Spanish and English Legal Dictionary

Contents Introduction Table of Abbreviations, Sources, and Copyright Acknowledgments Dictionary: Spanish-English English-Spanish Table of Key Words: English to Spanish Spanish to English vii ix 1 287 471 481 Indice Introducción Tabla de Abreviaciones, Fuentes y Propiedad Intelectual Diccionario: Español-Inglés Inglés-Español Tabla de Palabras Clave: Inglés al Español Español al Inglés xv xvii 1 287 471 481 v Introduction McGraw-Hill's SpanisH and English Legal Dictionary is designed to help com-munication between people from different cultures. To this end, two impor-tant features characterize this dictionary. One is an extensive use of authoritative sources, like codes and legal writing, to provide definitions. The other is a thematic index, at the end, which allows a search by topic. This sec-ond feature is helpful when the reader knows what área he or she is inter-ested in, but is not aware of the exact word being searched. The possibility of researching by topic allows the dictionary to be used in non-conventional ways. For instance, a person who has a meeting to discuss a certain issue can go to the index, find entries related to that topic, and build up vocabulary by reading them. In addition to traditional bilingual definitions, the English-speaking reader will find terms in Latin American and Spanish law that are explained in English, while concepts in American and English law are explained in Spanish in the Inglés-Español half of the dictionary. Care has been placed in choosing the most basic and representative legal texts, such as constitutions, codes, statutes and legal writing to illustrate some of the definitions. An effort was made to include all branches of law, covering the wide fields of busi-ness transactions, constitutional issues, criminal law, family relations, proce-dural matters, etc. No área was emphasized more than others. To the contrary, we tried to be as generally inclusive as possible. I hope that the reader will find in this dictionary a dynamic and practi-cal tool for communication between different legal systems and languages. Those interested in researching deeper are referred to Dahl's Law Dictionary /Diccionario Jurídico Dahl (3rd edition, NY, 1999) where lengthier definitions can be found. vi i Table of Abbreviations, Sources, and Copyright Acknowledgments Spanish-English 1. STATUTORY, CODIFIED, AND CASE LAW Bust. C, Bustamante Code. C.R. C. of Civ. R, Costa Rican Code of Civil Procedure. Conv. on Checks, ínter-American Convention on Conflicts of Laws Concerning Checks. Conv. on Intl. Comm. Arb., ínter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration. Conv. on Power of Att., ínter-American Convention on the Legal Regime of Powers of Attorney to be Used Abroad. Conv. on Prev. Meas., Inter-American Convention on Execution of Preventive Measures. FLL., Ley Federal del trabajo (México), Federal Labor Law. Incoterms. INCOTERMS, 1990, Spanish and English Edition, by the International Chamber of Commerce. LPRA., Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated. The Spanish versión is called Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas. Lou. Civ. C, Louisiana Civil Code. Mex. Civ. C, Mexican Civil Code. Mex. Com. C, Mexican Commercial Code. PR Mort. Law 1979, Puerto Rican Mortgage Law, 1979. PRR., Puerto Rico Reports. The Spanish versión is called Decisiones de Puerto Rico. Sp. Civ. C, Spanish Civil Code, originally Código Civil Español. Official translation published in Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico, published by authority of the Legislative Assembly (1901). IX Table of Abbreviations, Sources, and Copyright Acknowledgments Sp. Com. C, Spanish Commercial Code, originally Código de Comercio Español. Official translation published in Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico, published by authority of the Legislative Assembly (1901). Sp. L. Civ. R, Spanish Law of Civil Procedure, originally Ley Española de Enjuiciamiento Civil. Official translation published in Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico, published by authority of the Legislative Assembly (1901). There is another English versión published by the U.S. War Department, División of Insular Affairs (1901). Sp. L. Crim. R, Spanish Law of Criminal Procedure, originally Ley Española de Procedimiento Criminal. Official translation published in Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico, published by authority of the Legislative Assembly (1901). There is another English versión published by the U.S. War Department, División of Insular Afffairs (1901). St. P.C. for LA., Standard Penal Code for Latin America, originally Código Penal Tipo Para América Latina. A full English translation with a related article is published in (17) 3 American Journal of Criminal Law 235-285 (1990), by José M. Canales and Henry Dahl. Unidroit, Princ, Principies for International Commercial Contraéis, Study L-Doc. 40 Rev. 13. Rome 1994. Spanish versión under the direction of Alejandro M. Garro. 2. LEGAL WRITING Alonso Pena, A., from an essay on Argentine law (1996). Amado, J. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Latin American Countries: An Overview and Update, by José Daniel Amado, in Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol 31:99, 1990, pp. 99-304. Mex. Labor Law. A Primer on Mexican Labor Law. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, 1991. Translation from English to Spanish of Régimen jurídico de protección de los Trabajadores en México, by Néstor de Buen Lozano y de Carlos E. Buen Unna. Barrios-Mannucci, J. E. Contractual Responsibility and Torts in Latin America, in Texas Transnational Law Quarterly, Vol. 12, May 96, Nr. 1, pp. 34-54. Bell, Bell's Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland, 7th ed. Comparison of Labor Law. A Comparison of Labor Law in the United States and México: An Overview, by the Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social (México) and the United States of America Department of Labor, 1992. x Table of Abbreviations, Sources, and Copyright Acknowledgments Escriche, Diccionario de Legislación y Jurisprudencia. I A Laws & Inst. Latín American Laws and Institutions, by A.S. Golbert and Y Nun, Praeger, 1982. Reprinted with permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Westport, Connecticut. I & D in LA. Law and Development in Latin America. Law and Development in Latin America: A Casebook. By Kenneth Karst and Keith Rosenn, University of California Press, 1975. Orihuela, S. Latin America: A New Era for Mining Investment, in The International Lawyer, Spring 1996, Vol. 30, Nr. 1, pp. 31-56. Pratter, J. Mexican Law in English, by Jonathan Pratter, in Texas Transnational Law Quarterly, Vol. II, Jury 95, Nr. 2, pp. 26-29. Rosenn, K. Federalism in the Americas in Comparative Perspective, by Keith S. Rosenn, ínter-American Law Review, Fall 1994, Volume 26, Number 1, pp. 1-50. Vargas, J. A. Conflict of Laws in México: The New Rules Introduced by the 1988 Amendments, in The International Lawyer, Fall 1994, Vol. 28, Nr. 3, pp. 692-694. W. Eur. & LA Leg. Sys. Western European and Latin American Legal Systems. Comparative Law: Western European and Latin American Legal Systems, by J. H. Merryman and D. S. Clark. The Michie Company, 1978. English-Spanish 1. STATUTORY, CODIFIED, AND CASE LAW C.C.U. Código de Comercio Uniforme, originally Uniform Commercial Code. Copyright 1987 by the American Law Institute and the National Confer-ence of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. Reprinted with the permission of the Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code. Cód. Pen. Mod. Comentarios al Código Penal Modelo para los E.E. U.U., by Ernesto Chiesa Aponte, Jaime E. Granados Peña and Antonio José Can-cino M., Editorial Jurídica Futuro, Bogotá, 1993. D.P.R. Decisiones de Puerto Rico. The English versión is called Puerto Rico Reports. Incoterms. INCOTERMS, 1990. Spanish and English Edition, by the International Chamber of Commerce. xi Table of Abbreviations, Sources, and Copyright Acknowledgments LPRA. Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas. The English versión is called Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated. R. Fed. Evid. Reglas Federales de Evidencia. R. Fed. P. Civ. Reglas Federales de Procedimiento Civil, originally Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Spanish versión published in Práctica Forense Federal, Equity Publishing Corporation. R. Fed. P. Crim. Reglas Federales de Procedimiento Criminal, originally Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, Spanish versión published in Práctica Forense Federal, Equity Publishing Corporation. Rstmnt, 2nd, Conflict. Restatement of the Law, 2d., Conflict of Laws. No pre-vious translations exist. Copyright by The American Law Institute. Trans-lated and published with the permission of The American Law Institute. Rstmnt, 2nd, Con. Restatement of the Law, 2d., Contracts. No previous translations exist. Copyright by The American Law Institute. Translated and published with the permission of The American Law Institute. Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg. Restatement of the Law, 2d., Judgments. No previous translations exist. Copyright by The American Law Institute. Translated and published with the permission of The American Law Institute. Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts. Restatement of the Law, 2d., Torts. No previous translations exist. Copyright by The American Law Institute. Translated and published with the permission of The American Law Institute. R. Fed. P. Civ. Reglas Federales de Procedimiento Civil, originally Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Spanish versión published in Práctica Forense Federal, Equity Publishing Corporation. Unidroit, Pric. Principios para los Contratos Mercantiles Internacionales. Trans-lation into Spanish, under the direction of Alejandro M. Garro, from the English text published as Study L-Doc. 40 Rev. 13 (Rome, 1994). 2. LEGAL WRITING Cari, B. (Prof. Beverly May Cari), originally in the article El Derecho Internacional Privado en los Estados Unidos y la Creación de un Puente entre los Diversos Sistemas Jurídicos de las Américas. Morales Lebrón, M. (Prof. Mariano Morales Lebrón) originally in Diccionario Jurídico Según la Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo (San Juan, 1977). Intro al USA. Introducción al Sistema Legal de USA. E. Alian Farnsworth, Introducción al Sistema Legal de los Estados Unidos, Editorial Zavalía XII Table of Abbreviations, Sources, and Copyright Acknowledgments (1990, Buenos Aires), translated by Horacio Abeledo. Published originally in English as Introduction to the Legal System of the United States. Stuchiner, T. B. (Theresa Berlin Stuchiner, LL.B.), originally in Delitos y Penas en los Estados Unidos, translated into Spanish and introduction written by Fernando Diaz Palos, Barcelona, Editorial Bosch, Ira Edición. Other Abbreviations Used GEOGRAPHIC AR CA CH CO CR GB GU HO ME NI PR SP UR Argentina Central Americt Chile Colombia Costa Rica Great Britain Guatemala Honduras México Nicaragua Puerto Rico Spain Uruguay NONGEOGRAPHIC Crim. (L) Mar. (s) (v) Criminal Latin Maritime noun verb xiii Introducción El Diccionario Jurídico Inglés y Español McGraw-Hill está diseñado para facilitar la comunicación entre gente de culturas distintas. Para ello, dos importantes elementos caraterizan esta obra. Uno es el uso extenso de fuentes fehacientes, como códigos y doctrina para brindar definiciones. Otro es un índice temático, al final, que permite una búsqueda por tópico. Este segundo elemento es útil cuando el lector conoce el área de su interés, pero no sabe que término específico está buscando. La posibilidad de una búsqueda temática permite usar el diccionario en formas no-convencionales. Por ejemplo, una persona que tuviese una entrevista para discutir cierto tema, podría ir al índice, hallar entradas relativas a tal tema y mejorar su vocabulario leyendo tales definiciones. Además de las tradicionales definiciones bilingües, el lector hispanohablante encontrará términos del derecho estadounidense e inglés explicado en español, en la sección English-Spanish del diccionario, y también conceptos del derecho latinoamericano y español explicado en inglés. Hemos elegido cuidadosamente los textos jurídicos más representativos, como constituciones, códigos, leyes y doctrina para ilustrar algunas de las definiciones. Pusimos empeño en incluir todas las ramas jurídicas, cubriendo el vasto campo de transacciones comerciales, temas constitucionales, derecho penal, relaciones familiares, cuestiones procesales, etc. Ninguna área se enfatizó más que otras. Al contrario, tratamos de ser tan inclusivos como era posible. Esperamos que el lector halle aquí un diccionario dinámico así como una herramienta práctica de comunicación entre sistemas jurídicos y lenguas diferentes. Se refiere a aquéllos interesados en una investigación más profunda al Dahl's Law Dictionary / Diccionario Jurídico Dahl (3ra edición, NY, 1999), donde podrán encontrar definiciones más extensas. xv on Power of Att. Meas. Código Procesal Civil de Costa Rica. Edición Inglesa y Española.Tabla de Abreviaciones. Inter-American Convention on Conflicts of Laws Concerning Checks. Convención Interamericana sobre Conflicto de Leyes en Materia de Cheques. Inter-American Convention on Execution of Preventive Measures. PR Mort. C. FLL. INCOTERMS. Costa Rican Code of Civil Procedure. Código de Comericio Mexicano. LPRA. Fuentes y Propiedad Intelectual Español-Ingles 1. Ley Federal del Trabajo (México). Com. C. 1990. C. Comm. Convención Interamericana sobre Cumplimiento de Medidas Cautelares. Convención Interamericana sobre el Régimen Legal de Poderes para ser Utilizados en el Extranjero. on Prev. C. La versión española es Decisiones de Puerto Rico. Convención Interamericana sobre Derecho Comercial Internacional. of Civ. Inter-American Convention on International Commercial Arbitration. on Intl. Código Bustamante. XVII . CODIFICACIONES Y FALLOS Bust. Código Civil Mexicano. Inter-American Convention on the Legal Regime of Powers of Attorney to be Used Abroad... Civ. Puerto Rico Reports. Mex. Civ. Conv. 1979. Ley Hipotecaria de Puerto Rico.. Puerto Rican Mortgage Law... on Checks. Conv. Arb. R. Incoterms. 1979. PRR.. Conv. Law 1979. Código Civil de Luisiana. LEYES. Conv. C. La versión Española es Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas. C. Lou. por la Cámara de Comercio Internacional. Mex..R. Louisiana Civil Code. Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated. Bureau of International Labor Affairs. División of Insular Affairs (1901). Traducción del inglés al español de Régimen Jurídico de Protección de los Trabajadores en México. Principies for International Commercial Contraéis. Traducción oficial publicada en Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico. Bell's Dictionary and Digest of the Law of Scotland. Mayo 96. C. Study L-Doc. originalmente Ley Española de Procedimiento Criminal. de un ensayo sobre derecho argentino (1996). Traducción oficial publicada en Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico. Barrios-Mannucci. publicada por orden de la Asamblea Legislativa (1901). Sp. 7th ed. Vol 31:99. Fuentes y Propiedad Intelectual Sp. 1. por José Daniel Amado. publicada por el U. of Civ. Bell. 1990. Sp. C. XVIII . R. Amado. publicada por el U. Canales y Henry Dahl. 1991. por Néstor de Buen Lozano y de Carlos E.C.S. for LA. 40 Rev. Sp. Labor Law. War Department. originalmente Código Penal Tipo para América Latina. Rome 1994. Existe otra versión inglesa. Nr. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Latin American Countries: An Overview and Update.S. pp. U. L. J. Mex. Buen Unna. Standard Penal Code for Latin America. Unidroit. P. Traducción oficial publicada en Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico. Spanish Commercial Code.. originalmente Ley Española de Enjuiciamiento Civil. A Primer on Mexican Labor Law. Contractual Responsibility and Torts in Latin America. 2. pp.. Garro. A. con un artículo explicativo aparece en (17) 3 American Journal of Criminal Law 235-285 (1990). 13. Com. por José M. en Texas Transnational Law Quarterly. Spanish Law of Civil Procedure. E. P. of Crim. publicada por orden de la Asamblea Legislativa (1901).Tabla de Abreviaciones. Traducción oficial publicada en Revised Statutes and Codes of Porto Rico. Vol. 12. originalmente Código de Comercio Español. Existe otra versión inglesa. St. Department of Labor. publicada por orden de la Asamblea Legislativa (1901). Spanish Law of Criminal Procedure. L. DOCTRINA Alonso Peña. Spanish Civil Code. Princ. originalmente Código Civil Español. Versión española bajo la dirección de Alejandro M. 34-54. 99-304.S. publicada por orden de la Asamblea Legislativa (1901). Una traducción completa. Civ. División of Insular Affairs (1901). War Department. J. en Virginia Journal of International Law. Westport. 1. Fuentes y Propiedad Intelectual Comparison of Labor Law.S. 31-56. originalmente Uniform Commer-cial Code. Orihuela. 28. Mod. pp. Bogotá. por J. CODIFICACIONES Y FALLOS C. 692-694. S. Nun. U. en Texas Transna-tional Law Quarterly. 1975. 3. Jaime E.Tabla de Abreviaciones.E. XIX . Reimpreso con permiso de Greenwood Publishing Group. Western European and Latin American Legal Systems. Reproducido con permiso del Permanent Editorial Board for the Uniform Com-mercial Code. Comparative Law: Western European and Latin American Legal Systems. J. Comentarios al Código Penal Modelo para los E. en The International Lawyer. Connecticut. Inter-American Law Review. Por Kenneth Karst y Keith Rosenn. Conflict of Laws in México: The New Rules Introduced by the 1988 Amendments. pp. (Código de Comercio Uniforme). Merryman y D. Pen. Vol. Nr. 1978. Eur. Law and Development in Latin America. Rosenn. Nr. Nr. Rosenn.. Escriche. S. 26. H. 1982. Diccionario de Legislación y Jurisprudencia. pp. K.. LEYES. L & D in LA. Fall 1994. U. Sys. LA Laws & Inst. Praeger. por Keith S. por A. Julio 95. pp. W. 26-29. Fall 1994. A. & LA Leg. Cód. Vargas. Latin American Laws and Institutions.C. 2. 1992. 30.U. A Comparison of Labor Law in the United States and México: An Overview. Uni-versity of California Press. Granados Peña y Antonio José Cancino M. 1-50. Federalism in the Americas in Comparative Perspective. Law and Development in Latin America: A Casebook.. Ingles-Español 1. por Ernesto Chiesa Aponte. Copyright 1987 de The American Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. II. 1993. Nr. Inc. J. Latin America: A New Era for Mining Investment. Mexican Law in English. Pratter. Clark. por la Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social (México) y por el United States of America Department of Labor. Vol. Vol. 1. The Michie Company.. Editorial Jurídica Futuro. Vol. Spring 1996.. por Jonathan Pratter. Golbert e Y. en The International Lawyer. Fed. (Decisiones de Puerto Rico). Evid.R. Reglas Federales de Evidencia. Restatement of the Law... Restatement of the Law. INCOTERMS. P... Rstmnt.Tabla de Abreviaciones. Civ. Traducido y publicado con permiso de The American Law Institute. Prin. Contracts.. Sentencias. originalmente en el artículo El Derecho Internacional Privado en los Estados Unidos y la Creación de un Puente entre los Diversos Sistemas Jurídicos de las Américas. bajo la dirección de Alejandro M. versión española publicada en Práctica Forense Federal. 2nd. 2d. Fuentes y Propiedad Intelectual D. 2d. originalmente Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. No existe una traducción anterior. Principios para los Contratos Mercantiles Internacionales. LPRA. (Prof. por la Cámara Internacional de Comercio. xx . originalmente Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rstmnt. Equity Publishing Corporation. Copyright de The American Law Institute. B. La versión inglesa se llama Laws of Puerto Rico Annotated. Beverly May Cari). 2. 40 Rev. Restatement. No existe una traducción anterior.. Rstmnt. Restatement. 1990.. Judgments. Edición Inglesa y Española. Traducido y publicado con permiso de The American Law Institute.. Traducido y publicado con permiso de The American Law Institute. DOCTRINA Cari. Conflict. Restate-ment. Copyright de The American Law Institute. Reglas Federales de Procedimiento Civil. Rstmnt. Garro. 2d. Unidroit. Copyright de The American Law Institute. Copyright de The American Law Institute. Con.P. Contratos. Traducción al español. 2nd.. Conflict of Laws.. Reglas Federales de Procedimiento Criminal. Cuasidelitos. versión española publicada en Práctica Forense Federal. 2d. Judg. P. R.. Restatement of the Law. Conflicto de Leyes. Leyes de Puerto Rico Anotadas. R. R. Equity Publishing Corporation. Torts... 1994). Fed. No existe una traducción anterior. 2nd. No existe una traducción anterior. Crim. Fed. Restatement. Traducido y publicado con permiso de The American Law Institute. Incoterms. 2nd. Restatement of the Law. La versión inglesa se llama Puerto Rico Reports. Torts.. 13 (Roma. del texto inglés publicado como Study L-Doc. Otras Abreviaciones Usadas GEOGRÁFICAS AR CA CH CO CR GB GU HO ME NI PR SP UR Argentina America Centre Chile Colombia Costa Rica Gran Bretaña Guatemala Honduras México Nicaragua Puerto Rico España Uruguay NO GEOGRÁFICAS Crim. 1977). Intro al USA. Ira Edición. Fuentes y Propiedad Intelectual Morales Lebrón. Publicado originalmente en inglés como Introduction to the Legal System of the United States. Barcelona. E. T. Introducción al Sistema Legal de USA. (Prof. B. y la introducción escrita por Fernando Diaz Palos. Alian Farnsworth. Stuchiner. LL.Tabla de Abreviaciones. Buenos Aires). Editorial Bosch. (s) (v) Criminal Latín Maritime sustantivo verbo XXi . Introducción al Sistema Legal de los Estados Unidos. Mariano Morales Lebrón) originalmente en Diccionario Jurídico Según la Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo (San Juan. Editorial Zavalía (1990. originalmente en Delitos y Penas en los Estados Unidos. traducido al Español.). M. traducido por Horacio Abeledo..B. (L) Mar. (Theresa Berlin Stuchiner. Spanish-English . A quemarropa. A quo (L). comprehend. renounce. E. (Lebron v. Abandono del servicio. A salvamano. A mano. The expression is firma a ruego.g.g." A corto plazo. In a safe place. Personnel Board.A A buen recaudo. signature by request. Short term. A la orden. In conformity with. The party who paid the price only has a personal action for reim-bursement against the one who said to be the owner. A sangre y fuego. In cold blood. Payment by each piece or unit. To embrace. A jornal. By request. Ab intestato (L). Using fire arms. At the expense of. Supply. In a secure position. furnish. relinquish. provide. according to. A continuación. a tenor del artículo 33 . Payment by the day. A petición. Par value. contain. A instancia de parte. A tenor de. entail. A una VOZ. A sabiendas. in conformity with article 33. valedictorian. Unduly late. Champion of a cause. In his (her) own name. Bulk. Even. consciously. A construction device or tech-nique expressed in terms like: "if the statute says that X and Z are banned. waive. A cargo de. e. Abanderado. involve. A días vista. 100PRR-163). following. A destajo. cover. Hearing. In motions it is customary to capi-talize the phrase. Usually this situation does not result in the transfer of ownership. it is implicitiy stating that Y is allowed. A companion Latin expression is ad quem. Note payable on demand. At one's cost and risk. A la vista. Shot fired from such a short distance that it is impossible to miss. In a very safe way. Dereliction of ser-vice. available. The fact of buying prop-erty from a person whom is not the owner. Abandonar. the protest (protesto) of a promissory note (pagaré). In charge of. A granel. Dereliction of service—which justifies the suspensión or dismissal of a State employee—is not any kind of absence of the employee. in chambers.authorized absences of a vicious nature and without a reasonable justification. A puerta cerrada. On demand. abandonment. The number of days in which payment of a debt becomes due after a spe-cific event has happened. Intestate probate proceed-ings. Unanimously. 2 Abastecimiento. . Under the responsibility of. A mano armada. To supply. desert. To order. meaning the court where the case has been sent. A cargo y riesgo. ciose. A non domino (L). From which. Abarcar. Knowingly. renunciation. On one's account. deser-tion. Abastecer. but the u. Reduction in price. Abandon. A nombre propio.. Term usually employed to indícate that a person unable to sign requests another to sign on his behalf. deliberation or other proceeding where the public is generally excluded. include. without wrapping or packag-ing. forsake. To abandon.. Flag bearer. A sobrehora. By contrary logic or meaning. Nor-mally the District Court would be the a quo while the Court of Appeals would be the ad quem. Causing great death and destruction. At hand. relinquishment. A contrario sensu (L). Abaratamiento. A cuenta. the court from where the case has been sent. Hereinafter. A la par. Abandono. Behind closed doors. On motion.. A sangre fría. A costa de. On sight. or to whom. A ruego. Absurd. comply with. Abuse. cache. Carriel. Merger. invalídate. Abrogación. yieLd. Acaparador. To slap. Absenteeism. Abstención de sentencia. Abuelo. Absolutorio. resign. In order to be able to institute intestate proceedings. excúlpate. Abuso de confianza. disinterest. Abolición. revolee. To abdícate. Abonar. Acatamiento. To abrógate.Acatar Abdicación. Abuso. to the course of the world. absurdity. sec 959). 3 . clear. Acápite. attorney. exculpa-tion. Abuse of a law is to rely on a legal provisión. corporate attorney. monopo-lize. Aberrante. Lethargy. annul. repeal. dismissal. disavow. indo-lence. Intestate proceedings. L. takeover. To open. renounce. Paragraph. Abofetear. To abolish. Abigeato. Absolutíon. To pay. 88 PRR 106 (1963)). Abolicionismo. Abuso de derecho. Absurdo. Absorción de empresas.). Abusive. eradication. Abogado. unlock. Abdication. counsel. To abort. Answering of questions by a witness. and to act as if only that provisión were a reality. Abolitionism. In-house counsel. plead. retract. abrógate. annulment. support. Answering of interrogatories by a party. To advócate. on a law closing the eyes to the reality of the faets. Abogar. Cattle thief. P. misuse. (Sp. Civ. complete. Abolition. cancel. reléase. or lack of skill of the cap-tain. Absolute. If a vessel should collide with another through the fault. Abortion. anom-aly. Stealing of cattle. annul. or any other member of the complement. Abrir a viva fuerza. even though trailing off the roads of justice and of equity. Lawyer. To obey. section in a page. lawyering. forsake. passivity. The law does not protect the abusive or the antisocial use of a right. to have a miscarriage. Deposing party. To absolve. a court or any other institution. Absolución de posiciones. repudíate. Abortar. Abstinence. Absolución de preguntas. Absentismo. C. Arrest judgment. International Gen. abolishment. To abstain. banning. fol-low an order. Acarreador. (Berrios v. Acatar. continence. Abdicar. Grandfather/ascendant. conform. Aberration. defender. Rights must be exercised in conformity with principies of good faith. pardon. Abstinencia. Abuse of rights. Abrir. refraín from. Com. rustler. advócate. Abstenerse de. Abuse of trust. Attorney of record. the owner of the vessel at fault shall pay indemnity for the loss and damage suffered. Aberración. total. solicitar (GB). Abrevadero. it is necessary: 1) That there is information of the recent death of the principal. disparaging. Abrogation. acquisi-tion. Break open. hoard. a contract. Trough. Abigeo. transactional attorney. Acaparar. store. Aberrant. whack. Absolución. To abjure. relin-quish. nonsense. Absolver.) Colusión (mar. sick. To stash. Abogado interviniente. 2) That the existence of a testamentary disposition is not known. sur-render. abolishment. Legal profession. Abulia. barris-ter (GB). abnormality. Grandmother/ascendant. 830). Abusivo. elimination. negligence. apathy. Absoluto. cancel-lation. 826/28. Absolutory. counselor. Person who stashes away. Abintestato. Aborto. (Sp. Abogado de empresa. abnormal. void. sailing master. after an expert appraisal. Abjurar. Respect and obedience to a legal system. to thwart. Abogacía. Electric. miscarriage. sec. acquit. self restraint. eradication. acquittal. spank. Abrogar. Abuela. Absolvente. Abordaje (mar. Abolir. and a civil action may also arise for the restitution of the thing. appendage. Compensable accident. disavowal of paternity. Accidental. 100). entrance. art. derechos. to a future inheritance—which someone else wanted to contest. 887). Acción civil por un delito. Action to quiet title. proceed-ings. Code art. but only reducible to that quantum. coin-cidental. In virtue of accession the following belong to the owner: I. ancillary. II. stock certifícate. Acción ordinaria. or unexpected happening from the point of view of the one sustaining the dam-age and not of the tort-feasor. move-ment. Action. lawsuit. Replevin. 100 PRR 753 (1971)). 482). Casualty. art. Code art.C. Declaratory action. Acción de reducción. An action filed for the col-lection of a check. Oblique action. Accesorio. (Louisiana Civ. unless the right is strictly personal to the obligor. (Louisiana Civ. Action in Accidente compensable. admittance. (B. and the indemnity of the losses caused by the punishable act. by chance. Deferred stock. Acción declarativa. The husband can dis-avow paternity of a child if he proves by a preponderance of the evidence any facts which reasonably indicate that he is not the father. Acción accesoria. Inc. case. Labor accident. Accesión sobre y bajo la superficie. Action for reduction of excessive donations. Sexual intercourse. penetra-tion. Civ. Any disposal of prop-erty. Accession. C. (Barrietos v. A criminal action arises from every crime or misdemeanor for the pun-ishment of the culprit. either naturally or artificially. 490). Unless otherwise provided by law.R. this type of action is the origin of sentencias declarativas (declaratory judgments). the obligee may exercise it himself. is not nuil. Code art 187).Acceder Acceder. misfortune. To have access to. (Mex. Accesión. (Louisiana Civ. Admission. Originally used in Spain when someone claimed to possess certain rights. Legal gains. Superior Court. 1502). 97 PRR 539 (1969)). Acción. L. Motion. Historically. v. Acción para resolver reclamaciones opuestas. Accidente. Contractual remedy. action in contract. An accessory action. Accession. (Louisiana Civ. Acción contractual. the accident suffered by a workman or employee is a compensable accident. Acción para recobrar propiedad mueble. This type of lawsuit allows only limited defenses. Accession above and below the surface. Accessory. Co. the term accident means an unforeseen. To express consent or agreement. If an obligor causes or increases his insolvency by failing to exercise a right. exceeding the quantum of which a person may legally dispose to the prejudice of the forced heirs. unintentional. Crim. Share. whether Inter vivos or mortis causa. Gov. 4 . such as that of forgery or payment. Code art. Acción oblicua. suit. Accesión. the ownership of a tract of land carries with it the ownership of everything that is directly above or under it. Acción de jactancia.g. R. Natural fruits. Industrial fruits. of the Capital. Common stock. (Louisiana Civ. Civil action based on a crime. the repair of the damage. Acción cambiaría. III. Accidental. supplement. Acción negatoria de paternidad. Acceso carnal. (Sp. Acción diferida. Acceso. Unavoidable accident. Action in jactitation. Code art 2044). sudden.. For the purposes of the Workmen's Accident Compensation Act. The ownership of a thing by accession includes the ownership of everything that it produces or is united with it. In the field of insurance. e. Accidente de trabajo. a note or some other com-mercial paper. mishap. rights. Accidente inevitable. Accident. if it is the result of an act or function inherent to his work or employment and occurs in the course thereof or as a consequence of same. preclusión. Crim. Restitution. (Sp. claimant. the popular action has spread to Panamá. o Acción penal. Venezuela. Acción posesoria. Plaintiff. L. Popular action. With slight modifi-cations. Code art. Paulian action. stock certificates.Acciones nominativas Acción pauliana. Shares payable to order. A criminal action for a crime or misdemeanor which gives rise to proceedings ex officio is not extringuished by the withdrawal of the complaint by the person offended. Accionar. that causes or increases the obligor's insolvency. Acts. an institution derived from Román law. the owner of a thing may bring a vindicatory action (acción en reivindicación) for the recognition of his ownership and for the recovery of the thing from anyone who possesses or detains it without right. An obli-gee has a right to annul an act of the obligor. In all civil law systems. created an institution known as the "popular action" (acción popular). made or effected after the right of the obligee aróse. Acción popular. Criminal action. and for the crimes of adultery. Voting stock. Acciones nominativas. is the civil-law analogue to the common law suit to set aside a fraudulent conveyance. Vindicatory action. and a civil action may also arise for the resti-tutuion of the thing. but required a petition signed by 25 citizens instead of an individual complaint. sec 103). R. Action for enrich-Ment without cause or for unjust enrich-ment. (L & Din LA). sec 106). preclusion. otros paises. and El Salvador. L. the repair of the dam-age. Any citizen (defined loosely by the case law to include corporations and even aliens). 526 and note). Acciones con derecho a voto. 2) the ascendants. or the result of a failure to act of the obligor. ownership being immaterial. if it believes the law unconstitutional for reasons other than those set out in the complaint. and the indemnity of the losses caused by the punishable act. except for a crime or misdemeanor committed by one against the person of the other or that of his or her children. sec 100. Acción penal. 1931 until 1959 Cuba permitted the popular action. R. relator. To file a lawsuit. Acción preferida. Acción revocatoria. Criminal action. the Court's decisión has an erga omnes effect. A claim for the hidden defects of something that was purchased. concubinage and bigamy. Acción reivindicatoría. unless for a crime or misdemeanor by either against the persons of the other. Redhibitory action. Preferred stock. If the law is declared unconstitutional. Revocatory action. Crim. (Sp. Accionante. descendants. Acción redhibitoria. Action for subroga-tion. The revocatory or Paulian action. By 1910 the Colombian sys-te. From sin causa. petitioner. Acciones. One where only the right of possession is the issue. The Court is not limited to the complainant's theory of the case. L. The following persons cannot bring criminal actions against each other: 1) spouses. Acción subrogatoria. Crim. 101). may bring an action at any time directly before the Colombian Supreme Court by filing a simple written statement setting forth the asserted conflict between the law and the constitution. irrespective of any personal stake in the outcome or the exhaustion of administrative remedies. (Sp. (Louisiana Civ. or relatives by consanguinity or affinity. the uterine brothers or sisters. Acción penal. A criminal action arises from every crime or misdemeanor for the punishment of the culprit. Acción Pauliana. renuncia. the Court has the duty to invalídate the law. Possessory action. which permits any citizen to challenge the consti-tutionality of any law on its face. The owner of a thing is entitled to recover it from anyone who possesses or detains it without right and to obtain judgment rec-ognizing his ownership and ordering deliv-ery of the thing to him. The shares payable to bearer shall be 5 . (L&Din LA). other countries. shares. R. Acción por enriquecimiento indebido. See acción oblicua and acción revocatoria. 2036 and note). Acción popular. (Louisiana Civ. Code art. if no such date is shown. patrimony.9). Acceptance for honor. Prin. (Louisiana Civ. Accep-tance within a fixed period of time. 163). a contract is formed when the offeree begins the requested performance. Code art. When an offeror invites an offeree to accept by performance and. the offeree's silence leads the offeror reasonably to believe that a contract has been formed. 165). Acciones sin valor a la par. unless the offeror. (Unidroit. (Louisiana Civ. (Unidroit. Acervo. The estate of a deceased means the property. elucidation. nuevas series. possessions. Acciones preferidas. capital. belongings. Drain. and obligations that a person leaves after his death. Code art. Aceptante. 872). Demora en la transmisor!. Preferred stock. it is contemplated that the performance will be completed if com-menced. art.. within a reasonable time having regard to the circumstances. Acceptance not in accordance with offer. stockholder. rights. acquiesce. Clarification and addition of a judgment. objects to the discrepancy. Acceptor. Aceptación disconforme. Acciones. Acciones ordinarias. sec. When.. new series. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror in a telegram or a letter begins to run from the moment the telegram is handed in for dis-patch of from the date shown on the letter or. 1943). 2. (Louisiana Civ. Clarification. Aclaración. No-par stock. Com. Com. Aceptación tardía. A period of time for acceptance fixed by the offeror by means of instantaneous communication begins to run from the moment that the offer reaches the offeree. Aclaración y adición de una sentencia. Shares. Acervo hereditario.. the offer is deemed accepted. Acceptance only by completed performance. nuevas series numbered. Absence of a leader. Code art. Acceptance by performance. art. Modified acceptance. Acciones parcialmente pagadas. An offer must be accepted within the time the offeror has fixed or. (Unidroit. Common stock. Prin. Estate of a deceased. 2. Acciones sin valor nominal. 1942). The clarification of or addition to a judg- 6 . of the contract. once the offeree has begun to perform. Acephalia. Prin. according to usage or the nature of the contract. Aceptación por intervención. Time of acceptance. Aceptación dentro de un plazo fijo. the offeror cannot revoke the offer. Shareholder. C. A late acceptance is nevertheless effective as an acceptance if without undue delay the offeror so informs the offeree or gives notice to that effect. for the rea-sonable time necessary to complete the performance. if no time is fixed. or whether he has only left charges without any property. adopt. Aceptación sólo por cumiimiento total. concede. 1939). and shall be recorded in stub books. When. 2. Aceptación por cumplimiento. (Sp. Accionista. Aceptación. Delay in transmis-sion. Code art. Acefalía. Acequia. art. (Louisiana Civ.Acciones. To accept. admit. 2.11). Assets. expla-nation. Aceptación mediante silencio.. Aceptación no en acuerdo con la oferta. without undue delay. No-par valué stock. C. (Sp. including the rapidity of the means of communication employed by the offeror. Partly paid shares. an offer made to a particular offeree can be accepted only by rendering a completed performance.7). A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additional or different terms which do not materially alter the terms of the offer constitutes an acceptance. or its own terms. art. (Louisiana Civ. Acceptance by silence. No new series of stock can be issued before the total of the series previously issued has been fully paid. (Unidroit. Code art. 1940). whether the property ex-ceeds the charges or the charges exceed the property. from the date shown on the envelope. according to usage or the nature or the terms Aceptar.8). because of special cir-cumstances. Prin. An acceptance not in accordance with the terms of the offer is deemed to be a counteroffer. tiempo. Late acceptance. sec. Civ. Act. if known. Assault. (Louisiana Civ. Acreedores singularmente privilegiados. Acreedor. C. attacK. (Louisiana Civ. of CIv. by each witness. Acto auténtico. report. Acrecentamiento. growth. augmentation. verify. aggressor. Creditor. Acto bajo signo privado. Acto cometido en ocasión del trabajo. To ascertain. III. (Mex. Acordada. last names. The time of death. (C. Obligee or creditor is the person in favor of whom some obligation is contracted. observation. C. and all the information available in case of a violent death. Accommodation. Conduct within scope of employment. (Mex. Acontecer. Code art. boost. suggest. IV. action. Acomodación. ages. occurrence. last name. enlargement. 1834). The death record shall con-tain: I. Records. 3556). 1837. Aconchabamiento. and the name and last name of the spouse. in agreement. and address of the defunct. Acotación. Acosamiento sexual. Active. minutes. Actividades de alto riesgo. their relationship to the defunct. and by each notary public before whom it was executed. accustomed. adjustment. Acontecimiento. Joint creditor. confirm. and if they were relatives.Acto cometido en ocasión del trabajo ment is only possible concerníng Its dispositive part. issued by the Supreme Court. Lien creditor. Increase. Acordar. The name. Acometimiento. recommend. and specifically the place where the body was buried. Acreedor con gravamen. usual. art. Remark. The type of disease that caused the death.R. age. occupation. occur. The names. concur. incident. An act under prívate signature need not be written by the parties. Code art. who will make sure of the death. Civ. routine. obligee. Acosamiento. art. enlarge. rise. adaptation. in the presence of two witnesses. Acrecer. judicial proceeding. in harmony. augment. and addresses of the witnesses. Customary. Acreedor solidario. (Louisiana Civ. accord. but must be signed by them. arrangement. net worth. commentary. if known. occupations. Acometedor. 158). and signed by each party who executed it. Code art. An authentic act is a writing executed before a notary pub-lic or other officer authorized to perform that function. Acorde. Right to increase one's share when other heirs or legatees fail to take their portion. advise. Fixed assets. Liquid assets. Preferred credi-tors. Event. Acreditar. No interment or cremation will be done without authorization given by the judge of the Civil Registry. The name of the parents of the defunct. and if he or she was married or widowed. note. Activo líquido. Acto. work. raise. Activo fijo. Acta de defunción. Authentic act. Acreedores privilegiados. determine. gloss. Procedural rule. happening. To agree. Acostumbrado. Acta de defunción. Specially preferred credtors. II. occupation. Assets. Sexual harassement. To counsel. To increase. Activo. Attacker. comment. 117). The civil status of the defunct. V. with a certifícate issued by a physician legally authorized. normal. To happen. job. Death record. Abnormally dangerous activities. Acrecentar. contents. holdings.1836). VI. and the act shall be admitted in evidence without further proof. Acometer. Death record. Corresponding. Harassment. art. Act under prívate signature. Aconsejar. C. Employment. occasion. 7 . To assaUlt. 119). derecho de. assailment. contenido. death certifícate. prove. or set of rules. Actas. An act under prívate signature is regarded prima facie as the true and genuine act of a party executing it when his signature has been acknowledged. R. attack. assail. habitual. 1833. The disposition and transfer of crops by the owner or grower. XXIII. by land or by water. Commercial acts. 96 PRR480 (1968)). VIL Companies that are factories and manufacturers. sales. from his estate or parcel. after improvement or manufactured. (Mex. agencies commercial enterprises and auc-tioneering outfits to the public. of maintenance. XXI. claimant. (Sp. Acuerdo pre-nupcial. Commercial deposits. XVIII. as long as they are created by companies. step in litigation. art. Com. actuary. V. X. Acudir. relator. XIX. juridical act. To apply. Accord and satisfac-tion. 2 (2)). Acuerdo de voluntades. chattels. and obligations of mercantile asso-ciations. XX. appear. agreement. XII. Sanchez Lugo. arrangement. Aqueduct. Bookstores. Transaction ínter vivos. Any other activity similar to the ones expressed in this Code. Pre-nuptial agreement. XIV. XI. as well as printing shops. Acuerdo en finiquito. Com. Actos de comercio. Acudir a la vía judicial. All purchases. Proceeding. The contracts and obligations of the employees of the merchants in regards to the business. III. shares. IV. Actuar. Acto jurídico. Companies that deal with transportation or people and goods. Commercial paper and other instruments payable to order or bearer. Actos de conciliación. VI. secretary. Commercial transactions shall be considered those enumerated in this Code and any others of a similar character. lawsuit. drafts or transfer of moneys from one place to another between all types of individuais. XIII. Agreement of rescis-sion. Companies that deal with brokerage. In case of doubt. XVII. Checks. contract. and tourist companies. bring a lawsuit Acueducto. IX.Acto de comercio Acto de comercio. The purchases and sales of portions. the commercial nature of the act will be determined by a judge. The purchases and sales of real estate. Companies that deal with public entertainment. articles. Transactions by commercial agencies. litigate. 8 XV All the contracts dealing with marital commerce and interior and exterior naviga-tion. petitioner. Acto voluntario. pact. Companies that deal with provisions and supply. and rentais entered into for the purpose of commercial speculation. Meeting of the minds. Acuerdo. C. Court clerk. when done with the purpose of commercial speculation. XXIV. Accord. Acuerdo de rescisión. C. Actuario. Insurance contracts of all types. suit. sec. Brokerage operations in mercantile dealings. except if they are of a civil nature. Wilful act. Deposits made in general stores and all operations with certificates of deposit and pledge documents issued by them. A community property marriage will . XVI. v. Banking operations. II. Acto entre vivos. Plaintiff. request. File a suit. or articles. XXII. be it in a natural state. VIII. deal. Actor/a. Legal act. Obligations between merchants and bankers. Actuación. 75). (Ppl. Proceedings to avoid litigation. The contracts relating to obligations from state bonds and other certificates of obligations which are in the flow of com-merce. The law considers the following to be commercial transactions: I. A wilful act is the act which is born of the will and not by force or necessity extraneous to the former. Companies that deal with construction and public and private works. and publishing companies. unless proven unrelated to a commercial transac tion. To act. Administrative. pupilage. Adición. trustee. award. herewith. Joinder of defendants. Administrar. Acumulación de acusados. Advance. would raise the exception of res judicata in the other. Adhesión. Adjudicación. 183).Administrativo be governed by the pre-nuptial agreement. director. total-ing. the consolidation of which is requested. accumulation. (Sp. (Mex. Acumulación. impeach. even though they proceed from different titles. award. Acumulativo. Joinder of Acumulación indebida o no acumulación de partes. manage. R. further. . Adiestramiento. art. Joinder of offenses. Administración. prosecution. Consolidation of records of proceedings. the contract is considered to have been concluded as the latter party understood it. art. Prin. sentence. Addition." Phrase used by one court to request a file from a lower court. Adage. 9 Adaptación del contrato en caso de error. defendant. prosecute. and any matter not expressly stipulated will be governed by the provisions applicable to civil associations. arbítrate. forward. managerial. Training. supplemental. Adhesión. Adjudication. charge. Manager. to study it and to decide if a particular appeal should or should not be granted. The consolidation may be ordered in the following cases: 1) When the judgment to be rendered in one of the actions. Acusar. To accuse. Administrador. 3) When bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings are pending and the property of the insolvent or bankrupt is the subject of the action instituted. accrue. Acumular. Loss of right to avoid. indict. L. Adjunct.161). 3. To administer. Acusado. sec. maxim. blame. added. executive. The other party must make such a declaration or render such performance promptly after having been informed of the manner in which the party entitled to avoidance had understood the contract and before that party has acted in reliance on a notice of avoidance. oversee. If a party is entitled to avoid the contract for mistake but the other party declares itself willing to perform or performs the contract as it was understood by the party entitled to avoidance. Ad effectum videndi (L). adjudge.. (Sp. Adjunto Attached. Accuser. Adagio. Civ. Cumulative. be in debt. L. Civ. district attorney. 153. Acumulación de reclamaciones. management. 5) When the unit of the action would be destroyed if the actions should be prosecuted separately. administrator. direct. supervisión. Literally "to the effect of seeing. Adelantar. supervise. direction. C.13). rule. To owe. actions. Joinder. enclosed. Minting. supplementary. Acumulación de autos. Information. Administrativo. Acumulación de acciones.154). Acumulación de delitos. Consolidation of Acusador. increase summation. Administration. prosecutor. 4) When testamentary or intestate proceedings are pending and the property of the estate is the subject of the action instituted and said action is declared to be subject to consolidation with said proceedings. aphorism. Acusación del fiscal. R. place in front. Additional. adherence. Adicional. Misjoinder or non-joinder of parties. To adjudicate. sec. apprenticeship. Adeudar. Civ. Indict-ment. supervisory. proverb. arraign. 2) When an action is pending before the com-petent court on the same matter which is the object of that instituted subsequently. provided that said actions are not incompatible with each other. To join. (Unidroit. Accused. The plaintiff may consolidate in his complaint as many causes of action as he may have against the defendant. claims. Adjudicar. 160. Acuñación. give bond. Adopción. as in customs duty. (Ppl. Admission. Adopción. Adoptante. buyer. Commer-cial guaranty. Admissible. The capacity to adopt and to be adopted and the conditions and limitations of adoption are subject to the personal law of each of the interested persons. Simulation. Afectación. To acquire. Afiliación. narrate. Admit-tance. Aduana. belonging. Adoption. Adolecencia. customhouse. impute. Adduce. member. Afección. (Sp. 74). Limited admissibility. attribute. antagonist. Com. An admission on the part of the defendant refers to some specific fact which tends to establish the guilt of the defendant or some element of the crime charged against him. of age. Either one of the interested persons may repudiate the adoption in accordance with the provisions of his personal law. Acknowledgment. C. connection. Afianzar. pervert. Barreto. The effects of adoption are regulated by the personal law of the adopting party inso far as his estáte is concerned. afecto. v. Attached. Adversary. Adopción. fondness. 73). Adquirir. Affiliated. Happening. embell-ish. forge. Aduanero. Admisión. The intention of forming and belonging to an enterprise. Adulterio. C. encumbrance. concede. sec. Warning. dress up. 75). To admit. Adscribir. Party to an adultery. procure. Adopted. family relationship. Afincamiento. Adulterine. Admonición. Acquirer. (Bust. Afiazamiento. state. capacity. youth. Firm rooting. Customs. Adoptivo. Adulteración. alert. efectos. Adquirente. affirm. C. acknowledge. By tacit admis-sions of a defendant. Affinity. art. warrant. confession. (Bust. permissible. art. advice. property. C. Adoption. Adulto. To bail. repudio. contiguous. Alvarez. purchase. association. Admitir. v. 86 PRR 596 (1962)). Adopción. purchase. Adulterino. advice. Adoptado. Advenimiento. procure-ment. bordering. Acquisition. Afinidad. relate. decórate. and by that of the adopted one in respect to the name. rival. Affiliation. it is meant the incul-patory statements not contradicted or denied by the defendant in the course of the investigation of the offense. This is the subjective element that distinguishes a partner from another type of investor. Affectio societatis (L). placed under. To ascribe. 10 . effects. contrary party. Adult. To adultérate. Adúltero. Affection. All guaranties the purpose of which is to insure the fulfillment of a com-mercial contract shall be considered com-mercial. Criminal conversation with someone else's spouse. inform. 440). Adulteration. Adulterar. Aducir. as well as to his estáte in regard to the adopting person. Adoption. Tacit admissions of a defendant. occurrence. acceptable. To warn. warning.Admisibilidad limitada Admisibilidad limitada. Adopted. Adjacent. confess. admonition. Adyacente. Admisible. assign. existence. even though the guarantor is not a merchant. Adoption. Adulterio con cónyuge ajeno. opponent. the rights and duties which he retaros regarding his natural family. (Ppl. fianza mercantil. repudiation. charge. Adultery. Burden. Adversario. Relating to customs. capacidad. 439. art. Advertir. caution. guarantee. To adorn. buy. Adscripto. 85 PRR 753 (1962)). Admisiones tácitas de un acusado. ornate. forgery. Advertencia. Adornar. Afiliado. purchaser. (Bust. Adolescence. Admonition. declare. Adopter. love. Adquisición. adjoining. mature. Agente viajero. in concurrence with commercial agents. Measuring and marking land.100). avow. saying. Agregar. 3) Subter-ranean waters found on the same. Agente. Agiotaje. sec. Land surveyor. in all other exchange transactions and contracts. declare. positive. preservation. Agraviado. assert aver. 426). Aforismo. Agotamiento. department. Agremiado. annex. Agua. attack. Afirmante. Particularly in a foreign language. Agiotista. injury. representative. and bathing and other services within the undertaking. C. The utilization of national water for the rais-ing and fattening of livestock. overreach-ing. incorporate. hostility. Grouping. Agrimensura. Aggression. Agresor. sub-ject to the liabilities appertaining to these transactions. when formed by nature on the said tenements. Aguas alumbradas. rendering worse. Affirmative. aver-ment. Agravante. rising on private tenements. the finishing of producís or the manufacture of satisfactory producís. Agency. as long as they remain within the boundaries of the same. Exhaustion. (Sp.Aguas de dominio privado. tort. attack. harm. Add. Financing agency. livestock use. The owner of a tenement in which a spring 11 . and their beds. The utilization of national water in plants or undertakings that carry out the extrac-tion. used for electric power generation or any other processing use or development. uso en ganado. injurious. Com. Aforar. continuous or intermittent. aprove cha-miento. Union member. Usury. Agrimensor. office. Agresión. Aphorism. affirmance. Grouping. (Sp. Added. 425. assertion. harmful. sup-plement. Agredir. Civ. they shall become public domain. adage. Attache. Agravioso. use. C. Water. Artesian waters belong to the person discover-ing them. composite. Agencia. poultry and animais. Agiotage. Aggressor. Agregado. Aggravating circumstance. assail. appended. 5) The beds of flowing waters. Money and stock brokers shall be authorized: 1) To take part privately in negotiations and transfers of all kinds of public instruments or securities which can be quoted. offense. Agremiar. sec. avowal. tortious. Agio. evalúate. proxy. group. gathermg. assessment. To obtain. Agua. Agentes mediadores del comercio. attorney-in-fact. Aforo. (Sp. and those of brooks crossing tenements which do not belong to the public domain. either continuous or intermittent. and the utilization of national water in industrial parks. Agrupamiento. To appraise. Agrupación. uso industrial. Waters of private ownership. Civ. Affirmant. Artesian waters. Money and stock brokers. Assault. Depletion. Afirmar. assess. Aguas de dominio privado. evaluation. or processing of raw materials or minerals. To aggravate. Travelling agent. boilers. When the owner of artesian waters abandons the same to their natural course. Commercial agents. Agent. sec. assailant. Agenciar. association. Water. Aggrieved. 2) To take part. overcharging. declarant. assault. Agencia de financiamiento. Combination. Afirmativo. Overcharging. Damage. provided that industrial process-ing is not included. 4) Rain water falling on private tenements. To affirm. Profiteer. 2) Lakes and marshes. worsen. group. Appraisal. Affirmation. Aguas de dominio privado. Agravar. maxim. including when in gas-eous state. strike. Aggravating. aprove chamiento Afirmación. To unionize. the brines used for the extraction of any type sub-stances and water. Agentes de cambio y bolsa. industrial use. To private dominión belong: 1) Waters. C. formed by rain water. Damaging. Agravatorio. Waters of private ownership. bureau. battery. Agravio. and their preparation for initial transfer. as far as they run through the same. delégate. affix. cooling and cleaning devices. 415). and also their beds.Aguas de dominio público or brook rises. defensive works. When the supporting party is unable to do so. C. Civ. may search for subterranean waters thereon. Ajusfar. even when they are executed by a grantee. Ahorrado. Person in charge of providing support. 7) Waters found within the zone of operation of public works. II. by the terms of the concession. legal. 424). settle. C. If the need of support is caused by the misconduct or improper work attitude of the person being supported. sec. To bearer. Ajustado a derecho. 417). Ajustador. C. and the beds themselves. Ahorcar. Article 439). Alimentos. complying with the law. execute. 2) Continuous or Intermittent waters from sources or brooks running in their natural beds. Aguas vivas. At the foot. obras defensivas. Aguas pluviales. prolong. The use of public waters is acquired: 1) By adminis-trative concession. At the foot. Subterranean water. IV. Claims adjustor. 2) By prescription after twenty years. within the same public domain. 8) Waters flowing continuously or intermittently from tenements belonging to private parties. Rain water. Al portador. Ajustes por modernización. Aguas. separate. the beds of which may also belong to the public domain. Adjustments due to modernization. (Sp. Water. termination. Support. Running water.g. Alimentante. Al por mayor. If the person receiving support abandons the house of the supporting party without consent and without justified cause. in the first case. sec. Al pie. Article 87). Civ. System providing payment in only one installment or lump sum. (Sp. Al pie de la letra. Adjuster. 4) Lakes and marshes formed by natura on public lands. ostracized. Ajustador de seguros. Animal bonus. Literally. regúlate. Isolated. 423). sec. The law also regulates those cases where there are some workers become redundant due to the introduction of machinery or new production processes. The obligation to pay support terminates: I. compensate. but after the said water leaves the tenement it shall become public and its use is governed by special legislatura. Aguas de dominio público. economy. Ahijado/a. Al frente. Al calce. 5) Rain water running through ravines or sandy beaches. Wholesale. In any case executors may be . III. 12 Ahorro. at the end. Civ. Alargar. 6) Subterranean waters existing on public lands. 416. in front. To the public domain belong: 1) Rivers and their natural beds. To adjust. V. kept. put aside. Retail. When the person receiving the support does not need it anymore. Al por menor. cese. C. art. Executor. Al amparo de. is considered as part of the salary and should be paid each year. lengthen. sec. consisting of at least 15 days' salary. (FLL. At the head. Savings. by the manner in which the waters have been used. to his spouse or to his children. alone. undeviantly. be it continuous or intermit-tent. Enlarge. Under the protection of. Godchild. Only the owner of a tenement or another person with his permission. C. 414). Albacea. rigorously. aprovechamiento. To hang. at the end. (FLL. 419. 320). (Mex. Saved. may use its waters as far as they run through the said tenement. Aguas subterrraneas. Aguinaldo. rectify. protected. Aislado. Executors may be universal or special. The suspensión of the obligation shall be for as long as this condition lasts. Civ. e. and in the second case. 3) Waters rising con-tinuously or intermittently in lands. The limits of the rights and obligations of these uses shall be those shown. When the person receiving the support injures or causes serious damage against the supporting party. Ajuste alzado. Civ. (Sp. Water of public domain. Aguas públicas. extend. lynch. Accommodate. (Sp. A Christmas bonus. al final. Lawful. . Hallucinatory. Alumbrado. (Louisiana Civ. 868). advance a theory or idea. Almacenes de adeudo. nick-name. coalition. contention. disturb. affirmation. Alegación de admisión. liquor. Alimentos. Bailiff. Alert. Alluvion. lodging and support of the person who claims it.85PRR787(1962)). Ancestry. A. Alcoholismo. breadth. Albergue. Alianza. Alluvion. change. the judge. Code art. vigilant. By alimony we under-stand what is necessary for the nourishment.confusión. Plea agreement. Mayor. Alcance. C. To plead. Plea. Altura. guard. Plea of nolo contendere. It includes the education. successively. Alienable. is called alluvion. genealogy line. rental. Bright. jettison. lineage. To prepare. Rent. Aleatory. Admiralty. is defined as the increase of land which is successively and imperceptibly formed on the banks or shores of the rivers. Alegación preacordada. Saleable. Alcaldía. transfer. Alistar. Lighten the vessel. Alluvion. plea bargaining. Acceptance. free choice. Civ. of the Treas. Albedrío. advocate. usually conducted by the police. Judicial search of a building. Alcohol. revolt. C. Alegable. Pleadable. Alcaide. Almirantazgo. MacCor-mick. Alienation. Alias. City hall. Alimony. Hight. High treason. averment. Alborotar. admission. (Vachier v. attentive. Alegación. Aleatorio. 86 PRR 677 (1962)). (Paine v. Alterar. High seas. or iointly. Civ. descendance. in its most strict and common meaning. Hosted. sec. Alcurnia. spirits. recruit. Alcohol. mirage. libre. depending on chance. Alijo.A. hypothesis. expanse. derelicción appointed either severally. taking into accountthe circumstances of the case and the ability of the spouses to work and their economic situation. Aluvión. Alta mar. Sec. (also known as). argument. shelter. reach. Alienated. Bondedwarehouses. art. reckless disregard. To alienate. Alimentos del cónyuge. Alucinógeno. procuring.K. league. visión. Alienación. Alucinación. Pandering. drunkenness. To agitate. volunteer. light. Alias. progeny. Admiral. warn-ing. Pimp. upset. Alguacil. lease. Albaceazgo. rebellion. Alarm. Hallucination. Executorship. To lodge. enroll. Cruelty. tumult. whether navigable or not. Alfonso. derelicción. Aluvión. brief. In case of a women. cover. Pleadings. she is called the executrix. Accretion formed successively and imperceptibly on the bank of a river or stream. argue. compact. Alegaciones. alle-gation. Alter. Alcahuete. Alfonso el Sabio. otherwise known as. Spousal support. 13 . In the case of a contested divorce. Alegato. Autonomy. Alquiler. 288). the Wise. span. To enlist. Albergar. (Sp. sedi-tion. transfer of ownership. Warden of a prison. (Mex. riot.. Alcaide & Co. 230). amplitude. when the person to whom the alimony is due is a minor. allegation. power to decide freely. Illumination. Alcahuetería. dereliction. Almirante. Alienado. Alta traición.. Alienar. Alliance.. Alcalde. shelter. legal opinión.Aluvión. Allanamiento. Brawl. sale. Alcoholism. Alegar. will direct the spouse at fault to pay alimony in favor of the innocent spouse. Alevosía. Executorship is but an administration accompanied by a right of representation to perform specific functions relating to the conservation of the hereditary estate until the inheritance is accepted by the heirs. Scope. Alboroto. Plea. sale. Alerta. Amicable compounders shall decide the questions submitted to their decisión according to their knowledge and belief without being subject to legal forms.. Animo de lucro. Sys. Antedated. particularly when talking of adverse possession.C. Ancestor. hav-ing regard to the circumstances. Notation on margin. 499). Amparo. Amenaza de huelga. intentional inflic-tion of emotional distress. Anotación marginal. Emotional distress intended. Antecedentes del acusado. Anteproyecto. annotate. register. Before me. The owner of the land situated at the edge of the bank left dry owns the dereliction. Amnesty. forefather. Amicable com-pounder. proprietor. is so immi-nent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. Proposed law or bilí. Guatemala. climate. included.). Antepasado. (W. Anejo. although it is not used as widely. Angustias mentales no intencionales. placing boundaries. The expres-sion is used mainly in the area of real prop-erty law. owner. Amojonar. expectation. danger. Ante mí. Code art. Anticipado. (Unidroit. P. Amigable componedor. merge. P. mentioned above. Antedatado. milieu. in a schedule. Recordation. precursor. Antejuicio. Nicaragua. and Costa Rica. whether by government agencies or by the judiciary. Foregoing. sec. Civ. Believing that one is the owner and acting accordingly. Amparo. lord. 99 and 62). mooring. Anatocismo. 3. court with overseeing jurisdiction. Threat. 832). The same rule applies to derelic-tion formed by water receding impercepti-bly from a bank of a river or stream. Anchorage. together with all its ancillary effects. To annex. Angustias mentales intencionales. Annotation. Preliminary design. Wild animal. homemaker. Angary. The amparo applies to vio-lations of the numerous guarantees of individual freedoms. With the intent to make a profit. from January 1 to December 31. sec. herewith. Wild animais. Amenaza. Alzada. Ama de casa. Anclaje. ambience. Angustia mental. Animales fieros. confusing. To fix boundaries. Anexar.Alzada The alluvion belongs to the owner of the bank. . ascendant. Ambiguous. Animal salvaje. (Louisi-ana Civ. Appeal. Domestic animal. Anterior. Emotional distress unintended. for LA.9). & LA Leg. Honduras. ruler. Animal doméstico. Master. Housewife. Compounding of interest. Anexo. ahead of time. Court of a higher rank. Calendar year. Security mea-sures will not be annulled for reason of amnesty or pardon. L. (St. Record of attach-ment. Amenaza. warning. Enclosed. Defendant's prior record. Anticipation. Amnistía. Prin. previous. El Sal14 vador. Anticipación. art. Emotional distress. Anatocism. appendix. Preliminary proceedings. Threatened strike. demarcation. unify. Amojonamiento. Environment. Animus domini (L). Anteproyecto de ley. From México the amparo procedure very rapidly spread to other countries such as Argentina. Amo. Anotar. Anticipatory. Ambiente. Annex. fuerza o intimidación. To record. A party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party's unjustified threat which. Anotación de embargo. (Sp. Anotación preventiva. Threat. Ambiguo. Anotación. Eur. Amnesty extinguishes the penal action and the punishment. cau-tionary notice. to outline a perimeter. who is bound to leave public that por-tion of the bank which is required for the public use. Angaria. Fencing. join. Año civil. Anticresis. Apertura de propuestas. Where a ground of avoidance affects only individual terms of the contract. Base year. with the obliga-tión to apply them to the payment of inter-est. Prin. 3. Apatrida. Apertura de la sesión. Apercibir. Fullana Corp. Anulable. and the parties shall be summoned for appearance before the same within a period of ten days. To put on notice. to warn. Subject to an action for nullity. Antigüedad.Aplicación de leyes laborales Anticipo.. Stateless. (Sp. Fiscal year. Crim. Advance payment. juridical appearance is defined as the appearance of a burden or encumbrance derived from the publicity of registries. 7. Appellee. that by legal pre-sumption is considered known by all those who make contraéis on the property. and such other matters as the judge may order ex offi-cio.. Appendix. Anulación parcial. Sharecropper. Antijurídico. Apercibido. the effect of avoidance is limited to those terms unless. A. Apertura de crédito. art. a certified copy of the decisión ap-pealed from shall be ordered made. (Unidroit. Surname. sup-plement. Apariencia jurídica. Rigging. Announcement. tacit approval. Apelante.16). In the relations between the purchaser and the vendor of a real property. family name. If the appeal be admissible for a review of the proceedings only. Paragraph. Where the parties are to perform simul-taneously. Anunciar. Warning. Aplazamiento del cumplimiento. if due. person with no citizen-ship. it is unreasonable to uphold the remaining contract. ancient. (Miralli v. Aparejar. Apercibimiento. Antique. acquiescence. rent. the original record shall be ordered transmitted to the audience.. Apelación. earnest money. assent. if the latter is to take cognizance of the appeal. Opening of the bids. If the appeal be admitted both for review and stay of proceedings. Opening bids. Seniority. L. Apertura. partnership of arable lands. Apatridia. Consent. Léase for . notice. art. Archaic. Anualidad. Illegal. Advert. Appellant. Calendar year. Appeal for review and stay of proceedings. Anuencia. having regard to the circumstances. Under warning. Apéndice. Año fiscal. (Sp. publi-cation. Aparcero agrícola. Prin.1. By antichresis a cred-¡tor acquires a right to receive the fruits of real property of his debtor. rider. Aparejo. Apartado. Act of opening before the court of a closed will. on notice.3). beginning. acceptance. Apellido. Opening a line of credit or a letter of credit. Appeal for a review of proceedings only. Año del Señor. Juridical appearance. Trigger certain consequences. Apelación en ambos efectos. section. and afterwards to the principal of his credit. Año básico. P„ art. Apertura de testamento. lawless. deposit. Appeal. declaration. 