rock phosphate. Then turn and mix heap thoroughly at the end of the fourth month. Then apply pressmud over this trash to a thickness of 5 cm.5m. After three months. Moist the heap once in 15 days. gypsum and urea in the ration of 2:2:1 over these layers at the rate of 5 kg/100 kg of trash. turn and mix the heap thoroughly and form a heap and leave it for one month. Same repeated on 60th day. . phosphobacteria 5 kg/ha and FYM 500 kg /ha mix it and apply on 30 days after planting along the furrow and irrigated it. Cover the heap with a layer of soil and pressmud at 1:1 ratio to a thickness of 15 cm. Reinforced compost from sugarcane trash and press mud: Spread the sugarcane trash to a thickness of 15 cm over an area of 7 m X 3 m. N. Moist the heap once in 15 days during 4th and 5th month also. By applying phosphobacteria crop can get undissolved phosphorous from soil without any loss. Apply bio fertilizer as 10. Don’t mix the bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer for application. Repeat this process till the entire heap rises to a height of 1. During rainy season. Bio fertilizer can also apply through fertigation. It also brings down the C:N ratio by 10 times as compared to raw cane trash. This method increases the manurial value of trash compost by increasing. Apply azospirillum 5 kg/ha. Leave the heap as such for three months for decomposition. Moist the trash and pressmud layers adequately with water. Use cowdung slurry instead of water to moist the layer wherever it is available. Premature drying of older leaves.0%.0% to 5. Retardation of growth. Reduced tillering. Decreased shoot / root ratio with restricted root development.5 kg/ha of neem cake on 30th. diameters of which taper rapidly at growing points. 60th and 90th day Nutritional disorders Nitrogen: All leaves of sugarcane exhibit a yellow – green colour.0% and Potassium 1. Phosphorus: Reduction in length of sugarcane stalks. Neem cake: Neem cake is the residue left. It performs the dual function of both fertilizer as well as It contains Nitrogen 2. narrow and somewhat reduce length.5% to 1. Management: Soil application of N fertilizer or foliar spray of urea 1-2% twice at weekly interval. Cane stalks are smaller in diameter. . Phosphorus 0. after oil has been extracted from neem seed kernel.0% to 2. Apply 27. Colour of the leaves is greenish blue.0%. Roots attain a greater length but are smaller in diameter. Management: Foliar spray of DAP 2% twice at fortnight interval Potassium: Depressed growth Yellowing and marginal drying of older leaves and Development of slender stalks. . Pronounced bleaching of the green colour along the major veins Striped effect due to a loss of Chlorophyll along the veins. Poor root growth with less member of root hairs. Orange. Management: Foliar spray of KCL 1% twice at fortnight interval Zinc: Earlier development of anthrocyanin pigments in the leaves. Reddish discoloration which is confined to the epidermal cells of the upper surfaces and midribs of the leaves. yellow colour appears in the older lower leaves which develop numerous chlorotic spots that later become brown with dead centre result in ‘firing’ apperance. At sever stage necrosis and growth ceases at the growing point (meristem). Bunchy top apperance. Management: Soil application of 25kg/ha of FeSO4 or foliar spray of FESO4 0. Restricted Root growth.5% on 90. . Calcium: Mottling and chlorosis of older leaves Spindles often become necrotic at the leaf tip and long margins Rusty appearance and premature death of older leaves Management: Soil application of 100kg/ha of gypsum Magnesium: Mottled or chlorotic appearance at the tip and margins Red necrotic lesions resulting in "rusty" appearance Internal browning of rind Management: Soil application of MgSo4 25kg/ha or foliar spray of MgSo4 2% twice at fortnight interval. Mangement: Soil application of 37. Leaves turn completely white. even in the veins and midribs. 105 and 120 days after planting. Iron: Young leaves where pale stripes with scanty chlorophyll content occur between parallel lines.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha before the last ploughing. Management: Application of ammonium molybedate (54% Mo) and sodium molybdate (39% Mo) are common sources of Mo to reactify its deficiency in soils and crops. Molybdenum: Short longitudinal chlorotic streaks on the top one-third of the leaf. Short and slender stalks Slow vegetative growth. . Sulphur: Chlorotic young leaves Narrower and shorter leaves with faint purplish tinge Slender stalks Management: It is advisable to use sulphur containing fertilisers: Ammonium Sulphate 24% S Single Super Phosphate 12% S Potassium Sulphate 18% S Gypsum 13-18% S Any one of the above fertilizers at the rate of 10-20 kg/ha. 5 kg of ferrous sulphate. The soil pH must be maintained in the neutral range of 6. The soil productivity can be restored through rationalized integrated nutrient management (INM) involving organic manures. P and K can be adopted. The efficiency of urea can be enhanced by blending it with neem cake powder in 4:1 ratio. a day before application.5 kg of zinc sulphate and 5 kg of urea per hectare may be dissolved in 500 litres of water and sprayed over the foliage. 5 kg of copper sulphate and 5 kg of borax may be applied basally in the planting furrows. When this is not possible. INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT In many sugarcane growing areas. one or two more sprayings can be given at intervals of 15 days. Phosphatic fertilisers. 10 kg of zinc sulphate. 2. 10 kg of manganous sulphate.5 to 7. It is advisable to apply the mixture of urea and potash fertiliser in holes of 10 cm depth at intervals of 15 cm spacing on the sides of the plant rows. Bulky organic manures like farmyard manure. Azospirillum and phosphobacteria biofertilisers at 10 kg each/ha may be mixed with 10 kg of compost and applied basally in the planting furrows or at the time of first hoeing and weeding during 30 � 45 days after planting. Soil-test based fertiliser schedules are advisable. compost and pressmud must be incorporated into the soil at the rate of 15 to 25 t/ha before planting Sunnhemp green manure can be grown as intercrop and incorporated into the soil around 30 to 45 days after planting. a blanket schedule of 275-65-115 kg of N. the productivity of the soils has declined due to intensive cropping and lack of proper soil fertility management practices. third split during 90 � 105 days and fourth split during 120 � 135 days after planting.5 for the crop. fertilisers and biofertilisers. second split during 60-75 days. . When the chlorotic symptoms due to deficiency of iron or zinc are observed on the leaves of the crop. Fifty kg of micronutrient mixture/ha made up of 20 kg of ferrous sulphate. Nitrogenous and potassic fertilisers must be applied in four splits. first split during 30 � 45 days. preferably super phosphates can be applied basally or at the time of first hoeing and weeding during 30 to 45 days after planting. If necessary. 5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at 37.5 758 390 187.5 kg N.5 112.5: 112. Fertilizer Requirements Tamil Nadu: Sugarcane – plant crop (meant 275: 62.5 Basal Total 343.5 62. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation for Ratoon crop Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) N Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) Super Muriate of phosphate potash P K Urea 68.5 .5 205 - 62.5 200 - 62.5 200 - 62.5 205 - 62.5 kg N.5 205 - 62.5 - 37. Sugarcane – Ratoon crop (meant for sugar mills) 275 + 25% extra N: 62.5: 112.5 75-90 days 92.5 - 148 390 - 30-45 days 90 - 37.5 120-135 days after ratooning 92.5 - 37.5 Total 275 62.5 610 390 187.5 t/ha before the last ploughing under gardenland conditions.5 - 37.5 Apply FYM at 12.5 - 37.5 112.5 120-135 days after Planting 92.5 62.5 205 - 62. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation for Plant crop for Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) sugar mills) Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) Super Muriate of phosphate potash N P K Urea Basal - 62.5 75-90 days 92.5 - - 390 - 30-45 days 90 - 37. 5 358 515 137 Apply compost or cattle manure. 10 t/ha or press mud 5 t/ha or dolomite 500 kg/ha or calcium carbonate 750 kg/ha. .5 37.5 37.5: 82.5 Urea 390 - 162 - 62.5 75-90 days 75 - 120-135 DAP or DAR 75 - Total 225 62. the first 45 days after planting and the second 90 days after planting along with earthing up.5 kg N. Sugarcane for jaggery manufacture (plant as well as ratoon crop) 225: 62.5 - Super Muriate of phosphate potash 486 390 187. Apply entire dose of phosphorus as basal dressing.5 162 - 62.5 Fertilizer Requirement for Sugarcane – KERALA Pandalam and Thiruvalla areas: 165: 82. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation Blanket for jaggery Recommendation(Kg/ha) manufacture Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) N P K Basal - 62.5 - Basal Total 165 82.5 - 45 days 82.5 162 - 62.5 - 90 days 82.5 179 - 69 41 179 - 68 82. Do not apply N beyond 100 days after planting.5 - 30-45 days 75 - 37.5: 112. Apply N and K2O in two split doses. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation Blanket for Pandalam and Recommendation(Kg/ha) Thiruvalla areas Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) N P K - 82.5 112.5 Urea Super Muriate of phosphate potash - 515 - 41.5 kg N. 5 - 45 124 - 74 90 days 57. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation Blanket for Newly cleared Recommendation(Kg/ha) forest areas Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) P K - 75 - - 468 - 45 days 57. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation for Chittoor area Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) P K - 75 - - 468 - 45 days 112.5 244 - 62 Basal Total 225 75 75 Urea Super Muriate of phosphate potash N 488 468 124 Newly cleared forest areas: 115: 75: 90 kg N.5 244 - 62 90 days 112.5 - 45 124 - 74 Basal Total 115 75 90 Urea Super Muriate of phosphate potash N 248 468 148 .5 - 37. Chittoor area 225: 75: 75 kg N.5 - 37. 5 90 days 125 - 75 271 - 124.5 Basal Total Recommendation for Ratoon crop 250 75 150 Urea Super Muriate of phosphate potash N 542 468 Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) 249 Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) P K - 75 - - 468 - 60 days 157.5 - 95 341 - 157 Basal Total 315 75 190 Urea Super Muriate of phosphate potash N 682 468 314 Other fertilizers 10:26:26 complex. Fertilizer Requirement for Sugarcane – KARNATAKA Recommended dose of fertilizer i) 250 : 75 :150 kg/ha(Plant crop) ii) 315 : 75 : 190 kg/ha(Ratoon). Urea and Muriate of potash recommended dose in kg/ha Fertilizers Before planting 45th day 90th day 10:26:26 complex 250 - - urea - 280 280 Muriate of potash - 50 50 . Recommendation for Plant crop Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) P K - 75 - - 468 - 60 days 125 - 75 271 - 124.5 - 95 341 - 157 90 days 157. Urea and Muriate of potash recommended dose in kg/ha Fertilizers Before planting 45th day 90th day DAP 135 - - urea - 280 280 Muriate of potash - 100 100 20:20 complex. Urea and Muriate of potash recommended dose in kg/ha Fertilizers Before planting 45th day 90th day 17:17:17 complex 375 - - urea - 235 235 Muriate of potash - 50 50 DAP. Urea and Muriate of potash recommended dose in kg/ha Fertilizers Before planting 45th day 90th day 20:20 complex 315 - - urea - 240 240 Muriate of potash - 100 100 . 17:17:17 complex. Crop Protection About Crop Protection Pest Management Disease Management Pest Management Sugarcane crop is affected by more than 60 insects of which about 10 insects are rather more important as far as the yield loss is concerned. soil dwelling insects are more prevalent in Tamil Nadu and adjoining states which account 20% loss in cane yield 15% loss in sugar yield. Root knot nematode – Meloidogyne spp Lance nematode – Hoplolaimus indicus Lesion nematode .No Common Name Scientific Name Family Order 1 Early shoot borer Chilo infuscatellus Crambidae Lepidoptera 2 Internode borer Chilo indicus sacchariphagus Crambidae Lepidoptera 3 Top borer Scirphophaga excerptalis Pyralidae Lepidoptera 4 Termites Odontotermes obesus Termitidae Isoptera 5 White grubs Holotrichia Consanguinea Melolonthidae COleoptera 6 Woolly aphid Ceratovacuna lanigera Phempigidae Hemiptera 7 White fly Aleurolobus barodensis Aleyrodidae Neomaskellia bergii N . andropogonis Hemiptera 8 Mealy bug Saccharicoccus sacchari Pseudococcidae Hemiptera 9 Scale insects Melanaspis glomerata Diaspididae Hemiptera 10 Nematode Reniform nematode . Among the major insects damaging sugarcane.Trichostrongylidae Rotylenchulus reniformis. sucking pests. borers.Pratylenchus coffeae Monhysterida . Sl. Ensure adequate moisture to bring down the soil temperature and increase humidity (unfavourable condition for the multiplication of early shoots borer). U. Maharastra. Duration 16-30days. Adult: Pale greyish brown moth with black dots near the coastal margin of the forewings and with white hind wings. It hatches 4-6days. The masses are slightly overlapping like tiles. Life cycle: Egg: Flat – scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower surface of leaves in masses of 4-100. its occurance is noted in all sugarcane growing areas. which can be easily pulled out. CO 661. CO 917 and CO 853 Early planting during December – January escapes the shoot borer incidence. Madhya Pradesh. A number of bore holes at the base of the shoot just above the ground level. Rajasthan. Andra Pradesh. West Bengal. . In Tamil Nadu. Larva: Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes and dark brown head.. 11 Grasshopper Early shoot borer. Symptom of damage: Dead heart in 1-3 month old crop. Punjab. Daincha intercropped sugarcane record the lowest early shoot borer incidence. Trash mulching along the ridges to a thickness of 10-15 cm 3 days after planting. Chilo infuscatellus snellen Discription: Tamil Nadu. Management: Cultural method: Use resistant varities like CO 312.P. Pupa: Pupation takes within the tunnel. rotten portion of the straw coloured dead – heart emites an offensive odour. Caterpillar before pupating makes a large exit hole in the stem and blocks the opening with silken discs. Bihar. CO 421. entry holes are plugged with excreta. They bore into the canes near the nodes. . Affected tissues reddened.5 kg.5 kg. Entry is generally confined to the first five internodes. Nature of damage: Caterpillars attack sugarcane plants after 3 months of planting. with a number of boreholes and fresh excreta in the nodal region. Carbofuron 3G 33 kg (Soil application). Chemical method Apply any one of the following insecticides if the pest crosses ETL. Physical method: Remove and destroy dead hearts. Release 125 gravid females of sturmiopsis inferens a tachinid parasite per ac. Internode Borer. Chlorpyriphos 1000 ml a sticker like Teepol (250 ml / 500 l of water) can also be added to make the solution stick on to the surface of the crop and it is preferable to use high volume sprayer to be most effective. Carboryl +Lindane (Sevidol) 4% G 12. The granular application should be immediately followed by irrigation.1 x 10 5 IBS / ml (750 diseased larvae / ha) twice on 35 and 50 DAP. Chilo sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) Distribution: Major pest in tropical India Symptom of damage: Internodes constricted and shortened. Biological method: Apply granulosis virus 1. lindane 10 G 12. Larva: White larva with four violet longitudinal stripes and light brown head. The pheromone septa need to be changed twice at 75 days interval.10 days Adult: straw coloured with a dark spot on each of the forewings Management: Cultural method: Use resistant varities like CO 975. Trichogramma chilonis at the rate of 2. on leaf sheaths or on stem. Setting pheromone traps at spindle level on 5th month of the crop at the rate of 6 traps per acre in a 15 metre grid. 7th and 9th month Physical method: Collect and destroy the eggs periodically. Biological method: Release egg parasite. . Pupa: Pupation takes place in semi – dried sheath. Detrash the crop on 150th and 210th day of planting. shiny and waxy white eggs are laid by female moths in batches of 9-11. near the midribs. Pupal period 7 . Life cycle: Egg: Scale – like oval.COJ 46 and CO 7304 Select internode borer damage free setts for planting Detrashing & burying the trash during the 5th. Chemical method: Avoid the use of excessive nitrogenous fertilizers. Detrashing dislodge the pupae that remain in the leaf sheath. flat. Six release at fortnightly intervals starting from 4th month onwards.5 cc / release / ha. 21 days Adult: White Coloured moth (with a buff Coloured anal tuft in the abdominal tip of female) Management: Cultural method: Use resistant variety CO 419. Tanjore and Cuddalore districts. Symptom of damage: Dead heart arise on after sixth month grown up canes. Scirpophaa excerptalis (Fb. there it feeds on the tissues and destroys the cane.) Distribution: Present in all states. Pupal period 6 . which cannot be easily pulled. Bore holes at the top of the shoot and shows bunchy top appearance. In Tamil Nadu it is severe in Trichy. boring through the growing point and down the upper joints until it reaches the sappy portion of the stem. Parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves. white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid – dorsal line and yellow head. CO 745 and CO 6516 and tolerant varieties Co 859. : 10-80 eggs per egg mass Larva: Smooth. Life cycle: Egg: Eggs are laid on the lower surface of top leaves in clusters particularly near midribs. . Top Borer. mining its way to the base. They also bore into the unfolded leaves preferably into the midrib. Nature of damage: Caterpillars are mainly found in the apical portion of the canes. Physical method: Collect and destroy the egg masses. The clusters are covered with buff coloured hairs. Pupa: Pupation takes place within the larval tunnel in a chamber with an exit hole Constructed by the caterpillar. Co 1158 and Co 7224. rind filled with mud. kidney shaped and hatches in 30-90 days Nymphs: Moult 8-9 times and are full grown in 6-12 months Adult: Creamy coloured tiny insects resembling ants with dark coloured head Management: Cultural method: Flood irrigation at the time of planting. Causes yellowing and drying of outer leaves first followed by the inner leaves Entire shoot dries up and can be pulled out. Life cycle: Eggs: Dull. Setts hollow inside and may be filled with soil. Collect and destroy the termite affected setts from the field.i/ha Termites. Biological method: Release Ichneumonid parasitized Gambroides (Isotima) javensis @ 100 pairs / ha as prepupal parasitoid. Chemical method: Application of Carbofuran 3G 1 kg a.i/ha or Thimet 10G 3 kg a. Cane collapses if disturbed. . Physical method: Locate and destroy the termite colony. characteristic semi – circular feeding marks on the margin of the leaves in the standing crop. Odontotermes obesus Rhamb Symptom of damage: Poor germination of setts (after planting). 1% or chlopyriphos 20 EC 0. . Affected canes come off easily when pulled. Life cycle: Egg: A female lays on an average of 27 eggs in the soil. Dip the setts in imidacloprid 70WS 0. Holotrichia consanguinea (Blanch) Symptom of damage: Yellowing and wilting of leaves. whitish yellow in colour found close to the base of the clump. Pupa: Pupae are tan to brown. Deep ploughing immediately after harvesting. and occur deeper in the soil in earthen chambers. Physical method: Set up light trap. Management: Cultural method: Provide adequate irrigation. Cause extensive damage to roots and base of shoot. White Grub.6 D @ 50 kg / ha or Apply 125 kg of heptachlor 3 % D per ha in the furrows at time of planting. which are pear like white enclosed in earthen cells. Treat the soil with lindane 1. Collect and destroy the adult beetles. Adult: Adult beetles are a rusty-red color just after emerging from the pupal stage.04% for 5min. but turn nearly black. Grub: Fleshy ‘C’ shaped. Chemical method: Fumigate the termite mounds with aluminium phosphate 2 tablets / 1 meter/Mounds. Drying of entire crown. In spring they hatch and give rise to apterous parthenogenetic viviparous females. The life cycle may vary according to the climatic conditions and variety. The life cycle of female complete within one – month period. the winter is passed as eggs which are laid during the previous autumn by sexual females. Leaves become brittle and dries completely. The female are more in the population. The winged females appear in such swarms as to darken the sky and cover the vegetation. The non-migratory species. the whole life – cycle is spent on the same plant. Each femal produced about 15 – 35 young ones within 24 hr after mating. which leads to fast multiplication. The longevity of adult is from 32 to 57 days. Ceratovacuna lanigera Symptoms: Adults and nymphs desap leaves by piercing styles through stomata. Sugarcane Wooly Aphid. Deposition of wooly matter on ground / soil distinctly visible. Heavy secretion of honey dew – development of sooty mould. In extreme cases. Nymph takes 6 to 22 days to complete four instars and become adult. In most of the affected fields at various locations all the nymphal instars and adults are noticed.6 D @ 50 kg/ha near the root zone. Apterous (Wingless) female reproduce parthenogenetically. Each female reproduces maximum of 217 nymphs during the period of 20 days. Whitish patches – coalesce to turn yellowish and drying from the tip along margins. Chemical method: Apply lindane 1. Life cycle: Adult emerged after fourth moult and viviparous reproduction. . Metarhizium anisopliae. e. Brumus sp. Pathogens like Cladosporium oxysporum. Use of organic fertilizers. Biological Method: 1. Synnonycha grandis Coccinella f. – Chryospidae d. Avoid excessive use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Rapping of canes all along the rows. Ishchiodon scutellaris b. and g. Infested leaves look white and black dots. septempunctata. Management: Cultural Method: Paired row system of planting. Infested canes should not be used as seed for planting.3 ml / lit. Verticillium lecanii and Beauveria bassiana Chemical Method: Dip the seed sets in Chlorpyripos 20 EC solution (2 ml / lit) before planting. Episyrphus baleatus – Syrphidae c. Aleurolobus barodensis Symptom of damage: Yellowing of leaves Leaf turns pinkish or purple and later gradually dry. Dusting with Malathion 5% dust @ 10 kg / ac. . Infested tops should not be transported. Schymnus sp.7 ml / lit. Cheilomeness sexmaculata. Encourage local predators Meyrick – Pyralidae like Diapha aphidivora a. Apply phorate 10 G @ 5kg / ac or Spray with acephate75 SP 1g / lit Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2 ml / lit Malathion 50 EC 2 ml / lit Dimethoate 30 EC 1. Oxydemeton methyl 25 EC 1.Chrysopa spp. Dideopsis aegrota – Coccinellidae 2. Whiteflies. . Life cycle: Egg: Females lay eggs in a line near the midrib or any where on the lower surface of the leaves. Management: Cultural Method: Avoid indiscriminate use of insecticides for control of other pests such as pyrilla. main cane stunned also attack roots. There is a ‘T’ shaped white marking on the thorax. later turn shiny black. grayish in colour and slightly bigger than the nymph. Nymph & Pupa: Neonate nymphs are pale yellow in colour. Sooty mould develops on the honey dew giving blackish appearance on canes. is flat. Adult: Pale yellow body with hyaline wings dusted with waxy bloom. which splits at the time of adult emergence.The fourth instar being the pupal stage. Its body is surrounded by fringes of wax. wooly aphids Mechanical Method: Detrashing the puparia bearing leaves and immediately disposing by burning or burying to prevent emergence of adult white flies Chemical Method: Spray fenitrothion 50 EC @ 2 lit / ha (1000 lit spray fluid) Mealybug. Saccharicoccus sacchari Symptom of damage: Pinkish oval insects beneath leaf sheath on the nodes. with whitish mealy coating. black bug. Eggs are yellowish with a small curved stalk. flat and oval in shape. exhibit brisk fluttering movements. Colour changes to black about two hours after the eggs are laid. oval. Nymph: Newly emerged nymphs are quite active with a pinkish transparent body. canes shrivel. Life cycle: Eggs: Eggs are retained in the female reproductive organs untils almost fully mature. Management: Cultural method: Use resistant varieties like CO 439. Infested crop losses its vigour. cylindrical and rounded at both ends. Melanaspis glomerata (Green) Symptom of damage: The leaves of infested canes show signs of tip drying and unhealthy pale green colour infestation these turn yellow. which also turn yellow and finally dry up. Incubation period is short. The females may bring forth hundreds of young ones parthenogenetically. smooth. growth is stunted and the internodal length is reduced drastically. CO 730 and CO 7704 Drain excess water from the field. methyl parathion 50 EC 1000 ml. CO 443. Scale Insects. . Nodal region is more infested than internodal region. Physical method: