Subject and Predicate

SUBJECT AND PREDICATEThe two essential parts of every complete sentence are the subject and the predicate. The subject is the person, thing, or idea about which something is said. The predicate tells something or asks something about the subject. COMPLETE SUBJECT Children The happy children The new car Happiness COMPLETE PREDICATE played. played in the sandbox. looked great. is sometimes hard to define. The Simple Predicate or Verb. In every complete predicate, the most important word is the verb. The simple predicate of the sentence is the verb. The verb may consist of more than one word: have sung, might have gone. When parts of the verb are interrupted by a modifier, the modifier is not part of the verb: were not lost, did not seem (“not” is an adverb). Identifying the Subject and Verb. Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Draw a circle around each subject. Watch out for modifiers. Examples: Mary cautiously opened the door. She did not see anyone. 1. Miss Williams is going to New York tomorrow. 2. Your gloves are certainly dirty. 3. Jo Anne's question surprised me. 4. I have never quite forgiven her. 5. The Martins have played eighteen holes of golf today. 6. The students had never finished their work so quickly before. 7. Mrs. Black has always made her own clothes. 8. The boys will ask the doctor for advice. 9. After his long flight, Tom was very tired. 10. The bridge was never completed. 11. Aunt Helen has just arrived for a week's visit. 12. The old man carefully made his way down the busy street. 13. The witness answered the questions simply and directly. 14. Our team has never beaten yours. 15. The members of our class have just elected officers. 16. Sue has never visited the South. 17. Mr. Gonzales often walks his dog in the evening. 18. The children have been playing outside all day. 19. Animal Farm is one of my favorite books. 20. Aunt Marian will prepare Thanksgiving dinner for fourteen people. 1. Miss Williams is going to New York tomorrow. 2. Your gloves are certainly dirty. 3. Jo Anne's question surprised me. 4. I have never quite forgiven her. 5. The Martins have played eighteen holes of golf today. 6. The students had never finished their work so quickly before. 7. Mrs. Black has always made her own clothes. 8. The boys will ask the doctor for advice. 9. After his long flight, Tom was very tired. 10. The bridge was never completed. 11. Aunt Helen has just arrived for a week's visit. 12. The old man carefully made his way down the busy street. 13. The witness answered the questions simply and directly. 14. Our team has never beaten yours. 15. The members of our class have just elected officers. 16. Sue has never visited the South. 17. Mr. Gonzales often walks his dog in the evening. 18. The children have been playing outside all day. 19. Animal Farm is one of my favorite books. 20. Aunt Marian will prepare Thanksgiving dinner for fourteen people. M:\9-TLC\TLC Web Design\Handouts Worksheets\Grammar.Punctuation.Writing\Subject and Predicate.doc NAME CLASS page 417 DATE GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 13: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE Simple and Complete Predicates 13d. The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about the subject. The simple predicate may be a one-word verb or a verb phrase (a verb with one or more helping verbs). The complete predicate consists of a verb and all the words that describe the verb and complete its meaning. SENTENCE I have been reading a collection of her stories. SIMPLE PREDICATE have been reading [verb phrase] COMPLETE PREDICATE have been reading a collection of her stories EXERCISE A The complete predicate is underlined in each of the following sentences. Circle the simple predicate. Example 1. Leslie Marmon Silko’s poetry has long been my favorite reading. 1. Silko has written many poems, short stories, and novels. 2. The author was raised at Laguna Pueblo in New Mexico. 3. In the 1960s, she attended high school in Albuquerque. 4. Many of Silko’s stories have been inspired by American Indian folk tales. 5. In her youth she heard these stories from other family members. 6. The Laguna Pueblos’ reverence for nature is traditional. 7. One of Silko’s poems is based on the Pueblos’ respect for the bear. 8. In 1974, Silko published her first collection of poems, Laguna Woman. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. 9. I have read many of the poems in that collection. 10. Do you have a copy of her story “The Man to Send Rain Clouds”? EXERCISE B In each of the following sentences, underline the complete predicate and circle the simple predicate. Example 1. American Indians have given the world many foods. 11. Popcorn, one of the oldest forms of corn, is believed to be native to Central America. 12. American Indians were growing popcorn more than one thousand years ago. 13. Popcorn was used for decorations and for food. 14. Popcorn without oil or butter is low in calories. 15. Almost all of the world’s popcorn is grown in the United States. Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 37 NAME CLASS pages 416=17 DATE 10. Beside one painting hangs a gorgeous fan. 11. My sister had read the description of Musical Performance. 12. A digital picture of this painting appears on the Internet. 13. In the next gallery was artwork by Zhu Qizhan. 14. At the age of ninety, he accepted an invitation to lecture in the United States. 15. Did the group see all of his paintings with flowers and still lifes? 16. Included among the images is a picture of grapes. 17. A colorful landscape painting hangs nearby. 18. His landscapes are renowned for their technical achievement. 19. The mountains in this painting are beautiful. 20. Zhu Qizhan used impressionist techniques in his work. 38 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE | Third Course Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 13: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE Complete and Simple Subjects and Predicates 13c. The main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about is called the simple subject. 13d. The simple predicate, or verb, is the main word or word group that tells something about the subject. The complete subject consists of the simple subject and any words, phrases, or clauses that modify the simple subject. The complete predicate consists of a verb and all the words that describe the verb and complete its meaning. EXERCISE In each of the following sentences, underline the complete subject once and the complete predicate twice. Then, circle each simple subject and verb. Example 1. Traditional Chinese painting is characterized by meticulous brush strokes. 1. Among the most famous Chinese artists is Chang Dai-chien. 2. I have seen several of the paintings by Chang Dai-chien. 3. Many art experts consider Chang a genius. 4. Dozens of Chang’s paintings are in an exhibit at the museum. 5. Across the marble floor came the tour guide. 6. The tour guide pointed to the collection of paintings. 7. She directed our attention to an unusual painting. 8. On the bushy branches of a pine tree sits the artist. 9. Chang exhibited one hundred paintings at his first show in 1926. NAME CLASS pages 419=22 DATE GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 13: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE Finding the Subject 13e. The subject of a sentence is never in a prepositional phrase. EXAMPLE Three of the animals are at the watering hole. [Three is the subject. Animals is the object of the preposition of.] Questions often begin with a verb, a helping verb, or a word such as what, when, where, which, how, or why. The subject of a question may follow the verb or may come between the helping verb and the main verb. EXAMPLE In which country does the largest herd live? [The subject herd comes between the helping verb does and the main verb live.] The word there or here is almost never the subject of a sentence. To find the subject, ask “Who?” or “What?” before the verb. EXAMPLE There are two species of African rhinoceros. [What are? Species are.] EXERCISE A In each of the following sentences, circle the subject of the underlined verb. Example 1. How many kinds of rhinoceroses exist in the world? 1. There are five types of rhinoceroses. 2. What are the two species of African rhinoceroses called? 3. Here are some pictures of the black rhinoceros. 4. Where did the name for the black rhinoceros originate? 5. Can the black rhinoceros really uproot bushes and small trees? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. EXERCISE B For each of the following sentences, underline the subject once and the verb twice. Example 1. How can we save this rhinoceros? 6. For what reasons are these African rhinoceroses endangered? 7. There is much interest in the black rhinoceros of Africa. 8. Is poaching affecting the survival rate of the black rhinoceros? 9. How have people like Kenneth Manyangadze helped the black rhinoceros? 10. Will Save Valley Wildlife Conservancy provide a safe home for African rhinoceroses? 11. In the preserve, there is a special area for the black rhinoceroses. 12. Where did Manyangadze see that two-ton female black rhinoceros? 13. How have volunteers saved some black rhinoceroses from poachers? 14. Here is a helpful tracking device. 15. In what ways can a tracking collar pinpoint the location of a rhinoceros in the wild? Grammar, Usage, and Mechanics: Language Skills Practice 39 Tony is a noun of direct address. Eduardo will list the requirements for a career as a travel agent. 4. 