FED. SCHOOL OF DENTAL TECH.AND THERAPY, ENUGU COURSE CODE: - STB 111 COURSE TITLE: - Morphology & Physiology of Living Things LECTURE ONE NOTES Introduction General Biology:- Biology as a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. It is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics as contained in Biology are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:1) 2) 3) 4) Cells are the basic unit of life. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution. Genes are the basic unit of heredity. An organism regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition. Living organisms consume and transform energy. 5) Morphology & Physiology:- The study of Morphology and Physiology of living things can be traced as far back to early Egyptian civilization (based on their belief that only gods linked with living things/organims i.e. plants & animals) that influences lives. This belief was the epitome of the study of morphology & physiology of living things/organisms; which made a Greek great philosopher (Aristotle) then taught the importance of studying the morphologic & physiologic characteristics of living things/organisms, in an attempt to classify them based on the significant values attached to them Morphology:Morphology stems from the Greek words "morphe" meaning "form" and "logos" meaning "study." And in biological science, it refers to the form and structure of an organism, or one of the organism's parts. In linguistics, morphology looks at the structure and form of words in a language, the derivation of words and 1 how compound words are formed. What the two usages have in common is the study of form and structure. Thus, the term "morphology" most generally refers to the study of things in their various forms, including changes in form over time. Morphology as a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, and pattern) as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs. The biological concept of morphology was developed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1790) and independently by the German anatomist and physiologist Karl Friedrich Burdach (1800). Although generally the field of morphology is divided into two distinct branches, which are: "Anatomy" is the study of the form and structure of internal features of an organism. "Eidonomy" is the study of the form and structure of the external features of an organism. However, other branches do exist such as: µµComparative Morphology¶¶ Is analysis of the patterns of the locus of structures within the body plan of an organism, and forms the basis of taxonomical catorization. µµFunctional Morphology¶¶ is the study of the relationship between the structure and function of morphological features. µµExperimental Morphology¶¶ is study of the effects of external factors upon the morphology of organisms under experimental conditions, such as the effect of genetic mutation Summarily, it can be seen that:The biological study of the form and structure of living things is called Morphology which deals with both the external and internal structures of the organisms; and thus, it may be divided into two distinct branches: the anatomy and the eidonomy. Physiology:This is in contrast to physiology, which deals primarily with function. Physiology refers to all the activities taking place within the living organisms or how the different parts functions. It is chiefly concerned with the study of how living organisms function including such processes as nutrition, movement, and reproduction. Physiology is derived from a Latin word µµpysiologia¶¶ meaning science of natural causes and phenomena. Thus, it is often described as the branch of biology dealing with the functions and activities of living organisms as well as functions of their component parts, that includes all physical and chemical processes. The word "function" is 2 Ø Linguistic relativity . how they are controlled and interact with other tissues and organs and how they are integrated within the living organisms. syntax (e. 3 2. phonology. a key hidden component of organic units. morphology of a cell. The physiology of cells is called cell physiology. Summarily. comparative linguistic systems):1. b) c) Ø 'Morphemes' . it can be seen that:The branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the functions of form and structure of organisms as well as functions of their specific structural features is Physiology and is a science of wide scope.Morphology with reference to language.This involve either Morphology without reference to function (e.Noam Chomsky. ther physiological studies deal with how tissues and organs work. . to extremes of temperature (in arctic conditions versus the desert). the central nervous system). For instance: Some physiological studies are concerned with processes that go on within cells. phylogeny and ontogeny. Ecology:.g.the smallest units of grammar: roots. For example. semantics. Yet other physiological studies deal with how living organisms respond to their environment.g. as well as how these gross structures and component parts functions (either interdependently or independently) is applied in the following fields of study:a) Biology: . and suffixes. the shape and form. inflection and the formation of compounds. morphological population studies.Living Nature (Goethe). etc. vertebrates.important to the definition of physiology because physiology traditionally had to do with the function of living things while anatomy had to do with morphology. to changes in pressure (deep under the ocean versus weightless in space). but not synonymous with or dependent upon (though theoretically almost completely dominated by) the (post)-modern 'evolutionary synthesis'. prefixes. The Nature of Things (David Suzuki) Linguistics:. grammar. of things. Fields of Application:- Morphology & Physiology as a branch of life science dealing with the study of gross structure of an organism or Taxon and its component parts. Paleontology. Philosophy of Technology. 