Detrash the crop on 150 and 210 DAP Chemical method: Apply any one of the following insecticides per ha and when the incidence is noticed spray on the stem only. Adult: White with mealy coating. Ultimately cane dries up. Such canes when slit open appear brownish red. sessile. CO 720. Egg is yellowish. malathion 50 EC 1000 ml. and with continued Desapping leads to non-opening of leaves also. CO 671. The nymphs that hatch out from the eggs within the female’s body come out through the genital aperture. Management: Cultural method: Use resistant varieties like CO 439. They settle after selecting suitable site for feeding. CO 443. Physical method: Detrash the crop at 150th and 210th day of planting. Chemical method: Presoak the setts in 0. Avoid water stagnation in the field for the longer period. they cover the nodal region forming a thick encrustation. Avoid repeated ratoons. Keep the fields and bunds free from weeds. Adult: Greyish black or brown circular scales. Life cycle: Nymph: Females multiply ovo-viviparously. They are called ‘crawlers’. CO 453. .06% or 120th and 150th after detrashing. Spray dimethoate 0. CO 691 and CO 692 Select and plant the scale insect free setts.1% solution malathion. Biological method: Release Chilocoris nigritus (or) Pharascymnus horni. This group of nematodes is easily detected with soil sampling. Affected field shows pale green to whitish look.Hoplolaimus indicus Lance nematodes. reduction in number and size of internodes. Nematodes which are large and highly resistant to effects of temperature extremes and dry soil conditions. penetrans lay about 1 or 2 eggs/day for about 35 days.Pratylenchus coffeae Root-lesion nematodes are migratory endoparasites Females ofP.. with a maximum of 68 eggs being laid by one female. first in the form of streaks. Males are required for reproduction by P. obligate endo-parasites that complete most of their life cycle within their host roots. Stunting of crop. accompanied by drying up of margins and leaf tips is more common in ratoon and young crop. Hoplolaimus spp. neglectus. penetrans but not by P. later complete yellowing-chlorosis. are ecto-parasites. Nematodes Symptom: Usually paling of leaves. Root knot nematodes are microscopic roundworms. Larvae look similar to adults except that they are smaller. . Root knot nematode . Chlorosis in severe cases. They are: Lesion nematode . Eggs are laid singly or in clusters in both soil and roots. Nematode types: There are several nematodes present in the soil of which.Meloidogyne spp. sometimes semi-endo-parasites. The nematodes survive in soil as eggs and also second stage larvae. Roots are stubby and spares. Lance nematode . Second stage juveniles hatch after eggs have incubated for 9 (30 C) to 25 (15 C) days. four nematodes are mainly damaging the sugarcane crop. occurring in patches spread out all over the field. . flooding. establish a permanent-feeding site in the stele region of the root and become sedentary or immobile.i./ha) Grasshoppers. Under wetland conditions. Chemical method: Apply carbofuran 3G @ 33 kg/ha at the time of planting or 2 months after planting or Cartap 3 kg/ha (1. Reniform nematode . crop rotation and apply organic manure. Management: Cultural method: Deep ploughing. finally it leaves only the leaf midrib. Biological method: Application of biocontrol agents like Pochonia chlamydosporia.Rotylenchulus reniformis. Hieroglyphus banyan Symptom of damage: Adult and nymph grasshoppers feed on leaves from the margins of the leaf blades creating cutout areas during the solitary stage. They are semi-endoparasitic (partially inside roots) species in which the females penetrate the root cortex. The term 'reniform' refers to the kidney-shaped body of the mature female. Paecilomyces lilacinus or Trichoderma viride or Pseudomonas fluorescence @ 20 kg/ha at the time of planting mixed with moist FYM or cured pressmud and distributed uniformly will help in suppressing the plant parasitic nematode. intercropping with sunnhemp or marigold or daincha Apply pressmud at 15 t/ha or poultry manure @ 2 t/ha or neem cake 2 t/ha or poultry manure @ 1 t/ha before last ploughing in garden lands. solarisation.5 kg a. only affecting grasshoppers. The nymphal stage may last for a period of 5-10 days. Biological method: Baits containing the protozoan Nosema locustae is a biological control option that may be considered for treating grasshopper breeding sites. either in the sand or among leaf litters. Adult: After about a month. Identification of pest: Egg: Eggs in the form of egg pods.Tillage controls grasshoppers primarily by eliminating the green plants on which grasshoppers feed. Each egg pod consists of about 10-300 eggs that are rice shaped. An adult grasshopper lives for 1-2 months. usually more than ten. This is sold under the trade names Nolobait or Semaspore and can produce infection of many species of grasshoppers. . Nymph: Nymphs are miniature versions of adult grasshoppers. a nymph becomes an adult. Because it is selective in effects. except that they are light in colour and do not possess wings. Management: Cultural method: Tillage . . CoSi 6 and CoG 5 . ash colour fungal growth is seen inside the cane. dark brown to black 65250 µm diam. globose. Growing of recommended resistant and moderately resistant varieties viz. solitary or aggregated. Colletotrichum falcatum. Pathogen present on leaf sheaths and blades. pseudoparenchymatous within. Identification of pathogen Red rot disease is caused by the fungus Glomerella tucumanensis. The cane loses its normal colour and longitudinal discoloration spots / ribs are seen.21 days after infection and drying of entire cane takes another 10 days time. wall up to 8 cells thick. is still preferred by some pathologists. Co 86249. Then the leaves start drying from bottom to top. often forming short lines between vascular bundles. the pith inside the cane is filled with blackish brown liquid and exhibited alchohol odour. Sugarcane Diseases Red rot Symptoms The affected canes exhibit leaf colour change. immersed. CoSi 95071. If the variety is highly susceptible or disease incidence is severe. CoG 93076. Sometimes. the inner region is reddish in colour with intermittent white tinges across the cane length. sclerotia on outside. When the affected cane is split opened. CoC 22. then reddish spots can be seen on the backside of the leaf midrib also. circular. If the fungal spores enter the leaf sheath through the leaf midrib. ostiole slightly papillate. An older name.. from green to orange and then to yellow in the third or fourth leaf. The internode region shrinks with rupture of tissue in the root eye region and the spores are ejected from these spots. The external symptoms appear only after16 . Management Cultural method: The red rot affected field must be rotated with rice for one season and other crops for two seasons. The colonies were turned black due to the production of chlamydospores. which are heavily pigmented. the affected setts exhibit pineapple odour. If the affected shoots and setts are examined the central portion of the shoots will be seen discoloured red and the contents of the sett rotting.5 gm in 1 litre of water) or Carbendazim 25 DS (1gm in 1 litre of water) along with Urea (10 gm in 1 litre of water) for 5 minutes) Sett Rot When diseased setts are planted they may rot before germination. they are very much stunted and chlorotic. . Physical method: Removal of the affected clumps at an early stage and soil drenching with Carbandazim 50 WP (1 gm in 1 litre of water) Chemical method: Adopt sett treatment with Carbendazim before planting (Carbendazim 50 WP (0. when mature. measuring about 5 mm in diameter. As the setts get dried up. When split opened. Identification of pathogen: Ceratocytis paradoxa were initially whitish. or the shoots may die after reaching a height of about 6-12 inches. If infected shoots survive. Eventually the leaves may wither and the shoots wilt. the reddish colour becomes black with lots of black coloured fungal spores adhering to it. 5 – 8.5 gm in 1 litre of water or Carbendazim 25 DS @ 1gm in 1 litre of water along with Urea @10 gm in 1 litre of water for 5 minutes) Pre treatment the setts with hot water has been found to stimulate germination of buds and hasten growth soa s to help the young plants to overcome the competition with the pathogen. . Management Cultural method: Proper drainage and planting of setts in 1-2 cm depth. Whip covered by translucent silvery membrane enclosing mass of black powdery spores. They germinate readily in water. single celled and elliptical to linear. light brown and spherical. sporidia arise terminally or laterally and they are hyaline. Profuse sprouting of lateral buds with narrow. erect leaves especially in ratoon crop. producing 2-3 celled promycelia. Initial thin canes with elongated internodes later become reduced in length. thin walled. Smut Symptoms Production of whip like structure of 25 – 150 cm. from the growing point of the canes. measuring 6. Chemical method: Sett treatment with Carbendazim or bavistin before planting (Bavistin @ 1per cent or Carbendazim 50 WP @0. Identification of pathogen Ustilago scitaminea The fungal mycelium spores are echinulate.5 µ in diameter. Management Cultural method: Growing of resistant and moderately resistant varieties viz., Co 86249, CoG 93076, CoC 22, CoSi 6 and CoG 5 Discourage ratooning of the diseased crops having more than 10 per cent infection Cajanus cajan is grown as a companion crop between rows of sugarcane, the secondary spread of the disease is substantially reduced. Physical method: Treating the seed setts with Areated Steam Therapy (AST) at 50 ºC for 1 hour or in hot water at 50 ºC for 30 minutes or at 52 ºC for 18 minutes Roguing of smut whips with gunny bags/polythene bag and dipped in boiling water for 1 hour, and diseased clums must be uprooted and burnt Chemical method: Sett treatment with fungicides viz., Triadimefon @ 1gm in 1 litre of water or Carbendazim @ 1gm in 1 litre of water for 10 minutes. Wilt Symptoms: External: Gradual yellowing shrinkage/withering of canes. and drying of foliage, Internal: Light to dark purplish or brown discolouration of ground tissue, pithiness and boat shaped cavities in the middle of the internodes. Identification of Pathogen Conidiosphores usually erect and branched. Macroconidia abundant, falcate to rather straight, 3-5-septate, with a distinct foot-cell, 27-73 × 3.4-5.2 mm. Blastoconidia straight or slightly curved, 2-3-septate, fusiform to lanceolate, with a somewhat pointed, often slightly asymmetrical apical cell and a truncate basal cell, 16-43 × 3.0-4.5 mm. Management Cultural method: Healthy seed, sett treatment with fungicides, resistant varieties, crop rotation, managing root borer, avoiding prolonged drought and water logging and hygienic practices. Chemical Method: Dipping the setts in 40 ppm of boron or manganese, or spraying the plants with either of these minor elements reduces the disease intensity. Rust Sugarcane rust is mainly a disease of the leaf. The earliest symptoms are small, elongated yellowish spots that are visible on both leaf surfaces. The spots increase in length, turn brown to orange brown or red brown in color. Pustules, which produce spores, usually develop on the lower leaf surface. Identification of pathogen Puccinia erianthi Uredinia were elongate, reddish-brown, with capitate, hyaline to light brown paraphyses. Urediniospores were thick-walled, orange-brown, obovoid, measuring 26-34 x 16-20 µm. The urediniospore surface was echinulate with 4-5 equatorial pores. Teliospores were dark brown and measured 30-43 x 17- 23 µm, clavate, two-celled and slightly constricted at the septum. Management Cultural method: Use resistant varieties like Co 91010 (Dhanush), Co 87025 (Kalyani) Chemical method: Spray Tridemorph 1.0 litres or Mancozeb 2.0 kg/ha. Grassy Shoot Disease Symptoms Initial symptom appears in the young crop of 3 – 4 months age as thin papery white young leaves at the top of the cane. Later, white or yellow tillers appear in large number below these leaves (profuse tillering). The cane becomes stunted with reduced internodal length. There is no millable cane formation. At times, one or two canes grow well in the affected tillers with greenish leaves. When these seemingly good canes are used for setts, the following crop produces only whitish leaves; these leaves dry early and gaps in the field. Mode of spread The disease is spread by the use of affected setts for planting. Also, the black hopper (Browtista moesta) acts as a carrying agent of this disease. Management Cultural method: Growing resistant varieties viz., Co 86249, CoG 93076 and CoC 22 Avoid ratooning if GSD incidence is more than 15 % in the plant crop Physical method: Rogue out infected plants commercial seed nursery. in the secondary and Treat setts with aerated steam at 50°C for 1 hour to control primary infection. Treating them with hot air at 540C for 8 hours and spraying twice a month with aphidicides. Chemical method Spray dimethoate @ 1ml in 1 litre of water to control insect vector Yellow Leaf Disease Symptom of Damage: Yellowing of midrib and adjacent laminar region and subsequent leaf drying along the mid rib in 3 to 5 leaves from top. Melanaphis sacchari andRhopalosiphum maidis. . SCYLV is a member of the Luteoviridae family. in a semi-persistent manner. The virus is localized within the phloem cells of the plant. Pathogen: The virus is transmitted by aphids. Chemical method: Secondary transmission of the disease by insect vectors can be controlled by application of Malathion(0. In some cases reddish discolouration is also seen and in severe cases drying of spindle along with leaves.2%).1%) or Dimecron(0. Management Cultural method: Use healthy seed cane Field should be maintain with proper hygiene Application proper nutritional management and use resistant varieties. Ratoon Stunting The affected plants are stunted. Management Cultural method: Select healthy setts for planting. . It is sap-transmissible and no insect vector has been found. Infected stocks is the presence of pin head like orange coloured dots of bacteria on the internal soft tissue in the nodal region The setts taken from diseased plants germinate poorly and the few shoots that are emerge grow very slowly. Pathogen The organism that causes RSD is. The genus ofthe pathogen was previously called Clavibacter. Mechanical method: Treat setts with hot water at 50°C for about 2 hours give 100 per cent control. the stunting being most severe in stubble and ratoon crops. xyli. a small aerobic bacterium. Leifsonia xyli subsp. Sugarcane planter: This is a tractor mounted machine and can be drawn by any tractor of 35 hp. Tractor Operated Pit Digger for Sugar Cane Planting 3. Sugarcane Stubble shaver 9. Cane planting includes Planting of sugarcanes in two rows. Sugarcane bud chipper I. Machine costs approximately Rs. IMPLEMENTS USED IN SUGARCANE CULTIVATION 1.30% Seed Saving:40% Fertilizer Saving:40% Full yield of Wheat and sugarcane is obtained. Earthing up Ridger 8. Weeder 11.85. The cost of operation per ha in case of this equipment will be in the range of Rs. 2000 as compared to Rs. Ratoon Manager 10. Sugarcane Sett Cutter 4. Cutting of cane into 37 cm. This can be lifted or lowered by the hydraulic system of the tractor. Sugarcane Crusher 6. long setts Placement of setts in the furrows Droping of fertilizer below the setts Dispensing the insecticide solution over the setts Covering the setts with soil and providing light compaction to minimise sett and soil moisture loss Advantages: Irrigation water saving:20. Sugarcane Detrasher 5.000 . Sugarcane planter 2. Sugarcane harvester 13. Opening of furrows at a spacing of 75 cm. 7000 manually. Sugarcane Intercultivator 7. Rotavator 12. 2.5 m spacing with pit method favours higher cane yield Recommended as technology package under drip fertigation system for cane 3.5 m interval to a depth of 30 cm suitable for planting sugarcane setts Salient features Planting of cane in 1.Power requirement : 35 – 45 hp tractor ii.Capacity : One sett / second iii.300 / hour: Saving in cost : 63% Saving in time : 97% Dig two pits of 90 cm dia simultaneously at 1.85000/- General Information Cost of operation : Rs.85000/- General Information Cost of operation : Rs. Tractor Operated Pit Digger for Sugar Cane Planting: Function For digging pits i.2750/Cost of the unit (Approx) : Rs. Capacity : 250 to 300 holes / hour Cost of the unit (Approx) : Rs.300 / hour: Saving in cost : 63% Saving in time : 97% . Type : Mounted implement Specification ii. Sugarcane Sett Cutter: Function For cutting sugarcane sett with single bud i. Type : Motor operated Specification ii.5 x 1.Cost of the machine (Approx) : Rs. 200/iii.900 / ha Labour requirement is less Easy for handling Reduced cost of de-trashing Salient features Used for all varieties of cane Also removes the sprouted buds Easy collection of de-trashed leaves 5. 4. Cost of the unit (Approx) : Rs.Cost of operation : Rs. Sugarcane Crusher Function Extraction of juice from sugarcane Specification Type : Horizontal type 4 roller crusher Suitability for crops : Sugarcane Capacity : 185 kg/h Test Results Power requirement : 5 hp electric motor Labour requirement : Two Shelling extraction : 65% Cost of equipment : Rs 11. Sugarcane Detrasher Function For de-trashing the sugarcane leaves i.000/- . Type : Manual operated Specification ii. The furrows are uniformly deep. This can be hitched to the heel-adjusted tractor. This labour-saving implement can cover an area of 1. The improved intercultivator can cover an extent of over a hectare in a day. The performance of an earthing up implement. which is not possible with hand held spades or hoes. Its shovel-shaped tynes help in uprooting the deep-rooted tubers of the monocot weeds. The escaped weeds and other large dicot weeds within the rows can be removed by engaging minimum labour. Cost of the equipment : Rs. 6. This tractor-drawn implement consists of two heavy body ridgers fitted to a strong frame. Sugarcane Intercultivator: This newly developed intercultivator. Earthing up Ridger Function : For making ridges and earthing up the sugarcane field. When the crop is nearing 80 to 90 days of age. and the same implement can be used again for full earthing up of the plants. and it facilitates uniform flow of irrigation water in the field. 7. a second top dressing is done. It can be run on the field 40 days after planting to remove the weeds in between the crop in two rows.000/-. has two sets of tynes with three tynes in each set.6 ha/day. . which can be run in between the crop rows to cover the nutrients applied as first top dressing on the 40th day of planting.2-1.15. The innovation can cut single row in a pass whereas the swinging blade type shavers can cut two rows in a pass but it will give the superficial cut. 9. It is tractor operated sugarcane stubble shaver.15. This is a combination of Stubble shaving. the implement can be very easily used without damaging the crop.75. Harrowing promotes better aeration and water penetration to rejuvenate and induce the growth of the sugarcane. Ridger cum Weeder: The ridger-weeder is unique as it does both weeding and earthing-up in a single operation in sugarcane crop. It can be attached to any type of tractor with 35 hp powers. Ratoon Manager: Ratoon manager is a tractor drawn implement mounted on a 3 point linkage driven by the PTO.26 ha /h. The lifted soil is thrown on both sides. The tractor is moved in `alternating field machine pattern' in the field by going from one end of the field in one direction between first and second row. in crop rows of 1. It shaves the stubbles evenly and the offbaring helps to trim the roots. The soil is cut up to 22.5 m normal spacing.000/-. off-baring and harrowing. It helps in better ratoon emergency in sugarcane. The cost of the attachment is about Rs. The whole unit can be easily attached through tractor three point linkages.8 ha per hour depending upon soil type. If required.5 cm depth and is lifted up on the wing board on each side.5 liters diesel per acre. The machine can cover about 0. Sugarcane Stubble shaver: It is a single row stubble shaving with the field capacity 0. It consumes 3. The cost of implement is Rs. . Ratoon manager will be the best if the field preparation (Ridges and Furrow) is done with tractor and suitable for different row spacing. fertilizer & pesticide applicator can also be provided as an optional. 10. 8.000 Hence. There is a saving in cost and time by more than 60 per cent. Loading sugarcane. External dimensions (L X W X H): 11500×2500×5900mm 3. Rate load (kg):1200 3.. 2. Row spacing: min1. Mountain area. Productivity: min30T/h 5. Sugarcane combine harvester: Range of application: Plan. and other agricultural use. loading height can reach 4. It can harvest 1. 20 tone/hr.25m. 4.2 ha/day ie. Lifting high.4m 6. Power: 191KW（260HP） 4. High-power. full hydraulic transmission and steering. it can meet all truck loading sugarcane needing. wood. 2. unlike traditional implements can produce a seed bed with one or two passes. It is most suitable for Sugarcane stubble removal. Loading sandy soil. stone and other construction use. It is well established for its flexible operations with wide base tire. Hill. Function: 1. Operating weight (Kg):3600 2. 11. The tractor/rotavator combination can commence cultivation much sooner after rain than traditional drawn implements. Product Specification 1. eradication of rhizomes. Dry field. Static load (kw):2400 . Length of cane part: 200-300mm 12. Main Technical Parameter 1. 3. Rotavator: Rotavator. Supporting chassis: tractor 2. Feature: 1. mate with four cylinder 260hp engine. Sugarcane Bud Chipper: Function: Remove the buds from cane. Machine details: It is floor-mounted and equipped with a knife with a semicircular edge to surgically cut out the buds. The machine requires no power or fuel to run it. . priced at Rs. weighs a few kilograms making transport easy. The machine. 13. The unit allows the user to be comfortably seated on the ground and continuously feed the cane with the left hand. The scope of this equipment lies beyond just removing buds from the cane. while swinging the right arm in a smooth arc to cut the sugarcane buds using the ergonomic spring loaded handle. 600. proper harvesting should ensure: To harvest the cane at peak maturity (i. peak maturity. Early varieties are harvested at 10 months stage. Quick disposal of the harvested cane to factory Harvesting: Sugarcane matures in 10-12 month in North India and 18-20 month in South India. depending upon the planting time and crop maturity. buds swell out and eyes start sprouting. Harvesting About Harvesting Harvesting Process Types of Harvesting Maturity symptoms and Harvesting period Processing of Sugarcane By Products Harvesting process Time of Harvesting Harvesting of sugarcane at a proper time i. In sub-tropics. Different Indicators of harvesting are leaves become yellow.e. avoiding cutting of either over-matured or under-matured cane) Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom sugar rich internodes are harvested which add to yield and sugar De-topping at appropriate height so that the top immature internodes are eliminated Proper cleaning of the cane i. removing the extraneous matter such as leaves. roots etc. trash.. In tropical zone adsali crop is harvested after 16-18 months stage. Brix value is 16-18 in Dec and Jan at or below 200 C. Therefore. sugar recovery.e. Harvesting Schedule In India harvesting of sugarcane is carried out at 10 to 18 months stage. autumn crop is harvested at 15 month stage. plants stops growing and arrows come out. poor juice quality and problems in milling due to extraneous matter. Harvesting either under-aged or over-aged cane with improper method of harvesting leads to loss in cane yield. mid-late 10-12 months and late after 12 month stage.. whereas spring and summer (late-planted) crops at 10-12 months. cane produces metallic sounds. . by adopting right technique is necessary to realize maximum weight of the millable canes (thus sugar) produced with least possible field losses under the given growing environment.e. It requires skilled labourers as improper harvest of cane leads to loss of cane and sugar yield. Mechanical Harvesting Sugarcane is harvested by mechanical harvester which move along the rows of cane removing the leafy tops of the cane and cutting the stalk into short pieces or "billets". poor juice quality and problems in milling due to extraneous matter.5 to 4 ha per day of 8 hours. Billets are loaded into bins which are towed alongside the harvester.The field capacity of mechanical cane harvesters varies with the size (2. Types of harvesting Manual Harvesting Hand knives. When full. . the bins are taken by road or tramway to the sugar mill. cutting blade or hand axes are used for manual harvesting. 