225). Year of our Lord. Statelessness. Crim. taking into consideration. Antichresis.D. addendum. L. Apelación en un sólo efecto. illicit. art. 98 PRR 323 (1970)). Enforcement of labor law. Opening of a meet-ing. To announce. Antiquity. either party may withhold performance until the other party tenders its performance. Pardal avoidance. the secret character of the sumario. Aplicación de leyes laborales. 15 Aparcería de tierras de labor. P. (Unidroit. Apelado. unlawful. as well as of the other matters which the appellant may request and which can be given him. Opening. subsection. Anuncio. in a proper case. advertise. Annuity. Acceptance. lack of opposition. Año natural. With-holding performance. 224). When different aspects of the same juridical relationship are governed by dif ferent [foreign] laws. Application of foreign law. nickname. Attorney. the attorney-in-fact shall be reputed to be pre-sent for all the civil effects. Apoderamiento indebido de bienes muebles. Special agent. The difficulties caused by the simultaneous application of said [foreign] laws shall be resolved taking into account the requirements of equity in the specific case. Aportar prueba. these shall be applied harmoniously endeavoring to attain the purposes pursued by each of said laws. Vargas). preliminary. Apropiación temporaria. Previous. as an exception. In the crime of robbery it is suffi-cient to prove the appropriation of the personal property stolen. acquies-cence. 16 Apodo. (J. Apoderado constituido. trade or profession. if analogous institutions do exist. assent. enactment. C. that is. agree. and V. assent. IV. defense. Approve. Aprobación de proyectos legislativos. Tariff. Apprenticeship. Apostille. Misapplication. Apoderado general. adopt. v. Sale of attached property. Apoderado. Apresamiento. validity. schedule of fees. Apoderado especial. Aprendiz. assignee. and legal scope of said law. II. The phrase is many times used to indícate that a person is of age and without any incapacity. The following is to be observed in the application of foreign law: I. To arrive in port. Trespass to chattel. If a person has been absent from his domi-cile and he has appointed an attorney-in-fact before or after his departure. the conflict-of-law rules of said foreign law should be taken into account. also known as. Alias. Apremio real. Aportar. Aprisionamiento indebido. Full y competent to appear in court. Situation where it is legally per-missible to perform an act with all its normal consequences. enter into a contract and acquire any type of right or obligation. save when given the special circumstances of the case. 89 PRR 142 (1963)). Apología. rate. justification. (Ppl. Consent. Apprentices. (Lou. art. Court order. those who engage to serve any one. Apropriacion por el gobierno. The substantive foreign law should be applied. General agent. Attorney-in-fact. Passage of bilis. Aprendizaje. Torres Rosario. Aprobación de una ley. Apt. Apto. It shall be applied as the corresponding foreign judge would do it. legal proceedings for collection. price list. Temporary appropriation. Apropiación de nombre o parecidos físicos. 648). It will not be an impediment for the application of foreign law that the local law does not provide institutions or procedures essential to the applicable foreign institutions. Aprobar. Apropiar. Apprentice. To produce evidence. making applicable the local substantive rules of those of a third country. Appropriation. 164). To contribute. should not necessarily be resolved with the law that governs said issue. attorney in fact. False imprisonment. even though the appropriation by defendant be for a few moments—temporary appropriation doctrine. in order to learn solme art. to that end. manag-ing partner. (Mex. Apology. Passage of a law. Apremio. Apropiación. C. Taking by the government. Aquiescencia. Expression denoting a remission to another text. Catchline. Arancel. decree. con-sent. Capture. Civ. acceptance. Civ. Aquí me remito. III. Apostilla. Aplicación indebida. art.Aplicación del derecho extranjero Aplicación del derecho extranjero. Aptitud legal. or incidental questions that may arise from a principal issue.A. proxy. . and his affairs can be handled through him up to the authority vested in him. To appropriate for oneself. meaning. the judge may obtain the necessary information about the text. Appropriation of name or likeness. agent. or to render a service is a lessor. wring. ap-pointment. Their appointment may be delegated to a third party. rules of procedure. tantrum. Arrogarse. Arbitrador. Free choice. Archivo. 5) he who shall escape while being conducted to the institution or place men-tioned in the foregoing number. C. The agreement shall be set forth in an instrument signed by the parties. Archivar. Hauling and transporta-tion. reglas de procedimiento. whether a natural or juridical person. Arraigo. To arbitrate. An agreement in which the parties under-take to submit to arbitral decisión any differences that may arise or have arisen between them with respect to a commercial transaction is valid. Comm. Arrestar. Argument. 1449). Comm. referee. Arribada forzosa. Artesano. telegrams. or other matters not susceptible to a settlement. 3) he who shall escape from a penal institution in which he may be serving a sentence. Civilian arrest. to execute a work. (Amado). Belonging to or having roots in one place. art. on Intl. Arrebatar. Arbitrator. Any person may place under arrest: 1) he who shall attempt to commit a crime. section in a statute. armory. art. Lessor and lessee. Arrival under stress. 4). Arrendamiento. Arresto civil. Archive. Arb. seize. To arrest. navy. Arroyo. Artículo. arbitración. Arsenal. Arrepentimiento. Arb. Arbitrar. fleet. cease-fire. acuerdo. Arras. (Conv. Anisan. 6) he who shall escape while under arrest or detention awaiting trial. to represent. and a person who acquires the use of the thing or a right to the work or service. rent. grab. Arrebato. settlement. (Sp. (Conv. Arbitration. Armisticio. Arriendo. Arbitrator. Order given with abugle (military). Arrendable. Argüir. on Intl. Armada. Arbitrators shall be appointed in the manner agreed upon by the parties. Charterer. for which he binds himself to pay. A person who binds himself to grant the use of a thing. Armada. To file. Article. 490). (Sp. umpire. Lease. 17 . legal theory. on Intl. Seizure. Civ. finalidad. art. power of decisión. 7) a person accused or con-victed who may be in default. 2) a criminal captured in fragranté. wrest. sec. Arrendador y arrendatario. To bestow on oneself. before or during judicial proceedings. Arbitro. truce. Disputes may be submitted to the decisión of one or more arbitrators of uneven number. Way of referring to part of a code or a statute.. pleading. R. Bond to pay for legal costs that plain-tiff has to post when not a resident of the forum. Arrimo y arrastre. L. Arbitro. dis-cretion. Suitable to be leased. Arbitrariedad. Subject to be arbitrated. sec. Articulado. Arb. or in the form of an exchange of letters. Arbitration. e. 4) he who shall escape from a prison in which he may be awaiting his transfer to a penal institution or place in which he is to serve the sentence which may have been imposed upon him by a final sentence. Brook. Down payment. viability. An arbitral decisión or award that is not appeal-able under the applicable law or procedural rules shall have the forcé of a final judicial judgement. agreement. Arreglo. at the moment he is about to commit it. to plead. Armistice. pro-vided they do not concern matters of civil status. (Conv. a title. 2).Artículo Arbitrable. reference. Arrangement. viabilidad. 1). Repentance. is a lessee. An unreasonable situation tainted by illegality and unfairness. remorse. Snatch. or telex Communications. arbitrage. Comm. rent. Arbitraje. Lease. Arbitraje. divorce or separation of husband and wife. nombramiento.. owner of a ship.. Arbitration. finality. Arbitrio. Crim. Arbitraje. Arbitration. Armador.. Arsenal. Arbitration. Arbitrator. Argumento.g. Arbitraje. Arbitraje. mediator. To argue. Attendance. Artillería de campaña. unremarkable. Asedio. Asignación. Worker. notices. Atenuante. beguile. state. usually of a terrorist nature. murderer. R. 4) The plea of amnesty or par-don. Ascent. allotment. 666. lure. raise. Insurable. battery. Assembly. Ascendant. assail. alight. An attack. Mooring. The nonperforming party is not liable for harm suffered by the aggrieved party to the extent that the harm could have been reduced by the latter party's taking reasonable steps. Artículo mortis. Assertion. To assert. descend. Preliminary exceptions. Storming of a fortified place. Asediar. Asilar. Murder. Ataque epiléptico. To grant political asylum. Appropriation. attack. Routine. Salaried. Asilo. attempt against. jeopardize. 80). pre-dictable. taking by storm. Assault. Epileptic seizure. Insured. Insurer. inscription. climbing. Asesor. Counselor. Assumption of risk. adviser. Law 1979 sec. Asistencia. Asfixia. Asamblea. Atentar contra. Asociación. advancement. Extenuating circumstance. cautionary. Promotion. Restraint of trade. allowance. L. To attract. Atestación. jobber. Asphyxia. Field artillery. Attestation. testimony. To land. Asesinato. General shareholders' meeting. Anuotation. 2) A plea of res judicata. allocation. Aterrizaje. Robbery. Asunción expresa del riesgo. Express assumption of risk. Person who enjoys political asylum. appearance. Asociación sindical voluntaria. Credit unión. avow. committee. Asegurar. To asphyxiate. aver. Atentado. wage earner. Asesino. Atestiguar. To inconve-nience. What has been testified. On the verge of death. To impair. registrations. Asociación cooperativa de crédito. To testify. Assassin. The following ques-tions or pleas shall be the subject of preliminary exceptions: 1) A declinatory plea. Asertar.. The following kinds of entries shall be made in the registry books: presen-tation. suf-focation. To testify. Atraco. To insure. 5) The lack of administrative authority to conduct proceedings. descent. Asunción implícita del riesgo. (Unidroit. Atentado contra la libertad de comercio. (Sp. assassination.4. Dockyard. Implied assumption of risk. homicide. advisor. choke. The term mooring is defined as a fee charged to the vessel for 18 . Ascendiente.Artículo corriente Artículo corriente. in cases in which it is necessary in accordance with the consti-tution and special laws. Non-profit association. smothering. recordation. attribution. Asesinar. touch down. To storm. choking. Asalto. Atraer. Asalariado. statement. appeal. 668). Asegurador. Hospital for the mentally unbalanced and indigent. Atenuación del daño. Atestar. Free membership to unions. 7. entice. smother. touch down. Astillero. Aterrizar. Cornering. registration. Aserción. seduce. Robbery. Asunción del riesgo. Ascenso. Safe harbor. insurance company. stran-gle. Asamblea general de accionistas. suffocate. (PR Mort. Siege. Artículos de previo pronunciamiento. 3) The prescription of the crime. art. Asilado. Asfixiar. declare. Asegurado. draw.8). Landing. cancellations and notations. Entry. common. Association. Asylum. art. Asociación con fines no pecuniarios. Atestado. Asiento. Asegurable. when death is imminent. To murder. Crim. Atraque. Prin. declaration. averment. Whoever commits a criminal act by his own conduct or by the con-duct of another person. the heir whose residence is not known is deemed an absentee. Drydock. Auto de entrada y registro en domcilio particular. Ruling of the court. The certification. Authorízation. v. Authentication. Autenticación. and has departed without leaving anyone to repre-sent him. Autonomy. Author of a crime. purchases and sales. Indictment. 19 . and those who commit it jointly. freedom. Self-authen-tication. Authentic. R. his presumptive heirs may by producing proof of the fact. L. Autónomo. to legalize. leases. sitting. on condition that they give sufficient security for their administration. The warrant for the entry and search of the domicile of a prívate party shall always set forth the reasons therefor. penalty. authority. Autonomía. The Bustamante Code lists a series of rules for choosing the law of cer-tain contracts: agreements relating to mar-riage. Auto. Attribution. appointment. An attorney in the armed forces (AR). attribute. 3556). Auténtica. (St. A contract must comply with the law of the place where it is entered into. Aun cuando. independent. 94 PRR 403 (1967)). unpaid. Audiencia. Auto resolutorio. Authority. Latin American nations favor the ampie party's autonomy in the choice of governing law. whether it is to take place in the daytime only. Hearing. The refusal of a permission affect-ing the validity of the contract renders the contract void. Auto inhibitorio. Choice of law. 33). and the judge shall state therein concisely the building or closed space to be entered and searched. Absentee. (Sp. Arraignment. Auto de ejecución. or if no news concerning him has been received in the same period of time. ruling. to give authenticity. Writ of prohibition. Autenticación prima facie. will be sentenced to the penalty provided for the corresponding crime. regardless. overdue. Autopsy. Permission refused. art. sec.Autorización denegada bein" moored to a dock to unload or load or to do any operation. Autoincriminación. Atribuciones. Delinquent. who never was domiciliated in the State and resides abroad. Self incrimination. Autonomía de la voluntad. Autor de un delito. (San Miguel Fértil Corp. Gross abuse. backward. certification. solicit and obtain from the court an order placing them in provisional possession of the estate belonging to the absentee at the time of his departure or the last news receive of him. Absence. and mortgages. home rule. Autorización. Auto defensa mediante fuerza. only such terms are void if. Atropello. having regard to the circumstances. It means also the person. Autorización denegada. and the authority or offi-cial to perform the service. Ausente.C. for LA. loans. acknowledg-ment. in arrears. To certify. If the refusal affects the validity of some terms only. Person who performs a financial audit. Warrant for entry and search in a prívate home. Self-defense by force.R. An absentee is a person who has resided in the State. permission. Writ. P. Auténtico. Autopsia. Autoridad. In matters of succession. audience. decree. Code art. Ausencia. Auto inicial. pledges. Auditor. aleatory contracts. (LA Laws & Inst). session. Atrasado. That cannot be rebutted (for documents). Writ of execution. Crim. self-government. Powers. penalidad. Authorities. In general. (Louisiana Civ. Autonomous. character-istic. Notwithstanding. Apparent authority. If a person shall not have appeared either in person or through an attorney in fact at his place of domicile or habitual residence after five years have elapsed from the time of his departure. Autoridad aparente. First ruling. proof or attes-tation that a document is authentic. Autenticar. 558). Atribución. Auto de prisión. P. order. faculty. General or gross averages shall be.C.1. Aviso. Avería simple o particular. L. Avulsión. notwithstanding the fact that the party responsible has taken all measures required. Inten-tionally preventing assistance. from a real and known risk. where no period has been agreed. the sustain-ing or overruling of challenges. all others which according to law must set forth the reasons therefor. chance. Autorización que no ha sido otorgada ni denegada. Endorser who guarantees payment. sec. City hall. sec. Court approval.. premise. Aval. Ayuda impedida intencionalmente. Auxilio. Notice. Autos. (Unidroit. General or gross average. Azar. vouch for. (2) Where the permission affects some terms only. 6. or both at the same time. To back. C. help. Prin. Avalar. art. Avería gruesa o común.Autorización judicial it is reasonable to uphold the remaining con-tract. luck. and those suffered by the merchan-dise from the time it is loaded in the port of shipment until it is unloaded in the port of consignment. 35). as a general rule. Conciliation. Auxiliar. all the expenses and damages caused to the vessel or to her cargo which have not redounded to the benefit and common profit of all the persons interested in the vessel and her cargo. Com. Avalúo de bienes. the refusal to reverse an order. 20 . Simple or particular average. For the purposes of this code the following shall be considered averages: 1) All extraordinary or accidental expenses which may be incurred during the navigation for the preservation of the vessel or cargo. Autorización judicial. Ayuda impedida negligentemente. auxiliary. repre-sentative. Avocarse al conocimiento. (Sp. it is reasonable to uphold the remaining contract even if the permission is refused. (St. Avería (Mar. P. Avalista. Axioma. her cargo. Acceptance by one party of the position taken by the other party.. Special guarantee endorsement. Rulings. the admission or rejection of evidence. Simple or particular averages shall be. Permission neither granted nor refused. paragraph (1) does not apply if..16). support. Appraisement. all the damages and expenses which are directly caused in order to save the vessel. Avenimiento. or both. when it is com-mon to both parties. Axiom. Fate. Average. imprisonment or liberation. Negli-gently preventing assistance. Deputy. sec. Ayuntamiento. or of the benefits of poverty. Autos y legajos. and. 809/10). (Sp. attendance. Necessary or indispensable help. Records and files. the prívate complainants. as a general rule. finally. within a reasonable time from the conclusion of the con-tract. either party is entitled to terminate the contract. The owner of the goods which gave rise to the expense or suffered the damage shall bear the simple or particular averages. 806/7). The act by which one court accepts a case under its jurisdiction. city council. having regard to the circumstances. for LA. Crim. 6. town council. C. to endorse. P. (1) If. permission is neither granted nor refused within an agreed period or. the reversal of some order. assistant. 141). or parties to the civil actions.17). Auxilio necesario o indispensable. aid.). art. Aval. assumption. township. Avulsión. Prin. Assistance. art. Rulings are those deciding incidental issues or essential points which affect in a direct manner the accused. Com.1. support. when they decide the jurisdiction of the superior or inferior court. (Sp. (Unidroit. will also be sentenced with the penalty provided for the corresponding crime. appraisal of property. Whoever renders to the principal or principais aid of such nature that without it the criminal act could not have been committed. 2) All damages or deteri-oration the vessel may suffer from the time she puts to sea from the port of departure until she casts anchor in the port of desti-naron. destiny. cornerstone. Beneficiar. Based upon. 21 . Under. reserve. bautizo. Beneficiado. Batirse. To fight a duel. Agricul-tural banks and associations. Benefit of a levy against the principal. Christening. aggression. work or gifts for the poor. Case of merchant unable to meet his debts. Base. brigand. C. Bandera. guard. janitor.B Baja. emblem. cohabitation without marriage. Bandido. beneath. To gain. Low action. Com. the person in question could be sent back to serve the remainder of the prison term. boat. Base. essence. Basis. Cache. (Sp. Bastardo. Scholarship. surplus. Beneficio. Beneficencia. Bastardy. Ship. Bankruptcy. Batalla. Under oath. Bank. ammunition. Scale. Flag. Bajo libertad condicional. Belligerency. Bases. Certain conditions are imposed. advantage. robber. The following is the principal business of these institutions: Dis-counts. Bancos y sociedades agrícolas. Banda. Battle. Bala. Barrio. Election that can be decided on a second round if there is not a clear major-ity. decree. forged. Bandit. Bandolero. Bancarrota. proclamation. robber. Banco. war. Bench. Bancario. Should the conditions be broken. Beligerancia. Discharge. collec-tions. Beca. current accounts. remnant. Barco. Basado en. Adulter-ated. dispute. Edict. Beneficio de la excusión. bellicose. brigand. Banquillo. endowment. Barraganería. Gang. Concubinage. To benefit. burglar. Beligerante. Beneficiario. hostility. On parole. aggressive. profit from. dique. Bajo el poder. hostile. Neighborhood. gang. System by which a prisoner who has discharged a substantial part of the sentence and has observed good behavior while in jail is released. born out of wedlock. and contracts with the government or public corporations. crook. root. shell. Barbítúricos. or a new crime be committed. dishonor. seacraft. stool. Banking. naming. Battle. Belligerent. Baldío. Financial sheet. Combat. Band. Charitable activity. Barra. banner. Balística. equilibrium. villain. recipient. projectile. Unoccupied land. Related to banks. Balance. To fight. sec 177). loans. foundation. Bautizmo. Bases. vessel. Bench. war. Bancos de emisión y descuento. Bedel. Bajeza. Balanza. insolvency. Banks of issue and discount. College of advocates. Conflict. Banca. stability. aid. Balance. Bandit. Group of criminais acting jointly. Terms and conditions. Bajo juramento solemne. deposits. grant. headquarters. help. Bastardía. cancellation. Banker. Under the control. Caretaker. drafts. ruling. Bajo. Benefit. The study of bullets and of their tra-jectories. Barbituric drugs. requirements. Excess. order. Beneficiary. crook. Scoundrel. Balotaje. thief. Bastard. Bando. shame. ensign. financial support. below. ille-gitimate child. recipient. like the duty to report periodically to the authorities who monitor the person's con-duct. Beneficiary. burglar. thief. Bullet. Bar. 349). Real property. goods. Beodo. Bienes de dominio público. y derechos no hipotecables. with-out their being consumed. Civ. 350). Bienes. estate. Beneficios. drunkenness. C. (Sp. mining. gain. sec. hold-ings. things and actions. animais. The property of public use comprises the insular and local roads. Bienes raíces. intoxica-tion. sec. net worth. 339. (Sp. C. Among the things which are not susceptible of ownership are comprised those which cannot become private property by reason of the object for which they are intended. Beneficio de litigar sin gastos. 329). Things susceptible of being owned are those which may be the object of private ownership and which may be alienated by sale. Proceeds. Civ. Civ. is applicable only to such things as are immovable by their own nature. realty. Common things are those the ownership of which belongs to no one in particular and which all men may freely use. in general. the rules of which refer to persons. Bien común.sec. rainwater. streets. C. Alcoholism. Bienes. The word "property" is applicable in general to any-thing of which riches or fortune may con-sist. all of those which can be carried from place to place without impairing the mov-able to which they may be attached. Bienes muebles. 346). (Sp. Bienes y derechos hipotecables. sec. sec. clases. This word is likewise relative to the word "things. Bestiality. donation. (Sp. such as things in common. or in any other manner. Fungible and non-fungible. C. Civ. Beodez. with the purpose of recovering or obtaining minerals or sub-stances. as roads. Beneficial. cosas. sec. Bienes. Bestialidad. such as air. Movables are either consumable or nonconsumable. Assets. (Sp. fruit-ful. 328). (Sp. or those the use and enjoyment of which belongs to all men. 337. Property and right which may not be mortgaged. Civ. in forma pauperis. profit. Things or property are either common or public. all others belong to the second class. 327). Bienes f ungibles y no f ungibles. sec. walks. gainful. chattels. Common things. and not to such as are so only by the disposition of the law. 343). Bienes susceptibles de apropiación. advantageous. Alcoholic. minería. Civ. C. C. at any of their stages. fountains and public waters. C. treatment.Beneficio de litigar sin gastos. in conformity with their innate nature.325). consumable and non-consumable. earning. drunk. first hand smelting and refining of mineral prod-ucts. Things. To the first class belong those which cannot be used in a manner appropriate to their nature. prescription. exchange. 324). Bienes no susceptibles de apropiación. C. Benefaction. Right to receive pro bono assis-tance. sec. Movables. property. Immovables. drunkard. strictly speaking. Things susceptible of ownership.. Common good. Beneficio. Cattle. Beneficioso. canais. Civ. and others of a like nature. Immovable are. Thing not susceptible of ownership. (Sp. property. The following are things of public domain: Those intended for public use. (Sp. C. sec. In forma pauperis. the sea and its shores. Bienes semovientes. Real estate and rights which may be mortgaged. Concealed property. income. Things. as well as to increase the concen-tration and purity of their contents. Bienes de uso público. Works for the preparation. kinds. Movables are considered such things as are susceptible of appropriation and not defined as immovables and. Things of public use. (Sp. (Sp. Bien mueble peligroso para su uso específico. Things of public domain." which is the second object of jurisprudence. those which cannot move themselves or be removed from one place to another. chattels. Bienes. Civ. benefit. This definition. Civ. and pub- lic works for general use paid for by the towns or from the state Treasury. rivers. sec. the squares. profitable. C. personal property. Bienes inmuebles. in general. 22 . real property. Bienes ocultos. 326). Chattel dangerous for intended use. streams. Bienes comunes. Civ. transaction on exchange. The following shall be the sub-jects of transactions on exchange: 1) Public bonds and securities. Each part must act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing in international trade. satisfying their price immediately. in the time intervening until the next meeting of the exchange. 23 . marriage. creat-grandmother. deed. To plot against.Buques mercantes Bienestar. Blotch. reward. Mer-chant vessels constitute property which may be acquired and transferred by any of the means recognized by law. ban. (Sp. 67). prosperity. sketch. well-being. Com. efectos emitidos por particulares. Bolsa de comercio. Boda. Block list. Blanqueo de capital. with-out further delay. 64). cash transactions. The seller shall be under the obligation to deliver. Bodega. parcel. promis-sory notes. Bigamo. Stock exchange. announcement. spot. 6) The insurance of commercial effects against land or marine risks. Good faith and fair dealing. without fraud. Blasfemia. efectos públicos. Buques mercantes. Bulletin. Law office. ballot. Borrador. debenture. prevent. Borracho. borrón. Boicot. regi-ment. Blasphemy. bar. 86 PRR 23 (1962)). Buena conducta. Borradura. Blockade. embargo. squadron.) Bulto. Booty. Boletín. 2) Industrial and commercial securities issued by private parties or associations or enterprises legally consti-tuted. rough draft. Good faith means to act honestly. stock market. deletion. provided they are lawful. Bolsa de comercio. or the cleanliness of purpose which satisfies the moral conscience of another judge. hinder. spoils. Bolsa. matrimony. Bond. C. C. Merchant vessels. Bigamist. Legally authorized public establishments in which merchants and licensed intermediary agents usually assem-ble to agree upon or carry out commercial transactions. Borrachera. sec. Bolsa de comercio. collusion or deceit. Wedding. Good conduct. Welfare. Brigade. cursing. and waybills. Buhonero. (Sp. Bimetallism. Bloqueo. Boleto de compraventa. in coin or bullion. drunk. battalion. sec. Transactions for cash made on exchange must be consummated on the same day of their execution. 4) The sale of precious metais. Boycott. Journeyman. report. Boleta. To boycott. drafts. C. Person who sells trinkets door to door or on the Street. Buena fe. 8) Any other transactions similar to those mentioned in the fore going subdivisions. 76). Bolsa de comercio. bisabuela. Drunkenness. dispatch. (C. Good offices. ban. the instruments or securities sold and the purchaser to receive them. profanity. Bimetalismo. mediation. Boicotear. stain. Bono. Commercial exchange. contrato de bolsa. operaciones al contado. (Martínez v. stub.A. Buenos oficios. Bracero. Ticket. outline. (Sp. lot. Commercial exchange. To block. 5) Merchandise of all kinds and warehouse receipts. Botín. Com. official gazette. Bonificación. law firm. Commercial exchange. bilis of lading. nup-tials. Alcoholic. Draft. Commercial exchange. división. drunkard. Bisabuelo. stock exchange. Package. Bolsa de comercio. intoxication. and any other commercial paper. Buena fe y lealtad negocial. Prize. Commercial exchange. Bigamy. barrier. 7) Transportation and freightage. Bilateral. slip. sec. Official bulletin. Money laundering. certifícate. Brigada. Bill of sale. To set a blockade. Federal Register. Cargo hold. erasure. Great-grandfather. Bonus. public securities. Boletín oficial. Bigamia. 3) Bills of exchange. comfort. or at the utmost. Llavat. Com. loot. private securities. Bufete. Bloquear. debt certifícate. voucher. Bilateral. 633). partícipe en la propiedad. middle class. Buques mercantes. munitions of war. (Sp. (Sp. sailing master. Merchant vessels. The owner of a vessel and the agent shall be civilly Hable for the acts of the captain and for the obligations contracted by the latter to repair. Merchant vessels. and shall then assume all his powers. and liabilities. 586. Buques mercantes. 627). equip. propietario y naviero. Burocracia colonial. obligations. mistrust of government officials. 585). (Sp. 587). C. and engine of a vessel. middle class. Brothel. owner and agent. Buques mercantes. complement. be understood in the complement the crew. but there shall not be included the passengers nor the persons whom the vessel is merely transporting. assuming in such case his powers and responsibilities. engineers. Merchant vessels. The mate shall take command of the vessel in case of the impos-sibility or disability of the captain and sail-ing master. and there shall. The manner in which Spain and Portugal administered their New World colonies also indelibly stamped the legal institutions of Latin America. general responses and attitudes towards law continué to be conditioned by this colonial heritage. Burgesía. ataque por un corsario.Buques mercantes. sailing master. Buscapíeitos. Letter box. piloto. tackle. Part owners of vessels shall enjoy the right of option of purchase and withdrawal in sales made to strangers. 24 . dotación. Buques mercantes. whorehouse. (L & Din LA. from the captain to the cabin boy. therefore. bordello. The sailing master. and provisión the vessel. Buzón. shall take the place of the captain in cases of absence. C. Burgués. sales. Buques mercantes. 576. C. stores. Related to the stock exchange or to quoted commodities. if a steamer. sick-ness. Merchant vessels. Bourgeoisie. Despite the new constitu-tions and codes which followed indepen-dence. For all purposes of law. Colonial bureaucracy. By the complement of a vessel shall be understood all the persons embarked. Buques mercantes. and fuel shall not be considered as included in the sale. sec. venta. contramaestre. stokers. first mate. provisions. Merchant vessels. Merchant vessels. necessary for her management. The result was bureaucratic confusión. 577). Burdel. Burlar la ley. Ambulance chaser. sec. (Sp. attachment and sale. as the second chief of the vessel. attack by a priva-teer. Person who sues without a seri-ous reason. and disrespect for law. Merchant vessels. The arms. provided the creditor proves that the amount claimed was invested therein. Com. (Sp. Bourgeois. ataque por un corsario Buques mercantes. and other persons not having a specific name. Com. part owner. sec. To flout the law. and service. embargo y venta. Com. constructores. letter drop. shall always be understood as included in the sale thereof if they are in the possession of the vendor at the time of the sale. administrative delay. evolu-tions. Com. Merchant vessel. Buques mercantes. C.) Bursátil. Merchant vessels. The rigging. builders. sec. This legacy from the colonial era has impeded a great many attempts at administrative reform in Latin American nations. Buques mercantes. The diversity of means for transmitting the royal will to the colonists was nearly matched by the diversity of means for colonial administrators to frustrate that will. C. vessels shall be considered as personal property. or death. sec. Com. Calificación de documentos. Calendar. Lapsed. Caja común. Knight. All actions shall be considered abandoned and he extinguished by law. Caduco. false aecu-sation. Cabala. Body. computa-tion. find out. Political system or situation where one per-son has all the power and little or no accountabilty. Characterization. To realize. Calificaciones. 3) Within one year if on appeal for annulment of judgment. Slanderer. forfeit. Calumny. Decline. they are not prosecuted. to confer. It has now been replaced by expressions such as Congreso (Congress). blundgeon. City hall. Caligrafía. To lapse. Qualification. L. lose. 1) Within four years when the cause is at first instance. Caer en desgracia. (Sp. leader of a group. even if minors or incapacitated persons are parties thereto. Calculation. Frisking. In criminal law. Caducar. etc. To qualify. drop. assessment. collapse.P. after having been instituted. Calumnia. The ñame was used more currently during the Spanish rule and in the early days of independence. Calendario. Fall. prison. assembly. Cabotaje. Calabozo. Lapsing. a crime that is aggravated. Cabildeo. Caco. Competent or well qualified for a job. To fall in disgrace Caer en desuso. Deliberation. Caducidad de instancia. Sane of mind. space. Chieftain. extinction of actions. pen-manship. execution platform. Dismissal for want of prosecution. termínate. Caída. Thief. Scaffold. volume. defamation. Caciquismo. forget. Congress. Callar. handwriting. expired. cash. able to think clearly. Cadena perpetua. Caballero. Cacheo.c Cabal juicio. Calligraphy. To remain silent. robber. Head. Calificado. To cease. Family head. Cabildo. Calígrafo. Caja. to consider in a group. Capacity. remains. Cajero. Cachiporra. 2) Within two if it is at second instance. Judgment on documente. From "cacique" indian chief. Calificación. to keep silent. Cadáver. defeat. expiration. Cabildear. top. head. peak. Law 1979. (PR Mort. drop. Coastal trade or navigation. Cabida.Civ. safe. evaluation. grade. Common capital. ringleader. decline. Calumniador. Box. sec. Registrare shall have the respon-sibility of passing judgment on the legality of all kinds of documente by virtue of which an entry is requested. Jail. Truncheon. warrior. cadáver. 410-11). house-holder. Cabecera. Gentleman. Chain. conference. Caer en cuenta.sec. Asamblea Nacional (National Assembly). To delibérate. series. if. Cadalso. Cabeza de familia. machination plot. stop using. expire. 25 . To discontinué. Intrigue. cell dungeon. libel. Sequence. Caer. Cadena. Cashier. dawn on some-one. min. Caducidad. 64). Said judgment shall include the extrinsic forms of the documente presented. the competence of the grantors and the validity of the transactions and contráete contained in these documente. ponder-ing. Cálculo. burglar. Grade. corpus delicti. Life imprisonment. Calificar. Cabecilla. To fall. Handwriting expert. revocation. Capitalizar. House of Commons (G. Capacidad contractual. the impediments and their dispensation. Changed condi-tions. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. barter. Gang. enable. Cámara de apelaciones. Chamber. Capacidad nupcial.Calumniar Calumniar. Countryside. C. Camino de sirga. bilí of exchange. he is under the protection of the law. To render capable. 22). Canon. Capital of an enterprise. 36). To empower.2. To train. Slanderous. Capital. Change of remedy. talented. Capitación. To take advantage from some-thing. (Unidroit. prepare. band. funds. art. House of representatives. To slander. domain. That can be cancelled. (Mex. Capa de ozono. To convert from one currency into another. Cambio de pretensión. Cancillería. Contractual capacity. Civ. proficient. Capital mobiliario. House of Representatives. Canjeable. Cambiario. Chancellery. voidable. swap. Shares that the corporation may issue. Capacidad legal de las personas físicas. Capital realizado. competent.B. inval-idation. Cambista. defame. área. Cámara de representantes. competence. C. Capa. Capital líquido. instruct. Capital. (Bust. sphere. leader. Camorra. rescission. Capacidad sucesoria. Chancellor. to increase liquid resources. Convertible. That can be exchanged. Shares already issued by the corporation. Secretary of state. able. (Mex. Field. Cancelación. Cancellation. capital that the corporation uses to trade. Assets. The legal capacity of individual persons is ac-quired at birth and lost at death. Cámara. Primage. Earning capacity. Capataz. not including concepts such as reserves. ability. Rental. Cambial. tussle. To cancel.. Exchange. Standing to inherit. wealth. teach. art. but since the moment a person is born. Capitán. Camarista. Negotiable instrument. Delete.1798). the par-ent's consent or advice. Capital en giro. revoke. Capacitar. Provocation. art. Foreman. Calumnioso. Minister of foreign affairs. retraction. calumnious. Repeal-able. melee. retract. Cancelar. change. Camarilla. Capital social. Canjear. All people are able to contract but those precluded by the law. Towpath. Capable. royalty. Money trader. Assembly. art. Capaz. Brawl. Cancelable. scuffle. An aggrieved party who has required performance of a non-monetary obligation and who has not received performance within a period fixed or otherwise within a reason-able period of time may invoke any other remedy. Turnover. Capital no desembolsado. Capacidad remunerativa. The parties thereto shall be subject to their personal law in so far as it relates to their capacity to celébrate the marriage. fight. Capacity. Capital formed by shares already issued and paid by the shareholders. barter. change. seat of government. Appellate judge. Chamber of Depu-ties. Campo. Prin. secured investments. Canciller. Cámara de diputados. defam-atory. Chief. Civ. Capacidad. Capital emitido. meadow. Legal capacity of individual persons. Deletion. 7. group. qualification. rescind. State Department. Canje. Cambio de circunstancias. Ozone layer. Matrimonial capacity. Exchange of foreign currency. revocable. pasture. 26 . C. To capitalize.). retractable. Capital in cash. Capitation. annulment. rent. Captain. Pertaining to negotiable instru-ments. To exchange. etc.5). swap. annual invalídate. Capital formed by assets other than real property. Court of appeals. Carterista. Race. Judicial appointment. Unfounded. Carta orgánica. Profession. Encumbrance. wedlock. revoke. handbag. Letter patent. Case at bar. (Ppl. Captura. as well as those applications for mining concessions. freight. of for the purpose of attending to a commercial transaction. Carga procesal. matrimony. reverse. Carta de pago. heading. quashing. Cartografía minera.art. Casco del buque. Marriage. Letter. Capítulo. Carnal. House. pursuit. sign. Load. monopoly. ungrounded. prison. vocation. assignments and reserves. Appropriation. instant case. A fortuitous event is one that. Cassation. Letters testamentary. part. Casadera. Cartular. Cargo judicial. dwelling. (Riviera v. Casación. Pickpocket. position. Bill of lading. To marry. foster house. 27 . charge. Área of a cabinet minister. Pertaining to the flesh. Caso fortuito o fuerza mayor. When the witnesses or the accused disagree among themselves. Cargador. integrity. división. Confrontation of witnesses. 96 PRR 815 (1969)). Cosme Vargas. competition. 100 PRR 105 (1971)). shortage. Captator. When used in its contractual sense it is normally to indícate a prenuptial agreement {capitulación matrimonial). morada. symbol. syndicate. Briefcase. penalty. Cartera. Cargo. Agreement. wedding. Organic act. Carta patente. Accusation. Letter-size piece of paper. Fortuitous event on vis major. must take place only between two persons at the same time. arrest. Character. Castigable. The cartography is open to the pub-lic and it includes a layout of the location and the perimeters of the lands covered by the mining concessions. or the former with the latter. but this proceeding. Cartilla. section. could not have been reasonably foreseen. cargo. castigation. Mining cartography. as a general rule. the judge may cause those disagreeing to confront each other. Jail. To annul. need. Related to a negotiable instrument. Carencia. To confront two witnesses who con-tradict each other.. deficiency. Letters of credit.. revocation. L. Carecer de fundamento. reversal. Punishment.451. Border guard. penance. mature. A house or dwelling is a place where people Uve or may live. Castigo. The concept of fortuitous event or vis major—occurrence which exempts from liability because it cannot be foreseen or if foreseen cannot be prevented —is defined as that occurrence not charge-able to the debtor which prevenís the performance of the obligation. Caso de autos. 1875). Letters of credit are those issued by one mer-chant to another. Casa. chase.455). Carabinero. Chapter. gaol. Post. Carear. Crim. charge. confiscation. Cartel. Careo de testigos y procesados. (Louisiana Civ. Surrender. Careo. Lack of. Carrera. Casamiento. at the time the contract was made. Casa de expósitos. correction.452. vivienda. (Sp. bilí. Spinster. Pólice. annulment. seizure. An-nouncement. as to some fact or some cir-cumstance of moment in the sumario. Cartel. Carta de porte. File-mark or date stamp placed on a motion. lack-ing substance or merit. Cartas-órdenes de crédito. Burden. Carácter. Carnal. Confrontation between witnesses and the ac-cused. Carga. Caso fortuito. v. quash. Punishable. Corp.Castigo Capitulación. Casar. per-sonality. Shipper. Acknowledgment of payment. Booklet. penitentiary. Foundling home. apprehension. assignments and reserves that are pending. Cartas testamentarias. billfold. Caribbean Home Const. Captador. Code art. Cárcel. Hull of the vessel. Capture. P. nubile. traits. Burden of proof. An official title record of the legal status of the lots subject to mining concession or assign-ments. In contracts. Ceder. confine-ment. Causar. Cautio. 1966-67). Civ. class. transferable. involving a valuable consideration. Catástrofe. Caucionable. Just cause for firing a worker. Casual. the service or benefits remuner-ated. precautionary. Assignee. interviniente. causation is what determines whether there is indirect or direct consequence of an act. do not produce any effect. C. Decedent. place. consideration. Cause is the reason why a party obligates himself. Cause. Caudal. Lack of integrity is a generic cause for dis-missal. Rebanee on a gratuitous promise made without required formalities is not reasonable. 1275). Henee. transfer. (Mex. care. Causa interventora. without which the result would have oceurred. by chance. sec. Categoría. relinquish. To cástrate. Cautiverio. Aqueduct and Sewer Authority. convey. Notice. Causation. Cauce. 1968). Assigned. assign. unless the debtor proves the contrary. 86 PRR 490 (1962)). and manner. unexpected. the mere liberality of the benefactor. A cause is illegal when it contravenes the law or good moráis. and in those of puré beneficence. to neuter an animal. rank. Labor Law). Casualidad. produce. hostage. to bail. (Sp. Case. deceased. Captivity. Captive. capital. Category. captividad. imprisonment. To cause. secure. Coincidence. prisoner. To yield. The cause of an obligation is unlawful when the enforce-ment of the obligation would produce a 28 result prohibited by law or against publie policy. it is presumed that it exists and that it is licit. (Barrios-Man-nucci). 1244). Causation is the nexus between the breach of the legal or contractual duty and the damage. Catastrophe. Heir. transferor. convict. disaster. An intervening . Even though the consideration should not be expressed in the contract. Preventive. Assignable. grantor. lawsuit. Cedible. 1241. Casual. group. Code art. integrity at work is mandatory behavior for the employee. división. Causa justificada de rescisión de trabajo. by chance. provoke. Causa ilícita. Contracts with-out a cause. Assignor. Causahabiente. Consideration. C. Inter-vening cause. Summons. Civ. Originator. To post a bond. Cautelar. successor. (Sp. To assign. Cruel and unusual punishment. bond. informal. Normally used as preventive measure (medida cautelar). Causalidad.Castigo cruel e inusitado Castigo cruel e inusitado. the prestation or promise of a thing or services by the other party is understood as a consideration for each contracting party. Accidental. A party may be obligated by a promise when he knew or should have known that the promise would induce the other party to rely on it to his detriment and the other party was reasonable in so relying. Unlawful cause. An obligation cannot exist without a law-ful cause. Cedido. Ground or requirement for some-thing. estáte. Causante. Reason why an obligation is entered into. Transferred. inmate. cause—in an accident in which damages are claimed—is one which comes into active operation in producing the result after the actor's negli-gent act or omission has oceurred. Fund. guarantee. Caucionar. fortuitous. Subject to bail. Cédula. In other words. incarceration. it is the nexus between the proximate cause and the proximate result or consequence. Causa. calamity. (Louisiana Civ. in remuneratory contracts. give up. Bond. responsible party. genérate. River bed. Under labor law. Cautivo. Security. Causa contrahendi. Code art. or with an illegal cause. Castrar. sec. (Cines v. A worker is deemed to act with integrity when the work is carried out with intense effort. (Louisiana Civ. Causal. lien. and attention. Recovery may be limited to the expenses incurred or the damages suffered as a result of the promisee's rebanee on the promise. in the agreed upon time. patrimony. cesible. Cedente. 267). jail. sec. Civ. to make as in "celebrar un contrato. (Sp. C. Celibate. Centralización y descentralización del Censo. unmarried. are civil law countries with a com-pletely or relatively unified national juridical system. 1507.P. carrying some-thing out. An annuity is called emphyteutic when a per-son transfers to another the beneficial ownership of an estáte reserving to himself the legal ownership and a right to receive from the emphyteuticary an annual income in recognition of such ownership. whether federalist or uni-tary. prison. the system is closer to the for-mer Soviet system than to the United States. (Sp. in México) the federation's member states have no other recourse than to adapt national standards to local needs. Celador. nubile. single. service shall be made by writ (cédula) at the same time and without the necessity of a judicial mándate therefore.sec. Al-thoughboth categories of jurisdictions may have different competence in ratione mate-riae and ratione personae. they apply the same national law. too. Censario. spinster.C. or consignative (censo consignativo) when the owner of land imposes upon an estáte belonging to him the charge of an income or pensión which he binds himself to pay to the lender for a sum in cash which he has received from the latter. the redeemable charac-ter and prescription thereof. Célibe. Celda. (Sp. An annuity is transferable poder. art. sec. sec. Service of process. C. Latin American countries may have state courts in addition to federal courts. Censuario. 1510. Annuitant in a contract of censo. Lessor in a contract of censo. 200). Bus-tamante Code. Censatario. (West- 29 . Private law as well as penal or busi-ness law is codified. and in the few countries where unification is not complete (for exam-ple. Civ. Jail keeper. The territorial law is applied to the determination of the concept and classes of annuities. 1531). Lessee in a contract of censo.266. Célibe. 1508. the person paying the annuity may redeem it at his will. Annuity.L. whatever be the cause or the time of absence. The making of a contract {celebración de un contrato) the act of getting married (la celebración de un matrimonio). Summons. An annuity is reservative or set apart when a person transfers to another the full ownership of an estáte. Writ for notifica-tion.sec. Centralization and decentralization of power. Cédula de notificación. 1511). Reservative or set-apart annuity. Celebración. An annuity is constituted when any real property is subjected to the payment of a pensión or animal income in compensation for a capital which is received in cash or for the full or partial ownership of the property which is conveyed. and the real action arisingtherefrom. (Bust. (Sp. guard. To celébrate. 1563). even though the contrary should be stipulated this provisión being applicable to annuities actually existing. Service of process. Celular. reserving to himself the right to receive from said estáte an annual pensión which is to be paid by the owner of the land. Annuitant. Summons. Civ. Cédula de emplazamiento. Celebrar. Transferable or con-signative annuity. Civ. Código Bustamante. 1509). Censo consignatario. Censo. Annuity." to make or to get into a contract. however. In this respect. A major difference between the United States and Latin American countries is that the latter. The nature of the annuity requires that the transfer of the principal or of the estáte should be perpetual or for an unlimited time.Centralización y descentralización del poder Cédula de citación. C. Emphyteutic annuity. unmarried. Pertaining to a cell. C. Censualista. Celebration. Cell. Celibate. When the residence is known of the person upon whom service is to be made and at the first attempt he should not be found. Censo enf iteútico. Censo reservativo. (Sp.Civ. This judicial unity has spared the Latin American federal countries a great deal of the usurpations of power that United States jurists have had to justify in order to permit the federation to pursue one national economic and social policy. Bachelor. crossed.. C. To certify. Ending of labor relationship. Cercas. Jacket. coming to an end. talkative. Assignment of rights. Compensation is due only for harm. is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. Cheques. formalities. C.3).. Charlatán. (Sp. live or dead hedges. h. Cesibílidad. Cerramiento. An order to pay. Capitulation. The rights of the drawer to cancel the check or oppose payment. Its nature. The persons against whom the check may be drawn. Check.. sec.. The necessity of protest or other equivalent act for the preservation of rights against the endorser. Cesión. conclusión. Civ. vouch. Bullet-proof jacket. ceasing. that is established with a reasonable degree of certainty. as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered on board the vessel. corrobórate. Excessive and undiscerning patriotism. sec. grantor. or other obligated parties. CFR. enclosure. ritual. g. Crossed check. Assignor. Completion. Chauvinismo. Cheque de caja o gerencia. License number. Cheque de viajero. transfer. trick. Certificatorio. art. discontinu-ance. or be certified or con-firmed. Chapa. partial payment. rite. Cepo. conflicts of laws. Cerciorarse. Chantajear. authenticate. Whether it may be drawn for deposit only. Chantajista. Trap. Cesiones a granel. Whether the holder may demand. hoax. Cesionista. Certification. known in commerce by the ñame of check. or in any other maiiner without injury to the servitudes existing thereon. lay off. The law of the place in which a check is to be paid shall determine: a. Píate. Chantaje. or is obliged to accept. Badge. Compensation may be due for loss of a chance in proportion to the probability of its occur-rence. block. 534). is an instrument which permits the maker to withdraw for his benefit or for that of a third person the whole or part of the funds he may have at his disposal in the hands of the depositary. and the effects of these acts. document. Certificación.).B. Cheque cruzado. attestation. f. Cesación. Com. Chaleco a prueba de balas.puerto de destino convenido). enclosures. 7. c. verify. i. find out. Relating to a certifícate. waist coat. Subterfuge. Cer-tifying. The time of presentation. Cheque cancelado. derecho internacional privado. assignment. To blackmail. Certainty of harm. Its form and the effects thereof.Cepo ern European and Latin American Legal Systems). Cancelled check. Cession. Blackmail. Enclosing of agricultural lands. coat. Ceremonial. 30 .named port of destination). 395). Cessation. The measures to be taken in case of robbery. transferor. Transferee. (Sp. Chaleco. Cashier's check. Fir-ing. Cesión de derechos. Cerramiento de fincas rústicas. "Cost and Freight" means that the seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods. fraud.4. graft. d. Bulk transfers. Straight jacket. conveyance. ditches. e. the drawer. Certeza del daño. Assignability. Confined space. in-cluding future harm. Cost and Freight (. Coste y Flete (. Statement as to the truthfulness of a document. Charlatán. CFR. affiant. cheque (G. Cheque. transferability. live hedges. Certificado. (Unidroit. Prin. (Incoterms). Every owner may endose or fence his tenements by means of walls. Cesantía. attest. forgery. Checks. Delivery. Ceremonial.. Chaleco de fuerza. Chatter box. Blackmailer. Fences. The rights of the holder in regard to the provisión of funds and the nature of such rights. check. Certificar. verify. b. Shingle. Chanchullo. theft. Traveler's check. Certifícate. j. Ascertain. Cesionario. chicanería. Seguro y Flete (. such a house. 7). sector. (Incoterms). endorse-ment. The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is only required to obtain insurance on minimum coverage. forma. if such obligation was contracted by a person who was incompe-tent according to the law. Cheques. Cierto. protesta.Circunstancia atenuante loss. To trick. Closing. Transporte y Seguro Pagados Hasta (. Cheque en descubierto. on Checks. Cheques. or other obligated parties shall be governed by the law of the place where the protest or other equivalent act is or should be performed. art. Circunscripción. Cheques. when its essence. To prolong legal pro-ceedings unnecessarily. Cost. derecho internacional privado. ciently described. Circunstancia. Chicanear. purse snatcher (slang). Capacity to enter into an obligation by means of a check shall be governed by the law of the place in which the obligation was contracted.. CIF. (Conv. such incompe-tency shall not be valid in the territory of any other State Party to this Convention if the obligation is valid under the law of that State. Certain." means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. capacidad. CIP. end. closure.puerto de destino convenido). Checks. Insurance. Attorney who resorts to deceit. event. conflict of laws. when the description is not that of an individual object. protest and the like that may appear on a check shall be governed by the law of the place in which each one of those acts is performed. Colusión. Spy. In general. área. CIF. When the ship's rail serves no practical purposes such as in the case of roll-on/roll-off or container traffic. incierto. (Conv. pickpocket. This term can only be used for sea and inland waterway transport. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. on Checks. Juridical science. impact. Circuito. Circunstancia atenuante. the drawer. Conclusión. art. "Carriage and insurance paid to. "Cost. Chivato. This term may be used for any mode of transport including multimodal transport. trick. Code art. Checks. crash.. Choque. Cierre. Chorizo.. protest. such as some corn. obligations. graft. 3556). and Freight" means that the seller has the same obligations as under CFR but with the addition that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. art. However. deception. Chicanero. 1).. 6). The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. CIP. Detective. región. quality and quantity. are suffi- 31 . District. The pro-cedures and time limits for the protest of a check or other equivalent act for the preser-vation of rights against endorsers. capac-ity. a horse. Checks. (Incoterms). informant. (Conv. Checks. some wine.lugar de destino convenido). Ciencias jurídicas. all matters relating to the payment of a check. k. 2). but designates only the kind. Mitigating circumstance. Coste. (Conv. the CIP term is more appropriate to use. subterfuge. Circumstance. It is uncertain. Cheques. (Louisiana Civ. obligaciones. Chicana. uncertain. guaranty. Shyster.named place of destination). on Checks. art. or of the instrument dete-riorating to the point of being useless. The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. Petty thief. destruction. Carriage and Insurance Paid to (. All obligations arising from a check shall be governed by the law of the place in which they are constructed. the study of law. Insurance. ruse. such as one hundred dollars. In matters of obligations.. or such a horse. on Checks.. Electoral precinct.. Lockout. Circuit. and Freight.. accident. form. Chicanery. The forms of legal checks such as the drawing. Check not covered by funds. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is only re-quired to obtain insurance on minimum coverage. a thing is certain. (Barrios-Mannucci). L. Liquí-dated damages clause. The nullity of the penal clause does not carry with it that of the principal obligation. regard shall be had to all the circumstances. (Barrios-Mannucci). 2517). Cláusula. 1123). 4. The nullity of the principal obligation carnes with it that of the penal clause. Clauses limiting liability. Citation. A clause which limits or exeludes one party's liability for nonperformance or which permits one party to render performance substantially different from what the other party reasonably expected may not be invoked if it would be grossly unfair to do so. summon. limitative and indemnity clauses when the damage is due to willful misconduct or gross negligence. The purchaser threatened with eviction. Citation. res-ident. Citación. Cali in warranty. Cláusulas limitativas de responsabilidad. Summons. Cláusula de indemnización líquida. Civisim. The court may. speculative.2. categorize. Written modification clauses. To classify. includ-ing (a) preliminary negotiations between the parties. section. When the contract provides that the party who breaches will have to pay a certain sum as damages (liq-uidated damages or penalty clauses). Cláusula derogatoria.. should notify the latter in time of the interference which he has experienced. Crim. Ciudadanía. (Sp. The presence of this clause does not indicate waiver of other damages (damnuin emergens.1 and 4. 2. Prin. incidental. Citation by summons. Clause.sec. Citación en garantía. nature. To cite. penal clause. Liquidated damages. undercover. C. A contract in writing which contains a clause indicating that the writing completely embodies the terms on which the parties have agreed cannot be contradicted or sup-plemented by evidence of prior statements or agreements. article. To make an appointment.. Personal. (f) usages. Clase. Cláusulas de restricción probatoria. increase such contractual penalty when it is obviously inadequate or decrease it when it is manifestly excessive. systematize.6). (Sp. conjectural. art 486 and 487). Specialized in civil systems or in civil law. kind. (d) the nature and purpose of the contract. Mergo: clauses. (b) practices which the parties have established between themselves. Citar. (Uni-droit. Civ. Appointment. lucrum ces-sans. nationality. (Unidroit. (e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the trade concerned. (Unidroit.. Circunstancias relevantes. Civismo. Code art. secrecy. inhabitant.1. Exemption clauses. Cláusula inicial. having regard to the purpose of the contract.17). Clandestinity. Citizenship. Clasificar. Cláusulas que exigen que la modificación o extinción del contrato sea por escrito. national. Ciudadano. Prin.. who wishes to preserve his right of warranty against his vendor.the other party can recover neither a larger ñor a smaller sum. however. Quo-tation. implied. hidden. presumed. unless the law shall provide otherwise or unless his immediate detentionshouldbeproper. R. (Louisiana Civ. Enacting clause.3). Citación por edictos. Civilista. civilian. moral damages) unless they expressly provide for it. (c) the con-duct of the parties subsequent to the conclusión of the contract. Civilian. Cita. sort. Clandestino. Citizen. Circumstantial. Citation by publica-tion. summons. Clandestinidad. furtiveness. To quote. Cláusulas de exoneración. art. 1120. surreptitiousness. 7. Civil. category. classification.Circunstancial Circunstancial. Clandestine. Citación por cédula. Cláusula penal. Repealing clause. art. Prin. Relevant cir-cumstances. Civil. A person charged with a punishable act must be cited only for the purpose of being heard. Class. Civilian. arrange. secret. A con- 32 . In applying Articles 4. art. Legal writing and case law deny the validity of the exonerative. Code. sec. The code was signed by all American states except the United States and has been ratified by Bolivia. closure. Coaccionar. Cover. Codifier. Cocainómano. Civ. for LA. art. Honduras. Cocaine. 1798). Cobro. Clérigo. Coartada. Kleptomania. Costa Rica. has been unduly delivered. Clonación. pro-vided that a different conduct cannot be rea-sonably expected. Clemencia. Cloning. Cuba. Person who acts jointly. 2. another. the Dominican Republic. Código. Cobrable. Contribut-ing tortfeasors. (L & Din LA). (Sp. Argen-tina(1859). clients. customer. The most influential of the Latin American commercial codes were those of Brazil(1850). Ecuador. Collection by constraint. and Venezuela. constrain. and (3) Teixeira de Fre-itas' draft code for Brazil (1856-65). Codificación. Cobro de lo indebido. roof. compel. There were three great Latin American codifications: (1) Andrés Bello's Chilean Code (drafted 1846-1855). patrón. Collectible. compassion. Client. Clausura. Cleptómano. Codicil. Haiti. Civil code. Clientela. Perú. Clientele. To collect. Codificador. Costa Rica.. through an error. customers. merey. To coerce. and Colombia. Bustamante Code. the Dominican Republic. make.Código civil tract in writing which contains a clause requiring any modification or termination by agreement to be in writing may not be otherwise modified or terminated. Guatemala. Cocaína. though not so influential as the more comprehensive Spanish Code of Commerce of 1829. The forces that led to codification of the civil law were also operating in the commercial arena. P. or in agreement with. The three have served as models for the civil codes of most Latin American countries. Duress. Kleptomaniac. Cobrador. Visigothic codification. good-will. El Salvador. (2) Vélez Sársfield's Argentine Code (drafted 1863-69). Prin. In Latin America. Csec. forgive-ness. earn. Nicaragua. (Uni-droit. clergyman.18). Cliente. Cobranza. Codification. Coalition. Clemency. Collection. Accessory. Collectibility. there arises an obligation to restore the same. Coacción. Código Bustamante.). Cocaine addict. syndicate.C. Coalición. Collector. Amendment to a will. Here too the French codification (1807) served as an influential model. Codificar. Latin American codifications. Cobertura. approved at the Sixth International Conference of American States in Havana in 1928. Request for payment. Codicilo. caused or not by a third party. alliance. Alibi. forcé. The most important document in the field of Latin American prívate international law is the Bustamante Code. No criminal liability attaches to whoever acts under duress or threatened by a clear. present and serious harm. Legislator. Panamá. Cobro mediante procedimiento de apremio. Co-partícipe. league. Codificación comercial. Closing. Código civil. accom-plice. and Venezuela (1867 code). Cleptomanía. while the former was copied by Haiti. Cobrar. (LA Laws & Inst. Co-autores de un cuasidelito. Codificaciones latinoamericanas. In the-ory a civil code is a systematic and harmonious set of general principies and specific rules governing legal relations 33 . (St. Collection. Codificación visigótica. Cobrabilidad. Commercial codification. To encode. Brazil. 31). (L& Din LA). 1796. Priest. leniency. as in other civil-law countries. Chile. Perú. If a thing is received when there was no right to claim it and which. Paraguay. Collection of what is not due. the heart of prívate law is expressed in the civil code. Fellow servant. and Chile (1867). To codify. pardon. confederation. The latter was copied almost ver-batim by Ecuador. Co-empleado. Cognado. French influene. coming to the succession of their fathers. Coitus. The substantive provi-sions of a typical Latin American penal code do not differ greatly from those of a typical Anglo-American jurisdiction. Collation. Most of these benefits have been paternalistically bestowed by legisla-tors eager to co-opt working-class political support by imitating the more advanced European nations. and besides their portion. Code art. Criminal codes. One who offers a bribe. associate. Coimear. obsolencia. bonuses. To bribe. fraction. Colaborador. Even when no provisión appears to be specifically applic-able. Civil code. Coerción. No sooner is a code of criminal law enacted than drafts of a reform project begin to circuíate. Labor codes. Coerción. death and retirement benefits. under-standing. To pay off. Coexistencia pacífica. living together as husband and wife. bribe. Children or grandchildren. Cognitive. Since 1931 almost all Latin American nations have enacted elabórate. profit sharing. influencia francesa among prívate persons. family allowances. Coexistence. suborn. Payóla. seldom have they re-flected the economic power of the working class. the civil code is frequently consulted as a source of general principie. such as mínimum wages. comprehensive codes of labor law. domestic rela-tions. in order that such property may be divided together with the other effects of the succession. (L&DinLA). inheritance. rationality. and special protection for women and children. Cognitivo. 1228). intimidation. constraint. knowledge. Cohabitation. Coeficiente. Códigos penales. a great many criminal offenses are found elsewhere than in the criminal code. Cognación. Commer-cial code. Coercible. Cognizance. The Code's newness. serving to fill in gaps in other legislation in much the same way as the common law serves in Anglo-American jurisdictions. parentage by blood. restitution. compelling. legal personality and torts. partner. job security. Cognition. criminal codes have generally been short-lived in Latin America. and they can not claim the legacies made to them by such ascendants unless the donations and legacies have been made to them expressly as an advantage over their coheirs. Colación de descendientes. and are subject to fre-quent amendment. Coima. The typical labor code confers a great many modern benefits upon the worker. Peaceful co-exis-tence. Coincidencia. damages. intimidat-ing. through at least half a dozen penal codes since independence. influencia francesa. Subject to pressures. Cognición. 