'patterns that connect' . i.These includes Topology. knowledge from shape or configuration. cyclical-cultural generations and re-generations. as in a known face or facial features. process thought and continuous action. Filmmaking. god of sleep. Systematics. transformation (morpho-dynamic models). Ø Distributed Morphology . son of Somnus.Metamorphoses. institutional and broader social-psychological changes Mythology:. 'Morpheus': God of Dreams. Economics. of static and dynamic memory reporting. culture and behaviour. Other fields:. cyclical or stage theory. as well as its constancy and indeterminacy.3. Anthropology. morphological principles of pattern recognition and perception. to find the place of language in human nature. Pattern laws (cf. Shape shifting. Uses of Morphology & Physiology:- e) f) g) Amongst the significant uses of the knowledge and understanding of Morphology and Physiology of living things is it enables us know and understand:1) Uniform and non-uniform motion. motives and directions of human development. Anatomy. historical evolutionism).' demonstrates dynamic formal effects of individual.an architectural theory of grammar proposed in the early 1990s at MIT d) Histology:. The morphology' (Fanon).e.Morphology as 'universal symbolism' (cf. structural. physiognomy.Bateson) applied to networks of human (and non-human). declines and inclines in human technology Sociology:.Morphology as basic 'change through time. Information and Communication theory. replication and duplication. 2) 3) 4) 4 . Cognitive and Cultural Studies and studies in Complexity. Ovid . Embryology. temporal and spatial formulations.Greek. Cytology. Summary:- Morphology as the branch of science that studies the shape and structure of organisms as a whole. Embryology. the study of all the phases between the fertilized egg (zygote) and the emergence of an independent organism.e. And others. the study of the visible internal and external structures of living organisms. the study of process by which living organisms grows and develops. genetics) as it provides a significant tool in the investigation of the physiologic function of particular genes or the analysis of genetic interactions within a living organism.5) Social phenomena (cf. Molecular biology chiefly concerns itself with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell. including the 5 o o o o o . and with animals and human beings. This is otherwise called cell biology and the study is done on both the microscopic & molecular levels. particularly with genetics and biochemistry. In an attempt to understand the significant role of the science of gene. Sub-branches of morphology includes:o Anatomy. that gives rise to tissues. Aristotelian hylo-morphism. compares and analyzes their physical structure. considering the forms of their macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems. the study of the microscopic structure of the cells that make up tissues in an attempt to elucidate the physiological properties of cells. it investigates the structures and common organization of the root. with plants. heredity & variation of living organism (i. Histology. and environment. leaves and fruits. is the study of biology at a molecular level. Cytology. including their behaviors. Latour). interactions. stem. yet it is aimed at studying the significant genetic physiologic genetic control of cell growth. This field overlaps with other areas of biology. organs and organ systems. the study of the microscopic structure of the tissues that make up organs. Molecular biology. differentiation and morphogenesis. Developmental Biology. Though it originates in embryology. Is aimed at understanding the significant sequence of how the structures in living organisms function as a whole. For example. which the study is shared with medically oriented disciplines such as neurology & immunology. what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells.e. the body of a living organism is significantly organized in this sequence:Atoms -----Molecules-----. and with animals and human beings. it investigates the functions of structures and common organization of the root. in which some principles of physiology are universal.interrelationship of DNA. and if you add an atom of Oxygen to the Hydrogen molecule. Conclusively:- In Morphology and Physiology of living organisms. Body Organization of Living Organisms (i. Body Building Blocks) The body of a living organism (be it an animal or a plant) is as a whole one organism. leaves and fruits. you get a Hydrogen molecule. It is important to know that the field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology even to non-human species. no matter what particular organism being studied. physical & biochemical process of living organisms as well as the functions of shape and structure of organisms as a whole.Tissues---------Organs-----. Physiology in the other hand as the branch of