2. Show us a copy of the survey.NAME CLASS page 423 DATE 6. You should review these articles about computers. Use the underlined words in the first five sentences as nouns of direct address. the subject of a sentence is usually not stated. [Who is to read? You is the understood subject. Rinehart and Winston. José will explain the reasons for the popularity of those jobs. 10. you can search the Internet. 7. You is the understood subject. Example 1. Would you please tell us about the career of a highway patrol officer. a name that identifies the person spoken to or addressed. For additional information. All rights reserved. 1. Karen will describe some careers in medicine. 8. . Amy.Tony. Sherise? 3.] EXERCISE Rewrite each of the following sentences as a request or a command with an understood subject. You should respond to each survey question with only yes or no. the class will read the chapter. even when the request or command includes a noun of direct address. 40 ELEMENTS OF LANGUAGE | Third Course Copyright © by Holt. You should take notes as you read the chapter. For tomorrow. Amy will show us a copy of the survey. EXAMPLE Please read the first question aloud. 5. You can report your findings to the rest of the class. 9. GRAMMAR for CHAPTER 13: THE PARTS OF A SENTENCE The Understood Subject In a request or command. an. a. an. a lecture or just in a quiet public place. 9__ computer and 10 __ Internet allow for 11__ instant response over 12__ great distances. 10. or no article. However. Therefore. 2004. ANSWERS 1. In social settings. 7. in your choice about whether to use an article. 6. a number of undesirable practices have emerged as mobile phone usage spreads into everyday life. but will just provide some of the basic rules for use on: 1. so for students whose first language is not English. the. 7__ Technology has greatly revolutionised 8__ communication process. it is important that our society develops some social standards to monitor the use of mobile phones in our every-day life. 10) Another worrying trend is that face-to-face social interaction seems to have been taken over by the tools of the mobile phone. James. N Teaching & Learning Centre Fact Sheets University of New England . people comment that they are irritated by the intrusion of mobile phone conversations in restaurants. 36). 11. Surely. employers report that many members of their staff use an individually-owned mobile phone to socialise during work hours. a. or which one to use. loud ringing or musical chimes interfere with the social situation or peaceful setting. definite and indefinite. In the workplace. The rules for using articles in English are quite complex.Grammar: Using articles Articles are used to indicate whether a noun refers to a specific or a general item. an. 3. Waters (2010) observes that: One sits in a restaurant. you have four possible choices: the. the. the indefinite article a / an OR if zero article is needed write N 1 __ Communication is 2__ activity in which 3__ information is transferred from 4 __ sender to 5__ receiver via 6__ medium. For example. 1. NOW TRY THIS EXERCISE ON CHOOSING THE CORRECT ARTICLE Write the definite article the. 4. This fact sheet will not attempt to cover all the rules. This is followed by a loud personal conversation. N. 2. when to use an article. 9. 5. AN EXAMPLE OF ARTICLES IN TEXT In the twenty-first century. an analysis of a survey of 2000 teenagers reveals that 93 percent of today’s youth terminate relationships by voicemail or text messages rather than negotiate meaningful relationships (Jackson & Peters. Peters. You will need to understand the basic principles of using articles and check your writing yourself to ensure that articles are used correctly. and which article to use can cause problems. What is an article? There are two types of articles.  ‘the’ is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE  ‘a’ and ‘an’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLES  no article is sometimes referred to as ZERO ARTICLE NOTE: APA referencing style is used in used in this fact sheet. N. theatres and other public venues. a. resulting in loss of productive work time and effort (Jackson. 12. N. For example. What is an article? 2. 2009. 8. 2005). Some basic rules for using articles  GRAMMAR CHECKERS do not flag missing articles or their incorrect use in your writing with any degree of consistency. the. 1998. p. there needs to be a social code of behaviour for mobile phone usage that needs to be observed. (para. a. Suddenly. the moon.monash. Use ‘an’ if the word immediately after the article begins with a.2...) 3. e. subjects (biology. Use ‘the’ for the second and subsequent references to an item. or implied (e. The last students to leave.. A mobile phone is a prime example of how technology has shaped our lives. essays.g. coal).. the planets. essay. The policy. solids (iron.. 3. depending on the context or meaning..) (A survey was administered to. real items. gases (oxygen. Use zero article when you first mention a plural noun or an uncountable noun. student. liquids (water. an umbrella. the principal reason) 5. 2.g.. Use ‘the’ when using ordinal forms to show order or number (e. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English) will indicate whether a noun is countable or uncountable. Use ‘the’ when using words that specify a particular item (e. http://www. students. i.g. The same student.edu. Use ‘the’ when you use ‘most’ as the superlative form (e. powders (sugar. o or u.. The first students to graduate were. Mobile phones have revolutionised .) 2. some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. Use a.) 3.. except where the ‘u’ is pronounced like a ‘y’ (e. 4. Technology is revolutionising the way we communicate. you will find TWO tutorials with interactive exercises that will help you to master this grammatical skill. an odd couple. history). Some basic rules for using articles  The first thing you need to decide is whether the noun is countable or uncountable Countable nouns in English are usually those that can take a plural form. or to a representative of that class.g. hydrogen).. Rules for using articles (a/an. an apple. an when you first mention a singular countable noun. This group includes words like paper. BUT a university). Uncountable nouns in English usually do not have a plural form. The mobile phone has revolutionised communications. You may also need to refer more generally to an entire class of things. e. The results showed that .. oil). Use the definite article (the) to refer to an entire class of things (e. Use zero article with plural countable nouns and with uncountable nouns to refer to a representative of the class of things (e. The committee has approved a new policy. The item could be explicity referred to. the only essay.. space. However. . They include names for languages.) 4.. an) cannot be used with uncountable nouns or with plural nouns. lecture.g.g. Rules for using the indefinite article (a/an) 1. an egg. zero article) for classes of things 1. an interesting result. The indefinite article (a. discipline..g. the. Use ‘the’ for reference to an item that is understood by all speakers (the sun.g. Here..) For more detailed information using articles.g. ) 2. most learner’s dictionaries (e. The most critical step is.. go to Articles on the Monash University website.xml Teaching & Learning Centre Fact Sheets University of New England . economics.  The definite article (the) can be used for specific references to countable nouns Rules for using the definite article (the) 1. flour). the stars)  The examples above refer to specific.g.au/lls/llonline/grammar/articles/index. Use the indefinite article (a/an) with a singular countable noun to refer to a representative of the class of things (e.. If you are unsure. lectures. This is a book on ______ Irish history. Our friends. ______ other they’re bad. ______ Dogs make wonderful pets. A. ______ Teachers are like ______ weather. ______ President of the United States is giving a speech tonight. 10. Do you happen to know who invented ______ camera? www. ______ Elephants are intelligent animals. we saw ______ Statue of Liberty. 20. 4. moved to Florida last summer. I arrived I ______ USA last Monday. Jane’s husband got home early from ______ work. 24. 8. ______ former Prime Minister of England. 6. Strong of character. Their car does over a hundred miles ______ hour. It was ______ cold Saturday morning at ______ beginning of ______ month. 19. Maxim was at ______ centre of her thoughts. Last year we visited ______ St. ______ Millers. 27. I think I’ll be going to ______ bed. 31. disastrous war. which is brand new. 29. 5. 28. 32. 13. Ellis Island and ______ Empire State building. 35. 16. she ruled our family with ______ iron hand. 15. I live in ______ apartment. 12. We’d like to have ______ wedding in ______ early fall. I’m tired. 18. in early October if possible. 33. Winston Churchill. She had laughing eyes and ______ most charming mouth. We left ______ Rome. I’ll book ______ sleeper on ______ Geneva-Paris train tomorrow. Before we landed at ______ JFK airport. The two countries reached ______ peace after a long. 17. Jake took out ______ beer opened it and drank ______ cold beer from ______ bottle.at . 37. so she ordered ______ calorie-free dinner. 36. The plane was climbing up through ______ sky. We need to be at ______ airport in ______ hour. ______ beer always tasted better from ______ bottle. ______ Most children like ______ sweets. AN) where necessary – or leave blank ! 1. went to ______ Harrow. Carol’s father works as ______ electrician. She is on ______ diet. It had rained earlier in the day and as Maggie left the house she lifted her eyes towards ______ sky. 9. 26. ______ Milk is rich in ______ nutrients. one minute they’re good. ______ Money is one of ______ most important things in ______ life. Emma’s eyes rested on ______ letter. 