2. Harvesting Harvesting of sugarcane at a proper time i. Spray Sodium metasilicate 4 kg/ha in 750 litres of water on the foliage of crop at 6 months after planting. Apply cane ripeners 1. poor juice quality and problems in milling due to extraneous matter.Brix reading should be 1:1. Maturity symptoms and Harvesting period Pre – harvest practices a. Assessing maturity of crops 1.e..R. Assess the maturity by hand refractometer brix survey and 18 to 20 per cent brix indicates optimum maturity for harvest. avoiding cutting of either over-matured or under-matured cane) Early varieties have to be harvested at 10 to 11 months age and mid-season varieties at 11 to 12 months age. Therefore. Prevention of Moisture loss in the Harvested cane Covering the harvested cane with trash and sprinkling with water both under sun and shade reduced the moisture loss and prevented quality deterioration. Top-bottom ratio of H. maximum loss of moisture (5.. b. by adopting right technique is necessary to realize maximum weight of the millable canes (thus sugar) produced with least possible field losses under the given growing environment. Quick disposal of the harvested cane to factory . On the other hand harvesting either under-aged or over-aged cane with improper method of harvesting leads to loss in cane yield. Among the varieties studied.Repeat the same twice at 8th and 10th months to obtain higher cane yield and sugar percentage.e. removing the extraneous matter such as leaves. 2. trash. roots etc. proper harvesting should ensure: To harvest the cane at peak maturity (i.. sugar recovery.9%) was recorded by the variety Co 86249 while the varieties Co 94008 and Co 85019 have registered minimum loss of moisture (4.7%). peak maturity. Ii.e. Cutting cane to ground level so that the bottom sugar rich internodes are harvested which add to yield and sugar De-topping at appropriate height so that the top immature internodes are eliminated Proper cleaning of the cane i. CCS (tons/ha) = [Yield (tons/ha) x Sugar Recovery (%)] /100 Sugar Recovery (%) = [S . Length of cane 2. .S)] x 0. Stalk weight depends on 1.4 (B . Purity Percentage = (Sucrose %/HR Brix)100 A cane crop is considered fit for harvesting if it has attained a minimum of 16% sucrose and 85% purity. Diameter of the cane. Tillering capacity 3. S= Sucrose % in juice and B= Corrected Brix (%) Cane yield Cane yield = stalk number x single cane weight stalk number depends on 1.73 Where. Germination % 2. Harvesting should be aimed to realise maximum number of millable canes produced with least possible losses. Percent cane formed shoots and their retention till harvest.0. and transported to a sugar factory. Enrichment of the organic content of the soil by way of application of bulky organic manures or in situ incorporation of green manure crops. 9. Cane is then placed into large piles and picked up. Use of healthy nursery seed material 4. Through land preparation 3. Collect the trash without burning 2. Adoption of integrated pest and disease management stratagies 11. Canes are cut at ground level. Shoulder breaking for loosening the soil compaction and cut the old roots 4. Selection of suitable varieties specific to the locations 2. Planting at proper season with suitable varieties 5. its leaves are removed and the top is trimmed off by cutting off the last mature joint. Apply additionally 70 kg N/ha as basal to boost initial growth 5. Ferrous sulphate can be sprayed (5 kg/ha) for correcting the Iron Chlorosis PROCESSING OF SUGARCANE Collecting the harvested cane Mature canes are gathered by a combination of manual and mechanical methods. Application of correct dose of inorganic fertilizers based on soil test recommendations. For Ratoon 1. Harvesting at appropriate time and upto bottom of the cane using sharp knives. Appropriate water management practices and especially adopting drip fertigation systems 12. Use of bio fertilizers Especially Azospirillum. Application of appropriate herbicide combinations for effective control of the weeds 7. . tied. Need based micro nutrient can be applied. General The integrated production strategies for harvesting the maximum cane yield includes 1. 8. Maintaining optimum plant population through adequate gap filling 6. Acetobacter and Phosphobacteria 10. Stubble shaving for obtaining uniform sprouting 3. Evaporation The clear juice which results from the clarifying process is put under a vacuum. The smaller pieces of cane are then spread out on a conveyer belt. Cleaning and Crushing Stalks are thoroughly washed and cut when reaching the sugar mill. It is heated until it forms into thick. . and wax) from the juice. shreds the cane into pieces. This is known as "grinding. Clarifying Carbon dioxide and the milk of a lime are added to the liquid sugar mixture and it is heated to the boiling point. a machine led by a series of rotating knives. brown syrup. Juicing The shredded pieces of sugarcane travel on the conveyer belt through a series of heavy-duty rollers. Prevention of moisture loss in the harvested cane Covering the harvested cane with trash and sprinkling with water both under sun and shade reduced the moisture loss and prevented quality deterioration." During grinding. which attracts non-sugar debris (fats. which extract juice from the pulp. After the cleaning process. The pulp that remains or "bagasse" is dried and used as fuel. gums. The raw juice moves on through the mill to be clarified. As the carbon dioxide travels through the liquid it forms calcium carbonate. and pulls them away from the sugar juice. as the process of clarifying begins. where the juice boils at a low temperature and begins to evaporate. hot water is sprayed on to the sugarcane to dissolve any remaining hard sugar. The juice is then pushed through a series of filters to remove any remaining impurities. Crystallization By evaporating what little water is left in the sugar syrup, crystallization takes place. Inside a sterilized vacuum pan, pulverized sugar is fed into the pan as the liquid evaporates, causing the formation of crystals. The remaining mixture is a thick mass of large crystals, which is sent to a centrifuge to spin and dry the crystals. The dried product is raw sugar, still inedible. Refinery Raw sugar is transported to a Cane Sugar Refinery for the removal molasses, minerals and other non-sugars, which still contaminate the sugar. This is known as the purification process. Raw sugar is mixed with a solution of sugar and water to loosen the molasses from the outside of the raw sugar crystals, producing a thick matter known as "magma." Large machines then spin the magma, which separate the molasses from the crystals. Crystals are promptly washed, dissolved and filtered to remove impurities. The golden syrup which is produced is then sent through filters to remove the color and water. What's left is concentrated, clear syrup, which is again fed into a vacuum pan. Separation and Packaging Once the final evaporation and drying process is done, screens separate the different sized sugar crystals. Large and small crystals are packaged and shipped, labeled as white, refined sugar. Sugar Facts Refined white sugar is 99.9-percent sucrose. White sugar is pure sucrose, containing no preservatives or additives. NUTRITIONAL VALUE Sugar, Nutritional (3.5 oz) Sugars, brown granulated per 100 g Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) value Energy Carbohydrates Sugars Dietary fiber Fat Protein Water Riboflavin (Vit. B2) Calcium Iron Potassium - 1,619 kJ (387 kcal) 99.98 g 99.91 g 0g 0g 0g 0.03 g 0.019 mg (1%) 1 mg (0%) 0.01 mg (0%) 2 mg (0%) Energy Carbohydrates Sugars Dietary fiber Fat Protein Water Riboflavin (Vit. B2) Calcium Iron Potassium Folate (Vit. B9) Magnesium Phosphorus Sodium Zinc - 1,576 kJ (377 kcal) 97.33 g 96.21 g 0g 0g 0g 1.77 g 0.007 mg (0%) 85 mg (9%) 1.91 mg (15%) 346 mg (7%) 1 μg (0%) 29 mg (8%) 22 mg (3%) 39 mg (2%) 0.18 mg (2%) By- Products Raw sugar Raw sugar is obtained from the processing of the sugar cane juice extracted from the sugar cane stalks. The juice is clarified with lime and subsequently concentrated to produce massecuites which is a mixture of crystals and surrounding dense, dark brown liquid called molasses. The crystals (raw sugar) are separated from the molasses by centrifugation. Refined sugar is purified white sugar of approximately 99.50 pol, a moisture content of around 0.03% and an colour of less than 45. Sugarcane Juice The sugarcane variety for juice should give high in juice extraction and have high sugar content. Some of the varieties which are ideally suited for bottling of juice are CoC 671, Co 62175, Co 7717, Co 86032 and Co94012. The canes should be cleaned free of roots at the nodes and adhering soil particles. It is preferable to remove the rind portion of the cane by suitable means as the pigments present in the rind contribute to dark colour and unpleasant taste to the juice. The canes should be crushed in clean power operated crusher (preferably with stainless steel rollers) Then juice collected after filtration through muslin cloth into a clean sterilized stainless steel vessel. One medium sized lemon and 2-3g of ginger can be added for every 3kg of cane while the canes are crushed. Gur or Jaggery The result of the milling process is pure whole unrefined non-centrifugal cane sugar, called Panela (right). The earliest modern record of Panela is around 3000BC in India, where Panela was known as Gur Jaggery, or more commonly today Gur, or 'poor people’s sugar'. Procedure for Preparation of jaggery: 1. Fresh sugarcanes are cut from the fields, canes are cut in such a way that the head and tail are chopped off. They are carefully brought in a plastic sack, to the place where they are made juice. 2. To extract juice from the sugarcane, they use a small power run machine, where at one side four or five canes are fed, and at the other end, extracted sugar cane juice is directly feed to the vessel. 3. Next step involved is boiling the extracted juice, juice is feed to a large big iron vessel, which is usually called as kadai. Molasses Molasses is a viscous byproduct of the processing of sugar cane. To make molasses, the sugar cane juice is extracted from the canes, usually by crushing or mashing; it can also be removed by cutting. The juice is boiled to concentrate it, which promotes the crystallization of the sugar. The result of this first boiling and removal of the sugar crystals is first molasses, which has the highest sugar content because comparatively little sugar has been extracted from the source. Second molasses is created from a second boiling and sugar extraction, and has a slight bitter tinge to its taste. The third boiling of the sugar syrup makes blackstrap molasses. The majority of sucrose from the original juice has been crystallized, but blackstrap molasses is still mostly sugar by calories. However, unlike refined sugars, it contains significant amounts of vitamins and minerals. Blackstrap molasses is a source of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron; one tablespoon provides up to 20% of the daily value of each of those nutrients. Blackstrap, often sold as a health supplement, is also used in the manufacture of cattle feed and for other industrial uses. Bagasse The bagasse (or the crushed cane fibres), which results from the milling, is used in the boilers for steam production which is used to power the process. The surplus bagasse is used in industry, to produce power, make paper, building materials, as a fuel and even as stock feeds. Ethanol Sugarcane can also be used to make ethanol, a liquid that can be used as an automotive fuel or a gasoline additive. Sugarcane is an excellent feedstock because the biomass of the sugarcane plant is relatively rich in the sugar that can be readily turned into fuel. Brazil is the world’s leading producer of sugarcane ethanol and it is estimated that upward of 40% of Brazil’s transportation energy needs are met by sugar cane ethanol. Syrup Sugar cane syrup is athick syrup that is created by evaporating the juice extracted from sections of sugar cane. The preparation of this type of cane syrup usually involves boiling the juice for several hours, and making sure to skim the surface of the juice throughout the process. When prepared properly, this approach yields a thick syrup that is extremely sweet, making it ideal for use in both home cooking and the preparation of commercial foods living unicellular organisms that have been selected and isolated through research. Today. Sugarcane Tops Sugarcane tops are a major by-product of the sugarcane industry which is left in the field after harvest and widely used for feeding draught animals or cattle owned by workers on the sugar estates or by the sugar companies. sticky waste during juice extraction of cane stalks containing 5-15 % protein. and Marshmallows. Crystals form after 6–7 days. commonly known as sweets. Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce baker's yeast. protein-rich. Boiled sweets. About 4 kg of molasses would be required to produce 1 kg of active dry baker's yeast (92 percent dry matter). Toffees. It is normally produced from molasses. commonly known as sweets. it contains about 44 percent protein Confectionary Sugar confectionery refers to a large range of food items. On a dry matter basis. Thecandy is formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a surface suitable for crystal nucleation. Candy Candy is a type of confectionery mineral composed of relatively large sugar crystals. toffees. Yeast is used in bread production at about 1 percent by weight of flour. and fondant are all examples. is then usually aged in oak and other barrels Filter cake or mud press Filter cake or mud press is a chocolate. sugar confectionery includes a large range of food items. Rum Rum is a distilled beverage made from sugarcane by products such as molasses and sugarcane juice by a process of fermentation and distillation. Yeast Yeasts are complex. or leaves from sugarcane are mostly fed to large ruminants and so do not normally constitute a feed resource for small stock. The tops. It is a by-product with high potential as important component of organic fertilizer and animal feed and as source of sugarcane wax and methane (gas for fuel) when process. marshmallows. Food coloring may be added to the mixture to produce colored candy. Some examples are. 5-15 % sugar. The distillate. such as a string or stick. a clear liquid. Boiled sweets. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve and thus produces larger crystals. calcium and phosphorus. . 10-30% fiber. 10-20% ash and other micronutrients. . No producer/importer/exporter of sugar can sell/dispose of/deliver any kind of sugar except under and in accordance with the direction issued by the Government. As the SAPs are invariably higher than the SMP. Though this ratio has been considerably reduced to 10:90. it affects the viability of processing. the mills have to procure sugarcane at State Advice Prices (SAPs) fixed by the State governments. difficult to ensure owing to farmers harvesting more than the quantity ordered to clear their fields or diverting cane to gur/khandsari units. Sugarcane alone accounts for 60 per cent of the cost of sugar production. Though the Central Government fixes the Statutory Minimum Price (SMP) for sugarcane. There is a visible difference in the plant size and operational efficiency of the mills in the private and the co-operative sector. The profitability of sugar mills is affected by the ratio of free sale quota to levy quota. To achieve operational efficiency. It is however. Sugarcane Marketing About Sugarcane marketing Marketing Depends On Transport of Cane Cane Price and Payments Sugar Mills and Factories Marketing Depends On Marketing of sugarcane/sugar is highly controlled and subject to government restrictions. the sale of free sugar is subject to monthly release system. availability of sugarcane is required throughout the season and requires proper management of raw material. The sugar factories make payment to the registered cane growers through banks. Transport of Cane Organising an efficient cane transport system is of paramount importance.1. . The Tamil Nadu State Government has recently (year 2009-2010) fixed a price of Rs. 550 per tonne of cane with 9. Cane price and Payment The price for the sugarcane supplied to the sugar factory is fixed by the local state governments based on the cost of cultivation and other factors and the price is linked to the sugar recovery. Optimum economic distance for cane transport ranges from 10 to 26 km. so that the cane is delivered at required quantity within 24 hours.5 percent sugar recovery. op Sugar Mills and Factories Ambur Coop..Perambalur Sugar Mills.Madurantakam Coop. 209 District 625 21..Madura Pandiyarajapuram Madurai Ph: 04543-254261 Sugars. Sugar Mills Ltd. Sugar Mills 19. Sugar Mills Lingareddipalayam 605 502 Katterikuppam.: 08230-210844 Coop. 242337. Sugars Cheyyar PET. Mandya District-571 Ph. Ph: 0413 2674602 / 2674603 2674604 / 2674682 Public Sector Coop..250304 Ph: 04144 .252221 -2 lines Ph: 04171-242227. Anakkavoor. 608 702 Ph: 04151 . K.382425 Mills 303 District 20.. Krishnamurthy Coop. Eraiyur 621 133 Perambalur District. Ltd.. Ph: 04328 . Sugar Mills Ltd. Arignar Anna Sugar Kurungulam 613 Thanjavur Ph: 04362 . Moongilthuraipattu 605 702 Sethiathope. Chidambaram TK Villupuram District Cuddalore Dist.. Thenthandalam Village 604 401 District 426 Tiruvannamalai Ph: 04182-222354/222454 10.R.252221 / 252223 / 252235 . Sugar Mills Ltd. Amaravathy Coop.244391 / 92 / 93 / 95 Coromandel Makavalli. Sugar Mills And Factories Tamil Nadu Co. Sugar Mills Ltd.M. Sugar 642 Vadapudupet 635 812 Krishnapuram Vellore District Coimbatore Ph: 04252 . Sugar Mills Kallakurichi -I Coop. 111 District . Mills Ltd.R. Padalam 603 808 Kancheepuram District Ph: 04115-515221 / 515222 Pondicherry Coop. K.S..: 0831 . 246341 Cuddalore District Ph: 04144 .No. Ltd.235045 Jamakhandi Sugar HIREPADASALGI Naganur Jamakhandi Bagalkot Ph. 237251 Ph Ambika Sugar Sakthi Sugar Mills Pvt. 426 .. Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd. 55. 77. 2441371.. Karnataka 571 422 ALAGANCHI VILLAGE . Lalgudi Taluk. 16. Maddur Tq. Ph :0424246241. Erode Pennadam.Nanjangud. Ph.571 301 K. Mandya dist P.B. 66.: 08353 54081/54163 Mills 587 Ltd. Nagar. Rajashree Sugars & Chemicals Ltd Dharani Nagar Vaigai Dam Post. Advisor:224221 224196 GM: 224036.. Erode-638 007 & Mills Taluk Chemicals Ltd.: 08232 Fin. Bannari Amman Sugars Ltd. 591234 Sugars PET.244391 / 92 / 93 / 95 EID Parry India Ltd. Kurumbur Village. Sri Thittakudi Appakudai.Doddi.: 08232 . 220387 Sugar mills and factories in Karnataka state Sri Chamundeswari Sugars Ltd.B. MANDYA 571 401 Ph. Dist.... Cauvery Pallipalayam. Kothari Sugars Aranthangi Taluk.237250. 224228 Athani Farmers Sugar Vishnuanna Post: Navalihal Ph.. Private Sector Sugar Mills Dharani Sugars & Chemicals Ltd. Kattur Road. Mysore Dist. 2441372 : +91 ... Pudukottai Trichy District Ponni Sugars Odapalli. Aluthukombai Sadhmugi P. Mandya District-571 Ph. 27. 88. Bharathinagar. R.255425 / 236510 Factory Coromandel Makavalli. The Mysore Sugar Company Ltd Sugar Town.R. . Ltd.: 0821-228844. 301 Taluk. Post. Varadaraj Nagar Vasudevenallur – 627 760 Theni District Ph : 2441370..M. Erode – 638 401 Tamil Nadu. Ph : (91)-4295-220363..4546 .35342 / 35343 Ph.: 08230-210844 Ltd. Sathyamanglam TK. Kulamangalam 0452 Salai. Pathanamthitta Dt. Madurai 625 002 ..The Travancore sugars & chemicals Ltd.The Co.op Sugars Ltd. Sellur..Ayurveda Pandalam-689 501.Mannam sugar No. mills co. Ltd. Regulated markets for sugarcane in Tamil Nadu Villupuram Market Committee Market Committee/ Regulated Markets Address Std Code Phone No Commodities Thiyagadurgam Rishvindiyam Road. college. Chittur678 Tiruvalla-689 104.operative Valanjavattom p. 04259 Anaimalai 642 104 Theni Market Committee Market Committee/ Regulated Markets Address Std Code Madurai 16.4324. Palakkad.o.. 2. Thiyagadurgam 606 206 04151 233234 Sugarcane Std Code Phone No Commodities 262223 Sugarcane Phone No Commodities 650399 Sugarcane Coimbatore Market Committee Market Committee/ Regulated Markets Address Anaimalai Pollachi Road. 101. Sugar mills and factories in Kerala state 1. 3. Being an active member of Codex helps countries to compete in sophisticated world markets . Standard for Sugars CODEX STANDARD FOR SUGARS1 CODEX STAN 212-1999 1. CODEXALIMENTARIUS C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S is about safe. Codex standards serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation. advice and assistance to the Commission. The Codex Alimentarius Commission. International governmental and non-governmental organizations can become accredited Codex observers to provide expert information. Codex process . Codex standards are based on the best available science assisted by independent international risk assessment bodies or ad-hoc consultations organized by FAO and WHO.in many cases assisted by the Codex Trust Fund. SCOPE AND DESCRIPTION This Standard applies to the following sugars intended for human consumption without further processing (synonyms are in round brackets). established by FAO and WHO in 1963 develops harmonised international food standards.and train .and to improve food safety for their own population. good food for everyone . Powdered sugar (icing sugar) Finely pulverised white sugar with or without the addition of an anticaking agent Soft white sugar Fine grain purified moist sugar. . It includes sugars sold directly to the final consumer and sugars used as ingredients in foodstuffs. white in colour with a sucrose plus invert sugar content of not less than 97.5 ºZ. Consumers can trust the safety and quality of the food products they buy and importers can trust that the food they ordered will be in accordance with their specifications. At the same time exporters know what importers demand. guidelines and codes of practice contribute to the safety. Plantation or mill white sugar (or any other equivalent name accepted in the country of origin in which it is sold) Purified and crystallised sucrose (saccharose) with a polarisation not less than 99. and importers are protected from substandard shipments.participants from such countries to enable efficient participation. quality and fairness of this international food trade. The C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S international food standards. guidelines and codes of practice to protect the health of the consumers and ensure fair trade practices in the food trade. While being recommendations for voluntary application by members. The description of each of the sugars is also given below: Name Description White sugar Purified and crystallised sucrose (saccharose) with a polarisation not less than 99.0% m/m. The Commission also promotes coordination of all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non-governmental organizations.7 ºZ.everywhere. which strives to finance . Soft Sugars. Powdered Sugar (Icing Sugar). Lactose. and a total solids content of not less than 70. Adopted 1999. Glucose syrup A purified concentrated aqueous solution of nutritive saccharides obtained from starch and/or inulin. Dextrose Monohydrate. Dextrose monohydrate Purified and crystallised D-glucose containing one molecule of water of crystallisation. Dried Glucose Syrup. light to dark brown in colour with a sucrose plus invert sugar content of not less than 88. Glucose Syrup. with a D-glucose content of not less than 99. 1 This Standard replaced the Standards for White Sugar.0% m/m. Powdered Dextrose (Icing Dextrose). Dextrose Anhydrous. Soft brown sugar Fine grain purified moist sugar. with a D-glucose content of not less than 99.0% m/m.5% m/m on a dry basis and a total solids content of not less than 90. Dextrose anhydrous Purified and crystallised D-glucose without water of crystallisation. Dried glucose syrup Glucose syrup from which the water has been partially removed to give a total solids content of not less than 93. with or without the addition of an anticaking agent. Powdered dextrose (icing dextrose) Finely pulverised dextrose anhydrous or dextrose monohydrate or mixtures thereof.5% m/m on a dry basis and a total solids content of not less than 98.0% m/m (expressed as D-glucose on a dry basis).0% m/m.0% m/m. Amendment 2001. Glucose syrup has a dextrose equivalent content of not less than 20. and Fructose. .0% m/m. 5% m/m. which is crystallised from partially purified cane juice. and a glucose content of not more than 0. SULPHUR DIOXIDE The maximum permitted sulphur dioxide levels in the final product are set out below. and which is characterised by sucrose crystals covered with a film of cane molasses.1.0% m/m. provided that starch is not present: Calcium phosphate.0% m/m on a dry basis. Fructose (laevulose) Purified and crystallised D-fructose with a fructose content of not less than 98. 