science that studies of both mechanical. e.Cells ------. While. there are a large number of parts contained within other parts. the theme of "structure to function" is central to biology. and protein synthesis and learning how these interactions are regulated. stem. compares and analyzes the various functions of their physical structures. RNA. you will create a molecule of water. y Atoms: Is the smallest possible piece of an element in the body that retains all the properties of that element. y Molecules: - 6 .and Organ systems. with plants. It is a building block in the sense that when you put Two Hydrogen atoms together. many parts make up the whole. In various levels of the body. Hydrogen atom reacts the same as a barrel full of Hydrogen. physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology.g. This is because. However. Thus a molecule in the morphology of a living organism is a conglomerate of atoms put together. because plant physiology borrows techniques from both research fields. Thus. the organ systems do functions together to support life in the living organism. cells are what build tissues. excreting waste. y Organ System:An organ system in a living organism is a group of specialized organs working together to achieve a major or significant physiologic need in the body of a living organism. reproducing its own self as well as uptake of Oxygen. All animals and plants consists of many billions of cells. cells) such as hormones. blood cells. That is why the cell is regarded basically as the µµfundamental unit of life¶¶. Cell Definition:- 7 . Each cell in the body of a living organism is capable of converting energy. In all living organisms. Generally the body of a living organism is made of four basic classes of tissues namely. y The Living Cell Living cells are the basic building blocks of all life on Earth. muscle/fiber and nerve tissues respectively. tissues build organs and organs build organ systems.e. In both plants and animals. y Tissues:This is another level of body organization in living organisms due to aggregation and combination of several different types of cells. which contain many organelles with specific cellular functions either commonly shared and some different.The body of a living organism contains many different types of molecules that form the working parts called cells as well as substances produced by these working parts (i. nerve cells and muscle cells.That no smaller component than the cell (be it in animals or plants) could perform all those functions. Cells: Are morphologically derived from a combination of molecules and can perform many important functions in the body of a living organism without which a living organism would not be able to survive and thrive. Thus an organ is a part of the body of a living organism that performs a specialized physiologic function. cells make up a tissue. Also the aggregate of two or more kind of tissues working together makes up an organ. connective epithelial. digesting food. while molecules make up cells. e. y Organs: As atoms make molecules.g. Note: . All cells arise from other cells through cell division. The Cell Theory Cell theory: . physiologic activities²that enables the cells perform all tasks involved in being alive). They are very successful. all living organisms are made up of cells.e. 4) Humans: A human contains many billions of cells. & consequently influence the characteristics physical. It is the significant microscopic factory of all living organisms.A cell is defined as the smallest structural (i. we replace over one billion cells in our body. The cell is also considered to be the basic unit 8 . structural /morphological presentation of an organism (i.states that the cell is the fundamental unit of life. where thousands of chemical reactions happen in a carefully & sequentially controlled way (i. These differences are brought about due to the presence of dissimilar inclusions (i. shells). external components dimension). During puberty we produce even more cells. plants do as well contain many millions of cells organised into different smaller organs which an aggregate of these smaller organs culminated into the plant organ system. single celled organism. 2) Insects: A typical insect like a fly or a bee contains many hundreds of thousands of cells. 5) Plants:Just like in the animals.e.e.g. every cell in the organism's body derives ultimately from a single cell in a fertilized egg. however. In multicellular organisms. morphologic & physiologic unit) of living organisms that can exist independently on its own (Jenny et al 2006). All the bacteria found on the surface of this planet weigh more than any other species. Thus:1) Bacteria: A bacterium is a simple. animal & plant cells have significant characteristic differences in so many ways. and that all living things are composed of one or more cells or the secreted products of those cells (e. for example a rat contains many millions of cells organised into nine distinct organ systems similar to our own.e. Although. Insects have very basic organ systems that support life and allow insects to reproduce. Each hour of every day of our lives. 3) Small mammals:A small mammal. internal components²which determines physiologic activities in an organism). All known living things are made up of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells by division. Additionally.e. Summarily the theory states that:1. 