21. 30. 11. 34. She likes ______ Indian tea but she doesn’t like ______ tea that comes from ______ Ceylon. ______ Royals is a serial which portraits ______ life of ______ members of ______ Royal family in ______ United Kingdom. 25. Our children go to school by ______ bus.ARTICLES ART2 Fill in an article (THE. We needed ______ house to live in when we were in London. My grandmother was ______ true original. 2. 7. ______ Marmalade is usually made from ______ oranges. Paul’s Cathedral and ______ Tower of London. 22. 23. flew over ______ Alps and made a quick stop in London. Here was ______ opportunity she had been waiting for. 3.english-grammar. 14. ARTICLES ART1 Fill in an article (THE. 9. which is brand new. It was A cold Saturday morning at THE beginning of THE month. 19. 14. 37. she ruled our family with AN iron hand. I arrived in THE USA last Monday. 24. The plane was climbing up through THE sky. Jane’s husband got home early from work. 26. A beer always tasted better from THE bottle. 7. Our children go to school by bus. flew over THE Alps and made a quick stop in London. 31.at . We left Rome. I live in AN apartment. Do you happen to know who invented THE camera? www. 2. 28. so she ordered A calorie-free dinner. 33. I’m tired. 3. 13. 4. Elephants are intelligent animals. Emma’s eyes rested on THE letter. 8. moved to Florida last summer. She had laughing eyes and A most charming mouth. This is a book on Irish history. AN) where necessary – or leave blank ! 1. Maxim was at THE centre of her thoughts. the Millers. Last year we visited St. Strong of character. Paul’s Cathedral and THE Tower of London. 35. 32. 15. 22. THE Royals is a serial which portraits THE life of THE members of THE Royal family in THE United Kingdom. THE former Prime Minister of England. Here was THE opportunity she had been waiting for. 25. We need to be at THE airport in AN hour. We’d like to have THE wedding in early fall. Jake took out A beer opened it and drank THE cold beer from THE bottle. 36. Marmalade is usually made from oranges. Ellis Island and THE Empire State building. Teachers are like THE weather. 5. Winston Churchill. 6. A. My grandmother was A true original. The two countries reached peace after a long. 23. Our friends. we saw THE Statue of Liberty. in early October if possible. 18. one minute they’re good. It had rained earlier in the day and as Maggie left the house she lifted her eyes towards THE sky. 12. 10. We needed A house to live in when we were in London. 30. 11. 16. Milk is rich in nutrients. 34. Most children like sweets. I think I’ll be going to bed. Carol’s father works as AN electrician. THE other they’re bad. 20. went to Harrow. Money is one of THE most important things in life. disastrous war. She likes Indian tea but she doesn’t like THE tea that comes from Ceylon. I’ll book A sleeper on THE Geneva-Paris train tomorrow. 17.english-grammar. 29. Dogs make wonderful pets. THE President of THE United States is giving a speech tonight. 21. Before we landed at JFK airport. 27. Their car does over a hundred miles AN hour. She is on diet. it is a connecting word. verbs and modifiers. Unlike nouns. but the entire list is relatively short. which may change form according to their meaning and use in a sentence.PREPOSITIONS Prepositions are connecting words. prepositions never change form. We use many prepositions with great frequency. Here are the most common ones. Direction = to into across toward down Location = between by through above among toward around in under at on beside over Time = after before during until since Other = against to but with for from of The Writing Center ■ Valle Verde ■ Tutorial Support Services ■ EPCC 1 . about above across after against along among around as at before behind below beneath beside besides between beyond but (except) by concerning despite down during except for from in inside into like near of off on onto out outside over past regarding round since through throughout to toward under underneath unlike until up upon with within without A preposition shows a relationship between two words in a sentence. For example: according TO agree TO (a plan) agree WITH (a person) ahead OF capable OF comply WITH consist OF conform TO based ON because OF part FROM (a person) part WITH (a thing) engage IN exclude FROM expect FROM (thing) opposite OF (qualities) opposite TO (position) rely ON responsible FOR. The party will be on July the 4th. • Look at Marissa’s artwork. is used when the time is within a 24-hour period: I finished my paper in just one day. IN is used for enclosed spaces. geographic locations. All my classes are in the afternoon. OF deal WITH depend ON deprive OF different FROM identical WITH. BY is used to show nearness to a landmark: • Wal-Mart is by Cielo Vista Mall. The sun rises at dawn. Martha will be done with school by May. is used when the day or date is known: Mary went to the mall on Friday. is used when the time is known: Ivan’s class is at 3:30 p. is used when an action will be completed by a certain time or date: Tony will finish his work by 5:00 p. Prepositions are usually not interchangeable. ON is used when the object is on a surface or electronic medium: • The cat is resting on the chair. • You can find good articles on the Internet. and print mediums: • My shoes are in the closet.Certain words are used with certain prepositions. • I live in El Paso. TX. TO imply THAT similar TO Frequently Used Prepositions TIME AT • • ON • • IN • • BY • • LOCATION AT is used to show a site or target: • Mark is at home.m. The Writing Center ■ Valle Verde ■ Tutorial Support Services ■ EPCC 2 . • Jamie’s article was printed in the newspaper.m. He is responsible ____________ what he does. My friend always borrows money ____________ me. We can only get to the camp ____________ foot. 24. We had to climb slowly ____________ the hill. 37. 20. 29. 44. The manager didn’t take part ____________ the discussion. 10. 4. Sonja gets ____________ the seven o’clock bus in the morning. There’s a good restaurant ____________ the end of the street. Please write ____________ pencil. 28. 42. The audience threw tomatoes ____________ him. 22. I took a plane ____________ Munich to Rome. Her next birthday will be ____________ a Sunday. Passengers are not allowed to use cell phones ____________ airplanes. 49. What are you talking ____________ ? ____________ the end of next year we will have made over £ 100. I’m sorry ____________ the job you didn’t get. 3. 48. 30. She always looks ____________ herself in the mirror. 5. The new factory is expected to go online ____________ May. It’s very kind ____________ you to help us. 40. We have been searching ____________ a web designer for a few weeks now. 9. 21. I’d like to speak ____________ the manager please. You have to pay ____________ the tickets on the day you order them. He started learning English ____________ 2005. He’ll be with you ____________ a minute. He is always ____________ time. 33. I’ll see you ____________ the conference We sat down ____________ the grass and ate our lunch. I went to work ____________ Tuesday but I didn’t go ____________ Friday. The TV is ____________ the corner of the room. She learned Russian ____________ the age of 45. 12. He reminds me ____________ his old history teacher. 13. 27. 11.with 1. 7. The old man suffered ____________ a heart attack. My parents got married ____________ the 1970s.000. 35. He‘s very good ____________ telling jokes. I would like to travel ____________ Italy next summer. 45. 25. 2. We usually have turkey ____________ Thanksgiving.for – from – in – of – on – to . 43. 15. 46. 50. The book was written ____________ Mark Twain. 14. 31. It’s ____________ time you told him the truth. 39. We are very proud ____________ this company. 18. 36. I’ll show you the picture ____________ the palace. I don’t usually feel tired ____________ the morning. He arrived at the school building just ____________ time. She always gets up early ____________ the morning and goes to bed late ____________ night. My mother is abroad so my dad is taking care ____________ us ____________ the moment. How many people are ____________ your team? A university is where you study ____________ a degree. 19. 41. 6. 16.PREPOSITIONS PREP 1 Fill in the correct prepositions about – at – by . Daria’s books are lying ____________ the floor. I’m very bad ____________ mathematics. Many of us eat ____________ fork and spoon. 26. I met Donna ____________ a party ____________ Friday night. 8. 34. . 32. You’ll have to wait. 17. 23. 38. 47. Philip waited ____________ her at the movie theatre. 15. 9. I’d like to speak with the manager please. I went to work on Tuesday but I didn’t go on Friday. What are you talking about? By the end of next year we will have made over £ 100. 43. 27. 4. I’ll see you at the conference We sat down on the grass and ate our lunch. 16. There’s a good restaurant at the end of the street. Please write in pencil. I’m very bad at mathematics. 39.with 1.PREPOSITIONS PREP 1 Fill in the correct prepositions about – at – by . We usually have turkey for Thanksgiving. 34. I took a plane from Munich to Rome. 22. 48. 8. My parents got married in the 1970s. Sonja gets on the seven o’clock bus in the morning. 32. The book was written by Mark Twain. 33. My mother is abroad so my dad is taking care of us at the moment. He’ll be with you in a minute. 31. 50. 5. I would like to travel to Italy next summer. 36. The TV is in the corner of the room. 12. It’s about time you told him the truth. The new factory is expected to go online in May. How many people are on your team? A university is where you study for a degree. He is responsible for what he does. It’s very kind of you to help us. We are very proud of this company. 