1227). Cohabitación. Coincidence. complaints about obsolescence are continually heard. irresistible forcé. The 34 . Cohechar. Código civil. Coercitivo. Códigos laborales. CoUaborator. concurrence. Cognation. Coercive. mothers or other ascendants.Código civil. experience of Latin American countries with their com-mercial codes has generally been far less felicitous than with their civil codes. Cohechador. Code art. The collation of goods is the supposed or real return to the mass of the succession which an heir makes of property which he received in advance of his share or other-wise. paid vaca-tions. The code contains the rules governing contracts. Coercible. Colación. maternity benefits. Though most countries have traded in their commercial codes several times. compulsión. pay off. and clarity of style all recommended it to these new nations. Collation by descendants. must collate what they have received from them by dona-tion Ínter vivos. obsolescence. directly or indirectly. free medical services. irresistible. (L & D in LA). (L & D in LA). Cognate. duress. Moreover. Coito. (L & D in LA). (Louisiana Civ. (L&DinLA). (Louisiana Civ. The model that most appealed to the jurists designated to draft Latin American codes during the middle of the 19th century was the French Civil Code {Code Napoleón) enacted in 1804. Like the commercial codes. Most of the countries have gone Código comercial. Coefficient. Interstate commerce. Cólera. Managing partner. Relative by marriage. To confíscate. To send a telegram. trader. cartel. Comment. Board and lodging. To trade. Revenue service. Collusion. Admitted to the bar. Place upon interest. traffic. merge. mercantile. Colectoría. Comercio de cabotaje. To market. war. alliance. observer. Collation by taking less. assortment. Colegiado. Color. bond. forfeit. (2) in his own ñame. sale. Colector. compilation. salesman. perpétrate. Colectivismo. CoUection. comentarista. Usually a merchant is described as one who: (1) performs acts of commerce. Duty. conspiratorial. Colateral. To combine. Comida y habitación. aggregate. commentary. criti-cism. Professional organization. & LA Leg. Comanditario. Commando. Merchant. Code art 1252). pool. when the thing which has been given. To promise. To confine. vote. partner who only provides capital. Comerciable. Anger. decree. Color. complicity. institutionalize. Colony. Comando. observation. crash. Comentador. business. Colegio de corredores. amalgámate. Wholesale. Code art. Bar. Sys. Colisión. To classify. The -ollation is made in kind. Comerciar. Colonia. critic. To collect. deal. in an indirect line. Comisaría. Comanditado. Colegiarse. Comercio interestatal. trade. Comercial. amal-gamation. (Louisiana Civ. Comerciante. Colación por toma reducida. Command. Comanditar. (Louisiana Civ. is delivered up by the doñee to be united to the mass of the suc-cession. Suitable for a collection. Coastwise trade. market. pólice officer. Comicio. Marketable. consolidation. store. CoUateral. Colegio. Practically all the Latin-American codes have followed the French system as to the essential qualifica-tions of a merchant. remark. swear. sale. pledge. authority. Colocar a interés. Colegio de abogados. Order. Colección. CoUection. Colectar. Association of bro-kers. dealer. Eur. when the doñee diminishes the portion he inherits. To manage a partnership. accident. fury.). wholesale dealer. tax office.Comisario Colación en especie. retailer. perform. conspiracy. explanation. farmer. Professional organization. performed. Combinación. business related. consolídate. Cometer. true meaning. College of advo-cates. Bar. trade. distributor. poli. coalition. industry. Collusive. Collector. To commit. iré. Comentario. tinge. in proportion to the valué of the object he has received. Colusorio. wrath. Commerce. Under the color of. tint. job. merger. 35 . Cometido. The collation is made by taking less. (W. Electrón. Pólice station. collate. Bar. fighting. Commentator. Combination. Intention. mastery. Marchand. Commercial. Comercio. gathering of contribu-tions. business man. or silent partner. Colecta. Comandante en jefe. Sleeping partner. shop. 1253). battle. Comisario. Comandita. Colonia penitenciaria. saleable. control. Penal colony. Colusión. impound. Comisar. Collation inkind. Type of commercial partnership. Commander in chief. Combat. Comercio al por mayor. pigment. pool. Commissary. security. Merchant. Chief inspector. Colusión. Collectivism. Combinar. or to a pro-fession. Colegiatura. Colacionar. (so color). Settler. Colono. seize. Colectable. war-fare. mood. Colusión. Combate. To join a professional organiza-tion. sug-gestion. (3) as a profession. Comercializar. Committed. council. 247). C. corporation. After a contract has been made by the agent with all the legal formalities. committee. sec. Commercial agency. (Sp. To commit. Supervisory committee. Shipper of goods. factores. P. Com. Commercial agency. for instance. sec. sec. factor. (St. Commercial agency. C. Comité asesor. seizure. To institutionalize. (Sp. responsabilidad del comitente. C. Comisión mercantil. sec. Code art. Bailee. Comisión mercantil. All the members of the general copartnership. These are words employed to give some example of a rule. For-feiture of instruments used for a crime. The principal may revolee the commission intrusted to an agent at any stage of the transaction. C. Compañía colectiva. The bailor retains the ownership of the thing loaned. principal's liability. Comodante. C. are personally and jointly hable with all their property for the results of the transactions consummated in the ñame and for the account of the part-nership. or the 36 assets or money from their sale. Comisión mercantil. Comiso. 126). 280). Comisión mercantil. Comisionado. commission. or things that imply a gain for the perpetrator and origínate from the crime itself. Comiso de instrumentos delictivos. The acts of these special employees or agents shall only bind the principal with regard to transactions which are usual to the branch of business which has been intrusted to them. If the agent transacts business in the ñame of the principal. Association. 246). rescission. Comodatario. Friend. Forfeiture. The bailee acquires the use thereof but not its fruits. (Louisiana Civ. Commercial agency. Comisionista. Commercial agency. 279)." Compañía. if any compensation is involved. Comisión mercantil. firm. Com. Commodatum. Comodato. 3556). General copartnership. for LA. Such as. except for the better right that the victim or third parties might have. 253. liability of principal and agent. Instruments used to commit crimes. Comitir.Comisión Comisión. Commercial agency. mate. under the signature of the latter. it shall not be necessary for him to state who is the principal. Comisión mercantil. Fellow worker. board. revelación del nombre del comitente. will be for-feited to the State. Company. reserving the right of action against the agent by reason of error or omission committed in its fulfillment. decomiso. revocación. 1644). sec. Originally. Com. Civ. Como. although it may be revoked by his represen-tatives. employees and shop clerks. Commissioner. Com. enterprise. he must state that fact. and by a person authorized to make use thereof. council. Literally this expression means "companion for life. revocation.) sec. Bailor. seller. the case of El Salvador. Assembly. Compañero. gathering. 254). Committee. Comisión mercantil. Commercial agency. Com. sec. . (Sp. When the agent transacts business in his own ñame. A Contract shall be rescinded by the death of the agent or by his incapacity. responsabilidad del comisionista y comitente. dependientes y mancebos. Agent. Such is. (Sp. 1643. Com. Comitente. business concern. Compañero/a de vida. principal. some-one with whom one shares the bread. 97). be they or be they not managing partners of the same. sec. disclosure of principal's ñame. percentage. (Sp.C. to be paid by the person requiring the use. Fee. Board. perpetración. (Sp. pal. but it shall not be rescinded by the death or incapacity of the principal. (Sp. Comité. Advisory committee. C. C. group. Commission. the principal must accept all the consequences of the commission. the agreement ceases to be a commodatum. Common law spouse. Comité de supervisión. rescición. and are never exclusive of other cases which that rule is made to embrace. In several Latin American countries consensual or informal marriages are given full legal effect. performance. or any of these things. Compareciente. summary. but the appearance will not opérate retroactively in any case. L. Jurisdiction. Comparecencia. observing therein the procedure prescribed for other questions of jurisdiction. In such a case. cubicle. and these sums or quantities are liquidated and presently due. Exclusionary jurisdiction is the one that belongs to one or more courts. Equalizing. for settlement. Competencia en causas penales.. Competence. One who participates in proceedings. Compatible. compile. Suitable for compensation. 674. Comparendo. Compatible. Compensable. (Panamanian Judicial Code. Accruing a salary. Jurisdiction. Compensación. determination. not even in the capacity of special agents of the managing partners. shall be commercial. Abridgment. in a proper case. offset. determinación. settlement. or. Countervailing. Crim. (Sp. legal ability. Special partners can not take any part whatsoever in the management of the business of the copartnership. Competencia. salary. Appearance in Partici-pation in proceedings. the superior judge or court. Comparición. Compartimiento. to make an appearance. summa-rize. P. Special appearance. recapitulation. Party who appears in court. 116). Compensatorio. Dendant's appearance. Venue for criminal cases. Legal capacity. Negative jurisdiction. C. condense. booth. Com. Code art. Appearance. (Sp. no matter what its class may be. industry. provided it has been estab-lished in accordance with the law. congruous. (Sp. C. compensation extinguishes both obligations to the extent of the lesser amount. to stand trial. Jurisdiction is determined in reference to the state of facts existing at the time when the petition was filed. the supreme court shall decide it. Later changes in the state of said facts is irrelevant. expertise. If the question of jurisdiction raised between two or more judges or courts be negative by all refusing to take cognizance of the cause. Commercial enter-prises. Competition. Limited copart nershipThe liability of special partners for the obligations and losses of the copartnership shall be limited to the funds which they con-tributed or bound themselves to contribute to the limited copartnership. 46 and 47). Compensation. so that the first one that takes cognizance of the case prevenís or impedes the other courts from adjudicating in the matter. court. payment for damages. Compila-tion. Citation. Venue. Skill. Compartment. Competencia internacional. Compentencia. art. or when the respective right is enforced. 1893). Exclusionary jurisdiction. art. International jurisdiction. unless the law States differently. Compensatory. Competencia negativa. 232). Compendiar. Compañías mercantiles. (Panamanian Judicial Code. collection. Competencia preventiva. in order to obtain profit. Comparecencia al solo efecto de alegar incompetencia. outline. Com. art. harmonious. Compañías o bancos de crédito territorial O hipotecario. Summons. (Louisiana Civ. art. Comparecencia del demandado. The defendant may appear at any time during the proceedings. (Panamanian Judicial Code. 237). Compensation takes place by operation of law when two persons owe to each other sums of money or quantities of fungible things iden-tical in kind. 148).sec. To participate in proceedings. Articles of association by which two or more persons oblígate themselves to place in a common fund any property. Compel. Compendio. To 37 . Attachment jurisdiction. To abridge. condensation.sec. outline. Competencia para embargar.Competencia preventiva Compañías en comandita. Compeler. Mortgage loan association or banks. cogent. recapitúlate. To appear.) Comparecer. consistent. To plot. The expenses of the delivery of merchandise in commercial sales shall be defrayed by the vendor until the merchandise is placed at the disposal of the purchaser. Comprador en el curso ordinario del negocio. shall be suffered by the purchaser. Complete. full. conduct. By a contract of pur-chase and sale one of the contracting par-ties binds himself to deliver a specified thing and the other to pay a certain price there38 fore in money or in something representing the same. Compiler. the purchaser shall not be obliged to receive part of said amount even on the promise of delivering the balance: but if he accepts the partial delivery the sale shall be consummated with regard to the goods received. Complement. (Sp. Under the provisions of the Spanish administrative law the term adjust-ment—the transformation of a default in a substantial performance—means the pro-ceeding by which a citizen who had received from the State a conditional grant of unap-propriated land. Complejo. even by promising aid after the fact. Complot. Competent. digest. Complicidad. capable. Total. ñor more than half of the máximum provided for the crime in ques-tion. Complicity. (Sp. Person who solves a dispute informally. agreement. daño y menoscabo a las mercaderías. Competente. system. vendee. sec. entitled. counterpart. thorough. entrega parcial.36). could consolídate its dominión title thereon by establishing that he had substantially complied with the condi-tions imposed by the State in granting him said land. Buyer. (Sp. settlement. Componenda. Commercial sale. Retaliation. qualified. unless there is an agreement to the contrary. Com. Plot. The damages and impairment suffered by mer-chandise after the contract has been con-summated and the vendor has the goods at the disposal of the purchaser in the place and at the time agreed upon. purchaser. Compilador. Group. Com. complicated. P. Commercial sale. Completo. Comprador. Ad-justment. able. Compra y venta. Repair. In all commercial sales the vendor shall be obliged to legally defend the title to the articles sold to the purchaser. gastos de entrega. appropriate. and to indem-nify him for any loss he may suffer by being disturbed in his possession of the same. intrigue. Buyer in ordinary course of business. (St. sec.C. 330). acquirer. whole. compromise. C. collusion. chronicler. warranty of titile. Commercial sale. conspire. Complaisance. Cómplice. supplement. Compilación. weighted or mea-sured. Arbitrator. Settlement. sec. conspiracy. Accomplice. negativa del comprador. Compraventa comercial. plan. Compostura. companion. scheme. Commercial sale. Complemento. understanding. Com. con-nivance. Comportamiento. Compraventa comercial. In the purchaser refuses without just . delivery expenses. persona. Superior Court. plan. Behavior. Complex. In contraéis in which the delivery of a certain amount of merchandise is stipulated within a certain time. Whoever in any other way renders aid for the commission of a criminal act. Complacencia. Compraventa comercial. Comprador de buena fe. 95 PRR 328 (1967)). for LA.Competencia sobre la persona Competencia sobre la Turisdic-tion in personam. scheme. Commercial sale. C. Completar. except in cases of carelessness or negligence on the part of the vendor. Compraventa comercial. C. purchaser s refusal. collector. Arrangement. estire. reserving the right of the purchaser to demand for the rest the fulfillment of the contract or its rescission. machi-nation. Sale. evicción y saneamiento. Composición. (Commonwealth v. Compilation. Innocent purchaser. understanding. 345). Compraventa comercial. difficult. will be sentenced to no less than half of the minimum. way of acting. adjustment. 338). sec. partial delivery. Componedor. Obsession. damages and impairment to goods. obsession. check. Trans-ferability of personal circumstances. appraise. declare. the purchaser cannot refuse to receive the articles contracted for if they conform to the samples or quality mentioned in the contract. verify. Collective. P. The following cannot be considered commercial: 1) The purchase of goods destined for the consumption of the purchaser or of the person for whom they are bought. To poli. either in the form pur-chased or in a different form. C. Community. Compulsive. 325). Comprobatorio. check. When the ownership of a thing or of a right belongs undividedly to different per-sons. proclamation. demonstrating. joint owner. C. Común. Commitment. showing. A purchase and sale of personal property for the purpose of resale. Compromising. Comunicado. linked. Compromiso. shall be considered commercial. A purchaser who. To bind. Com. Commercial sale. depositing the merchandise in court in the first case. Compulsivo. Announcement. Comprised. sec. To warn. Compraventa comercial. validation. dis-trict. To compromise. corroboration. Com. Non-commer-cial sale. Voucher. sec. Compraventa mercantil. Comunidad de bienes. connection. Com. Settlement. To inform. proclaim. obligate. routine. implicate. check. Audit. Comunero. Comprometedor. all other principáis and accessories who were aware of it will be dealt with as if they too fulfilled the requirement.Comunidad de bienes cause to receive the goods bought. dec-laration. C. To announce. Where notice is required it may be given by any means appropriate to the circumstances. To communicate. quality and quantity defects. for LA. blaming. If the sales takes place by samples or by a fixed quality known in commerce. Poli. receipt. Commonwealth. sec. Compraventa no mercantil. link. (Sp. Comprobar. obsessive. Association. Compulsa. the common ownership of property shall be 39 . Commercial sale by samples. corrobórate.9). Owner in common. communal. Com. compulsorio. connect. check. Ownership in common. belonging to the community. To audit. (Sp. confirma-tion. Comprobación. Compulsión. Comunicación. C. ordinary. valídate. Commune. citizency. vicios de calidad y cantidad. 2) Sales made by owners and by farmers or cattlemen of the fruits or producís of their crops or cattle. Common. sec. and other individual circumstances incorporated in the statutory description of the criminal act is fulfilledby one of the perpetrators. compromise. When-ever a particular requirement of status. link. Com. 3) Sales made by artisans in their workshops of the articles constructed or manufactured by them. Mes-sage. Validating. 327). 336). sec. Comunicabilidad de circunstancias. at the time of receiving the merchandise carefully examines the same. 1. 38).C. art. sec. Compulsar. personal relationship. engage. (Sp. To control. Comprendido. Compraventa mercantil sobre muestras. Comprometer. inspect. Comunidad. Commercial sale. (Sp. alleging a defect in the quantity or quality of the merchandise. incriminating. confirm. 332). inspection. Notice. Cómputo del tiempo. obligation. In default of contracts or of special provisions. it is held to be owned in common. (Sp. Communication. 326). for the purpose of deriving profit in the resale. (Unidroit. 4) The resale made by any person who is not a merchant. (St. Control. stub. usual. Proving. connected. Communiqué. Communicated. C. Duty. engagement. Compulsión. Prin. implicating. shall have no right of action against the vendor. A notice is effective when it reaches the person to whom it is given. notify. of the remainder of the stock laid in for his own consumption. the ven-d'or may demand the fulfillment or rescisión 0f the contract. Comprobante. or of the goods in which their rents are paid them. Comunicar.. Population. verification. Computation of time. Agreement. Concession. Civ. Finding of fact. Concertar. Comunismo. reconciliation. C. Mining concession. convincing. Bankrupt. criterio de especialidad. (Sp. Conscience. Let it be known. however. To acknowledge. Attempt. Insolvent. accord. as well as pledge the extracted or treated minerals to a third party. Conclusión. Concurrente. appear. unlike in the United States. To viólate. concur. Licensor. Concejal. tres-pass. Marxist. Transferor. and prior government approval may be required for any transfer to be effec-tive. intruder. Concordat. Concubines. These transactions may be beneficial to the mining investor because the mining rights can serve as security for loans or other financing. To attend. upon the recommendation of. Conceder. To concede. recognize. the right to free transferability of the concessionaire's interest in the mining property. scheme. Concession holders may transfer or mortgage their interests in the concession. Con intervención de. To allow. Concomitante.Comunidad de pastos governed by the provisions of this title. Concessionaire. Concurso. The state may not convey. Conclusión. permit. Concursado. Bankruptcy proceedings. Concentration. Marxism-Leninism. Concordar. Conculcador. concurrent. con-cluding. Concursar. Prospecting and sampling. Categorical. agreement. False double jeopardy. Birth. in pursuance to. To plan. Beginning. Competition. Con citatión. Understanding. Pasturage in com-mon. appearance. a practice recognized by almost all Latin American countries. Concubinage. Person who attends or is present. Conciliación. Infringer. Simultaneous. Concesionario. Conato. convey. To infringe. concur. Comunidad de pastos. Concordancia. Party in agreement. Irrefutable. Pursuant to. Concurrence. Related to a state of bankruptcy. To compete. Concesión minera. Comuniqúese. Attendance. Ethics. Inference. trespasser. A typical mining project in Latin America requires a governmental concession that grants its holder the right to exploit and explore the mineral resources conferred by the concession. With the participation of. Concurrencia. Communism. Concernir. To sur-render. Conciliating. Conciliador. Concurso aparente. Comunista. termi-nation. Concubinato. Convergence. Grantor. To grant. privilege. Decisive. Assignor. reconciliación. Con abuso de función pública. concluyente. To agree. However. agree. invader. yield. Equity. accord. Conciliation. Settlement between bankrupt and creditors. license. Concordance. Con arreglo a. Conclusión de hecho. Concesión. Allowance. Tortfeasor. Conception. presence. 399-401). Concursante. Competition. Behoove. Conciencia. in Latin America a concession grant does not allow the concessionaire to freely aliénate its property. invade. Conclusivo. Concurrencia desleal. (Orihuela). Concedente. Communist. confess. To accord. contest. agree. To concur. franchise. intrude. Concursal. along within the concession. Unfair trade prac-tices. Concurrir. permit. specialty the- 40 . Alderman. completion. To file for bankruptcy. Concubinos. Concordato. sec. To compete. Conclusive. Concentración. To admit. After summoning. Beneficiary of a concession. generally do not require a concession and may be conducted freely. commence-ment. ac-quiesce. Conciliator. Under color of law. Conculcar. Conciliativo. génesis. Creditor of a bankrupt debtor. Concepción. Concomitant. sec. In general. or less. 74). Suspended sentence. Condado. Concussion. for LA. punishment. Prosecution for múltiple offenses. (St. provided that: a) The convict is not a repeat offender. e) Refrain from consuming alcoholic beverages. distinction. expressly or by implica-non. (St. Condicional. medal. 64). stating the reasons. for LA. P. Double jeopardy. Condecoración. Condicionado. To sentence. pris-oner. revocación. condominium. De-pendent on a condition. 41 .C. situation. condemn. The beneficiary of a suspended sentence will be dutyboundto: a) Comply with the security measures established for him. restric- tions. b) He has shown good conduct before and after the criminal act. Condenar. Decoration. restricciones. Suspended sentence. the law can take a criminal act into account only once in order to impose a penalty. P. d) Refrain from using narcotics. P. Objective double jeopardy. Condena de ejecución condicional. Contest in the form of an exam. When a single act constitutes two or more crimes. Except for cases of subjective double jeopardy (Concurso formal o ideal). Condición. occupation or trade. Sentence.Condómino ory. c) Based on the cir-cumstances and characteristics of the crime. conviction. Condemnatory. Tax for costs. the mínimum will be the highest penalty for the crimes in question. or abstain from residing. P. (Comparison of Labor Law). the penalty will be not less than the máximum provided for the more serious crime. contingent. he is not expected to commit new crimes. Co-owner. for LA. 66). 75 and 76). the predominant motivations and a complete study of the convict's personality. (St. Concurso. in a cer-tain área and to report any change of domi-cile. tenants in common. convicted. (St. of conviction. Bankruptcyproceed-ings. Condenar en costas. art. subordinated to another one. Conditioned. Condominio. Condena de ejecución condicional. Condena de ejecución condicional. clause. (St. A suspended sentence will be automatically revoked whenever the beneficiary commits a new intentional crime before the end of the trial period.C. Concusión. forLA. qualified. b) Reside. in a lawful profession. To make dependent on a condition. forLA. penalty. Condemnation. A suspended sentence can be revoked by judicial decree of the court that granted it. (St. joint owner. sec. within a specified time. requisite. Concurso preventivo. tenancy in common. 63).C. Proviso. stipulation. sec. County. Co-ownership. Condiciones de trabajo. Condena.C. pun-ishment. Working conditions. for LA. P. Whenever more than one crime is punished with penalties of the same nature. sentenced. Conditional. Injury. inmate.C. sec. single action. (St. requirement. Condicionar. joint ownership.C. in the following cases: a) When the beneficiary breaches one or more of the conditions imposed. suspend the execution of a sentence of imprisonment of two years. Convict. and the máximum will be two thirds of addition of the máximum established for each crime. Suspended sentence. 65). 77 and 78).C. Condition. Condómino. hallucinatory substances or others of an addictive nature. Concurso formal o ideal. comisión. State. Condenado. unidad de acción. it may be said that working conditions constitute the specific rights and obligations of the parties in a given work relationship. reduced up to one third. sec. P. Condenatorio. The criminal act will only be ruled by a statute that is not. revocation. Condenación. Concurso real o material. c) Start working. pre-requisite. ñor ereater than said máximum increased by one third. f) Comply with the agreement to pay damages within the established time and formalities. convict. for LA. b) When he commits a new intentional crime and the suspended sentence was entered for a crime of the same nature. status. Subjective double jeopardy. P. Caveat. Concurso por oposición. sec. In a judgment of conviction the court may. convention. Isola-tion. art. Confederación. Course of dealing. Confesión judicial. demeanor. Conferenciar. Spain). In either case it shall be an indispensable condition for the validity of the confession that it should relate to personal acts of the confessor and that he should have legal capacity to make it. reputable. Conference. Conducta cuasidelictiva. Prisoner. Confinement. bearing. Confinamiento. Confirmation of a contract. behavior. scheme. Party who malees a confession. 1842). grant. jailing. Conduct. Writings in confirmation. related. Confirmación contractual. Confidente. reliable. Faithful. entrust. acknowledge. Confirmación por escrito. Confesión del procesado. Judicial confession. Conducta. without undue delay. A mere informer is the one who furnishes informa-tion to the authorities but plays no part in the transaction object of the offense. Codeart. accord. C. A judicial confession is a declaration made by a party in a judicial proceeding. consult. contrive. Conferir. depend on. delibérate. steady. To convey. objeets to the discrepaney. sec. sympo-sium. Credible. The confession of the aecused shall not excuse the judge from taking all the steps necessary in order to be convinced of the truth of the confession and the existence of the crime. Confession in court made with all necessary requisites constitutes full proof against him 42 who makes the same. Civ. 1853). scheme. To connive. 1199). A remission may be made either expressly or by implication. Informer. meeting. Confiable. (Decisión of Novem-ber 18. avow. (Ppl. Confession may be made either judicially or extrajudicially. If the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notíce of avoidance has begun to run. informante. Confabular.Tacit confirmation may result from voluntary performance of the obligation. plan. reveal. such terms become part of the contract. Confesión. (Louisiana Civ. award. Tortious conduct. 91 PRR 672 (1965)). Condonador. Remission of a debt. Fitting. Confesante. Confirmación. transfer. (Unidroit. To rely on. Confession. Person who condones. López Rivera. To trust. Confession in court. Confession of the aecused. acknowl-edgement. pardons. Confirmation is a declaration whereby a person cures the relative nullity of an obligation. If a writing which is sent within a rea-sonable time after the conclusión of the contract and which purports to be a confirmation of the contract contains additíonal of different terms. 406). complicity. plot. 2. captive. To exchange views. sec. Trustworthy. relevant. Prin. Confeso. unless they materially alter the contract or the recipient. private. avoidance of the contract is excluded. (Sp. C. 1886. count on.12). To confer. To confer. pertinent. Assembly. R.. art. To disclose. v. Collusion. Conducente. Codeart. Confiar. 1155). delib-eration. avowal. Confederation. Confesar. Conferencia. Confabulación. (Sp. con-spiracy. interview. To confess. L. consultation. intrigue. Confidencial. Confirmation. (Sp. admit. Confidential. bestow. discussion. Conductor. conspire. Party who has confessed. Carrier. . Conducive to. Conducta anterior.Condonación de deuda Condonación de deuda. Crim. convict. admission. federation. Stable. (Louisiana Civ. colloquium. Conferencia con antelación al juicio. re-stricted. Confesión en juicio. An express act of confirmation must contain or identify the sub-stance of the obligation and evidence the intention to cure its relative nullity. Pretrial conference. loyal. Confinado. dependable. Civ. 95 PRR 161 (1967)). C. Crim. (Madera v. investigation. the obligation is extinguished by confusión. clash. Conformarse. disturbance. expropriate. Confiscable. Conmorientes. certify. parliament. con-troversy. cor-respondence. Connivance. Subpoena. after hearing the public prosecutor. Too onerous. scheme. check. To impound. Metropolitan Const. Confiscar. Civ. Conflict. Conjurador. To accept. Conformidad. Congreso. confrontation. To authenti-cate. Col-lective. Merger of ideas or theories. they may interpose an inhibitory plea. R. struggle. corroboraron. To confíscate. Pardon. Cita-tion. To confirm. To check. group. Assembly. Conjurar. Conmutación. Conforme. Agreement. Collu-sion. sec. affirm. Partner in crime. estima-tion. Congruencia. Authorization. Conflict between ecclesiastical and secular courts. congresal. Machination. Confiscación. (Louisiana Civ. Associate justice. When rights. Certification. Confirmation. ratify. encounter. Congress. 43 . Audit. permission. 1160). To contení oneself with. confedérate. To face. Assumption. presumption. 1903). plot. Forfeiture. Conmutativo.. connive. Hypothesis. contrive. Conjetura. Satisfied in agreement with. Confiscatorio. According to. scheme. the qualities of obligee and obligor are united in the same person. Acquiescence. Confrontar. confirmación. Whenever the characters of creditor and debtor are merged in the same person the obligation is extinguished. Commutative. Acknovvledgement.Conocedor ratification. scheme. complicity. The case in which this confusión take place by virtue of inheritance is excepted. Chaos. Congruity. approval. Conjecture. Commutation. Summons. Conminación. v. Confiscatory. Conjuez. To com-mandeer. challenge. corrobórate. Congressman. common. grace. which. Commotion. abso-lution. Conjura. intrigue. Conminatorio. L. Corp. Confronta. Confusión. tur-moil. verification. González Cortes. conclave. Excessivelybur-densome. disorder. plot. Confusión. To conspire. commotion. barter. cohort. Admonition. (Sp. collusion. compare. con-vention. art 48 and 49). Conminar. Confusión de derechos. consent. shall decide without further remedy what it may deem proper. To commute. verify. The means by which the State deprives the owner of his property without compensation by the due process of law of being notified and heard. Conmoción. in common. harmony. Conocedor. friction. conspiracy. People dying simultaneously in a common disaster. (Sp. That can be confiscated or ex-propriated. 95 PRR 625 (1967)). Comminatory. Conformity. Joint. When ecclesiastical judges or tribunals shall consider that they have jurisdiction of a cause of which a secular judge or court is taking cognizance. To exchange. condemnation. synod. Connivencia. Confirmar. To order a certain conduct under a threat in case of refusal. plot. Conspiracy. shared. The unÜateral juridical act by which validity is given to a voidable act exe-cuted by the interested person personally is rilled confirmation. Confusión of Confiscador. seize. connivance. Conjunto. compliance. (Ppl. conjuración. concurrence. Conflicto entre tribunales eclesiásticos y seculares. Conmutar. and if it should be overruled they may complain to the proper court. Inference. Conspirator. Conflicto. To pardon. Party who knows or is aware of somethine. Set. expropriation. Codeart. Compatibility. congress person. Legislature. Speculation. ratificación. if said inheritance should have been accepted under benefit of inventory. Congresista. Consenso. Co-defendants or co-plaintiffs. (Sp. Consentimiento expreso. merge. harmony. Consejero. consistent. unifi-cation. Where-as.Conocimiento Conocimiento. forma-tion. 1869). C. combine. sec. Consigna. Of the same blood. recommendation. introductory part to a judgment. Consecutive. structure. assented. permit. Consolidación. Consecutivo. Invoice or manifest of the cargo. Consignment. unanimity. inscription. Consignar. Consejo ejecutivo. (Mex. connive. meeting. approved. complicity. think. Consolidable. hacer constar. Conservación. Express consent. Civ. approve. Consejo. corrobórate. art. produces all the effects of a performance from the time the tender was made if declared valid by the court. intrigue. Constitución. Conservator. ponder. fails to accept the performance tendered by the obligor. Consider. accord. Spouses. Consignatario. Constar. Conservation of articles and goods. Considerando. entry. Com. To make a judicial deposit. receiver. Conocimiento judicial. entrust. counselor. following. Composition. to cause an entry. To conspire. Consentir. association. Conspirar. Consensual. verify. Consorte. To consign. cre-ation. scheme. deposi-tary. machination. to enter in the record. Consanguíneo. trustee. Congruent. Advice. Consolidation. Consortium. (Louisiana Civ. Conservador. cham-ber. Consented. shipment. Judicial notice. understanding. Consignee. authorized. Council. Consolidar. Consensus. Consignación. 44 . (L & D in LA). C. opinión.295). Cognizance. advisor. Consanguinidad. Consorcio. To consent. Record. Preservation. instruc-tion. Bill of lading. los considerandos. indica-tion. Board of receivers Consejo de Indias. Constancia. suggestion. Consecuente. Constitution. successive. Consent. Considerar. commit. Cumúlate that may be merged. con-fidant. concurrence. Conspiracy. Consorcial. plot. Motto. consent. contrive. without justification. ensuing. trustee. permitted. counsel. Conocimiento de embarque. custodian. Conserv-ative (adj. merge. congruous. Executive council. magna carta. Council of the Indies. Actual knowledge. To consolídate. Consentido. Foundation. supreme law. authorize. Consignación en pago. collusion. committee. Consanguinity. followed by deposit to the order of the court. to establish. Relating to a collective body or entity. Conspiración. To record. Adviser. reflect on something with. cabinet. evidence. Consignador. certify. con-nivance. ratify. plot. Consensual. group with a common objective acting in an orga-nized way. Conservación de artículos y bienes. Consignor. Ensuing. proof. successive. the tender. Consejo de incautación. To confirm. kinship. Consentimiento.). Directly subordínate to the king in the gov-ernance of the Spanish colonies was the Council of the Indies (Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias). assembly. 1233). person who com-mits or entrusts something to another. charter. Conocimiento real. An agent who has in his possession articles and goods of a third party shall be responsible for their conservation in the same state as he received them. Pass word. settlement. Constatar. 1229. Consent is shown by the concurrence of the offer and the acceptance of the thing and the cause which are to constitute the contract. Code art. agreed. authenticate. Directly related. Tender and deposit. Logical. founding. unify. When the object of the performance is the delivery of a thing or a sum of money and the obligee. Constitucionalidad. pollution. Air pollution. the obligor if put in default by the mere arrival of that term. currency. put in default. Consultation. Under the two-fold influence of the codifying trend of the French revolution and the prototype of rigid constitutions embodied in the 1789 United States Constitution. Constituent. the obligor must be put ¡n default by the obligee. 1990 and notes). Code art. Any material or energy in any of its physical states and forms. Contamination.. Contante. Contention. I. Consultante. construct créate. Constituyente. fauna. they all adopted rigid written constitutions. Cash.Contencioso-administrativo Constitución en mora. Physical biological or chemical agents. Contaminación del ambiente. mold. Deple-tion. Consultorio. 45 . Legal tender. Ingestión. Contencioso. due to their properties. Consultative. bookkeeping.C. Contado (al). Routine. Constituirse en. Constitutionalism. culmination. To consult. Composing part. essencial ele-ment. which upon being incorporated or acting in air. termination. Contaminante. flora. Contención. Defective con-struction. Party to or part of a constitutional process. (W. Consular. Work environment contaminants. to request an opinión. Adulteration. Defective construction—in a con-struction contract—means all such kinds of vices that exceed the measure of imperfec-tion expected in a construction. systematic. Contabilidad. That can be counted. Constitucionalismo. currency. auditor. or is clearly determinaba by the circumstances. Law office. Constituir en mora. accountancy. Con-tinence. concentration level and action time. Consumo. Consulate.B. (Pereira v. Consumación. contested opinión. Legal tender. or any natural element. fashion. habitual. Consulta. alters or modifies its natural composition and condition. Contaduría. Sys. Constitutivo. Adversarial legal proceedings where the state is a party. Eur. Contested. Contaminant. question. enquiry. coun-seling. Of a litigious nature. Construcción defectuosa. CPA. irritant or nuisance material that is foreign to the normal atmosphere. water. Accounting department.E. Consular. dissension. English political empiricism does not seem to have held great sway over countries of Latin culture. Clash. Customary. Putting in default. build. Consuetudinario. Notbinding. Consultant. Consummation. Consultivo. completion. Contaminación. query. Place in default. Cash. Part of a forming process. disputed. to ask for advice. Become. law firm. may harm worker health. Latin America has never stopped drawing up solemn declarations of rights and stubbornly adding new legal guarantees to the constitutions each time they are violated. instructional. Advising. Contencioso-administrativo. Cónsul.). A harmful. Legal or medical office. Consumption. Constitucional. advisory. Advisor. When a term for the performance of an obligation is either fixed. Consultorio jurídico. In other cases. Contaminantes del ambiente del trabajo. Subject to adversarial legal pro-ceedings. waste. fulfillment. pollutant. Accountant. (Louisiana Civ. Accounting.95PRR28(1967)). consulting. Place where professional advice is dispensed. form. but not before performance is due. Consultar. Contaminación del aire. auditor's office. Cónsul. assume the qual-ity of. Constitutionality. Contador. Doubt. make. To constitute. Constituir. soil. Constitutional. Environ-mental pollution. & LA Leg. Chartered public accountant. money. Consulado. conflicting position. Af-tcr the Latin American countries became independent. challenged. bookkeeper. money. elements or compounds capable of altering workplace environmental conditions and that. Contrary. disparity. framework. Contralor. Contrapunto. the defen-dant must plead all the peremptory excep-tions which may be proper and the dilatory ones which were not taken within the period prescribed by law. in which case service will be deemed accomplished. Contestable. contraband. disregard. To answer. Container. In the same answer may also be included the counter-claim in cases in which it may be proper. P. disobey. Contradiction. Contraescritura. Rebuttal. subject to dispute.Contenedor Special jurisdiction where a governmental entity is involved. op~ posite. With a common point of reference. Contrariar. To contract. Contrainterrogar. Contestabilidad. Proof that contradiets previous evidence offered by the opposing party. Contestación. Contingente. Continuation. compress. conflict. Group or squad of soldiers or workers. to sneak in. respond. Contradictorio. Quid pro quo. L. inconsistency. possibility. Contra el orden público. Smuggler. Contrainterrogatorio.541). 46 Contra. by agreement. Contrary to morality. Contraoferta. To infringe or transgress. Adversary or opposing party in litigation. Contingencia. adjacent. In the answer to the complaint. Contractual. Contestable. Point where two parties have a divergence or are in conflict. carry on. art. Contenedor. To the contrary. receptacle. Counterpart. 540. rebutting evidence. (Panamanian Judicial Code. sec. rebuttal. bordering. Counter document. Civ. persist. Context. proof that another document is a simulation. conflicting. Contrareferencia. Contexto. that can be argued or challenged. Smuggling. Cross examination. Contraparte. Counterdocument. challenge. Control. covenant. Sequence. inconsistent. uncertain. pro-long. Guerrilla or opponent to the government (n). Continuar. argu-ment. Contigüedad. Against public policy. (Sp. . Contrario. vari-anee. vicinity. renew. Abutting. polemic. Contestación de demanda. Answer to a refutation. Contrario a las buenas costumbres. quarrel. Contestar. Note of contrast. altercation. Contienda. To continué. discrepancy. continuance. replicate. Contradocumento. counter. Continuación. Contradictory. Envirous. irreconcilable. Counterevidence. Possible occurrence. In the same área or locality. Contestability. Controversy. reply. contra. confront. Answer. To counter. the defendant may file an answer even if not served. progression. Contraer. To contest. Adversary party. By the same token. Counter-offer. To abridge. retort. Contextual. Contrariamente. inspector (n). inspect. To smuggle. To cross examine. In an adversarial position. Not clear. condense. Answer.holder. In harmony with the rest. to make or to enter an agreement. clouded. Contiguous. Contrabandear. To acquire. difference. background. Contraespionaje. 671). adjoining. Uncertain event. resume. Contrapartida. Counterorder. On the other side. Against. Controller. by consent of the parties. rejoinder. A risk situation deriving from human activities or natural phenomena which could place the integrity of one or more ecosys-tems in danger. Environmental risk. Contingencia ambiental. Contraorden. Contractual. Cross reference. eventuality. Counterespionage. arguable. facing. Contrabandista. Contingency. To agree. Contradicción. catch. Once the case ís assigned to a particular Court. Contrabando. Contiguo. Contingent. succession. Contrarréplica. repository. discrepant. Contraprueba. Within context. Next to. A contract is commutative when the performance of the obligation of each party is correlative to the performance of the other. provided it applied only to the establishment which was shut down (FLL. agreement. v. extensión. Comparison. Labor Law). with regard to another or others. Contrato con estipulaciones dejadas deliberadamente pendientes. or synallagmatic. (Comparison of Labor Law). Contracting party. Collective barganing agreement. (Mex. 1908). (Louisiana Civ. at the conclusión of the job for which it was agreed. 47 . Accessory contract. (Louisiana Civ. even if they are not members of the unión (FLL. to give or do something as an equivalent for what the other party is to give or do in case of the occurrence of an event which is un-certain or may happen at an undetermined time. although normally a unión takes the initiative. 2. hurdle. or by the shut down of the enterprise or establishment. Contrato accesorio. nonsense. Independent contractor. so that the obligation of each party is correlative to the obligation of the other. covenant. A contract is accessory when it is made to pro-vide security for the performance of an obli-gation. Either of the parties may request revisión of a collective barganing agreement. Contrato de adhesión.. Prin. countervail. Accident. sec. pact. has no freedom of choice other than to accept those conditions or scheme or refuse to enter into the contract. mortgage. A contract exists from the moment one or more persons consent to bind himself or themselves. compénsate. Contrato aleatorio. termination. (Sp. balance. revisión. and pledge are examples of such a contract.Civ. An adhesión contract is one in which the economically strongest party imposes specific conditions or the full scheme of the contracts to his advantage and in detriment to the other contracting party who. art. Contratación.. Obstacle. Code art. 1913). SJ. the fact that they intentionally leave a term to be agreed upon in further negotiations or to be determined by a third person does not pre-vent a contract from coming into existence. Aleatory contract. Contrato bilateral o signalagmático.Contrato de adhesión Contrarrestar. Contrato colectivo de trabajo. To hire personnel. terminación. Contratar. revisión. Contract with terms deliberately left open. (Louisiana Civ.14). 538 (1961)). Contract. when the parties oblígate themselves reciprocally. Suretyship. A contract is bilateral. To make or enter into a contract. By an aleatory contract one of the parties binds himself. (Sp. The agreement exe-cuted between one or more workers' unions and one or more employers or one or more employers' associations. Racing Ass'n. to give something or to render some service. Misfortune. Contractable in the sense of a contract. 83 PRR. Contrato conmutativo. 1911). adhesión contract. contrato. Contraste. (Maryland Cas. being economically weaker. agree-ment. Contrato colectivo de trabajo. Contract of adhesión. Contrato colectivo de trabajo. bargain. covenant. (Comparison of Labor Law). A collective barganing agreement can be terminated by mutual consent. Absurdity. Bilateral or synallagmatic contract.Csec. Contratista independiente. for the purpose of establishing the conditions according to which work is to be performed in one or more enterprises or establishments. Collective bargaining agreement. Contract. Contratable. Contrato colectivo de trabajo. (Unidroit. Co. Contrast. Collective bargaining agreement. Contratiempo. 1692). Code art. C. or both mutually bind themselves. Contrasentido. Contrato. The provisions of the collective bargaining agreement cover all the employees of the enterprise or establishment. scope. Collective bargaining agreement. 1221. Contratante. Civ. Article 401). Logical contradiction. deal. If the parties intend to conclude a contract.1226). Commutative contract. To counter. Codeart. Article 396). offset. and shall pay the proper freight fixed in the contract for the same. derecho a subrogar. war or blockade. . unsea-worthiness. Com. (Sp. Option contract.. Contractof pledgeto secure a mortgage note. Torres. C. In such case the captain shall be obliged to make the nearest safe and neutral port. C. sec. 677). and the expenses incurred and salaries earned during the detention shall be paid as general average. Contrato de fletamento. Charter party. 676). (Sp. Contrato de fletamento. right to subcharter. (Rivera v. should one have taken place at the port of departure. jettison. (Vendrell v. Install-ment contract. Contrato de entregas parciales.Contrato de dación en prenda de un pagaré hipotecario Contrato de dación en prenda de un pagaré hipotecario. 48 the captain not being allowed to refuse to receive on board the freight delivered by the second charterers. Com. Contract not to sue. Com. but its valué shall be considered as general average. Contrato de fletamento. San Juan Racing Assoc. After the vessel has been unloaded and the cargo placed at the disposal of the consignee. Contrato de fletamento. Com. Parking contract. and shall be computed in proportion to the distance covered when it was jettisoned. for the payment of the freight and other expenses. and request and await orders from the freighter. The captain shall lose the freight and shall indemnify the freighters if the lat-ter should proved. Contrato de no demandar. (Sp. Contrato de fletamento. malas condiciones para navegar. 686). (Sp. 1933). 660). A charter party must be drawn in duplícate and signed by the contracting parties. sec. that the ves-sel was unseaworthy as the time of receiv-ing the cargo. C. abandono de mercancías. even against the certifícate of inspection. Com. mercaderías arrojadas al mar. 706). C. and must be signed within twenty-four hours after the cargo has been received on board. the latter must immediately pay the captain the freight due and the other expenses incurred by reason of the cargo. provided the conditions of the first charter are not changed. C. Charter party. A contract of pledge securing a mortgage note constitutes a jurid-ical business and by its nature the pledgee acquires a special interest in the note itself. natural increase. 90 PRR 405 (1964)). the freighter being allowed to demand the unloading thereof at the expense of the cap-tain should he not sign it. (Sp. Code art. Contrato de fletamento. to order. The bilí oflad-ing may be issued to bearer. sec. 652). C. Ins. Charter party. and that the person from whom the vessel is char-tered be paid the full price agreed upon even though the full cargo is not embarked. sec. bilí oflading. The charterer of an entire vessel may subcharter the whole or part thereof for the amounts he may consider most convenient. Charter party. Contrato de fletamento. Com. (Sp. sec. and in every case indemnity for the loss and damage suffered thereby. (Sp. abandonment of damaged merchandise. or in the ñame of a specific person. Contrato de fletamento. Com. An option is a contract whereby the parties agree that the offeror is bound by his offer for a specified period of time and that the offeree may accept within that time. payment of freight and primage. guerra o bloqueo. sec. (Louisiana Civ. sec. 664). C. may be classified as a léase contract or bailment for hire. Charter party. Merchandise jettisoned for the common safety shall not pay freight. The charterers and freighters cannot abandon merchandise damaged on account of the character of the goods or by reason of an accidental case. Contrato de fletamento. conocimiento. 85 PRR 842 (1962)). Charter party. C. Charter party. A parking contract is of an atypi-cal nature which. Contrato de opción. Charter party. The natural increase in weight or size of the merchandise loaded on the vessel shall accrue to the benefit of the owner. 679). Charter party. with the limitation established in the following article. Contrato de estacionamiento. Com. pago de flete y capa. depending on the sur-rounding circumstances. sec. aumento natural. (Sp. or for the construction. All goods which can be transported by the usual means of land locomotion may be the subject of an insurance contract against the risks of transportation. or of a third person. The contract of fire insurance is governed by the law of the place 49 . Com. sec. 430). Transportation insurance. In order that a marine insurance contract may be valid. Life insurance. Contract for Ufe insurance. sec. 393). by an agreement between the parties. it must be reduced to writing in a policy signed by the contracting parties. C. 66 of 8/1/25). Contrato de seguro. (Sp. Life insurance policies. valuación del daño. the producís of said properties being answerable and encumbered for the repay-ment of the amounts received with such interest as may have been agreed upon. Civ. appraisal of damage.437). 386. stat-ing in the policy the ñame. nego-tiable policies. or any other similar or analogous combination. 418). C. pólizas en-dosables. or identifying said person in some other unquestionable manner. C. 416. recapture of vessel. Contrato de seguro contra incendio. (Sp. and shall be suffered by the underwriter. sec. AU personal or real property which is hable to be destroyed or injured by fire may be the subject of an insurance contract against fire. his legal representative. one copy being kept by each of the contracting parties. súmame. C. Com. The insurance may be made in favor of a third person. shall be negotiable. (Sp. ActNr. 406). sec. sec.R. 737. whether in a lump sum or in different in-stallments. Contrato de seguro contra incendio. with which to meet the expenses of administration. cultivation and improvement of rural properties. 1693). C. Contrato de seguro de vida. Fire insurance contract. An insurance contract is one by which the underwriter is hable for the fortuitous dam-ages which may occur to the insured personal or real property. The insurance against fire shall include the repair or indemnity for all the loss and material damage caused by the direct action of the fire and by the inevitable consequences of the fire. Fire insurance. Contract for marine insurance. Contract " 0f advances for agricultural purposes. Com. subject to reimbursement. Fire insurance. Fire insurance. Contrato de seguro de vida. Com. a cer-tain amount of money in cash or specie. C. (Sp. repair and operation of buildings and machinery devoted to agricultural or industrial purposes in connection with the cultivation or the manufacture of any agricultural prod-uct. 743). (Sp. beneficiarios. extensión. Contrato de seguro marítimo. 387). (P. all the costs and damages caused by the loss shall be consid-ered average. Life insurance shall include all the combinations which can be made. conservation. Contract for life insurance.Contrato de seguro contra incendio Contrato de refacción agrícola. and status of the donor or person insured. (Sp. coverage. after the premiums or installments which the insured bound himself to pay have been sat-isfied. 802). C. C. represa-miento. 419). making agreements with regard to the pay-ment of premiums or of capital in exchange for the enjoyment of a Ufe annuity or up to a certain age. or the receipt of capital on the death of a certain person. Contrato de seguro contra incendio. sec. (Sp. Com. Contrato de seguro de vida. sec. C. in the absence of which. C. Com. Com. (Sp. Contrato de seguro marítimo. sec. The appraisement of the damage caused by the fire shall be made by experts in the manner established in the pol-icy. Contract for marine insurance. (Sp. Contrato de seguro de transporte terrestre. This policy shall be drawn and signed in duplícate. If by reason of the recap-ture of the vessel the insured should regain possession of his goods. Com. in favor of the insured. (Sp. in consideration of a certain price. Com. sec. said appraisement shall be made in accordance with the pro-visions of the Law of Civil Procedure. 432. Insurance contract. A contract of advances for agricultural purposes is one under which one of the parties thereto turns over an the other party receives. beneficiarles. Contrato de seguro contra incendio. which may be unrestrictedly fixedby the parties. sec. maintenance. which arises from accidental cases or natural accidents and the agree-ments and the agreements made must be compiled with provided they are lawful. The carrier must deliver to the consignee with-out any delay or difficulty the merchandise received by him. sec. route. Contrato de sociedad. Contrato de transporte terrestre. riesgos varios. he shall be reimbursed for such increase after presenting the formal proof thereof. riesgos. All other contracts of insurance follow the general rule. Contrato de seguro. Contrato en favor de tercero. 361). he in person. Contract for overland transportation. 350. informing the underwriter at the first opportunity. C. Com. (Louisiana Civ. and should the carrier not do so he shall be hable for the damages which may arise therefrom. Contrato integrado. (Sp. no matter what his object may be. invalida-tion. Merchandise shall be transported at the risk of the shipper. Com. If there should be an agreement between the shipper and the carrier with regard to the road over which the transportation is to be made. (A. Contrato. by reason of the mere fact of being designated in the bilí of lading to receive it. nevertheless. C. by the law of the place where the contract of insurance was executed. Civil association agreement. Code art. Com. The shipper as well as the carrier of merchandise and goods may mutually demand of each other the issuance of a bilí of lading. ruta. risk. In a civil association agreement. sec. may redeem the goods insured. unless the contrary was expressly stipulated. sec. 375). 2) When. C. La Hood Const. (Sp. 801). Com. Contrato de transporte terrestre. 368). Contract for overland Contrato de seguro marítimo. sec. causing an increase in the transportation charges. ported shall be specially obligated to answer for the transportation charges and for the expenses and fees causedby the same during their transportation. Contrato innominado. invalidación.2688). A contract for all kinds of transportation overland or by river shall be considered commercial: 1) When it involves merchandise or any commercial goods. delivery to consignee. (Sp. Arsuaga v. to attribute a right to a third person who has not intervened at all. C. ñor to await instruc-tions from him. (Sp. carta de porte. the carrier is a merchant or is customarily engaged in transporting goods for the public. C. Inc. 438). Contract for overland transportation. Contrato de trabajo. Contrato de transporte terrestre. C. When on account oí forcé majeure the carrier is obliged to take another route. members mutually bind themselves to combine their assets and their efforts for the real-ization of a common goal. C. Integrated agreement. In the field of contracts.. Innominate contract. art. de retención. 1914). (Sp. For legal incapacity by one or all parties. C. Because of a vice of consent. in his absence. lien over goods. Contract in favor of a third party. Contract for marine insurance. Contract. Civ. Contract for overland transportation. Labor contract. being regulated by the personal law common to the parties. Insurance contract. In case of the capture of the vessel. a contract which having been validly executed between two persons. redemption of foods insured. or in the absence thereof. The goods trans- Contrato de transporte terrestre. various risks. and should the insured not have time to act in concurrence with the underwriter. sec. Com.Contrato de seguro marítimo. sec. Contrato de transporte terrestre. (Mex. Innominate contracts are those with no spe-cial designation. II. C. bilí of lading. Com. 50 . Com. 349). sec. 354). derecho transportation. (Sp. or the captain. unless obliged to do so by forcé majeure. 90 PRR 101 (1964)). Contrato de transporte terrestre. or until the time of their delivery. sec. either directly or indirectly in its execution.. Any other risks may be the subject of a commercial insurance contract. 359). entrega al consignatario. A contract can be invalidated: I. (Sp.L. the carrier can not change the route. Com. rescate de mercadería where the thing insured is located at the time of its execution. Contract for overland transportation. Contract for overland transportation. (Sp. is intended. rescate de mercadería. 63). Contratos.. léase. (Louisiana Civ. Onerous contract. Code art. Therefore. but in resorting to either of these two actions the other one shall be annulled unless there is an agreement to the contrary. Contratos comerciales. When the secured obligation arises from a contract. (Louisiana Civ. execution of wills. Contrato. venta de cosas futuras. art. the locus regit actum principie is applied to some contracts and specific juridical acts effected abroad.Contratos comerciales. Civ. Article 14 of the Civil Code provides that the formalities are governed by Chilean law.1448). Contract-law. An agreement executed by one or several workers' unions and several employers. effects of delay. Contrato leonino. A sale is some-times made of a thing to come: as of what shall accrue from an estáte. Chile. IV Because consent was not given as legally required.8). (Unidroit. 1913). (Louisiana Civ. C. Commercial contracts. If a contract takes place in Chile. judicial decisions have repeatedly held that the extrinsic validity of acts juridical must be ascertained in accordance with the law of the place of performance. Code art. Because the objective of the contract may be illegal. A contract for an indefinite period may be ended by either party by giving notice a reasonable time in advance. 1914 and 1916). Prin. notary. Unconscionable contract. liquidated damages. 1907). Alease may be of things. cannot be the object of this contract. Contracts. The effects of delay in compliance with commercial obligations shall begin: 1) In contracts in which a day is fixed for compliance therewith by the will of the parties or by law. loan. sec. sec. Commercial contracts. for the purpose of establishing the conditions according to which work in a particular industrial activ-ity should be rendered. A contract is onerous when each of the parties obtains an advantage in exchange for his obligation. 56). Contrato por tiempo indefinido. and public deeds. (Sp. Nomínate contract. From this definition it follows that the contrato-ley. Contrato sustituto.1795). of animáis yet unborn. or other public official authorized to admit the same. including enterprises and establishments that have not entered into it. Substituted contract. In a commercial contract containing an indemnification clause against the person who fails to comply therewith. Contrato unilateral. C. (LA Laws & Inst. Contratos comerciales. 2) In contracts in which no such day is fixed. Chile. sec. Contracts. on the day following the one on which they fall due. from the day on which the creditor legally makes demand upon the debtor or notifies him of the declaration of loss and damage made against him before a justice. Contracts. or one or several employers' associations. either between the same or other parties. Com. (Sp. Contrato nominativo. 2450). There is no general rule covering the formalities of a contract entered into abroad. which are consumed by use. b) covers an industrial activity in a certain geo-graphic área. arrendamiento. Contrato oneroso. or such like other things. lease. Unilateral contract. Labor Law). and c) is mandatory for that whole industry. 1445. Contrato principal. (Louisiana Civ. 51 . Code art. art. clausula penal. (Mex. works. that contract is the principal contract. intrinsic validity. Chilean private international law makes a distinc-tion between the three main aspects of contracts: formalities. such as formalities of marriage. Principal contract. the party aggrieved may take legal steps to demand the fulfillment of the contract or the indemnification stipulated. efectos de la morosidad. Nomínate contracts are those given a spe-cial designation such as sale. or services. Contratos. C. or insurance. (Sp. Com. Perishable things. (Louisiana Civ. efectos de la morosidad III. Nevertheless. Code art. Contract for an indefinite period. Code art. as compared to the contrato colectivo de trabajo (collec-tive barganing agreement): a) requires the participation of one or more employers. Contrato-ley. 5.). and effects. sale of future things. C. 1909). although not yet existing. (Mex. A contract is unilateral when the party who accepts the obligation of the other does not assume a reciprocal obligation. Civ. Commercial contracts shall be executed and complied with in good faith according to the terms in which they were made and drafted. without evading the honest. Contratos mercantiles. which under any designation whatsoever defer the fulfillment of commercial obligations. Persons who may be joined in matrimony may. requirement. 6) The assignment of actions or rights arising from an act contained in a public instrument. Commercial contracts. Com. 54). Commercial contracts. or extinction of property rights on real property. 3) Marriage contracts. 1247). and the creation and increase of dowries. 2) A defined object which may be the subject of the contract. validity. sec. Exchange is a contract by which each of the contracting parties binds himself to give a thing in order to receive another. Commercial contracts shall be valid and serve as the basis of an obligation and cause of action in suits. repudiation. validez. sec. the civil code or the commercial code. sec. or which may prejudice a third person. nor limiting the effects which are naturally derived from the manner in which the parties may have explained their wishes and contracted their obligations. provided they are to the prejudice of third persons. Contract that is not specifically treated by statute. sec. sec. sec. permuta. whenever it is intended to enforce them against third persons. and others. Com.g. 1441). 51. There is no contract unless the following requisites exist: 1) The consent of the contracting parties. Com. Contratos matrimoniales. provided their existence is proven by some of the means established by the civil law. Contracts. Contracts executed through correspondence shall be perfected from the time an answer is made accepting the proposition or the conditions by which the latter may be modified. Contracts. requisitos. concerning all that relates to their requirements. Com. (Sp. Civ. C. cumplimiento Contratos comerciales. modification. (Sp. Contratos comerciales. (Sp. 1282). 1228). C. Contratos comerciales. by mail. Contracts by reason of marriage. sec. C. Contratos por correspondencia. e. Contratos. Commercial contracts. (Sp. sec. 50). Civ. 4) The assignment. 52). (Sp. Contratos innominados. shall not be recognized. in which the amount of the prestations of one of the two contracting parties exceeds a certain minimum amount. Contracts in public instrument. (Sp. ejecución. Contratos. and the amount involved. amendments. before celebrating it. the class to which they correspond. Contratos comerciales. 61). courtesy. The following must appear in a public instrument: 1) Acts and contracts the object of which is the creation. 5) The general power for lawsuits and the special ones to be presented in suits. the object of which is an act drafted or which is to be drafted in a public instrument. 2) Leases of the same property for six or more years. and cancellation and to the capacity of the parties. whatever may be the form or in whatever foreign language they may be executed. 3) The cause for the obligation which may be established. C. Contratos en documento público. All other contracts. ejecución. (Sp. . Business contracts. C. proper.Contratos comerciales. exchange or barter. In the absence of contracts relating to property it shall be understood that the marriage has been contracted under the system of legal conjugal partnership. (Sp. C. effects of delay. and it is ruled by principles of general contractual law. exceptions. and renunciation of hereditary rights or of those 52 of the conjugal partnership. C. terminos de gra-cia. 57). the power to administer property and any other. por correspondencia. but only those which the parties may have previously fixed in the contract. execute contracts. Commercial contracts. Civ. (Sp. Days of grace. C. Civ. C. and usual meaning of written or spoken words with arbitrary interpretations. sec. or which are founded on a definite provision of law. interpretation. shall be controlled by the general rules of common law in all that is not expressly established in this Code or in special laws. Civ. must be reduced to writing even though it be private. Innominate contract. Business contracts. performance. Mail contracts. cumplimiento. stipulating the conditions for the conjugal partnership with regard to present and future property. Interlocking control. Convenio del quebrado con acreedores. Agreement. Convencional. dispute. P. endowment. Validation. Controversia obrero-patronal. Convention. disagreement. disobedience to a judicial summons. ratification. Unlawful agreements. Cohabitation without marriage. Donor. Controvertible. C. contract. covenant. Conversión de sanciones penales. 80). art. transgressor. To validate. An agreement is the agreement between two or mor people to create. Conviction. contemnor. Conventional. the motives behind his conduct and the factual circumstances of the act. Defendant. 53 . Collective bargaining agreement. Person or factor that contributes towards something. argument. (Sp. altercation. assessment. verify. standard. Convenir. If said assignment involves real property. Agreement. summon. C. transmision de creditos y demás derechos. or when the defendant has pleaded guilty. Convenciones ilicitas. Convention. Convenido. Fraudulent bankrupts shall not enjoy this right. 1429). Contravencion. Agreed. Convenience. Convenio colectivo. duty. Fine instead of imprisonment. Com. Customary. Contrayente. Contribution. To recover from an illness. Convict. Contubernio. (Mex. The court may substitute. Contundente. invite. excise. Civ. (St. Convalidacion. Conviction. prisoner. means that judgment has been rendered against a defendant on a verdict of guilty returned by a jury or by the judge. infringement. Convalecer. Controvertir. Common plot or scheme. To challenge. To agree. Tax. conflict. authenticate. Offender. conclave. subsidy. Convertible. assignment of credits and other incorporeal rights. Contravenir. To call. donation. Settlement of bankrupt with creditors. Party in default. command. Misdemeanor. sec. Convencimiento. Contracts. change. (Sp. Party who has been summoned. Conviction. C. Contribuyente. Civ. Convalidar. authorize. Controlar. firm belief. Convicto. Derived from an agreement or contract. Settlement. To convene. from the date of its entry in the registry. in favor of a first offender. Convincing. Convicted. Controversy.Convicto Contratos. transfer. Breach. Traffic violation. The term convicted. Contraventor. Assembly. traditional. restrain. certainty. direct. Controversia. questionable. 