2. Maximum permitted level (mg/kg) 15 15 15 15 15 15 20 20 20 20 150 400 None 70 20 ANTICAKING AGENTS The following anticaking agents are permitted for use in powdered sugar and powdered dextrose to a maximum level of 1. Lactose A natural constituent of milk normally obtained from whey with an anhydrous lactose content of not less than 99. amorphous (dehydrated silica gel) Calcium silicate Magnesium trisilicate . It may be anhydrous or contain one molecule of water of crystallisation or be a mixture of both forms. Raw cane sugar Partially purified sucrose.2. tribasic Magnesium carbonate Silicon dioxide. Wherever possible levels should be as low as technologically achievable. without further purification. 2.5% m/m singly or in combination. Sugar White sugar Powdered sugar Dextrose anhydrous Dextrose monohydrate Powdered dextrose Fructose Soft white sugar Soft brown sugar Glucose syrup Dried glucose syrup Dried glucose syrup used to manufacture sugar confectionery Glucose syrup used to manufacture sugar confectionery Lactose Plantation or mill white sugar Raw cane sugar 2. FOOD ADDITIVES Only those food additives listed below may be present. but which does not preclude centrifugation or drying. 2 Other Sugars The products covered by this Standard shall comply with the maximum limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. 5.1 THE NAME OF THE FOOD All products covered by this Standard must conform to the description given for that product in Section 1 of the Standard. The products should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance with the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997) 5.2 LIST OF INGREDIENTS The presence of starch and the maximum amount present shall be declared on the label or containers of powdered sugar or powdered dextrose. and other relevant Codes of Hygienic Practice an Codes of Practice.1 Raw cane sugar Raw cane sugar shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to human health. LABELLING In addition to the provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985).2 PESTICIDE RESIDUES The products covered by this standard shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for these commodities. CODEX STAN 212-1999 Page 3 of 5 Sodium aluminosilicate Calcium aluminosilicate Powdered sugar and powdered dextrose may have up to 5% starch added if no anticaking agent is used. the following specific provisions apply: 5. 6. HYGIENE It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the Recommended International Code of Practice .the name shall be accompanied by a reference to dextrose anhydrous or dextrose monohydrate or both as appropriate. 3. In addition. 3. CONTAMINANTS 3.1. 4. .1 HEAVY METALS 3. Where the glucose syrup contains fructose above 5% it shall bear a description to reflect this. the following specific provision applies to powdered dextrose (icing dextrose) .General Principles of Food Hygiene recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC/RCP 1-1969).1. METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING See relevant Codex texts on methods of analysis and sampling. 3. II. I. ADDITIONAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS See relevant Codex texts on methods of analysis and sampling. CODEX STAN 212-1999 Page 3 of 5 ANNEX This text is intended for voluntary application by commercial partners and not for application by governments. . ADDITIONAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS The composition and quality factors for the sugars covered by the Standard are set out in Table 1. 0 4.1a 4.5 6.0 N/A N/A 5.5 3.0 Loss on drying (% m/m) 0.5-7.2 0.3-12.1 Dextrose anhydrous Invert sugar content (% m/m) 0.0 0.5-7.0 97.3-on a dry basis N/A 0.0-on a dry basis 1. Table 1: Additional Composition and Quality Factors White sugar Composition and quality factors Sulphated ash (% m/m) N/A Conductivity ash (% m/m) PMWS N/A 0.1a 0.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A Colour (ICUMSA units) pH (for 10% m/m) 60 150 N/A 60 60 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 30 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1 12.5 N/A N/A 0.04 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1 N/A 0.0 0.25-on a dry basis 1.25-on a dry basis 0.0 0.25-on a dry basis 0.0-on a dry basis N/A 0.0 N/A N/A n t .04 0.04 Soft brown sugars Soft white sugars Powdered sugar (icing sugar) Dextrose monohydrate Powdered dextrose Glucose syrup Dried glucose syrup Fructose Lactose 3.1a N/A N/A N/A N/A Starch content (% m/m) N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.04 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Sucrose plus invert sugar content (% m/m expressed as sucrose) N/A N/A 88. N/A .not applicable. or to powdered sugar (icing sugar) to which starch has been added . a does not apply to white sugar in lump or cube form or to crystal candy sugar (crystal korizato) or to rock sugar (korizato). PMWS .Plantation or mill white sugar. Contact: USDA-ARS. LA 70360 .za USDA-ARS. expand the cropping range. An Extension Service provides the essential link between researchers and sugarcane farmers. SOUTH AFRICAN SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE 170 Flanders Drive. Mount Edgecombe Private Bag X02. 5883 USDA Road Houma. and combat a constantly evolving pest complex that includes diseases. (985) 868-8369 . SUGARCANE RESEARCH UNIT The Location provides administrative and facility support to the Sugarcane Research Unit as it strives to develop research-based solutions that enhance the viability of sugarcane as a sugar and/or biofuels feedstock. SASRI also offers a range of services including fertiliser advice.Crop protection. insects. disease diagnoses and education courses.org. and weeds. Fax. Research at SASRI is clustered within four multidisciplinary programmes. namely variety improvement. Tel. (985) 872-5042 . 4300 Telephone: (031) 508 7400 Fax: (031) 508 7597 E-mail: sasri@sugar. Mount Edgecombe. Contact: 1.crop production & management and system design and optimization. SUGARCANE INSTITUTIONS AND SCHEMES About Sugarcane Institution International Institutions National Institutions Sugarcane Research Station Schemes International Institutions SOUTH AFRICAN SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Functions: The South African Sugarcane Research Institute (SASRI) is a world renowned agricultural research institute at the forefront of a thriving sugar industry. Sugarcane Research Unit. This is implemented using multidisciplinary research teams to develop improved varieties and environmentally friendly production strategies that will insure industry profitability. Telephone No : (92-29) -770524. Sindh. Contact: Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture. Sugarcane Research Institute. Thatta. Pabna. 770267 Fax: Fax:(92-29) 770524 Email: keerio10@hotmail. Thatta. Contact: National Sugar Crops Research Institute (NSRI). To screen sugarcane varieties for flowering synchronization. To test national and international sugarcane varieties.com . Two basic functions are performed by this institute: a) Development of sugarcane variety as well as improved production technology and b) Dissemination of varieties and technologies to the farming community. Fax: 88 07326 63888 NATIONAL SUGAR CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE (NSRI) Objectives: To collect and test viability of sugarcane fuzz. Bangladesh Telephone: +88 07326 63414 (Exchange). Pakistan. PARC-Makli. BANGLADESH SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Bangladesh Sugarcane Research Institute (BSRI) is only institute in the country which is mandated to conduct research and provide sugarcane technology to meet the demand of the farmers in the mill zones and non-mill zones and to keep sugarcane cultivation a viable enterprise for the farmers. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Ishurdi . +88 07326 63628 (DG). To develop new sugarcane varieties.6620. Khoksa-ard.36110 . Contact: Director Sugarcane Research Institute Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science 363. 399 Moo Chunpae – Phukieo Road. Mitr phol Sugarcane Research Center. Chaiyaphum . ER. First is to increase sugar production per unit area and quality through a dedicated breeding program and to develop package of practices for maximizing cane production through fertilizer. Sugarcane crossing/breeding and development of new techniques. Eastern Lingquan Road Kaiyuan Yunnan Province. Thailand. YUNNAN SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Functions: Sugarcane germplasm (including new elite varieties)exchange and introduction. Sugarcane molecular biotechniques and genetic engineering. Second is through transfer of appropriate and new technology to farmers and finally to conduct researches in process to improve recoveries and quality of sugar and byproducts. Phukieo. Sugarcane drought resistance and water saving techniques. THAILAND Our objectives and approach is three fold. China Tel : 86-87347227014 MITR PHOL SUGARCANE RESEARCH CENTER.weed and water management. Experts exchange visits and scientific exchange. George. Barbados. St. Groves. High Quality Breeding 2. High Biomass and Multipurpose Cane Varieties 4. . Breeding strategies and the genetic basis for important agronomic traits Contact: West Indies Central Sugar Cane Breeding Station. BB19073. WEST INDIES CENTRAL SUGAR CANE BREEDING STATION Functions: 1. Genetic Base Broadening 3. Development of superior sugarcane varieties with special reference to subtropics. To develop cost effective Agro-techniques for enhanced input use efficiency and sustained soil health. Dilkusha. which is being used continuously for the enlargement of the genetic base of future sugarcane varieties and improvement of productivity. one of the pioneering breeding institutes in the world was established in 1912. P. to evolve superior varieties of sugarcane to cater to the needs of the various agro climatic zones in the country. climate and constraints and still with a productivity as good as any other country of this magnitude. evolved by the Institute have elevated the status of the nation from a sugar importer to the largest manufacturer of sugar in the world today. Today we have the privilege of being the largest producer of sugar from an area of 4. Minimising abuse of repetitive use of tractor and associated equipment on soil health 3. Lucknow . India.226 002 Ph: (Director) 0522-2480726 (EPABX) 0522-2480735/6/7. insect pathotypes/races and bio-control agents. To develop technology to minimise post-harvest deterioration of sugarcane.229 million hectares of land. Water harvesting at IISR farm 2. Indian varieties are being grown and used as breeding stocks in 26 other countries in the world as well. NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SUGARCANE RESEARCH Objectives: Monitoring of sugarcane diseases. Coimbatore. Requisite instrumentation Contact: Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Raibareli Road. In addition to the major role . Superior varieties of sugarcane. Application of Biotechnological approaches for sugarcane improvement. Developing appropriate technology for 1. pests and rodents including To develop technologies for rearing and mass production of bio-agents of insect pests and diseases. encompassing all types of soil.in SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE Sugarcane Breeding Institute.O. Fax : 0522-2480738 Email: iisrlko@sancharnet. The Institute also is the repository of the largest collection of sugarcane germplasm in the world. Extension and Biometrical aspects of Sugarcane. evolving varieties for different agro climatic zones of the state. COUNCIL OF SUGAR CANE RESEARCH Functions: The institute are engaged in fulfilling the major objectives of the organisation like conducting research on various aspects of sugarcane in relation to breeding and productivity.R.O. Distt. since its establishment.Ph:91-422-2472621 Fax:0422-2472923 Email:sugaris@vsnl. a new method of hybridization "Modified Lantern Technique" was developed at Seorahi. The major objective of this institute is to evolve improved varieties of sugarcane besides basic and applied research in Genetics.274407 U.P. Physiology.India Director .B. india. high yielding and disease resistant varieties by implementing desired crossing programme in U. P.P. Institute. and Bihar. For the first time in history of sugarcane breeding. Contact: Director Sugarcane Breeding Institute Coimbatore . Agronomy. Tamil Nadu.P.S.p. Contact: Genda Singh Sugarcane Breeding & Research Institute SEORAHI. Tumkuhi Raj.05564-262024 SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION-GUJARAT .sugaris@md3. It has successfully released about twenty four varieties till date. Shahjahanpur (uttar pradesh). Pathology. Entomology. GENDA SINGH SUGARCANE BREEDING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE G. Khusinagar . Cytogenetics. which made it possible to develop high sugared. commendable contributions have been made in the areas of crop production and crop protection researches also. ph. Agricultural. has been playing an active role in the development and release of new sugarcane varieties suitable for the agro-climatic zone of the eastern U.641 007.vsnl.com.in U. Council of sugar cane research. Contact: U. producing and multiplying the nucleus seeds of improved varieties for distribution to the farmers and disseminating the research findingsthrough various communication media. Biochemistry.P. as the source of improved varieties for the nation. Soil and Pesticide Chemistry.S.net. Technology for cane mechanization. · Screening of various genotypes against pests and diseases. Economic utilization of sugarcane by. Punjab. Barpali.products. Contact: Sugarcane Research Station Navsari Agricultural University Navsari-396 450. · To provide technical services such as advisory. consultative. Production technology for ratoon cropping. Development of varieties for varied soil and climatic conditions. Gujarat SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Contact: Suagracane Adaptive Trial Substation. MAIN SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION . extension and information services as well as training facilities to sugarcane farmers and technical personnel's of Sugar industries. · Screening of various varieties for jaggery including research on jaggery making and storage. Drought and salinity effect and post harvest losses minimization. Distt Sambalapur. Objectives: · To work out the production technologies for recommended and promising sugarcane varieties. · To carryout time-bound. PUNJAB Functions: Cane and sugar yield maximization research. result oriented research on various priority problems. · To carryout research on the utilization of by-products of the sugarcane and sugar industries. Research for efficient cropping system. 4.srswb. Junagadh district. Government of West Bengal (Department of Agriculture) Website: www. To develop production technology under limited water. 2. 6.org. To develop sugarcane varieties resistance to salinity. Bethuadahari. Contact: Main Sugarcane Research Station. drought and water logging conditions. poor quality of irrigation water and saline soils of costal area. 7. To work out appropriate sugarcane based cropping system under different farming situation. Contact: Sugarcane Research Station. To develop the economical agronomic package of practices for sugarcane crop. Email :info@srswb. Survey and surveillance of sugarcane insect pests.org. Objectives 1. 5. To evaluate the Coimbatore canes under different agro-climatic conditions. To screen the most stable sugarcane variety for south saurashtra Agro-climatic zone of Gujarat. To identify the pest and diseases its nature of damage and to work out its control measures. 3. Gujarat. Nadia. To find out the nutrient and water requirement of promising varieties of sugarcane. Ph No: (03474) 255353. Kodinar. SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION-WEST BENGAL Functions: Agronomic Evaluation of Promising Sugarcane genotypes Evaluation of Pre-Zonal/Zonal varieties /genotypes for resistance to red rot. 8. VASANTDADA SUGAR INSTITUTE . Junagadh Agricultural University. wilt and smut Survey of sugarcane diseases naturally occurring in the area on important sugarcane varieties Evaluation of Zonal varieties /genotypes for their reaction against major insect pests.Pin-741126. India Ph: 091-512-2570541/ 542/543/730 .vsnl. Dist. Assistance is also provided to Central and State Governments in matters relating to sugar and allied industries. sugar and sugarcane chemistry and sugar engineering in general and those of sugar factories in particular utilization of byproducts of sugar industry and Give technical advice and assistance to sugar factories with a view to improving their efficiency and to assist them in their day-to-day problems. Taluka Haveli. development of elite sugarcane varieties through hybridization and undertaking field performance trials under AICRP programme of the selected promising genotypes. 26993989 Fax : 091-20-26992735 E Mail: vsilib@giaspn01. UP. Sindhudurg as a suitable place for establishing a Sugarcane Breeding Centre. sugar technology.in NATIONAL SUGAR INSTITUTE The main functions of the Institute are : Provide technical education and training in research in all branches of sugar chemistry. Contact: National Sugar Institute. Provide technical education and training in research in all branches of sugar chemistry. sugar factories in Maharashtra are provided with the planting and harvesting programme for achieving maximum returns. Taking into consideration the suitability of the released sugarcane varieties. sugar engineering and allied fields. sugar engineering and allied fields. Fax: 091-512-2570247 E Mail: nsiknp@sancharnet. Under the project various sugarcane varieties are tested for determining their suitability for growing them in various agro-climatic zones. Kanpur-208017.in . Section has also undertaken the studies on the flowering behaviour of sugarcane varieties at various locations in Maharashtra and has identified Amboli. Kalyanpur. UP. This section is engaged in collection and maintenance of sugarcane germplasm. sugar technology. Pune-412 307. Contact: Vasantdada Sugar Institute Manjari Bk. undertake research on problems pertaining to sugar technology. Vasantdada Sugar Institute is one of the recognized centres under All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on sugarcane since 1986.net. India Ph: 091-20-26993988. com arscuddalore@tnau. saline and alkaline conditions.607 001 Tamil Nadu. red rot. Contact: SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION.GUDIATHAM . India Phone : +91-4142-220630 Fax : +91-4142-212630 E-mail :
[email protected] SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION. high quality sugarcane varieties which are resistant to early drought and late water logging.639 115. To evolve high yielding. smut and internode borer.TRICHY TAMILNADU.ac. INDIA. To develop Integrated Nutrient Management practices with special emphasis on soil- plant-health care. RESEARCH STATION TamilNadu SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION. SIRUGAMANI Sugarcane activities: To tackle the problems in sugarcane cultivation in wetland under flow irrigation. SIRUGAMANI. TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY.in SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION. arssgm @tnau.cuddalore OBJECTIVES: To develop sugarcane varieties with high yield and high quality for different seasons To carry out research for increasing sugarcane production in the coastal belt To develop cost effective and adoptable sugarcane production techniques To formulate integrated pest and disease management practices for sugarcane Contact: Sugarcane Research Station Semmandalam. Cuddalore . Priyanka for cultivation. Thiruvalla. 4. Evolving shade tolerant clones suitable for growing as intercrop in coconut gardens.THIRUVALLA Functions: Three sugarcane hybrids . Contact: Sugarcane research station.Madhuri. Thiruvalla.KANNUR . Evolving high yielding and good quality clones with tolerance to come up well in the tannery effluent affected soils. 5. Evolving high yield and high quality clones suitable for early. 2. Thirumadhiram and Madhurima . 7.o.were released from this Centre for cultivation. The cultivar Co 7704 was identified as resistant to red rot and recommended for cultivation.Kaumudi and a bitter gourd variety . Evolving drought tolerant clones. Contact: Sugarcane Research Station. Identifying suitable management practices for obtaining maximum sugarcane and sugar yield per unit time.. Kallunkal p. Melalathur . The Centre also released a snake gourd variety . Gudiatham. Pathanamthitta Dt-689 102 Ph: 0469-2604181 SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE RESEARCH CENTRE. mid and late season crushing. Pathanamthitta Dt-689 102 Ph: 0469-2604181Kallunkal p. Ph: 04171-220275 SUGARCANE RESEARCH STATION. Agrotechniques for the cultivation of sugarcane were standardised and recommended.. 6. 3. Objectives: 1.635 806 North Arcot Dt. Evolving clones suitable for jaggery production. The Centre identified yield barriers of sugarcane in the areas. Screening varieties resistance to various pests and diseases.o. An appraisal on the major sugarcane diseases of Kerala was also done. SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE RESEARCH CENTRE. Contact: Sugarcane Breeding Institute. REGIONAL CENTRE-KARNAL Objectivies: To evaluate the sugarcane germplasm under sub-tropical conditions and identify potential donors. Mandate Maintenance of world collection of sugarcane germplasm Developing varieties resistant / tolerant to water logging Utilization of germplasm resources for developing new genetic stocks sugarcane germplasm : collection. Opp.670 002 Kerala. Kannur . Regional Centre Agarsein Marg. Karnal E-mail: bksahi.In. Karnal – 132 001 Ph: 0184-2268096: 0184-2265567 EPBX Extn 1-35 Fax: 0184-2265723 Gram: IKSHU.No. abiotic stresses in sub-tropical climatic conditions. biotic.@Yahoo. maintenance. sugar yield components. SUGARCANE BREEDING INSTITUTE. Tel.KARNATAKA . documentation and utilisation Contact: Sugarcane Breeding Institute Research Centre. To evaluate sugarcane varieties for sub-tropical conditions of the country. 52. PWD colony Post Box No.co. 0497-2705054. evaluation. To conduct inheritance studies in sugar -cane varietal crosses. · To produce breeder seed of some elite sugarcane varieties for supplying to sugar mills/farmers. Civil Station Post. Ph : 0853-40482 SCHEMES . Karnataka. to take up sugarcane cultivation on scientific lines To test the varieties of sugarcane under the agro-climatic conditions of North Karnataka. Girishnagar. to select and multiply seeds of suitable varieties. Jamkhandi-587302. Objectivies: To encourage and assist farmers in the backward district of Bijapur. Bijapur (Dt). and to supply diseasefree healthy seeds of these varieties to farmers for commercial cultivation To evolve and popularise sound soil and water management practices To educate and train farmers in various aspects of scientific agriculture To devise and popularise labour-saving agricultural implements and machines suited to the region Contact: Sugarcane Breeding Institute Research Centre. production and productivity of sugarcane in Tamil Nadu.Physical 10500 (ha.75 5 Demonstration Plots (Nos. The Nilgiris and Kanyakumari with the objective of increasing area. WORLD BANK AIDED TAMIL NADU IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE MODERNIZATION AND WATER BODIES RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT (TN IAMWARM) PROJECT .00 37.2000 Programme for 2000-2001 1 Area coverage (L.90 2. Cultivator.50 3.) 1000 10500 4 Release of parasite .) 2.00 3 Release of parasite . in Lakhs) 3. Chisel Plough etc. No. SUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT SCHEME The State Scheme on sugarcane development is being implemented in all the districts except Thoothukudi. Self propelled Paddy Transplanters.75 2..ha.13 (Rs.75 2 Gur Production (L.00 37.Financial 3. : All farmers for : Programme will be completed within the financial year. Rotavator. Ramanathapuram. Disc Plough. Power Tillers.) 575 575 575 AGRICULTURAL MECHANISATION PROGRAMME Name of Scheme : Agricultural Mechanisation Programme Project Area : All Districts (Except Chennai) Details of Works : Subsidy assistance is provided to farmers for procuring Agricultural Machinery and implements such as Tractors. whichever is less. Sl. Self propelled paddy reapers. Benefits (Subsidy) Eligibility Time-limit Implementation offered : 25% of the cost of machinery / implements or the ceiling limit prescribed by Government of India for each machinery / implement.MT) 37. Components Target 1999-2000 Achievement Upto Feb. 95% subsidy to SC/ST farmers Construction of Harvesting Structures Water 100% grant to farmers however the 10% beneficiary contribution is collected for maintenance Eligibility : All farmers in the selected sub-basins. 