6. 41. Daria’s books are lying on the floor. 49. The manager didn’t take part in the discussion. I don’t usually feel tired in the morning. 14. You have to pay for the tickets on the day you order them. 24. 28. I met Donna at a party on Friday night. We have been searching for a web designer for a few weeks now. Philip waited for her at the movie theatre. He reminds me of his old history teacher. Many of us eat with fork and spoon. Her next birthday will be on a Sunday. She always gets up early in the morning and goes to bed late at night. 30. 13. 21. . 11. 42. I’m sorry about the job you didn’t get. He is always on time. 45.for – from – in – of – on – to . 40. 17. She always looks at herself in the mirror. 47. He‘s very good at telling jokes. We can only get to the camp on foot. 38. 23. 19.000. The old man suffered from a heart attack. 29. He arrived at the school building just in time. 37. 26. 3. 2. 7. 44. 35. 25. 18. I’ll show you the picture of the palace. 46. 10. We had to climb slowly up the hill. She learned Russian at the age of 45. The audience threw tomatoes at him. He started learning English in 2005. You’ll have to wait. 20. Passengers are not allowed to use cell phones on airplanes. My friend always borrows money from me. 3. The guard ____________ my ID card ______________ to me. 12. so finally I ________________. Have you ____________________ a dress to wear at the party? call in cheat on get around to hand back look at look up pick out point out point to run over set up take apart . Erich is very sick at the moment but I am sure he’ll ________________ 9. Hank has been ____________________ his wife for years. You’re not his boss. 1. The general showed me a satellite photo and I ____________________ the enemy tanks. My son drove me crazy about buying a new bike. I ____________________ her and told her that I loved her. I’ll ____________________ it one of these days. Don’t worry about the broken window. 1. 12. I understand you opinion but I have to ____________________ Linda on this question. Although he tried to eat less he ________________ some weight during the holidays 4. I ________________ you at the party but I couldn’t see you.PHRASAL VERBS PH 1 Fill in the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the box. I’ll try to ______________ it ___________ and fix it. Can I ________________ the drinks with a credit card? fall for fall for figure out figure out give in give in go along go along with with look for look for pull through pay for put onpull through run into put on show uprun into take off show up take talk down to off talk down to Fill in the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the box. 8. 11. She shouldn’t ____________________ him like that. I ________________ Karen and her new boyfriend when I went shopping 5. Over a hundred people ________________ for the news conference 6. She ____________________ a meeting with Jimmy and his lawyer. 3. The police chief couldn’t solve the case . 7. 10. 8. 5. 9. I ____________________ the words that our teacher dictated. Our plane ________________ an hour late because of the fog. When I saw Melanie I ____________________ to her and gave her a hug 11. 10. 7. Can you ____________________ the man carrying the gun? 2. 6. so he wanted to ____________________ the FBI 4. The clock is completely broken. John told me that he didn’t steal but I didn’t ________________ his lies. I looked for my keys everywhere but I couldn’t ________________ where I put them 2. Don’t worry about the broken window. I looked up the words that our teacher dictated. Have you picked out a dress to wear at the party? . 9. Erich is very sick at the moment but I am sure he’ll pull through She shouldn’t talk down to him like that. 5. 1. 9. 8. 4. I looked at her and told her tht I loved her. 3. Can I pay for the drinks with a credit card? Fill in the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the box. I looked for my keys everywhere but I couldn’t figure out where I put them I looked for you at the party but I couldn’t see you. 11. You’re not his boss. 12. My son drove me crazy about buying a new bike. 11. 3. I understand you opinion but I have to go along with Linda on this question.PHRASAL VERBS PH 1 Fill in the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs from the box. 6. Although he tried to eat less he put on some weight during the holidays I ran into Karen and her new boyfriend when I went shopping Over a hundred people showed up for the news conference Our plane took off an hour late because of the fog. 10. I’ll get around to it one of these days. 6. I’ll try to take it apart and fix it. 7. The police chief couldn’t solve the case . so finally I gave in. 8. She set up a meeting with Jimmy and his lawyer. 4. 12. 2. so he wanted to call in the FBI The guard handed my ID card back to me. Can you point to the man carrying the gun? Hank has been cheating on his wife for years. When I saw Melanie I ran over to her and gave her a hug The clock is completely broken. 1. 10. 2. John told me that he didn’t steal but I didn’t fall for his lies. The general showed me a satellite photo and I pointed out the enemy tanks. 5. 7. give. Catch up with You go ahead . Catch She managed to catch the last train. For example: Get up = get out of bed Get away = escape Get on with someone = like being with them . in. Break up Jenny broke up with her boyfriend yesterday. get. because they completely change the meaning. The Òsmall wordsÓ in phrasal verbs are important. Compare: Normal Verbs Take I took an aspirin because I had a terrible headache.PHRASAL VERBS INTRODUCTION Phrasal verbs have two parts: a verb (e.: put. etc) and one or sometimes two "small words" (e. Break He broke his arm during the game. take. out. up.: on. etc) which go with the verb.g.I'll catch up with you later.g. Phrasal Verbs Take off Take off your coat! It's too hot here. go. look it up in the dictionary.The following sentences have phrasal verbs. I was having lunch when John turned up. be responsible for someone * try to find * find the meaning of a word * have a view of * arrive unexpectedly 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) If you don t understand the meaning of a word. discover live in one place become adult .Can you answer the following questions using one of the phrasal verbs in the box? * put down * put on * put up * take off 1) What do women with long hair sometimes do to their hair when they play sports? 2) What do you say to a child who has just picked up a piece of broken glass? 3) What do people do when they go out in cold weather? 4) What do you do with a sweater when you come into a warm house? C .1 . I m looking for a comfortable flat in the centre of the city. It was bad for my health.PRACTICE A . Carry on Find out Get on Grow up arrive unexpectedly start a journey continue like being with Turn up Settle down Set off learn. Use a diictionary if necessary.Match the phrasal verbs with their meaning. Babysitters look after young children. He surprised me. * stop doing something * care for. Can you guess what they mean? Match them with their meanings in the box. I gave up smoking. B . That window looks out on a park. D .1 . Surprisingly. 4) Oh dear . 5) She was late. He (started on his journey) _________________ with very little money and travelled east. 2) My 10-year-old daughter wants to be a nurse when she ___________________.C —2 . He (continued) _________________ until he reached New York. he (spent his childhood) ___________________ in San Francisco.Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs in the box. and one day he (appeared) _____________ at her flat with a bunch of roses and asked her to marry him. He fell in love with one of the waitresses.I’ve just _____________________ that I’ve only got $10 in the bank. She ______________________ at 9 o’clock. 3) We’ve got a long way to drive. * carry on * set off * get on * settle down * turn up * find out * grow up 1) The party __________________ till 4 a. . 6) Don’t ask me to share an office with Richard . she agreed. Apparently. 7) Now.m. I recently read my grandfather s diaries. and when he was 18 he decided to see America.we don’t __________________ at all. you’re 30 it’s time you __________________ and got a good. and he (went to live) __________________ with her in New York.Now read the f ollowing text and complete it using the phrasal verbs in C . He and his parents didn t (like being together) ___________________ at all. so we ought to ___________________ as early as possible. where he got a job washing up in a restaurant. and I (discovered) ______________________ a lot of interesting things about his life. steady job. where they had 3 children. 7) ______________ it __________ . Can I _______________________. 5) Let s ______________ them ___________ and see if they want to come with us. Do you mind if I ______________________? (take off) 2) I need to get up early tomorrow. 8) If you like those jeans. Why don t you _______________________ if you re cold? (put on) 5) My hair is very untidy. them or me and the correct form of the phrasal verb in brackets. Could you _______________________ at half past six? (wake up) 3) I like these shoes. 4) Don t _______________ that old painting ___________. * turn off * throw away * take off * turn up * look up * try on * ring up * switch off 1) Could you ______________ the TV __________? I can t hear. 2) Don t forget to _______________ the lights ___________ when you go out.MORE EXERCISES !!! A) Complete the following sentences using it.the water is overflowing. 