898). Dogmatic assumption. face. confirm. deal. To attack an established order or theory. right. the bankrupt and his creditors may make any settlements they may deem proper. dispute.C. doubtful. Convenio. To contravene. tortfeasor. Conveniencia. meeting. trespass. or action shall produce no effect against a third person but from the time the date is considered fixed. To control. Secret understanding between two or more parties. Tax payer. Labor-management controversy. The assignment of a credit. for LA. Arguable. contest. assurance. At any stage of the proceedings. invade someone else's rights. pact. strong. To regulate. Contracting party. nor those who flee during the bankruptcy proceedings. approval. sec. assurance. a prison term not exceeding six months by a fine or forced labor for the benefit of the State. after the examination of the credits and after the classification of the bankruptcy has been made. To infringe. To contain. modify or extinguish obligations. certify. Default. violation. Contumacia. approve. contract. acquiescence. sec. infringer. The judgment will substantiate this decision assessing the convict's personal background. Solid. in its strict legal sense. Contribution. 1792). Conversión. interchange. Control entrelazado. Conversion. Contumaz. Convertible. Inmate. transgress. modification. encroach. certainty. firm belief. disputable. capacity. 6) Suspension from the exercise of the profession or employment with the deprivation of salary and emoluments. Warden. corporal. Copula. capacidad. To convene. tenancy in common. Copybook. Co-ownership. middleman. agent. Correction monetaria. To request attendance. Commercial brokers. corrective. 449). (Sp. Corolario. Convivencia. Bodily. tenable. summon. Coparticipacion. (Sp. change. Corporate. trustworthy. 480). L. Coobligado. art. Corregir. Corporation. corporative. Joint obligor. reliable. Correct. envoy. Corredor. 183). Civ. Matter of record. belonging to the spouses. 54 each having an undivided share. Corregidor. Corporativo.. Prin. Cooperation entre las partes. amend. To take over. but may be extended to six months if a second offence be committed. Co-participation. Cooperativa de ahorro y credito. Corporation. Colonel Corporation. Conyugal. Corporeo. storm. Correspondence. Corollary. Convincing. P. Corredores de comercio. Carrier.R. invite. 3) Reprehension. husband or wife. Conyuge. Broker. Spouse. transcript. co-obligor.P. which can not exceed three months. Copiador de cartas. cohabitation. Penitentiary.3). Corporation. Convincente. gathering. Delgado. joint ownership. Cooperation between the parties. part of the record. Accurate. emissary. Magistrate. Curly bracket. Cooperativa. duplicate. Penalty (n). L. Crim. carnal knowledge. Conformed copy. fake. . Corchete. Copy. 2) Warning or advice. Convocar. To correct. 87 D. facsimile. Correo. Monetary adjustment. (Unidroit. Cooperation judicial. Courier. Correcto. Copia. 4) A fine. Corrective (adj). Conyugicidio. 503 (1963)). call. post office. Coexistence. Coposesion. Code art. Person who murders his or her spouse. Correccional. art. Murder of one's spouse. Cooperative society. Convention. Correctional. Relating to misdemeanor. apt. Relating to a cooperative society or movement. To alter.. intermediary. Conyugicida. Taking part in a common venture or activity. sec. Corporeal. Correlate. Correctivo. modify. Convocatoria. certified copy. 448. Corrector. 5) Partial or total retention of the fees or of the charges pertaining to the instruments or acts in which the offence was committed. coitus sexual penetration. credible. Judges and courts shall mutually aid each other in the execution of all proceedings necessary for the hearing and decision of criminal causes. Joint possession. Mail. To monopolize. Person who corrects. Judicial cooperation. meeting. art. Copia certificada. Two or more persons may own the same thing in indivision. Corre en autos. Replica.Convincente (Castro v. assembly. professional association. 5. Counterfeit. Copar. usually due to inflation. traveling salesman. bracket. reproduction. Correlacionar. Guild. believable. Savings and credit union. assail. Any one issue or print of a given publication. Appropriate. Cooperativista. The disciplinary corrections which may be imposed upon the officials of juridical persons shall be: 1) Admonition. Summons to a meeting. co-debtor. Copulation. imitation. Possession held in common by two or more persons. Conjugal. P. 33). Each party shall cooperate with the other party when such cooperation may reasonably be expected for the performance of that party's obligations. Disciplinary sanctions. The civil capacity of corporations is governed by the law which has created or recognized them. (Louisiana Civ. (Bustamante C. Coronel. Correcciones disciplinarias. Copropiedad. chose. deterioration. Things. Corrupted practice. Correspondiente. (Louisiana Civ. Supreme Court. write. degenerate. pirate. privateer. Sys. certifying. To communicate. Cosas. object. Entourage. Corruptibilidad. Open court and orders in chamber. but are comprehend by the understanding. Corrupt. Counterpart. Eur. Cosa donada. Real estate. Incorporeals are things that have no body. dishonest. dialogue. and private. Code art. corrupto. Corruption. corporeals and incorporeals. To corrupt. To agree. judiciary. certify. That lends it self to being corrupted. Corroborative Corroborating. Brokerage. or without their substance being changed. Clemency. public. Corte Suprema. Way of bending or stretching the law. Corruptible. mercy. depravity. Corruptela. usual. Cosas no consumibles. validate. 449). Corrompido. common. Thing adjudged. Cosas incorporales. abuse. Thus the courts condone delegations of power by the legislative branch which contradict the constitutions. tribunal. They are such as the air and the high seas that may be freely used by everyone conformably with the use for which nature has intended them. Code art. and even in Brazil the courts have been very accommodating in suspending constitutional guarantees. although their substance may be 55 . In Mexico. either because the appeal did not lie. Similarly they tolerate very broad interpretations of the president's ordinance power. Incorporeal things. Corriente. Thing. Cosa raiz. To corroborate. habitual. They have been too lenient in recognizing provisional governments. concern. Current. Corruptible. deprave. Common things may not be owned by anyone. (Louisiana Civ. mail. They tend to find that his action is based on his discretionary power. Corruptibility. and beverages. Legislative power. Corte abierta y ordenes en cámara. (Louisiana Civ. ordinary. Corresponded to correspond. & LA Leg. 536). Consumable things are those that cannot be used without being expended or consumed. Corporeal things. (W. politeness. dissolute. They have accepted too easily improper interventions of the federal government in the affairs of the member states. commodity. affect. Corresponding. Nonconsumable things are those that may be enjoyed without alteration of their substance. immovable. Nonconsumable things. Court. land. buccaneer. corroborative. Counterpart. They find in such a case that it is not for them to judge the constitutionality of the legislator's action. Corporeals are things that have a body. Code art. Cosas corporales. Cortes. 461). stocks of merchandise. mediation. Decline. favor. forgiveness. Things are divided into common. Article. Correspondence. Cortesia. Common things. (Louisiana Civ. bribe. sin. pervert. confirm. Code art. ascertain. Corroborar. authenticate. or because it has been confirmed on the appeal. (Louisiana Civ. standard. and they hesitate to acknowledge that a president is acting unconstitutionally. Latin American supreme courts have not been as daring in their use of power as has the United States Supreme Court. or because the time fixed by law for appealing is elapsed. Thing bestowed. (Louisiana Civ. Corte. Cosas comunes. verify. Corretaje. harvested agricultural products. Consumable things. 461). 3556). congress (SP). and movables and immovables. Courtesy. letters. courteousness. Code art. Corrupción. debauchery. Res judicata. vulnerability. validating. foodstuffs. Corsario. conforming. Code art. defile.Cosas no consumibles Correspondencia. crooked. Corsair. They are very careful to disqualify themselves whenever a question is of a political nature. whethere animate or inanimate and can be felt or touched. such as money. Cosa. matching.). agency. Thing adjudged is said of that which has been decidedby a final judgment from which there can be no appeal. concur. Cosa juzgada. bench. pertain. Cosas consumibles. Corromper. Argentina. 448). (Louisiana Civ. 56 .Cosas principales y accesorias diminished or deteriorated naturally by time or by the use to which they are applied. Public things are owned by the state or its political subdivisions in their capacity as public persons. Cosas publicas. 3) The payment of the fees of attorneys and experts. The costs shall consist of: 1) The cost of the stamped paper used in the cause. 456). shares of stock. Crim. Things are divided into principal and accessory. Crim. Costas legates. to fish. to dry nets. and harbors. Costas. 537). L. other private persons. P. or complement of the principal thing. usage. Code art. price. Nevertheless. Principal and accessory things. Crim. ornament. such as lands. Public things that may belong to political subdivisions of the state are such as streets and public squares. payment. (Sp. To pay. pago. Private things are owned by individuals. (Louisiana Civ. Sec. and accessory is a corporeal movable that serves the use. The bank of a navigable river or stream is the land lying between the ordinary low and the ordinary high stage of the water. 455 and art. 450 and note). Custom results from practice repeated for a long time and generally accepted as having acquired the force of law. harvest. 241). refund. Charge. and vehicles. when there is a levee in proximity to the water. the territorial sea. Law charges are such as are occasioned by the prosecution of a suit before the courts. (Louisiana Civ. Costas penales. 121). 3195). expense. P. Code art. Cosas privadas. Vintage.. Code art. the waters and bottoms of natural navigable water bodies.. expense. and the other expenses which may have arisen in connection with the hearing of the cause. and of the witnesses which they present. Costear. Code art. charge. and by the state or its political subdivisions in their capacity as private persons. L. Code art. 239 and 240). shall be obliged to pay the fees of the solicitors who represent them. Cost. Finance. (Louisiana Civ. art. But this name applies more particularly to the costs. (Power Electric Co. Crop. 508). established according to law. P. Cosas principales y accesorias. of the attorneys who defend them. (Louisiana Civ. expenditure. if the experts and witnesses at the time of testifying shall have filed their claim and the judge or court shall have allowed it. (Sp. yield. Costas procesales. the levee shall form the bank. and the like. Legal costs.. Effort. which the defeated party has to pay to the party gaining the cause. of the experts testifying in their behalf. Everyone has the right to fish in the rivers. Cosas publicas y comunes de uso publico. and the seashore. animals. produce. if not declared indigent. furniture. concepto. Private things subject to public use. Costo. L. 4) The payment of the indemnities pertaining to the witnesses who may have demanded them. costs. The banks of navigable rivers or streams are private things that are subject to public use. Public and common things subject to public use. Public things and common things are subject to public use in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. ports. (Sp. amount. Private things. Cosas privadas de uso publico. Costumbre. Criminal costs. convention. disburse. habit. Public things. All parties to a cause. Law charges. art. Legal costs. 452). practice. 88 PRR 536 (1963)). and the right to land on the seashore. Cost at the point of origin. to shelter himself. to moor ships. expend. For purposes of accession as between movables. Costas procesales. art. 453). Public things that belong to the state are such as running waters. houses. of the Treasury. Code art. v. A ruling or decision which terminates a cause or any of the issues therein must contain a decision as to the payment of costs in the proceedings. (Louisiana Civ. (Louisiana Civ. roadsteads. Code art. Price which prevails at the time of remittance of the merchandise to the consignee. Cosecha. extent. Costo en el punto de origen. 2) The payment of the court fees according to schedule. provided that he does not cause injury to the property of adjoining owners. Custom. Legal costs. Malfeasance. Prin. art. C. intersection. tort. L. regard shall be had. Crime. 5. enlargement. Criminalista. villainy. art.. Quasicontracts. Crimen. among other factors.Cuasicontratos. Offense. Convict. tortfeasor. Criminology. Cruce. Cuadrilla. by which there results a reciprocal obligation between the parties concerned. Chile Custom may not abrogate legislation. (Unidroit. Picture. Criminology. misdeanor. misconduct. (Incoterms).. offender. wrong. of a tortious nature. or when a doubt is raised as to the authenticity of any private or public document. Cruelty. Criterios para determinar el tipo de obligation. Criminality. (b) the contractual price and other terms of the contract. Criminología.. culprit. graph. stronghold. sec. an original of which does not exist and which can not be verified by the official who issued the same. Garrison. Lawbreaker. misdeed. Credito incobrable. Domestic servant.named place of destination). Three types of quasicontracts are dealt with and regulated by Chilean domestic law. malignity. Listing. Cuasicontractual. Cretinismo. Determination of kind of duty involved.lugar de destino convenido). sometimes. CPT. crucifix. ability. Quarantine. development. Carriage Paid to (. index. Criminal. sec. Scene. P. Criminalidad. Criminal. felon. party. According to civilian theory. Criado domestico. 3 and note). Cross..5). financial quotation. Recidivist. chart. "Carriage paid to. Transporte Pagado Hasta (. squad. Group. Placing a person in false light. Table. Civ. spectacle. Comparison of handwriting may always be requested whenever its genuineness is denied by the person prejudiced thereby. imbecile. diagram. Amount. interchange. felony. Binnacle book. Comparison of handwriting. Credible. repeat offender. the two elements of custom are a long practice (longa consuetude) and the conviction that the practice has the force of law {opinio necessitatis or opinio juris). Crítica injuriosa. gang. Civ. Quasi-contract. Cretinism. ignoramus. Cuaderno de bitacora. Credencial. Unseemly criticism. Credibility. (Lou. and. Credibilidad. (d) the ability of the other party to influence the performance of the obligation. brutality. evilness. Cuartel. penalist. list. criminologist. headquarters. uncollectible. Mental cruelty Cruz. expansion. Cualidad. Creible. to (a) the way in which the obligation is expressed in the contract." means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination. CPT. These include management of another's business by one who is not his agent or legal representative (Gestión de negocios). crossing. certificate. Burden. trustworthy. Criminalist. Quasi-contractual. 605-608).. Band. Crecimiento. Civ. In determining the extent to which an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activity or a duty to achieve a specific result. dependability. Bad debt. Cuadro. Criminologística. Growth. Cretin. (c) the degree of risk normally involved in achieving the expected result. Crear una falsa impresion sobre alguien. 1788). (Sp. Credito. document. Reliable. Cuarentena. believable. Qualification. Cotejo de letras. sight. be-lievability. accreditation. Barrack. reliability. import. misfortune. Cotización. juncture. Chile. Cualquiera. C. Outrage. Cretino. Cross. Quasi contracts are licit and purely voluntary acts by which the author thereof becomes obligated with regard to a third person. transgressor. conceivable. Whatsoever Cuantia. Credential. (Sp. Credit. increase. Crueldad mental. trustworthiness. Crueldad. mistaken payment of a sum that is 57 . Criminal reincidente. Cuasicontrato.. Cuasicontratos.. Chile. plausible. de escritura. portrait. Matter of law. direct. Cuenta corriente. In tort actions. Build. challenge. diligence. Issue. Cuenta. Cuatrerismo. Cuerda separada. situation. Chile. of a person which produces a wrong or damage.C. Culpa. wrong. Cuasidelito. Corpus delicti is the body and substance of the crime and with respect to specific crimes it means 58 the actual commission by some of the particular crime charged. Civ. corpse. There is no specific conflicts provision regulating quasicontracts in Chilean domestic law. 90 PRR. Culpa. Open account. for LA. form. contributing thereto the amount of capital they may agree upon. Cuestion de hecho. Cuasidelito. Stab. (Sp. Chile.1811). Cuestionar. Quasipublic. Cuenta de ahorro. Culpability. Cuerda f loja. For the purpose of the Civil Code. treasurer. Cuestion. (Barrios-Mannucci). Cuestion de derecho. Cuasidelitos. Tort. 1803. (Ppl. Cubiletear. dolo. dispute. obligation arising from fault or negligence. Torts. v. Chilean law is applied when the facts allegedly constituting the wrong have taken place in Chile (Article 14. por. or omission of care that should otherwise be given to matters. A person acts negligently or recklessly when he performs a criminal act by failing to maintain the duty of care imposed by the surrounding circumstances and his personal conditions and—if the consequences of the act were foreseen at all—he trusted to be able to avoid them. caution. sec. Culpa is to be distinguished from the Civil Law term dolus. usually for evidentiary purposes only. negligence. current account. Culpa or fault is also divided in Culpa in Faciendo (positive action) which is called "imprudence. invoice. willful or not. Culpa. Body. (LA Laws & Inst). culpability. liability. Cattle stealing or rustling. Guilt. 201 (1964)). If an action for damages is brought in a Chilean court upon a tort committed abroad. Savings account. 240). por. Cattle rustler. frame. sec. Burser. Account. C. (Sp. prudence. affair. Corpus delicti. inquire. Matter of fact. attention. classification. in Civil Law negligence only has a negative sense. Cuestor. C. supervision. Com. Question. (St. A person who by an act or omission causes damage to another when there is fault or negligence shall be obliged to repair the damage so done.Cuasidelito not owed. Cuenta convenida. Joint accounts. 98 PRR 299 (1970)). Civil or Commercial Code). Dealt with in a separate or independent way. Culpa Criminal. problem. 239. fault. Culpability. Care. matter. Cuestionario. and common ownership of property not originating in a contract. Castro Cruz. Cuidado. Cuatrero. Merchants may have an interest in the transactions of other merchants. nor positive. (LA Laws & Inst. interrogate. Heirs of Sanchez Soto. blame.). knife wound. Cadaver. Questionnaire. P. and participating in the favorable or unfavorable results of such transactions in the proportion which may be fixed." Thus. 26). To question. (Reyes v. it being sufficient that there be circumstantial evidence from which it may be reasonably inferred that a crime has been committed. Bill. said evidence not having to be complete. Association. fraud or willful misconduct in Common Law. dolus. offense. Documents attached to a judicial record. Tort. Cuenta en participation. guilt means any fault. Account stated. obligation que nace de culpa o negligencia. Cuasipublico. clasif icacion. culpabilidad. Criminal negligence or recklessness. Cuerpo. it is used to denote lack of action. meaning all intentional acts or omissions involving the breach of a legal or contractual duty and . Cuerpo del delito. custody. Cuchillada. sec. To obtain advantages through deceit or subterfuge. the Bustamante Code should be used." or Culpa In Omittendo (omission) called "negligence. which may be established by prima facie evidence from which the commission of the offense may be logically inferred. To ask. group. Charge. in which case guilt is equivalent to cause. Culpa. The obligee may reject an earlier performance unless it has no legitimate interest in so doing. 24). The gross fault is that which proceeds from inexcusable negligence or ignorance. (b) performance or. become aware of the nonperformance. Latin American countries follow the French model of fault which has three degrees of culpability: a) lata culpa. 89 PRR410 (1964)). Nobody can be punished for an act legally classified as a crime.Cumplimiento instantaneo o en etapas resulting to damage to another.. Guilty. 86 PRR 337 (1962)). Cumplimiento especif ico. fault. is known as the theory of culpa in eligendo.. sec. The slight fault is that want of care which a prudent man usually takes of his business. the court shall grant specific performance plus damages for delay if the obligee so demands. 59 . Performance of non-monetary obligation. Culpa in contrahendo (L). Culpar. completion. The diligence exercised by the principal in choosing the person who is going to perform certain functions in connection with the disposition of a thing— property of the principal—which may cause damages to third persons. at fault. blame. In general. art. charge. Cumplimiento. In other words dolus is any malicious failure to fulfill obligations. degrees. Heirs of J. (Louisiana Civil Code art. Liability generated by a breach of contract. (Ramos v. (c) the party entitled to performance may reasonably obtain performance from another source. Cumplidor. and for which no responsibility is incurred. Fulfillment. Cumplimiento anticipado.1. Prin. Serralles. except for cases of recklessness or negligence specifically established by statute. (Barrios-Mannucci). it is considered as nearly equal to fraud. de obligaciones Cumplimiento instantaneo o en etapas. Prin. The very slight fault is that which is excusable. or (e) the party entitled to performance does not require performance within a reasonable time after it has. gross fault or negligence in Common Law. meaning lack of the most basic due diligence of a careful person to avoid harm. dependable. or to execute an instrument. liable. b) levis culpa. culpable. 7. the slight. (Unidroit. which also consist essentially in not anticipating and foreseeing the rational consequences of an act. and c) levissima culpa. 3556). To accuse. (Ortiz v. meaning lack of diligence resulting in a omission of an ordinary reasonable person. Theory of culpa in eligendo. if it was not performed with criminal intent.5). Code art. accomplishment. Cuba grados. (Standard Penal C. Culpable. (Barrios-Mannucci). where relevant. Specific performance. and the very slight fault. Cumplimiento de obligacion dineraria. Culpability. ordinary fault or neglect in Common Law. enforcement is unreasonably burdensome or expensive. Performance at one time or in installments. (Unidroit. Accused. Culpabilidad. Performance of monetary obligation. The fault or negligence is the failure to exercise due care.2. (d) performance is of an exclusively personal character. unless (a) performance is impossible in law or in fact. impute. culpable. Liability. Earlier performance. Satisfaction of judgment. the other party may require performance. charged.2). Cumplimiento de sentencia. Culposo. 1986). culprit. or ought to have. Fault degrees. Guilty. There are in law three degrees of faults: the gross. or not to do an act. Culpa in eligendo (L). meaning lack of attention or care of an ordinary reasonable person. Cumplimiento no-dinerarias. (Louisiana Civ. Trustworthy. or of the failure to perform an act which a prudent person could have foreseen under the same circumstances. for Latin America. Carlo. Culpa o negligencia. art. 6. Upon an obligor's failure to perform an obligation to deliver a thing. Culpado. Acceptance by a party of an earlier performance does not affect the time for the performance of its own obligations if that time has been fixed irrespective of the performance of the other party's obligations. Fault or negligence. Where a party who owes an obligation other than one to pay money does not perform. performance. reliable. slight fault or neglect in Common Law. graduacion. Persons still under the parental authority. share. Generally it is the owner. Curator ad bona. Office of the public defender of insane people. Curso ordinario de los negocios. Custodian. Curatorship. Abundance. Curador para los bienes. sec. current. aggregate. Diccionario de Legislaci6n y Jurisprudencia). obey. Organized church. Class. Protection.1. (Barrios-Mannucci). shall be so represented by their tutors and curators.. Curso legal. 1851). Course. tutorship. Curaduria. interdiction. 60 . rehabilitation.. Cura. lecture. the owner might keep legal control over the thing and convey. guardianship. Cuota. loop. Curso forzoso. Curador ejemplar. acumulativo.1. Custodia. Quack doctor. Cumplimiento parcial. healed. curacion. P. Cumplimiento unico. Development. its "actual control" to a particular contractor. To guard. Cured. care. Flow. Such conveyance is not required to be specified in the agreement since this matter of fact and not of law. 6. Antidote. remedy. charlatan Curatela. perform. lawful currency. (Unidroit. whether or not such offer is coupled with an assurance as to the balance of the performance. To comply. tutelage. absence. trustee. Cumulativo. track. lesson. or declared prodigality. Mended.e. Performance at one time. protect. Cumulative. Curia. stub. Curado. Who is the custodian of the thing? The presumption of liability bears on the person who has "actual control" over the thing. The Catholic Church.. heed. Curator for incapacitated people. pre-determined amount. great number. panacea.. Custody of a thing. bend. droop.2). Custodia de una cosa. Escort. conservator. Curatorship. Legal tender. (Unidroit.Cumplimiento parcial A party must perform its obligations at one time if that performance can be rendered at one time and the circumstances do not indicate otherwise. Curve. i. shall be represented in court by the persons having them under their authority. protector. Quota. Prin. guardian. imbecility. Cupon. Path. on account of his minority. Curso. curve. Curator. guard. recovery. Circulation of money. Curator ad litem.3). assignment. Substituted performance. Partial performance. Accumulative. art. Quota. Coupon. Custodio. Curva. arch. To discharge. ad litem. Legal tender. Stock certificate. portion. Additional expenses caused to the obligee by partial performance are to be borne by the obligor without prejudice to any other remedy. art 6. However. allotment. Cure. turn. Curador para pleitos. Persons not under parental authority. is not in a condition to personally administer or manage the same. Cumulo. converging. The person appointed to take care of the property and business of a person who. unless the obligee has no legitimate interest in so doing. compounded. insanity. The obligee may reject an offer to perform in part at the time performance is due. Ordinary course of business. rate of exchange. (Sp. Cumplir. Curandero. concurring. Custodiar. Cupo. through a contract for the operation of a facility. Prin. Civ. (Escriche. Custody. ceiling. plethora of circumstances. part. Curador. guard. Cumplimiento sustituto. progression. L. (Barrios-Mannucci). Dactilograma. it means compensation or indemnity recoverable in court by a person who has suffered loss. Person who studies fingerprints. . Dador. Person who gives. harm. Person who suffered damages.. that the latter is perfect by the mere consent of the parties. harmed. injury or deterioration. 7. in respect of the latter's person or property. (Incoterms). malignant. having regard to the conduct of each of the parties. It means the losses suffered by a creditor immediately after the culpable breach of debtor's obligations. loss. Where the harm is due in part to an act or omission of the aggrieved party of to another event as to which that party bears the risk. Typed. Delivery. Daño. dos sentidos. 61 Daño por cuasidelito causado al conyuge. Harm due in part to aggrieved party. Issuer. Damnif icar. cleared for export. Damaged.7). DAF. In the terms of the owner of property. tender. Delivered at Frontier (. Emotional distress. art. in payment of a sum which is due. Harm caused by tort against other spouse.D Daci6n. Giving in payment. two meanings. Dactiloscopista. gift. Loss or detriment to one party but without a correlative obligation to indemnify by the other party. regardless of whether plural or not. To damage. The value of the building lost is the damnum emergens suffered by the owner. Dactilografía. Damages. donor. Daño emocional.4. Typist. while the giving in payment is made only by delivery. Second. Dañado. Daño. (See lucro cesante). (Barrios-Mannucci).. even before the delivery. in Civil Law the distinction is made upon the context the world is found. the amount of damages shall be reduced to the extent that these factors have contributed to the harm. damage is the loss. Dado bajo mi firma y sello oficial. Damage. To damage. Victim. but before the customs border of the adjoining country. Dación en pago. Damaging. The giving in payment is an act by which a debtor gives a thing to the creditor. an owner contracts with a contractor to repair certain buildings. who is willing to receive it. Dactilógrafo. Fingerprint sample.. Civ. Damnum absque injuria (L). Daño imputable parcialmente a la parte agraviada.. That giving in payment differs from the ordinary contract of sale in this. Offer of giving something. Relating to fingerprints. Dactyloscopy. Daño emergente. DAF. Dañino. injury or deterioration. Dactiloscópico. injure. As in Common Law. damnum emergens (L). C. (Unidroit. art. it is a diminution of owner's estate happening immediately after the occurrence of the default. "Delivered at Frontier" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available. Given under my hand and seal of office.named place). For instance. study of fingerprints. present. Daño directo e indirecto. at the named point and place at the frontier. blemished. Entregada En Frontera (. Damnificado. Prin. caused by negligence or imprudence of one person to another. Typing. injury. It is the actual damage or loss contrasted with future loss or expectancy. 2655 and 2656). In Common Law. Dañar. Dadiva. Malevolent. Dactioloscopia. Dactilografiado. injure. Nevertheless. Donation. the concept of damage (daño) has also two meanings. endowment. First. (Lou. this distinction is generally denoted using the plural term for the latter and its singular for the former.. Direct and indirect damages. harm.lugar con-venido). "Delivered duty paid" means that . Darse cuenta. hurtful. reputation or feelings. award. rejecting its application in contracts. Datum. information.. Dative. believe. Daños. Moral. Elements. pain and suffering that a person may experience as a consequence of the wrongful conduct of another. 7. To give.. Indirect damages and consequential damages refer to those damages that do 62 not flow directly and immediately as a consequence of the act or omission that breaches the legal or contractual duty. Any nonperformance gives the aggrieved party a right to damages either exclusively or in conjunction with any other remedies except where the nonperformance is excused under these Principles. With the exception of Argentina. damages. spiritual or emotional distress. contracts. In Civil Law. Damaging. not merely what might conceivably occur. property torts. Dar copia. Dato. To extend a copy. Daño terrestre producido desde aeron-aves.. establish. unforeseeable damages are those resulting from force majeure or any other fortuitous event. To realize. torts are divided into general classes. prejudicial. (Unidroit.. which involve injuries to the person. art. Certify. Dar por sentado. Dativo. To give notice. Daños contractuales.1). moral damage is recoverable not only in torts. or if it shall only be recognized in torts. demonstrate. it goes without saying. Prin.4. Damages. Dar. Losses and damages. injurious. referring only to moral damage in general. indirect damages are recoverable when there is willful misconduct. (Barrios-Mannucci). authenticate. Dar por valido. material and physical damages. detrimental. DDP. contratos. (Barrios-Mannucci). which involve injury or damage to property. To date. They arise naturally or ordinarily as a consequence of the act or omission that breaches the legal or contractual duty. as opposed to material damage.. and personal torts. information. To write off. to cancel. (Barrios-Mannucci). classification. consists of personal injury. Contractual damages. Datar. Daños y perjuicios. art. Damages. prove. clasificacion. The Venezuelan Civil Code only recognizes moral damages for torts.lugar de destino convenido). but also for breach of contract. by express disposition of their Civil Codes. Dar poder. Ground damage from aircraft. thus.18). donate. Assume the validity or lawfulness of something. whether to the body. data. To give power of attorney. losses. Acknowledge receipt.named place of destination). and direct damages (and indirect damages). In the Common Law. facts. Dañosos. deliver. to discharge. The Peruvian Civil Code does not differentiate between moral damage in contracts and moral damage in torts.. namely. Latin American doctrine and jurisprudence adopts controversial positions as to whether or not moral damage arises as a consequence of breach of contracts. confer. Assume. Dar por recibido. 3. Datos. Daño moral. attest. Direct damages are those that flow immediately from the act done or not done. whether realty or personalty.Dafio moral. verify. Daños. Delivered Duty Paid (. moral damage. usually certified. Entregada Derechos Pagados (. Damages. Dar aviso. In Colombia. DDP. assign. Within the concept of damage are two sub concepts: foreseeable damages (and unforeseeable damages). Foreseeable damages are those objectively reasonable to expect. Foreseeable damages. (Unidroit. Daños previsibles. contratos Daño moral. Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided. Dar de baja. physical. bodily harm or physical harm. and moral. fact. To certify. the Supreme Court has recognized moral damages in torts. material y fisico. In Mexico and Argentina. the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract. Moral damages. Dar constancia. Dar fe. Prin. Decadence. (Incoterms). Prin. he is bound to obey them in every thing which is not contrary to good morals and the laws. Should. De hecho. Debilidad mental. De lo cual. Debidamente. (Lou. Dean. Duly. for instance. The seller has to bear the risks and costs. art. following. As long as the child remains under the authority of his father and mother. Filial duties.Decadencia the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. obligation. at law. Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller. who are in need. responsibility. fall. Duties. Where information is given as confidential by one party in the course of negotiations. Mental deficiency. Debilidad. Owing. weakness. Decada. C. C. Deberes filiates. Hereinafter. Civ. contend. Non-delegable duties of master. Civ. A child. art. Debit. Deberes. Debenture. Due to. Whereof. Duty. 217). Debate. De derecho. controversy. To debate. Law in a broad sense. tasks. Decade. Decadencia. Debitar. 95 PRR 156(1967)). Debiente. (Lou. De ahora en adelante. 215 and art. what is formally the law and. pursuant to. owes honor and respect to his father and mother. Debatir. art. ex officio. decline. including duties. 63 . impairment. whatever be his age. De puro derecho. care and respect.. both. Debility. Derechos No Pagados / Lugar de destino convenido). whether or not a contract is subsequently concluded. feeble. Deber de alimentos. discussion. Sua sponte on the court's own motion.16). De lege lata (L). Alimentary duty.named place of destination). liability. De officio. Debito conyugal. what should be enacted as law. "Delivered duty unpaid" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. To debit. Deberes no delegables del empleador. De acuerdo con. summary judgment. De lege ferenda (L). Duty of confidentiality. Duty to control conduct of third persons. Debenture. DDU. statutory law. polemic. Debito. Of either. 2. Debera. in harmony with. Debido a. Deber de confidencialidad. deterioration. No controverted facts. According to.. Dean. chores. Reciprocal obligation which spouses have of living together and of treating each other with love. de los cuales.. argue. taxes and other charges of delivering the goods thereto. cleared for importation. Debil. because. frail. Dignitary of the Catholic Church. (Unidroit. Weak. Delivered Deber de controlar la conducta de ter-ceros. Law in a formal sense.. De uno y otro. (Incoterms). Deber. De facto. debts. the other party is under a duty not to disclose that information or to use it improperly for its own purposes. in practice. 229). Debate. Duty not to obstruct compliance with judgment. Dejure. (Secretary of Justice v. this obligation being reciprocal. Deber de no obstruir el cumplimiento de una sentencia. DDU. Entregada Duty Unpaid (. Superior Court. DDP represents the maximum obligation. mental impairment. In interpreting statutes the term should means may—thus making directive what is apparently mandatory— when it is necessary to conform the language of the statute to the legislative purpose. and the relatives in the direct ascending line are likewise bound to maintain their needy descendants. Children are bound to maintain their father and mother and other ascendants. bond. assertion. Decidir. To file. decease. witness. express. (Lou. honesty. By deduction is understood a portion or thing which an heir has a right to take from the mass of the succession before anyparti-tion takes places. Decano. Dedication. report. sentence. reduction. state. find. refuse. To step down. Declarar sin lugar. conclude. Dean. Decomisable. judicial decision. Deducción hereditaria. Defect. Declared. conclusive. Declarar con lugar. Not binding but by way of an example or as statement of intent. Declarar. Deducción. Overrule. Testimony of witnesses. announce. order. Bill of rights. com-mand. Decreto. To commandeer. Deduction. To decree. (Ppl. Declarante. ruling. impound. Declaration. To confíscate. Decree-law. raise. to turn down. deponent. To decline. judgment. Deductible. rebate. testimony. con-secration. Declinatorio. To deduct. proclamation. Deductivo. seize. L. Statement by a defendant through which he tries to protect himself by declaring that he had no participation in the criminal act under investigation. Decision. That can be confíscated or taken by the state. Let it be enacted. Decretar. Death. Hereditary deduction. Affidavit. Declaración de quiebra. Declaración de derechos. order. appropriation. declarant. director. Declarativo. Decrétase. implica-tion. Decir. 83 PRR 818 (1961)). Decomisar. finding. conclusión. Execution by beheading. Declinatory. Decomiso. To decide. (Sp. Decreasing. deposition. Deductive. Declaración exculpatoria. Declaratory. Declaración judicial. Declaración. report. . rule against. 72). Decree. Declaraciones de testigos. expro-priate. 1359). Declaratory. Proceedings to declare heirship. requesting that he or it cease to act in the matter and to transmit the record to the judge or court considered com-petent. Declinatoria. Declaration and payment of dividends. Declaration of heirship. edict. Defecto. To deteriórate. diminishing. Deceso. final. Voluntary withdrawal by the judge from a case under his jurisdiction. Deducir. order. Decisive. To remove oneself. Decencia. Declaración jurada. To say. By way of example. Decapitación. verdict. To go down. inference. To lose strength. announcement. determination. Affiant. conclusión. sec. departure. judgment. Civ. Judicial determination. expropriation. dwin-dling. expiration. Way in which defacto governments legislate. sub-tract. not necessarily binding. appropriate. Declinar. To infer. seizure. dictum. The declinature shall be submitted to the judge or court con-sidered incompetent. statement. conclude. v. Decisión judicial. flaw. shortcom-ing. Declarado. Adjudication in bankruptcy. To declare. A decree by the executive with forcé of a statute. Decency. Declaratorio. analytical. Decreciente. Dedicación. Decisión. rule. vice. mentioned. Declaration. Sustain. judge. throw out of court. Court decision. inferential. present. Deducible. depose. declaration of bankruptcy. Confiscation. Declinature. 1358 and art. Discount. Declaración y pago de dividendos. Decreto-ley. Andrades. Exculpatory statement. Civ. Demise. Declaratoria. art. finding of fact or of law.Decaer Decaer. rule in favor. affirm. judgment. Decisorio. order. R. sworn statement. statement. deficiency. regress. state. worsen. pro-claim. C. Commitment. determine. adjudication. most senior member. 64 Declaratoria de herederos. testimony. Delegación de cumplimiento. decline.). faulty. Definitivo. scarcity. humiliate. conclusive. To abandon. Defendible. Degenerado. dete-rioration. Degeneración. blemished. Degenerate. A delegation effects a novation 65 . To debase. To represent. squealer. locally manufactured. Deficitario. Deficit. appointment. Deficiencia.eave. Delegation of performance. To denounce. For the effect of the warranty obligation on the part of the vendor. Dejadez. Debasement. 100 PRR 244 (1971)). quash. P. 120). swindle. snitch. To degrade. Defensa de pobres. Defense. Abandonment. beheading. Slitting of the throat. Assignment. Defensa propia. (Ferrerv. final. insufficiency. delator. indifference. Deficiency. 100 PRR 182 (1971)). exercised by whoever in-vokes said defense. Defraudador. cheat. (In re De Castro. To depart. Definition. Delatante. monster. Defensas y negaciones. Definimiento. Self-defense. Defunción. charge. Delegable. charlatan. Inland. permit. . Defendable. council. Atten-uating or extenuating circumstances. Losing money. Information. Miti-gating factors.. Negligence. To delay.B. squeal. Delatar. lack. trickster. Defensa. while inherent defects in the thing sold are known as hidden faults or defects of fact. (Sp. Deferir. need. Defective. Dejar sin efecto.. guard. postpone. shortage. sloppiness. doctrine of. demise expira-tion. Defraudar. Death. denunciation. Juridical and factual Defensa de derecho o de hecho. where there is such. rescind. Dejación. General Motors Corp. hoax. fire. description. cancel. snitch. disgrace. commission. final choice. commission. art. Delegación. meaning. Defensas afirmativas.Delegación de cumplimiento hidden faults or defects. Dejar. Deterioration. flee. To defraud. Loss of rank. Degradación. Defendant's attorney. except for a personal and just cause. protect. deficiency. Pro bono work. Dissolution. yield. transfer-able. Delegation. Fraud. Defectuoso. defecto o vicios ocultos. not having caused to the preju-diced party more injury than that necessary to attain that purpose. To relent. assumable. defensible. Definition. indo-lence. Degüello. doctrina de. To blow the whistle. impostor. Degenerar. Whistle blower. Delegable. Defense in law or fact. justification. pervert. Degeneration. decease. Delación. explana-tion. dismiss. dishonor. taking a clear and formal position. and in their absence by the judge or court before which the defense is to be made. committee. Defender. accu-sation.. Discharge. Deficit. To degenerate. Defenso. Seconds.y the doctrine of self-defense in a criminal or civil proce-dure only when it is established that the force or violence. Decision. imbalance. Definitive. Definicion. deceive. To grass (G. Defenses and denials. In the red. L. A delegation of performance by an obligor to a third person is effective when that person binds himself to perform. jurídicos y de hecho. justify. accuse. absolute. Entourage. To let. Person being defended. was only that which is necessary to repel the attacks of which he was object. Fraud. excuse. Affirmative defenses. Defensor. Informant. swindle. Degradar. To defend. Degradation. Defraudación. agency. limi-tations in the property right of the thing sold are designated as juridical hidden faults or defects. Del país. Dejar cesante. A court may app. The attorneys whose duty it is to defend the poor can not excuse themselves therefrom. justifi-able. deceit. which shall be passed upon according to the prudent judg-ment by the deans of the college. informer. Crim. Annu. deficient. shield. Intent. Serrano. spokesman. Offenses may be committed through acts or omissions. Constituent. The punishment for attempt will not be applied when the consummation of the crime is an absolute impossibility. consciously.Delegado only when the obligee expressly discharges the original obligor. 308). discuss. Elector. whatever the nationality or domicile of the delinquent person. (Sp. estado extranjero. totally or partially. 41). Delito por comision y por omision. not terminated by a single act or fact. R. Flagrant crime. fuera de territorio nacional. voter. responsibility will likewise attach to those who did not prevent said results. trade in negroes and slave traffic. sec. To deliberate. 12). Delegate. that is subsisting for one definite period or intended to cover or apply to successive similar obligations or occurrences. R sec. entrust. Person who delegates. misdemeanor. premeditation. debate. intention. delictuoso. shall be punished by the captor in accordance with the penal laws of the latter. Deliberado. Delegante. intentionally. Delito imposible. 779. de ejecución continuada. 305-307). offender Delincuente habitual o profesional. Delegatorio. assign. intentionally. Flagrant criminal. 779. Principal. Delincuente ¡n fraganti. there is a breach of the criminal law not terminated by a single act or fact. or immedi-ately after the commission of a crime with effects or instruments in his possession which permit a strong presumption of his participation therein. Delictivo. Delegatory. to break the law. 14). C. To commit a crime. deputy. A flagrant crime shall be considered such crime which is being committed or has been committed when the criminal or crimináis are surprised. Crime. Crime. tiempo de comisión. (Bustamante C. envoy. villainy. Criminal. provided they were under a legal duty to prevent them and could have done so under the circum-stances. sec. transgression. Impossible crime. (Lou. representative. The offense is considered committed: 1) At the place where the criminal acts of authors and accomplices were carried out. lugar de comisión. 1886). and on territory not yet organized into a State. One who is surprised during. Deliberación. (Bustamante C. Delito. sec. Civ. tort. Deliberate. illicit. Crime. and all other offenses of a similar nature against international law committed on the high seas. malfeasance. Deliberation. Delinquir. para 3). The act is considered accomplished at the time of the act or the omis- . 1 and 2). art. in the open air. Crime through acts or omissions. Continuing offense. 85 PRR 658 (1962)). Habitual or career criminal. (Sp. Delito. white slav-ery. Those committing an offense against the internal or external security of a con66 tracting State or against its public credit. Offense. debate. conscious. impose. Deliberar. Deliberately. illegal. (Ppl. art. Delincuencia. (Standard Penal C. Delegado. Omission offenses are considered committed at the place where the omitted act should have been performed. Piracy. wrong. the destruction or injury of submarine cables. Criminal. arts. felony. conference. charge. (Standard Penal C. A continuing offense means one enduring. for Latin America. Delito. Deliberadamente. for Latin America. Delito continuo. Offense. but which subsists for a definite period and is intended to cover or apply to successive similar obligations or occurrences. Delinquent. outside national territory. To delegate. L. felon. Delito fragante. (Standard Penal C. unlawful. Crim. for Latin America. sec. v. 2) At the place where the result was caused or should have been caused. Crime. Crim. foreign state. para. When an act is punished in view of its results. Delito. L. Delito. when accomplished. are subject in a foreign country to the penal laws of each contract-ing State. where accomplished. agent. Delincuente. Delegar. wait. 3) Those committed as a means to perpetrate others or to facilítate their exe-cution. affectionate. deranged. 2) The facts on which it is based. to take to court. 4) The specific request. to file a claim. if he so wishes. Demanda y contestación. defects. (Panamanian Judicial Code. Delay. Delitos contra la honestidad. Denegación de Withholding information. Demanda contra coparte. demandador. veto. Excess. The petition shall necessarily contain the fol-lowing. Demagogue. Connected crimes. P. informes. if there shall have been a previous agreement be-tween them. in its case. 675. Defendant. 3) The legal texts that support our thesis. or its answer. P.Denominación sion. To request. 6) The offer of evidence. indicating. Petition and answer. 13). Demandada. dementia. demented. madness. 290). content. or if a legal re-quirement were missing. provable. If the petition. doing much more than nec-essary. provided that they are subject to the jurisdiction of different ordinary or special judges or courts. Evidence. Denegación. Except for an action of jaccitation (acción de jactancia). demandado. reject. eventhe result occurred at a different time. at the time of filing. refuse. claim-ant. Plaintiff. C. open. Democracia. to insist that the pleading be filed. Crim. mad. display. Denial. stated one by one and well specified. art. commercial name. 8) A procedural domicile to receive noti-fications. negating. presentation. what they consist of and the specific assessment of each of them. demonstrate. To deny. had any defect. 676). Demostración. 1) The names. Denying. Omission offenses are considered committed at the time the omitted act should have been performed. nobody can be forced to sue. Denegatorio.art. Cross-claim against co-party. indicating the defects in question. 5) When damages are additionally re-quested. petition. indicating what requirements have not been met. 2) Those committed by two or more persons at different places or times. Demora. sec. surnames. 67 . To prove. Demostrativo. v. Absurdity. explainable. The delay in paying the price of the thing purchased in a commercial sale binds the purchaser to pay—in the absence of other legal interest agreed upon —the legal interest on the amount he owes the vendor. Denomination. Demonstrative. Demandante. Demostrable. (Waterman Export Corp. Demostrar. Demagogo. derangement.R. Denominación. proof. rejection. refusing. or who might be so on account of the nature of the crime. Demanda. (C. Insanity. Demandar. for Latin America. Valdejully. The fol-lowing are considered connected crimes: 1) Those committed simultaneously by two or more persons together. Denegar. contenido. refusal. defectos. designation. (Sp. To sue. Delay in paying the price. of Civ. 4) Those committed to secure immunity from others crimes. Petition. so that the pleading may be corrected or completed. Demonstrable. Demencia. Demanda obligada. particulars of the parties and their ID numbers. The interested party may. Insane. Forced petition. (Standard Penal C. tradename. 17). demand. Sex crimes. illus-tration. recess. folly. veto. adjournment. Democracy. 7) Assessment of damages. 88 PRR483 (1963)). Demente. Appellation. complainant.. negation. post-ponement. the name and other particulars of the witnesses. In such case the Judge shall order a correction ruling that in the term of five days the plaintiff or defendant remedy the defects. Demora en el pago del precio. L. arts. which the Judge will specify. Delitos conexos. the reason that originates them must be specified. Demonstration. Demasía. the judge may. negate. convince. deferral. show. rejecting. issue a verbal warning to the plaintiff or the defendant. earnest Money. C. Those who. charges. Reporting a crime. arraignment. To drop. 306). Denuncia de un delito. deposi-tary's duties. Deposit. (Sp. C. or when it were inconvenient. Sediment. sec. (Mex. 259). Recefver. evilness. deber profesional. expel. Deponer. or due to their ineptitude. 1664.1665). R. To save in a bank. The depositary is obliged to preserve the article deposited in the manner he receives it.bring charges. Deportación. Deponente. art. Dependencia. professional duty. Warehouse. Deontología jurídica. Crim.declaration. the judge will name the presumptive heir as the receiver. accusation. should have information of some public crime. Denunciante.Denuncia Denuncia. attestation. Depósito necesario. 2) That the wares deposited be commercial objects. indict. or trade. municipal judge.Reliance. Denuncia de un delito. in his ab-sence. C. 303/305). (Sp. L. L. Com. Depravación. 1660. art. 68 Depositario. or official. Voluntary depositum. at least. A depositum is constituted froM the time a person receives a thing belonging to another with the obli-gation of keeping and returning it. declarant. (Sp. if a flagrant crime be involved. Accuser. Legal ethics. and return it with its increase. Deposition. A voluntary depositum is that in which delivery is made by the will of the bailor. Dependendiente.One of the children of legal age and resident in the same address as the absentperson. Deportivo. R. by reason of their position. perversity. complaint indictment. shall be obliged immediately to denounce the same to the public prose-cutor. Claimant. Sportive. Civ. To denounce. remove. C. or be made by reason of commercial transactions. pillage. 1683). The closest relative to the absent per-son. Denunciation. Dependent. the judge will select the most qualified one. unseat. Depósito mercantil. testify.expulsion. Deposición. A receiver shall beI. Denunciable. To disarm oneself. Informant. C. Crim. IV. Depravity. (Sp. the judge of examination. Depositar. To file. I-The spouse of the absent person. and. An extra-judicial depositum is either necessary or voluntary. Reporting a crime. arraign. In the absence of the before men-tioned. profession. shipwreck. attest. 3) That the deposit constitute in itself a commercial transaction. Moral turpitude.To dethrone. depositum. Denunciar. statement. Civ. Addiction. banishment.II. sec. To depend. Depósito. That can be denounced or terminated.reliant. because of their notorious bad conduct. accuse. be a merchant. To cease. should there be any. Depósito. Commercial deposit.653). Commercial deposit. Depravación moral. exile. witness. (Sp. depósito voluntario. sec. Depositar. To deposit. Civ. Dependence. 2) When it takes place on account of any calamity such as fire.deponent. Moral turpitude is a state or . helpless. Commercial employee. In order that a deposit may be considered commercial. denouncer. To depose. under a penalty of paying a fine. testimony. Down payment. dependency. art. gather. imputation. III. Necessary depositum. ruin. sec. affidavit. Depender. the court of competent jurisdiction. A depositum is necessary. when the depositor request it of him. To extradite. Deportation. Depósito mercantil. Com. Deportar. Dependiente de comercio. witness. obligaciones del depositario. Affiant. in an ascending order. or other similar cases. To accumulate. (Sp. it is necessary: 1) That the depositar. the municipal judge or the police offi-cer nearest to the place. attestant. informer. 262). Depositante. If there is more than one child. 1) When made in compliance with a legal obligation. He who shall be present at the commission of any public crime shall be obliged to inform immediately the nearest judge of examination. devaluation. type of tenure and extinguishment of estates in realty. 93 PRR 411(1966)). (Inco-terms). Depuración. as well as leasing agreements and rental contracts of realty or personalty.puerto de destino convenido). devalue. Depredation. Pardo Toro. result from synthesis of doctrine. fraudu-lent. rules. the legal consequences of acts and contracts are subject to the laws of their place of performance. Office of a deputy. Purify. At the same time. 90 PRR 618 (1964)). Regulation. Deflation. of the free choice of other defendant when this is feasible. To deprecíate. cleanse.). purge. Almost everywhere administrative jurisprudence is the work of the supreme courts which in many cases also include a specialized division. DEQ. Right to assistance of counsel. Wastefulness. Entregada En Muelle (Derechos Pagados) (. Predator. Dejection. The formalities required of juridical acts are ruled by the laws of the place where they are performed. The legal acts rightfully created in the entities of the Republic or in a foreign State in accordance to their law. Wasteful person. Subject to loss of valué. however. IV.Derecho aplicable of his sense of morale and righteousness. Depression. regardless of the foreign nationality of their holders or owners. Derecho a asistencia de abogado. Derecho al voto de los accionistas. Many specialized administrative courts have also been set up. of a public defenders or of one designated by the court and who in the particular case makes a bonafide—as in this case—rather than a merely pro forma defense. they will also be valid if they comply with the requirements of this Code. Pollutor. The most widely used is the habeas Corpus. rule of law.. Depreciation. lawfulness. Depreciable. The status and legal capacity of physical persons is governed by their domiciliary law. value. (Ppl... purge. Applicable law. The creation. almost all these countries have adopted the Anglo-Saxon system that empowers the judiciary to determine. legislation. Depreciar. Latin American countries have built bodies of administrative law which. Depredador. Legality. Sys. Depurar. unless the parties have validly 69 . Straight. cleared for importation. "Delivered Ex Quay (duty paid)" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the named port of destination. Depredación. Depravado. or the Republic and relate to Federalmatters. (W. and all his actions are essentially wrongful. must be recognized. v. The applicable law will be determined in accordance with the following rules: I. Depraved. and in default thereof. Writing off bad debts and of assets of doubtful Derecho a la cosa. perverted. III. Delivered Ex Quay (Duty Paid) (. Purification. reduction in price. Derecho administrativo. Law.. deflate. deceitful. rep-resentation. upright. and conse-auently harmful. Derecho aplicable. Agency. but of an attorney admitted to practice before the courts. Depresión. II. at least on appeal. Administrative law. immoral. Superior Court. Depuración de créditos. & LA Leg. Abuse of the environment. Voting rights of stockholders. These courts give very real protection to individuáis through vari-ous procedures.named port of destination). melancholy. will be governed by the laws of the place where the are found. Right to enjoy the thing. evil. of the person's disregard for the respect and security of the human life. V Except for the preceding paragraphs. Deputación. Depreciación monetaria. the legality of actions taken by public offi-ciais. wicked. The right to assis-tance of counsel does not mean the right to assistance of a particular counsel. economic slump. Derecho. Depreciación. recession. imported from England and introduced into Latin American constitu-tions or practice. Inflation. Eur. mean in nature. Right. In the event such acts will impact within the Federal District. (Morales Merced v. DEQ. as in France. If the accused should not have designated a solicitor or attorney. C. (Lozada Ocasio v. (Mex. Civil law. (Mex. Right of redemption. Surface right. The managers or directors of com-mercial associations can not refuse to permit partners or stockholders to examine all the vouchers of the balances drawn up showing the condition of the management. Derecho de fondo y de forma. Right of use. The personal servitude of right of use confers in favor of a person a specified use of an estate less than full enjoyment. (Panamanian Judicial Code. a building or erection as separate property. C. Right of stockholders to examine accounts. art. and strikes. The persons accused must be represented by a solicitor and defended by an attorney. 2567) Derecho de superficie. It also conveys the notion that the parties. Derecho de defensa penal. (Morales v. Derecho de uso. have the right to act collectively. Derecho de los socios a examinar cuentas. purpose. content. Registrar. on another per-son's land or real property. Derecho de tanteo. art. Civ. Derecho de retracto. they shall be appointed ex officio. Derecho español. origines. The roots of Spanish law can be traced back to the customs of two tribes of early inhabitants of the Peninsula—the Celts and the Iberians. (Sp. derecho romano. Collective labor law. As opposed to individual labor law. (Sp. art. Right to criminal defense. origins. art. C. is the real right to have or mairitain. Crim. 639 and notes). relying on fundamental institutions such as the right of association. independently of whether employers agree to do so collectively or individually. R. Labor Law). including rules to deal with modernization. The main ele-ments of collective labor law are: right of association. Com. sec. collective labor law does not seek to protect the worker in order to attain a balance in his relations with the employer. he shall be required to do so or they shall be appointed ex officio. Although strictly speaking not a legal term. European. If they do not desígnate them themselves or should they not have the legal power to do so. (Lou. Civ. Derecho colectivo de trabajo. (Mex. Both tribal groups were 70 .13). Applicable law in absence of an effective choice. The term civil law refers to the juridical principies of Roman. can act to create standards that regulate the work relationship. Labor Law). (Lou. obtained by the exercise of the accessory right to build or erect or by means of an act of acquisition of the preexistent building or erection. upon their request. the workers. C. 99 PRR 423 (1970)). temporarily or indefinitely. 118 and 119). Civ. by which the vendor reserves to himself the power of taking back the thing sold by returning the price paid for it. The surface right. 86 PRR3 (1962)). Spanish law. collective bargaining agree-mand termination of collective agreements. It expresses the notion that at least one of the interested parties. The Judge. by themselves. Derecho colectivo del trabajo. The right of redemption is an agreement or paction. and right to strike. if they should not have been appointed by him when the cause reaches a stage where he needs their counsel or some step should be taken wherein their inter-vention is necessary. gen-erally codified. L. Collective labor law. C. 173). Substantive and procedural law. & Ware. Right of preemption. objeto. art. Labor Law). according to the modern concept. Derecho colectivo de trabajo. whom they may appoint as soon as they are notified of the indictment. Met. must bear in mind that the object of the proceedings is the recognition of the rights created by substantive law and it is with such criterium that the norms of this Code must be construed. collective bargaining. contenido. Pack.Derecho aplicable en ausencia de una elecci ón efectiva designated a different law. the concept of collective Labor Law is firmly established in several coun-tries. Roman legal system. and South American origin. Its purpose is to permit the parties to attain such a balance for themselves. (Mex. 293). Collective labor law. Derecho aplicable en ausencia de una elección efectiva. Derecho civil. when issuing his rulings. some of which are contained in Article 14 of the Civil Code. V. have done so through international agreements and with specific reservations. the follow-ing shall be observed: I. to the religion of the state. In applying foreign law. (LA Laws & Inst.). Though Roman law quickly dominated the area's public law. Nevertheless. Foreign law for example. albeit minor. with exceptional characteristics. in the area's prívate law. The mortgage law is to a great extent a specialty of the civil law. need not necessarily be resolved necessarily in accordance with the law applicable to the latter. legal provisions in this field are few. trying to achieve the aims of each of the legal systems involved. Prívate international law. it must be taken into account. Foreign substantive law shall be ap plied. applicability. The difficulties caused by the simultaneo us application of those laws will be resolved taking into account the equitable require-ments of the case. It will not be an impediment for the application of foreign law. In general. for which the judge shall obtain all necessary information regarding the text. It would also be inappropriate to apply foreign law that would be incompatible with the spirit of the code. These ancient peoples gradually mixed with each other. When diverse aspects of the same caseare regulated by different laws. III. 100 PRR 97 (1971)). Therefore. No Latin American country has.C. Civ. the Latin American countries have taken a conservative approach to prívate international law. Derecho extranjero. (Lozada Merced v. Preliminary or incidental issues that may arise with the main issue. Romans. and are not collected in one organized system. Derecho hipotecario. they are usually scattered throughout different bodies of legislation. while the Celts moved southward across the Pyrenees in the seventh and sixth centuries B. but rather in the dynamics thereof. Latín America is comprised of civil law countries. which lacks self-substan-tiveness and is not interested in the struc-ture and contents of property rights. Argentina. Celto-lberian customary law continued to play a role. Derecho extranjero. 71 . Derecho internacional privado. as yet. art. and Uruguay). A few countries have included these rules either in their civil codes or in special statutes (Argentina. Those that have incorporated in their laws either the Montevideo Treaties or the Bustamante Code. C. that make the applicable Mexican substantive norms or those of a third State. enacted a comprehensive system of prívate international law as part of its domestic leg-islation. The law shall be applied as a judge would apply it in that foreign country. in many cases. if analogous institutions or procedures exist IV. and with the late-coming invaders— the Carthaginians. that is. or when application of the code would be more favorable to the validity of the acts in ques-tion. Foreign law. the conflict rules of this foreign law. (LA Laws & Inst). Mortgage law. II. the primary source of every branch of law is found in codes and statutes as well as in executive decrees and rulings. to free-dom of worship. México. when the Romans con-quered the Península. that Mexican law does not provide institutions or procedures essential for the applicable foreign institution. except when given the circumstances. or to morality and good customs.C. Visigoths. Argentina. the rules have remained almost unaltered since their original enactment. and meaning of such foreign law. (L& Din LA). reach. and loss. The above rules will also be used if the law of a different Federal entity within the country becomes applicable. may not be applied when to do so would be con-trary to the public or criminal law of the republic. their acquisition. Brazil. they shall be applied harmoniously.Derecho internacional privado intruders.C.14). Roman law first arrived about 250 B. Registrar. the Iberians appear to have crossed over from North Africa sometime prior to the sixth century B.. Foreign law. conveyance. (Mex. conflict of laws. The application of foreign law is subject to certain limitations. Mexico. and Moors—to form the ethnic amalgam from which the modern Spaniard and Portuguese have developed. have not been amended. Nevertheless. Colombia. the Civil Codes of Louisiana. the primary source of every branch of law is found in codes and statutes as well as in executive decrees and rulings. (LA Laws & Inst. and. His submission was enacted in 1855. succession upon death. For example. only a minimal part of the conflicts law was incorporated in the legis-lation and enormous gaps still remain. especially the Partidas. Colombia. The main sources used in the Chilean Civil Code were Román law. Chile. Those that have incorporated in their laws either the Montevideo Treaties or the Bustamante Code. Derecho internacional privado. it has influenced Brazilian jurisdic-tional concepts. a copy of the Chilean Civil Code of 1855. based upon conflict of laws rules in Story's work. Brasil. and the two Sicilies. the code has been credited with either liberalizing or facilitating the recognition of voluntary election of foreign courts. Brazil. (LA Laws & Inst. neither the courts nor counsel are aware of their existence. and 1205-08 of the code are a translation of the principies contained in Chapter IV of the Commentaries. (LA Laws & Inst.). Argentina. Many Brazilian courts often do not refer to previ-ous decisions. The code was drafted with a sense of social adaptation to the New World that made it an excellent model for internacional privado. Articles 8-10.159-63. 