5. first stated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838-39. cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. Cells contain hereditary information from cell to cell during cell division. 9 . All energy Flow (metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs within cells. generation does not occur).in many pathological processes. (i. 3. The cell theory is a basic tenet of modern biology. Finally. the phenomenon of energy flow occurs in cells in processes that are part of the function known as metabolism. which is passed 4. 2. The cell is structural & functional unit of all living things. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition. that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms. 6. Some of these cells are specialised cells with specified functions. AND THERAPY.meaning before and karyonmeaning nucleus¶¶. Prokaryotic Cells: . and these are Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.FED. SCHOOL OF DENTAL TECH. It is the cells that build tissues. simpler without a nucleus-bound membrane (the only form of life). All animals and plants consists of many billions of cells. These are evolutionarily ancient type of cell. Consists of many billions of cells. which contain many organelles with specific cellular functions either commonly shared and some different. It is important to note that only bacteria have a Prokaryotic cell types. A living organism (be it plant or animal):y y y y Is made of cells as its basic building blocks. of which some are shared and some are different. Have in its cells many organelles with specific cellular functions. ENUGU COURSE CODE: .Derived from the Latin word µµpro.Morphology & Physiology of Living Things LECTURE TWO NOTES THE LIVING CELLS Living cells are the basic building blocks of all life on Earth.STB 111 COURSE TITLE: . 10 . Has different organ systems (made of various types of cells) that function together to support its life. y y Basic Categories of Living Cells There are two basic categories of living cells. They represent the initial or primitive cell types on earth. Prokaryotic cells are most always single-celled. first discovered billion years ago even before the evolution of a more complex Eukaryotic cell. tissues build organs and organs finally build the organ systems. except when they exist in colonies. Absent of. Presence of a higher degree of organization. consisting of nuclear membrane having pores connecting it with endoplasmic reticulum & nucleoli. About 10-100 u m in diameter (i. protozoans and algae all posses Eukaryotic cell types. plants. Are hominids that evolved from group of Prokaryotic cells that become independent on each other. Eukaryotic cells are 10 times larger than the Prokaryotic cells). Presence of e. Golgi complex. endoplasmic reticulum.2²2.0 u m in diameter.Eukaryotic Cells: . The Eukaryotic cells are more complex than the Prokaryotic ones and they evolve from aggregates of Prokaryotic-like predecessors that become independent upon one another which eventually fused or merged into a single larger cell. They are a very diverse group of cells. Basic Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Contained in the table below are the basic existing significant differences between the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Present as a true nuclear body. It is important to note however that animals.5billion years before the evolution of the Eukaryotic cells.Derived from the Latin words µµEu²meaning true and karyon² meaning nucleus¶¶. Lysosomes. fungi.e.e. S/n 01 Characteristics Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cell Age 02 Size of Cell Are primitive cells that evolved about 3. 11 . Lack a nuclear body (nucleus) bounded by a nuclear membrane as well as pores that connect it with endoplasmic reticulum and or nucleoli (i. with n equally a diverse structural and functional make up.g. mitochondria etc. 03 04 Organization Nucleus 05 Membrane Enclosed Organelles Lesser degree of organization. They represent a tiny minority of all living things with a distinct nucleus. About 0. nucleoid). These are cells in living organisms that contains structural and biochemical complex structures enclosed within membranes. each composed of a (Iocomotor single. 07 08 09 Plasma Membrane Is a fluid phospholipids bilayered that lacks carbohydrates and steroids. phagocytois & pinocytosis) and exocytosis. Present as a chemically complex carbohydrate or a unique molecules resembling but not exactly similar to the peptidoglycan. Present only in some cells that lacks a cell wall. Glycocalyx Cell Wall Present in form of capsule or slime layer. 10 Cytoplasm Absence of cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming. Made of complex (i.S/n 06 Characteristics Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cell Flagella or Made of 2 protein building cilia blocks. Present in larger size within the cytoplasm and in smaller sizes within the cellular organelles. 12 .e. but not made of peptidoglycan. with a distinct sliding arrangement as surrounded by the cell membrane that involves in locomotion. that comes together during protein synthesis to form ribosomes. Absent in animal cells & protozoans.e. Is a fluid phospholipids bilayered containing carbohydrates and steroids as cell receptors. 