3) I ll have to ______________ it __________ in the dictionary — I m not sure what it means.they are soaking wet. (wash up) B) Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box. why don t you ______________ them _________ and see if they suit you? . please? (try on) 4) Here s a jacket. I think I ll ______________________ for the interview. 1) I m too hot with this coat on. It might be valuable. 6) I d better ____________ these trousers ________ . because he (continued) ______________________ studying English until he left school. Why don t you _____________ it ______and tell me tomorrow? 3) A: We couldn t get enough people to play in the match on Sunday. look up. I play the guitar now. A: Well. I never dared to (raise) _____________________ my hand because I was afraid she d (talk angrily to) _____________ me __________. 4) A: That s a lovely song.C) Complete the dialogues using the correct form of the r phrasal verbs in the box. look forward to. Who s it by? B: Me — I _____________ it __________ myself. she used to make me (find the meaning) ____________it ____________ in the dictionary. B: Why don t you use a calculator? 2) A: Are you coming or not? B: I m not sure yet. 5) A: Do you still play the piano? B: No. I ____________ it _________ a few months ago — I feel myself much better. get on with I ll never forget my English teacher at school. I _____________ __________ the piano two years ago. . give up. B: Yes. * make up * take up * think over * give up * put off * work out 1) A: What s 43 times 79? I can t ______________ it __________ in my head. And if I (stopped) _______________ doing the exercises she gave us for any reason. I never (liked being with) _____________________ her. I (was always excited about) ________ always ________________________ the end of the lesson. look up to. 6) A: I didn t know you went jogging. tell off. D) Replace the phrases in brackets with phrasal verbs. That s why I always (admire) ________________________ my brother George. If there was a word I didn t understand. she got furious. Use each of the following verbs once: carry on. put up. We ll _____________ it ___________ till next week. you don t have to tell me now. B: Don t worry. 6) I couldn’t possibly _____________________ my computer . . We can ____________ you __________ for the night. 5) You don’t need to stay in a hotel.I could really _______________________ a long. 10) Just because he hasn’t got a job is no reason to _________________________ him. but then she ___________ me __________.they were very close to each other. 4) They offered him a job. 9) He was a great leader and the whole country __________________________ him.E) Complete the sentences with the phrasal verbs in the box. 3) I’ll _______________ you __________ at 6:30 and we’ll go to the airport together. cold drink. but he ______________ it __________. 7) I’m dying of thirst . 8) She’s taking a long time to _______________________ her mother’s death . * look up to * get over * bring up * turn down * do with * do without * put up * look down on * let down * pick up 1) I trusted her.I use it all the time. 2) His parents _____________ him _________ much too strictly. or quality EX: Robert Frost wrote poems. one may avoid repeating name words. a phrase. The eight parts of speech are noun.) Nouns answer these questions: Who? What? PRONOUNS A pronoun is a word used to take the place of a noun.) The cow is a domestic animal. and street is the object of the preposition down. EX: Jose painted a picture. EX: The man walked down the street. or a clause. (Cow is the subject. being. People like admiration. and as the predicate nominative (noun complement). NOUNS A noun is the name of a person. . Through use of pronouns. idea. An adjective may be a single word.THE EIGHT PARTS OF SPEECH LIST WITH DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES All words may be classified into eight groups called parts of speech. preposition. or state of being. thing. and animal is the predicate nominative. The box has lost its handle. A noun is used as the subject. place. EX: Mary has lost her book. Ruth saw the boys and talked to them. That woman is a banker. VERBS A verb is a word used to express action. Work brings satisfaction. ADJECTIVES An adjective is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. Ann lives in Boston. The law still exists. adjective. adverb. the same word may be anyone of several parts of speech. as any kind of object. conjunction. pronoun. A verb may be composed of several words (the main verb preceded by one or more auxiliary or helping verbs). and interjection. A pronoun is used as a noun. therefore. The group to which a word belongs is determined by its use in the sentence. (Man is the subject. depending upon its use in a given sentence. verb. called a verb phrase: EX: This book should have been sent to the storeroom. ) The newly rich were not invited.) She smiled rather sadly.) He is a very great orator. EX: Bob and Linda are here.) The little boy. EX: She sings beautifully. (clearly modifies the infinitive to write. (rather modifies the adverb sadly).) Nearly all of them were lost.) He was almost under the tree. (adjective clause) Adjectives answer these questions: What kind? Which one(s)? How many (or how much)? Whose? ADVERBS An adverb is used to modify a verb. or another adverb. (adverbial phrase) Robert left when I came. (single words) The stranger came into the room. (but connects the two independent clauses. (through shows the nature of the relations between woods.) She came just before I left. the verb. (single words) The rug on the floor is blue. smiling happily. and walked. Bob and Linda.) CONJUNCTIONS A conjunction connects words or groups of words. (Newly modifies the noun equivalent rich.) An adverb may be a single word. she . (faithfully modifies the gerund working. (and connects the two subjects. (nearly modifies the indefinite pronoun all. (adverbial clause) Adverbs answer these questions: How? When? Where? Why? Under what condition? To what extent or degree? PREPOSITIONS A preposition shows the relations between its object and some other word in the sentence. In some cases adverbs may modify other parts of speech – a preposition or a conjunction – or other sentence elements – a verbal or occasionally a substantive. or a clause. its object. (almost modifies the preposition under.EX: We saw beautiful valleys and rugged mountains. an adjective. (beautifully modifies the verb signs. By working faithfully. (adjective phrase) The man who spoke is a teacher. but she did not stay.) She has learned to write clearly. she won success. EX: We walked through the woods. (Just modifies the conjunction before. (very modifies the adjective great.) She came. a phrase. ran to meet his father. (happily modifies the participle smiling. EX: He crept stealthily. it joins a dependent (subordinate) clause to the independent clause on which it depends: EX: I was here before you came. whew. then. that. gosh. therefore . INTERJECTIONS An interjection is a familiar word that has no grammatical relation to the rest of the sentence and that commands attention or expresses strong feeling: ah. EX: Neither John nor I will be able to come. hurrah. till.came and she did not stay. and not only – but also. whom. two phrases. (and connects two nouns) She liked to read but not to write (not writing). neither – nor. unless. (a single word connecting clauses) The teachers as well as the students had a good time. nor. it is sufficient for our purpose to note only three general classes: coordinating. The relative pronouns who. there’s no necessary tie between the two. and correlative. Note that an interjection is not the same thing as an exclamation. ouch. or. EX: Paula and Carl are here. and thus. Though in fact an exclamation may consist of or contain an interjection. subordinating. a conjunction may be a single word or a group of words: EX: She came while you were away. and yet. when. (relative adverbs used as conjunctions are also called conjunctive adverbs or adverbial conjunctions. also connect independent clauses. as if. not a part of speech. your hair is like peanut brittle” contains an interjection (the poetical “O”). so. since. An exclamation is an outburst—an emphatic statement. oh. or two clauses or equal rank. A subordinating conjunction connects two clauses of unequal rank. for. before. “O Henrietta Tittle. what. (a group of words used as a conjunction) Although conjunctions have many classifications. but.) The coordinating conjunctions in most general use include and. whose. which. etc. where. but it isn’t an . either – or. if. such as however. The conjunctive adverbs. (but connects tow infinitives. and whether. and that also serve as subordinating conjunctions. Some of the subordinating conjunctions are as. Conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions and include both – and. that is. shh.) In form.) A coordinating conjunction connects two words. because. EX: We often study geography together. (noun) He has a large desk in his study. Notice how the underlined words in the following sentences are used as different parts of speech. SPOTTING THE PARTS OF SPEECH The work that a word does in a sentence determines what part of speech it is in that sentence. mild interjections are set off by commas. Strong interjections are followed by an exclamation point.exclamation. When used in sentences. (adjective) Our picture window is cracked. drop dead! Is an exclamation.(adjective) University of the Sciences in Philadelphia USP Writing Center . The same word may be used as several different parts of speech. (verb) He drew a picture of the sea. but it contains only an imperative verb and an adjective. (noun) Can you picture me as an acrobat? (verb) We finished our work in study hall. " ! ! # ! " " " " " " "# $ ! " " " " # " " " " ! % " % " % # " % $ " " % " " %! " " " " # " " ! . " # $ !