72 . Derecho internacional privado. In many instances. These rules first appeared in the civil code drafted by Andrés Bello at the request of the Chilean government. a number of conflicts rules were adopted in the intro-duction to the Brazilian Civil Code. there is a general reliance upon doctrine as a source second only to written law itself. The Argentine Civil Code was authored by Dal-macio Velez. and validity of contracts in general. Latin America is comprised of civil law countries. rights and duties arising therefrom. Argentina Derecho internacional privado. this law was replaced by a new introduction. Escriche and García Goyena. marriage contracts. however. The articles deal with capac-ity. Prívate international law. in many cases. and. and the code follows the basic principies and general arrangement of the French Civil Code (Code Napoleón).). Derecho internacional privado. adopted as national law in 1886. To some extent. contained in Articles 18-22 and in a few other scattered provisions. In view of the incompleteness of the legislation and in the absence of easily accessible case law.). substantially.). the works of Pothier. Prívate international law. This approach reflects a strong European theoretical influence. It is embodied primarily in the national substantive codes and statutes (civil and commercial) and in some provincial procedural codes. Derecho internacional privado. which today is the basic source of conflicts law. Derecho Private international law. Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws. Colombia is governed by a constitution adopted in 1886. Chile. The Chilean Civil Code established certain rules of prívate international law that have had a wide influence over the rest of Latin America. real prop-erty. The fundamental principie is that of territoriality (Article 18).Derecho internacional privado. and the works of Savigny. Prívate international law. Although the Bustamante Code as a whole has not been iacorporated into the Brazilian conflicts practice. In 1916. the French Civil Code as commented upon by Rogron. Sardinia. condition of persons. the Nueva Recopilación and the Fuero Real. validity of marriage. Merlin. investigation of paternity. Delvincourt. fuentes. Spanish laws. foreign divorces and foreign marriages. Brazil is a member of the Pan-American system of prívate inernational law through its adherence to the Bustamante Code. status. influencia de Chile. The provisions on prívate international law. Prívate international law. Argentina. In 1942. have done so through international agreements and with specific reservations. Austria. sources. Prívate international law in Argentine derives from several sources. Prívate international law. (LA Laws & Inst. it is used as a source of authority to be cited in briefs or opiaions. which many times proves unsuitable to specific Brazilian problems. it adopts solutions different from those in its model.). Therefore. Prussia. (LA Laws & Inst. The basic code of the nation is the Civil Code. Chiles influence. matrimonial property regime. (LA Laws&Inst). development. Derecho Internacional Privado. However. The basic concept is that the work relationship must be balanced and take into account both the economic condition of firms and the needs of workers. The private international law schemes of Nicaragua and Honduras belong to the Chilean group. also includes the principie of domicile in determining the applicable personal law. Savigny's theories were widely accepted in many Latin American nations.).Derecho laboral. including its prívate ¡nternational law provisions. labor provisions became an independent body of law. The contractual origin of labor law proved to be unsatisfactory to the labor movement and. the law of the place of execution is applied. The entire Chilean Civil Code. As an example. its legal interpretation. and assess-ments in the legal literature is carried out. The law of the decedent's last domicile governs questions of succes-sion. consequently. c) Work is not an article of commerce. The Bustamante Code. The right to work appears in the Federal Labor Law fundamentally as a right to employment security. Listing these principies is risky since omissions may occur unless an exhaustive analysis of the entire body of leg-islation. Private international law. Labor law. evolución. except in cases of illegal conduct. structured discipline under the influence of the German jurist Savigny. This alludes to past Instances of exploita-tion. f) There may not be differences among employees on the basis of race. that led to the creation of a paternalis-tic system for the employees. The obligation to work appears in several ways. or economic grounds. Labor law. principios other nations of the continent. In this manner. Savigny's premise was that the applicable law must be that which is most closely related to the action. but if such a provision is absent. In some countries it was raised to the level of constitutional law. principies. the most relevant principies of the Mexican labor system (excluding principies of procedural labor rights) are: a) Labor standards provide a balance and social justice in the relations between el-ployees and employers. Bustamante sought to devise a uniform code acceptable to Latin American nations adher-ing to either the nationality principie or the domicile principie. Autonomy of will may decide the law for contractual obligations. or social standing. develop-ment. Although the Uruguayan Code of 1868 fol-lovved the Chilean model very closely. physical disability. h) Labor standards are mandatory in nature and workers' rights are Irrevocable. Private international law was transformed into a scientific. but rather transmits only his energy. age. The employee does not rent or sell himself. Every legal system is based on a series of principies that guide the development of standards. The price of his effort (the salary) must take into account not only the value of the service performed. but also the personal and family needs of the employee. Derecho laboral. Labor-management relation-ships in civil law countries were originally a part of the law of contracts and were regu-lated by the hiring-of-services section of the civil codes and in some instances by the commercial code. the provisions relating to private international law were completely modified in 1941 to adIust to the system based upon domicile established by the Montevideo Treaties. (LA Laws & Inst). d) Work must be performed under a system of free-dom and dignity for the persons providing it. sex. Mexican nationality is grounds for preference in obtaining some forms of employment. was adopted Ecuador (1861) and Colombia (1886). as they are based on Bello's system. though based on the principie of nationality. e) Work must guarantee life. health. desarrollo. the violation of the obligation is cause for dismissal. His theory considers the law of the domicile as the personal law. drafted by the Cuban jurist Antonio Sanchez de Bustamante y Sirven. b) Work is a right and a social duty. principios. religious or political beliefs. (LA Laws & Inst. g) There is the free-dom to work in legal activities. and a decent economic level of living for employees and their families. The former means that labor standaray not be super-ceded by agreement between management 73 . Derecho laboral. It applies the territorial law to all real and Personal property. k) There is no time limit on the length of the work relationship. Derecho minero. Although the mineral rights belong to the state. This Code. Argentina. and to those who have submitted to said laws. in the event of expropriation. also what is provided by the treaties and conventions to which Mexico has become a party. Civ. the judge orders its registration in accordance with the Code. (J. C. Derecho minero. j) It is presumed that a work relationship exists between the person providing a personal service and the person receiving it. Litigious right. Local law. Mining law. Argentina. he owner of a mina must pay an annual fee or royalty in order to maintain its mina claim. fully transferable right to extract designated min-erals from a defined area. In addition. trading. hydrocar-bons. save when those laws provide for the application of a foreign law and save. Chile Mining concessions are granted in the form of court resolutions or "constitutional sentences" by means of a proceeding initiated before the judicial tribunals. Mining activities in Perú are regulated by the General Mining Law. unlike the mining law in most Latin American countries. Mining law. Perú.Derecho litigioso and labor. Litigious rights are those which can not be exercised without undergoing a lawsuit. the free use of water sources to open exploratory perforations. 3556). specifically covers opinión agree-ments. geothermal resources. exploitation. each of which covers six hectares."All mining concessionaires have the exclusive right to extract samples and to excávate for mining purposes the lands under their dominion and within the boundaries of their concession" and to "undertake all acts that fulfill these objectives. (Orihuela). Chile. The discoverer.12). otherwise the mina reverts to the state. Perú. aplicabilidad. general labor. art. The granting of a mina accords its holder the permanent. Mining activities can be executed by local or foreign individuais or corporations under the concession provisions of the General Mining Law. Derecho minero. a declaration of discovery can be made to allow the discoverer to be awarded the orebody or mina. The law defines an option agreement as "an unconditional and irrevocable obligation for the optionor to enter into a final agreement. Minas are issued in units called pertenencias. i) The scope of a labor standard is construed In favor of the employee when there is doubt. (Mex. (Orihuela). Mining activities are defined as sampling. (Lou. was amended and Consolidated in 1977 and 1980. and transporta-tion. mining concessionaires are allowed to take title to the minerals and substance for which concessions may be granted." including the establishment of necessary facility. but exeludes oíl. prospecting. art. (Mex. guano deposits. can hold up to thirty pertenencias. In 1995 it was again modified. A. provided the optionee exercises the opinión within an agreed upon term" but provides that the term under the mining option agreement shall not exceed five years measured from the date of its Derecho local. and to defend the concession by all means under the law. Mining activities in Argentina are regulated by the Mining code of Argen-tine Republic. both against the state and against private parties. mining benefits. Vargas). applicability. a corporation can hold up to seventy pertenencias. unless It Is explicitly defined as being for a set time or for a specific job.Once mining concession has been granted. This law regulates the use of mineral substances from the soil or subsoil within the national maritime (200 miles) territory. if an individual. The Mexican laws apply to all the persons located in the Republic [of Mexico]. which also requires a form of public notice in the Official Mining Bulletin. which evolved into many separate laws. The Peruvian General Mining Law. . C. as well as to the acts and factual situations which have taken place within its territory or jurisdiction. exploration. Civ. Derecho litigioso. primarily to address proce-dural matters and impose new limitations on the number of exploration permits to be held by each province. Mining law. and mineral-medical waters. and other exploratory activities. Any renunciation of workers' rights is void. Labor Law). to be indemnified. 2). Derecho internacional. through their joint consideration. the sentence or part thereof served. territorial scope. they were not prosecuted at the place of commission. aplicación territorial. aplicación en el tiempo. sec.6). but is forbidden to choose from laws during different peri-ods in order to obtain a more favorable rule. territorial scope. for LA. aplicación territorial.C. the board of directors must be composed of Peruvian residents. according to the State's Constitution. State law applies to every person. for LA. sec. Derecho internacional. enjoy privileges and immuni-ties in certain areas. Criminal law. Finally. and for the civil consequences of said judgment. However. Derecho penal. applicability time. Foreign criminal judg-ments involving crimes against the local state do not constitute res judicata under State Law. 7-10). territorial scope.C. aplicación a las personas. 2) Those who. provided both are of a similar nature. the extradition requested by another State for their prosecution is refused. Al-though 100 percent foreign participation ís allowed. limited or general partnership. Criminal law. 5. corporation (subsidiary). commercial or private. its economic welfare or its public health. P.C. defendant will be prosecuted under the more benign law ap-plicable to the specific case. for LA. Criminal Law. The penal laws of the State apply to criminal acts committed within its territory and in other places subject to its jurisdiction. with the only fol-lowing exceptions: 1) Foreign Heads of State within national territory. Criminal law. (St. (St. P. will be sub-tracted from the sentence imposed by the national laws. P. Criminal law. P.C. for LA. Derecho penal. (St. to the foreign Nation in whose territory the criminal act was committed. If the types were different.C. Aplicación residual de ley nacional. due to their diplomatic or functional immunity. personal scope. In any other case. (Orihuela). the court with jurisdiction will modify said sentence accordingly. 3) The criminal acts committed abroad by State officials when. a foreign judgment of acquittal will constitute res judicata for all legal purposes. If a new statute is enacted after the criminal act was committed. 4). Derecho penal. (St. are subject to the State law for reasons other than those indicated above. 11). 3). aplicación territorial. International law. territorial scope. for LA. aplicación territorial. diplomatic agents of other States. according to international cove-nants or principies of international law. 75 . sec. 1. It shall also apply to criminal acts committed abroad against the national administration. The criminal laws of the State also apply to criminal acts that. and other persons similarly protected by principies of International Law. Residual applicability of the national law. all of which shall be deter-mined by State law. for LA. under such judgments. Derecho penal. joint venture or branch.Derecho penal. (St.C. sec. Priority shall be given. however. foreign mining ventures must be duly incorporated under Peruvian law to business in Perú and may choose any ntitv from covered General Corporations Law such as the limited liability company. The criminal laws of the State likewise apply to criminal acts committed abroad that endanger the external security of the State. regardless of their citizenship. located abroad and provided that said criminal acts are not prosecuted at the place of commission. by State officials. If a more benign statute is enacted while the convict is serving his sentence. P. due to their citizenship. Derecho penal. Criminal law. Criminal acts will be tried according to the law in force at the time when they were commit-ted. The national laws will further apply: 1) To criminal acts committed on board of national vessels and aircraft. sec. aplicación territorial. A judgment of conviction will constitute res judicata for purposes of determining the person's status as a repeat offender or habitual criminal. Derecho penal. sec. P. provided that such Nation requests to try the case before proceedings start in the State. the penalty shall be equitably reduced. (St. Res judicata. Cosa juzgada. 2) To criminal acts committed abroad by nationals when. While the common law focuses on the concepts of estates in land. In these matters Latin America is often misunderstood. "The state retains the right to control. like its civil and com-mercial code counterparts. orígenes. & LA Leg. Derecho romano. any property rights it has not given away. Fundamental to the Roman concept of law was the effort to set out ethical standards of behavior to which society ought to aspire. the concessions or licenses are considered sepárate property from the real estate where they are located. (W. tariff. through concessions or other forms of per-mission. benefi-ciary. mining rights granted to private interest are not a grant of an ownership interest in the mineral in place. the Fuero Viejo. Therefore. Under the civil law system. Roman law. Competence ratione materiae and ratione personae. all too frequently generalizations are based on countries where such unrest is most prevalent. rational principies inherent in nature. Derechohabiente. origins. Charges.Derecho procesal. the generalities in turn lead to statements that constitutional guarantees are deceiving and that the Latin Americans' love of freedom expresses itself in words instead of deeds. to the law of the State which establishes it. the Ordenacoes and the various recompilations all contained detailed procedural rules derived largely from Román. Iberian legal culture has been heavily influenced by Rome. The Fuero Juzgo. in the order of international relations should not be based by the States on the status as nationals or foreigners of the interested parties. Derechos. The French Code of Civil Procedure of 1807. This legislative style was passed on virtually intact from Portugal and Spain to their colonies. ownership of the subsoil minerals is always in the state. Henee. was highly influ-ential in Latin America. assign. The law of each State determines the competence of courts. in the publie interest. the civil corpus juris is a law of ownership. The different approaches of the common 76 and civil law traditions to structuring business relationships affect the nature of mining rights and property rights in general. The procedural law which the New World colonies inherited from Spain and Portugal was at least as confused and chaotic as the substantive law. the rights are concessions or licenses that merely provide a right to attach the minerals and reduce them to ownership upon separating them from the reserves. Since political unrest impedes proper functioning of political institutions. Roman lawyers and jurists continually searched for universal. Germanic and canon law. idealized legal rules that were frequently honored in their breach. the legal structure law countries from the in the civil law countries of Latin America. (L & D in LA). as well as their organization. to the prejudice of the lat-ter. and miners obtain their right to work mineral deposits at the sufferance of the state. Competence ratione loci is subordi-nated. In contrasts. fee. in Latin America. in the order of international relations." (Orihuela). inalienable and imprescriptible.). No State shall organize or maintain in its territory special tribunals for members of the other States. Successor. influence. Rather. the forms of procedure and of execution of judgments. Constitutional rights. Generally. Mining rights. arts. Derecho procesal internacional. (Bustamante C. produced an impressive body of abstract. particularly in the late Empire. and the appeals from their decisions. Sys. For example. International procedural law. Derechos constitutionales. heir. orígenes Derecho procesal. influencia. the Romans. in Latin America. all Latin American countries from Mexico to Argentina follow the principie of state ownership of all continental and maritime underground land within their territorial boundaries. Procedmal law. 314-317). duties. the Siete Partidas. This is completely . the US common law generally provides that the surface owner also owns the underlying minerals in fee simple. Derechos mineros. ownership of all minerals in place is in the state. which dom-inated the península for more than six hundred years prior to the fifth century. Eur. By elevating moral principies determined from natural equity and universal reason over custom and tradition as a source of law. Moreover. Assessment. Disobey. Desaconsejar. On the whole. To evict. Mínimum worker rights. This term can only be used for sea or inland waterway transport. However. Derogación expresa. Derramar. To discourage. Alienation. Enraged. Spill. Derechos laborales mínimos. To stage a successful coup or revolution. Express repeal. Derogación. (W. and the comparison of both acts indicates that the legislative intent was to sub-stitute the new act for the oíd one. Latin America is a land of personal freedoms. Sys. Repeal by revision. dispossess. art. administrative law. Derogatoria. they can never be diminished. Desafiar. assuagement. In a comfortable economic position. To throw out. Eur. dethrone.). over-throw. and the exercise of those freedoms is more apt to be curtailed through the helplessness of governments than by their despotism. A repeal may be express or implied. Derogar. unseat. Desahogado. It is express when it is literally declared by a subsequent law. Desafío. Desahuciador. DES. Prin. a remedy for nonperformance. The repeal by revisión operates when the Legislature approves an act covering anew the entire subject matter of another former act. derogation. To depose. Derogación de leyes. Party who evicts another. abolishment. Desahuciar. overthrow-ing. (Lou. Desacuerdo. Derramamiento. Derogation. annulment. Disbarred. (Unidroit. Desaforado. The redress of a wrong. oust. C. repeal. Derogación por revisión. resist. Solvent. (Gonzalez Saldaña v. ouster. Desacato. Desafiante. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods to the named port of destination.. Voidable. Loss of license to practice law. or social law are much more faithfully respected than any limits deriving from the balance of powers. To spill. A party is not entitled to avoid the con-tract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford. art. Repeal of laws. furious. dispute. Desacatar. Overfill. To consider that someone has no chances of success. rebel. Subject to invalidity or nullity. dis-respect. discrepancy. Desaforo. The repeal of a repealing law does not revive the first law. Contempt.. either entirely or partially. Derogación tácita. "Delivered Ex Ship" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available to the buyer on board the ship uncleared for import at the named port of destination. to advice or counsel against. abo-lition. repeal. Remedies for nonperformance. It is implied when the new law contains provisions that are contrary to. Deposal. collective bargaining agreements. those of the former law. or could have afforded. Derrame. spillage. penal procedure. To revoke a license to practice law. (Incoterms). 8).puerto de destino convenido). 77 . Derrocar. Industrial Commission. (Comparison of Labor Law). Spilling. expel.Desahuciar untrue: the limits set on arbitrary govern-ment by prívate law. dislodge. Repeal by implication. Laws are repealed.. Derrocamiento. Challenging. eject.. relief. Desaforar. To challenge. To derógate. The mínimum worker rights euaranteed under the Mexican Constitution and the Federal Labor Law may be enhanced through a variety of mechanisms. Derogable. Disbarment. repeal. or irreconcilable with. Desahogo. abrógate.named port of destination). Disagreement. contempt to court. quash. overflow. Entregada Sobre Buque (.7). Derechos y acciones por incumplimiento. & LA Leg.. To disbar. daré. or law-contracts. desafuero. Challenge. DES. Delivered Ex Ship (. such as individual labor contracts. implied repeal. Abrogation. Civ. 89 PRR 262(1963)). daré. Rectification of an unfair situation. Desagravio. by other laws. confrontational. 3. confrontation. To vacate an attachment order. Descendant. Rebuff. to deprive from possession. desalojamiento. Descripto. To leave unprotected. There are some restrictions on the length of the workshift for children. Bloodline. the worker shall te given a rest period of at least one-half hour (FLL. To drop an insurance. Article 63). decline. To disburse. Deserción. To cancel a pledge on a chattel. dislodge. Eviction. throw away.To get rid of. Discovered. To discount. To allow for. Desaire. Descripción. Criminal defense. To decide a tie. Desapoderar. Labor Law). Tie break. Descendiente. Alteration of the interdependent rela-tionships between natural elements which form the environment. origin. desert. Desconocer. Casting vote. dissident. To evict. Described. Lacking in funds. To dispossess. Not to know. Disappearance. Desatender. dislodgment. criticize. defection. Desempeño. Desertor. Descent. reduce. To throw out. depiction. Disqualification. To cancel a power of attorney. Ecological imbalance. payment. depicted. Abandonment. discrepancy. To distrust. To disavow. Desempatar. During the work shift. Portrait. Reléase. doubtful. negligent.unmindful. To dismiss. ejection. forsake. To annul or void a marriage. reject. Eviction. Desairar. Eviction notice. friction. censure. Disbursement. Desconfiar. (Mex.expel. differ. Descalificación. eject. Desempeñar. Descuidar. To empty. To reject. expulsión. expulsión. To disapprove. Unauthorized. To ignore. Descifrar. 78 . Desasegurar. ignore. Desembolsar. To convey property away. Desaparecido. dispossession ejection. vacate. Performance. overlook. Person illegally abducted and killed by the armed forces and about whom no explanations are given (AR). conflict. disregard. Descansar. Discharge. expense. forsake. Desamparo. Rebuff. Desaprobar. suspicion. dispossession.snub. Desalojar. ancestry. Treléase. repudíate. To overrule an appeal. Desavenirse. Descontar. Descalificar. Descubierto. Desaparición.involuntary dismissal. rebuke. disregard. Descuidado. To end a deadlock situation. To discharge.Withdrawal of authority. Disagreement. Rest. forsaking. desertion.To pay cash for a not or check. doubt. Desestimación involuntaria. object. To desert. forsaking. rejection. defector. elimínate. Accomplishment. abandonment. Defection. To neglect. Desamparar. To withdraw authority. Cancellation of an attachment. unload. elimination. oust. Desautorizado. Redemption or discharge of a pledge.ouster. Distrust. Issue. Descargo. Desempate. Descendencia.Desahuci Desahucio. Descargar. abandon. To defect. lineage. Desertion. Desembolso. Desconfianza. Desalojo. Desautorización. To neglect. Deserter. Descanso. Narrative. shun. ouster. To deny. snub. Uncovered. Decipher. Desautorizar.reject. To abandon. departure. Desamparar la apelación. mistrust. Distrustful. careless. Desembargo. Removal of permission. Desembargar. that negatively af-fects the existence. pay. Inattentive. Desavenencia. ignore. and development of humans and other living beings. transformation. expenditure. To disqualify. dislodgment. Desertar. Desapropiar. doubt. Desequilibrio ecológico. disregard. Desechar. Description. Desconfiado. To disagree. dispossess. but has failed without just cause to communi-cate with the parent for a period of two years after attaining the age of majority. art. Desestimatorio. rescind. in order to take him out of prison. or if he or she has actually struck the parent. A subsequent reconciliation of the of-fender with the offended deprives the latter of the right to disinherit and renders a disinheritance already made without effect. Defoliation. being a minor. misap-propriation. Desheredación de padre y madre. swindle. Desgravación. C. Disinheritance can only take place for one of the reasons expressly fixed by law. Desflorar. Desheredación de descendientes.Desheredación de padre y madre Desestimar. those of disqualification to succeed by reason of unworthiness. 4) If the child has accused a parent of any capital crime. The just causes for which parents may disinherit their children are twelve in number. Wear and tear. Deshecho. Desfalcar. 6) If the parent has neglected to ransom the child when in captivity. that of high treason. (Lou. ravish. to wit: 1) If the parent has accused the child of a capital crime. misappro-priate. hindered the child from making a will. 825. except. by any violence or forcé. to wit: 1) If the child has raised his or her hand to strike the parent. Disinherison. 826. Disinherison of children. These causes are. 10) If the son or daugh-ter. 6) If the child has ne-glected to take care of a parent become insane. 8) If the child used any act of violence or coerción to hinder a parent from making a will. cheat. Sufficient causes for disinheritance are. the crime of high treason. Legitímate children. 12) If the child has known how to contact the parent. Calamity. coming to their succession. in the respective cases. but a mere threat is not sufficient. 3) If the child has attempted to take the life of either parent. when the acts there men-tioned have been committed toward them or toward the parents. Desgaste. Desglose. 1621). but they can not disinherit their descendants for the tenth cause. Disinheritance can only be made in a will mentioning therein the legal reason on which it is based. 7) If the child refused to ransom them. defalcation. Civ. 5) If the child has refused sustenance to a . Removal of a page or more from a dossier. To undo. having the means. 829. 3) If the parent has. Civ.parent. Tax benefit. To cancel or to remove an encum-brance. 833). of a crime or grievous injury. To remove pages from a judicial record. can not disinherit him or her. defile. of cruelty. Desgravar. however. Disinheritance. when detained in captivity. however. void. towards a parent. 7) If the father or mother have at79 . mishap. having the means of affording it. 11) If the child has been convicted of a felony for which the law provides that the punishment could be life imprisonment or death. except when the child is on active duty in any of the military forces of the United States. To embezzle. Desgracia. Disinherison of descendants. Dismissing. except. Embezzlement. Deshacer. void. 9) If the child has refused to become security for a parent. (Sp. Undone. Desfalco. Desglosar. swindler. Desheredación. dying without issue. C. deny. swindle. 5) If the parent has neglected to take care of the child while in a state of insanity. misfortune. 2) If the parent has attempted to take the child's life. annul. Desfloración. unless for the seven following causes. for the first nine and the elev-enth and twelfth causes expressed in the preceding Article. There shall be a rebuttable pre-sumption as to the facts set out in the act of disinherison to support these causes. Civ. 2) If the child has been guilty. To dismiss. having means to afford it. rescinded. overrule. Embezzler. crook. rejecting. art. (Lou. To deflower. annulled. and leaving a parent. sec. 4) If the parent has refused sustenance to the child in necessity. 1622). Desheredación de hijos. defraud. C. The ascendants may disinherit their descendants. To remove a tax. marries without the con-sent of his or her parents. Disinherison of parents. rape. Desfalcador. reject. Dismemberment. lay off. Surveys and demarcation. Desistir. To dismember. Unfavorable situation. Desmembar. Disintoxication. To go down. Disloyal. To dishonor. Whoever vol-untarily withdraws from the commission of a criminal act prevents its results. nomínate. Judicial chambers. or that such persons are unknown to the petitioner. deserted. Deshonesto. sec. turpitude. Office. in which case the child or descendant making a will may disinherit the one who has attempted the life of the other. Lack of payment or performance. Detriment. Designar. shipment. Separation and distribution of rights and liabilities among several parties. 1623). Deshonor. Deshonroso. Desistimiento. Deshonestidad. shame. Desocupación. abdication. deceitful. Dismissal shall be without prejudice. Fixing of boundaries and placing of land-marks. discredit. immorality. The judge shall set a day and hour upon which the survey is to begin. confusión. Disobedience. 40). anarchy. Discontinúan ce of work. shame. disgraceful.Desheredar tempted the life. Desobediencia. To cease and desist. false. Delivery. draw-back. abandon. (Sp. break. Civ. waiver. perverse. fall. Unemployed. Desmembramiento. Dispatch. Dishonesty. will only be liable for the punishable acts performed prior to abandonment. Nonsuit. disadvantage. (Standard Penal C. notice being given long enough in advance so that all persons interested may be present. Desheredar. To disinherit. Collapse. but also by any per-son having a property right therein for its use or enjoyment. Dishonest. Withdrawal. voluntary dismissal. Deslinde. ignomy. Dishonorable. Desocupar. separation. Desmoronar. Vacant. sec. dehu-manized. 2060. To cancel or to remove a mortgage. 392. To reléase from an obligation. Lack of occupancy. waive. Desistimiento voluntario. Desistimiento de la construcción. evacúate. Deshonorar. Unemployment. dishonorable. chaos. for Latin America. Desorden. and shall desígnate the ñames and residence of the persons to be cited to appear at the survey. humiliation. L. To abuse. (Lou. Desmedro. sepárate. desígnate. shameful. ignominy. To collapse. Farewell. 80 . crumble. to repudiate an heir. lay off. deshonrar. humiliation. Desobligar. To revoke citizenship. Appoint. sur-render. (Sp. To vacate. sec. Desleal. disgrace. Despacho. To set boundaries. Deslinde y amojonamiento. Deshipotecar. crumbling. dropping of charges. disgrace. Message. who shall previously be legally cited to appear. ñame. To relinquish. P. Desintoxicacíón. 394). empty. To move for voluntary dismissal. immoral. Desierto. The petition shall state whether the survey is to be made of the entire área within the perimeter of the land. The survey and demarcation of a piece of land may be requested not only by the owner thereof. 2061). misuse. Desmoronamiento. art. falling. Desert. Deshonra. Desnaturalizar. Disorder. to libérate from a duty. Civ. Desocupado. To bid farewell. C. treacherous. Civ. To denaturalize. Despedida. Desnaturalizado. rupture. Land survey and marking of boundaries. C. Dishonor. Desistimiento será sin perjuicio. Idle. To fire. Deslindar. debase. the one of the other. or only in the pan which borders upon some determined estáte. discredít. report. Despedir. Relinquishment. Unkind person. Voluntary dismissal. Dishonor. lack of use. private agent. Con-finement. (Velez Reilova v. banishment. 2) A delinquent captured in fraganti. 6) He who shall escape while under arrest or detention awaiting trial. Unlawful discharge. divest. To rip open. Arrest. Any person may be placed under arrest: 1) He who shall attempt to commit a crime. investigator. To burglarize. enumérate. To give a breakdown. disuse. Palmer Bros. Destitución. 5) He who shall escape while being conducted to the institution or place men-tioned in the foregoing number. Desvincular. Destripador. fate. eject. dispossessor. Despojar. Destination. Destripar. 3) He who shall escape from a penal institution in which he may be serving a sentence. annihilation. Despido sin previo aviso. goal. Dismissal without notice. devastation.10). Detalle de las partidas de la cuenta. To take away. Non use. to vote out. Detector. Ripper. Improper channelling or use of funds. To block. (Sp. To apprehend. dispossession. Desposeimiento. apprehension.. Detalle. To have plans for some-thing. Type of a work where payment is made by the number of pieces produced. To unbutton. Rob-bery. 81 . 94 PRR 166 (1967)). Destinatario. at the moment he is about to commit it. Dispossession. The vol-Untary and arbitrary actions of an employer tending to compel an employee to abandon his position constitute a discharge. Destierro. inexperience or lack of bargaining skill. Prin. Recipient. To deprive. discharge. Detener. Abnormality. at the time of the conclusión of the contract. Detention. Despot. Destituir. desvío. firing. capture. ouster. art. annihilator. plunder. among other factors. Destructor. Detector. sleuth. To follow as a log-ical consequence. capture. Destiny. Destajo.Detener DespidoFiring from a job. Despotismo. Depriver. Despojante. To dispossess. 489 and 490). Desuso. art. imprisonment. objective. deportation. eviction. destróyer. Minu-tia. itemize. the contract or term unjustifiably gave the other party an exces-sive advantage. Despojo. 3. to (a) the fact that the other party has taken unfair advantage of the first party's dependence. sensor. Déspota. a. discontinuance of services. Dismissal from a job or position. stop. Detención. tyrant. Theft of valuables from a home. particulars. P. To remove from office. To destine. To sever all links. To detail. specifics. ruin. Desvalijamiento. Detective. receiver. economic distress or urgent needs. Item-ized statement of the account. lot. Inflation. autocracy. Crim. Desposesión. Destruction. 4) He who shall escape from a prison in which he may be awaiting his transfer to a penal institution or place in which he is to serve the sentence which may have been imposed upon him by a final sentence. To arrest. or of its improvidence. Despido ilegal. A party may avoid the contract or an individual term of it if. Desviación. Exile. Destructor. To evict. where the only reasonable alternative left to the employee is the abandonment of the position. Desposeer.. Detallar. Destinación. Desvalijar. Deprivation. and (b) the nature and purpose of the contract. 7) A person accused or con-victed who may be in default. Despotism. igno-rance. future. rob. to vote down. Destino. To remove authorities by forcé. Destinar. Variation. ostracism. detain. Deviation. Dispossession. Desvaloración monetaria. Inc. Gross disparity. Detective. dispossess. (Unidroit. Details. Desproporción excesiva. Desprender. De minimis. Destrucción. L. Regard is to be had. to have made ref-erence to the price generally charged at the time of the conclusión of the contract for such performance in comparable circum-stances in the trade concerned. Endorser of a negotiable instrument Hable for payment. Devolver. Bank holiday. To return. 3556).. Devengado. restrained. restore. Devaluación. damage. Deuda total. the price shall be a reasonable price. refund. Where the quality of performance is neither fixed by. To accrue.6). Devaluar. Deterioration. déficit. Accrued. and that person cannot or will not do so. Obligor or debtor is the person who has engaged to perform some obligation. obligation. final decisión. Deudor solidario. Día feriado. Control. Determination. Debts expressed in anamount of money. Determinación de daños. Revival of debt. Devaluation. finding. yield. Determinación. injury. 5. Journal. Price determination. diary. Tenancy. Account debtor. Determinación del precio. Deudor de regreso. Obligor. Surviving family of a decedent. Findings by the court. Several debtor. That is referred to another court for decisión of a particular issue. wear and tear. earned. Debt. register. Bulletin. dominium. Prin. Devengar. To devaluate. assessment. waste. Deuda revivida. art. tenure. Deudos. Newspaper. possess. Possession. Determinaciones de hechos por la corte. Deuda. refund. art. or if no such price is available. generated. Diario. (Unidroit. To reimburse. Record. the nearest equivalent factor shall be treated as a substitute. Detrimento. art. impairment. 5. Stopped. produced yielded. joint and several debtor. ñor determinable from. Ownership. Diagnose. Probable cause finding. Detentador. proprietorship. 82 . (1) Where a contract does not fix or make provisión for determining the price. Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has not made a replacement transaction but there is a cur-rent price for the performance contracted for. Chronicle. Deudor de la cuenta. To hold. Firmness. Daybook. Use and enjoyment. gazette. genérate. (2) Where the price is to be determined by one party and that determination is manifestly unreasonable price shall be substitutednotwithstanding any contract term to the contrary. (Lou. Detriment. tenacíty. Reimbursement. Debt in severalty. Holder of a thing or a right. Deudas dinerarias. prognosis.Detenido Detenido. degradation. Deuda mancomunada. Aggregate indebtedness. it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price current at the time the contract is terminated as well as damages for any further harm. replace. Deudas de valor. clarification. joint debtor.7).. the contract a party is bound to ren-der a performance of a quality that is rea-sonable and not less than average in the círcumstances. Devolución. Conclusión. (Unidroit. Detained. (3) Where the price is to be fixed by a third person. Deterioro ambiental. Civ. Detentación. Diagnóstico. Measure of dam-ages. Determination of quality of performance. loss. produce. Deudor. Proof of harm by cur-rent price. debit. debtor. inflation. Return. to a reasonable price. (4) Where the price is to be fixed by reference to factors which do not exist or have ceased to exist or to be accessible. Determinación de la calidad de la prestación. Día. C. Determinación de causa probable. liability. Detentar. Devolutivo. Environmental degradation. the par-ties are consídered. Deterioro. arrested. Day. legal holiday. Debts expressed in a way different from a sum of money. Determinación del daño por referencia a precio corriente. Prin. To have. in the absence of any indication to the contrary. drawback. Dictaminado. L. In the presence of all of them or from a point where he can not be seen. suspend. Difamatorio. Difamación de personas fallecidas. To express a conclusión. artistic. P. the date of the latter. witness. Diligencia. Digesto. overspend. full religious or civil holidays. and the matter on which it is based. sec. Dictado. praiseworthy. Legal opinión. stated. Difamación. commission. slander -ous. Process server. Días feriados. ordain. decided. Difamar. judgment. Difamación de personas privadas. To enter a judgment. conclusión. (Sp. deferment. Defamatory. saying. Business days. Digno. Digital. decree. Civ. decedent. Delay. bank holidays. Dictaminar. Service of citations and summons shall be made in the manner prescribed for notifications. Dictar un auto. With the intent to gain time. To díctate. L. Assessed. overspending. (Sp. appraisal. or practical knowledge becomes necessary. To make larger. Compilation or collection of laws. decisión. worthy. Opinión of experts. Federal Register. sec. de fiesta. To delay. Deceased. Dilapidar. Civ. Service of citations and sum-mons. Diferir. To issue a legal opinión. Dilatory. slander. assessment. the person to make the identification shall state if the person to whom he may have referred in his declarations is in the group. Dignified. squandering. Dilapidation. To pass judgment. in order to determine or consider some fact of influence in the action. To defame. squander. Dilación. clash. 257). Deponent. Dilapidación. Said. Difunto. Defamation of a group or class. a decisión. Defamation of a prívate person. Defamation of deceased persons. industry. maxim. fee. To issue a writ. Dicho. speaker. Court officer in charge of notifications. Defamation actionable per se. To differ. emissary. To present in a false light.Diligenciamiento de citaciones y emplazamientos Diario de sesiones. P. Digest. order. Diligenciado. Dignity. To adjourn. Legal working days. summary. Waste. art. 610). with the following differences: The writ of citation shall contain: 1) The ñame of the judge or court issuing the order. P. Crim. Lineup. expediency. direct. to pass a judgment. libel. libelous. To dilapídate. Digital. Ordered. Dignitary. Dignidad.L. Dictar. The identification shall take place by placing before the person who is to make it the per-son to be identified. Expert testimony may be used when. envoy.. notified to the parties. Dictar sentencia. Defamation of corporations. Diligenciador. Difamación de un grupo o clase de personas. Emolument. slander. Served. Difamación de empresas. n(as hábiles. Extravagant spending. deserving. (Sp. stay. Difamación que no requiere prueba de perjuicio. scientific. libel. postpone. Dilapidado. resolution. Dignatario. precis.Errand. Adage. producing said person in unión with other similar external cir-cumstances. 609. Diligence. as the judge may consider more advisable. Diligenciamiento de citaciones y emplazamientos. and in an affirmative case he shall desígnate him in a clear and specific manner. Legal work-ine days are all days of the year excepting Sundays. postpone. disagree. Working days. Dilatorio. 2) The ñames and sur83 .. Deferral. and the days when courts are ordered closed. postponement. Course of action. Defamation. Dicente. reported. Diligencia de reconocimiento. Dilatar. representative. judged. Public holidays. Dieta. Meritorious. defer. Congressional bulletin. Dictamen de peritos. 369). Dictamen. Dictated. Per diem. Düapidated. dead. and. For the service of notices the secretary acting in the cause shall prepare a writ which shall contain: 1) A statement of the object of said cause and the names and surnames of the parties thereto. Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions which are equally authoritative there is. of appearing upon the first cali under a fine. discretionary. Diligencias preliminares. currency. questionable. Free will exercised reasonably. absolve. Discord. Disciplina. dissent. Service of notices. or. To award a prize. Service shall consist of the reading of the entire order to be served. director. divulge. debate. 5) The obligation. order. debate. executive.. cautious. Discrepancias idiomáticas. L. 84 Directo. Discrimen (P. (Sp. In disagreement. 175). Dimisión. obstruc-tion. in case of discrepancy between the versions. art. if it be the second cali. deliberate. dissent. spread. 167 and 170). Board of directors. regime. excuses. instruction. To aim at Dirigismo. Discreto.7). 4.understanding. Dirimir. Discordia.Director. 4) The place where and the day and hour when the person cited is to appear. delivering the copy of the writ to the person notified. industrious. Dirimente. Discrimination by labor union. Diplomado. Lackof harmony. knowledge. To address. Discutible. Delégate. State intervention in the economy. P. Dirección. hard working. lecture. forgive. lead. legal tender. Confrontation. registered. manager. Direction. supervisión. Diploma. (Unidroit. Discretional. L. Directivo. Dinero. any other data by which their whereabouts may be ascertained. address. Diputar. Resignation. Direct. justification. behavior. To understand. appoint. art. Discussion. barricade. Money. Dipsomanía. Directiva. Leader. objection. To direct. Discurso. art. a preference for the interpretation according to a versión in which the contract was originally drawn up. conflict. prudent. Discreción. the obligation of attending with the admonition of being proceeded against as guilty of the crime of refusing aid. should they be unknown. Diligente. Disculpar. dam. empower.prize or reward. conduct. certifícate. 2) A copy of the resolution which is to be served. Representative. alcoholism. debatable. Not certain. Crim. and witnesses. Directive. the address of their dwellings. Certified. decree. R. Dissension. Prin. To arbítrate a dispute. Preparatory pro-ceedings. Diligenciamiento de notificaciones. Excuse. licensed. Discordancia. Dike. (Sp. Dipsomanía. Discretion. Discord. 5) The sig-nature of the clerk. Discernir. Executive. course. Linguistk discrepancies.). Attribution of an honor. path. Speech. Dirigir. Discutir. 3) The name and surname of the person or persons upon whom notice is to be served. Disculpa Apology. Discipline. To commission. attentive. deliberation. experts. . Discernment. Directorio. Discrecional. Diputado. 3) The purpose of the citation. Defense. and making a brief entry of service at the foot of the original writ. Discrim-ination. Director. Discusión.R. discriminación. repentance. Diseminar. Discriminación por organización obrera. as provided for in the penal code with regard to jurors. Dirigente. Crim. Diploma. Discernimiento. To excuse. talk. Dique.Diligenciamiento de notificaciones names of the parties to be cited. Diligent. Type of defect that cannot be remedied. Government. Disconforme. Method. Address. Discreet. departure from a job or position. 4) The date on which the writ is issued. Barrier. Belonging to the top management. Disseminate. strife. cash. domicile. Arguable. Disconformidad. straight. should there by any. dissenting. ruler. congressman. deputy. To discuss. State of mind. Crim. (Bull Insular Line v. spurt. Dispensation. the answer which he may give to this notice being recorded. with regard to the facts which the latter may have confided to him as his counsel. Generally the mission of a provided clause is to establish an exception to the general provisions of a statute or to some of the. front. C. Proviso saying that. Dissolution. Use and enjoyment. whether it be made under the Name of institution of heir. The examining judge shall inform the witness included in the foregoing paragraph that he is not obliged to testify against the accused. Disponiéndose bajo la condición de. Disfrute. Superior Court. beyond the proportion reserved to them by law. Dissenting. shall have its effect. To aliénate. art. his spouse. justify. Disminuyente. free. Disolución. nonsense. disagree. Deception. Availability. convey. Testamentary dispositions are either universal. his uterine brothers or sisters. Discount. Dissension. Disposición inoficiosa. Disponible. Absurdity. an additional time to perform. order. decisive. dissenter. provided that. Costume. Dispensa. and for particular legacies. Each of these dispositions. Dispositivo. Disable. to regard the contract as dissolved. Disparate. sell. Disminuido. Dispensa de ser testigo. are called inofficious. To enjoy. When the obligor fails to perform. Disponibilidad. Available. (Lou. Disposition. dwindling. shroud. Disidencia. Proviso. 86 PRR 148 (1962)). art. or under a particular title. present. favor. the obligee has a right to the judicial dissolution of the contract or. provisión. Provided clause (in a statute). Disparo. 416). The following are excused from the obligation of testifying: 1) The relatives of the accused in a direct ascending or descending line.Dispositivo Disenso. To dissolve. screen. objector. or under the Name of legacy. to give out. To excuse. Disfrazar. dispensación. Disposición testamentaria. decline. To shoot. Dissolution of contract. mándate. Disponiéndose que. as well as the natural parents. the obligee may recover dam-ages. Disfrutar. Decreased. To disguise. clause. use. Disolver. Civ. Excusable. Diminishing. R. Disponer. Disidente. (Lou. Dispensar. party who sells or who transfers. discharge. Civ. and his lateral blood relatives up to and including the second civil degree. or to quality or modify them in some aspects. wind-ing up. Disminución. disquise. ready. 1605). Dispensable. Disolución contractual. Decrease. character. To launch. Civ. Privilege not to be a witness. according to the rules hereafter established for universal legacies. Testamentary disposition. dissent. conclusive. C. Decree. 85 . Disposición. ruling. Shot. Upon dissolution of a contract. the par-ties shall be restored to the situation that existed before the contract was made. dissent. Being ordered that. C. Disfraz. Disponente. To dart. (Sp. In either case. exception. Dissident. differ. To order. Conveyor. Dispositive. Disimulo. cutback. proviso. Disponiéndose. To dissent. Disentir. art. according to the circum-stances. handicapped. Cash. 2) The attorney of the accused. under a universal title. To conceal. for legacies under a universal title. Those dispositions which fathers and motilare and other ascendants make of their prop-erty to the prejudice of their descendants. reduced. according to the circum-stances. (Lou. L. liquidation. Disparar. but that he may make the statements which he may deem proper. justifiable. 3556). existence. In an action involving judicial dissolution. 2013 and 2018). Inofficious clause. Dissension. pardon. the obligor who failed to perform may be granted. fire. Disponiéndose (en una ley). To distribute. art. Concealment. pretense. Disjunctive. división. Distintivo. to take wrongfully. Dispute. To misappropriate. Disputabilidad. quota. (Mex. Conversion. 2) Conviction of one of parties to the marriage of a felony. The divisible assets. Distinción. differentiation. Diversidad. there is a preference for direct settlement of labor disputes between the parties. and e) settlement by the courts. gap. Type of currency. sec. Disputar. c) mediation. Distribuir. Civ. División de la cosa común. Distinction. Misappropriation. separate. Foreign convertible currency. 6) The absolute. Disputable. Circulation. if the two spouses acted in good faith. Mediation and binding arbitration are less widely practiced. Distraction. Divisible.261). Divisibility. Rescission. b)conciliation. To distribute. To deliver. Disturbio de la tranquilidad pública. delivering. Part-owners cannot compel a division of the thing held in common to be made. Labor Law). C. d) arbitration. Differ-ence. confrontation. Disturbio.413). the assets will be given in favor of their children. which may involve the loss of civil rights. separation. To remove. circuit. 7) The attempt of the husband or wife to corrupt their sons or to prostitute their daughters. object. Labor dispute. art. area. Dividend. 4) Cruel treatment or grave injury. 408. art. disruption. sym bol. cancellation of a contract. División de bienes matrimoniales. intrusion. In principie.The causes for divorce are as follows: 1) Adultery on the part of either of the parties to the marriage. Flag. Divorce. Distribution. Dividendo. remoteness. To separate. Breachof peace. Divorcio. Removal of a thing. Division of matrimonial assets. Distinct. question-able. will be divided between them in the fashion accorded in the pre-nuptial agreement. 5) The abandonment of the wife by the husband or of the husband by the wife for a longer period of time than one year. and settlement by the Courts. Distracción. negli-gence. Civ. challenge. 3) Habitual drunkenness or the continued and excessive use of opium. C. this person will receive the assets. C. Divisible. morphine. To circíuate. To grant a divorce. In Mexico. special. precinct. Arguable. interference. A divorce carries with it a complete dissolution of all matrimonial ties. the division of assets will be commenced. Distancia. 8) The proposal of the husband to prostitute the wife. Distracto.Disputa Disputa. To arrange. disseminate. Arrangement. (Mex. prominence. Dispatching. de trabajo. uncommon. or any other narcotic. 164. Oversight. To argue. disagreement. Civ. bonus. .173). discrimination. estrangement. send. Disyuntivo. Lack of attention. Aloofness. dissemination. Disturbance. question. contestability. Disputas de trabajo. Diversity. when by so doing they may render it unserviceable for the use for which it was intended. Breach. District. Disputa obrera. The rules relating to the division of inheritances shall apply to the division amongst part-owners. Distance. Divorciar. emblem. unique. Division of the thing held in common. span. labor disputes can be resolved by any of the following mechanisms: a) direct settlement between the parties. If only one party acted in good faith. Distribución. Distrito. and connivance in their corruption or pros-titution. premium. Once the nullity of the marriage has been established. debatable. Divisibilidad. Divisas. If there was bad faith by both parties. (Sp. Labor disputes. conciliation through the intervention of a specialized authority. Distraer. shipping. (Sp. controversy. 86 Divisa. and the division of all property and effect between the parties to the marriage. Argumentability. perpetual and incurable im-potency occurred after marriage. sec. but it cannot be founded on causes prior to the acquisition of said domicile. In Mexico. 53). Doctrinal.. and the Universidad Panamericana. publication. perdón. A new divorce may be granted for new reasons. The right to separation and divorce is regulated by the law of the matrimonial domicile. of N. or for different facts that legally constitute a suf-ficient cause for divorce. the Escuela Libre de Derecho. C. if there still was not a final judgment. Constructiva receipts doctrine. Dissemination. 55). (Mex. Doctrinal. Law 1979. the innocent party may not ask for a divorce based on the same grounds the forgiveness was granted. art. reconciliación. Doctor of laws. art. Surety Co. art. Doctrine. reproduction. Divorce.e. legal commentary. grant forgive the other spouse. la doctrine. at any time before the entry of a final judgment.Y. The main law schools in Mexico.. the Universidad Iberoamericana. Doctrina. Amer. Street-risk doctrine. requires that the rights and liabilities in tort be determined by the local law of that jurisdiction which has the most significant relationship with the occurrence and with the parties. with effects or for causes which are not admitted by their personal law.Doctrinario Divorcio. Divorcio. (Bustamante C. 54). reconcil-iation. (Bustamante C. i. publish high-quality academic law journals. (PR Mort. 93 PRR28 (1966)). shall issue a ruling resolving which of the two entries shall subsist. In that case. Doctrina de los riesgos de la calle. the secondary literature. México. if they are not authorized with equal effect by the personal law of both spouses. duplicate. commentary on the law in books and journals. rights. Divorce. In that case. J. Double registration. if the married couple is domi-ciled there. Divorce. (Pratter). reconocimiento. The law of the court'before which the litigation is pending determines the judicial consequences of the action and terms of the judgment in respect to the spouses and the children. but failure to do so does not prevent the effects of a reconciliation. Doctrinaire. Clone. Divulgación. he may request that the corre-sponding court summon all interested parties and. Reconciliation by the spouses termi-nates the divorce decree in whatever states the divorce was. If a person who has a property recorded in his name believes that another property registration entered with a different number refers to the same real estate and to the same titleholder. LL. art. art. Double. Double jeopardy. The doctrine on the matter of conflict of laws on damages—to be applied when it must be determined which of the laws of two different states which are in conflict is to be applied by a court in a case for damages— known as the Doctrine of Dominant Contacts. Doble estiba. Double stacking. Each contracting State has the right to permit or recognize. Legal writing. art. derechos. (Mex. Doble. C. Divorcio. Doctrina de recibos implícitos.D. Doctrinario. including the LTNAM. Doctrine of dominant contacts.280). Doctrina. Civ. recog-nition. doctor en derecho. Civ. even if they are of the same nature. Divorce. The innocent spouse may. The causes of divorce and separation shall be subiect to the law of the place in which they are sought. Twice. Doble exposición por el mismo delito. Divorce. (Widow of Fornaris v. judicial consequences. 87 . México. The leading treatise in a field of law has in effect the standing of a formal source of law. the divorce or new marriage of persons divorced abroad. (Bustamante C. 52). in cases. forgiveness. is of high quality. provided that the identity of both properties as a single piece of real estáte can be proved.. 251). Legal writing. enjoys high prestige and authority. Divorcio. Doble inmatriculación.281). the parties must state their reconciliation to the judge. Doctrina de los contactos dominantes. If the publication of primary-source material in Mexico leaves something to be desired. Divorce. consecuencias judiciales.D. Doctor en leyes. Divorcio. or not. Divorcio. grounds. causas. (Bustamante C. Instrument payable to bearer. Dolo. prueba. An authentic document is not a mere prívate writing but a legalized document.Documentación Documentación.L. Insurance Company v. (Standard Penal C.). An instrument is payable to order where it is drawn to the order of a particular person or of any person or his order. 93 PRR 538(1966)). (E.L.L. or accepts it after having foreseen at least the possibility of its occurrence. certify. 1270). 91 PRR 626 (1965)). sec. prueba. for Latin America. To every document drafted in any lan-guage other than Spanish there shall be accompanied a translation thereof. 88 . Documento de resguardo. he/she would not have entered into it. sec. Dolo (Crim. Public instruments are evidence. sec. docu-ments. A document verified before a notary is an authentic document. Insurance Company v. Banco Popular. 91 PRR 626 (1965)). sucesión Documento público. 2) That the contracting parties have legal power and capacity to contract according to the laws of their own country. Civ. Negotiable instrument. An instrument is payable to bearer: a. Civ.M. 3) That in the execution thereof all formalities and requirements prescribed in the country wherein the acts or contracts were made have been observed. proof. demonstrate. 599. Documentary. with the formalities required by law. with regard to those who signed it and their legal repre-sentatives. Documento de la hereditaria. 1193). 1184. of the fact which gave rise to their execution and of the date of the latter. (Sp. Documento privado. Documental. Documents executed in other countries shall have the same validity in an action as those executed in Spain. C. C. (PR Mort. C. instrument. Written evidence. 91 PRR 626 (1965)). Law 1979 sec. sec. Insurance Company v. registro. Documento negociable. that is. (E. (E. Document of title. Documento auténtico. Civ. sec. 95). Criminal intent. A person acts with criminal intent when he wishes the occurrence of the act legally classified as a crime. providing they pos-sess the following requisites: 1) That the sub-ject matter of the act or contract be lawful and permitted under the laws of Spain. Documentation. or b. without said words or machinations. Documentar. Document. with words or insid-ious machinations by one party. Documento. certifícate. Documento pagadero a la orden.M. A private instrument legally acknowledged shall have. 600).M. Authentic document. proof. Foreign docu-ments. Civ. creden-tial. the other party is induced to enter into a contract when. 1186). Banco Popular. even against a third person. Documento pagadero al portador. They shall also be evidence against the contracting parties and their legal rep-resentatives with regard to the declarations the former may have made therein. Fraud that is not substan-tial only forces the party who used it to pay damages. and copies of both the original and translation. For Registry purposes. Public instruments are those authenticated by a notary or by a competent public official. Prívate instrument. An instrument—a check—is negotiable if it is payable to order or to bearer. L. (Sp. the hereditary succession document is the one that contains the will or the judicial decla-ration of abintestate heirs. Instrument payable to order. Hereditary succession document. For the fraud to annul the contract. There is fraud when. the same forcé as a public instrument. Public instrument. which is legally valid in itself. Superior Court. 4) That the document be legalized and possess the other requisites necessary to prove its authenticity in Spain. 1269. registration. (Sp. it must be serious and must not have been employed by both parties. R. when the only or last endorsement is in blank. and such fact is known by the persons mak-ing is so payable. documentarlo. Fraud. prove. which is publicly attested. Documentos extranjeros. Banco Popular. (Sp. 25). (Ramos Mimoso v. when it is payable to the order of a fictitious or nonexisting person. To document. con-trolling. There is deceit when by words or insidious machinations on the part of one of the contracting parties the other is induced to execute a contract which with-out them he would not have made. Domicilio habitual. except children who have reached their Dominio público de la nación y dominio particular del estado. Domiciliario. deceitful. The legal domicile of an individual is the place where the law determines his place of residency for the exercise of his rights and compliance of his obligations. The location of his habitual residence. (Inter-American Convention On Domicile of Natural Persons In Prívate International Law. The domicile of natural persons temporarily residing abroad in the employment or commission of their Government shall be that of the State that appointed them. (ínter-American Convention On Domicile of Natural Persons In Prívate International Law. the place in which he is located shall be preferred. and that of the tutor or guardián extends to the minors or incapabes under his guardianship unless otherwise provided by the personal legislation of those to whom the domicile of another is ascribed.29). Fraud. 2 and 6). 3). Domiciled. Doloso. fee simple. Domination. he shall be considered to be domiciled in the State Party where he resides and. Fraudulent. the place of his business. In the absence of the foregoing. if he resides in both. art. without prejudice to the right of each spouse to have his or her domicile determined separately. art. 24). Civ. main. Place of business. dis-honest. 3. incompetent person. It is presumed that a person habitually resides in the place he stays for more than six months. Legal domicile. The domicile of diplomatic agents shall be their last domicile in the territory of the accrediting State. principal. property. (Inter-American Convention On Domicile of Natural Persons In Prívate International Law. Internal. Domicile. swindle. Domicilio. head of the family. Public ownership of the nation and prívate ownership of the state. Domicilio. 5). ruse. Doméstico. Domicilio. A person's domicile is the place where he resides habitually. 2. Habitual residence. Relating to a home or to a family. and in lack thereof. Domiciliarse. majority or have been emancipated. art. Address. the place where the person is located. home. (Bustamante C. Dominar. place of abode. Ownership. Domicil(e) of origin. The legal domicile of the head of the family extends to the wife and children. misrepresentation. in the place where he actually lives. 4). persona incompetente. commanding. In the absence of mere residence. in lack thereof. Domestic. habitual. Domicil(e). Domicile. Dominical. The location of his principal place of business. control. arts. residence. Dominio. control. The domicile of incompetent persons is that of their legal representatives. deceptive. persona física. and if none. Civ. Dominant. rule. (Mex. Domicilio. residential. art. C. national. in which case their former domicile shall continué. trickery. even though he is not phys-ically present there. To be domiciled. 4. natural person. Conjugal domicile. When a person has his domicile in two States Parties. ruling. the place of mere residence. 89 . Domicile. diplomáis. The conjugal domicile is the place where the spouses live together. jefe de familia. Domicile. Domiciliary. (Inter-American Convention On Domicile of Natural Persons In Prívate International Law. Domicilio de origen. Dominante. Domicil(e) of choice. deception. Central.Dominio público de la nación y dominio particular del estado Deceit. (Mex. Domiciliado. Public ownership of the nation relates to those things whose use is common be-cause of their very nature or the purpose to which they are devoted—such as seashores. except when they are aban-doned by those representatives. Cart. Relating to Sunday. residence. Headquarters.30). Domicilio conyugal. diplomáticos. The domicile of a natural person shall be determined by the following cir-cumstances in the order indicated: 1. Domicilio. To domínate. Domicilio de elección. the place where he is found. art. Domicilio legal. Donation. Donación. Donación gratuita. 3) A remunerative gift or one made to a person by rea-son of his merits or for services rendered to the donor provided such services do not constitute recoverable debts. Gifts inter vivos may be of three kinds: 1) A purely gratuitous gift. but this reduction shall not prevent them from being valid dur-ing the life of the donor nor the donee from appropriating the fruits. is to recompense for services rendered. 1523 and art. Donación antenupcial. The remunerative donation is not a real donation. Donación onerosa. Civ. C. Donación por causa de muerte. or that which is made without condition and merely from liberality. C. Donation. and not for the common use. Gifts by reason of marriage are 90 those bestowed before its celebration. Remunerative donation. Donation. in consideration of the same. 2) An onerous gift. reducción. things of which it disposes as the individuáis do with respect to those constituting their patri-mony. Natural talent. 1539).219). when the donor shall no longer exist. (Lou. is not subject to any formality. No person can give nor receive. A gift shall be considered void in all that exceeds said limits. sec 1294). 1469). 