10% beneficiary contribution is collected for maintenance. However. Time-limit for Implementation : Programme completion annually PRECISION FARMING-SUGARCANE . Communication and Capacity Building Benefits offered (Subsidy) : Installation of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation 50% subsidy to farmers subject to the ceiling fixed by systems Government of India PVC Pipe laying & Community Bore wells 100% grant to farmers.Education. Information. Farm mechanization 100% subsidy to Water Users Association Construction of Farm ponds 90% subsidy to General Category farmers. Underground PVC Pipe laying and community Bore wells Farm mechanization Construction of Farm ponds Construction of Water Harvesting Structures such as Check dams & Percolation Ponds are proposed to be taken up in the above sub basins. Name of Scheme : World Bank aided Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water bodies Restoration and Management (TN IAMWARM) Project Details of Works : Installation of Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation systems. particularly in disaster years. the State Government have sanctioned Rs. Besides. clusters by registering the Farmers Societies for obtaining Bank loan and for marketing their produce.88 crores. it is programmed to cover 4000 hectares with Agricultural Crops during 2009-10 at a cost of Rs. This technology is highly effective for Agricultural Crops like Sugarcane. Cotton.40 crores sanctioned to extend 50% subsidy and Tamil Nadu is the only State providing premium subsidy under crop insurance scheme for protecting the farmers. • To encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices.10. Sugarcane. drip irrigation with fertigation is provided besides adoption of all other scientific cultivation methods. Bringing more area with available water and get higher production through adoption of scientific methods of cultivation. as per Government of India norms 5% subsidy is provided by Government of India to small and marginal farmers in both loanee and nonloanee category. This programme will be implemented as 20 Ha. NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE SCHEME . Oilseeds. Till 2005-06. MINOR IRRIGATION SCHEME . Annual Commercial/ Annual Horticultural Crops are covered. only the enrolled loanee farmers got the benefits. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme is implemented in all the districts by the state Government through Agricultural Insurance company of India Ltd with the objective.8 crores to extend 50% premium subsidy during 2006-07 to non-loanee farmers to motivate them to enroll under crop insurance scheme. Cotton and Maize. high value inputs and higher technology in Agriculture. Under this scheme. During 2008-09. The Precision Farming technology is capable of increasing the productivity of crops by 2 to 3 times over the present level of productivity. • To help stabilize farm incomes. an amount of Rs. pests and diseases. In order to provide the benefits of the scheme to non loanee farmers also. Millets and Pulses). To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities.TAMILNADU National Agricultural Insurance Scheme is being implemented in Tamilnadu from the year Kharif 2000 onwards. Under this programme. the Food crops (Cereals. The 50% subsidy extended for Drip irrigation is now enhanced to 65% subsidy with the central assistance of 40% and State assistance of 25% from 10%. Training is imparted by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University on technological aspects. KARANATAKA . disc plough etc. 2 Dry Land Development 1. Revitalisation of wells by side boring and blasting in hard rock areas. multi crop thrasher. and 25% subsidy assistance or the ceiling limit prescribed by the Government of India whichever is less.No Component Item of works 1 Agricultural Mechanisation a) Introduction of newly developed agricultural1 machinery / implements b) Popularising conventional machinery / implements. post hole digger etc. paddy transplanter . cultivator.. The dry land development works are taken up with 90% grant and 10% farmers’ contribution. Name of Area of operation: All Details of Works: Scheme: Minor District (Except Nilgiris Irrigation and Kanyakumari Scheme District) Selection of sites for construction of openwell and Borewells. Construction of tubewells in alluvial soil.. offset disc harrow. Construction of Borewells in hard rock areas. Plastic lined farm pond with portable sprinkler unit b) Unlined farm c) Compartmental Bunding 3 pond Establishment of land resources Digitisation of cadastral maps inventory and GIS data base potential crop growing villages Benefits (Subsidy) of offered : 50% subsidy assistance is provided to farmers for purchasing (Subsidy) newly developed agricultural machinery/ implements such as mini combine harvester. Eligibility: Farmers of all categories NATIONAL AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (NADP) Name of Scheme : National Agriculture Development Programme (NADP) Project Area : All Districts (except Chennai) Details of Works : Sl. is provided to farmers for purchasing conventional machinery / implements such as power tiller. rotavator. Chowugle House. T The expenditure on any "New Initiative" should not be more than 10% of the total allocation to the State under the Macro Management Scheme. SUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT SCHEME UNDER MMMA Scheme Details This Scheme aims at development in agriculture through Work Plans prepared by the States themselves. Cresent Road. The Scheme provides flexibility to States to develop and pursue activities on the basis of their regional priorities. 6th floor. The approved pattern of assistance under the scheme is in the ratio of 90:10 for the Centre and the States respectively. How To Apply The Commissioner for Cane Development & Director of Sugar. Bangalore . The States have flexibility within given parameters to select Schemes of their choice out of the 27 Schemes and their components and include them in their Work Plans. The States are also free to include new interventions in the Work Plans provided it is not covered under any other Scheme of the Central Government or is not part of any ongoing State Scheme. The Central assistance to be released will be in the ratio of 80% Grant and 20% Loan. Government of Karnataka No 32.560 001 Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148 Fax: 080 – 22250248 LOAN FOR CLEARANCE OF CANE PRICE ARREARS . Gen.Loganathan INA Cross. This apart. These include capital/interest subsidy.560 052 Ph: 080 22282220/21.08 sugar season (October-September). profits earned from sale of renewable power are exempt from Income Tax for any 10 years out of the first 15 years of project’s operation.19. accelerated depreciation. Further. preferential tariff for grid interactive renewable power is being given in most potential States.560 001 Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148 Fax: 080 – 22250248 CENTRAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROVIDED UNDER VARIOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY SCHEMES / PROGRAMMES Scheme Details The Government has been providing several concessions in the form of fiscal and Financial incentives to encourage the use of renewable energy sources. How To Apply The Commissioner for Cane Development & Director of Sugar.D. 22208109. Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Ltd. 22207851 Fax: 080 22257399 LOANS FROM SUGAR DEVELOPMENT FUNDS . Cresent Road. nil/concessional excise and customs duties. Scheme Details The Central Government approved a scheme in December. 6th floor. 2007 to provide loans for sugar factories from banks on the basis of excise duty paid and payable in 2006-07 and 2007-08 sugar seasons on production of sugar. with full interest subvention up to a maximum of twelve per cent per annum. How To Apply M/s. Government of Karnataka No 32. Chowugle House. No. Bangalore .. as applicable to all new infrastructure projects. Maj. out of which five per cent of the interest subvention was provided through budgetary support from the Central Government and the rest seven per cent from the Sugar Development Fund to utilize the loan proceeds for payment of sugarcane arrears of 2006-07 and sugarcane dues of 2007. Bangalore . Queen's Road. A. iii) Loans to any sugar factory or any unit thereof for bagasse based cogeneration power projects with a view to improving their viability. ethanol plant. 6th floor. The source of the Fund is the proceeds of the duty of excise levied and collected under the Sugar Cess Act.560 001 Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148 Fax: 080 – 22250248 LONG TERM LEASE OF SHUT COOPERATIVE SUGAR FACTORIES . ii) Loans for undertaking of any scheme for development of sugarcane in the area in which any sugar factory is situated. the following types of loans can be given to the sugar factories from the Fund: i) Loans for facilitating the rehabilitation and modernization of any sugar factory or any unit there of Expansion of crushing capacity upto 10. How To Apply The Commissioner for Cane Development & Director of Sugar. Among other purposes for which the Fund can be applied. Cresent Road.560 001 Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148 Fax: 080 . Government of Karnataka No 32. Bangalore . Bangalore . Chowugle House. iv) Loans to any sugar factory or any unit thereof for production of anhydrous alcohol or ethanol with a view to improving their viability.22250248 CONVERSION OF PURCHASE TAX ON SUGARCANE INTO INTEREST FREE LOAN Scheme details: New sugar factories and existing sugar factories who have not availed purchase tax deferment having co-generation facilities and ethanol production would be considered for conversion of purchase tax on sugar cane as interest free loan on case to case basis depending on the financial position of the factory In case of existing Sugar factories which establish co-generation plants. net of cost of collection and the moneys received by the Central Government for the purposes of this Act including any income from investment of such amounts. Government of Karnataka No 32. but limited to the investment made on such additional projects. How To Apply The Commissioner for Cane Development & Director of Sugar. 1982. Cresent Road.000 TCD is considered part of modernization. Chowugle House. such investment will be treated as expansion for availing incentives & concessions as per this Policy. 6th floor. 1982 provides for formation of a fund to be called Sugar Development Fund. Scheme Details The Sugar Development Fund Act. 000-00 or 60% of the value of the agricultural produce may be paid to the farmers against the pledge of their agricultural produce.5% will be charged for the next two successive months The scheme is for a short period of 90 days How To Apply http://maratavahini. This will increase crushing operation. How To Apply The Commissioner for Cane Development & Director of Sugar. Cresent Road. Scheme details: Cooperative sugar factories. 50.htm SUGARCANE DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES .in/apmc_eng/ e_schemes.22250248 PLEDGE LOAN SCHEME Scheme details: This scheme is in force since 1994-95 in 132 markets of the State. 6th floor. Bangalore . Chowugle House.560 001 Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148 Fax: 080 .22250248 ESTABLISHMENT OF SUGAR INDUSTRY SPECIFIC ZONES Scheme details: Sugar industry specific zones will be created in Bidar. Loans up to Rs. 6th floor. Government of Karnataka No 32.560 001 Ph: 080 22250248 / 22262148 Fax: 080 . Bagalkot.kar. Interest at the rate of 8% and 12. No interest will be charged for the first 30 days.nic. How To Apply The Commissioner for Cane Development & Director of Sugar. Chowugle House. Government of Karnataka No 32. Shimoga and Mandya Districts. Belgaum. which have remained shut for long owing to a variety of reasons will be handed over to private entrepreneurs on a 30-year lease. Cresent Road. Bangalore . 4.subject to a maximum of Rs 5 lacs per borrower KERELA . Scheme details: Rs.45 lakhs is provided for conducting demonstrations and supply of equipment seed sets.650?-per gram. SWARNA MITRA SCHEME The Salient Feature of the scheme are presented below: Scheme to provide easy loans to meet their immediate agricultural requirement Loans against pledge of gold ornaments Rate of interest as applicable to agricultural cash credits Repayment coinciding with the harvesting season Advance amount RS. 100. Outlay of the scheme is Rs. floods. Ministry/Department Agriculture Department Description Farmers in the State face production risks on various counts.00 lakhs. etc. with contribution from the participating farmers. Crop Insurance Scheme Sponsored by State Government Funding Pattern 100% by State Government. covering 25 major crops grown in the state since 1995. Beneficiaries Farmers enrolled in this insurance scheme Eligibility criteria Any farmer. A crop insurance scheme has been in operation in the State. The present scheme aims at revamping the crop insurance programme making it viable so as to cater to risk coverage of small and marginal farmers. How to Avail By contacting the Agriculture department and local self government institutions Validity of the Scheme Introduced On 01 / 04 / 1995 Valid Upto 31 / 03 / 2010 Schemes for Integrated Pest Management System . such as drought. It is in this context that the agriculture department of Government of Kerala has proposed a scheme to establish a full-fledged system of pest surveillance in a phased manner. The total outlay of the scheme is Rs.Creating awareness among farmers on the prominent pests and diseases. How to Avail By contacting the Department of Agriculture. to cover major crops of the State.To keep pests and diseases of crops below Economic Threshold level by adopting an integrated pest management practice.Constant pest surveillance and monitoring to ascertain pest population 3. These high yielding varieties are susceptible to various pests. the share of high yielding varieties of seeds has increased by leaps and bounds in the total quality of seeds used in the State for cultivation of food crops. The main objectives of the scheme are: 1. Validity of the Scheme Introduced On 01 / 04 / 2009 Valid Upto 31 / 03 / 2010 Small Farm Mechanisation . Sponsored by State Government Funding Pattern 100% by State Government Ministry/Department Agriculture Department Description Of late. 50. 2. The thrust of the scheme will be on biocontrol measures from a long-term perspective. and the concerned Panchayat. which cause severe damage to crops and suggest measures to prevent them.00 lakh Beneficiaries Farmers Eligibility criteria Any farmer. 50 lakh is to give special support for development of machines suited to garden land agriculture.and the rate of interest is 5%. Name of the Scheme Small Farm Mechanisation Sponsored by State Government Funding Pattern 100% State Government Ministry/Department Agriculture Department The primary objective of the scheme with total outlay of Rs. local self government institutions Validity of the Scheme Introduced On 01 / 04 / 2009 Valid Upto 31 / 03 / 2012 Mahila Kisan Yojana The Scheme “Mahila Kisan Yojana” is meant to assist women beneficiaries belonging to Scheduled Castes to engage in agricultural and allied activities and generate income for the sustenance of their family. Description Details The object of the scheme is to provide credit for the purchase of new tractor/new tractor for 2nd time/tractor rennovation/repair/replacement of spares/small tractors (GOI ) scheme/power tiller/thresher/power sprayer Eligibility criteria Any farmer How to Avail By contacting the Agriculture department. import of equipments suited for undulating terrain as well as to support R&D on small farm mechanization. The assistance is rendered to those beneficiaries having minimum or marginal land holdings on their own which are suitable for undertaking any kind of agricultural activity. The larger objective of the scheme is to initiate a comprehensive mechanization project in the State. Modernisation of Agricultural Farms under the Department of Agriculture . The maximum unit cost of the scheme is 50.000/. The loan is repayable within a period of 5 years. 00 lakhs. Name of the Scheme Modernisation of Agricultural Farms under the Department of Agriculture Sponsored by State Government Funding Pattern 100% by State Government Ministry/Department Agriculture Department The Government farms under the Department of Agriculture. The outlay will be used for purchase of newly evolved planting materials. As part of the scheme. increasing the area under progeny orchards production of planting materials and infrastructure works. It is in this context that the government envisages this scheme to augment the production of planting materials through departmental farms. Description How to Avail By contacting the Department of Agriculture and concerned panchayaths State sponsored sugarcane programme . spread all over the state. the farms will be provided with basic as well as sophisticated infrstructural facilities like green houses. seed processing and storage facilities. The scheme aims at modernizing the departmental farms under the agriculture department so that they function not only as production centers of quality planting materials. irrigation support. 125. tissue culture. The total outlay of the scheme is Rs. are the primary agency involved in the production and supply of planting materials of various crops to the farmers. but also as centers of demonstration for advanced agricultural technology. 1000/- Soil and Sett Treatment Programme Under this scheme.50 percent From Sugar Mill : 27.50 percent From Cane Development Council : 10. plant protection chemicals/ urea are sprayed on farmers cane fields.1000/. nucleus cane seeds are obtained from sugarcane research centres and distributed to farmers.500/.50 percent From Sugar Mill : 27. Improved Cane Seed Production and Distribution Scheme Under this scheme foundation and primary seed nurseries are sown on farmers field objective : To provide improved seed to farmers. SC/ST : Rs. 2000/i. Primary Nursery : Seeds/sets produced from foundation nurseries are used for sowing primary nurseries.50 percent From Cane Development Council : 10. SC/ST : Rs.00 percent CENTRAL SCHEMES .hect.00 percent Ratoon Management Programme Under this scheme. Following subsidies are given to farmers : Subsidy : From Government : 12.00 percent Total : 50. i.hect. Subsidy : General Rs. Such nurseries are maintained by progressive and skilled farmers : Subsidy : General Rs. Subsidy : From Government : 12. Foundation Nursery : Under this scheme. soil and sett treating pesticides are distributed to farmers on subsidised rates. Details Subsidy is available under the Scheme on various components including agriculture implements such as Plant Protection Equipments improved farm implement.Women. Eligibility criteria All Categories of Farmers How to Avail Selection of beneficiaries to be done through recommendation of District Agriculture Officer. Farm Implements v. Sustainable development on sugarcane base cropping system(SUBACS) Name of the Sustainable development on sugarcane base cropping system(SUBACS) Scheme Sponsored by Central Government Funding Pattern 100% central sponsored Description The major programme components covered under the SUBACS are as under : i Field Demonstration ii. Sustainable Development of Sugarcane Based Cropping System (SUBACS) Macro Management Of Agriculture . Farmers Field School iv.Community. Subsidy is also available on certified quality seeds and IPM demonstrations. Subsidy per farmer or per activity should not exceed 25% of the cost or the present subsidy level approved under the schemes. whichever is lower. Training iii.Family. Seed Multiplication vi. Drip Infrastructure Beneficiaries Individual.other. Haryana The object of the scheme is to ensure the development of sugarcane in the assigned area of the sugar mills (in 15 sugar mills of the state). Any slackness in the development of sugarcane in the State would count for under utilization of crushing capacity of sugar mills. The productivity of sugarcane crop is to be increased by replacement of traditional varieties with the improved one. which would increase the cost of sugar production. Name of the Scheme Sustainable Development of Sugarcane Based Cropping System (SUBACS) Macro Management Of Agriculture Sponsored by Both: Central & State Government Ministry/Department Agriculture Department. Description All Farmers Eligibility criteria Validity of the Scheme Introduced On 30 / 09 / 2000 Valid Upto 01 / 01 / 2012 Sugarcane Development Scheme . Objectives/facilities: To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a result of natural calamities. To help to stabilize farm incomes. To encourage the farmers to adopt progressive farming practices. high value in-puts and high technology in agriculture. General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) is the Implementing Agency. Sum insured may extend to the value of threshold yield of the area insured.private partnership. This will not only boost the morale of the farmers already adopting the new technologies.1331.00 lakh. particularly in disaster years. Description Validity of the Scheme Introduced On 24 / 07 / 2007 Valid Upto 01 / 01 / 2012 National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) Beneficiaries: Scheme is available to all farmers loanee and non-loanee both irrespective of the size of their holding. Name of the Scheme Sugarcane Development Scheme Sponsored by Central Government Funding Pattern The funding pattern is 90% Central share and 10% State share. but also help in building confidence of other farmers and thereby forging a meaningful and sustainable public. Provides subsidy of 50 percent in premium of small and marginal farmers. due emphasis have been given on SC. Besides. ST and women category of farmers. out of which 25% will flow to KBK districts as mentioned here under. The subsidy will be phased out over a period of 5 years on sunset basis. pests and diseases attack. . Ministry/Department Agriculture Department It is proposed to train good farmers already trained under the Farmers Field School to create a resource group of master trainers from among them. The work Plan for 200607 under Agriculture sector has been posed at Rs. Utility : Treated seeds are free from pests and diseases and also give better and faster germination. Common Schemes for sugarcane cultivation Field Demonstration Field Demonstration : (75:25) Field demonstrations are done on farmer's field as per target. Subsidy : 10 percent of the cost of cultivation or Rs. Subsidy : Rs. Nursery growers should be progressing farmers having sufficient knowledge about latest agro-practices.5 hectare field. Varieties recommended by Core Committee are desired to be used for seed multiplication.00 Lakh per MHAT plant. MHAT Moist and hot air treatment plants are installed in sugar mills/seed corporations or on sugarcane research centres. Objective : To popularise scientifically recommended and most suited agro specific informations regarding varietal selection. 2. irrigation and plant protection measures etc. Distribution of Agricultural Implements . amongst farmers. fertilizer management. Each demonstration will be for the size 0. Seed Multiplication Seed Multiplication :Promising sugarcane varieties are multiplied on progressive farmer's field. 5000 per demonstration. 2000 per hectare (whichever is less) Prerequisites : Nursery growers are required to be members of cane cooperative society/sugarcane seed corporation etc. Subsidy : Rs. 10000 whichever is less In this scheme only ISI marked agricultural Implements are supplied to farmers. Herein agricultural implements are supplied to cane growers on subsidised rates. Bullock drawn implements : 50% of the cost of implements or Rs. 1500 whichever is less Tractor drawn implements : 25% of the cost of implements or Rs. Frequently Asked Question About Frequently Asked Question . Subsidy : Manually drawn implements :50% of the cost of implement or Rs. 600 whichever is less. July-August for the 18-month crop How much rainfall is required for cultivating sugarcane? A total rainfall between 1100 and 1500 mm is adequate provided the distribution is right. What are the seasons is best for planting sugarcane in Karnataka? Eksali . What is the optimum temperature for germination of sugarcane? 