% " # & ' " !% # # # # # ! ( ! $ $ ! & " ' " " " " # " " % & ' & ! ( ) *+ " " " # % & ( ' ( ! " " " " # ) ) ( * ) + ! " " " " " # " " " ' ! & ' $ . * $ $ " . ) ' * $ ' ..! " " " " " " " " " " " " # " " *! ) *+ ! " " " $ ." " . .# !! + ) * ( . WHO/WHOM? Who is used as the subject and whom o which the object: o who • We (subject) caught the man (object) whom we o whom had been chasing. she. There are different types of pronoun: • Personal (Subject) Pronouns: Singular: I. you. o o o o It’s his! No it’s not – it’s hers! I thought it was mine. e. o whose • We (object) searched for the man (subject) who o what was missing. Plural: we.g. • Interrogative Pronoun: used to ask a question: Do not confuse the interrogative pronoun whose with the abbreviation of who is: • • Whose shoe is this? Who’s cooking dinner? o o o o Who did that? Whose books are these? Which of you read the book? What did you say? . take away the other name and it becomes clear. Jane and I went for pizza. Can it be yours? • Relative Pronoun: relate one part of a sentence to another: o that. They are used to avoid repetition.: • • Jim took Sam and me for a drink. he. it. you. they. • Possessive Pronoun: show something belongs to someone: I/Me? If in doubt whether I or me should be used.Pronouns Pronouns are used in place of nouns. those are new. several.uk http://www. any.• Demonstrative Pronoun: used to specify: this. BUT: John took Janet and me dancing. o Many. (singular) o These are old. or: If both subjects are singular. (plural) Do not confuse a demonstrative pronoun with a demonstrative adjective: • • This is ugly = demonstrative pronoun This jacket is ugly = demonstrative adjective • Reflexive Pronouns: have two uses: Myself should not be used as a personal pronoun. the verb is singular: Either the cat or dog is in the kitchen. some. that.ac. that is new. nor. everyone. anyone. • Indefinite Pronouns: are used to generalise: o Each. few. Myself and Jack watched a film. o They found one another. For more information please contact us on 028 9097 2727 or email lds@qub. Jack and I watched a film.uk/directorates/sgc/learning/ . these. o To refer back to the subject: He made it himself. something(because these are singular they take a singular verb – is/has/was/were/will…). it is reflexive: NEVER: John took Janet and myself dancing. either. someone. no-one. both (because these are plural they take a plural verb – are/were/will…) o Neither. o To add emphasis: I myself feel strongly… Do you do it yourself? • Reciprocal Pronouns: express a mutual relationship: o They called to each other. the verb is plural: Neither the cat nor the dogs are in the kitchen. She helped herself to the ice-cream.ac. those… o This is old. anything. If one or both subjects are plural.qub. There are different types of pronoun: • Personal (Subject) Pronouns: Singular: I. Plural: we. • Interrogative Pronoun: used to ask a question: Do not confuse the interrogative pronoun whose with the abbreviation of who is: • • Whose shoe is this? Who’s cooking dinner? o o o o Who did that? Whose books are these? Which of you read the book? What did you say? . it. • Possessive Pronoun: show something belongs to someone: I/Me? If in doubt whether I or me should be used. WHO/WHOM? Who is used as the subject and whom o which the object: o who • We (subject) caught the man (object) whom we o whom had been chasing. she. Jane and I went for pizza.g.: • • Jim took Sam and me for a drink. They are used to avoid repetition. take away the other name and it becomes clear. you. o whose • We (object) searched for the man (subject) who o what was missing. o o o o It’s his! No it’s not – it’s hers! I thought it was mine. they. you.Pronouns Pronouns are used in place of nouns. he. e. Can it be yours? • Relative Pronoun: relate one part of a sentence to another: o that. If one or both subjects are plural. it is reflexive: NEVER: John took Janet and myself dancing. She helped herself to the ice-cream. someone. any. or: If both subjects are singular.ac.ac. o To add emphasis: I myself feel strongly… Do you do it yourself? • Reciprocal Pronouns: express a mutual relationship: o They called to each other. several. (singular) o These are old.uk/directorates/sgc/learning/ . no-one. those are new. anything. everyone. some. both (because these are plural they take a plural verb – are/were/will…) o Neither.uk http://www. those… o This is old. the verb is plural: Neither the cat nor the dogs are in the kitchen. • Indefinite Pronouns: are used to generalise: o Each. nor. that. either. Myself and Jack watched a film. BUT: John took Janet and me dancing. that is new. few.qub. o To refer back to the subject: He made it himself. o They found one another. the verb is singular: Either the cat or dog is in the kitchen. anyone. these. o Many. (plural) Do not confuse a demonstrative pronoun with a demonstrative adjective: • • This is ugly = demonstrative pronoun This jacket is ugly = demonstrative adjective • Reflexive Pronouns: have two uses: Myself should not be used as a personal pronoun. Jack and I watched a film. For more information please contact us on 028 9097 2727 or email lds@qub. something(because these are singular they take a singular verb – is/has/was/were/will…).• Demonstrative Pronoun: used to specify: this. Randal. Randal is chewing gum. You're chewing gum? Randal's chewing gum! MeanMcMurrin 1 . ! makes a statement Order or command someone to do something. Declarative. either excitement or anger Imperative .Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative. Interrogative Exclamatory ? asks a question ! shows strong feeling. spit out your gum. Exclamatory. Imperative Kinds of Sentences Declarative . Imperative Exclamatory Declarative ! ! . someone to do "Declares" something. MeanMcMurrin 2 . feeling. etc. Declarative. anger. excitement. Imperative Kinds of Sentences Interrogative ? asks a question . something. I need to go I have to go to May I go to Go to the to the the bathroom! the bathroom? bathroom! bathroom.Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative. Tells/commands Shows strong Makes a statement. Exclamatory.  Declarative.Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative. English is the best class ever! English is my Is English your You'd better favorite class? do your English favorite class. excitement. Declarative ! .) ? at the end of a question . Exclamatory. command/tell someone what to do Make a statement. Imperative Kinds of Sentences Exclamatory Interrogative Imperative ! show strong emotion (anger. etc. homework! 3 MeanMcMurrin . etc. Have you seen that movie? I loved that movie! Go watch that movie right now.) Tell someone what to do/command. I saw that movie. Imperative Kinds of Sentences Declarative . Interrogatory Exclamatory Imperative ? Interrogate ! Exclaim . excitement. ! Declare To make a statement Use at the end of a question. show strong emotion (anger.Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative. 4 MeanMcMurrin . Exclamatory. Declarative.  Imperative MeanMcMurrin 5 .Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative. Declarative. Exclamatory.  Exclamatory. Declarative.Kinds of Sentences: Interrogative. Imperative MeanMcMurrin 6 . Example: Susan is a senior. Do you attend concerts given by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra? _____ . _____ 3. _____ 2. 2. ex. Have you ever roasted a turkey? _____ 8. _____ 10. Please set the table for lunch. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe." even though it may not be expressed in the sentence. _____ 11. It is followed by a question mark. I have seen that movie twice. Ouch! I burned my finger! _____ 9. _____ 4. or direction. It is followed by an exclamation point. You can't be serious! _____ 15. I wish I could go on the picnic. The imperative sentence is used to state a command. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. ex. 1 1. Initial the top right-hand corner of each sheet of paper. An exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feeling. Do you have a sweater? Are you having a bad day? 4. Use the numbers above to classify these sentences. _____ 18. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? _____ 7. (You) Be on time for dinner. please. We bought our car in April. (You) Open the window. wish. The interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. _____ 12. 1975. Meet me at seven o'clock in front of the library. _____ 6. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. request. The declarative sentence is used to make a statement of fact.KINDS OF SENTENCES Sentences may be classified according to the purpose of the speaker or writer. “Help!” Classifying Sentences. 1. or feeling. intent. Turn left at the second stop sign. The four principal purposes of a sentence are described below. ex. _____ 16. _____ 19. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? _____ 5. ex. Richard Martin's short stories have appeared in many magazines. Don't burn yourself out! Keep out! He screamed. 3. Why are you so worried about the exam? _____ 17. Don't close your mind to the other side of the question. Have you ever read The Red Badge of Courage? _____ 14. I can't believe it's all over! _____ 20. The subject is always "You. Nancy wants to be a doctor. _____ 13. Have you ever roasted a turkey? 3 8. Have you ever read The Red Badge of Courage? 3 14. Meet me at seven o'clock in front of the library. We bought our car in April. 2 3.Punctuation. Why are you so worried about the exam? 3 17. 1 2. 2 10. Initial the top right-hand corner of each sheet of paper. I can't believe it's all over! 4 20.doc . 2 18. 1 6. 2 12. 