662. forests. Gifts which. Mister. art. C. (Lou. to satisfy its collective necessi-ties. C. 663). A gift is an act of liberality by which a person disposes gratu-itously of a thing in favor of another. accompanied by a real delivery. if the value of the services to be recompensed thereby being appreciated in money. among others. public piers and ports—its principal characteristic being that it is not subject to conveyance or prescription. Civ. by way of gift. Civ. (Rubert Armstrong v. C. may be void after computing the net value of the property of the donor at the time of his death must be reduced with regard to the excess. should be little inferior to that of the gift. the object of which. fortresses. who accepts it. 1525 and note). Donación remunerativa. by which he dispossess of the whole or a part of his property. Donación. The donation purely gratuitous. Civ. that is. C. 644). art. art. 625). that is. Donación matrimonial. but not in favor of other persons. and in favor of one or of both spouses. Donación manual. as prescribed for testamentary substitution. is that. The manual gift. Donation ínter vivos. C. 1523 and art. A donation mortis causa (in prospect of death) is an act to take effect. regardless of what ñame practice has given it.Don rivers. (Mex. gift. Civ. . if the value of the object given does not manifestly exceed that of the charges imposed on the donee. Gift by reason of marriage. The onerous donation is not a real donation. reversion. Gratuitous donation. roads. (Lou. Gift in contempla-tion of marriage. reduction. may also be validly established. sec. Prenuptial gifts are those given from one spouse to another before marriage. Manual gift. (Sp. gift of nature. (Sp. Civ. and military buildings. art. Onerous donation. C. arse-nals. The reduction of gifts can be demanded only by the persons who have a right to a legal portion or to an aliquot part of the estate and their heirs or legal representatives. Commonwealth. Donación entre vivos. Civ. 1523 and notes). except in the same cases and under similar limitations. Civ. The onerous donation. Civ. reversión. (Lou. 1524 and note). C. (Sp. sec. The remunerative donation. more than what he can give or receive by will. art. sec. (Sp. is that which is burdened with charges imposed on the donee. Civ. Donación inoficiosa. art. or one in with the donee is burdened with a charge upon the value of the thing donated. Donación. 97 PRR 573 (1969)). The reversion stipulated by the donor in favor of a third person in contravention of the provisions of the foregoing paragraph. C. mines. The reversion in favor of the donor only in any case and under any circumstances. and which is revocable. the giving of corporeal movable effects. Don. (Lou. Voidable donation. Prívate ownership of the state relates to those things which are destined to its ser-vice. or one made without any condition attached and through mere liberality. Donation mortis causa. or from the insufficiency of the evidence in support of the information. Donee Donativo. The doubt which justifies the acquittal of a defendant should not only be reasonable.. Dueño.(Sp. one fighting a duel. in the following cases: 1) When donee commits any crime against the person. Ambiguous. Duración. Duda razonable. copy. is found to be alive. Drogarse. the honor. Dotal. "I so certify.Civ. Dueño directo. Malave Sanchez. Medication. Duration. debatable. Donante. gift. Reasonable doubt. Grief from a relative's death. master. Dotación. 2) When the donee charges the donor with any of the crimes giving rise to official proceedings or public accusation. double dealing. To furnish. disputable. It is associated to notaries to the point that the latter are also knows as fedatarios (dispensers of faith).656). forgery. Donar. Dote. The back part of a page. Dowry. Duplica. and of those which she acquires during the same by gift. uncertainty. dubitable. Duelo. give. lapse. Drenaje. Legal owner.649). A gift may also be revoked at the instance of the donor. Owner. Doy fe. team of workers. proprietor. Donación. Drugs. 95 PRR 384 (1967)). Imita-tion. v. During. qualms. Related to dowry. To take drugs. unless the crime should have been commit-ted against the donee himself. supply. by reason of ingratitude. dou-ble standards. Crew. Duplicidad. dispense. bequeath. 2) When the child of the donor. equip. Dudoso. medicine. Doubt. hallucinogen.C. his wife. Duelista. Grant. 652. copy. Donatario. after the gift should have legitímate or legitimized or acknowledged Ilegitimate children. or the children under his authority.sec. while. Rejoinder. revoca-tion. even should they be posthumous. dubious. To pay a dowry. Droga. Donor. or legacy. devise. Every gift Ínter vivos made by a person having no legitímate children nor descen-dants nor legitimized by a subsequent mar-riage is revoked by the mere fact of the occurrence of any of following cases: 1) When the donor. A dowry is composed of the property and rights brought as such by the wife to the marriage at the time of contracting it. Challenge to fight. (Sp. Allowance. revocación. Duda. To forge. Donation. Duplicar.Civ." Expression used by notary publics. coun-terfeit. as dowry property. whom he supposed dead when he bestowed the gift. but it should also arise from serene. (Ppl. dudable. To duplícate.Durante is void but it shall not cause the annulment ofthegift. narcotic. Unreliable. Duplicado. Durante. Drug.sec. Duelist. sum of money. Duplicity. fair. Dorso. even though he proves it. contribute. Duel. Skep-ticism.C. Dotar. or the property of the donor. length of time. 91 . To commit sub-stance abuse. inheritance. and impartial consideration of the evidence as a whole. 3) When the latter improperly refuses him support. question. query. To endow. Drainage. To donate. replica. Doubtful. Donation. Duplícate. chuck. to the amount and number and absolutely indispensable (Sp. alcoholism. . Prin. (Ppl. if it cannot make restitution in kínd. Edición. financier. Editorial. (2) On avoidance either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied under the contract or the part of it avoided. Eclecticismo. publisher. inebriated. sec. except in cases of vis major. in a determined space and time. 396. alcoholic. Effect consequence. discharge. Edicto. it makes an allowance for what it has received. When a building wall. dipsomanía. The basic functional unit for interaction of living organisms among themselves and these with the envi-ronment. Ecosistema. Efecto retroactivo de la anulación. Relating to zoning laws or to the government of a city. the owner shall be hable for the damages caused. inebriation. result. Eclesiástico. or to do whatever is necessary to pre-vent its falling. A building is any stmcture made or devoted to shelter persons or ani92 mals.B. fru-gality. Economista. Service of process by publication. Impression caused or received. Efecto retroactivo. Drunk. Edificio. Edilicio. printing.17). Civ. cash on hand. 96 PRR 815 (1969)).. Ebrio habitual. alderman. Forming a doctrine or a philosophy by borrowing from several other doctrines or philosophies. Urban. money. C. smashed. Editor. Ebrio. stable. To throw away. when a person can obligate him or herself contractually. art. proclamation. Cash. v. Forceful. currency. To fire. Drunkenness. order. The captain shall supervise the jettison. 2) Those in the hold. Efecto vinculante del contrato. Echar. Economy. e. Unstable buildings and trees about to fall. decree. Year when a book was printed. Edictos judiciales. Cosme Vargas. Austerity. issue. Should the owner of the unstable thing fail to do so. Ecology. Ecuánime. beginning with those which embarrass the handling of the vessel or damage her.g. Legal age. always beginning with those of the greatest weight and smallest value. column or any other construction is in danger of falling. dipsomaniac. Ecosystem. preferring. Edition. or to keep things. Edict. saving. (Sp. sec. Echazón (mar). Efectivo en caja. Construction. Economía. Main article in a newspaper. should a tree or building fall. real. Economist. Pragmatism. pro-vided that it concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received under the contract or the part of it avoided or. if possible. Bombed. Prefect. Efectivo. Editor. (Uni-droit. intoxicated. Actual. boot. Steady. edifice. Block of fíats (G.E Ebriedad. Jettison (mar). C. Edificios ruinosos y árboles que amenazan caerse. publishing. to cast. finance. 3. and shall order the goods cast overboard in the following order: 1) Those which are on deck. 815). Effective. effectual. it may be ordered demolished at his expense by the authorities. intoxication. Retro-active effect of avoidance. Building. strong. Efecto. Retroactive effect. Edad de consentimiento. drunkard. Com. the owner shall be obliged to demol-ish it. Cash. Printing house.). Binding character of contract. Habitual drunkard. Ecología. (1) Avoidance takes effect retroactively. toss. 398). ruling. Belonging to the church. the heaviest ones and those of least utility and value. Edil. Municipal. after Ejecutoria. Judgment that is enforceable. and those which the legislation of the State in which the execution of the judgment is sought requires for authenticity. completion. Ef racción.. (6) That the docu-ment in which it is contained fulfil the requirements necessary in order to be con-sidered as authentic in the State from which it proceeds. in accordance with the rules of this Code. Corporate officer. Gush. per-form. spill. Executor. achieve. Efusión. Executive. art. sentencia ejecutoria. Manager. Ejecutividad. flood. Performer. Person against whom a judgment is enforced. Ejecutable. Registrar. (Ramírez v. competent. (Unidroit. Final judgment. the judgment which. transcribed or set forth. To obtain the enforcement of a judgment. Ejecutivo. enforcement of a judgment. Efficacy. Registrar. To accomplish. Death penalty. every recourse against the judicial resolution granted by the laws of that State in respect to final judgments rendered in a declarative action of greater import shall be granted. Capable. Ability to cause change or to make an impact. 1. possessions. Power or ability to be executed. Judicial officer in charge of enforcement procedures. Ejecutoria. Ejecución. Ejecutado. the public and formal instrument in which a final decision is entered for enforcement. In a strict sense ejecutoria or carta ejecutoria means—pursuant to law of civil procedure—the public instrument formally drafted by the competent judicial officer. Effects. without which dec-laration they shall have no effect as a means of proof. enforce. Ejecución de sentencias. 96 PRR 332 (1968)). Prin. To perform.2). Ejecutoría. It can only be modified or terminated in accordance with its terms or bv agreement or as otherwise provided in these principies. Performance. arts. Practical. Ejecutoria. The Supreme Court of Justice shall declare the enforceability (ejecutoria) of decisions (sentencias) rendered by foreign authorities. flow. complying with the formalities required by the internal legislation. Capable of being completed. Ejecutoria. that is. Execution. Every civil or contentious administrative judgment rendered in one of the contracting States shall have forcé and may be enforced in the others if it combines the following conditions: (1) That the judge of the court which has rendered it have com-petence to take cognizance of the matter and to pass judgment upon it. belongings. The execution of the judgment should be requested from a competent judge or tribunal in order to carry it into effect. has acquired the finality and authority of res judicata. Efectuar. Código Busta-mante. property. Ejecutar. because of its having been consented in first instance or affirmed in last instance. Eficaz. Copy of a judgment. Entrepreneur. In the case reffered to in the preceding article. (3) That the judgment does not con-flict with the public policy or the public laws of the country in which its execution is sought. Efficient. effective. 96 PRR 332 (1968)). Efectos. Bustamante Code. (5) That it be authoritatively translated by an official func-tionary or interpreter of the State in which it is to be executed. Getting in or out of a building by breaking walls or windows. (Ramírez v. if the language employed in the latter is different. power. Eficacia. carry out. Ejecutante. Executive power. efficiency. (2) That the parties have been summoned for the trial either personally or through their legal represen-tative. Mastery. The word ejecutoria and the phrase sentencia ejecutoria (final judgment) mean the same thing.Ejecutoriar A contract validity entered into is binding upon parties. (4) That it is executory in the State in which it was rendered. enforceable. Executionable. 93 . patrimony. 423-425). Party who enforces a judgment or who sues. efectividad. (Bustamante C. Ejecutoriar. Writ of execution. in which a final judgment is literally inserted. per-formable. carta ejecutoria. Commercial paper. nor for the purpose of resjudicata or enforcement. To do. Enforcement of judgments. Ejecutor. Enforceability. without the 94 .). Emancipation. usually heads of families (though not always). 71). Elector. Elección del derecho aplicable. lawyering. To electrocute. Copy. making. Ejercer como abogado. Practice of law. Elegir un jurado. Emanicipación. drill. Electivo. Exercise. Ejidatario. workout. constitute an ejido. select. soldiers. avoided. cancel. Elemento natural. To engage in an occupa-tion or trade. The term "ejidatario" refers to an individual who has participated as a benefi-ciary in a grant of land in accordance with the agrarian laws. Electrocution. commendable. chosen by the people. activity. Elective. To elude. To discharge a duty. Electrocutar. Manufacture. Sys. 371). together with their families and the lands which they received. Eliminar. art. worthy of admiration and following. To elevate. grant leases. Executory. Emancipación. erase. Exercise of prosecution functions. avoid. construction. Eludido. Ejercitable. hoist. Emancipation by marriage can be proven with the certifícate of marriage. Ejido. voter. selection. Sys. 370 and art. Elaborado. To elect. Ejercicio de acciones penales. Ordinarily. Eliminación. That can be put into practice or enforced. Emancipation. deletion. Elector. All penal actions must be prosecuted ex officio. Natural element. Manufactured. choice. record. C. while "ejidatario" refers to a specific individual. Electrocución. evade." as now used in Mexico. enforceable. To anoint. To practice law. Election.Ejecutoriedad Ejecutoriedad. To impanel a juror. increase. He can not bind him-self legally by promise or obligation for any sum exceeding the amount of one year of his revenue. Facsimile. Choice of applicable law. or the community may merely have received confirmation by the government of titles to land long in its possession. Army. Civ. eradication. ostentation. The totality of ejidatarios participating in a given grant. Eur. To raise. ornate. decision. together with the members of their immediate. Elaboración. (Lou. The term "ejido. and give receipts for the same.). Ejercicio. Ejercer. and biological elements that present themselves in a determined time and space without the human influence. boost. Ejercer un cargo. choose. chemical. Elegir. The minor who is emancipated has the full administraron of his estate. acta. Elimination. lift. Exemplary. To strike out. 2) those which are only prosecuted by private action. annihilation. Detailed. Ejecutorio. Ejemplar. Hold an office by appoint-ment. Eluded. refers to an agrarian community which has received and continues to hold land in accordance with the agrarian laws growing out of the Revolution of 1910. Elevar. &LALeg. Ejército. (Argentine Crím. dodge. Ejercitar. Person who chooses or selects. Physi-cal. (W. delete. bypass. To perform. troops. Ejercicio de la profesión. (W. The lands may have been received as an outright grant from the government or as a restitution of lands that were previously possessed by the community and adjudged by the government to have been illegally appropriated by other individuais or groups. ouster. and may pass all acts which are confined to such administration. skint. Ejercer un oficio. Eliminatory. who were eli-gible to receive land in accordance with the rules of the Agrarian Code. Binding power of a judgment. art. Thus the term "ejido" refers to a community. issue. made. decide. Eludir. Battalion. excepting: 1) those which require the complaint of the victim. Eur ScLALeg. Elíminatorio. C. To carry out. Elección. military. To practice a profession or trade. receive his revenues and mon-eys which may be due to him. to practice. execute. cross out. the ejido consists of at least twenty individuais. . intoxicated 95 . that is. sec. C. trap. Embajada. by his mother. Pregnancy. C. (Mex. or give him corrupt examples. Emancipation by notarial act. Shipment by seller. charlatán. C. Emancipación por acto notarial. Party who attaches or garnishes. Civ. 303).art. This emancipation cannot be revoked. It shall be recorded in the civil reg-istry and. 302). During pregnancy. Emancipation by reason of ill treatment. (Lou. 3) Judicial emancipation. Embargar.fraud. and with the consent of the minor. Civ. sec. Ambassador.This emancipation takes place by the declararon to that effect of the father or mother. Embargable. seizure. Labor Law). Emancipation judicially granted. when they ill treat him excessively. garnish. 383). C. Civ. Civ. Emancipación judicial. To get drunk Emboscada. To attach. Drunk. when he shall have arrived at the MI age of fifteen years. Emancipación para administrar bienes. Emancipación por matrimonio. Ambush. (Sp. although not married. for the sole purpose of administering his property. envoy. The minor may be emancipated against the will of his father and mother. If they are unable to work because of pregnancy or childbirth. although not married. female employees are entitled to six weeks' leave prior to giving birth. art.Embriagado need of separate certifícate of emancipa-tion. garnishment. Emancipación por mal trato. one of the procedural effects of which is to subject or submit the attached goods to the performance of an obligation or claim in the main action. and six weeks' leave thereafter. (Alum Torres v. Party whose property has been attached or garnished. (Lou. until then. (Lou. seize. C. may. C. A minor sixteen years of age or older may be judicially emancipated and relieved of the disabilities which attach to minority. The law recognizes four kinds of emancipation1) Emancipation conferring the power to administer property. refuse him support. diplomatic. Emborracharse. decreed at ex parte request of the claimant creditor. art. with the worker earn-ing 50 percent of her salary during for up to 60 days. or in default thereof. 2) Emancipation by marriage. inebriated.A minor who has lost both parents may obtain the benefit of majority by concession of the Court of his domicile. Howevernotwithstanding. becomes emancipated of right by marriage. Emancipation by marriage. Embriagado. 368). clases. To emancípate. This emancipation takes place by a declaration of the father or mother. 366). shall not produce any effect against third persons. art. cheat. Embaucar. when the said minor shall have completed the age of eighteen years. Embajador. Con man.C. (Sp. Embargo. Emancipation kinds. by his mother.93). swindle. Embargo. before a notary public in presence of two witnesses. after a hearing of the Public Attorney. Attachment. 4) Emancipation by reason of having attained the age of majority. Emancipar. labor rights. decoy. before a notary public and in the presence of two witnesses. 89 PRR 299 (1963)). derechos laborales. Embarque por el vendedor. Embargo. sin. Attachment is a juridical interdiction in the debtor's patrimony. 385). The minor. be emancipated by his father. legation. Garnisher. may be emancipated by his father. emissary. Embarazo. A minor. (Lou. whether male or female.Civ. Civ. Civ. swindler. 379 and art. to secure the effectiveness of the judgment rendered in the case if the action exercised should prosper. arrest. Embargado. Embargante. A minor. Emancipation to administer property. To con. Campos del Toro. Maternity leaves do no affect seniority rights (FLL Article 170). Emancipación. cheat. the maternity leave may be extended for as long as it is necessary.(Mex. Embarazo. diplomat. Embassy. or if he has no father. art. with full salary. Attachable. Garnishee.Arrest. Pregnancy. Embaucador. Summons through the mail. Emplazamiento a una empresa. Proba-tionary employee. connection. link. Once the petition is legally fíled. To draw a check. Citation. (Cassasus v. Emplazado. Summons upon an officer or 96 unit for the production or distribution of noods or services. Party or person who summons. Emisor. Service in a foreign country. and an establishment is . trickster. proffer. firmness. Registration for purposes of voting. A situation deriving from human activities or natural phenomena that upon severely affecting natural elements places one or several ecosystems in danger. Summons. Summons upon an infant or an incom-petent person. principal. To establish a non-extendable period of time for performance. a prueba. edition. Become effective. possess. Empadronamiento. an enterprise is an economic Emplazamiento a un funcionario o agen-cía. 295). Emergencia ecológica. job. Empate. emplazante. Emisible. worker. Empleado.art. Emplazamiento a un menor o a un incapaz. To begin. the term shall also determine. Embustero. summons. Lie. boss. extreme anger. To beguile. Empleado probatorio. Heat of passion. C. Emis-sion. Enterprise. Emplazamiento por correo. To tie. Empleo. Issuer. Embrujamiento. Employee. Emoción violenta. Summons upon the United States. Permanent employee. Copy. Emisión. Emplazamiento. Empadronar. that allowed to offer evidence. Empezar a regir. Empatar. pawn. emit. dipsomanía. granting the latter a term of thirty days to answer. ofCiv. alcoholism. Ecological emergency. situation. P. generate. Emolument. Emplazamiento a los Estados Unidos. To register those who can vote.R. Liar. Embrujar. Party who signs a declaration. The term probationary employee means generally the employee who according to the employment contract. Site. according to the case. stalemate. To bewitch. Economic policy that relies heavily on the printing of money. Issue. laborer. inebriation. One of the causes of inflation. manager. Emplazamiento en país extranjero. printing. It is normally raised as an extenuating factor in criminal proceedings. draw. Employment. Emisionismo. For the purposes of labor rules.. Embuste. Emplazar. To summon. Summons upon an individual. (C. enchant. Empeñar. Empalme. tenacity. intoxication. Escambron Beach Hotel. 86 PRR 356 (1962)). Escambron Beach Hotel. Deter-mination. Act of pledging or pawning. Position. Bewitchment. falsehood. payment. 86 PRR 356 (1962)). Drunkenness. origínate. work. Swindle. or its defects are corrected. To pledge. Emplazador. an agency. Empresa. Junction. Emolumento. (Cassasus v. To command appear-ance. the judge shall summon the defendant. Emitir un cheque. Empleado permanente. insti-tute. Emplazamiento a un individuo. steadfastness. Drawer of a document. emitente. is subject to a probationary period and is not entitled to the benefits offered by his employer to his permanent employees. Summons upon an enterprise. utter. Employer. cheat. Emitir. Utterance. fee. Empezar. who is entitled to all the benefits offered by the employer and who can not be discharged except on preferment and proof of charges or for economic rea-sons affecting the industry or establishment. The term permanent employee means an employee who has passed the pro-bationary period. Empeño. draw. Issuable. post. If the defendant is domiciled abroad. occupation. fascinate. Empleador. deadlock. establish.Embriaguez Embriaguez. To issue. Tie. Party that has been summoned. take effect. misrepresentation. In the course of employment. En beneficio propio. incarceration. En su nombre. convey. task. Imprisonment. Lover Enbarque. jailing. Encierro. defendant. Encartado. Encarecer. Enterprise. City Bank v. Grounding. stranding. Industrial Commission. incarcerate. Empresa común. incarceration. Enamorarse.a technical unit which as a branch. (Gallart. hidden. That can be charged with a crime. sale. marketable. To prosecute. To entrust. charge. Joint venture. To file. in forcé. 89 PRR 749 . En curso del empleo. Encarcelar. to restrict someone's movement or options. Enajenación mental. In blank. On his or her behalf. Encubridor. For the purpose for the Workmen's Accident Compensation act. agency. The term sale is comprised within the term conveyance currently used in the English language to denote the transfer of the title or any interest in real estáte. ñame. Delusion. Employees of each enterprise or Corporation also are entitled to equal working conditions for equal work performed. Enajenable. To commission. To imprison. saleable. Encausado. Parcel. duty. Encalladura. concern. Región accessible only by crossing a foreign country. Accused. load. Enchalecar. Thus. In witness whereof. Assignment. Empresario. Manager v. (1964)). For the purposes of the Work-men's Accident Compensation Act. cargo. Enajenación de un inmueble. Conveyance. (First Nat'l. Person who harbors a criminal. En fe de lo cual. Encargo. Entrepreneur. Conveying of property. Alienable. Project. Enclave. encerramiento. Enajenante. To accuse. public debt. businessman. Encaje. or other similar form. To charge. To place in a straitjacket. Enterprises or corporations that come together for a common purpose are considered as one under labor law and as holding a trove of common responsibilities for working conditions and other obligations to workers. aliénate. En vigor. transfer. como consecuencia del empleo. To appoint. En testimonio de lo cual. (Gallart. sale. Encarcelación. jailing. En ocasión del trabajo. Enajenación. Colonial possession. Relation between the money a bank holds and the amount it can loan. 87 PRR 16 (1962)). Charge. En blanco. To fall in love. 87 PRR 16 (1962)). To recommend. encarcelamiento. is an integral part and contributes to carrying out the purposes of the enterprise. Seller. Shipment. Self-serving. empower. jail. camouflaged. Industrial Commission. task. executive. Concealed. Encartar. defendant. To set higher paces. Encomendar. Chore. the phrase in the course of employment refers to factors of time and place. and means that an injury to be compensable must arise within the time and space boundaries of the employment. To sell. To endear. Accused. endeavor. Encubierto. mental inca-pacity. To charge with the commission of a crime. Encomienda. effective. alienor. Empréstito. Confinement. Manager v. the enterprise Is an economic reality that assumes legal respon-sibilities. Request. Arising out of employment. To confine. Encarpetar. Loan. lock up. (Mex. To receive a request. Encausar. In faith whereof. Encausable. establishment. confinement. freight. company. ven-ture. Registrar. Imprisonment. Enajenar. the phrase arising out of employment is expressive of the requirement that there must be a causal con-nection between the conditions which the employer puts about the employee and the employee's resulting injury. Labor Law). In effect. business. Endeudarse. (Silva v. An endorsement in blank: does not mention endorsee and is signed by the endorser. To bring to the authority's attention. will be obligated to indemnify the latter in the pro-portion that the former was enriched. Endosable. Enlace. Actionable.art.hatred. Ente. Illness. concealment. Enmendar. try.. unbroken. endorsee. modifyTo improve. trickery. schooling. Insurance Companyv. Enriquecimiento ilegítimo. deceptive. To realize. To exercise jurisdiction in a specific case. amenable to litigation. Roadstead. Engañar. Ensayo. infirmity. authorization. financial improvement. Analysis. Banco Popular. To amend. entidad. Entender. to file. chicanery. Enjuiciado. total. Enmascarado. thesis. Enf itéutico. Masked. change modification. Mending. betray. Endorsed. Whole. Endosar. antagonism. illusive. examination. Enmienda.L. Endorsable. sue.Encubrimiento Encubrimiento. 1882). wedlock. furniture. 91 PRR 626 (1965)). To file a lawsuit. 91PRR 865 (1965)). Ensenada. Endosante. Endorsement. Approval. To sue. trial. To start (legal) proceedings. Enseres. Accused. fraud. fixtures. wedding. deluding. The general principie of law based on equity called the doctrine of unjust enrichment—which. nuptials. To attempt. to prosecute. Deceit. illusory. Enfermedad. He who without cause enriches him-self at the expense of another. Indebted. dupe.Recruitment of soldiers. Enganchado.To défraud. Entablar demanda. Blank endorsement. Endosatario. judicial proceedings. Endoso en blanco. Enjuiciamiento. Enrolamiento.false. obligations. Suit. alteration. Entero. Endeudado. Enemistad. deficitary. Amendment. Unjust enrichment. Clasp. Misleading. malaise. Engaño.litigation Enjuiciar. flag. malady. hook. education. Ensign. Enseña. Enterarse. Crossing out. cheat. Entity. Chattels. complete. C. 98 . to bring to trial. fabrication. Enrichment. Enseñanza. To understand. Alliance. Joining theprofessional army after the military service. endeavor. Industrial Commission. take to court. Enriquecimiento. Rider. Entablar. Enganche. draft. Enmendadura. entire. discern. in the red. Harboring a crime. support. recruitment. Enf iteusis. if not applied to a specific situation gives rise to the inequity that someone may unjustly enrich himself at the expense of another—operates in the entire ambit of the law—including labor law—its application not being limited to a case in which a contract or quasi-con-tract exists. (Mex. institution. To present. fool. enlistment. Civ. Legal reform. Endorser. sin causa. Emphyteutic.M. connect. Enjuiciable. Improvement. fraudulent. Endorsee. change. poli. To acquire debts. disease. union.(E. Engañoso. article. establish-ment. veiled. Enrollment. Person who joined the professional army after completion of the militaryservice. investigation. animosity. Teaching. instruction. Ensayar. Unjust enrichment. deception. liabilities. swindle. Essay. Endoso. crook. Enriquecimiento indebido. Test. altering a writing. ailment. Survey. Link. malevolence. Enmity. sickness. Encuesta. Matrimony. emblem. To endorse. To deceive. alter. to get to know. comprehend. Emphyteusis. defendant. Endosado. dispatch. Época. Entry and search. Entidad. gains. Conference. Entrevista. Error. sec. consignment. Brawl. Prin. and development of man and other living beings. Equilibrio ecológico. outfit." Delivery "ex-ship. justice. mailing. Erótico. Manual delivery. Sending. time. funeral. Equipment. Epidemia Epígrafe. Erotismo. Gear. age. L. Enunciar. capitulate. Entredicho. kit. To send. To deliver.. dispatch. it being sought not to prejudice ñor importune the person inter-ested more than necessary. Erotomania. direct. Error. for the purpose of apprehend-ing and prosecuting him. Poisoning. Era. infect. Mistake is an erroneous as-sumption relating to faets or to law existing when the contract was concluded. Equitable. Enumeración. Epistolar. consign. Burial. Entrelineado. Crim. To poison. Epidemia.uncertain. Envenenamiento. Book-ing at a police station. Entuerto. period. Mistake. tussle. ship. flaw. transmission. To aban-don a fight or a struggle. Entradas. R." (Heirs of Car-rasquillo v. Error de concepto. income. Equivalence. entre líneas. Equipo. Between. state. 88 PRR 202 (1963)).4). Equivalencia. Enumeration. fault. shipped. Registrar. Entrada en vigor. tools. Revenue. Epoch. Delivered. (Sp. contamínate. Equívoco. 3. Entrada y registro. interfere. cryptic. Equidad. Equivocación. meeting. capitulation. Effective date of a statute. should they not interest the inves-tigation. Entrega. dispatch. contamination. Equitativo. Entrelinear. profits. crew. Envío. Envenenar. In the mortgage law an error of construction is understood to be the one committed by a registrar when. subtitle. Entrada. which he otherwise would not have committed. mistake. Enunciado. Enviar. To enuncíate. To disturb. No one can enter the domicile of a Spaniard or for-eiener residing in Spain without his consent. To write between the lines. stated. Used many times as a syn-onym of corporation or organization. mail. upset. Erotic. list. Equity. Person who delivers. Related to letters. Verdejo Meléndez. Entrega "ex-barco. excepting in the cases and in the manner expressly provided by law. admission. Entrampamiento. and all precau-tions possible shall be taken not to compromise his reputation. Entrapment. route. Said. Era. Entity. shipment. interment. declare. Entregar. Between the lines. Ecological equilib-rium. unclear. of similar value or strength. Equivocal. One who betrays the confidence of a criminal and furnishes information for his arrest. Enunciativo. ship. entierro. is entrapment. By way of introduction or example. Not strictly binding. The term era in Law CIII of Title XVIII of the Third Partida of the laws of the Seven Partidas means "year. Eroticism. trouble. shipment. 552).. Inequitable or unjust situation." Entrega manual. Team. epígrafe Title. Erotomanía. Erario. Entre. The interdependent relationship between elements forming the environment that make possible the existence.Error de concepto Enterramiento. Error of construction. transmit. entrance. perturb. announce. sexually passionate. (Ppl. his secrets being respected. Entregado. fairness. Entregarse. Entry. 545. Entries. squad. 95 PRR 900 (1968)). mail or missives. Useless inspections shall be avoided in making the searches. v. Delivery. art. Public funds. transfor-mation. Entregador. For a peace officer to procure a person to commit a crime. (Unidroit. infection. in setting forth in the record 99 . dispatch. Surrender. To surrender. Fntorpecer. Defeated. Escalador. or the law. Error sobre la causa. brawl. (Standard Penal C. Scale. art. One who climbs a wall or fence to commit a crime. Error in expression or transmission.. leg. fraud. trickster. Escalo. Civ. Scuffle. However. due to an invincible error. Error that concerns cause. To climb. mount. embarrassment. C. Prin. for Latin America. swindle. Escándalo. Dis-grace. sec. defraud. or the thing that is the contractual object or a sub-stantial quality of that thing. Escapism. Non-punishable error. Escamoteador. or any other circumstance that the parties regarded. when the contract was con-cluded. Error invencible (Crim. Climbing. 28). (Unidroit. (Unidroit. Escala. Fraud. Escape.Error en la expresión o en la transmisión some of the terms in the deed. Escaramuza. Harmless error. the act will be punishable with a sentence not less than half the mínimum. Escamotear.6). Escapar. their mean-ing is altered or changed without such fault necessarily producing the nullity thereof in accordance with the provisions of Art. Registrar. for Latin America. podium. Escarmiento. That is. stopover. (Lou. The same rules apply to those who wrongfully assume the existence of justify-ing circumstances. con man. or (b) the other party had not at the time of avoidance acted in reliance on the contract. 29). escálate. Es decir. ascend. swindler. Error no perjudicial. Prin.). 30 of the Mortgage Law. rumpus. Mistake. forum. Escamoteo. Escalar. Aggravated type of housebreaking. uproar. for Latin America. only possibility left. Error no punible (Crim. (Standard Penal C. To steal something with a sudden movement. aggravating circumstance of a crime. con. No punishment applies to whoever performs a criminal act convinced that it lacks some element required under the cor-responding statutory definition. 27). sensation. petty theft. is convinced that the act committed is not punishable. cheat. If the error is not invincible. Relevant mistake. namely. Escapatoria. breakout. evidente. the punishment corresponding to the less seri-ous act will apply. Error en la expresión o en la transmisión. trick. melee. Error punible (Crim. (Standard Penal C. An error occurring in the expression or transmission of a declaration is considered to be a mistake of the person from whom the declaration emanated. or knew or ought to have known of the mistake and it was contrary to reasonable com-mercial standards of fair dealing to leave the mistaken party in error. (Slang). platform. Stop. If by a mistake the act committed was different from the one the person had in mind. if the person is recklessly or negligently mis-taken. Invincible error. Outlet. Error relevante. Punishment or penalty aimed at preventing the party receiving it to commit the same mistake again. Error may concern a cause when it bears on the nature of the contract. Escapismo. Scandal. Escaño. Plain error. breakaway. the mistake was of such importance that a reasonable person in the same situa-tion as the party in error would only have concluded the contract on materially differ100 . art. flee. the act will be punishable only when the law contemplates the reckless or negli-gent commission of the criminal act. Escape. To cheat. sec. (Slang). or should in good faith have regarded. Punishable error. run away. (Guibas v. 3.).). art. struggle.5). as a cause of the obligation. Charlatan. Bar. or the person or the qualities of the other party. Error sobre la persona. as to the person. To escape. ignominy. nor more than half the maximum legally prescribed for the corre-sponding crime. 3. No criminal liability attaches to whoever. proportion. flight. A party may only avoid the contract for mistake if. Escalamiento. and (a) the other party made the same mistake. or caused the mistake. sec. Error ent terms or would not have concluded it at all if the true state of affairs had been known. 98 PRR 563 (1970)). 1950). brief. To file a document with a notary public. End. rear. balance. Surreptitiously. respite. Escritura de traspaso. with clearness and with the greatest possible conciseness. concern. Spirit. double agent. Espía. Escribano. Esqueleto. To wipe out. Especioso. Season. Espionage. sustains or disproves them. misleading. position. Esquizofrenia. place. aplomb. Especie. Escritos de conclusión. and. to obtain a finding. With the intention of making a profit. poise. Speculative. Deed. mores. Espalda. also brief and numbered. Escrito. School. Escrutinio. time extensión. covertly. distance. Escribanía. Something in writing. (Sp. Escribano de actuaciones. Establecido. Esperma. surveillance. Escuela. Reverse. stay. hideout. Espera. Lócale. delay. Established. variety. P. Final pleadings. Escritura sobre un derecho inmobiliario. Scruples. note. Esencial. 3) The principies of law respec-tively alleged in the complaint and answer. Deed. espurio.Estación Escisión. engagement. goal. Escriturar. Back. Clerk of chamber. camp. spouse. Manacles. Escribiente. Escopeta. post. Indispensable. espousal. in the judgment each party. Gap. Spy. Settlement. Escritorio. Undercover detective. Establecimiento. Estación. Establishment. Cache. reprieve. bogus. postponement. Provided. To specify. basic. In many cases their rank is higher than that of attorneys. notary. Espionage. cosmos. Counting of votes. in a proper case. To convey real estate. deferment. Deceptive. 2) In paragraphs. Skeleton. Deed of conveyance. main.equilibrium. consort. each one of the facts which have been the object of the contention. split. time. handcuffs. Wife. type. Esposo.settled. to swindle. refuge. Essential. L. Specie. Sperm.false. colony. most important. Stability. trend of thought. Ethical standards. Notarial office. Especialidad. bilí of sale. Desk. Lawyer's office. Esponsales. 669).To prove. classify. Profes-sional interest or activity. legal tender. separation. Espíritu. base. found. Recording clerk.wares. Rifle. Short letter. Certifícate. Especificar. Esposas. install. kind. Esquela. Esclavitud. To sign a deed. In Spain and in Latin America notaries are highly paid and highly respected professionals. Esquilmar. Waiting. Betrothal. designation. agreed. Espacio. document. Written motion. firearm. merchandise. uncertain. Civ. term. Estabilidad. steadiness. Escondrijo. Especificaciones. morais. fraudulent. Espúreo. 101 . Amanuensis. Especulativo. a. treacherous. Establecer. commodities. secretly. settle. Space. sluice. spouse. in the replication and rejoinder.business. the evidence of the opposite party shall be discussed. false. Especies. Specialty. and following the same order as that of the facts. Spurious. secret agent. Schizophrenia. galaxy. if contended or in whole or in part. Indenture. speciality. Espaldas. Slavery. Escritura. Station. calm. Notary public. Water lock. Court employee of low rank. Esclusa. classification. Escribano de cámara. Goods. sec. spying. The final pleadings shall be limited to the fol-lowing: 1) In numbered paragraphs there shall be stated. To establish. Specification. Coat of arms. objective of a law. Surgical cut. Escrúpulo. class. making a short and methodic brief of the evidence which. Escritura de venta. Husband. consort. fake. universe. Expanse. category. Escudo de armas. Esposa. shall be fully and concisely stated. Currency. assessed. Affix. within eight days. Estatuir. Structure. Estafar. Estatismo. clause. To stipulate. Estelionato. family origin. Estado de buena fe civil. fraud. Estados Unidos (de América). method. evaluation. Stipulation. Estraperto. impoteney. pattern. go off. Statism. annoyance. Estropear. suffocate. Estatutario. Stirpes. State. decree. Status ofcivil good faith. 102 Estatuto. Estilo. con. Fraud. stevedore. consisting in that status which shows that the subsequent acquirer of a real property or of a promis-sory note guaranteed by mortgage did not have knowledge outside of the registry of property about the "disagreement" of the facts between what appeared in the registry at the time of the acquisition and what the reality could be. America. To misrepresent. organization. . kingdom. stamp. Surprising terms. Estructura. Estampilla. stage. bother. strangling. estime. (SP). is effective unless it has been expressly accepted by the party. (Unidroit. swindle. black market. sub-sidy. choke. Profiteering. presumption of death. suffo-cation. Swindler. Estibador. Estadística. place. Estatal. Estadista. Stipulator. Estorbo. a certified copy of the respective decree.131). publicism. Nuisance. decompose. reckon. art. To strangle. U. offeror or offeree. opportunism. podium. circumstances. term. Stellionate. Stamp.situation. To annoy. technique. Estirpe. To disturb. choking. interfere. enact. Estado de cuenta. appraised. Estado. defraud. Strangulation. building. Platform.. bylaws. Civ. Elegance. divorce. Agreed statement of facts. Prin. Estipulación. To dupe. grant. edict. party to a contract. Estimación. obstacle. Status. legislate. edifice. mandate. rot. Estimated. Statistics. smothering. No term contained in standard terms which is of such a character that the other party could not reasonably have expected it. Estampar. To estímate. Stay. vex. Guess. To be fond of. Condition. To cheat.S. Statutory. Small retail business where goods monopolized by the state—such as tobáceo and lottery tickets—aresold. Esterilidad. Estrangulación. Estipular. Estrangulados Strangler. Bank statement. stopover. stopover. To establish. Stowage. infertility Estiba. smother. Ranch. sojourn. Estafador. Estimar. Estrangular. asphyxiate. regulation Articles of incorporation. statement of account. appraisal calculation. Related to the state or government. Estafa. hindrance. charlatan. allowance. Style. 97 PRR 481 (1969)).nation. evalúate. This name designates that req-uisite demanded from a person who alleges being a third-party mortgagee. fool. molest. seal. will transmit to the corresponding judge of the Civil Registry. Estipulaciones sorpresivas. 2. U.S. order. Statesman. condition. appraise. lineage. decay. Estipulación de hechos. proviso. C. con man. visit. sojourn. or loss or limitations in the competency to adminis-ter assets. assess. Estimation. To spoil. Fondness. Statute. provide. command. cheat. asphyxiation. United States of America. specify. mark. crook. modification.20). mislead. Civil status. Sterility.. Composition. hoax. Estipendio. For-mation. Estado civil. Stay. Estanco. Civil status. land. Colón. Country. guardianship. (Mex.. The judicial authorities that declare a person's absence.Estadía Estadía. swindle. Estimativo. visit. Estancia. Estorbar. republic.A. Estrado. modificación. Stipend. Estipulante. art. estímate. pulpit. Descendance. Longshoreman. pass. (Sánchez v. removal. criminal proce-dure. inci-dent. ouster. General Motors Corp. Avoidable. v. circumstance. To study. Estúpido. conspicuous. Eventual. Escaped prisoner. Eviction. 100 PRR 244 (1971)). Evicción en saneamiento. conceivable. Evadir. Eviction is the loss suffered by the buyer of the totality of the thing sold. Evasor. history. 87 PRR 587 (1963)). Eufiteuta. Evacuar. Evident. dimwit. ambiguous. technology. results in evident inequality between the obligations. professional standards. To evade. leave. commerce. The principie of avoiding the "abuse of right" means avoiding that juridical situa-tion which. or of a part thereof. obtuse. drugs. Evidence. flight. occasioned by the right or claims of a third person. investígate. nonreporting. (Lou. throwing out. Evasivo. Evicción. Escape. Estupefaciente. Rape. breakout. with the exception of commercial and labor codes. potential. Evaluation. Cortes. hallucinogen. scrutinize. education. show. appraisal. Evitar el abuso de derecho. removal. expulsión. nuclear and electrical energy. learning. Circumstantial evidence. Estupro. Ejection. typically enter law school immediately after secondary school. and civil procedure codes are virtu-ally carbón copies of the codes for the federal district. or after a brief cram course to enable them to pass university entrance examina-tions. elusive. Study. moronic. For the effects of the obligation of a vendor to give a warranty. vacate. Evadido. obvious. money. happening. avoid.Lema. Analysis. preventable. (Rodrí-quezv. To evalúate. probability. Evidente. (Rosenn). Ethical. estímate. (Ppl. Legal structure. Communications. Eviction.Evitar el abuso de derecho estructura legal. Evento. possibility. escape. Evidenciar. dodge. indication. Law firm. showing. occurrence. escapable. Evaluar. when political science. feasible. To evidence. Evidencia circunstancial. eviction means to defeat at a trial and it means the loss of a right as a consequence of a judicial judg-ment. art. (Ferrer v. Sexual intercourse with someone below the legal age for informed consent. Eventual. Evasiva. Latin American law students 103 . (L&DinLA). foreign investment. slippery. likehood. depletion. To aban-don. deplete. research. economics. prove. Mexico permits the states to enact their own basic codes. Mexico. including the power to legis-late with respect to hydrocarbons.Mexico's 1917 Constitution contatos a broad grant of powers to the federal government. estimation. prospect. The remaining three years are devoted almost exclusively to required legal subjects. moráis. C. banking and credit. Stupid. Tax evader. appraise. Estudiantes de derecho.' Powers not expressly granted to the federal government are reserved to the states. and sociology courses are mixed with some per-spective courses like Introduction to the Science of Law. Eventuality. Narcotic. empty. Civ. Evacuation. Eutanasia. Evasión. Law students. Nonetheless. mining.. underreporting. Evidencia. the states' civil. and labor. 2500). Avoid abuse of right.' Unlike the other Latín American untries. criminal. Estudio. To evacúate. México. examine. war-ranty. assess estímate. Ética. barbiturate. Evacuación. Tax fraud. 86 PRR 208 (1962)). Evitable. Event. Ético. Euthanasia. analyze. Evaluación. contingent. Eventualidad. Ethics. Emphyteuticary. Ambiguous and evasive conduct. Evasive. investigation. though legal in the ordinary course of the contract. calculation. chance. The only general liberal arts training they receive at the university comes during the first two years of law school. Cor-roboration. possible. proof. Aban-donment. Circumstantial evidence is noth-ing more than the inferences—deductions which the reason of the judge or jury make —saidto arise from a series of proven facts. Estudiar. Examinar. Excepciones de pronunciamiento. Exactor. Raising truth as a defense. test. Analysis. Crim. surplus. Examiner. he shall not be obliged to answer the complaint until the same has been dis-posed of. Excepción. Exam. R. which must always be done before any further proceeding in the action. (4) If the court finds hardship it 104 . Examinador. 5) The pendency of another action in another competent superior or inferior court. reject. (Sp. and (d) the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party. 3) the prescription (stat-ute of limitations) of a crime. Exaction. 666). research. stretching of the truth. Prin. inspection. jury.Evocación Evocación. teacher. (Sp. Excepción previa. for instance in an action for slan-der. art. (Unidroit. exemption. 2) Want of personality on the part of the plain-tiff on account of the lack of some qualifi-cation necessary to appear in an action. irregularity. That admits an appeal. Exceptuar. scrutinize. inspect. sec. Excedente. One who obtains an exaction. 7) The absence of a prior demand made administratively. (3) Upon failure to reach agreement within a reasonable time either party may resort to the court. To examine. 6. Excesiva onerosidad. Civ. 6) A legal defect in the manner in which the complaint is made. (2) The request for rene-gotiation does not in itself entitle the disadvantaged party to withhold performance. exempt. 2) a plea of res judicata. L. To exelude. Reléase from jail on parole or because the arrest warrant is quashed. forced contribution. examination. If the defendant should plead any dilatory exception. There is hardship where the oceurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contract either because the cost of a party's performance has increased of because the value of the performance a party receives has diminished. memorial. To excarcélate. overstatement. The request shall be made without undue delay and shall indícate the grounds on which it is based. Exceptio non adimpleti contractus (L). review. Excess. Exception. Evocation. because he does not have the character or representative capacity under which he is sued. Hardship. effeets. scruting. To except. It is raised by the defendant when plaintiff himself has not performed his side of the contract. It shall be understood that this defect exists when the general requisites are not compliet) with in the complaint. Hardship. professor. To ana-lyze. (1) In case of hardship the disadvantaged party is entitled to request renegotiations. The following ques-tions or pleas shall be the subject of preliminary exceptions: 1) a declinatory plea. 5) the lack of adminis-trative authority to conduct proceedings in cases in which it is necessary in accordance with the constitution and special laws. (b) the events could not reasonably have been taken into account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract. remembrance. P. balance. Exageración. commemoration.2. Dilatory exceptions. Examen. Excesiva onerosidad. Demurrer. To reléase from jail. To appeal or object. Exclusión. Appeal. Excepcionar. 3) The want of personality in the solicitor of the plaintiff. Preliminary exceptions. objection or procedural recourse. and (a) the events oceur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract. Excarcelación. (c) the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party. objection. or because he does not prove the character or representative capacity under which he sues. pro-cedural recourse. test. 4) the plea of amnesty or pardon. efectos. Literally it means "exception of non-fulfilled contract".. sec. Excepcionable. on account of the insuffi- previo ciency or illegality of the power to attorney 4) Want of personality on the part of the defendant. Tribunal. research. when the complaint is directed against the public treasury. Exacción. L. Excarcelar. Excepciones dilatorias. Exaggeration. 531-533).2). Exceptio veritatis (L). The following only shall be admissible as dilatory exceptions: 1) Lack of jurisdiction. Anomaly. Exhorto. Exento. Excusar. reprieve. Exclusivo. pardon. Exhortar.3). The enforcement application will be transmitted to the party against whom enforcement is sought and to the Office of the Attorney General. issued in conjunc-tion with proceedings in civil and commer-cial matters held before the appropriate authority of one of the States Parties to this Convention. showing. absolution. art. Sending of a letter requisitorial by one court to another. Letters rogatory directed to foreign courts shall be sent through diplomatic 105 . To withdraw. Tax exemption. expedition. The taking of evidence and the obtaining of information abroad. the examination and the weight of the evidence obtained are gov-erned by the lex fori and lex rei sítate. If the Supreme Court grants the exequátur. (LA Laws &Inst). Exhorto. interés estatal. surplus. justification. art. thrill. Exhibitory. Exempt. (a) termínate the con-tract at a date and on terms to be fixed. Exculpation. (Amado). Excess. or (b) adapt the contract with a view to restor-ing its equilibrium. This Convention shall apply to letter rogatory. The formalities of execution of letters rogatory are subject to the laws of the country where the witnesses are to be exam-ined. letter rogatory. Letters rogatory. unless a reservation is made in this respect. To exhibit. forgive. Letter rogatory. that have as their purpose: a. Pre-sentation in court. Exclusion. Excursión. display. (Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. Exhibir. acquit-tal. Exhorto. Exhortante. liberated. Exculpación. Judge who issues a letter requisitorial. exoneration. Exclusivist. exonerated. 17). the mat-ter is referred to the lower court which would have had jurisdiction had the original lawsuit been brought in Chile. display. (Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. implore. request. Exequátur. Excursion. prohibition. International letter rogatory. Excusa. Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. Exhibición. Exhorto internacional. art. expulsion. Excluyente. execu-tion. Excuse. balance. Exhorto. The Chil-ean Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdic-tion to review the enforcement application and to decide on whether to grant the exequátur. Exhibition. Exemption. (Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. elitist. Prin. Exclusión. Exhibitionism. incitement. Exclusivista. Letter rogatory shall be executed in accor-dance with the laws and procedural rules of the State of destination. Excusarse. summonses or subpoenas abroad. Let it be enforced (lit). show. art. Exceso. for-malities. Exhorto. arts. Nevertheless. A legalized and translated transcript of the judgment must be filed with the applications. The performance of procedural acts of a merely formal nature. such as service of pro-cess. Exclusive. removal. apology. (Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. voyage. Excluding factor. The effects of a declaration in forma pauperis shall be regulated by the law of the State of destination. barring. Letter requisitorial. Exhorto. formalidades. gastos.2. exhilaration. 12). " Instigation. and 16). Chile. expenses. pray. The State of destination may refuse to execute a letter rogatory that is manifestly contrary to its public policy ("ordre public"). Excitación. The costs and other expenses involved in the processing and execution of letters rogatory shall be borne by the interested parties. Exhibitorio. Convención Interamericana. Excitement. encouragement. exten-uating circumstance. Exhibicionismo. 10). 2. Letter Rogatory. 6.. (Unidroit.Exhorto internacional may if reasonable. To exhort. Exequátur. Letter rogatory. Letters Rogatory. 13. exception. Exención contributiva. Procedure or order to enforce a foreign judgment. To excuse. Exención. b. Exequatur. public policy. Chile. ejecución. To apologize. exclusion. end of a term or period. exonerat-ing. Expert. Ostra-cism. middleman. R. understandable. exculpatory. The authority of the State of des-tination shall have the jurisdiction to determine any issue arising as a result of the execution of the measure requested in the letter rogatory. Dealer. dispenser. Mer-chandise in stock. To exempt. Execution of letters rogatory shall not imply ultímate recognition of the jurisdiction of the authority issuing the letter rogatory or a commitment to recognize the validity of the judgment it may render or to execute it. anticipation. Works carried out on the ground with the purpose of identi-fying mineral deposits. art. elimínate. Experto. Expiration. Expendedor. To deal. Record of appea| Expedir. as well as quantify-ing and evaluating the economically usable reserves contained therein. To expel. require. juris-diction. recognition. Exhorto. To consume. Death. to undergo punishment. Presentation of a brief or motín where the petitioner states introductor matters. Expedition. Should such authority find that it lacks jurisdiction to execute the letter rogatory. professional. Expectant. order. Expiación. release. matured. Exhumación. Exploración. Exploitation. finish. distributor. misuse. Pimp. perish. To die. Explotador. Expiation. dispatch. Existence. order. Exorbitant. Eximir. (Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. penance. Letter Rogatory. Exigir. Consisn ment. Existencia. 106 . exempt. Outrageous. Too big. hopeful. banishment. Expedición. expense. Exigible. authority. spend. Exoneración en quiebra. Explicable. costly or powerful. Expediente de apelación. Exigencia. excúlpate. waiting Expectativa. fore seeability. To expiate. evacúate. dispense. merchant. Expoliación. Expediente. (Sp. mail. par-don. Exigibilidad. (Inter-American Convention On Letters Rogatory. precise. exemption. sender. and in the absence thereof. Explotación. dismiss. Exempting. Expeler. pardon. as prescribed by the general regulations of the government. expenditure. Cessation. Expensas. conclude. past and clue. Explicable. Explanatory. not binding. pardon. excuse. Explosión. discernable. shipment. Abuse. terminate. Discharge in bank-ruptcy. mailino Expedidor. command. disburse. Exilio. Practica maneuver to achieve a result. excursion. Expirar. clear. Crim. requirement. To demand. dossier. record. atonement. Charges. specific. Letter rogatory. spe-cialist. To ship. 193). send. commercial use. expulsión. Explicativo. to serve a sentence. market. jurisdicción channels in the manner prescribed by treaty. Marketing. lapse. Spoliation. it shall ex officio forward the documents and antecedents of the case to the authority of the State which has jurisdiction. Expiar. Exoneration. Legal costs. In all other cases principies of reciprocity shall govern. Explosion.Exhorto. art. Logical. Sending. termination. Exile. Eximente. 11). Person who develops a commercial opportunity. Permanence. dispatcher. dispatch. reconocimiento. Precatory. disinterment. 9). Demandability. art. Exhorto. Demand. File. To expire. Exordio. To exonerate. Expiración. retailer. Shipper. discharge. with binding forcé. Exorbitante. Expectation. Explícito. Exhumation. Exploration. Explicit. blast. Exoneración. Exonerar. exonérate. jurisdicción. L. Expectante. Demandable. command. Expender. outburst. Subject to extradition. Condemnable. any particular property. delibérate. Modelor standard. To cease. Extinctive. Expósito. To abuse. ending. Extorsionador. lengthen. demónstrate. A technique of legislative interpretation assuming that. To exact a sum of money. Extension. Expresar. art. Extinguir. removal. list of reasons for which a will may be challenged—it is implicitlybanning any other grounds. Person who declares or states.declaration. Expropiación. Inverse condemna-tion. duress. abandoned child. Extorsivo. account.g. 107 . expropriable. Exponent. Civ. Extradición. misExponente. In order to rendar effective the international judicial competence in penal matters. Extraditable. Expositor. discharge. Extinción. exportation. pre-meditated. 2626. report. Expreso. Extraconyugal. Extraconjugal. the state. Expropriation. Statement. Intentional. excerpt. To extinguish. Extortion. outra-geous. assertion. syn-opsis. condemnation. statement. To put out. extorsionista. dismissal. Extender. Party who expropriates. To expel. every individual who possesses under the protection of the laws. state. he may be divested of the property by the authority of law.Extraditable Expoliar. Extraditable. to smother. conclusion. of legislative intent. Person whose property is con-demned. Expropiador.Ejection. In all cases. mishandle. blackmail. terminate. Extracontractual. communicate. intimidation. verbalize. Expulsión. Extorsionar. Export. discharge. Expulsar. if in conformity with the provisions of this title. pulling. Extorsión. state. Bustamante Code. say. cessation. Extracción. Extinguirse. Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (L). expire. prolongable. Extortionate. Extortioner. To express. Person who testifies deposes. Exponer To declare. fire. convey. each of the States shall accede to the request of any of the oth-ers for the delivery of persons convicted or aecused of crime. postponement. end. Expropiación inversa. To present to another party. Extradi-tion. subject to the dispo-sitions of the international treaties and conventions containing a list of penal infrac-tions which authorize the extradition. 344). Extendible. summary. Exposición de motivos. To export. To condemn. Exposición. Part of the judgment that awards a relief not requested. Derived from a source other than a contract. With full knowledge. Expropiar. expropriate.2627. declare. Expropiado. Extensible. and 2628). Foundling. refuses to yield it. when a statute mentions something specifically—e. Extraction. art. To extend. If the owner of a thing necessary for the general use. dismiss. (Bustamante C. to sell or market abroad. eviction. Exportación. is tacitly subjected to the obligation of yielding it to the community. explain. Abstract. a fair price should be given to the owner for the thing of which he is dis-possessed. Length. enlarge. Expulsion. or demands an exorbitant price. wherever it becomes necessary for the general use. Statement ofmotives. Extinction. Extra petitum (L). Express. exorbitant. lapse. bribery. The first law of society being that the general interest shall be preferred to that of individuáis. Expropiable.elimínate. (Lou. international sales. Código Bustamante. termínate. To coerce payment. Extensión. C. misuse.show. evacuate. Exportar. Literally it means that what is specifically induded exeludes what is not. Extract. Extracto. To blackmail. Continuation. Extintivo. etc..named place). Extraoficial. excessive.. Extralimitación. on the surface EXW. Loss of a thing. Extrajudicial. Extraterritorial. stranger. immigrant. breach. Not public yet. exorbitant unreasonable. En Fábrica (. Extremo. of sense of direction or of sanity.. Trespass. (Incoterms). foreigner. works.) to the buyer.Extrajudicial Extrajudicial. infringement. Alien. Extranjería. privately. Extrínsico. Extraviado. In particular he is not responsible for loading the goods on the vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing the goods for export.lugar convenido). violation. most removed. Extreme. Extrinsic. "Ex Works" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when he has made the goods available at his premises (i. confidential. without the court's intervention.e. international. Extraterritorial. factorv warehouse. Farthest. EX\y Ex Works (. unless other wise agreed. 108 .. external. Extranjero. Extravío. Alienage. Lost. Falso. forgery. Facsímil. Factory. split. Falsificador. invention. front. Fax. fiction. insufficiency.loan.To rule sua sponte (de oficio) on the procedural steps conducive to avoid procedural nullities [. To authorize.payment by installments. Falsario. Forged. All persons who reside at the house where the death occurred.. Falsificación. Labor. Defect. Faction. reproduction.] (Panamanian Judicial Code. Falsificar. Fallecimiento. To furnish. traf-fic violation. Civ. hospitals. Facturar. deception. notice. broke. assist. counterfeit. Fault. Bankruptcy. Fallo. Misrepresentation. Falsehood. Judgment. the guests of the hotels. treacherous. Manufactured. component. Manufacture. falsifier. trumped. Disloyal. provide. sham. misrepresent. fib. insincere. tort. lie. (Mex. insolvency. invoice. Facción. breakdown. Error.college. Falsa representación. Fajo. order. Faena. opinion.471andl99). elective. plant. mili. chore. Fallar. To bilí. Powers and duties of the court. defect. store keeper. Blame. Facultad. right. backstabbing. license. the directors or administrators of the detention centers. Deceit. art. forge. neat packet or parcel. Extension of credit. Forger. Faculty. even if the way suggested by the parties is erroneous. Misdemeanor. fake. to make a mistake. Falsear. counterfeit. Facultar. Falsification. untrue. task. Fabricado. To enter a judgment or a ruling. counterfeit. duplicate or reproduction from the original. 109 . fabrication. deficiency. mistake. Invoice. fabrication. Falaz. offense. falsifier. liability. doctor. decision. requests. To go bankrupt.. Falso testimonio. discretional. Conclusion. violation. wrong. Falta. Bankruptcy. flaw. ruling. Forger. authorization.arts. unfaithful. Factor. recourse and motions in the way the law indicates. insolvent.] To indícate what is wrong with pleadings(funciones de saneamiento) sua sponte. Falencia. falsehood. Facsimile. notificación. ease. production. Optional. C. Fallacy. untrue.. To falsify. Falacia.commercial agent. fault. Deceit clothed as truth. Fallir. Facilitar. Fabricación. To facilitate. Fallacious. workshop. culpability. The court must treat the petition. Bundle. bogus. deficiency. colleges or any other community housing. bilí. Perjury. deficiency. To lie. Death. Facilidades de pago. On duty.watchman. Clerk. flaw. empower. lying under oath. Factura. job. Fallido. Factor.. Factoring. Fabricated. element. False. Falsía.building. Exact copy.works. reproduce. construction. veredict. Facultativo. duplicity. imitation. Body of professors. Fachada. Shortage.F Fábrica. fake. Fallecimiento. To falsify. forge. have the obligation to notify the Civil Registry judge.permissive. fraudulent. lack of. Factoring. 120). capability. breakdown. divergence. permit. Facultades y deberes del tribunal. Magistrates and Judges have the general duties: [. Manufacture. mistake. spurious. Falsedad. ruined. charge. inns or neighborhoods. Death. Facade. counterfeit. ability. Falseado. Authority. Falla. Failure. To fail. work. Bankrupt. Error. manufacturing. Defect. voluntary. charges. scarcity. league. beacon. accessory. credence. Free Alongside Ship (. deadly. Destructive. reputation. the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take the goods into his charge. and includes the servants of the family. C. Fecha.namedport of shipment). nation wide. Person who receives a favor or any kind of advantage. Federal. Fedatario. compact. (Lou. Fama.S. Highly offensive conduct. Fauna silvestre. Favorecido. It is also employed to signify all the relations who descend from a common root. art... promoter.. Belief.lugar convenido).. Fateful. Fatal. Final. Federalism. Effective date.puerto de carga convenido). Fatal. strong light. Winner. made (oíd Spanish). Bale. Nonpayment. FCA. To be lacking in something. Fe de erratas. Fecha de vigencia. When. Franco Al Costado Del Buque (. proof. Familia. Day certain. inevitale. Federación. are quite distinct from those of Latin America. mother.S. Falta grave. Free Carrier (. Fautor. Federation. progeny. Favor. Faith. confi-dence. Favorecedor. the seller's assistance is required in making the contract with the carrier (such as in rail or air transport) the seller may act at the buyer's risk and expense. executed. Fechoría. Federalismo. offspring. To be absent.. Fe de bautizmo. persuasion. class. All terrestrial animal species who exist subject to natural selection processes that inhabit either tem-porarily or permanently live on national territories. Family. In a more extensive sense. Notarial certification. Faltar.Falta de competencia Falta de competencia. Wrong doing. (Incoterms). a wrong. (Inco-terms). Any development of fauna natural resources. achieved. named place) "Free Carrier" means that the seller fulfilk his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods. prominence. Fechar. of Falta de pago.. FAS. To commit a fault. not extendable. areas or habitats. Fecho. unavoidable. were colonized by Great Britain. Missing cash.. into the charge of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. Erratum. alliance. Fe. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer. repute. 3556). Done. Proof of baptism.. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or dam-age to the goods from that moment. notoriety. Evidence. disastrous. service. although they díffer in various important respects. conviction. time. Common ancestry. Fe notarial. To date. made. development and evolution of such species. including once domesticated animáis that have been abandoned or returned to their natural habitat. Lighthouse. lackof jurisdiction. Date. association. Fecha cierta. Fardo. Faltante de caja. it comprehends all the individuais who live under the authority of another. confederation. "Free Alongside Ship" means that the seller fulfills his obligation to deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay or in lighters at the named port of shipment. especially when endangered species are involved. Wild fauna. sup-porter. sig-nifies father. Want competence. renown. default. 