11 Ribosomes Present but in smaller size. and fungi. multiple microtubules) as building blocks. capable of endocytosis (i. Presence of cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming. incapable of endocytosis and exocytosis. rotating fibril and Organelles) usually not surrounded by a membrane and without a cilia. algae. It is in a chemically simple form of cellulose or chitin. but when present in plant cells. mainly animals. Representative The domain Prokarya is The domain Eukarya is Organisms only bacteria. in which a haploid (1N) sex cells in diploid divides into 2N organisms through meiosis. protozoans. plants. but have Involves one of several Reproduction DNA fragments transfer ways that include meiosis only in conjugation.S/n 12 Characteristics Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cell Chromosomes Have single circular (DNA) chromosomes without Arrangement histones that float freely around in an unorganized manner. 13 Cell Division 14 15 Reproduces only by means of binary fission. and fungi. Sexual Lacks meiosis. duplicating their genetic material and then splitting to form two daughter cells identical to the present as they lacks mitosis. algae. as cells divides through binary fission resulting in haploid cells. 13 . Through mitosis. (sexual reproduction) and mitosis (cell division producing identical daughter cells. Have multiple chromosomes composed of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) associated with histone proteins in an organized manner and held within the confinement of the cell nucleus. 14 . all cells contain several varieties of RNA molecules and PROTEINS). All cells reproduce and are the result of reproduction. however animal and plant cells are the most familiar Eukaryotes. All cells regulate the flow of nutrients and wastes that enter and leave the cell. Basic Types of Living Cells Although there are many different types of Eukaryotic cells. All cells are composed of the same basic chemicals as Carbohydrates. Nucleic acids. All cells have a highly regulated and elaborate sensing system (i. (A cell without a cell membrane is not a cell). Fats and Vitamins.e. functions or survive. chemical noses) that permits them be aware of every reaction occurring within them and also many environmental conditions around them in order to enable them make a metabolic decision. All cellular life contains DNA as its genetic material (i.Basic Similarities between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Presented in the table below are the basic existing significant similarities between the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. S/n 01 Characteristics Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Cell Membrane 02 DNA 03 Basic Chemicals 04 05 06 07 Self Regulation Reproduction Energy Supply Elaborate Sensing System All poses cell membrane that separates the chaos outside a cell from the high degree of organization within the cell. Minerals. All cells require energy supply to thrive. Most of the proteins are however in form of enzymes.e. Proteins. Diagrammatic representations of a typical animal cell 15 . animal cells can perform or adapt to a variety of shapes and a phagocytic functions as it is capable of engulfing other structures unlike in the plant cells. Presented below is a diagrammatic representation of structures contained in a typical animal cell. Due to the lack of a rigid cell wall. while they possess similar vacuoles.The Animal Cell This is a form of Eukaryotic cell that makes up many tissues in animals. It is very distinct Eukaryotes from those mostly noticed in plant cells. as they lack cell walls and chloroplast. the tissues do as well come together to form organs of the plants while similarly these organs forms the root and shoot systems of the plant. Mitochondrion. S/n 01 Organelles Physiologic Functions The cell wall This is the outer membrane that encloses the plant cell. it is similar cells of the plant that come together in groups to form tissues. The plant cell is the smallest component of the plant. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cytoplasm or chloroplast . Nucleus. Golgi Apparatus. And amongst these parts (organelles) are the Cell wall. Diagrammatic representations of a typical plant cell The Essential Inclusions & Organelles in Living Cells The living cells (in plant and animals) have cellular parts (organelles) that perform specific physiologic functions within the cell. Perixozomes/microbodies. Cell membrane. Also. Presented below is a diagrammatic representation of structures contained in a typical plant cell.Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.The Plant Cell Plant cells are quite different from the cells of the other Eukaryotic organisms as they possess cell walls and chloroplast. Lysosomes. Cell vacuoles. Chloroplasts. and vacuoles. Centrisomes/centrioles. Presented in the table below are the various physiologic functions performed by these component parts (organelles) of a plant cell. Ribosomes. Cytoskeleton and host of others). It is made up of a layer of very strong material called cellulose which protects and supports the cell. 16 . chloroplast and many others can be found floating in it. new enzymes and new proteins. the substance or pigment that gives leaves their green colour. waste and other materials needed to be stored by the cell. containing chlorophyll. The chloroplast It I found only in plant cells. It controls what comes into and moves out of the cell through passive diffusion or active uptake. It is found in both plant and animal cells. The cytoplasm It is a gel-like substance and structures such as the vacuole. The nucleus This oval shaped structure found in all cells that contains necessary genetic information or genes to produce new cells. It operates like the brain of the cell. It controls all the activities taking place in the cell. food. 05 06 07 08 09 It is a sac filled with cell sap which is water. mitochondrion. Rough Endoplasmic These are vesicular/tubular in nature. The mitochondrion This structure is considered as the powerhouse of the cell. It is the membrane that encloses the vacuole. that help Reticulum synthesizes protein as well as degrade worn out tissues. It is here that energy is released from food.S/n 02 Organelles Physiologic Functions The cell membrane 03 04 The tonoplast The vacuole This membrane is located just inside the cell wall of the plant cell. nucleus. 