1 13. You can't be serious! 4 15. Don't close your mind to the other side of the question. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? 3 5. Nancy wants to be a doctor. 2 16. Ouch! I burned my finger! 4 9.1. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? 3 7. 1 11. Please set the table for lunch. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. Do you attend concerts given by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra? 3 M:\9-TLC\TLC Web Design\Handouts Worksheets\Grammar.Writing\Sentences-Kinds of. Turn left at the second stop sign. Richard Martin's short stories have appeared in many magazines. 1 4. 1975. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. 1 19. An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling.An interrogative sentence asks a question. Example: Cheryl. Example: The house will be built on a hill. Example: How did you find the card? Exclamatory . Example: Look in the closet. look in the closet.A declarative sentence makes a statement.KINDS OF SENTENCES S-1 Name__________________________________________Date________________Period_____ English Basics Kinds of Sentences Declarative . Sometimes the subject of an imperative sentence (you) is understood. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.An imperative sentence gives a command. A declarative sentence ends with a period. Interrogative . Example: The monster is attacking! Imperative . try the other door. (You.) Revised Spring 2010 1 . 8. Why do you believe that? interrogative 2. hand me your coat. Will Patricia pause to place poached pickles on Paula’s pretty plate? 15. Send her a nice gift. I want to know why you believe that. It’s hard to believe that this paper is made from wood. Revised Spring 2010 2 . Please accept my apology. 12. I would send her a gift if I were you. 4. When did you first notice that your shoe was on fire? 7.) 3. Your appearance is frightening the baby! 5. 13. declarative (This is not a question. My doctor told me to take these vitamins. The first two have been done for you. 16. Ann. Ask Doris for the recipe. 9. Did you solve the puzzle yet? 10. There are more apples in the refrigerator. 1.KINDS OF SENTENCES S-1 Identify the kind of sentence. We’re on the wrong planet! 14. My shoe is on fire! 6. 11. NOTE: At this point you must review dependent and independent clauses. you can make your writing more interesting and control a reader’s reaction . the sounds of the night stopped. For instance. Subj Verb Example: The team flew to Chicago. As Susan walked sprightly down the rain-soaked street. the happy sounds of crickets and frogs seemed to chirp in tune to her steps. a nota-care-in-the-world attitude. Subj Subj Verb Verb Example: The team and the coach flew to Chicago and won the debate. There are four kinds of sentences: simple. Simple sentences do not have to be short. SIMPLE SENTENCE The simple sentence has one independent clause. you will be using sentence variety that makes your writing more interesting. simple sentence to frighten the reader. Something potentially frightening has happened. This is also a simple sentence even though it contains two subjects and two verbs. compound. complex. but it has only one independent clause. the author of a horror story might use long. it is a simple sentence. or you will have trouble understanding the four kinds of sentences.KINDS OF SENTENCES S-1 Your writing will be more effective if you learn to incorporate different kinds of sentences into your writing. Revised Spring 2010 3 . and compound-complex. The first of these two sentences is a complex sentence that creates the mood of happiness. The following sentence contains a subject and verb and a complete thought. a thirty-five-word sentence might still be a simple sentence if it contains only one independent clause. When using all four sentence types. The simple sentence can have more than one subject and more than one verb. The second sentence is a short simple sentence that breaks the mood. Suddenly. complex sentences to establish a mood and then a short. By using a variety a sentence types. There are seven coordinating conjunctions which you might need to memorize : and. they are joined by a comma and a conjunction. Proper coordination requires linking two ideas that are related or that represent a sequence in which one idea is a logical extension of the first idea. for. Although using coordination will create variety in your writing. both ideas are equally important and related to one another. Each of the above independent clauses could have stood alone as a simple sentence. The compound sentence is always balanced. For And Nor But Or Yet So In the following example. A compound sentence is an example of coordination. Using a coordinating conjunction with a comma could also join the two independent clauses. two independent clauses are linked together. A semi-colon is used to join two independent clauses that are related in meaning. Example: The art gallery has closed for the day. nor. but because the ideas are closely related--the closing and opening of the art gallery--the independent clauses are connected by using the semi-colon. In any paragraph. Revised Spring 2010 4 . but. Example: The art gallery has closed for the day. which is in bold letters. some ideas should stand alone (simple sentence) and some ideas should be presented as less important than others (complex sentence). yet. An overuse of compound sentences can make your writing monotonous. it will open tomorrow morning. or. that is. The seven coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember with the word FANBOYS. so.KINDS OF SENTENCES COMPOUND SENTENCE S-1 The compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a semi-colon or a coordinating conjunction with a comma. the two independent clauses are underlined. but it will open tomorrow morning. be careful not to use too many compound sentences. Because the dependent clause presents information that is not as important as the main idea. The art auctioneer stepped to the podium. The novels of Mark Twain are well known. it will open tomorrow morning. and then he asked his assistant to describe the first painting to be sold. or compound-complex (CC). Revised Spring 2010 5 . 3. Complex sentences allow you to link a series of ideas. The lights in Springfield went out when lightning hit that power line. Dependent clause Independent clause Example: When the gallery closed for the day. the dependent clause is called a subordinate clause. 2. circle the dependent clauses and underline the independent clause. if complex sentences are overused. but JEA restored service in less than one hour. The main idea is always in the independent clause. Exercise 1: In each of the following sentences. complex (CX).KINDS OF SENTENCES COMPLEX SENTENCE S-1 A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. however. Dependent clause Independent clause Example: Although the gallery has closed for the day. the reader may lose track of the meaning. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE A compound-complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more dependent clauses. Fish swim in underground streams beneath the Sahara Desert. the docent turned the lights off. Then identify each sentence as simple (S). and Independent clause she placed the sign on the door. 1. while additional or supporting information is in the dependent clause. Thus a complex sentence uses subordination to express its idea(s). compound (CD). 4. S-1 The LC was especially quiet on Friday. 6. 20. 10. The hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backward. swam. he doesn’t seem to get his deserved The home is the oldest institution in the world. each was always whining that nothing was fair.KINDS OF SENTENCES 5. and the fire department had to check the sprinkler system. the sky was clear. 14. The girls drove their parents crazy because of sibling rivalry. My son Carl will be getting married next March. 11. the inspectors had to examine each floor. I had misplaced my keys. get tired of one another’s company or the wor k. 7. 9. promotions. hunted. but didn’t seem to Although Alfred is a hard worker. and many of the students seemed to be When we flew out of Jacksonville. The traffic barely moved. day. Those people who do not respect the rights of others are selfish. and skied. 13. I stayed out too late and felt awful the next time for his schoolwork. but when we got to Atlanta. but fortunately I had another set hidden beside the door. 16. dozing. Before we could move into the building. the clouds were very dark and eerie. 12. fished. James backpacked. It can prove to be a real disappointment. camped. 19. The United States and Russia were the first countries to develop the atomic bomb. but never found Skip and Nancy worked on that project through many nights. 17. like a single segment in an earthworm. Revised Spring 2010 6 . Although the party was a lot of fun. 18. 