110 Bes ture. courtesy. accomplished. accommodation. FAS. Gross negligence. Civ. coalition. Family in a limited sense.birthcertifícate. Notary public.. Illegal behavior. lethal. FCA. The federalist traditions of Canada and the U. One who favors or supp0rts something. Fame. according to commercial practice. Favor. day. must occur in a manner that does not alter the necessary conditions for the subsistence. and children.Canadá and the U. Professional who certifies as to the truth or authencity of acts performed before him. dishonor. relatives. Federal. cleared for export. Category. Abettor. Done. which allowed its colonies substan- . Franco Transportista (. Faro. performed (oíd Spanish but still used as a term of art). This is partly because they are civil law countries whose legal systems are predicated upon basic codes. Like Brazil's. and agrarian reform. which tradi-tionally have been ruled by local large land-holders or caudillos. Locke's social compact theory. Mexico. Federalismo. Federalism. Constitution. but united in a stabilized federation—Article 124. was colonized by Spain and Portugal. were products of col-onizations that synthesized Protestantism. Latin America. de-fense. comparación. federalism was perceived as a means to decentralize gov-ernrnents that had been heavily concen-trated. taxation. naturalization. hierarchical organization of Roman Catholicism and Bourbon absolutism. armed forces. federalism has been the Mexican form of political organization since its first constitution in 1822. In both countries. Mexico. modeled afterthe lOth Amendment to the U. Brazil. therefore.Federalismo. (Rosenn). (Rosenn). The text of the constitutions of Argentina. and the constitutions of all these countries have con-ferred the power to enact the commercial codes upon the federal government. like Argentina. (Rosenn). Mexico. It is also partly because frequent periods of political instability have led to domination of the states and provinces by the central government through military intervention and frequent changes in constitutional texts.S. Both the U. mineral resources. federalism was perceived as a usef'ul technique for integrating substan-tially autonomous colonies into a single nation. In this fashion. economía. Federalismo. A strong defacto system of local rule emerged in Latin America. the remainder being reserved for the states. with the exception of Brazil. Venezuela's Constitution also grants the national government the power to enact civil. that. Decen-tralization did increase somewhat in the six years under President Salinas. transportation. In theory. commercial. Communications. econ-omy. Federalismo. and procedural codes. Brazil. the power of the central governments has not always penetrated into the interior of these countries. In Latin America. criminal. But Mexico. and Canada. and the natural rights of Englishmen. navigation. It should not be sur-prising. suf-fers from what the late Carlos Niño called "hyperpresidentialism. when there were twenty-two states. on the other hand. provides that the powers of the federal government are limited to those specifically delineated. Federalismo. such as foreign affairs.S.S. México. Political power has been so heavily centralized in the na-tional governments. particularly in the exec-utive. Venezuela's 1961 Constitution grants to the national government a broad array of powers covering virtually all aspects of a modern state. Federalism. in addition to a broad 111 . (Rosenn). Federalism. Venezuela tial freedom in governing themselves. that power in all the Latin American federal nations is far more centralized than in Canada or the U. currency. despite what the laws or constitutions pro-claimed. On the other hand. Venezuela. the states or provinces have minimal autonomy. but what Jorge Carpizo wrote in 1973 is essentially true today: A good part of the federated states' autonomy is under central will. and Venezuela sugests that these countries have federal sys-tems that resemble the U. Federalism. democratic. comparison. This North American inheritance of theology and polit-ical theory was far more conducive to the structured dispersal of power among many regional centers than Latin America's inheritance of the centralized.S. and federal republic formed by free and sovereign states in all manners concerning their internal governments. whose heavily centralized regimes permitted their colonies little freedom to govern their own affairs. But the reality is quite different. Article 40 of the Mexican Constitution characterizes the country as a representative. banking. and more precisely in the hands of the president and the PRI. and Canada. and Venezuela have not had similar court battles about federalist constraints upon the powers of the federal government to regulate the economy. Argentina. Venezuela. with the exception of Quebec." Virtually all real political power is concentrated in the federal government. what really exists in Mexico is a centralized government with some decentral-izedaspects. expropri-ation. and who has no personal or monetary interest in obtaining same and does not benefit himself from the transaction. The purpose of the bail shall be to answer for the appearance of the accused when called by the judge or court taking cognizance of the cause. not only in favor of the principal debtor. 2) The principal obligor or the surety is a business corporation. a joint debtor and a mere surety there exists another eclectic figure. Felonious conduct. Feticida. reliable. perfidy. To federalize. 3042). called the joint-surety. or for a valuable consideration. (Carr v. Commercial surety—ship. By security a person binds himself to pay or perform for a third person in case the latter should fail to do so. The security may be conventional. Fiador-solidario. the federal legislature. Should he have bound himself for more. L. Person who commits a feticide. Bailor. art. crime.Federalizar specific grant of powers to the federal government. who is the person who signs an obligation as joint debtor for the only purpose of allowing that a loan be granted 112 to the principal debtor. collateral. Fiador. That carries probative value as to its authenticity. the naure of the crime. gratuitous. the states are granted virtually no significant powers other than organizing their own governments. . art. Feriado. the powers granted to the federal government are so broad that little is left to the various states. criminal. It may also be constituted. (Lou. Person who extends credit. convict. which as a matter of fact and law participates simultaneously of the nature of the figure of the joint debtor and the surety. In order to determine the amount and character of the bail. Security. either with the consent. 3) The principal obligation arises out of a commercial transaction of the principal obligor. Feticide. Holiday. Ferrocarril. P. Federalizar. outlaw. Bail (Crim. leave. Although the states have the residual powers. health. Feud. vacation. and even against the opposition of the latter. Civ. To become a member of a federation. credible. guarantor. by two-thirds vote. 98 PRR230 (1970)). A surety may bind himself to less but not to more than the principal debtor as in quantity as well as to the burden of the conditions. Feria. traffic. Security is not presumed. association or a similar collective body. guarantee. Joint-surety. law-breaker. (Lou.B. social assistance. and popular credit institutions. Fianza (Crim. Felonia. but in favor of the other surety. Felon. Federarse. culture. Fehaciente. A legal suretyship is one given pursuant to legislation. C. or court order. it must be express and can not be extended further than that specified therein. In the relations between a creditor. dependable. Nones. Legal suretyship. Felon. To counterbalance this centralist tilt. Fianza comercial.). legal. art. fair. Legal holiday when courts are closed. Feudo. Authentic. C. such as urban growth. A commercial suretyship is one in which: 1) The surety is engaged in a surety business. the social status and the antecedents of the accused shall be taken into consideration. or other business entity. the Venezuelan Constitution also gives the federal government power over all other matters that this Constitution attributes to the National Power or which corresponds to it by its type or nature. The counties (municipios) are granted the power to regulate local concerens. may grant powers to the states in the intrest of decentralization. administrative act or regulation. 3043). or 4) The suretyship arises out of a commercial transaction of the surety. offender. as well as all other circumstances which may bear upon the greatr or lesser interest of the latter to place himself beyond the jurisdiction of the judicial authority. trustworthy. railway (G. truthful. Betrayal. Fianza legal. Fiable. Feticidio. Civ. or judicial. ignorance. partnership. malefactor. his obligation shall be reduced to the limits of that of the debtor. Fianza. Bond. Market. (Rosenn). criminal act. surety.. Dependable. Fiado. abortion. Sale of goods on credit.). (Sp. Railroad.). Crim. reliable. 531 and 532). On the other hand. irrevocable. Financial. intention. patent. Fiduciario. Signature by procuration. trustor. Filibustero. Fiscalizacion. dependable. End. To ascertain. fragility. weakness. District Attorney. Ficha. Flete. Fincas rusticas y urbanas. prosecution. Ficción juridica. Enterprise. Filiation. finish. Filiación. Fiscalizador. Discharge. control. Ficción. queue. 3044). Person or body with control or supervision. Consignment. Deceased. origin. charter. 113 . Fiction. Fiscal. Flagrante. fictional. District attorney's office. end. Determination or establishment of something. Illusory. Lie. To send. Settlor of a trust. Trust. administrator. sender. Fianza para auto de suspension. Estate subject to an annuity. monetary. plantation. Debility. Final. House. guardian. charterer. underwrite. Material. fiat. Filosofia del derecho. Freight. Financial branches of government. Official prices set by the government. termination. Legal fiction. The state or government. reliable. initial. To accept collateral or a guarantee. Finiquito. A belonging to the state or government. terminate.exposed. conclusive. Affreightment. simulation. obvious.Flojedad Fianza ordinaria. privateer. Related to taxes. Fideicomisario. settle. Fiscalia. charterer. Fletador. To conclude. Affreighter. delegate. Fijacion de precios. Fidelidad. true. usually in the form of a ceiling. Faithful. Fijar. To affix. sequence. Firma. Unappealable. feebleness. Bodily. Uncompromising. Fiducia. Trust. corporeal. Credible. Firm. corsair. Fiat. Firmar. Firmante. myth. fund. Fletero. Aim. Finca asensuada. Financiero. Fletamento. Fisico. To finance. Constructive. Fin. To extend credit. Jurisprudence. decedent. Not real. ranch. art.. representative. File. autograph. evident. Finado. The needle of a scale. concrete. Person who issues a document. execute. Firmado. dispatch. subscriber. Firmo la presente. freighter.dispatch. fantasy. Flojedad. Signed. endow. believable. Account. administration. Data card. Farm. An ordinary suretyship must be strictly construed in favor of the surety. veracious. Fletar. confidence. trade name. Signer. Carrier of goods. faithfulness. Buccaneer. Firme. To conclude. Supersedeas bond. Line. consign. archive. Financial. settle. Fideicomitente. Fletante. Signature. loyal. Filigrama. trustworthy. Decree or ruling of a court.A. freightment. agent. Physicist. Financiar. pirate. carnal. release of an obligation or debt. prosecutor. Fila. Ficto. Flagrant. Supervision. Devotion. autograph. fix. To charter. The prosecution. Joinder of the issue. physical. Shipper. D. File cabinet. Trustee. Fingimiento. Finca. Related tomoney. pretense. Civ. Fiel. Fichero. reliance. Cost of transportation. clearly seen. Fixation. (Lou. Fixing. Firma por poder. Ordinary suretyship. Fidelity. An ordinary suretyship is one that is neither a commercial suretyship nor a legal suretyship. Rural and town property. goal. To sign. Fiduciary. Imaginary. C. invented. loyalty. Fisco. implied. I have hereunto set my hand. Fideicomiso. derivation. Fidedigno. Finiquitar. Watermark. Fijacion. execute. Fornicación. grant. Configuration. Bureaucratic or legal procedures. Folio. money. Repeated changes. dependable. Folio.) Formalizar. dis-play a decided tendency to believe only documents and not people. development and evolution of such species. Forma fehaciente. Forastero. Form. In those agencies which require the existence 114 of funds the agent will not be obligated tn perform any transactions while the princi. Forense.. Fomentador. (See Legalismo. sheet (oíd Spanish. imported (often used despectively). oscillation. Foral. Fondo. Flota. that exist subject to natural selection processes and develop freely. Fomentar. endowment. Legal. Foreigner. To create. Formación. Formula. encouragement. page. espe-cially when endangered species are involved. rite. Flujo y reflujo. supply. alien. to render final and enforceable. To form. out-law. FOB. Franco A Bordo (. Formalism. Formulario. Physical and intangible assets of a corporation. Style. C. Any development of flora natural resources. Formular. buoy. promotion. Fondos suficientes. Sufficient funds. Foliar. time-consuming operation. Bottom. legalistic. Formality. shift. Fluctuation.. Stock. alien. Flotar. Fornication. áreas or habitats. Empty formality. Changing between two extremes. Wild flora. state. Foráneo. Fondos. (Incoterms). Sexual intercourse out of wedlock. There is a marked tendency to presume that every citizen is lying unless one produces written. set up. flotilla. stranger. The formal legal systems of Latin American countries. Person who moves other people into action. Flote. awaken people's inter-est. Formal. Formalismo. (L & D in LA). Reserve fund. standard. docu-mentary proof that one is telling the truth. 281) Forajido. Float. To float.. Fondo Monetario Internacional. Formar. To formulate. Proper. equation. FOB. To orga-nize. There is an amaz-ing proliferation of requirements for legal permissions and official documents in all sorts of legal relationships. Fund. including populatíons or specimens of these species found under human control. Fondisia.Flora silvestre Flora silvestre. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from that point. (Mex. Related to one particular jurisdiction or forum. To number and or initial pages. application. Page or group of pages. Free on Board (.named port of shipment). must occur in a manner that does not alter the necessary conditions for the subsistence. as well as mushrooms. but still used as a forensic term). art.puerto de embarque convenido). Authentic manner. To promote. promoter. Aid. Fluctuación. Movement of the tide be-tween its upper and lower ebb. Fórmula. International Monetary Fund.. To formalize. IMF. relatively unstable. Developer. Foreign. Fluctuante. shape. To express. Innkeeper. Foja. Cus-tomary. navy. The mere cash-ing of a traveler's check can become a com-plicated. and dealing with customs agents is likely to be a Kafkaesque experience. Fleet. Formal. Fondo de reserva. The land vegetable species. Dangerous criminal. Fomento. pal does not provide the sufficient funds the agent having the right to suspend his performance when the necessary funds have been exhausted. . The whole Corporation. Formalidades. whether ascertaining criminal guilt or issuing employment benefits. Fondo de comercio. Forensic. "Free on Board" means that the seller fulfills his obli-gation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship's rail at the named port of shipment. Formalidad. Formation. Forma. Com. Form. ceremony. Formulismo. Formalities. Funds. To sign. fugitive. Forzoso. (Part IV). to adjudícate the present case. Decision of the Superior Tribunal de Apelaciones de San José. It should be added that in Latin America. derive from the same case. the causal event of the claim lies outside Costa Rican territory. it may be clearly concluded that the law applic-able to this case is Article 323 of the Bustamante Code and that the plaintiffs were proceeding in accordance with the law when they filed their suits in the courts of the State of Texas. Forum. (Page 10). Shell Co„ 890 F. (S. on 2/21/96: III. since it does not meet the linkage requirements set forth in national or international rules of competence applicable to the Costa Rican legal system. overruled an appeal of the above decision. which is where the defendants are domiciled and where their assets are located. on 9/25/95.. cannot determine the territorial jurisdiction within this country. at find-ing liability on the part of the manufacturen and distributora of an allegedly defective product. Costa Rica. is seen as politically offensive. Costa Rica. To fornicate.D. due to lack of jurisdiction. [S]uch decisions [pesticed manufactur-ing and distribution] were taken in said country [USA]. is affirmed.Forum non conveniens. unplanned. foro. the proper course of action is to expressly decline to hear or try this case on the grounds that it is not a mat-ter for Costa Rican judges.] the decision [of the District Court] establishing that adjudication of the present case does not correspond to a Costa Rican judge. Arguedas Salazar writes. the decision of a foreign judge. Tex. In fact. affirmed the District Court's judgment. Depending on chance or fate. the competent court is that of the defendants' domicile or place of residence. the judge with jurisdiction is the one where the obligation must be performed or the one 115 . on 5/20/96: [Referring to forum non conveniens] A procedural decision. by the Honorable Ricardo González Mora. of 9/5/95: [In reference to forum non conveniens] This institution is unknown and therefore cannot be applied in the Costa Rican legal system. stronghold. which is not Costa Rica. filed in Delgado v. the place of the latter's residence. (Page 10). Forum non conveniens. which is the domicle or place of residence of the defendant companies. bastion. fort. signed by the Honorable Javier Víquez Herrera.] the issue is directed. article 323] establishes that concerning personal actions. (Page 6). is not relevant to the issue immediately at hand before this Court. even against their express will. Fortaleza. This country reiects cases filed in it under the mentioned theory. binding. Decision of the Supreme Court of Costa Rica. all the way to the Supreme Court. court. (Page 9). ordering the plaintiffs to file such case in another country. jurisdiction. article 323 of the Bustamante Code provides that in personal suits the competent judge shall be a judge of the place where the obligation is to be performed or the place of the defendant's domicile and secondarily. 1995). Supp. By virtue of the Private International Law Code (Bustamante Code)." (Page 10). [. nor can it be the legal ground for determining the competence of this Court. The judicial decisions partially transcribed below. (Page 8). Fortuitous. (Part II). casual.[The Bustamante Code. since that would violate National Sovereignty. and does not meet the linkage requirements set forth in Costa Rican law. Decision of the Juzgado Civil y de Trabajo de Limón.. and it is not the case of a law-suit against the branches that the defendants have in our country. Compulsory. accidental... Costa Rica Fornicar. mandatory. Fortress. "Jurisdiction is one of the fruits of sovereignty. This being the case. The fact that judge Lake deems it more convenient for the plaintiffs to have the case heard in another jurisdiction. with jurisdiction over the case. rtuito. and it should therefore not be exported or sacrificed. Consequently. Therefore. Decision of the Fourth Civil Court of San José. instead. since. The excerpts that follow are citations from their complete text. [. as Dr. Forum non conveniens. issued by a Court of the United States of America. according to the rules of national and international jurisdiction. publication of the facts about the defendant's producís in the newspapers. who manufactures. in addition to any general or special damages which it awards. In its (2) The terms and conditions for the p0$t ing and disposal of a bond under subsection (1) shall be determined by the Court. or (b) having knowledge of the harm which his wrongful act was likely to cause. 5.. Accordingly [. the Court shall make an award of exemplary or punitive damages. it mentions it is "An Act to make provisión for the expeditious and just trial in the Commonwealth of Dominica of transnational product liability actions where any such action was dismissed in a foreign forum on the basis of forum non conveníens. Therefore. environ-mental. or (b) on the basis of comity or other similar basis the Courts in Dominica provide a more convenient forum for trial of the action. for instance. the placing of advertisements and warnings about the defendant's products.] filing the claim in that country of the North [USA] was the correct thing to do [. 11. due to which jurisdiction is declined. (1) The Court shall make an award of exemplary or punitive damages in the following circumstances. which can be officially cited as introductory statement. where the Court is satisfied that: (a) the defendant acted in bad faith or in reckless disregard for the welfare of oth-ers.] there is no doubt that [. 10. Sec. Orders of the Court. Sec. due to its Caribbean location. (2) In awarding exemplary or punitive damages. or oth-erwise carrying on business abroad. 16 of 1997. and the publication of the health. (1) Where a transnational cause of action is established under this Act to the satisfaction of the Court. This Act shall apply to all transnational causes of action brought against a foreign defendant where: (a) any such action was dismissed in a foreign forum on the basis oí forum non conveníens. The Common-wealth of Dominica is a jurisdiction based on the English Common Law.. (1) Subject to sec-tion 4 [that the Dominican Courts have jurisdiction and that proceedings are not stayed] the Court shall order that any defendant who enters an appearance makes a deposit in the form of a bond int he amount of one hundred and forty percent per claim-ant of the amount proved by plaintiff to have been awarded in similar foreign proceedings. including: that an apology be made by the defendant to the plaintiff. Sec. produces. resident or incorporated in a foreign country. 3.Forum non conveníens. (Final paragraph). nevertheless persisted in the relevant action with a view to making a profit. and subsidiar-ily the defendant's residence. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1). Forum non conveníens. Dominica. Forum non conveníens. and economic consequences of the wrongful act of the defendant. Dominica protects its nationals from the effects of forum non conveníens with its Act No. 8. in the circumstances specified in section 11. the Court shall take account of all the circumstances of the case and in particular the following factors: 116 . Sec. the Court is hereby empow-ered to make any order it considers appro-priate in the circumstances. (2) Any person whether a national of or domiciled. comity or on a similar basis. through CARICOM. Dominica of the defendant's domicile.." The most relevant sections of the present law follow: Sec.. health magazines and journals in Dominica and abroad.. Dominica. it also receives some influences of Latin American law. This lawsuit should not be heard by this Court.. damage or loss caused as a result of the use or consumption of that product or substance.] (Part V). Posting of bond. Transnational Causes of Action (Prod-uct Liability) Act 1997. distributes or oth-erwise puts any product or substance into the stream of commerce shall be strictlv liable for any and all injury. At the same time. Exemplary and punitive damages. Strict liability. Application. USDC. or proper. partiallytran-scribed below. Ecuador. with hundreds or thousands of victims. NY. This country re-jects cases filed in it under the mentioned theory. Sec. whether exemplary of puni-tive. Leveis of damages. . Retro-activity. in particular damages awarded in the Courts of the country with which the defendant has a strong connection whether through resi-dence. with jurisdiction over the case. as well as the opinión of the Attorney General's Office. which. It is not just. Supp. that the harm caused by producís or highly noxious techniques from societies of great industrial development be redressed only by our Judiciary Power. It should be added that in Latin America. and the past conduct and culpability of the defendant. ordering the plaintiffs to file such case in another country is seen as politically offensive. This Act shall have retroactive effect on all actions which are pending at the date of its enactment. The declara-tion of Congress. A complete versión of the opinión from the Attorney General's Office can fe found in Maria Aguinda et al. it is also imposing upon our Judiciary Power to adjudícate the case and to completely dis-regard the mentioned legal principie that 117 Public Declaration of the President of the International Affairs Commis-sion of the Honorable National Congress of Ecuador. filed in Delgado v. The excerpts that follow are citations from their complete text. 15. logi-cally. Shell Co. v. Our legal system accords the plaintiff in a personal acíion íhe righl lo choose íhe defendaní's domiciliary courts as íhe forum.D. plaintiff knew or ought to have known that he had a cause of action and the person or persons against whom he could proceed. is not adequately equipped wilh íhe infraslrucíure or mechanisms necessary for íhese cases. Sec. or causing severe damage to the environment. (Page 2). Don Gustavo Larrea. S. 1995). Our judicial system. the transaction of business or the like. that where a warning was issued under subparagraph (b) the nature of the warning and any inherent inadequacies in that warning. Texaco.. 12. domicile. the Court shall take judicial notice of awards made in relevant foreign courts. (2) For the purposes of this section.. derive from the same case. Ecuador that the defendant continued to produce any producís or substances after the product or substance was banned or its use restricted in the coun-try of manufature or in any other country in which it was used or consumed. Limitation period. (2) For the purposes of this Act the period of limitation under subsection (1) shall begin to run from the date on which the cause of action aróse. Ecuador. if íhe foreign courl imposes on íhe national plaintiff the obligation to reten to his country and to refile íhe pelilion here.Forum non conveniens. due to lack of jurisdiction. 890 F. is not designed to resolve massive accidents of catastrophic proportions as a result of the application of dan-gerous industrial techniques or the use of a highly noxious substance. (1) In award-ing damages. Forum non conveniens. Forum non conveniens.D. Sec. 14. that the defendant failed to issue a warning to the Government of Dominica or to any other relevant person of the harmful effects of the product or substance. or action was stayed or finally dismissed in a foreign forum whichever of the above was latest. the Court shall consider and be guided by awards made in similar proceedings or for similar injuries in other jurisdictions. Inc. When íhere is concurrenl jurisdiction be-íween our courts and a foreign courl—and when the foreign country concerned also considere thal íhere is concurrení jurisdic-lion—íhe choice of íhe foreign courl by a naíional plaintiff is completely valid accord-ing to both legal systems in question. signed on 1/25/95: Companies of highly industrialized coun-tries import technical procedures and goods capable of causing accidents of catastrophic proportions. (S. (1) The limi-tation period for bringing a transnational cause of action under this Act shall be six years. Tex. In that case. the decisión of a foreign judge.. in responding to a socioeconomic reality that is different from that of highly industrialized countries. unfortunately. can cióse the doors of American courts to citizens of my country. 29 and 30 of the Code of Civil Proce-dure for Cases of International Concurrent Jurisdiction. in the United States of America. (Page 3). . that the Ecuadorian plaintiffs in the two cases. Ecuador has also signed bilateral treaties with the United States of America that give access to citizens of another country to their courts. in a letter addressed to the US Attorney General. commerce and navi-gation] the access to the courts is open and free. (Page 2). 1 and 2: Art. the choice of an American forum made by a foreign plaintiff deserves less def-erence. If a suit were to be filed outside Ecuador. Art. the plaintiff may freely choose between bringing suit in Ecuador or in a foreign country. but it facili-tates juridical cooperation between our two countries. Janet Reno: If according to this Treaty [bilateral treaty of Peace. the American Declara-tion of the Rights and Liberties of Man. Friendship and Commerce signed by both countries on June 13. arts. on 15/1/97. 1 Without prejudice to their literal meaning.Forum non conveniens. Ecuador accords the plaintiff the choice of forum. it is a special law and. to which this letter obeys.1995. Ms. a discriminatory treatment in court. such as the Treaty of Peace. My country considere that our citizens are treated in a discriminatory way due to the application of the "forum non conveniens" theory. such as in the case of a divorce action of an Ecuadorian national who contracted mar-riage in Ecuador. article 5. (Page 3). to help fighting common problems. whether general or special. 29 and 30 of the Code of Civil Procedure shall be interpreted in the sense that in case of concurrent international jurisdiction. 1/30/98. which Ecuador has a genuine desire to increase. Off icial Opinion of the Attorney Gen-eral's Office. it is not clear how the application of a judicial theory {"forum non conveniens"). published in the Registro Oficial. pp. articles 27." (Lineas Marítimas Argentinas y. An example of such discrimination is reflected in the order handed down by the 118 Honorable Judge Sim Lake. Schichau-Unter Wesser) (Emphasis added) (Case cited by Judge Sim Lake in his decisión of Jully 11. arts. XVII and XVIII and the Universal Decía -ration of the Rights of Man. among other reasons. This does not hap-pen in my country. (Page2). notwifh-standing that the bilateral treaties in forcé between both nations preclude such situa-tion. 1839. the national competence and jurisdiction of Ecuadorian courts shall be definitely extinguished. Interpretative Law of Articles 27. in Spanish. has received a strong blow with the behavior of American courts concerning cases where Ecuadorian citizens have an interest. The application of the theory oí forum non conveniens violates various multilateral international treaties. What does behoove us is to state our deep regret when seeing that Ecuadorian citizens are given. The bilateral treaty malees certain that the doors of our courts are not closed on American plaintiffs because of their condition as foreigners.28. since Ecuadorian courts treat American citizens in the same way as Ecuadorian citizens. pages 1365 and 1366) (Page 3). (Page 2). as such. among which: the Convention to Determine the Condition of Foreigners in the Territory of the Contract-ing Parties. without any kind of discrimination. it shall prevail over any opposing law.It would then seem that citizens of my country just for foreign are consíd-ered as second class citizens and receive a less favorable treatment than that afforded to American nationals. VII and VIII. the pertinent part of which says. 2 This law shall become effective after its publication in the Registro Oficial. Such reciprocity is not only a basic ele-ment of international comity. inferior in ranking to international treaties. except when an explicit statute provides that the matter shall be exclusively settled by Ecuadorian courts. as follows:"While the district courts must respect the choice of forum made by an American plaintiff. Friendship. 28. It is because of that. signed by Don Leonidas Plaza Verduga. (Page 3). expected reciprocity from American judges. (Page 2). II. such as the illicit traffic of drugs and others that. the decisión of a foreign iudge. (Page 2). affected workers have the pro-tected right to bring suit in the domicile of the defendants. As expressed above. Once the plaintiffs have exercised the right to bring suit in the domicile of the defendants. 1995). Tex. We understand that the acts are based on American civil liability [. we understand that the reason for going to and staying in American courts are amply justified.. conceived and directed from the Unites States. It should be added that in Latin America. due to lack of jurisdiction The excerpts that follow are citations from their complete text. The Code of International Private Law (an instrument not ratified by the United States of America. This country rejects cases filed in it under the mentioned theory. As far as we are concerned it is clear that it is a matter of company civil responsibility. Decisión of the Seventh Civil District Court. Shell Co. notwithstanding any waiver or submission of the latter. Guatemala does not recognize the Forum non conveniens theory. "The plaintiff in all personal actions. although we are sensitive to the small incon-veniences which prosecution of the trial in the United States may cause American citizens individually. Supp. is transcribed. Guatemala. At the end a statute that completely clarifies the issue. Therefore. partially tran-scribed below. dated 5/3/95: According to the provisions of Article 17 of Decree 107 contained in the Code of Civil and Commercial Procedures of the Repub-lic of Guatemala. dated 8/17/95: According to the Code of Civil and Commercial Procedures. But. Guatemala does not accept ñor does it recognize the Doctrine of Forum non conveniens. such theory in not applicable in Guatemala." (Page 1). Guatemala Forum non conveniens. whether in this country or abroad. but interna! law for Guatemala). and except for local law to the contrary. in the same way that a Guatemalan court would not dare to require an American judge to viólate American law. even in the hypothetical case that this Doctrine were to exist in Guatemala. It was not our citizens but rather American films.Forum non conveniens. The opinión of the Attorney General's Office. 119 . Once this right is exercised it is invested with the quality of an acquired right and seeking to subvert it would be illegal. (Page 1). we do not see why American courts would not be able to try it. it would not apply to the case in question. (Page 3) Since Guatemala does not recognize the theory of Forum Non Conveniens.] surely it is there [the USA] where you have the most advanced and sophisticated resources to allow the Judge greater clarity in the matter. American marketing and American technology that caused the facts on which the suit is sustained. (Page 3). (S. Attorney General for Guatemala. (Page 4). signed by Don Acisclo Valladares Molina. order-ine the plaintiffs to file such case in another country is seen as politically offensive. the plaintiff in all personal actions has the right to file the action before the defendant's domiciliary court." (Page 1).. We trust that. says in Article 323: "Outside of cases of express or tacit submission. the American Judiciary Power would also abstain from requesting that the Guatemalan Judiciary Power violate Guatemalan law. as well as the decisions. 890 F. notwithstanding any waiver or submission of the latter. filed in Delgado v. The jurisdictional standards in our system are mandatory and do not lend themselves to being manipulated by any tribunal whether domestic or foreign. derive from the same case. with jurisdiction over the case. (Page 2). signed by the Honorable Elsa Noemí Falla de Galdamez.. According to our legal system. Since it involves American civil liability. the judge having jurisdiction over the bringing of personal actions will be the judge of the place of compliance with the obligation or of the domicile of the defendants and subsidiarily that of their residence. (Page 2). will have the right to exercise his/her action before the judge of the defen-dant's domicile.D. since Guatemalan legisla-tion itself through Article 17 of Decree Law 107 establishes the right of the presumed affected person to bring suit in the domicile of the defendant. it is ille- Official Opinion of the Attorney gal for a Guatemalan judge to disturb this choice of tribunal. General's Office. from the state-ments made and the documents enclosed. due to lack of jurisdiction. forecloses national jurisdiction. Shell Co. The excerpts that follow are citations from their complete text. Article 4. as well as the Resolution of the Hon-duran Congress. at plaintiffs request. since it also appears in the enclosed documents that the plaintiffs renounced to their domiciliary courts. It should be added that in Latin America. the presiding Guatemalan court will take as a mini-mum guide the concepts and leveis of indemnification in substantially similar cases in the country where the lawsuit was originally established.D. c) The State of Guatemala will benefit from this law when it is a plaintiff in a lawsuit. Decisión by the Court of Appeals: Appeal was denied as being improper. it emerges that this court lacks territorial jurisdiction to adjudícate and orders the inter-ested party to apply to the corresponding [judge].. (Page2). Enforcement: this decree will enter into force the day after it is published in the official gazette. the theory called "Forum non con- Law for the Defense of Procedural Rights of Nationais and Residents. Holding: The court abstains from hear-ing this present case since. But in specific cases they will have to observe the following methods: a) The defendants that do not have their principal property in the Republic of Guatemala. Article 3.Forum non conveniens. Supp. as an exceptional measure and to avoid procedural abandonment of the Guatemalan nationais and residents. the entire amount in damages they are sued for and the fees and expenses that are evidenced by agreements signed with national or foreign attorneys who were involved in the original proceeding. filed in Delgado v. Because it is in violation of the rights that the Political Constitution of the Republic and the judicial order of Guatemala guaranteed to its nationais and residents. although the plaintiffs in these actions had voluntarily chosen the foreign court. The personal action that a plain-tiff validly establishes abroad before a judge having jurisdiction. b) In case the plaintiffs win. in which case. Article 2. enacted by Congress on May 14. consistent with the legal documents that prove the leveis of indemnification. The following LAW FOR THE DEFENSE OF PROCEDURAL RIGHTS OF NATION-ALS AND RESIDENTES IS DECREED Article 1. THEREFORE In exercise of the faculties conferred in article 171 (a) of Guatemala's Political Constitution. (S. This country rejects cases filed in it under the mentioned theory. (Page 2). Tex. 1997: CONSIDERING That up to date two cases have already occurred where the application of the "The-ory of Forum non conveniens" by foreign judges has negated the right of Guatemalan citizens to file and to prosecute to an end petitions before foreign courts against enter-prises that manufacture and market producís that are harmful to human beings. partially transcribed below. This makes it necessary to enact a law that con-trols the applicability of legal theories unknown in our system and to guarantee the right to justice as a basic human right. brought spon-taneously and freely by the plaintiff. Honduras. this judge establishes her lack of jurisdiction in the case at bar. Honduras From a study of the documents included and the statement of facts in the claim. Forum non conveniens. 1995). when it intervenes to prevent the continuation of a lawsuit in the domiciliary courts of the defgendants. shall deposit in the treasury of the Judicial Organization as bond. which is not revived unless a new lawsuit is filed in the country. derive from the same case. The opinion of the Attorney General's Office. 890 F. the file shall be transmitted to the court or agency with jurisdiction in the case. the national judges can reassume jurisdiction. If having informed the foreign judge about the reach of this law and the same refuses to hear the case submitted to his jurisdiction. the decision of 120 . unanimously veniens" is declared unacceptable and invalid. Our legal system obeys to a socioeconomic reality different from that of highly industrialized countries and. This is true even in the event of a foreign decisión. In personal actions. Honduras honors this principie in national law as well as in inter-national agreements that Honduras has signed.] the first rule of Article 146oftheLaw on the Organization and Attributes of the Courts. which has been in forcé since 1906. ordering the plaintiffs to file such case in another country is seen as politically offensive. the second para-graph of the same article provides that if a suit is filed simultaneously against several defendants residing in different locations. (Page 2). Honduran Congress. or cáncer caused by chemical agents. it has not been designed to cope with accidents of massive and cata-strophic proportions. the Code of International Private Law. provides that in personal actions. an interna-tional agreement signed by Honduras. it is just. which has had the force of national law since 1930.] judge has the elements of law and advanced material resources and techniques providing greater guidance in deciding such cases. Honduran jurisdictional rules are man-datory. with jurisdiction over the case. while international contacts continué to grow. such enterprise sometimes resorts to the theory of forum non conveniens to convince the foreign judge to decline adjudication of the case ordering our nationals to refile the lawsuit in our courts. These goods or techniques are able to maim or kill thousands of people and can also destroy our environ-ment in just one event. Further devel-oping the same principie. Introduction It is noticeable with increasing frequency that. some enterprises of highly devel-oped countries import goods and techniques capable of massive destruction and generalized harm. a judge of the domicile of any of said defendants shall be competent. A Honduran judge has no power to modify. The reason alleged by these enterprises is that most of the evidence is in our country and that. Honduras foreign judge. (Page 3). March 1996: I. In contrast. it is also noticeable that when our nationals are the victims of such accidents and they choose to file a law-suit in the country where the responsible enterprise is domiciled. (Page 2). at the election of the plaintiff. (Page 3). Resolution in the Defense of Leg-islative Sovereignty. logically. (Page 1).S. AU testimonial evidence must be pro-duced in court. it would seem that the United States does have far-reaching procedural legislation expressly tailored to industrial dis-asters. The 121 . atthe plaintiffs election. their spouses and ciose relatives are expressly prohibited by Honduran law from being witnesses in Honduran proceedings. [. overrule or ignore these rules. the court of the place where an obligation is to be hon-ored shall be competent. to defend itself adequately. Witnesses may only answer questions in court. The parties to a suit. where it was originally filed.. Honduran law pro-tects the plaintiffs right to bring suit in the defendant's domicile. and the Honduran legal system and legislation have therefore not evolved substantive rules of specific procedures for trying cases involving the massive contam-ination or collective sterilization of work-ers. Attorney General of Honduras.Forum non conveniens. (Page 3). on June 2. provides under Article 323 for the right to file personal suits in the courts of the defendant's domicile. when said defendants may be jointly or sev-erally hable. practical and convenient that the case be prosecuted in our country and not abroad. it is to be presumed that a [U. genetic mutations. therefore.1995.. a judge of the defendant's domicile or a judge of the place of the contract shall be competent. On the other hand. signed by the Honorable Jorge Reyes Días. otherwise. Judicial Indepen-dence and Procedural Rights. Honduran procedural law does not rec-ognize the "depositions" or "discovery" of American law. Official Opinion of the Attorney Gen-eral's Office. Further. Honduran industry is that of a developing country. Attorneys cannot question the witnesses privately as a means of gath-ering evidence. (Page 2). the Bustamante Code. (Page 3). A foreign system that counts wiíh procedural lechniques for col- 122 . Il is wiíh pride íhat we notice íhaí our naíion does nol have an ade-quaíe legal infrasíruclure ío deal wiíh íhese catastrophes. manufactured by highly indusírialized counlries. When there is concurren! jurisdiction be-tween our courts and a foreign court—and when the foreign country concerned also considers that there is concurrenl jurisdiction—the choice of the foreign court by a national plaintiff is completely valid accord-ing to both legal systems in question. was not equipped to deal wiíh cases of calaslrophic deslruclion and of massive harm. ñor proper. 2. The problem that this causes is that when the case is refiled in our courts. There even are some enterprises capable of marketing or using producís in our nation after they have been banned in their country of origin once their unreasonably dangerous nature has been scientifically proven. Honduras foreign judge who accepts this theory closes the doors of his court on our nationals and orders them to refile the case in our courts. the latter seek refuge in the theory of forum non conveniens to dodge facing lia-bility in their own country. Our legal system is not made to solve massive torls of calaslrophic proportions. if foreign judges persisl in clos-ing the doors of their courts on our citizens and residents. and c) protecting our workers and consumers who suffer the effects of industrial producís or procedures causing them massive injuries. b) dis-suading foreign enterprises from violating our environment. After all. and continué to refuse hear-ing cases legally broughl before íhem. does not produce goods capable of causing massive harm and its industry does not threaten the life and health of entire cities. II. Because il is precisely these highly industrialized counlries. if the foreign court imposes on the naíional plainíiff íhe obligalion to return to his country and lo refile the petition here. that the harm and conflict caused by catastrophic producís. could not be criticized. not a foreign one. logically. Impracticability. that have the most suitable laws to deal with the realities that they créate. Our judges cannot lend íhemselves to such moves because their principal constitutional duty is to uphold our legal system. made to defend our people from catastrophes. our legal system is not ideally equipped to deal with such evens. it reflects the situation of our country. Drawbacks of the Forum non conveniens Theory Some of the serious obstacles for the results íhat íhe forum non conveniens íheory íriggers in our counlry are as follows: 1. it is also imposing on our Judiciary Power to adjudícate the case and to disregard completely the mentioned legal principie that accords to plaintiff íhe choice of the forum. In that case. that does not manufacture and does not produce cataslrophic goods able to impair the life and physical integrity of workers and consumers in a massive scale. It is a fact that certain enterprises of highly industrialized countries eventually market or use producís and/or technical procedures that constitute an enormous source of danger. Since our nation. A specific situation that this law tries to remedy is the one created when high íech-nology harms the environment or a great number of citizens. Illegality. fortunately. It is not just. be only redressed by our Judiciary Power which.Forum non conveniens. in the domicile of the responsible enterprises. It sometimes happens that when our people file a lawsuit abroad. It seems adequate to us íhat the Judiciary Power of the country that produces such lethal goods also share in the work of solv-ing the problems caused by such producís. they lack an adequate system to solve these massive torts. where these goods origi-nated. It is not that our legal system is inefficient but. The present Resolution pursues three ends: a) fillling a legislative gap produced when the theory oí forum non conveniens prevenís our citizens or residents from con-tinuing prosecuting a case abroad. nat-urally. nol because of lack of prepa-ralion bul because our counlry is a peace-loving one. íhe application of the present Resoluíion. Our legal syslem accords to the plainíiff in a personal aclion íhe righl to choose the defendant's domiciliary courls. against a foreign litigant. Article I. approved and proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly. their language. XVII and XVIII. parties' nationality. Said jurisdiction can only be activated again for reasons recognizedby our law. the theory oí forum non conveniens constitutes a violation of international law. To the extent that it bars foreign plaintiffs from access to courts with jurisdiction. not of his own free will but compelled to do so by a foreign judge. Our system does not discrimínate procedurally against foreigners. 5. our system grants to plaintiff the right to choose the defendant's domicüiary courts. The theory of forum non conveniens breadles several multilateral international treaties. that is. in Paris. 1948. as well as "the prosecution of their rights. 8. guarantee access to the courts of law in order to uphold rights and obligations. for instance. The theory oí forum non conveniens consists on exactly the oppo-site. 1928. such as discovery. articles II. Com-merce and Consular Rights. on closing the doors of the court to litigants. All these treaties. on December 10. articles 7 and 8. bifurcation. Opportunism. 123 . among which: the Convention Regarding the Status of Aliens in the Respective Territories of the Contracting Parties. This doctrine then contradicts both the letter and the spirit of these international treaties. Experience shows that whe they are really looking for is for a lengthier case in our country and far more reduced damages that they would be exposed to if the case remained before the original court. independent from the first one. or powerful devices to produce evidence. they have to continué adjudicating the case. 3.—are predominantly foreign. it is against the latter that forein courts cióse their doors and not against the nationals of the foreign judge. the non-suit of the foreign action and the filing of a second lawsuit. as the class action. Defendants also speculate with the possibility that the second lawsuit will never be refiled in our country. signed with the United States of America in the city of Tegucigalpa. is much better equipped than our own to solve industrial disasters. massive torts and cata-strophic events. paragraph 3 of this bilateral treaty warrants to the citizens of one country "free access to the courts" of the other country. For instance. or that if refiled. at all court levéis established by law. Because forum non conveniens is an unknown institution to our system. the forum non conveniens theory leads to xenophobic results. The Nation has also signed bilateral treaties that guarantee open access to courts by the nationals of the other country.Forum non conveniens. Díscrimination. 4. The effects of the mentioned theory cause a procedural dis-crimination against our citizens abroad because. it will be even-tually abandoned by plaintiffs. Accordingly. it cannot reactívate our jurisdiction. the dificulty in refiling in our courts is so great that only very exceptionally is the case pros-ecuted up to its final disposition on the merits. Inequality. The plaintiff that resorts to our courts. their residence." Article II of said bilateral treaty grants national treatment in cases of civil liability for physical harm or death. The theory oí forum non conveniens breaches international law since it closes the doors of a court with jurisdiction. article 5. Honduras lectiva or global methods to process cases with a high number of parties. When the plaintiff effects such a choice legally for our system and for the foreign one. and that became effective on July 19. 6. Experience also shows that when the foreign court closes its doors through a forum non conveniens ruling. 7. No jurisdiction. etc. Our courts cannot cióse their doors just because some facts—domicile of witnesses. As long as our courts have jurisdiction. It is observed in prac-tice that the great majority of defendants resort to forum non conveniens for reasons different than the ones alleged to the foreign judge. in practice. International treaties. the Treaty of Friendship. does not reactívate our jurisdiction with his petition—even if it is formally valid—because a spontaneous and authentic will is lacking. our courts lose their jurisdiction. among others.1927. Diff iculty. the American Declaration of Rights and Duties of Man. and the Universal Declaration of Rights of Man. on December 7. before our courts. As stated above. no national judge can lend himself to continue. It also seems unfair that the enterprises causing such catastrophes could refuse to defend a lawsuit in their own territory. such jurisdiction can only be activated when plaintiffs nonsuit the first case and file the case in our courts. 7. on their own absolutely free and spontaneous will. Documentary Supplement The following documents substantiate the reasons and the juridical arguments used to propose the enactment of this bilí. 13. For the great majority of nations this theory is unknown. It is telling that nations with a legal culture that goes back for thousands of years. A) The Legal Opinions of the Attorney Generais of: 1) Guatemala." and it violates interna-tional law and international comity. 11. 12. Imperialism. the following Resolution is issued: Resolution On defense Of Legisla-tive Sovereignty. This would viólate our juris-dictional norms and would disregard the valid choice of forum effected by our citizens or residents. Honduras 9. What is normal. When a personal action is validly filed in the domiciliary courts of a foreign defen-dant. It is not unusual for massive torts to be so huge that their effects go beyond the borders of a single country. Despite its misleading Latin name. 2) Honduras and 3) Nicaragua supporting the reasons explained in numered paragraphs 1. Comparative law. a basic sense of judicial economy dictates that the lawsuit should be tried in a single country. do not apply forum non conveniens. would distance themselves from the lawsuits triggered by such massive torts. 10. 8 and 11. they can produce victims spread over many countries and over several conti-nents. 2. Atomization. Our procedural rules do not expressly contémplate the situation of a national plaintiff on whom the doors of the foreign court have been closed due to the theory oí forum non conveniens. In these cases the most reasonable and practical solu-tion is to choose a country with a common link to all the others. This is a right of constitutional import. The procedural rights of our citizens and residents cannot be manipulated or dimin-ished by any foreign judge.Forum non conveniens. Text of the Resolution For the above reasons. such as several systems of continental Europe. It seems unfair that highly industrialized countries. The filing of a petition in our courts following an order of a foreign judge and/or which has been dictated by such judge based on the theory oí forum non conveniens. Justice. and what is normally expected is that a court with jurisdiction would adjudícate cases before it. from where massive torts are caused and directed. does not genérate national jurisdiction. Such unilateral decisión is summarized in the expression "I abandon this because I want to. even if said petition has no vice as to its form. Judicial Indepen-dence and Procedural Rights Our procedural law grants to citizens and residents the right to file personal lawsuits in the defendant's domiciliary courts. It is surprising that a court with jurisdiction would decide to stop the case and unilaterally order that proceedings should continue in another country. Gap.Elemental reasons of national sovereignty and of judicial independence prevent our Judiciary Power to implement a foreign court's order imposing the theory of forum non conveniens. such dimin-ishment of rights. III. The international application of the forum non conveniens the-ory constitutes a procedural aberration which is practiced only by a very reduced number of countries. national jurisdiction for that particular case becomes extinguised. Against this background. at a domestic level. this theory is not Román but a relatively recent Scottish inven-tion. based on principies of due process. Thereafter. This is an imperialistic attitude since the original court behaves as a superior court deciding that the case shall continue in this or that subordinated district. . and this would normally be the country where all defendants are domiciled. you take charge of it now. And with greater reason. In fact. filed in Delgado v. A transcription of the articles specifically cited is added. A Spanish sum-mary of this article is enclosed. pp. Nicaragua. Forum non conveniens. all the more interesting since this country does use. 4. Sec-tion 37. (S. (S. To such effect [to determine jurisdiction]. It should be added that in Latin America. supporting the reasons explained in numbered paragraph 3 and 4. duly exer-cised by plaintiff. 890 F. 1993. Such is the case of The Philip-pines. in personal actions. Islas Filipinas. 398-432. General Santos City.. as well as the decision from the District Court and from the Court of Appeals. Supp. the decision of a for-eign judge. partially transcribed below. 1995). The procedural rules of our country do not grant jurisdiction to Nicaraguan courts against pesticide manufacturera who have only manufactured and sold their product abroad. Code of Civil Pro-cedure. 115. all of them rejecting the international use of forum non conveniens. Other jurisdictions. internally. Supp. E) Definition in Spanish of the expression forum non conveniens. the choice of the defendant's court. 3) Nicaragua and 4) Panama." recognized in American law. 7 and 8. Code of Civil procedure. supporting the reasons explained in numbered paragraphs 1. July 1987. Nicaragua B) An English translation of the judg-ments rendered by the trial courts of 1) Costa Rica. The opinion of the Attorney General's Office. paragraphs 2 and 10). decided in 1996 by the Regional Court. Tex./ortim non conveniens. signed by Don Carlos José Hernández López. with jurisdiction over the case.. article 298. (Page 2). ñor do they accept the "depositions" or the "discovery. 2) Guatemala. of the treaties mentioned in numbered paragraph 8. and of 5) the Constitutional Court of Panama. Our procedural rules do not know. The complete text of Bernabé. Commerce and Consular Rights.D. pp.] (Page 2). Forum non conveniens. article 265. (Page 1). signed with the United States of America. can be found in Delgado. C) Article in English language. It is necessary to identify the document that a party wants to introduce into the case as evidence. Judicial District 11. The Nicaraguan judge is forced to respect the jurisdictional rules established in our Code of Civil Procedure. In Nicaragua a person cannot be a wit-ness and a party in the same case. in Spanish. derive from the same case. 1995). Spouses of the parties are also precluded from being witnesses. dated 5/24/95.D.116. civil case Nr. D) A complete copy. A full copy.. Robertson. also reject the consequences oí forum non conveniens. (Pagel). A bili clarifying the situation is transcribed at the end. Forum non conveniens in American and England: "A Rather Fantastic Fiction. Shell Co„ 890 F. outside Latin America. those of plaintiffs is irrelevant. of another similar decisión. Forum non conveniens. New York. paragraph 1.Forum non conveniens. Attorney General for Nicaragua. (Page 3). Decision of the Second District Civil Court of León. The excerpts that follow are citations 125 . v. article 1317. This country rejects cases filed in it under the mentioned theory. from their complete text. Shell Oil etal." by Professor David W. in English of the Treaty of Friendship. Philippine Islands. Off icial Opinion of the Attorney General's Office. Nicaraguan law does not allow the request of documents in an undetermined way. one must only take into consideration the personal circumstances of the defendant. Shell Co. published in The Law Quarterly Review. 2. signed by the Honorable Teresa de Jesús Bustamante. [. due to lack of jurisdic-tion. including a Spanish unofficial translation of articles I and II of the mentioned bilateral treaty. including the one that guarantees. Code of Civil Procedure. Bernabé derives from the American case Delgado v. ordering the plaintiffs to file such case in another country is seen as politically offen-sive. dated 8/21/95. Nacida et al. Such position is illustrated in the case of Bernabé L. without having performed any acts in Nicaraguan territory.. taken from Dic cionario Jurídico Dahl (Dahl's Law Dictionary). 5617. as well as of an opinión by the Department of Justice of The Philippines. (Page 2). Tex. (Page 4).. These two mean. procedural code. 298 of the Code of Civil Procedure prescribes that when the defendant is a juridical person. para. since the defendant is a juridical person. issuance of summons on the other party or any other act or procedural step leading to a more complete result are not required. dated 12/11/97. for the mere fact of filing the petition before the court. one.. not in Nicaragua. That is why the law establishes that. the ímposition of the Forum non conveniens Theory by foreign courts. which establishes (apart from cases of express or tacit submission) that in personal actions the court with jurisdiction can also be. Art.. for the plaintiff.] our procedural system does not recognize. (Page 4). 265. 1 of the procedural code. the legal texts leave the choice to the plaintiff. submission is the act or omis-sion.) In conclusión. reverse up to 105: II) [. for purposes of determining the court with jurisdiction.] Consideringthe second ground of appeal. and therefore it does not accept nor does it admit. State of Texas. paragraph 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure establishes that in cases con-cerning personal actions. according to plaintiffs choice. In the case at bar we have a tacit submission due to which a group of Nicaraguans sued a group of foreign corporations or enterprises that are domiciled in the State of Texas. Consequently. such filing having been realized 126 . According to Art. expressly or tacitly. Nicaraguan law accepts both the tacit and the express submission. Finally. First they filed their action before the Honorable Federal Judge Sim Lake. the defendant's domiciliary court shall have jurisdiction. of the Southern District. its domicile is reputed to be the place where the respective Corporation or foundation has its seat (art. this Court finds that since plaintiff has filed its petition before a Federal Judge with jurisdiction in the State of Texas. (Page 4). not in Nicaragua. the defendant corporations have their assets in the United States of America. [. (Page 3). 255 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The fact that the Nicaraguan plaintiffs in this case have filed the same lawsuit. the subor-dination of one's will to that of another. The filing of a petition is enough.. as in the case at bar. [Referring to article 150 of the National Constitution]. excerpts from pages 102. before the Honorable Federal Court in Texas. (Page 4). through which one party acknowl-edges. The administraron of justice guarantees the Principie of Legality. USA. the court's jurisdiction concerning a specific case.Forum non conveniens.] the defendant corporations have their domicile in the State of Texas. once jurisdiction attaches it can-not be modified. Plaintiffs shall continue with their case before the Honorable Federal Court of the State of Texas. amounts to a jurisdictional submission. the one of defendant 's domicile. Nicaraguan law is strict about such issue: the mere fact of filing a petition with a specific judge is suffi-cient to subject the plaintiff or plaintiffs to such judge's jurisdiction (in the present case to that of the Southern District. As it can be seen. And. Decision of the Court of Appeals of the Occidente. (Page 4). a clear and direct fact as evi-dence of tacit submission to a specific court: filing the petition there. 298. (Page 4).. Art." A tacit submission emerges from acts committed by the parties or third parties with a legitímate interest when such acts are explicit and unequivo-cal. Houston Division. which agrees with the principie: "Actor sequitur forum rei". already mentioned). the place where such Corporation or foundation has its seat shall be reputed as its domicile. By the plaintiff. This is in agreement with article 262 (1) of the procedural code. paraphrasing Carnelutti. it pro-tects and harbors human rights through the enforcement of the law in matters submitted to it. The fact that plaintiff has chosen the domicile of the corporations or enterprises (the State of Texas) to file the petition is in accord with the general rule established in article 290 of the procedural code stating that the defendant's domiciliary court has jurisdiction to decide a civil case.. (Page 4). where the petition was filed. USA. The undersigned declares herself with lack of jurisdiction to adjudícate the present lawsuit. Plaintiffs also have acted in harmony with article 265. which States as follows: A tacit submission takes place: lst. requesting the same damages. Houston Division. Nicaragua [. para. Civil and Labor División. issuedby the Second Distriót court. inapplicable and invalid. theory which is unknown in Nicaragua's procedural system and can-not be admitted because it would be accept-ing the imposition of foreign courts..C. San Jose. It would also mean contradicting tliose international law principies establish-ing that all Nations are equal. it must be pointed out that the filing of the petition before the Nicaraguan court. This Court holds that it is essential to law and justice to protect the plaintiffs will and freedom to select the judge who would have ordinary jurisdiction. 255 of the procedural code. which is in harmony with Nicaraguan procedural law. at 12:35 P. Leg-islative Assembly. D. As indicated in Section II. on August 22.. if they did not manufacture here the goods in question. which promul-gated the "Law in Defense of the Procedural Rights of Citizens and Residentes. Rather. volume CCLVI." it determined that "such theory is foreign to our legal system and to international jurisdictional rules subscribed by Costa Rica. Costa Rica. 1995. If the said enterprises did not commit acts in Costa Rica. Washington. discussing the jurisdictional rules applicable to the case. as was done in the decision of 8-15 A. when it is raised to avoid continuing with the case in the defendant's domiciliary courts. in the case at bar.1995. when the world undertakes procedures for the globalization of the economy. 34-97." enacted and published in the "Diario de Cen-troamérica. the judgment says that: "the liability claimed runs against the enterprises that manufac-tured and distributed the pesticides FUMA-ZONE and NEMAGON. while analyzing the federal theory called "FORUM NON CONVENIENS. due to which this appeal must be dis-missed. 319. 318." (Page 2034). 321. of the Guatemalan Congress. Interamerican Development Bank. IV) In an analogous case the Civil Court Nr. in their turn also internationalized (See Justicia y Desarrollo en América Latina y el Caribe. Such possibility. Costa Rica. the action is not directed against the employers. who has the freedom to choose or to select the defendant's domicile to file the a petition and. for Civil Matters of Leon. then the claim to obtain damages from such enterprises does not satisfy the requirement of connection established in Art. on August 8 1995. Nicaragua in a legal way. being able to choose the court with jurisdiction of the defendant's domicile. of June 12. issued its decisión Nr.Forum non conveniens. 353-95. In its Section III.M. Permanent Juridical Committee. pages 2033 and 2034.". as the case of Decree Nr. "it may be that a foreign court legitimately declares itself without jurisdiction to adjudícate a claim.. However. June 10. nor is it based on a labor rela-tionship of plaintiffs. a greater internationaliza-tion of the law and a closer interrelation between Justice and Development. para 3 of the procedural code. 1. to file the action before a court of the United States of America. was caused by the fact that the defendant corporations or enterprises raised the defense of FORUM NON CONVENIENS before the Federal Judge of the State of Texas and the Federal Judge SIM LAKE ordered plaintiffs to file the petition in another country. the court below had no other alternative but to declare its lack of juris-diction." Dossier Nr. as ruled by art. 1993).1997). that no dis-crimination must be made among people and that every Nation must guarantee access to justice for all. Nr. art. so it is those facts or acts which shall determine what court has jurisdiction. 