17 . a process called cellular respiration. Cytoskeleton It is a complex morphologic network of various sizes present throughout the cell cytoplasm of plant cells. urate. Ribosomes Are granular & small dot structures found attached to RER or free in the cell¶s cytoplasm responsible for protein synthesis. responsible for processing. stabilization & control of movement. Golgi apparatus Are made of membranous sacs (flattened cistarnae) near the cell membrane.filaments responsible for cell shape determination. structurally made up of microtubules & micro.S/n 10 Organelles Physiologic Functions 11 12 13 14 15 16 Endoplasmic Are smooth unvesicular/atubular in nature (called agranular/atubular reticulum) that help synthesizes lipids. natural killer-NK cells etc). as well as acceleration of gluconogenesis from fat. degradation of purin to uric acid & myelin/bile acid formation. store & metabolizes Calcium as well as degrade toxic substances. packaging. labeling & delivery of lipids & proteins. Smooth Reticulum 18 . Lysosomes Are pinched off small vesicles (as thickest covering membrane) formed by the golgi apparatus responsible for degradation of macromolecules. close to nucleus. responsible for chromosomes movement/transportation in animal cell. Perixozomes/microbodies They are inclusions found in the cells of living things/organisms containing such enzymes as (catalase. worn out organelles & secretion of inflammatory mediators (such as T-lymphocytes. steroids. Centrisomes/centrioles They are morphologic cylindrical shaped organelles near the center of the cells. oxidase & D-amino acid oxidase) responsible for the physiologic breaking down of excess fatty acid. 1) Root Hair Cells:- Are found covering a huge surface area of the roots of a plant. It serves to take in mineral rich water from the soil for photosynthesis and healthy growth in plants. They also carry paternal DNA. 19 .Specialized Cells in Animals The specialized cells in animals include the following red blood cells. nerve cells. containing haemoglobin. 3) Pollen Cells:They serve the physiologic function of carrying genetic information to create a new plant. Specialized Cells in Plants The specialized cells in animals include the following root hair cells. They are rich in the mitochondria and can respire glucose in the presence of Oxygen to produce energy. sperm cells and muscle cells. 2) Nerve Cells:- They form connections with other nerve cells and are able to carry impulses along a huge neural network that connect and coordinate actions and thoughts in animals. Their chief physiologic function is carrying Oxygen from the lungs surface to the rest of the body. pollen cells and stomata cells. 2) Xylem Cells:- They are long tubes reaching from the roots to the leaf tissue in which water moves up the stem of a plant through the xylem vessels by a capillary action. 4) Muscle Cells:- They contract to provide movement in animal. 1) Red Blood Cells:- They have a biconcave shape without nucleus. in which the male gametes in plants are normally transferred to the female carpel by insects. xylem cells. 3) Sperm Cells:- They have a streamlined head and can propel to locate a female egg cell prior to fertilization. Sceleranchymal Cells Functions as support except it has a hardening agent that makes it more rigid than collenchyma. Plants Cell Types The different types of cells are directly related to their functions within the plant.4) Stomata Cells:- Are found on the underside of green leaves and they allows the physiologic exchange of water. Water Cells Conducting Consist of tracheid and vessels elements that allow water to flow to different parts of the plant. of the roots. These cells are usually found at the tips. Single layer of closely packed cells that covers and protects the plants (just like the skin in animals). y 04 05 Collenchymal Cells Functions in support especially in younger plants. Below is a table of plant cell types and their characteristics. 06 20 . S/n 01 Plant Cell Types Characteristics Meristematic Cells Are undifferentiated (undeveloped cells without a particular form or function) which later become other types of cells. Storage Parenchymal cells---. Are of 2 types viz-a-viz :y 02 Epidermal Cells Parenchymal Cells 03 Photosynthetic Parenchymal cells --. Carbon IV Oxide and Oxygen through the leaf of plants during photosynthesis. shoots and the nodes at the stem.That is usually found between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf.Are specialized cell to store water in certain plants. These are the meristematic tissue. 21 . Protection and some nutrients absorption. 