8. each car seemed to be attached to the cars before it and after it. 15. For example. When forming the past tense or the present/past perfect tense of these verbs. To form the present/past perfect tense. o. For example. If not. Add ed plus a helping verb for the present/past perfect tense. Now read the verbs in the present column and see if you know their past and present/past perfect forms. pour = present tense poured (pour + ed) = past tense have poured (have + pour + ed) = present perfect tense (If you need help understanding tense. irregular verbs do not follow a pattern. share = present tense shared (share + d) = past tense had shared (had + share + d) = past perfect tense (have is the helping verb) If the regular verb ends with a consonant. keep memorizing! PRESENT arise awake bear become PAST arose awakened bore became PRESENT/PAST PERFECT (with has. add ed for the past tense. e. I see the stars= present tense I saw the stars= past tense I have seen the stars= present perfect tense Below is a list of irregular verbs and a few tricky regular verbs that students often misuse. the verb share ends with the vowel e. had.REGULAR / IRREGULAR VERBS The English language uses both regular and irregular verbs. Cover the columns marked past and present/past perfect. the irregular verb see has three principal parts: see. seen. add a d to the word. saw. For example.) Unlike regular verbs. we use different methods. add a d plus a helping verb (have. have) arisen awakened borne become . leaving the present column visible. u). To form the past tense of a regular verb ending with a vowel (a. had. please ask a CWC instructor for a handout on definition of tense. i. or has). You must memorize them. the verb pour ends with the consonant r. begin bend bid bite blow break bring burst buy build can catch choose cling come cost creep dig do drag drug draw drink drive eat fall feel fight find` fit forget forgive forsake freeze get give go grow hang (execute) hang (picture) have hear hide hold hurt keep know lay (put or place) began bent bade bit blew broke brought burst bought built could caught chose clung came cost crept dug did dragged drugged drew drank drove ate fell felt fought found fit forgot forgave forsook froze got gave went grew hanged hung had heard hid held hurt kept knew laid begun bent bidden bitten blown broken brought burst bought built could caught chosen clung come cost crept dug done dragged drugged drawn drunk driven eaten fallen felt fought found fit forgotten forgiven forsaken frozen gotten. got given gone grown hanged hung had heard hidden held hurt kept known laid . lead learn leave lend let lie (recline) lose mean meet pay raise (lift) read ride ring rise (move upward) run say see sell set shake shine (give light) shine (polish) shoot show shrink sing sink sit slay sleep sneak speak spend spin stand steal sting strew strike strive swear swim swing take teach tear tell led learned left lent let lay lost meant met paid raised read rode rang rose ran said saw sold set shook shone shined shot showed shrank sang sank sat slew slept sneaked spoke spent spun stood stole stung strewed struck strove swore swam swung took taught tore told led learned left lent let lain lost meant met paid raised read ridden rung risen run said seen sold set shaken shone shined shot shown shrunk sung sunk sat slain slept sneaked spoken spent spun stood stolen stung strewed struck striven sworn swum swung taken taught torn told . think throw tread wake wear weave win wring write thought threw trod waked wore wove won wrung wrote thought thrown trodden waked worn woven won wrung written Revised May 2005 at Meramec . Some verbs may be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another. If no answer can be found. If there is an answer in the sentence. The word that receives the action of a transitive verb is called the object of the verb. sing. these verbs are ALWAYS intransitive. o Waited what? Waited whom? → no answer → intransitive . o Polished what? → his shoes → transitive . drink. Other linking verbs include look. (understood: cigarettes) .She wrote quickly. Which is it?: To determine if a verb in a given sentence is transitive or intransitive. Linking verbs are never transitive.He has smoked since he was 10. Young http://www. . They are linking.Irene baked cookies for the bake sale. dance. not action verbs. smell. . (object: cookies) Intransitive verbs: An action verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. for intransitive verb and v.I called my sister yesterday. Intransitive verbs do not have objects. prove. o Called whom? → my sister→ transitive . seem. A good dictionary will tell you if a verb can be either or if it is always one or the other (the usual abbreviation is v.The camera took clear pictures. the verb is transitive.de/~ga1047 1 of 2 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Explanation Transitive verbs: An action verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the same sentence. (object: pictures) . (understood: the piano) Other verbs like this include answer. grow. become. turn.Robert polished his shoes. for transitive verb). cook.i.I wrote that letter. eat. . You can answer “What” questions after “to be” and “to become”. . write.The hurricane blew over the mainland. fail. the verb is intransitive. Adjectival Phrases) Translation German–English I Summer Semester 2006 Sara B. ask Whom? or What? after the verb. remain.Linda waited for the bus.She plays beautifully. Warning! some transitive verbs can have their objects left out of the sentence when the meaning is clear from the context. .Sandy smiled happily. wash. o Wrote what? → no answer → intransitive Warning! Notice that the definitions of transitive and intransitive verbs above refer to “action verbs” that do or do not direct action. ask.uni-giessen. but there are some verbs which are always one or the other. sound. phone. feel. o Wrote what? → letter → transitive . win. taste appear. . read. However.Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs (Important for June 30 topic.t. 5. Charlie combed his hair nervously before the dance. Someone answered that question. Someone answered that question. Do you drink? 6. Fish and potatoes sizzled in the pan. Margaret angrily crumpled her letter in her fist. The birdcage swung from a golden chain. Inc. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.. Inc. 5. Lawrence Biener. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. indicate the object of the verb. Fish and potatoes sizzled in the pan.. Adjectival Phrases) 2 of 2 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Exercises Transitive vs. TRANSITIVE 9. Grammar and Composition. Level 3. 1999. Transitives Exercise: You wash and I’ll dry. Linda Capo. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mary Beth. → the cards I’ll weed and you can water. Mary Beth. He shuddered with fright during the scary part of the movie. 2. 8. 3. TRANSITIVE 8. It’s your turn to deal. 6. . → the garden Hewings. Advanced Grammar in Use: A self-study reference and practice book for advanced learners of English. the object underlined. Zelda smiled at the thought of a parade in the snow. Level 3. 1999. INTRANSITIVE 10. Acorns drop from the trees every fall. → the dishes Are you ready to order? → your meal (in a restaurant) Do you drink? → alcohol Who scored? → the goals It’s your turn to deal.Transitive vs Intransitive Verbs (Important for June 30 topic. Intransitive Exercise: Determine if the verbs in the following sentences are transitive or intransitive. 6. The rats chewed their way into the old house. Martin. Englewood Cliffs. Martin. Lawrence Biener. You wash and I’ll dry. Margaret angrily crumpled her letter in her fist. He shuddered with fright during the scary part of the movie. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. et al. 7. et al. Englewood Cliffs. INTRANSITIVE Bauer. 32-4. 4. Charlie combed his hair nervously before the dance. TRANSITIVE 4. TRANSITIVE 3. Intransitive Exercise: For the transitive sentences. We bought paper napkins for the picnic. The rats chewed their way into the old house. 4. INTRANSITIVE 7. 3. 4. 3. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: Answers Transitive vs. 2. 1982. Linda Capo. I’ll weed and you can water. TRANSITIVE 6. The birdcage swung from a golden chain. Advanced Grammar in Use. Bauer. 1. We bought paper napkins for the picnic. Who scored? 2. 9. Tricky Transitives Exercise: The objects in these idiomatic phrases can be left out because the expressions are normally used in contexts in which it is clear what is meant. Grammar and Composition. 73. INTRANSITIVE 5. Are you ready to order? 5. Hewings. 1982. If transitive. Acorns drop from the trees every fall. 72-3. the verb is bold. 33-4. Tricky 1. 1. 10. What objects are missing? 1. Zelda smiled at the thought of a parade in the snow. INTRANSITIVE 2. Draw a line under the verb and in the blank space. or an adverb. Formula: Subject + Verb + Object What is an intransitive verb? An intransitive verb is one that does not require an object to complete its meaning. 3. The math professor explains the lesson. The questions one may ask with these forms are “when. 5. Many students sleep late on the weekends. 2. This object answers to the questions “who(m) or what. The children sat at the table. 4. Chart 10-3 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs What is a transitive verb? A transitive verb requires an object in the form of a noun or pronoun to complete its meaning.Worksheet: Azar: Fundamentals of English Grammar. Try asking questions based on the underlined words. -Peter loves Mary. write transitive or intransitive. I drive my car to work everyday. 3rd ed. Louise finally got her license. The children sat quietly. The children sat at 7:30 pm.” Example: -The students write composition. or why. The children sat because their mother told them to. how. The sentence may end with the verb. an adjective. 1. Does your family live in Minnesota? .” Example: The children sat. where. Write them in the blank spaces here: Let’s see if you can identify the verbs in the following examples. What do the students write? Compositions. Who (m) does Peter love? Mary. you need a computer. 7. My dad and I always disagree. Medina. 3rd ed. Mark and Mindy seem unhappy.Worksheet: Azar: Fundamentals of English Grammar. 10. 8. 9. Did you find the address? Myra M. 2006 Miami Dade College . Chart 10-3 6. When did your friends come to the United States? For e-mail.