32� to 38�c Varieties . Delay in planting reduces cane yield. SEASON VARIETIES CULTIVATION PRACTICES NURSERY PREPARATION NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT WEED MANAGEMENT PEST AND DISEASE SUGARCANE PROCESSING RATOON MANAGEMENT Contract All | Expand All SEASON What are the seasons is best for planting sugarcane in Tamil Nadu? i) Early season: Dec – Jan ii) Mid season: Feb – March May iv) Special season: June – July iii) Late season: April – Which season is best for planting sugarcane in Kerala? The normal planting season is October-December. abundant in the months of vegetative growth followed by a dry period for ripening.December-February for the 12-month crop Preseasonal . Planting should not be delayed beyond February in the plains. In hilly tracts where sugarcane is cultivated under rain fed conditions.October-November for the 15 to 16 month crop Adsali . planting should be done after decrease of heavy rains. Which sugarcane variety has high sugar content and best suited for Kerala? Co 6907. Cul 527/85 and Co 88017 are also red rot resistant. namely Co 98014 (Karan 1). CoC 671. Co 6907. Co 6907. Co G (Sc)5. Co 8371. Karnataka and Kerala) have been released as varieties for the general public during February 2007. What are the varieties that serves for resistant of red rot? 32� to 38�c What are the varieties that serves best for TamilNadu under drought conditions? CoV 92102. What are the salient features of Co 98014 (Karan 1) sugarcane variety Mean cane yield: 116. Co 7704. Cul 527/85 (Madhurima). Co 86249. What are the varieties that are suitable to kerala? Co Tl 88322 (Madhuri). Co 740. Co 7405 and Cul 57/84 (Thirumadhuram). In varieties pertaining to Kerala which are tolerant to red rot? Cul 527/85 and Co 88017. Co 97009. Co 86027. . Co G (Sc) 5. Co 92175. (b) Tolerant to internode borer (c) Golden yellow A1 quality jaggery (d) Shy flowering habit The variety has excellent field habits like erectness. Where the seed for sugarcane will be available in areas of TamilNadu? For the varieties released from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for supply of primary seed materials the Sugarcane Research Stations at Cuddalore. Co 8011. CoSi 95071. for seed materials the concerned factories may be contacted. an early variety (spring planting) suited to North Western Zone and Co 99004 (Damodar). Co Si(Sc)6. Co 8014. Sirugamani and Melalathur may be contacted. Co 85019. CoG 93076.69 t/ha Mean sugar yield: 16. dark green foliage.Mid and Late season varieties : Co 62175. Co Si (Sc)6. Tamil nadu. Co 7405 and Cul 57/84 (Thirumadhuram) are resistant to red rot. interior Andhra Pradesh. Which are the varieties suitable to Karnataka? i. Co 8021. Co 7405 and Cul 57/84 (Thirumadhuram). Maharashtra. CoV 94102. tall canes without spines or splits and 14% mean fibre content. early vigorous growth. Co 740. a mid-late variety suited to Peninsular India (Gujarat. Co 92175. CoG 94077. For other varieties promoted by the factories. Co 86032. Co 85002 ii. Co 86032. Co Tl 88322 (Madhuri). Co 88017 (Madhumathi) In varieties pertaining to Kerala which are tolerant to drought? Co 92175. What are the new varieties of sugarcane released recently? Two clones evolved at the Sugarcane Breeding Institute. Early season varieties : Co 6415. Co 86032. Co Si(Sc)6. Co C (Sc) 22. CoC 90063.Co 7804. CoC 671.83 t/ha Disease reaction: Resistance to red rot and wilt Others: (a) Tolerant to drought and salinity. Co C (Sc)22. Co G (Sc)5. Co 88017 (Madhumathi) are drought tolerant. Co C (Sc)22. Cul 527/85 (Madhurima). CoG 93076. CoC 99061. Otherwise apply superphosphate (375 kg/ha) along the furrows and incorporate with hand hoe. How much soil organic matter is necessary for higher sugarcane yield? 2-3% soil organic matter. number of pits/ha.1.Co 6304. Place the healthy setts in circular fashion leaving 10 cm from the outer boundary of the pits with .9 m. CoC (SC) 22. CoC 91061. CoC 779.Co 658.5 1. What type of soil is suitable for growing sugarcane? Sugarcane can be grown in all types of soils ranging from Sandy loam to Clay loam soils. What are the late maturing varieties of sugarcane? Late maturing varieties are. iii) Stir the furrows with hand hoes and allow the soil to weather for 4 to 5 days. � Apply 37. CoC85061. number of budded setts / pit � 32 (Single budded setts) or 16 number of single budded setts. and Height -15 cm.38 m. CoG 94077.5 m. pit diameter � 0. CoC 778. Co 419.80 cm. Co 86032. How to plant sugarcane in pit method after pit preparation? Fill the pits to a depth of 15 cm with compost and native soil and mix it well. Cultivation Practices How to prepare a wetland for cultivating sugarcane after harvesting paddy? In wetlands. What size of pits can be made to plant sugarcane? Or How to prepare pits for sugarcane planting? Pit to pit spacing. How can we conserve our soil fertility? Integrated management with organic manure and inorganic fertilizers. Co 740. with excessive moisture where it is difficult to drain water. Co 62198. CoC771. CoC 772. Width .5 t/ha before the last ploughing under gardenland conditions.4. CoC 671.5 kg Zinc sulphate/ha and 100 kg Ferrous sulphate/ha to zinc and iron deficient soils. Co 62174. CoC86062. � Test the soil and apply P fertilizer based on soil test values. What are the measurements to create ridges and furrows in case of problem soil before cultivating the sugarcane? In problem soils. What are the early maturing varieties of sugarcane? Early maturing varieties are. CoSi86071. Co 85019. CoC 8001.5 m. CoC 771. Co 86010. i) After harvest of the paddy crop.444 pits. Co Si 95071. In wetlands this may be applied along the furrows and Incorporated well. ii) Form ridges and furrows with a spacing of 80 cm between rows with spade. form irrigation and drainage channels of 40 cm depth and 30 cm width at intervals of 6 m across the field and along the field borders. preparatory cultivation by ploughing the land and bringing the soil to fine tilth could not be done. CoC90063.5 t/ha or compost 25 t/ha or filter press mud at 37. CoC 98061. Co 86249. What are the proportions in which the organic manure has to be applied to a field inorder to cultivate sugarcane? � Apply FYM at 12. CoC 8201. form raised beds at 30cm intervals with Length . Co 658. Pit depth � 0. a new technology. Which are improved methods of sugarcane planting? Different improved methods of sugarcane planting are: Ridge-furrow. Twenty 2 budded treated setts are arranged horizontally in cyclic manner in each pit partially filled with mixture of 5 kg FYM. For this STP or single eyed set method 750-1MT seed per acre is required. � The nitrogen and potassium as urea and MOP (White potash) should be applied through fertigation system in 14 equal splits starting from 15 DAP upto 210 DAP. ring pit. How can we satisfy higher nutritional demand of sugarcane? Ensure application of balanced fertilization with recommended doses of fertilizers.5:112. What is the recommended fertilizer dose for the pith method of sugarcane planting? Fertilizer dose. Poly bag What is technology detail of ring-pit method? About 7600 pits/ha of 90/75 cm diameter and 45 cm deep are made by tractor mounted pit-digger machine. Half of the excavated out soil with 25 gm urea is filled back in each pit in the month of March/April. In this method.5 gm Phorate 10 G by the end of June. Which method of planting is suitable for late conditions? . 45 gm Urea and some part of soil. to earn more income within the same land and to generate more scope of utilizing labour force. The dual row system of gave planting cane yield of 136. This method saves seed cost by 60-70%. What is the Spaced transplanting method? Recently in STP (Spaced transplanting) method single eyed sets are used for planting. 45 gm DAP. trench. When to use fertilizer after transplantation of sugarcane settlings? Within 7 to 14 days. In this method distance between two sets kept at 30cm. then followed by spray of chlorpyriphos 20% EC @ 5 liters/ha On setts.5 cm from the ground level at 90 to 100 days after planting.3 t/ha and the highest variety Co 94005 recorded the highest cane yield under dual row planting.275:62. Spaced Transplanting (STP). What are the benefits of paired row cultivation? Two grow more than one intercrop. double row. 'dual row planting' is developed. Either direct sets or seedlings raised in polybag nurseries are transplanted into the field after 50-55 days. remaining half of the soil is placed in pit with 25 gm urea and 4.5 kg NPK/ha � The entire phosphorous dose can be applied as basal at the time of planting. On 50 to 60 days after planting give partial earthing up by sliding the soil from the outer boundary of the pit and full earthing up should be given leaving a depression of 2.5 cm above setts and light irrigation. flat. equal spacing between each setts and cover the setts with the soil. broad furrows are formed at a spacing of 150 cm and in the middle of the furrows sugarcane setts are planted in two rows adopting a spacing of 30 cm between them. soil cover up to 2. What is dual row planting method of sugarcane? What is its advantage? To facilitate mechanization and to improve the cane yield under wide rows. 1 Soybean gives a yield of 800 kg/ha without any adverse effect on cane yield. sow one row of soybean or blackgram or greengram can be used. Co 94005 and Co 94008. Avoid trash mulching in areas where incidence of termites is noticed. Mulch the field with trash after 21 days of planting in heavy soil and wetland conditions. conserves moisture. Under late planting condition 25000-30000 STP raised settlings are transplanted in one hectare land maintaining 75 cm row spacing and 60 cm plant to plant spacing leaving 5 cm of shoot above ground level followed by irrigation. What is trash mulching Mulch the ridges uniformly with cane trash to a thickness of 10 cm within a week after planting. if any. What are the advantages in tissue culture of sugarcane? � Production of true to type plantlets � Rapid multiplication � Independent of seasonal constraints � Maintaining and improving the productivity of outstanding varieties in the field � Production of disease free planting material from apical meristem Within how many days gap filling was done? Fill the gaps. It helps to tide over drought. What are the possible intercrops for sugarcane? In areas of adequate irrigation. Especially Intercropping of Co. reduce weed population and minimise shoot borer incidence. Intercropping of daincha or sunhemp along ridges and incorporation of the same on the 45th day during partial earthing up helps to increase the soil fertility. and also the cane yield. This bud is used for planting. What are the non flowering varieties of sugarcane? Non-flowering varieties are Co 8021. What are the benefits of detrashing sugarcane? It increases sugar recovery by reducing insect & disease pests. blackgram. flowering can be avoided in heavy flowering areas. What is Chip-bud technique? In this technique the bud along with a portion of the nodal region is chipped off using a bud chipping machine. greengram and cowpea are suitable for intercropping with sugarcane Nursery Preparation . Co 87025. � By altering the planting date. within 30 days after planting with sprouted setts. Co 86032. Adsali planting or special season planting (July to September) helps in avoiding flowering and its adverse effects. Co 91010. Recommend the suitable intercrops in sugarcane? Soyabean. How to control flowering in sugarcane? � Ethephon (ethrel) applied at the rate of 500 ppm effectively controlled flowering in a number of profuse flowering varieties. Pit to pit spacing. Fungicide: The setts should be soaked in Carbendazim (1 gram in 1 litre of water) What is the seed rate for cultivating sugar cane? 75.January (early season) July February .May (Late season) Dec – Apr June . no side shooting.80 cm between rows ii) Dual row planting .000 two-budded setts/ha. What are the essential qualities of good seed of sugarcane? Straight and standing. should be certified with good germination capability and free of insect & diseases. at later stage. What is the spacing for planting sugarcane setts ? i) Ridges and furrows .September (Special season) Nutrient Management . 40.150 cm between two broad furrows (middle of the furrows sugarcane setts are planted in two rows adopting a spacing of 30 cm between them) iii) Pit method of planting . What is the seed rate for cultivating sugar cane? Azospirillum: Prepare the slurry with 10 packets (2000 g)/ha of Azospirillum inoculums with sufficient water and soak the setts in the slurry for 15minutes before planting.000 three-budded setts/ha. What is the rate of planting sugarcane setts in a row? � Plant the setts accommodating 12 buds/metre length � Plant more setts near the channel or double row planting at every 10th row for gap filling.150 cm 150 cm.March (Mid season) August April . What are the seasons for raising sugarcane nursery and planting in the main field? Raise six to seven months old nursery crop prior to main field planting as follows: Raise nursery crop during Main field planting June December . 5 75-90 days 92.5 - 148 390 - 30-45 days 90 - 37.5 758 390 187.5 - 37.5 62. What is the fertilizer requirement for Sugarcane and the schedule for Tamilnadu? i.5 200 - 62.5 120-135 days after Planting 92.5 112.5 Total 275 62.5 - 37.5 - 37.5 205 - 62. What is the fertilizer dose to be used in nursery plot for sugarcane? Apply 125 kg Urea / ha + 125 kg MOP/ha one month prior to harvest.5 - 37.5 ii. Sugarcane � plant crop (meant for sugar mills) Recommendation for Plant crop Blanket Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) Recommendation(Kg/ha) Super Muriate phosphate potash N P K Urea Basal - 62.5: 112. Sugarcane � Ratoon crop (meant for sugar mills) 275 + 25% extra N: 62.5 205 - 62.5 .5 62.5 - - 390 - 30-45 days 90 - 37.5 610 390 of 187.5 112.5 kg N. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation for Ratoon crop Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) N Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) Super Muriate of phosphate potash P K Urea 68.5 Basal Total 343.5 205 - 62.5 120-135 days after ratooning 92.5 200 - 62.5 205 - 62.5 75-90 days 92. What is the role of potassium in sugarcane cultivation? . foliage formation. In accute deficiency the leaves dry up.5%) or Zinc Sulphate (0.5 - 486 390 187.5 Straight Fertilizer(Kg/ha) Urea Muriate Super of phosphate potash 390 - 162 - 62. Yellowing starts from the tips of the leaves and proceeds towards the base of the leaves. � Vegetative growth in sugarcane is directly related to yield. P2O5 and K2O per ha Recommendation for jaggery manufacture Blanket Recommendation(Kg/ha) N P K Basal - 62.5: 112.5%) + Urea (2.5 37.5 kg N. Leaves of the middle portion of the cane become yellow in case of zinc deficiency.5%) + lime water are sprayed for its amelioration. � Required for vegetative growth (tillering. What is the role of nitrogen in sugarcane cultivation? � Influences sugarcane yield and quality. Sugarcane for jaggery manufacture (plant as well as ratoon crop) 225: 62.5 112.requirement is relatively less than N and K. Zinc Sulphate (0.5 37. stalk formation and growth) and root growth. iii.5 75-90 days 75 - 120-135 DAP or DAR 75 - Total 225 62.5 162 - 62.5 - 30-45 days 75 - 37. � Important for cell division leads to crop growth � Stimulates root growth � Necessary for plant metabolism and photo synthesis � Required for adequate tillering � Interacts with N and thus enhance ripening. � Necessary for formation of proteins and thus for yield build up. � P.5 Recommended dose and method of Press-mud application? Sulphinated Press-Mud Cake (SPMC) @ 10 t/ha is evenly spread in the field and mixed with soil at last ploughing before sugarcane planting. Please inform about the symptoms of zinc deficiency in sugarcane and measures for its amelioration.5 162 - 62. In what way phosphorus is useful to sugarcane? � Uptake depends on presence of soluble and plant absorbable form. Irrigation Management How many irrigations are necessary for sugarcane? 3 to 5. � For fertigation recommended dose of NPK is 275:15:112.5 NPK / ha in sugarcane fields What is surface drip irrigation? The application of water to the soil surface as drops or a tiny stream through emitters placed at predetermined distance along the drip lateral is termed as surface drip irrigation. � Develops resistance to sugarcane against pest. Injector Pump. Acetobacter culture @ 12 kg/ha mixed with 125 kg FYM is applied over setts in forrows at the time of planting.online or integral type surface drip system. Integral dripline is recommended for sugarcane. � Balances the effect of N and P What is recommended dose of bio-fertilizer use in sugarcane. photo synthesis translocation of carbohydrates � Involved in various enzymatic activities � Important for sugar synthesis and translocation to the storage organs.270 days) 8 10 Maturity phase (271 – harvest) 10 14 What is fertigation system? � Fertigation is the judicious application of fertilizers by combining with irrigation water. � Fertigation can be achieved through fertilizer tank. disease and lodging. � Maintains cell turgidity under moisture stress conditions. What are the irrigation intervals in each phase of sugarcane that must be given? The irrigation intervals in each phase are given below: Days of irrigation interval Stages Sandy soil Clay Soil Tillering phase (36 to 100 days) 8 10 Grand growth phase (101 . What is sub surface drip irrigation? . venturi System. � Required for carbon assimilation. � Requirement of K is greater than N and P. It can be of two types . Non-Electric Proportional Liquid Dispenser (NEPLD) and automated system. weeds which are not controlled by herbicide application should be uprooted by hand weeding.5 kg/ha uniformly on the surface of field before the emergence of weeds.0 LPH) generally in the same range as integral surface drip irrigation. Raising intercrops is not found to affect the cane yield and quality. Spraying of Ethoxy sulfuron @ 13kg/10 litre of water controls the Cyprus sp. The application of water below the soil surface through emitters molded on the inner wall of the dripline. How to manage weeds in sugarcane field with intercropping system? Premergence application of Thiobencarb @ 1. The integral dripline (thin or thick-walled) is installed at some predetermined depth in the soil depending on the soil type and crop requirements. Dilute these herbicides separately in water mixed in tank while spraying. How to control parastitic weed striga in sugarcane field? If the parasitic weed striga is a problem. Gramoxone 1 l / acre mixed with 80 100 l of water should spray 8 . Separate hand sprayer and nossel should be used for herbicide application. Pests And Diseases . To control the sedges and broad leaved weeds apply gramoxone 1 litre + Fernoxone 1kg / acre . Chemical should be diluted in 1000liter of water and spray through hand sprayer. There are two main types of SDI . During 3rd or 4th day after planting spray Atrazine @ 2. 2. with discharge rates (1. spray 2-4-D @ 2. What is post-emergence weed management? After the emergence of weeds. post-emergence application of 2.25 kg/ha in 500 litre of water/ha may be done.i.100 l of water within 3 days after planting while spraying these herbicides soil should contain optimum moisture. blackgram or groundnut gives effective weed control. By this method we can reduce the maximum level of crop damage.5kg/ha to control broad leaves weed. Apply 20% urea also for the control of striga as direct spray. / acre mixed with 80 . Weed Management How many days of sugarcane field should be maintain weed free? 120 to 135 days.4-D sodium salt @ 1. Grass sp are controlled by hand weeding.3.25 kg ai/ha under intercropping system in Sugarcane with Soybean. herein referred to as subirrigation. What is the Pre-emergence weed management? Protect the sugarcane crop without weeds for 90 days from planting onwards. Suggest the herbicides suitable for control of weeds in sugarcane? Pre-emergence application (Before the emergence of weeds) of Atrazine 2kg a."one crop" and "multicrop".0 . Before application of fertilizer.12 days after planting that is just before the emergence of sugarcane. 4-D spraying should be avoided when neighboring crop is cotton or bhendi. This method of water application is different from and not to be confused with the method where the root zone is irrigated by water table control. Which is the serious pest of sugarcane in Tamilnadu region? White grub is a major pest in the northern and western districts of Tamil Nadu. To cover such an area in each and every shoot. the insecticide should cover the site targeted by shoot borer in the plant which is the inner of the leaf sheath and collar region of the shoots. scale insects. When there is severe infestation entire crop is lost. The damage in the ratoon crop is more severe than in the plant crop. Why should not power sprayer is used for applying insecticides for shoot borer control? For effective control of shoot borer. Smut is the major disease of sugarcane in Tamil Nadu causing severe economic loss next only to red rot. only high volume sprayers will be of use as the spray fluid can be directed precisely to the target region of each and every shoot. causing wilting and drying of the canes in the latter date. Moreover.i/ha is found to be effective against shoot borer.5 kg (or) Carbofuran3G 33 kg (or)Chlorpyriphos10G 12. woolly aphid. mealy bugs.5 Kg/ha � Spraying: Monocrotophos 36 WSC 1000 ml (or) Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 1000 ml (or) Phosalone 35 EC 1000 ml � Newer chemical against sugarcane shoot borer: Regent 3G @ 75g a. Early Shoot Borer What is the chemical control measure for early shoot borer? When an ETL (Economic Threshold Level) of 15% dead heart is reached apply any one of the following insecticides: � Soil application: Lindane10G 12. The grubs live in the soil and feed on the root portion of the plant. Power sprayer is more suitable for foliage feeding pests. the quantity of spray fluid to be used for the given length of row can be achieved correctly. Which are the serious diseases of sugarcane prevalent in regions of Tamilnadu? Red rot is the major serious disease of sugarcane. Is not Sevidol 8G effective against shoot borer? . What are the major beneficiary insects of sugarcane? a) Trichogramma chilonis Ishii b) Telenomus dignoides Nixon What are the sucking pests of sugarcane prevalent in the regions of TamilNadu? White fly. leaf hoppers are wide spread in epidemic and endemic forms in certain localities of Tamil Nadu. Also. the slight fumigant action of carbaryl as fumigants will not be effective in the open and the slight systemic action of gamma sevidol is not of any consequence as even the fully systemic Furadon or Temik are not effective against shoot borer. More so. pheromone from dispenser gradually evaporates and spreads in air by diffusion process. it will not be able to come out. such as dichlorvos. dead heart formation by shoot borer takes a few days to a few weeks depending on the instar attacking the shoot. Why is not shoot borer controlled even after the application of lindane or chlorpyriphos? If the application procedure described earlier is followed it will certainly give control of the borer. age of the shoot. and male insects eventually get trapped. What are the control measures other than insecticide for shoot borer? Frequent irrigation and deployment of pheromone traps. the formation and growth of compensatory shoots are encouraged. Granular insecticides. If irrigation is given. because sand is to be used as diluents with the granules. one of the components of Sevidol. Once the insect enters the trap. Shoot borer attack kills the shot which would naturally induce formation of compensatory shoots. Also. prevailing weather and varietal ability. using a combination insecticide like sevidol is unscientific as it would render both insecticides useless due to development of cross resistance. Insecticides with knock down and fumigation effect. if new dead hearts are noticed even after the insecticidal application. Where from the pheromone traps could be obtained? . So. kerosene and diesel are used to kill trapped males. can only give less coverage to target parts of plants than EC formulations for contact action. in general. When pheromone lure is placed in dispenser and kept in the trap.5 x 1012 PIB/ha twice on 35 and 50 days after planting (DAP) or release 125 gravid females of Sturmiopsis inferens /ha on 30 and 45 DAP. which serve as female trap. Further. which might have otherwise mated with females to produce innumerable eggs. due to improper mixing of granules and sand. Moreover application of granules on leaf whorls of very small shoots numbering about one lakh in an acre is extremely difficult. Pheromone traps are lures that contains the female hormones to attract the male insects. viz gamma BHC is already banned by the government. Further. they would have been the shoots already damaged by the borer and were in the process of drying at the time of insecticide application. In fields where frequent irrigation is not possible compensatory shoots will not be formed and the infested parts of the fields will remain gappy Spray Granulosis virus at 1. What are the pheromone traps? Pheromone traps are an important device in early pest warning system to detect presence of insects in fields and give an indication to initiating pest control measures with appropriate insecticides or biological control agents at the right time. many a time shoots will receive no granule or sublethal dose only. Male species of insects receives the smell of pheromones and get attracted to the lures. the moths attracted from adjacent fields will not be killed and so the population of the moth in the pheromone deployed field will rise which could have increased the incidence? No. When moths can get attracted from adjacent fields it is more probable for the more attraction in pheromone deployed field itself. However. What are the side effects of pheromones? No side effects at all at the quantity of 3mg used in a lure.Vaigai dam. carabid beetles etc which increase chances of predation of the moths and the dispersing larvae. Moreover. its attack was more while the adjacent fields where pheromone traps were not set was having less INB. Suppose the maintenance of pheromone traps is poor in deployed field. Each species has different pheromones and hence only specific ones are to be used. From the collection of months in the traps the genuineness of the septa can be ascertained provided there is moth emergence when deployed. The Rajshree sugars and Chemicals Ltd. The former firm recommends eight traps per acre while the latter recommends four per acre. The attracted moths are only males and females.. The trash acts as mechanical barrier to the tiny and just emerged shoot borer larvae which have to move from one clump to another only through the soil surface as leaves of adjacent clumps will not touch each other during that age of crop. 625 562. Theni and Pest control India Ltd. Varadharaj nagar. There is no special smell in the rubber septa supplied by the firms? How to find out they are genuine? The smell will be known only to the individuals of the particular insect species and even the other pest species will not be able to identify it. the possibility of cut worm or rat damage in mulched fields is more. So even if they were not killed they cannot lay eggs and also the females once mated with the local males will not mate again.. On the other hand it has same advantages that are not there even in biological control or in resistant varieties. 