03 Parenchymal. S/n 01 Plant Tissue Types Plant Cells Making up the Tissue Physiologic Function Meristematic Tissue Dermal Tissue Ground Tissue Meristematic Cells Division of new cells for new growth or repair. These tissues are formed by groups of cells that we have mentioned before with their particular functions. an important organ of the plant. storage and makes food. tissue. ground tissue and vascular tissues. Sceleranchymal Forms bulk of plant and Collenchymal Cells. Physical support. the cells that they are comprised of and their functions. Plant Tissues:There are basically four groups of tissues in plants. 02 Epidermal Cells. Plants Tissue Types Tissues are similar cells that are grouped together. dermal tissue.S/n 07 Plant Cell Types Characteristics Sieve Tube Member These cells move nutrients formed in the leaves by photosynthesis to where it is needed throughout the plant. The table below shows the tissue types. the external and internal structure of roots and we¶ll see how the cells of the root come together to form the tissues which form the roots. Soon we¶ll be in session three. During photosynthesis. Thus the basic physiologic processes that occur in plant cells are photosynthesis and respiration.meaning putting together´. 1. (and those of us who don¶t eat plants. Allows movement of fluids/food and gives some physical support.S/n 04 Plant Tissue Types Plant Cells Making up the Tissue Physiologic Function Vascular Tissue Xylem and Phloem Cells. Animals eat plants. Photosynthesis is translated from original Greek word µµphoto²meaning light. eat animals that have eaten plants) we indirectly utilise the sun¶s energy. Carbon IV Oxide and water is converted to sugar and Oxygen using sunlight energy. and synthesis --. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the most important process to all living organisms on earth. chlorophyll and is converted to the food which we eat. and the mitochondrion located in the cell (where respiration takes place) to produce energy via cellular respiration. That includes even animals. Carbon IV Oxide (CO2) +Water (H2O) using light energy from the sun is converted to sugar (glucose:C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) 22 . The energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in plant cells containing the green pigment. This process requires the presence of carbon dioxide and water. Physiologic Processes in Plants Cells The basic structural components responsible for physiologic processes that occur in plant cells are the parenchyma cells located in the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf in a plant (where photosynthesis takes place). The water (H O) enters the plant through the roots. This we already know. 2 23 . 6 12 6 The next product. Oxygen (O ). stems. fats and protein. The excess glucose is converted to more complex foods such as starch. especially to man? Think about it? Could we survive without photosynthesis occurring in plants? Why not? 2 The final product of photosynthesis is water (H O).Here is a simple equation which states the same thing: 6CO2 + 12H2O +energy________C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O The carbon dioxide (CO ) comes from the atmosphere and enters the plant through the stomata of the leaves. leaves. Excess water is released from the plant during the process of transpiration. The conversion of light energy to chemical energy takes place in the green pigment chlorophyll. fruits and even the flowers. Photosynthesis not only provides us with energy from food but also provides the oxygen we need to breathe. roots. These can be stored in the seeds. But what happens to what is formed from this process. Can you see why it is the most important process to organisms living on the earth. is released into the atmosphere through the leaves. the products of photosynthesis? 2 2 The glucose (C H O ) is firstly used by the plant itself to give the plant energy to grow and reproduce. energy is produced releasing Carbon IV Oxide and water from the breakdown of glucose in the presence of Oxygen. reproduce and also to transport food via the phloem vessels all around the plant.2. it is the breakdown of food to produce energy. Plants and animals need energy from food. Respiration in Plants Cellular respiration occurs in all living cells. Oxygen is needed for this process to take place and is taken in through the stomata of the leaves. The energy needed is produced by respiration. 24 . The respiration equation Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + energy In the process of cellular respiration. Plants need energy to grow. Simply defined. The energy produced by this process is used for growth and reproduction by the plant. These two processes of photosynthesis and respiration are vital to maintaining the balance of Oxygen and Carbon IV Oxide in the atmosphere.The glucose used in this process is provided by the process of photosynthesis. This Carbon IV Oxide is in turn used by the plant for photosynthesis. The Carbon IV Oxide produced is released into the air via the leaves. 25 . ENUGU COURSE CODE: . 26 .FED. A living organism (be it plant or animal):- Effects of solutions on cells. AND THERAPY. SCHOOL OF DENTAL TECH. which contain many organelles with specific cellular functions either commonly shared and some different.STB 111 COURSE TITLE: .Morphology & Physiology of Living Things LECTURE TWO NOTES CHEMICAL SOLUTIONS & LIVING CELLS Living cells are the basic building blocks of all life on Earth. All animals and plants consists of many billions of cells.