45cm trap height and weekly filling of water and kerosene in the trap are essential for the method to be effective against shoot borer. Will trash mulching reduce shoot borer incidence? Yes. the trash will encourage development of general predators such as spiders. In fields set with pheromone traps for internode borer. But 10 traps per acre. Could the reason be that moths are attracted from that field to our fields? Not possible. Bangalore are producing the pheromones. A light earthing up on 35th day will reduce shoot borer incidence? . So there is no possibility of increase in pest incidence. Can we use the same pheromone for any pest? We can use the same trap for any pest but not the same pheromone lure. Shoot borer larvae are big and only one and rarely two will be present in a shoot. the larvae are so tiny that they can find their way to the lower part of the shoot below the soil in the gaps present in between the leaf sheaths and the shoots which can never be covered by any amount of earthing up. How to control the internode borer in sugarcane? Release egg parasitoid. Even after Trichogramma chilonis release the dead heart formation by INB is not reduce. Why? Trichogramma chilonis is not an efficient parasitoid to control INB. Sprouting of top buds in cluster renders a bunch top appearance in the plant. Internode Borer What pest attacks the internode portion of sugarcane reducing its quality ultimately? Internode borer affects the crop from 4th month stage onwards up to harvest. Trichogramma chilonis at the rate of 2. Its feeding makes the tissues red. T. During rainy weather and when ants are present. Entrance hole is usually plugged with excreta . If you want to collect shoot borer larvae.5 cc/release/ha. � � Detrash the crop on the 150th and 210th day after planting. sugar recovery loss is more pronounced in crops damaged by top borer.A single larva may attack a number of nodes. Are they the causative agents? No. What is the possible cause for the presence of dead heart in sugarcane? Top borer. How do Internode borer enter and get effect the Sugarcane crop? Caterpillars bore at the nodal region and enter the stem. . No. It will not because. a serious pest of sugarcane creates dead heart condition. Its incidence is seen from 6th month stage onwards. select the shoots showing wilting of spindle (and not dried ones) which will have shoot borer larva. More than the yield. Affected crop exhibits nodal sproutings and frass material inside the tunnels. The affected cane exhibits dead heart in central whorl leaf which cannot be pulled out easily. release the parasite through mosquito net covered plastic disposable cups. Several tiny larvae seen in dead shoots are saprophytic maggots that develop on decaying plant matter and never be able to attack a plant.chilonis release may be dispensed with for INB management. Six releases 15 days interval starting from 4th month onwards will be necessary. The dead shoots of plants have a lot of small white larvae. The pest affects the nodal portions of the crop and conspicuous by their bore holes. So. So when a male moth is trapped its subsequent mating is prevented. a female mate only once in its life span of 8-10 days. a male moth is able to impregnate one fresh female daily for up to 4 to 6 days in its average life span of 7 days. In addition. This symptom is very glaring and eye catching. Thus. provided. the number of traps is set at 25 per hectare. Besides.5 CC/ha four to six times at fortnightly intervals from the onset of symptoms. Sooner they are caught. Why is INB attack increasing more nowadays? Previously INB confined its attack the formative internode and did not produce dead hearts. Also. the control will not be achieved. the variety Co 86032 is highly susceptible particularly to meristem damage when the crop is 7 months onwards. traps are set at 90 to 120 cm height. Even if any one of the aspects is not met with. So. So farmers will not know the INB attack unless they detrash the cane. Since in nature only female moths produce the pheromone it can be exploited economically to our advantage. males caught on any day prevent subsequent mating with fresh females. . Since this variety is grown in 80% of Tamil Nadu almost all sugarcane growers have become aware of such damage. Are pheromones effective for INB management? Of the available methods this gives better results. deployed on 5th month of the crop. it is sufficient that any one sex is destroyed. Since only male moths are attracted to the traps it will not be of any use? Why not we attract the female moths also? Reproduction of an insect is by mating of male and female moths. That is detrashing alone may contribute to only 2 to 4% reduction in incidence. When already mated male moths are attracted to the pheromone traps how the trap will be effective? Unlike the female moths of INB. the better would be the control and so timely deployment of trap and proper maintenance of trap is essential. INB has changed its mode of attack since 1989 wherein it destroys the meristem and causes dead hearts and bunchy top similar to that of top borer damage. water and kerosene/diesel level is maintained at weekly interval without fail and the lures are changed once in 45 to 50 days. In nature for INB the male and female ratio is 50:50. However. the quality of pheromone lure supplied and the method of storage of spare lure by the supplied and the method of storage of spare lure by the farmer governs the efficacy. What is the control for the top borer pest? Release Isotima javensis at 100 pairs/ha or Trichogramma japonicum @ 2. Can detrashing be effective for INB management? Not as a sole method. How to prevent sugarcane against termite? Application of chlorpyriphos @ 5 lit/ha with 1500-1800 lit water in the furrow during planting controls termite in Sugarcane. The lower part will show the drying symptom. This is the most distinguishing symptom. a number of shot holes are formed in the leaf. There are 13 species of termites in sugarcane. small in size. The immediate green leaves may show shoot holes of one or two rows and the lower green leaf may show the mid tunneling. Even if termite mounds are not there in the vicinity termite attack is seen in the field? Of the 13 species of termite in sugarcane not all form above ground mounds. Irrigation temporarily stops termite attack due to excess moisture and when the optimum moisture level is reached the attack will revive. . In top borer dead hearts the colour will be generally dark brown. Larva enters the cane and damages the growing point and feeds on internal tissues. In top borer dead hearts inner most leaf alone will dry. appears charred. How to differentiate the INB and top borer dead hearts? In INB dead the spindle leaves and one or two leaves below will dry. Larva first tunnels into the mid rib of leaves. As a result of biting across the spindle. leaving red marking. Some will be in light soil and some in heavy soil. How do Top shoot borer enter and affect the crop? Caterpillars damage the cane beyond 3 months age. INB dead hearts will be very prominent and straw coloured and when pulled will slide from the spindle and come away. Will the termite be controlled if irrigated? No. Termites Will termite attack be more in light soils? Not necessarily. Dead heart when formed is reddish brown. usually in the second to fifth leaf from the top. side shoots develop and give rise to a "bunchy top". and can not be easily pulled out Which seasons does this Top shoot borer effect the crop? Activity of the top shoot borer starts with the onset of the monsoon rains. may or may not have feeding puncture holes and when pulled will snap and a part of dry leaf will come. So attack can be in any soil type. discolouration and some time saprophytic maggots. Five species form below ground mounds and hence will not be visible. celphos tablet tossed in and the hole plugged. The feeding by scale is from the storage cell that contains sugar. if the setts are to be taken from infested place to new areas for planting such setts may be dipped in dichlovos at 1ml per lit water and placed in cement bags with the mouth tied and transported. The quick acting Nuvan with fumigant action will effectively kill the scale population on the setts. If the mounds are without chimneys a hole is made. � How do the Mealybug Pest effect the Sugarcane Juice? .Termite attack will be patches here and there. Any contact insecticides such as dichlorvos etc. However. � Detrashing will help to minimize the incidence. The oil mixed with irrigation water will not spread uniformly to all places and required quantity of oil cannot be mixed to cover a large area. Because. What insecticide is best for sett treatment against scale insect? If the setts are to be planted in situ there is no need for sett treatment with any insecticide as scale cannot develop on setts below the soil for four months till internodes are formed. But though applying of engine oil on termite affected spots will certainly control will be temporary and the oil will spoil the structure which is more damaging than termite attack. How should termite mounds be eradicated? Toss one celphos tablet and plug all the holes with mud. Scale Insects What is the control measure for scale insect? Scale is not a serious pest to take up control measures. When applied to the infested cane stalk after detrashing will only kill matured scales as young ones would have already settled on tender internodes that are covered by understandable leaf sheaths from which the infestation will continue. the dead remains of the scale insect continue to stick to the internodes till harvest it will give an illusion of severe infestation of entire cane at the given time but in fact the encrustation has built up over several months. � Apply any one of the following insecticides when the incidence is noticed spray on the stem only: Methyl parathion 50 EC 1000 ml (or) Malathion 50 EC 1000 ml. Mealy Bugs How to control mealy bug infestation in sugarcane? Mealy bug is another minor pest and dose not causes any appreciable loss. It may use negligible amount of sugar for its development and so the damage is not sever. Will mixing of used engine oil or kerosene in irrigation water give protection against termites? No. excrete honey dew on which sooty mould grow. and cane growth is retarded. Is methyl parathion dust very effective for SWA? Not so. The neonate that crawl over the body of the person may give a tickling sensation but not known to cause any allergic irritation. Is there any microbial agent for SWA control? No. It will give only 50 per cent control which is not sufficient to minimize SWA population. Unless the chemical has specific fumigant action and when it could be used in air tight places then only the fumigant action will work. it would take a minimum of two to three months to spread to entire field. due to which internodes appear black. SWA is spreading to the entire field within 10 days. Is Thimet granule application very effective for SWA? No. Where we can get predators of SWA? They will be available in the SWA infested field itself and not commercially available anywhere. Not true. Nymphs and adults suck sap and reduce the vitality of the crop. Not true. Wooly Aphid Dose SWA cause itching on the body? No. The respiratory system of human and that of insect is entirely different. Dusts in general are less effective than EC formulations because it cannot be applied thoroughly to cover the lower surface of leaves and are not systemic. Can SWA attack any other crop? . SWA is effectively controlled even when they are placed in perforated polythene bags and the bags are hung at different places in the cane field. The pathogens of other insects are not effective also. Thimet is not a fumigant it cannot be effective against SWA when suspended on sugarcane plants and even if it is a fumigant it cannot work in the open. There are no microbial agents native to SWA. However a method to rear it in trays by farmers themselves has been developed by SBI. If the climate is favourable. Since. Since Thimet granules have powerful odour. Moreover spraying the pathogen in sugarcane field is very difficult as they have to be sprayed only on the under surface of the leaves to facilitate contact with the pest. covered anal processes. with posteriorportion of the wings darker. pyrilla had never assumed a pest status. The nymphal instars have five stages and the skin moulted at each stage sticks to the leaves persistently giving an illusion of severe pyrilla population. Though there reports that it develops in maize and sorghum it is not recorded widely. The adults are straw-coloured. mostly from August to October months in the coastal region of Tamil Nadu. Since. Verticillium lecanii). How should pyrilla be controlled? In peninsular India. and are covered by a white-fluffly material. sucrose content is reduced. When can expect the incidence of Pyrilla pest in sugarcane? This pest normally infests the crop during pre-monsoon period. Nymphs are pale brown with a pair of wax . In severe cases the leaves fade and dry up. Eggs are laid in clusters of 20-25. Insects excrete honeydew on which sooty mould develops. there is no pressure on the aphid to switch or seek other hosts as alternatives. How do the Leaf hopper/canefly Quality of juice effected? Nymphs and adults suck sap from the leaves. It is very important not to spray any insecticide in pyrilla affected field where Epiricania is present. How to control the wooly aphid pest infestation in sugarcane? Application of granular systemic insecticides after two days of irrigation may reduce the infestation of aphids even up to 30 days. because of the long duration and continuous availability of sugarcane crop and the ability of SWA to attack any stage of sugarcane crop. Moreover. the quality of Jaggery is drastically affected. Regular surveillance and monitoring of sugarcane woolly aphid for timely forewarning and adoption of IPM measures including judicious use of recommended pesticides and bio-pesticides (Metarhizium anisopliae. Pyrilla How do the Leaf hopper/canefly look like? Major pest distributed throughout India. During acute incidence. Beauveria bassiana. spray any one of the following insecticides once or twice in affected patches: Acephate 75SP 2gm/lit (or) Chlorpyrifos 25EC 2ml/lit (or) Monocrotophos 36WSC 2ml/lit. Plants present a sickly and blighted appearance. What are the biological control methods for wooly aphids in sugarcane? Conservation of lepidopteran predator. Dipha aphidivora predator population in limited areas of sugarcane crop for further distribution and use thereof. on the under surface of leaves. White Fly . Moreover. in all parts of peninsular India its parasitoid Epiricania melanoleuca is present which will (automatically) naturally control the pest. wings folded on back in a roof-like manner and head projected forward forming a rostrum. These burrows should be applied with half half a tablet of celphos and the burrow mouth plugged with the mud. if they are coming from outside the cane fields. How to manage the white fly damage? � Spray any one of the following when the incidence is noticed (1000 l spray fluid): Fenitrothion 50 EC 2000 ml (or) Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2000 ml. poor drainage. Provide adequate irrigation. Since celphos is a fumigant with odour less poisonous gas it should be handled only by the experienced persons and two persons should handle it. Generally. Ill drained fields are more affected. alkaline.3 D 125 kg/ha near the root zone and give one more round 30 days later How to control white grubs in standing sugarcane crop? It is very difficult and a costly operation to control white grubs in standing crop of sugarcane. the pest appear in the root zone. The opened burrows indicate rat activity. Apply lindane 1. the black one being nymphal instars and white the puparia. Care to prevent lodging of crop due water stagnation should be taken. the attack will start from the boundaries. Rat How to control rat? First it has to be ascertained whether the rats come from outside the sugarcane field or live inside the sugarcane fields. The spray has to be repeated after a month to kill the nymphs emerging from eggs. What are the symptoms caused by white fly attack in sugarcane? The insects appear as immobile white and black spots/dots on leaves. No insecticide is effective against white grubs. The soft rind varieties such as Co 86032 may be avoided in rat attack prone areas and hard rind varieties may be grown. yellow. Which is the best chemical for poison baiting of rats? . the attack will be in patches at the beginning itself. White Grub How to control the white grub incidence in sugarcane? Avoid ratoons in infested fields. This is done by first plugging the rat holes with mud and inspecting them the next day to check whether they are opened. The insects adhere to the undersurface of leaves and desap the plant. the live burrows in and around the sugarcane fields are to be identified. After the cane harvest. micronutrient deficiency. If they have burrows inside the field. Stagnating water for 24hrs in the cane crop will bring the grubs above ground which may be handpicked and destroyed. reddish brown in later stage and finally the leaves dry up. Yield loss of cane and sugar is considerable in damaged fields. � Spraying acephate 2g per lit water will control whitefly. since under inadequate soil moisture conditions. The affected crop turns pale. this pest becomes more predominant in problem soil areas as encountered in saline. drought conditions etc. � Being a sucking pest. snakes. intercropping sunnhemp or marigold or daincha coupled with application of pressmud 25 t/ha or neem cake 2 t/ha. Moreover. For instance. Any predators are available for use against rats? Available but not practicable. and emulsifying agents to make the insecticide effective. Moreover. to colonies them in sugarcane fields is difficult process. the baits will kill birds such as peacock. � Diseases . only 200ml (20%) is the actual insecticide and the remaining 80% are the wetting. Domestic cats besides being not so effective will become used to the feeds provided by human beings or would hunt easier prey such as lizard and may not effectively hunt rats. owls for rat control? They are natural predators of rat.5 kg a. owls. � Under wetland conditions.i. Except jungle cats. spreading. In general poison baits will not be of much use in fields that have abundant food supply. once the rat problem is solved these predators may be danger or nuisance to us. How to control the incidence of sugarcane nematodes? Apply carbofuran 3G @ 33 kg/ha at the time of planting or 2 months after planting or Cartap 1. Should an extra sticking agent added with insecticide solution for better sticking on foliage? No. domestic ones may not be effective hunters of rat in the field and may pose danger to domestic birds. Because of this the desired result will not be achieved in the expected time frame. If zinc phosphide is used in baits. Even if they are colonized the danger of snake bite and the hooting of owl is considered inauspicious. if you take Chlorpyriphos 20EC. of the one litre of insecticide purchased./ha or apply pressmud at 15 t/ha or poultry manure @ 2 t/ha or neem cake 2 t/ha or apply pressmud @ 15 t/ha or poultry manure @ 1 t/ha before last ploughing in garden lands. the rats will develop bait shyness after a few feeding and baiting will become ineffective. Besides. jackals etc are effective but cannot be brought to cane fields. However. the predators in general have strong territorial behavior and so it is not possible to have any number of predators than destined ones in a unit area. The insecticide itself contains the sticking agent. snakes. mongoose. quoel etc. Can we use cats. So is the malathion 50EC or Nuvan 76EC etc. sticking. In which soil nematode infection is predominant? Loamy soils have more nematode problem rather than in the wet clayey soils. patridge. Wild cats. External rind discolouration as dull brown patches on nodes and internodes. Do the pathogens survive in the soil? Yes. Red Rot How the red rot disease spreads in sugarcane? The disease is mainly spread by the preparation of setts from diseased cane. How it affects the crop yield? Infected stalks result in death of canes. At later stage mycelia growth is seen in pith region. At what stage of the crop the disease is expected? The disease occurs in all the stages of crop in the field from germination to harvest. Ratooning of the affected cane also spread the disease further. In highly susceptible varieties reddish brown lesions on the mid ribs can be seen. but in the leftover infected stubbles it survives for many months. leading to reduced cane yield. rain and wind also spread the disease causing fungi. It survives for a limited period in the soil. What is the sett treatment to control the red rot disease? Adopt sett treatment with Carbendazim before planting (Carbendazim 50 WP (0. What type of symptoms can be seen on leaves? Usually leaves in the infected canes show orange to yellow discolouration before drying. However. How to identify disease infection in seed canes? While cutting partially infected canes cut ends will show reddening and nodal region may show rectotic patches. Bottom portion of the cane left over in the field after harvest. Inversion of sucrose into glucose and fructose due to pathogenic invertases cause loss in sugar recovery. Will it cause more damages in ratoon? Yes. What are the typical symptoms? Orange / yellow discolouration of leaves followed by drying of canes in a clump. Since the initial inoculum to cause the disease is high. Splitting of the canes reveal the typical reddening of internodal tissues with intermittent white spots. .5 gm in 1 litre of water) or Carbendazim 25 DS (1gm in 1 litre of water) along with Urea (10 gm in 1 litre of water) for 5 minutes) to avoid the red rot disease in sugarcane. more damage to the crop is noticed in ratoon crop than in plant crop. in case of epidemic situations plant crop also suffers more damage. irrigation. The seed crop should be monitored regularly to ascertain its freedom from the disease.158. In which season the disease spread fast? During monsoon seasons the spread is more Factors enhancing disease severity? Monsoon months with cyclonic winds favour spread of the disease very fast. Once red rot infection is noticed. planting of susceptible sugarcane varieties should not be done. field hygiene. Uprooted areas should be drenched with 0. Flooding of sugarcane fields over large areas favour dispersal of inoculums through flood water. What are the varieties available for cultivation? Co 86032. Co 97008. Co 93009. Co 99006 Is it advisable to plant sugarcane in redroot affected fields? No. What cares can to be taken in seed nurseries : The nursery crop should be raised in red rot free area. disease surveillance and water management it can be controlled effectively. Effectiveness of fungicide control? Spraying of fungicide is not effective since the pathogens are deep seated in the cane. Dipping of setts in systemic fungicide before planting will help to prevent soil-borne infection in causing disease in the germination phase. It can be cultivated in red rot free areas. However it is suggested to avoid susceptible varieties in epidemic situations. In any case red rot infected fields should not considered for seed purpose. Even a limited seed cane infection favours disease built up in plant and ratoon crops. What is to be done after noticing the first symptoms? The infected clumps should be uprooted and burnt immediately to prevent spread of inoculums. If resistant varieties are available planting can be taken up. Co 86249.05% Carbendazim to arrest the inoculums spread. Smut What is sugarcane smut? . Co 99004. By practicing integrated approaches of clean seed. Can we cultivate red rot susceptible varieties with proper plant protection methods? Yes. Sugarcane smut is a serious disease of sugarcane which can reduce yields by 30 to 100 percent. In ratoons symptoms can be seen much earlier. After infecting apical meristem.1%) at 52?C. Why do the affected canes turn bushy? Since the pathogens infection in the meristem breaks the apical dominance numerous side shoots are induced in the smut infected plant. In the field through air the spores from the whips are transmitted from cane to cane in the field. which gives the bushy appearance. What are the diagnostic symptoms in the field? Conversion of growing apex region into a blackish whip-like structure containing millions of black powdery spores covered by translucent white silvery membrane. Can the affected crop be rationed? Crop showing more than 2% of smut infection should not be ratooned. Is it amenable for heat therapy? Yes. Up to what level of disease seed selection can be permitted? Up to 1% smut infection level the seed selection can be permitted. More symptoms can be seen during cane formation. the fungus converts the growing shoot into a whip-like structure with millions of smut spores covered with silvery membrane. In severe cases sprouts from the ratoon would show whips. What other diseases may look like smut? . It is highly infectious and can be spread by wind or carried on clothing and machinery. At what situations smut causes severe yield losses? When severe smut infection occurs during early stage of the crop of the ratoon significantly yield reduction is expected. Hot water combined with fungicide (Tridimefon 0. Why the smut affected canes show whips? Smut fungus infects the cane systematically including apical meristem. 30 min effective in eliminating pathogen infection in the setts. How the disease spreads? Primary transmission takes place through infected seed canes. When the symptoms will be manifested? The symptoms can be seen at all the stages. The disease is caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea. crop rotation. Wilt What are the diagnosable symptoms? External � gradual yellowing and drying of foliage. Dipping of setts in the fungicide solution (Carbendazim. pithiness and boat shaped cavities in the middle of the internode.05%) protests the cut ends from the surviving fungus in the soil. How to control wilt? Healthy seed. Internal � infected canes show light to dark reddish brown discolouration of ground tissue. Damages to roots. Further wilt affected cane would show pithiness with boat shaped cavities with reddish brown discolouration. delay in germination due to deep planting or water stagnation in the field enhance entry into the setts and pathogenesis. especially by root borer and other root pests increase wilt severity. Whether sugarcane is infected by both red rot and wilt same time? Yes. Is it amenable for fungicide control? Yes. How to differentiate the stalk symptoms with red rot? Reddening of ground tissue with characteristics white spots as red rot are absent in case of wilt. Such canes show symptoms of both the diseases. Dipping of setts in fungicide has to be done as a prophylactic measure before planting. optimizing soil moisture status and reducing root borer infestation are recommended to control wilt in an integrated approach. shrinkage and withering of canes. What are varieties that are susceptibile to top rot in sugarcane? . 0. What aggravates wilt severity? Extended drought in the summer followed by water logging in the monsoon. � Pokkah boeng � Top rot � Sooty mould Herbicide damage may also look similar. Sett Rot Why the germination phase vulnerable to infection? Surviving pathogen in the soil enters the sett tissues through cut ends and cause rotting if they are not protected with fungicide. How to prevent this disease? Avoiding deep planting during monsoon and preventing water stagnation during germination phase. � Spray dimethoate @ 1ml in 1 litre of water to control insect vector � Avoid ratooning if GSD incidence is more than 15 % in the plant crop � What is responsible for the disease? Phytoplasmas. Some of the susceptible varieties are CoC 671. the pathogen in ht stubbles initiates disease in the newly emerging shoots and such clumps will not millable canes. Grassy Shoot What are the varieties that are resistant to sugarcane grassy shoot disease? Grassy shoot disease resistant varieties of sugarcane include Co 86249. Yellow Leaf Disease . GSD appears in isolated clumps whereas chlorosis due to deficiency appears in patches. What are the characteristic symptoms? Profuse tillering with lean. Chlorosis due to iron show recovery of symptoms when sprayed with ferrous sulphate whereas in case of no recovery will be there. Further the axillary buds show sprouting only in GSD affected canes. Is it amenable for heat therapy? Yes. CoC 90063 and CoC 92061. Excess tillering with chlorotic leaves (partial or complete) is the typical symptoms the excess tillering will not be seen. the crop suffers less. How to differentiate its symptoms with deficiency symptoms. Why it is more severe in ratoons? Due to low pathogen load in plant crop. Further. CoG 93076 and CoC 22. Stunting of affected canes with auxiliary bud sprouting. How the pathogen spreads? Infected seed cane serves as primary source and insect vectors spread the pathogen cane to cane in the field. Once ratooned. lanky and chlorotic tillers. What are the possible treatments for grassy shoot of sugarcane? Treat setts with aerated steam at 50�C for 1 hour to control primary infection. Aerated steam therapy eliminates the pathogen in the seed canes. It also affects plant crop. How the disease can be recognized in the field? Slow decline of varietal performance with cane thinness and poor vigour. In the affected canes intermodal elongation gradually decrease and show bunching of leaves in the apex. What are the suggested control measures? Aerated steam therapy eliminates the pathogen from the infected canes. But the severity is more in ratoons. What are the characteristic symptoms? Yellowing of mid ribs in the 3 to 5 leaves during and after cane formation stages. If the same seed source is used for many years the pathogen titre increase and cause decline in varietal performance. Use of disinfectants to clean seed cane cutting tools would reduce chances of spread of pathogen from infected to healthy setts. How to control the disease? Through meristem tip culture. No symptoms can be seen in internodes. dots or commas. Why the canes become thin due to RSD? The pathogenic bacterium systemically colonizes the xylem vessels. Later proper seed nursery programmes are to be followed to ensure supply of disease free seed canes. How the disease spreads? Through infected seed canes and insect vectors. the virus can be eliminates from the cane. In addition to loss in cane yield. Ratoon Stunting Does it affect ratoon crop only? No. Sugarcane Processing . Laminar yellowing along the discoloured mid rib and drying of leaf along the mid rib from the tip. Will it affect the crop yield? If so to what extent? The disease affects the yield significantly in susceptible varieties as well as in uncared fields. Is there any diagnosable symptoms?? Reddening of nodal tissue (internal) in the form of streaks. Expression of the disease in the early sage would cause more damage to the crop. sugar recovery is also affected in the infected canes. dead and dry canes. pests and disease attack in addition to variety and weather parameters actually decide the maturity of the cane.2 to 0. How does the soil type and quality of irrigation water affect the quality of sugarcane? The quantity and quality of irrigation water also influences the juice quality to a large extent.5 to 1% What is meant by maturity / ripening in sugarcane? In sugarcane by maturity or ripeness it is generally meant the stage which the juices in the cane stalk contains an economic level of sucrose and not to the changeover of the crop from vegetative to reproductive phase. etc. the stalk will contain stored sugar to support reproduction. Reduction in sheath moisture by increasing interval of irrigation at maturity phase is reported to be conducive for increased sucrose content in juice. lime and method of harvesting. Sugarcane grown under river water irrigation produces juice of better quality as compared to sugarcane grown under well water. have profound influence on the accumulation of sucrose and other non-sugars in cane juice. If juice pol and purity percentages are more than 16 and 85. In a simple way ripening is storage of excess sucrose. Several factors like soil fertility. incidence of pest and disease etc. growing condition.) � Should have higher quantity of juice � There should not be pith in the can � What are the factors that affect the quality of the juice? Factors like variety. nutrient management practices. Cane grown under saline and alkaline conditions tends to accumulate large proportion of chlorides and sodium in addition to increased mineral content. stage of maturity. What is the composition of cane juice? The constituents of the normal cane juice fall within the following limits: Water: 75 to 88% Sucrose : 10 to 21% Reducing sugars: 0.6% Nitrogenous bodies: 0. added fertilizers (quantity and time). mud particles. What should be the criteria for the best quality of cane / juice? Should have accumulated peak sucrose content in juice � Should have low level of non sugars � Should have high purity � Should have optimum fibre content � Should have negligible amount of unwanted materials (trash. water shoots. soil condition.5 to 1% Inorganic compounds: 0. and time of transport to mill. binding materials. How to determine the maturity / ripeness of sugarcane? . but its sugar storage potential has not necessarily been realized. respectively the cane is considered to be ripe.3 to 3% Organic matter other than sugar: 0. At this stage. pre-harvest burning. � Then the fields are arranged in the descending order of brix values for each zone. As the cane ripens TBR will approach unity. Hence when a stalk is divide into equal parts. the ratio of their average brix. The losses increased with the increase in duration of stalling. Co 7240. not much harm is caused if the cane is crushed within 24 hours of harvesting. Co 7314 and Co 775 were found to be comparatively resistant than CoJ 64.2 to 0. the brix of the joints up to the one leaving the highest dead leaf tends to become equal. � The refractometer brix values of representative samples of each field should be recorded with the help of a hand refractometer and juice extractor needles. � The fields should be grouped according to variety and month of planting. even after 14-16 months. Ratio of top / bottom brix: as the stalk gradually ripens. harvest and transportation injuries and microbial infestation. The above method of issuing cutting order helps to crush the cane of uniform maturity and avoids cane of immaturity. Thus one team can complete the survey in approximate 120-150 fields within 6 days. � Entire area in a factory zone should be grouped into number of zones of convenient size of about 50-60 ha. Stalling beyond 24 hours results in considerable loss in cane weight due to moisture loss and reduction in juice sucrose content due to inversion. � Each team can normally visit 2025 fields per day and complete the work. Small mill test: the juice is analysed for brix. How to conduct a pre-harvest maturity survey in sugar factory? The maturity survey should be started at least 4-6 weeks before the scheduled harvest date. � How long a harvested cane can be kept without deterioration? A well ripened harvested crop. � Separate survey for plant crop and ratoon crop should be preferable. However.5 per cent over and above the existing sugar recovery figure. CoC 671 stales less and is less inclined to inversion or dextran formation. What are the varieties tolerant to post harvest deterioration? Varieties CoC 671. In the case of unripe cane this ratio will be less than one. � Cutting orders are issued based on the brix values in descending order. Such juice also creates problems in processing. Studies at Coimbatore indicated that CoC 671 is comparatively less prone to post harvest inversion than Co 6304. may lose its sugar within a few days after harvest. the so called top / bottom ratio (TBR) will be indicative of the degree of ripeness. thus leading to improvement in sugar recovery to the tune 0. which tends to increase further due to high ambient temperature. CoS 510. CoC 8001. Co 6907 and Co 62175. sucrose and purity values in laboratory using brix hydrometer spindle and polarimeter. A minimum purity value of above 85% indicates its suitability for harvest. How to minimize post harvest deterioration in sugarcane? . � About 40 teams for each factory area can complete the entire area of a factory (5000-7000 ha) during one week time. � For each zone or area one team of persons comprising one Cane Assistant with two laborers for collection of samples should be assigned. reducing sugars. Keeping the harvested cane under shade during hot weather period 4. the white crystal sugar contains only sucrose to the tune of 99. By dipping the cut ends of cane in certain biocides like polycide @ 2 ml/lit or bactrinol-100 @ 100 ppm and spraying the same on the stored cane could arrest deterioration upto 120 hours. iron and calcium) and organics (higher proteins and fats) � Control of undesirable colour development and inversion of sucrose during boiling and concentration. groundnut and soyabean.1 g of fat and 0. Green bark of the Phasla and Semul trees. Sodium carbonate. . In contrast. 3. � Longer storage life of the product. � Better crystallization. Dipping both the cut ends of cane in sucroguard improved sugar recovery upto 0. 100g of jiggery gives 383 kcal of energy. Sodium bicarbonate. What are the various chemical clarificants that are used for jaggery making? Hydros (sodium hydrogen sulphite). Due to 70% reduction in microbial population of the primary juice of cane. Use of various chemicals as juice clarificants during jaggrey preparation results in presence of harmful chemicals like SO2 in jiggery and also affects the taste and storability of such jaggery. Lime (calcium oxide). In ayurvedha. Sajji (50% sodium carbonate. Along with 0. � Easy availability of clarifying agent.6 to 1.0 g of minerals (8 mg of calcium.5% without any minerals. What is an ideal juice clarificant for jaggery making? The clarificant should meet the following requirements � Removal of all constituents of juice other than sucrose.4% sodium sulphate. 4 mg of phosphours and 11. dry bark of the sukhlai plant. 6.5% sodium chloride). The quantity of clarificant is approximately 40-70 g per 100 lit of cane juice. Seeds of castor. 4. 2. 0.4% of protein. jaggrery is considered as the best base material for the preparation of medicines. It is also found to contain traces of vitamins and amino acids. inorganics (phosphates. Quick transport of varieties identified to be susceptible to post-harvest deterioration.9%.4 mg of iron). � No adverse effect on jaggery taste and human health. 1. Harvesting of immature and over mature canes should be avoided. � Prevention of overheating and charring. 5. What is the composition of cane jaggery? The jaggery contains approximately 60-85% sucrose. What are the various vegetable clarificants that are used for jaggery making? Stem and root of green plant of Deola and Bhendi. 5-15% glucose and fructose. 6. Super phosphate and alum are used. Covering of harvested cane with trash and sprinkling of water periodically to keep the cane moist. 0 5.5 5. Co 1158. Co 7219. There is a growing demand for organically produced jaggery both within the country and in the export market. � Storing of jaggery under low temperature maintains freshness in flavour and no loss in sucrose content.Co740. from the previous crop. Water insoluble matter % (maximum) 1. herbicides. Co 8011. Co 1148.Co 7257. CoR 8001 Bihar : CoS 767. Co 86032 Madhya Pradesh : Co 775. Co 1148 Gujarat : CoC 671. Co7704. Due to use of chemicals the taste and storability of such jaggery is also affected. CoS 8408.Co 419 Tamil Nadu : CoC 671. . In this context growing of sugarcane naturally and with use of organics and also preparation of jaggery with use of organic clarificants assumes importance in order to produce quality jaggery. Co 8041.Co 1148. palmirah leaves.Co 6304 Punjab : CoJ 64. CoS 802. � Storing of jaggery in gunny lined with black polythene sheets. Co 62175 Maharashtra : Co 775. For controlling the pest. Co 8014. � Ordinary earthen pots painteeed from inside as well as outside. CoS 8016. Co 7219.0 6. Co 8014. � Smoking of go-down with paddy husk particularly during monsoon period. � Drying of gur in shade during summer to a moisture content of less than 6% and storage of dried gur in polythene lined gunny bags improves shelf life of jaggery. Sulphur dioxide ppm (maximum) 50 50 7. CoS 767 Karnataka : Co 7704. in between layers of jaggery. Co 8013.CoS 7918. Co 1148 What are the methods of jaggery storage? The following methods may be adopted for the storage of jiggery without much deterioration in quality. Characterstics Grade 1 Grade 2 1. CoS 837 West Bengal : CoJ 64. Co 62175. What are the varieties good for jaggery making? State Varieties Andhra Pradesh : Co 6907. the sugarcane should be grown in field free from any residue of chemical fertilizers. Co 6304. Bo 91. Bo 91.C0 86032 Orissa : Co 7704. pesticides etc. Sulphated ash % (maximum) 3. CoT 8201. CoS 767. � Large quantities of jaggery may be stored in the go-downs provided with moisture absorbing agents like calcium chloride or quick lime. totally avoiding pesticides and herbicides. Reducing sugars % (maximum) 10 20 3. CoC 671. Co 62175. CoS 767. Sucrose % (minimum) 80 70 2. fly ash.CoC 92061 Uttar Pradesh : CoS 687. baskets made of palmirah leaves can be used for storing jaggery at home. Co1148. � Use sugarcane trash. CoJ 64.Co 62175.CoS 8118. Bo 19. CoS 8119. What are the standard specifications for cane jaggery grading? S.Co 7219. Co 62175. Co 6304. CoS 8315. Co 7527.3 How to make organic jaggery? Many times the market jaggery has been found to contain excess quantities of harmful chemicals like sulphur dioxide. Co 7314. paddy husk etc.3 0. For preparation of organic jaggery.CoJ 81 Rajasthan : Co 997. Ash insoluble in dilute HCL (maximum) 0.No. Co 62175. Co 740 Haryana : Co 7717. biocontrol methods may be adopted. Follow all the recommended techniques for growing the sugarcane by applying only organic source of required nutrients. Co 86032. Moisture % (maximum) 5 7 4. wooden boxes. CoS 8432. CoC 671. Co 8021. Co 1158.5 2. organic acids. sugars and non-sugars. hot water sterilization tank and corking machine excluding cost of crusher). Harvest the cane at peak maturity.0.(cost of bottles. 3.04% of citric acid is added. per day will be approx. Ratoon Management Is there any technology for improving sprouting in winter initiated ratoon? To improve sprouting in winter initiated ratoon potash at the rate of 80 kg/ha along with irrigation. This can be stored for 1-1� years. FYM based Trichoderma culture @ 20 kg/ha with PMC (10 t/ha) application helps in sprouting of winter initiated ratoon. Which method is suitable for obtaining optimum number of millable cane from ratoon crop? Farmers can obtain higher ratoon yield when sugarcane is planted under paired row system (30: 120 cm) with 20% higher on normal seed rate and gap filling at 1st irrigation in ratoon crop. close it with a corking machine. Boiling is continued and the second scum is removed at 98�C.1% sodium metebisulphite for better preservation.000/. Bottled juice can be stored for 6 to 8 weeks. Please tell the suitable gap filling material and when gap should be filled in ratoon crop? . Initial investment required for bottling 500 Nos. light coloured and with less fiber (CoC 671. Avoid high and late application of nitrogen. 13. How to prepare bottled sugarcane juice? 1. Grow the cane in normal soils with good quality water. stainless steel vessels. After the juice is extracted. one month prior to plant cane harvest is given. 14. This contains water. Co 7717. Chemical clarificants include phosphoric acid and super phosphate. Choose the pest and disease free cane for crushing. How to prepare liquid jaggery? Liquid jaggery is an intermediate product obtained during jaggery making. Add one lemon with 2 to 3 g of ginger for every 3 kg of cane material. Remove the impurities by filtering the juice with a muslin cloth. About 50 g of lime is added to bring the ph to 6. 4. 16. 10. Bhendi mucilage is added and the first scum is removed when the temperature is 85�C. 12. 15. liquid jaggery is filled in clean and sterilized bottles. Warm the juice to 60 to 70�C and keep it at that temperature for 15 minutes. 11. and minerals. Crush the cane within 24 hours after removal of rind. 8. 2. Fructose and glucose are in equal proportions with proteins. Choose a variety with high sugar content. Co 86032. To the clear juice add sodium metasulphite as a preservative at a rate of 1 g per 8 lit of juice. The strike point is 106�C and at this stage the pan is removed and 0. electric heaters. Use organic manure liberally instead of inorganic fertilizers. It is necessary to add 0. Rs. potassium alum crystals added to the juice. Co 86249 and Co 94012). 9. The clear juice is poured into a boiling pan. Co 62175. 7. Liquid jaggery is sweeter than cane sugar and jaggery. Transfer to a hot water sterilized bottles. This facilitates sedimentation of solid particles. After complete settling. 6. 10. This also curtails the gap filling operation in ratoon crop. 5. Serve chilled. Trash mulching in ratoon conserves moisture and thus. Trashes collected after harvest of plant crop should be evenly spread in alternate rows. Related Links About Related Links .followed by light irrigation and spray of Chlorpyriphos 20 EC solution @ 5. The gap appearing at above 60 cm should be filled within 30 days after ratoon initiation.0 liters/ha in 1600 liters of water to control termite and army-worm. It also improves soil fertility and helps in weed check. 30-35 days old polythene bag/STP raised settlings are suitable gap filling material. preserves ground water by saving irrigation water up to 3040%. What is method of trash mulching and their advantages in ratoon crop. http://www.in/ Sugarcane research http://cuddalore.gov.in/ Agriculture Research Indian Institute of http://www.nic.htm station.in AGMARKNET http://www.in/ Tamilnadu Cooperative Sugar Federation Ltd.gov.php Dacnet http://dacnet.in/sugar.tn.iisr.in/departments/agri.harc-hspa.sugarcane.tn.gov.html Govt of Tamilnadu(agriculture department) http://www.in/citizen/agriculture/index.nic.agripunjab.nic.in/ Ikisan for sugarcane http://www.in India (Agriculture http://india.ac.gov. Government Links: Ministry of Agriculture Government department) of http://agricoop.Punjab 0 Tamil Agricultural University Nadu http://www.php?f=1&m=66&1=163&r= Institute.in/departments/crop/indexhtml National informatics centre http://www.org.nic.htm station.in/ e HARC Sugarcane http://www.nic.com/HARCSGR7. cuddaloreம் Sugarcane research http://vellore.icar.tnau. Melalathur .in/Research%20Institute/research-mela.in/ Sugarcane Research Sugarcane Breeding Institute.in/sugar Research institutes: Indian Council of http://www.nic.gov.pk/index.Coimbator http://www.nic.tn.HTM Research Sugarcane Research http://www.res.agmarknet. htm gujarat Vasantdada institute sugar http://www.kau.agritech. Sugarcane research http://sites.panda.in/res_sbric.nau.staionline.com/ Sugar Association http://www. Regional http://karnal.harc-hspa.ac.gov.edu/Default.za/sasri_overview615. http://www.HTM Sugarcane cultivation management book and http://www.in/ Intelligence Cell Sugar Knowledge International http://www.aspx/ South African Sugarcane Research http://www.ac.htm Agri tech Portal http://www.htm University Sugarcane Breeding Institute.sugaronline.pk/index.tnagmark.in/agriculture/sugarcrops_sugarcane.org/ India TNAU Domestic & Export Market http://www.gov.nic.nsi.pdf Sugaronline http://www.php?f=1&m=66&1=163&r=0 The sugar technologists association of http://www.asp Centre.org/downloads/ssi_manual.in/trri/srs-sir station .tnau.gov.in Institute (SASRI) Reginol sugarcane research institute.in/Research_SugarScane. karnal National Institute Sugar http://www.sasa.agripunjab.tn.sucrose.vsisugar.tnau.com .com/ Miscellaneous Links: Sustainable initiative(manual) sugarcane http://assets.org. sirugamani Kerala Agricultural http://www.com/HARCSGR7.