1997. on the "Law for the Defense of Procedural Rights of Citizens and Residents. of 5 P. The opposite would mean to cióse the doors of the court to the plaintiff or plaintiffs who have chosen a foreign court with jurisdiction while such court has jurisdic-tion according to both legal systems in-volved. at the same time that it causes violence to the plaintiffs will. 4 of San Jose. in section IV. 46.M.M. September 1. the theory called "Forum non conveniens" lack of jurisdiction due to inconvenient forum. but that said declaration results in a denial of justice or in an avoidance of the law to the detriment of one of the parties" (Unani-mous Affirmative Opinion. III) Additionally. 69. which in its article 1 "declares unacceptable. 12-655. has triggered a legisla-tive movement for the defense of fellow citizens. 322 and 323 of the Bustamante Code. it is about determining the eventual liability of manu-faturers and distributors of a supposedly 127 ." an official publication of the Guatemalan Republic. 1.n. And then. Houston Division. the Court with jurisdiction is that of the defendants' domicile: the Southern District of the State of Texas. the Undersigned Judges of the Civil and Labor Section of the Court of Appeals of Occidente.Forum non conveniens." as he himself has stated in his decision of July 11.O. but in a disperse way and not so expressly stated. 90. 414 and 424 of the procedural code and art. filed on May 12. 443 of the procedural code. which says: "Notwithstanding the dismissals that may result from this Memorandum and Order. plaintiffs were sent to the Nicaraguan courts. USA.T. said judgment concluded that "it is fitting to expressly decline adjudica-tion of this case since it is not of the kind that corrresponds to a Costa Rican Judge. signed and ratified by Nicaragua. operative in our system" (Sec. Nicaragua. DECIDE: The judgments of 3:24 P. the rules cited and arts. L." (See page 81 of the appellate record. And so. the cause of action is rooted outside our territory and does not satisfy the require-ments of connection established by national law. andof 8:15 A. it must also be clarified that the plaintiff may require the applicability of the foreign legal system con-nected to the case. the parties shall apply to the District Federal Court for the Southern District of the State of Texas. it can be clearly con-cluded that the applicable rule to this case is Article 323 of the Bustamante Code and that plaintiffs acted legally when they filed their claims in the State of Texas. 413.] This bilí aspires to protect the envi-ronment and the health of the Nicaraguan people. to Latin American law.1997: [. 323). issued by the Second Civil Court of the León District. in the event that the highest court of any country finally affirms the dismissal for lack of jurisdiction of any action com-menced by plaintiffs in this action in his home country or the country in which he was injured. and supported by the Code of Prívate International Law (Bustamante Code.M. of August 21. Houston División. the court will resume jurisdiction over the action as if the case had never been dis-missed for f. of August 22. Concerning the former. Consequently. Further. this Court also finds that. and to the rules of international jurisdiction suscribed and ratified by Nicaragua and in general also by Central American countries. Republic of Nicaragua.. USA.. THEREFORE Due to the considerations raised. the choice of forum made by the plaintiff must be strengthened. it is convenient to clarify certain rules on international jurisdiction and on the applicable law to damages. but in general to Central American. USA.M.T. according to national and international criteria of jurisdictional connection. nothing more re-mains for this Court than to affirm the appealed judgments. The parties must now go before the Federal Judge of the District Court for the Southern District of Texas Houston Division. . Nicaragua defective product.c.) 128 V) [. para. where the case was started and. domicile or residence of the defendant enterprises" (Sec. It must be men-tioned that it has not been easy for this Court to obtain information about "FORUM NON CONVENIENS" since it is a theory foreign. IV). From this point of view.1995. due to the Federal the-ory of that nation. Concerning the applicable law to damages and pecuniary sanctions. cited in applying art. that plaintiff may return to this court and.] consequently.. without such event nec-essarily meaning the lack of jurisdiction of the American judge. These two norms are already incorpo-rated in our legal system.. the said Costa Rican judgment. since Judge SIM LAKE may reassume the case through "RETURN. Because of that it is necessary to clarify and to system-atize them.. upon proper motion. not only to Nicaraguan law. art. Draft Law for the Defense of Procedural Rights of Nationals and Residents in Nicaragua. concludes with the following result: "Consequently. be-yond what has been debated and expressed in sections II and III of this judgment. V). are affirmed. 1995. when such forum has jurisdiction according to both legal systems.. according to both legal systems. the national court may. what the law clarifies is that those who incur in international tort liabil-ity. partially transcribed below.Forum non conveniens. [. at the plaintiff's request. in a decision handed down on April 18. duly proven according to Nicaraguan law. in general. for instance. Article 2 also favors the victims of eco-logical wrongs since it strengthens the pos-sibility that the indemnity and pecuniary sanctions be in accordance with foreign law. Panamá The rules about jurisdiction. filed in Delgado v. Tex. The latter is only reborn if the plaintiff nonsuits of his foreign petition and files a new petition in the country. 2 In cases of international tort liabil-ity. or by the law of the place where damages are generated. Shell Co.1995. such judge will not be able to cióse the doors of the court on him as. With respect to competence to hear causes to which legal persons are a party. the amount or amounts to which the plaintiff is entitled. the judge who is com- Decisión of the Second Civil Circuit Court of the First Judicial Circuit of Panama. the relevant standards and amounts of the per-tinent foreign law. is transcribed. including two from the Supreme court. with jurisdiction over the case. in a completely free and sponta-neous way. additionally. he will determine. ordering the plaintiffs to file such case in another country is seen as polit-ically offensive. Supp. At the end a statute that completely clarifies the issue. those who have suffered damages caused in or from another country. (Page2). that they will be sanctioned. since each and every defendant companies has its head offices or domicile. apply to damages and to the pecuniary sanctions related to such damages. in various states in the United States of America." This case corresponds to the situation described in the law cited above. 1995). Art. This country rejects cases filed in it under the mentioned theory. Article 254 of the Judicial Code states as fol-lows: "254. and the Court therefore believes that it is not competent to hear the suit. 1 The petition that is validly filed.] Art. (S. with head offices in various States in the United States of America and some were incorporated under the law of the State of Israel and have offices in Israel and legal domiciles in Houston. Art. pointed out that: "Since this cause involves three companies as defendants. have inherited from classic Roman law. whether by the law of the place where the wrong is suffered. In summary. Forum non conveniens. the decision of a foreign judge. In a similar case. in actions brought against a legal person. extinguishes national jurisdiction. signed by the 129 .. as has already been noted. Panamá. Honorable Carlos Strah Castrellón. Draft Law for the Defense of Proce-dural Rights of Nationals and Residents of Nicaragua Art. Texas. 3 When the national judge cannot apply what is established in article 2 of this law to the case at bar. It should be added that in Latin America. Article 1 makes sure that if the plaintiff chooses a foreign court with jurisdiction. article 323 of the Bustamante Code can be cited. the First Superior Court of Justice...D. Unless the law provides otherwise. in the defendant's domiciliary court. The decisions. Forum non conveniens. in a discretionary way. a judge with jurisdiction over said legal person's domicile shall be the competent judge. 4 The present Law is a matter of Public Order. due to lack of jurisdiction. The excerpts that follow are citations from their complete text. This law would benefit the victims of eco-logical wrongs and. for instance. on 9/20/95: The Court notes that each and every one of the defendant companies is foreign. United States of America. As an example of the valid-ity of this rule. 890 F. Panama. has been happening with the theory of forum non conveniens. which established that in personal actions it was the defendant's domiciliary court that had jurisdiction. will not be able to escape their domiciliary courts and. at the victim's option. derive from the same case. establishing the same principie. PARLATINO. the Second Civil Circuit Judge of the First Judicial Circuit of Panama hereby DECIDES To decline to hear this cause on the grounds of lack of competence to do so. The rules about jurisdiction. Certification issued on December 10...] in which the latter ordered to abstain from hearing the case against [. PARLATINO. Supreme Court of Justice. Model Law on International Jurisdiction and Applicable Law to Tort Liability To protect the environment and the health of the Peoples of Latin America. 2276 of September 20. for instance. v. considering the decision by the Second Civil District Court as res judicata: Whereas the decision No. signed by the Honorable Nelson H. 1996. As its ñame indicates. Cedeño. it must also be clarified that the plaintiff may require the applicability of the foreign legal system con-nected to the case.. PARLATINO petent to hear suits brought against said defendants is a judge with jurisdiction over the place where said companies have head offices. Eva Cal and Elitza A. Concerning the applicable law to damages and pecuniary sanrtions. Carlos Strah [. Forum non convemens. Decision of the First Superior Court of Justice. against resolution number 2276 of September 20. Concerning the former.Forum non conveniens. It is therefore prudent in this cause. Houston Division.1995.] the Chamber of General Affairs of the Supreme Court. the choice of forum made by the plaintiff must be strengthened. we have inherited from classic Roman law. Supreme Court of Justice. Therefore. PAR-LATINO's official position towards forum non convemens is representative of that of all its member-countries. SHELL OIL [ET AL. is an institu-tion that groups representatives of all leg-islative congresses of Latin America. the motion for protection from breach of constitutional guarantees is OVERRULED [. signed by Mr. hereby rules that the foreign legal order of November 17. (Page 1)." (Page 2). Ruiz C. against SHELL OIL COMPANY. 1996.. they still have a high persuasive value. when such forum has jurisdiction according to both legal systems. These two norms are already incorpo-rated in the majority of our legal systems. Forum non conveniens. Because of the considerations expressed by the First Superior Court of Justice.] (Page 5). approved by the Permanent Forum of Regional Parliaments for the Envi-ronment and for a Sustainable Develop-ment.] due to lack of jurisdiction. Model Law. also known as Latin American Parliament. is not enforceable IN THE Republic of Panama... for breach of constitutional guarantees. Although its decisions are not mandatory. on January 27. [Et AL]. on 10/6/95: Attorney [for defendant] filed with this Court a motion for protection. to decline to hear this cause on the grounds of lack of competence. Arturo Hoyos and José Manuel Faundes:[. according to which such decision can-not be challenged and is invested with the authority of res judicata. it is convenient to clarify certain rules on inter-national jurisdiction and on the applicable law to damages.. PARLATINO.. 1998. (Page 2). administering justice on behalf of the Republic and by the authority invested in me by the law. Because of that it is necessary to clarify and to systematize them. Judgment of March 28. Whereas such decision was not subject to attack. administering justice in the name of the Republic and under the authority given by the law.1995. which clearly falls under this category and the law cited in the above Superior court ruling. which condition-ally declines competence in favor of the jurisdiction of each of the countries of ori-gin of the plaintiffs in the suit brought by SANTOS ABREGO MORALES ET AL. signed by the Honorable Rafael González. 130 . 1995.] is duly completed and the respective file has been sent to the archive. handed down in the case of SANTOS ÁBREGO ET AL. but in a disperse way. due to Article 702 of the Judicial Code. handed down by the District Court for the Southern District of the State of Texas.. in the cause referenced here-inabove. A Latin American court can-not be expected to disregard its own law and become complicit in a system that denies plaintiff's right to choose defendant's court. Article 2 also favors the victims of ecological wrongs since it strengthens the possibility that the indem-nity and pecuniary sanctions be in accor-dance with foreign law. whether by the law of the place where the wrong is suffered. triggers unconstitutional consequences in all Latin American jurisdictions. much less a foreign court. in several countries this notion is not clearly articulated. It is a concept that comes from Roman law where it was known as "forum praeven-tionis" and it applies to instances of con131 . Forum non convens. what the law clarifies is that those who incur in international tort liability. Damages. extinguishes national jurisdiction. at the victims option. according to both legal systems. it is also known that the national court may apply foreign law. such judge will not be able to ciose the doors of the court on him as. This law would benefit the victims of eco-logical wrongs and. it is convenient to enact a law as the one proposed. as Piper Aircraft Co. However. plaintiff may opt for not filing the second claim. In cases of international tort liability. in general. In Latin America the plaintiff in a personal action has the unfettered right to choose the defendant's court. FNC effectively deprives plaintiff from the right to sue in defendant's domicile. Plaintiff forced to file a claim. 2. The choice to lose is not really a choice. those who have suffered damages caused in or from another country. Concerning pecuniary liability. establishing the same principie. The latter is only reborn if the plaintiff nonsuits of his foreign petition and files a new petition in the country. 4. has been happening with the the-ory oí forum non conveniens. where nobody can force a person to file a claim. A basic Latin American rule is that every individual is equal before the law. One hopes that the enactment of the bili will help towards the respect of the envi-ronment and the health of our Peoples. The petition that is validly filed. As an example of the valid-ity of this rule. which of course contravenes Latin American law. Accordingly Latin America does not offer an alternative jurisdiction in a FNC sit-uation. that they will be sanctioned. v. Pre-emptive jurisdiction. apply to damages and to the pecuniary sanctions related to such damages. the following can be mentioned: 1. Art. Procedural equality. The Spanish term of art is "competencia preventiva". the national court may. According "less deference" to the plaintiff's choice of forum. Article 1 makes sure that if the plaintiff chooses a foreign court with ¡urisdiction. The plaintiff who refiles in Latin America does not do it of his own free and spontaneous will but constrained by the FNC order. where the effects it causes are ille-gal. This is deeply offensive to the procedural freedom that people enjoy in Latin America. posición latinoamericana. Plaintiffdeprived from right to sue in defendant's court. Text of the Model Law Art. Among the illegalities that FNC causes in Latin America. However that would be tantamount to abandoning the claim and losing the case. in the defendant's domiciliary court. Foreign govern-ments have complained about such dis-crimination. the relevant standards and amounts of the per-tinent foreign law. additionally. or by the law of the place where damages are generated. This is a very oid principie. for instance. article 323 of the Bustamante code can be cited. at the plaintiff's request. Latin American view. Admittedly. which existed already in Roman law under the name of "actio sequitur forum rei" and adopted by the Bustamante Code. In summary. 1 National and international juris-diction. Forum non conveniens (FNC) is an unknown institution in Latin America. in a completely free and sponta-neous way.Forum non conveniens. Such rule is a standard feature in the regional codes of civil procedure. Forum non conveniens. Because of that. will not be able to escape their domiciliary courts and. 2 International tort liability. posición latino-americana which established that in personal actions it was the defendant's domiciliary court that has jurisdiction. 3. Reyno indicates. " It means that once a court with jurisdiction starts hearing a case.Forum non conveniens. stipulations rnade to the US court that contravene Latin American law are illegal in the respective countries. without any consul-tation whatsoever. however. Appeals in Latin America. FNC also violates some multilateral treaties that pro-vide for equal treatment. Treaty supremacy. The submission that defendant may make. Lis pendens. Honesty towards the foreign court. FNC normally grants the US judge continuing jurisdiction and.e. The case could be refiled abroad while a US appeal is pending. before the US court or directly to the Latin American one does no cure the FNC illegalities and. Defendant could challenge the reinstatement of the claim accusing plaintiff of having sabotaged the foreign lawsuit. such as the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights. In Latin America this institution is known as "litispendencia. FNC violates a series of bilateral conventions that specifically establish equal treatment and open courts. This is a flawed argument. Indelibility of jurisdiction. the US Court predetermines several important issues on how the case will be litigated in the foreign country. 5. In a FNC situation. Honesty towards the foreign court. FNC is perceived as a vehi-cle through which a US judge issues direct orders intended to be executed in the respective Latin American country. The case is then pulled away from the foreign judge. It is sometimes saíd that any 132 illegality that FNC may cause abroad is purged by the jurisdictional waivers that the parties make: plaintiff by filing the claim abroad and defendant by making a general appearance. Usually the US Court also includes in the order some language as to how the statute of limitations can be raised as well as certain conditions as to what evidence can be presented. even if plaintiff believes the . 6. lis pendens and indelibility of jurisdiction are manifes-tations of the same basic premise: once a court with jurisdiction hears a case all other courts lose jurisdiction. does not genérate jurisdiction. Defendant s stipulations before the US judge are meaningless in Latin America. that court cannot be changed for another. conse-quently. Appeals in the US. Latin American litigants must be loyal and truthful to their respective courts. Such modality forces the plaintiff to appeal an intermedíate foreign decisión for lack of jurisdiction. Pre-emptive jurisdiction. could be fatal for the chances of having the case re-instated in the US. Juris-dictional waivers. In some cases the FNC order requires that "the highest court" of the foreign country rule for lack of jurisdiction before the case can be reinstated in the US. posición latino-americana current jurisdiction. Sim-ilariy. Plaintiff's "waiver" is not such. For elemen-tary reasons of sovereignty a foreign court cannot tell a party what to do or what not to do in a Latin American lawsuit. Sovereignty. that two years after filing abroad the corre-sponding US Appellate Court overrules the FNC decisión. 11. 10. 9. To trigger effects. 12. It is difficult to see how US law could punish plaintiff for being honest to the foreign court. submissions and stipula-tions are void." In some instances lis pendens even has con-stitutional rank. Fur-ther. The US court that hears the case first cannot dismiss it on FNC grounds because the Latin American court has lost the jurisdiction that it might have had initially. which has been signed by the US and by most Latin American nations. 7. A Latin American court cannot be expected to assume "jurisdiction" over a case where a US appellate court has the power to pulí the case away. This is a principie that comes from Román law. The US Court orders plaintiff to refile the lawsuit abroad. where it was known as "perpetuado jurisdictionis. it triggers lis pendens in Latin America. the other court that had con-current jurisdiction loses such jurisdiction. 27 of the Vienna Conven-tion on the Law of Treaties determines that domestic law cannot prevent the exercise of a treaty right. ¡t must be the product of the party's free and spontaneous will. 8. normally within a certain period. Assume. Once a court starts hearing a case. All this is extremely illegal in Latin America. a waiver must satisfy the same basic requirements as the filing of a claim. Art. i. as such. for instance. the plaintiff that honestly believes that the foreign court lacks jurisdiction should be free—even duty bound—to state so. This means that the plaintiff who has been dismissed by the US court on FNC grounds should disclose to his or her court the full procedural history of the case. Franquicia. To counterfeit. where the assets are. Forepart. swindle. superficial. Fotocopia. picture. Honest. disappointed. art. A US defendant in a lawsuit filed in Latin America pursuant to a FNC decisión can disregard an condemnatory judgment and challenge the enforcement of the Latin American decisión before a US court. Frente. a claim filed in Latin America pursuant to a FNC order cannot be allowed to genérate jurisdiction. This party could effectively raise FNC when sued in the US because it would be in conformity with the principie of actio seqttitur forum rei. Tomb. misrepresentation. It is also very dis-advantageous for plaintiff who after having won the case now has to battle to enforce the decisión. scheme. Tax exemption. Fraudulent. falsify.Effect of the illegality. Insane. 14. Frustración sobreviniente. guerrilla. Such is the instance when the defendant is Latin American. Fraudulento. In this case. To pay. Depression. Extreme. Fraude al tribunal. It would seem that it is inconve-nient for the case to litigate it in a forum where the defendant cannot be compelled to comply with an adverse decisión. Frustrado. C. photograph. Frivolo. Photocopy. There is a type of case where the effects of FNC would probably not viólate the law of the Latin American country concerned. See FOB. Lucrative. To plan. limit. Photo. Frank. disappointment. Frustrated. Fronterizo. To get through customs. the murder of a sibling. Non working day. Frustration. See FAS. Belonging to the frontier. Fosa. Fotostático. Constraint. To forge. 133 . The effects of FNC violate the principie of legality present in every system and also specifically upheld in some consti-tutions. clear. Failure. Franqueo. Deceit. murderer of a sibling. Frivolous. Fraude. Photostatic. 1953 and 1954). grave. To fail. This is strange considering that the case was transferred to Latin America at defendant 's request. Franchise. It is clear that a situation of illegality cannot be allowed to create its intended illegal effect. Fraguar. Fraud upon the court. license. To stamp an envelope for mailing. prepay. (Lou. hole. The illegalities created by FNC in Latin America prevent Latin American courts from assuming jurisdiction. This exception does not apply when a relation of confidence has reasonably induced a party to rely on the other's asser-tions or representations. nonachievement. FNC would transfer the case to defendant's domi-ciliary courts. Franco a bordo. inconvenience. 13. Franco. Franquear. Fraud. boundary. trivial. dissatisfaction. Failure. Fraud does not vitiate consent when the party against whom the fraud was directed could have ascertained the truth without difficulty. Postage. Administrative clearance. Francotirador. stamps. Front. Exempt. In other words. Sham exterior. pit. Without the power to constrain there is no jurisdic-tion. privilege. manufacture. The US judgment is in fact forcing an appeal in bad faith. fruitful. Frontier. Exterior. Sniper. print. Brake. which is what Latin American systems dictate anyway. deception. Fraud is misrepresentation or a suppression of the truth made with the intention either to obtain an unjust advan-tage for one party or to cause a loss or incon-venience to the other. Fracaso. falter. crypt. Fratricide. Fructuoso. Fratricide. border. To make. Civ. or special skill. Frontera.Frustrado decision to be correct. Fratricidio. Franco al costado. ¡nstance where FNC would not be illegal. Fracasar. To dispatch. Fraud may also result from silence or inaction. Fotografía. 1 atin American court lackspower to constrain iefendants that lack assets in Latin America. Frustración. To be unsuccessful. 15. gainful. Productive. deterrence. Supervening frustration. Fratricida. copy. Freno. prof-itable. Fuentes de derecho. (Sp. Fullería. Fire. Civil fruits are the rents of buildings. Función. Source. disappearance. Frutos naturales. Forcé means the effect of power which can-not be resisted. Fuerzas armadas. origin. merge. Funerario. derivation.Frutos Frutos. Outlaw. Frutos industriales. If the notice is not received by the other party within a reasonable time after the party who fails to perform knew or ought to have known of the impediment.7). par.1. Fundirse. Natural fruits. settle. Corporation. Excluded. Fundación. (Unidroit. last rites. rent. Sources of law. estate. desertion. Effectiveness. irresistible forcé. rea-son. crop. settlement. Fuga de cerebros. Illicit gambling. Acreage. Function. Foundation. Basis. that may guide the court in reaching a decisión in the absence of legislation and custom. Fraud. Professional gambler. C. (Sp. Fundir. Outof wedlock. show. card player. 2). justification. and the broods and other producís of animáis. Funcionario. Armed forces. director. crook. plot. Power. the price paid for the léase of lands. property. sec. par. Founded. Purpose. court. it is hable for damages result-ing from such non-receipt. art. life or other similar incomes. 362. Fuerza. Nonperfor-mance by a party is excused if that party proves that the nonperformance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overeome it or its conse-quences. Organization not for profit. . Escape. Fuero. C. Brain drain. sec. requiem. legislation and custom are authoritative or primary sources of law. 362. through cultivation or labor. tenement. doctrine. Fruits. Upon the record and files. the excuse shall have effect for such 134 period as is reasonable having regard to the effect of the impediment on the performance of the contract. They are contrasted with persuasive or secondary sources of law. refugee. obliterate. Civ. 7. burial. Officials forbidden to engage in commerce. Cultivated fruits. Earn-ings.. (Lou. Performance. Fundándose en los auto y legajos. Fuera de matrimonio. Funcionarios que no pueden ejercer el comercio. Exile. swindle. official. Funeral. Force Majeure. art. exceptional right or power. Force. To found. 362. To destroy. establish. Those acci-dents are said to be caused by superior forcé. which human prudence can neither foresee ñor prevent. administrator. Basis. Funerales. Civ. and equity. renegade. Out. Fundar. Natural fruits are the spontaneous productions of the soil. Founding. C. well supported. Prin. promoter. (Sp. Fuente. Nothing in this article prevenís a party from exercising a right to termínate the contract or to with-hold performance or request interest on money due. interment. Relating to funerals. produce. According to civilian doctrine. and the amount of perpetual. Fundado. Act of God. par. When the impediment is only tem-porary. Unitary action. To consolídate. Privilege. Fundo Land. Superior forcé. conventional usages. Frutos civiles. The pary who fajk to perform must give notice to the other party of the impediment and its effect in its ability to perform. 1 and note). organizer. Civ. Fugitivo. Founder. breakout. Collection of laws. sec. Forum. Fuerza mayor. Fuero de atracción. Civ. Fuego. Fulminar. To go bankrupt. harvest. license. The sources of law are legislation and custom. C. Cheat. Fuera. Officer. such as jurisprudence. Civil fruits. role. 3). executive. outside. Fuga. Civ. Fundador. Fugitive. strength. yield. 1). Fullero. (Lou. flight. farm. C. 3556). Cul-tivated fruits are those produced by lands of any kind. art. hereafter. Fusiliamiento. Fungible. Fusión. Fungir. Futuro. Fusilar.Futuro Fungibilidad. Rifle. Future. interchangeability. shooting bv a firing squad. Fungibility. amalgamation. To merge.To commingle. consolidate. Fusil. Military execution. Merging. to mix. Fungible. 135 . Fusionar. consolida-tion. firearm. To execute. interchangeable. amalgamate. Preliminary interrogation of witnesses on personal data. Ganador. Individual guaran-tees. Galera. burden. Galaxia. prevail. Adequate assurance of due performance. Profit and loss. bond. warrant. Garantizado. Garantía adecuada de mantenimiento. Security. Where this assurance is not provided within a reasonable time the party demand-ing it may terminate the contract. . Garantías individuales. bondsman. upkeep. Garante. Especially as to whether they have an interest in the outcome of the case. Gaceta. Ganzúa. Winner. Prin. benefit. the exercise of public functions. Generoso. lost earning. back. Gastos de cobranza. Ganancias de capital. General. Garito.). Gatillo. e. guar-antee. Gastos particulares. To draw interest. guar-antor. Discomforts and setbacks inherent to a particular job or occupation. guaranteed. Expenses for luxury or pleasure. To make money. Court costs and attorneys' fees. Ganancia líquida o neta. income. Office. Gángster. except by gift or inheritance. fume. Place where ¡Ilegal gambling is con-ducted. garantizar. Government ministers. excise. Personal expenses. Bargain. Gastos. Gastos causídicos.4). winning party. Gastos de conservación. Gangsterism. proceeds. Gain pre-vented. Gaje del oficio. Gabel tax. Gas. Ganga. Capital gains. Ganancioso. Foreigners belonging to any of the contracting States shall also enjoy in the territory of the others identical individual guarantees with those of nationals. guaranty.. unselfish. Garantir. to obtain. Gangsterismo. Ganar. Gangster. the right of suf-frage. Ganar dinero. Bank charges. pay. A party who reasonably believes that there will be a fundamental nonperfor-mance by the other party may demand ade136 quate assurance of due performance and may meanwhile withhold its own performance. Profitable. Net profit. Ganancia. Barrister's chambers (G. Gas.g. Property acquired during mar-riage that belongs to both spouses in equal shares. address. Generales de la ley. Ganancia bruta. Gazette. warranty. except as limited in each of them by the Constitu-tion and the laws. Gananciales. Gallery. All that is acquired or increased during marriage. unless especially provided in the domestic legislation. Genocide. Cattle. art. etc. name. Picklock. To gain. gains. law firm. 2).B. Secured. Ganar interés. art. Earnings. Gastos bancarios. salary. revenue. Genocidio. duty. Generous. Galería. Gross profit. colateral. To secure. Identical individual guarantees do not include. To accomplish. Printing draft. Galaxy. Surety. General. beat. lucra-tive. 7. expenditure. vapor. (Busta-mante C. To win. disbursement.3. expenses. (Unidroit. bilis. Ganancia dejada de percibir. Galley. advantageous. Cost of collection. Garantía. passkey.G Gabela. kind. Ganancias y pérdidas. Preservation expenses. charges. Trigger. Costs. and other political rights. Gastos de lujo y recreo. to earn. Gabinete. Ganado. coUateral. gratuitous. taxable. note. Gobernador. Grupos empresarios. Knock. beyond what is strictly binding. prolongation. to write a comment.Grupos empresarios Gente. 137 . Gestor oficioso. coup.Mechanic's lien. Degree. Glosa. Management. Genuine. Gerencia. Enjoyment. and 15). Trade union. Gratificación. Graciable. maker. Manager. Golpiza. Articles 13. Turnover. Revolution. Tax. (Mex. taxed. Draft. board of directors. free. Bonus. To pursue. onerous. real. Beating. gratis. Such a concept arises when an enterprise which is the beneficiary of a service has entered into a binding arrangement with the enterprise that provides the service. comment to a text. authentic. administration. Agency. Gremio. Pro-moter. Management of another's business. Gerente. Graduación. executives. Goce. Free. rule. Degree of relationship distant enough to allow marriage. tip. blow. scaling. To encumber. steps taken. Government. Grado. Drawee. Gratuito. Money order through the mail. to sign a check. Granizo. Hailstorm. Glossator. executive. negotiorum gestio. Gozar de plena capacidad civil. Gracioso. Gestor. commentator. own. administration. Gran jurado. Measures. Gloss. Groupsof Enterprises. Gravamen. Gratuity. Management. Gestión de negocios ajenos. To enjoy. This reduces the possibility of evading obligations to workers through the creation of different legal entities. mercy. Gobernante. Grado levítico. through his fault or negligence. Labor Law). Owner-ship. Glosador. possession. Gratuidad. To draw a commercial paper. the enterprise that receives the services is held responsible. grading. People. Thus. managing partner. tax. mili-tary uprising. for example. The ratification of the management by the owner of the business produces the effects of an express authorization. Assessable. complimentary.14. Assessment. Genuino. An officious manager must fulfill his charge with all the diligence of a good father of a family and indemnify for injuries which. Gracia. executive. Graduation. The ruling party. Golfo. legitimate. Classification. use of something. Gravable. girante. Golpe. gratuity. Girar. Graciousness. Forgiveness. the courts may reduce the amount of the indem-nity. Government. to handle. association. if an enterprise which performs work or services exclusively or mainly for another does not have sufficient means of its own to cover its obligations to the employees. Gravoso. To gloss. domínate. employees of the supplying enterprise have the right to working conditions equal to those of the employees of the first enterprise (FLL. Gobierno. may be caused to the owner of the property or business he may be managing. Extensión of time. Likewise. complimentary. Governor. level. Ruler. Gratis. Gestionar. representative. Gobernación. gratuitous. To conduct business with a certain capital. encumbrance. according to the circumstances of the case. Time consum-ing. Drawer. Encumbered. Gravamen por labor de operarios. To mortgage. Gulf. Girador. To govern. To command. Officious manager. pardon. Group. reward. possess. use. director. Gobernar. Grand jury. Girado. organization. Giro. Clerk. executive. Grupo. Gracious. Gratuitous. Gestión. Agent. Gravado. Glosar. Hooligan. Enjoy full legal capacity. Gravar. Gozar. as a favor. free. Gracious. Subject to encumbrances. Nevertheless. Expensive. Guarismo. Guerrilla. Warden. 138 . lead. Guillotine. Guillotina. Gubernamental. Guardián ad litem (L). Customs r Phonebook. designated by a court to rep-resent an incompetent person or a minor in a particular suit. combat. custody. Guardia. Guardia civil. Guardar secreto. Body guard. Guardabosques.Guarda Guarda. number Guarismos y por extenso. in figures and letters. To guide. Coast guard. Caretaker. A guardian ad litem is a special tutor. Guiar sin licencia. Guerrilla. custodian. To preserve secrecy. Cold war. Guía. Guiar. Civil war. Forest keeper. Governmental off • Guerra. figure. irregular. (Fernandez Martinez v. Guardacostas. warfare Guerra civil. Guide. To drive. freedom fighter cenary. Guard. Superior Court. 89 PRR 737 (1964)). Guerrillero. To drive a vehicle without a license. Defensor judicial. guerrilla. Counselor. battle. Guardian. Guardian ad litem. Cipher. Guardaespaldas. Guardián. War. Escort. Sentinel. Guerrilla. sentry. rebellion Guerra fría. Police (SP). Guard. Custom. there being no good reason to believe that they will soon return. Habilitacion. 1994). Habitación. dexterity. Civ. there are also more original and remark-effective legal resorts. Habitation. 4) When the petitioner would be greatly prejudiced if he did not institute the action for which he requests investiture. Hacer fe contra. Licensed. 1993. C. (Ppl. To enter in the record. if under parental control. most be vested with power therefor by the father or by the mother. Person who exploits a ranch. habit means a course of behavior of a person regularly repeated in like circumstances. authorize. Habitation is the nontrans-ferable real right of a natural person to dwell in the house of another. Ability. inviolability of the and so on. Hacer constar. but also against violation of s individual freedoms. Operate a vehicle. For the purposes of the statues under which it is prohibited to operate a motor vehicle by a person under the influ-ence of intoxicating liquor. Legitímate children not emancipated when not authorized to appear in court by law. open.&LALeg. To certify. Brazil is one of the countries the habeas corpus is the broadest. Investiture can only be granted when the person requesting it is included in one of the following cases: 1) When the parents are absent and their whereabouts is unknown. Hacendado. Assets. such as worship occupation. Inhabitant. authorization. create. Habeas corpus. sec. citizen. It has also been used to possessory protection against govern-agencies. Cause the seal affixed. Self authenticating. Disregard. 638). favorable ruling. To make. Hacer fe. To speak. Habilitación para comparecer en juicio. To license. competence. 3) When an action has been instituted against the petitioner. P. Hacer funcionar un vehículo. Capable. Pension. Hacer.Eur. v. authorized. To authenticate. Salary. common capital. 630 and art. Habeas Corpus (L). of 'can origin. Hablar. (Sp. Habla. Investiture of power to appear in court. skilied-Habilidad. of which ■ican iurists are justly proud. For the purpose of evidence in civil and criminal actions. belongmgs. it is not neces139 . talk. qualification. L. Habit. Habitante. Prove. art. do. ignore. Hacer caso omiso. Pay. 2) When the father or the mother refuses to appear in court on behalf of the son or daughter. 92 PRR 859 (1965)). Usual place where someone lives. . (Lou. Hábito. 633 and art. possessions. Habilitar. her social. tongue. Martínez Lucena. haberes.wages.H Sustained. Habilitado. Being duly sworn sound of mind.). Hacer efectivo. the other he Brazilian procedure mandato de segu-Za (W. demonstrate evidence. Capital. Evidence against. The right of habitation terminates at the death of the person having it unless a shorter period is stipulated. although not married at the time the right was granted. License. Speech. pay no notice. is the amparo.Sys. Hacer estampar el sello. say. certify. resident. Civ. permit. build. hiendo prestado debido juramento. repeated practice. One of them. In many country the habeas corpus procedure has been broadened to provide protection noonly against bodily restraint and arbitrary unmprisonment. Language. A person having the right of habitation may reside in the house with his family. retirement pay. nor conditionally. When there is no will. Appropriate. v. 98 PRR 1 (1969)). and a legatee. Heredado. Civ. fazenda (most of Brazil). 668. with the motor running and under his immediate control. injured. (W. Heredero y legatario. 966). (Sp. Proven facts. To wound. Herir. Intestate succession occurs: I. art. sibling. Heredad confinante. Inherited. latifimdia. leaving such heirs without their presenting them-selves to claim the property of the inheritance in accordance with law. curse. heredamiento. acceptance and repudiation. spell. fundo (Chile). Civ. Hecho sobreviniente. Hecho. Heredero presunto. (Sp. Fact. Person belonging to the underworld. feigned. Hacer suyo. Ramos García. succession. Hecho por duplicado. Hechizo. inheritable. injury. (Sp. Uruguay. take for oneself. Hegemonía. 92 PRR 859 (1965)).). III. Heir. Hacer valer sus derechos. which are not extin-guished by his death. ranch. Hampón. C. Herbolar. To enforce his rights. Hampa. repudiates the will or is incapable of inheriting. land. predominance.. Sister. Civ. Game preserve. sec. (Sp. domination. if he has not named a substitute. simulated or fabricated. Heir and legatee. It dominates the landholding patterns of Latin America. Hermana. and that of those who. 667). Heredable. Hazaña.Hacer suyo sary to prove that the automobile in which the person is found was in motion but is suf-ficient—as in the present case—to show that the person was inside the automobile. Inheritance. Herida. Adjacent tenement. sec. IV.1599). A person who has no heirs by force of law may dispose by will of all his property or part of it in favor of any person qualified to acquire it. Herencia. C. inheritor. Civ. Discovery. take charge. The succession of persons dying ab intestato with-out heirs. southern Brazil). Lace with poison. and obligations of a person. Hecho falso. Hegemony. When the conditions imposed on the beneficiary are not complied. Phrase usually used to end bilis and judgments. The inheritance includes all the property. invention. It is the deceitful semblance of a fact. Heiress. and so on. manor. Take over. A false fact is an uncertain act. low life. successor. aceptación y repudio. Intestate succession. Wound. Breakthrough. Inheritance. False fact. Crook. v. Heritable. belongs to the State Treasury. C. Hacienda. estat farm. transmissible. Civ. Hereditario. Treasure. Hallazgo. the hacienda provides the nominal umbrella for the same unique cultural phenomenon. Ranch. Juridical act. laceration. Hechos controvertidos. II. 957. (Ppl. The hacienda carries vari-ous names in Latin America estancia (Argentina. Heredad. Acreage. great achievement. Olivencia Román. C. Herencia legítima. Whatever the name. (Mex. Heredad de caza. Herencia vacante. propertv' tenement. An heir is a person succeeding under an uni- versal title. Hacerse cargo. Herencia. sec. sec. or the will is nuil or invalid. Accep-tance or repudiation of the inheritance can not take place. rogue. Feat. Innovation. When the beneficiary dies before the testator. Facts in dispute. injure. Bona Vacantia. When the testator did not dispose of all his assets. Presumptive heir. Supervening or intervening cause. (Ppl. plantation. Eur. Heredera. 140 . &LALeg. Hacienda pública. Bewitchment. Sys.. 751). Hágase saber. Ministry of economy. received mortis causa Heredar. rights. Let it be known. 352). Hereditary. Hecho jurídico. Wounded. C. either partially. one succeeding under a special title. Hechos probados. for a certain period. hereditable. To inherit. deed. Herido. Done in duplícate. Crime. Heredero. Hipoteca. (Lou. improvements and the proceeds from an indemnity granted or owed to the owner by the insurers of the mortgaged property or by virtue of government eminent domain. a mortgage creditor may also resort to ordinary judicial procedures to collect his loan. Hermeneutics. Siblings on the maternal side. Law 1979. (Busta-mante C.Hipoteca. Once a mortgage loan or its interest has wholly or partially become due. Hypnotism. Higiene. Daughter. Hija. construction. Mortgage. Hijos. 160). Legitímate children are those born 180 days after the marriage has been celebrated and before 300 days have passed after the marriage has been dissolved. but in it will not be stated that the child is of an incestuous nature. step brother. art. Civ. 210). Hijo incestuoso. art. Children. art. manos de doble vínculo. health. 65). Hermanos uterinos. descendant. to the fulfill-ment of the obligation for the security of which it was constituted. Hipoteca. C. 181). Son. Heroína. Floating ice not belonging to any-one in particular. Hijos ilegítimos. Illegitimate children are those who are con-ceived and born out of marriage. Hermano. when levied solely against the property encumbered with the mortgage. '. Ice. 180). ejecución de. illegitimate. Chil-dren are legitimate. Civ. Civ. Civ. (Lou. sec. the pro-cedure for its foreclosure and collection. Hijo. The par-ents that acknowledge the child will have the right that their names appear in the birth certifícate. foreclo-sure. Law 1979. Against legitimacy no other proof shall be admitted than the physical impossibility of the husband to use his wife within the first one hundred and twenty days of the three hundred days that have preceded the birth of the child. step sister. Tools. Mortgage. C. C. (Mex. clasificación. The inheritance rights of illegitimate children are subject to the personal law of the father and those of illegitimate parents are subject to the personal law of the child. Illegitimate children are those born out of wedlock. At his op-tion. Illegitimate children. Conventional mortgage is that which depends on covenants. Herramienta. even though this eventuality was en-tered in the Registry after the registration of the mortgage.64). Conventional mortgage. Hijos. Incestuous child. Brother. Mortgages are voluntary or statutory. permitting mortgage loans to be made regardless of any subsequent right that is acquired on the same property or mortgage rights. and the surplus area of a mortgaged property. derechos sucesorios. Sanitation. Hijos. Hermenéutica. sec. Hipoteca convencional. or legiti-matized. Half-brother. A mortgage covers natural accessions. C. Hipnotismo. child. 141 . ejecución de Hermanastra. legítimos. Foster child. Halt-sister. 155. 156. A real right that directly and immediately binds an estate and the rights on which it is imposed. Illegitimate children. interpretation. Recorded mort-gages shall be strictly real encumbrances. Step son. Hijastro. Siblings of full blood. Hielo. Step daughter. art. Hermano de crianza. C. (PR Mort. 3287 and 3290). kinds. Hijastra. whoever its owner or titleholder may be. (PRMort. Foster brother. sec. sibling. Hielo libre. Illegitimate children may be legitimatized either by the marriage of their parents. Legitímate children. Civ. (Sp. Means. Hijuela. seo 180). manastro. Parts in which an inheritance can be divided. Legitimate children are those born in wedlock. (Sp. or in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code. An inces-tuous child may be acknowledged. ilegítimos. shall con-form to summary proceedings. Heroin. Hijo de crianza. inheritance rights. or any other similar improvements. while the mortgage only subjects to the rights of the creditor the property on which it is imposed. the debtor or the third owner. irrigation or drainage projects. 189). Mortgage. Ex-change or postponement of mortgage. Civ. repairs. Hipoteca. without it being neces- Hipoteca. steamboats and other vessels. they do have the legal authority to do so. 161. another of lower rank or postponed f another to be constituted in the future. safety measures. Civ. Hipoteca legal. Law 1979. Special mortgage is that which binds only certain specified property. 219. C. or such other rights as shall be hereafter described. General mortgage. 3287 and 3311). in pledge. they may use the amount owed to them or any part thereof in their bids. extensión. (PRMort. The holders of current mortgape loans and those made after the mortgaae which is being collected and foreclosed. 3288). Hipoteca general. Hipoteca. 2) That. Legal mortgage is that which is created by operation of law. (Lou. Voluntary mortgage. Judicial mortgage is that which results from judgments. Special mortgage. or imposed by order of the owner of the properties or rights on which they are constituted. postores. (PR Mort Law 1979. the amount of his loan shall be to-tally or partially credited to the price offered by hilm. if there is no such agreement. (PR Mort. Hipoteca judicial. (Lou. 3288). or. advertising the auction. A recorded mortgage may be exchanged for 142 . The foreclosing creditor may bid in all the auc-tions. provided they belong to the owner: 1) Improvements consisting of new plantings. Voluntary mortgages are those agreed to between parties. Civ. of the debtor. and that the pledge has for its object only mov-ables. 3287 and 3321). 200). the marshal shall proceed to auction the mort-gaged properties. 182. even if not mentioned in the contract. ships. art. provided the damage took place after the mortgage was constituted. C. or. (Lou. alterations. sec. sec. at the request of the forecloser. Mortgage differs from pledge in this: 1) That mortgage exists only on immovables. subasta. C. Mortgage. and may only be estab-lished by those having free disposal of these properties or rights. art. present and future. coverage. 220). 2) Indemnity granted or owed to the owner of the mort-gaged property either from insurance. prior to the Clerk's issuance of the corresponding order. sec. sec. art. and the annexation of land by natural accession. or by eminent domain. General mortgage is that which binds all the property. conveniences. auction. 188). Hipoteca y prenda. permuta o posposición. Legal mortgage. Law 1979. are put into the possession of the creditor. The following shall be considered mort-gaged along with the property. Hipoteca voluntaria. (pu Mort. This statutory mortgage is implicit and specifies a preference in favor of its titleholders above all other creditors and over the third ac-quirer. if they do not have it. Judicial mortgage. Should he turn out to be the highet bidder. as provided by the court. the movables and effects subjected to it. or of a third person agreed upon by the parties. and with the objections he made having been finally resolved against him. Mortgage. If any of these indemnities should be paid before the expiration of the obliga-tion insured. and the one who is to pay it has been previously notified of the existence of the mortgage. Law 1979. the proceeds shall be deposited according to the wishes of the interested parties. sec. Hipoteca. 222). who appear as such in the Registry certification may also bid in all the auctions. When the time allotted for the judicial demand for payment has expired without the debtor or third owners having made the payments for which he was summoned. even though he may have recorded his rights. Statutory mortgage. Mortgage and pledge. art. Law 1979. the Court. C. (Lou. sec. (PrMort. corporeal or incorporeal. In such a case. A statutory mortgage is constituted in favor of the state and its corresponding municipalities on the tax-payer's property for land taxes pertaining to the las five annual assessments and for cur-rent unpaid taxes encumbering it.Hipoteca especial Hipoteca especial. 162). Civ. Law 1979. shall order that. (PR Mort. decoration or additions of stories to buildings. bidders. Tracks. Hostigamiento. Hombre. Mortgage. Honrar. 258). honored. Hospital.art 3281). integrity. Hormigón. Person who strikes. thieve. record. veracity. produced by condensation or incomplete combustion. to perform on time. Hoy. Mortgageable. hand written. A temporary suspension of work by a coali-tion of workers. (Mex. supposition. asylum. Industrial action (G. accommodate. Hipotecario.C. Schedule. timetable. Holografo. Hoja. theory. Honestidad. Page. Hospitalization. Innkeeper. Homicidio culposo. antagonistic. approve. R. flight. Huelga de servicios comunitarios esenciales. Homologar. ssn. imprints. hipotecante. integrity. Rush hour. belligerent. Hypothetical. Homologation. Mortgagor. Hostile. homestead. Humo. Burglary. Huelguista. foundling. Homestead. To mortgage. SpanishAmerican. Horas extra. When a strike is declared to be illegal the workers who continue to strike may be fired (FLL. Huelga. breakout. Hospicio. Historial. Honest. To lodge. Labor Law). Honesty. Larceny. Strike. Average prudent person. 143 . homicide. sec. Horario. Homicida. Hombre prudente. Honrado. Man. Murder. history. L. Home. steal-ing. (Sp. upright. veracity. Middleman. Hispanic. Hora. example. Constant attack. Sincere. Hipotecar. Escape. Huérfano. Gallows. Industrial action by which employees attend the place of work but do not labor. probity. Honorary. unfriendly. alternative. Hurto. Today. Honorabilidad. Honorable. Huelga ilegal. Hurtar. generally less than one micrometer. Huellas. Homicidal. theft. sanitarium. Hostil. receive. Background. hotel manager. Lockout. Hospedar. dreadful. Solid particles of extremely small dimensions. Cement for construction of high buildings.Gv. prints. Court approval. Homicidio. Hiootesis. Illegal strike. Hogar seguro (P. postulate. To honor. Huelga patronal.). The Conciliation and Arbitration Board may rule that a strike is illegal. Boundary. Orphan. Horrible. Hypothesis. fingerprints. Smoke. Involuntary manslaughter. The strike may cover an enterprise or one or more of its establish-ments. Hour. rob. Hospitalización.). family residence. tracks. sheet. Honradez. truthful. Hipotético. Hipotecador. killer. folio. Legal fees. honor. Hipotecable.B. belligerence. Milestone. Legal working days. Article 934). Honorarios. steal.Hurto de uso that he should have actual possession. Strikes in essential community Services. To burglarize. Horrible. Honorarium. Civ. Manslaughter Homicidio intencional. quarrelsome. Work history. Hoja de servicios. petty larceny. Agenda. Overtime. Honorario. To homologate. Horca. Hurto de USO. fee. Horas hábiles. Honest. Legal working hours are those between sunrise and sunset. Huida. Murder. Murderer. Hotelero. huérfana. Fees. Honorability. Honesty. human. humanity Hombre de paja. Hogar. Hostilidades. Robbery. Honesto. Hostilities.R. Conversion. Homologación. Holographic. Honorable. Huelga de brazos caídos. Hispanoamericano. offensive. Homicidio involuntario. Hora pico o punta. premise. dwelling house. Hito. Equivalence. Impartial. Identification. C. illicit. Ilegitimidad. The idealism and unreality of Iberian law were accentuated by the manner in which law and religion were fused in the Península. Idealism and religión. fire. Imitado. Competent. madness. Idóneo. or any other disaster where it is not easy to identify the body. Ilicitud. To balance equal. Identificar. to relate to. 144 . Tortious. stupidity. disabled. Identity. Banned. Type of payment in a contract for services. Ilíquido. art. Illegitimate. Illegitimacy. Ignorance. as in the rest of Europe. Equality. felonious. Impagable. and mulattoes. Language. The term precluded as used in the Code of Commerce includes not only the estoppel but also the ratification in cases of acts in excess of. 123). fool. Ignorancia. (Mex. lawlessness. Criminal. Imbecility. unbiased. Imparcial. Ilegalidad. Idiosyncrasy. im-paired. Competence. neutrality. Unliquidated. Civ. Fair. Africans. Idiot. Identificación del cuerpo. Identificación. Idioma. Equalizing. simulation. Crime. unpaid. it was thought advisable to stress that any involuntary servitude was forbid-den. In al] these countries where slavery prevailed during the colonial period and sometimes lorio afterward. liability. proficient. Imbécil. Crippled. neutral. Unawareness. They will state as much as possible the particular signs of the body and the clothing or objects which it was found with. Since the king was God's representative on earth. (Western European and Latin American Systems). estopped. emulation. point out. level. Illegality. incapacitated. general trait. The constitutions of Latin American countries have affirmed in one form or another that men are born free and equal and. In the case of flood. unlawful-ness.91PRR 347(1964)). spu-rious. Idiocy. skilled. (The Bank of Nova Scotia v. capability. Ilegítimo. racial equality is often emphasized as well. simpleton. Inexperience. name. tongue. the record shall state the information provided by the individuais who found the body. cretin. pro-hibited. exorbitant. repro-duction. Precluded. Velez Rul-lan. the theory operated to strengthen royal power. disobedience to royal command became sinful as well as unlawful. To associate with. false. unlawful. To identify. capable. skill. Idiosincracia. foolishness. believable. differ only in talent and virtue. handicapped. proficiency. In the Península. Counterfeit. peculiarity. Igualar. Igualdad. copy. Imbecile. Identidad. Fairness. shipwreck. illegality. Idiota. just. Individuality. as the Uruguayan constitution puts it. Since most Latin American nations are multiracial and legal discrimination prevailed in colonial times against Amerindi-ans. papers. The Spanish and Portuguese monarchs were the beneficiarles of the "divine right of kings" theory of sovereignty. Unpayable. fraudulent. stopped. Impago. Imitation. lack of knowledge. Illegal. fool. Name. Equality before the law. (L & D in LA). Idoneidad. Igualitario. To sympathize with. Igualdad ante la ley. Identification of the body. Ilegal.I Idealismo y religión. Iguala. impar-tiality. or without author-ity. mestizos. Impedido. Imbecilidad. Idiotez. idiocy. justice. Credible. which had developed during the Middle Ages. Imitación. Impotencia impedido de negar. Estopped to deny. impedimento dirimente. Marriage imped-iment that does not annul the marriage in question. impedimento impediente. Marriage im-pediment that results in the annulment of such marriage. impedimento, impeditivo. Impediment. Disability, handicap, hindrance, impair-ment. Estoppel. impedimento legal. Legal bar or obstacle. impedimentos matrimoniales, extranjeros. Marriage impediments, foreigners. Local legislation is applicable to foreigners in respect to the impediments which it establishes as indispensable, to the form of consent, to the binding or non binding force of the betrothal, to the opposition to the marriage, the obligation of notifying impediments and the civil consequences of a false notice, to the form of preliminary proce-dure, and to the authority who may be competent to perform the ceremony. (Bus-tamante C. art. 38). Impedir. To prevent, avert, avoid, deflect, deter, estop, frustrate, hinder, obstruct, pre-clude, thwart. Imperativo. Imperative, necessity, require-ment, requisite. Imperativo legal. Commanded by the law. Imperdonable. Unforgivable, indefensibie, inexcusable, irretrievable, unjustifiable, unpardonable. Dishonorable, shameful. Imperfecto. Imperfect, inferior. Defective, deficient, faulty, flawed. Substandard. Imperio. Binding power of the courts. Juris-diction. Empire, kingdom. Sovereignty. Impersonal. Impersonal, cold, detached, dis-tant. Impertinencia. Impertinence, effrontery, impudence, insolence. Irrelevance, imma-teriality, incongruity, inconsistency. Redun-dancy. Impertinente. Impertinent, impudent, inso-lent. Irrelevant, immaterial, incongruous, inconsistent. Redundant. Impetración. Commission of a crime. Implantar. To establish, install, introduce, set-tle, set up. Implicar. To implícate, embroil, ensnare, entangle, involve. To accuse, charge, inculpate. To imply, hint, insinuate, suggest. Implícito. Implicit, implied, constructive, tacit, suggested, understood, unexpressed, unspoken. Imponente. Party, usually the state, that imposes something. Imposing, stately, tow-ering. Imponer. To impose, assess charge, exact, levy, tax. Imponibilidad. Taxation, taxability. Imponible. Taxable, assessable, excisable. Importación. Importation, import. Importante. Important, meaningful, momentous, significant. Importe. Amount, price, value. Importe razonable. Reazonable value. Importunar. To disturb, intrude, perturb, trouble. Imposibilidad. Impossibility, infeasibility. Disability. Imposibilidad de cumplimiento. Impossibility of performance. An obligor is not hable for his failure to perform when it is caused by a fortuitous event that makes performance impossible. An obligor is, however, liable for his failure to perform when he has assumed the risk of such a fortuitous event. An obligor is lia-ble also when the fortuitous event occurred after he has been put in default. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 1873). Imposibilidad legal. Legal impossibility. Imposibilidad sobreviniente. Supervening impracticability. Imposibilitar. To disable. To make impossible. Imposible. Impossible, infeasible, preposter-ous. Imposición. Imposition. Tax. Impositivo. Related to taxes. Impostergable. Most urgent, that cannot be relegated. Impostura. Imposture, deception, fraud, lie, misrepresentation. Impotencia. Impotency, helplessness, weak- 145 Imprenta Imprenta. Press, printing press. Imprescindible. Indispensable, essential, nec-essary, vital. Imprescriptible. Not subject to the statute of limitations. Impresión. Impression. Effect, impact. Im-print, mark. Impresión digital. Fingerprint. Imprevisible. Unforeseeable, unpredictable. Imprevisión. Unforeseeability, unpredici-bility. Imprevisto. Unexpected. Imprevistos. Contingency, eventuality, incident. improbo. Dishonest, mendacious. Improcedencia. Irrelevancy, immateriality. Rejection of a motion. Improcedente. Irrelevant, immaterial. Impronta. Impression, mark, seal. Track, imprint. Impropio. Improper, dishonest, incorrect, wrong. Imprudencia. Imprudence, recklessness, temerity. Indiscretion. Audacity, gall, nerve. Imprudente. Imprudent. An imprudent per-son is a negligent person, wanting in fore-sight, who creates a serious risk for himself or for another, without obligation, necessity, or benefit. Reckless. Indiscrete. Audacious. Impúber. Minor, under age. Adolescent, teen-ager, youth. Impúdico. Shameless, immoral, indecent, lewd. Impuesto. Tax, assessment, contribution, duty, excise, tariff. Impugnación. Challenge, attack, objection Action for annulment, invalidity or void ness. Impugnador, impugnable. Challenger objector. Impugnar. To challenge, attack, object. To move for annulment, invalidity or voidness Impulso. Prosecution of a case. Procedural diligence. Impulse, Impetus. Impulso procesal. Motions that move the lawsuit forward. Impune. Without punishment or sanction. Impunidad. Impunity, nonaccountability. Immunity. Imputabilidad. Criminal responsibility. No responsibility attaches to whoever, at the time of the act or omission, and due to mental illness, incomplete mental development or retardation, to a severe disturbance of conscience, lacked the capacity to under-stand criminality of his act or to conduct himself in accordance with said under-standing. (Standard Penal C. for Latin America, sec. 19). Imputabilidad, alcohol o drogas. Criminal responsibility, alcohol or drugs. Punishment will not be attenuated simply because the person in question was only partially able, at the time of the act or omission, to under-stand the criminality of the act or to conduct himself in accordance with said under-standing, if the disturbance of conscience was caused by consuming alcoholic bever-ages intentionally or carelessly, or to facilítate the commission of the act or to create an excuse. (St.P.C. for LA, sec. 22). Impuesto a las ganancias eventuales. Capital gains tax. Impuesto al valor agregado. Value added tax, V.A.T. Impuesto de justicia. Stamp tax. Impuesto inmobiliario. Real estate tax. Impuesto sobre la renta. Income tax. Impugnabilidad. Possibility or availability of a legal challenge. Impugnable. Challengeable. Imputabilidad, falta de capacidad plena. Criminal responsibility, lack of full under-standing. Whoever, at the time of the act or the omission, lacked full capacity to under-stand the criminality of his act or to conduct himself with said understanding, will be sentenced to not less than one third of the mínimum, nor longer than one third of the maximum legally prescribed for the cor-responding crime. If punishment is deemed inimical to proper treatment due to pathological rea-sons, only medical measures will be taken. (St. P.C. for LA, sec. 20). 146 Incautar imputabilidad, minoridad. Criminal re-sponsibility, minority. A person who at the time of the act has not reached the age indi-cated by the corresponding statute, cannot be punished.(St.P.C.for LA,sec.23). imputabilidad, perturbación mental autoprovocada. Criminal responsibility, self induced mental disturbance. When the severe disturbance of conscience was self-induced by the person in question, responsibility will attach for the criminal intent, recklessness or negligence in relation to the criminal act, present at the time when the severe disturbance of conscience was induced. (Standard Penal C. for Latin America, sec. 21). Imputable. Imputable, attributable, charge-able. Imputación. Imputation. Assignation of fault or liability. Accusation, charge. Imputación de pago. Application of pay-ment. A person having several debts of the same kind in favor of a single creditor may declare, at the time of making a payment, to which of them it is to be applied. If the debtor should accept a receipt from the creditor, setting forth the application of the payment, he can not make a claim against it, unless there should be some cause which may invalídate the contract. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1140). Imputar. To impute. To accuse, blame, charge. In dubio pro operario (L). In case of doubt the issue is resolved in favor of the worker. A principie particular to labor law that works as an interpretation technique. Of course, if the issue is clear, this phrase is not applicable. In dubio pro reo (L). Applicable only in criminal cases this principie of interpretation states that doubts are resolved in favor of the accused. In fraudem legis (L). In a fraudulent way. Strictly speaking the expression Means "defrauding the law". It is used Mainly to highlight that the law has been breached although no person has yet been individu-alized yet as a victim. In rem verso (L). Sometimes this expression is preceded by the Latin word actio, for action. It was indeed an oíd Roman action to obtain that a thing be returned to its law-ful possessor. In American law one could find an equivalent in restitution or replevin. Inabrogable. That cannot be annulled or voided. Inacción. Inaction, lack of taking proper steps. Inaceptable. Unacceptable, inadequate, inad-missible, inappropriate, improper. Inacumulable. Noncumulative. Inadmisible. Inadmissible, inadequate, inappropriate, improper, unacceptable. Inadvertencia. Inadvertence, oversight. Inafectable. Out of commerce. That cannot be alienated or encumbered. Inajenable, inalienable. Inalienable. Outof commerce. Inalienabilidad. That cannot be sold or trans-ferred. Inamistoso. Unfriendly, bellicose, hostile. Cold, distant. Inamovible. That cannot be removed or replaced. Inamovilidad. Tenure. Job security. Inapelable. Unappealable, final, firm. Inaplicable. Inapplicable, immaterial, irrelevant. Inatacable. Unimpeachable, unchallengeable. Incontestable. Incapacidad. Incapacity, disability. Impossi-bility. Incapacidad total. Total disability. Such injuries as result in the total and permanent disability of the workman or employee to engage in any kind of remunerative work or occupations shall be considered total disability. (Arzola Maldonado v. Industrial Commission, 92 PRR 534 (1965)). Incapacitado, discapacitado. Disabled, incompetent. Disqualified. Incapacitarse. To become disabled, incompetent or disqualified. Incapaz. Incapable, unable. Incautación. Attachment, capture, confiscation, expropriation, forfeiture, impoundment, seizure. Incautar. To attach, capture, confíscate, seize. 147 Incautarse Incautarse. To confíscate, commandeer, impound, seize. To appropriate for oneself. To steal. Incendiar. To set on fire, to burn down. Incendio. Fire, hostile fire. Incesibilidad. Intransferability, legal impossibility to convey. Incesto. Incest. Incestuoso. Incestuous. Incidencia. Incidence. Effect, consequence. Frequency, occurrence. Incidental. Incidental. Accidental, indirect. Insignificant, negligible. Incidente. Incidental issue. Incidental issues which must be decided before the main issue can be proceeded with, which may be raised in any kind of an action, except oral actions, and for which no special procedure is pre-scribed in this law, shall be heard and determined according to the procedure pre-scribed in this title. Such questions, in order to be classified as incidental issues, must be immediately related to the main question which is the object of the action in which they are raised, or with the validity of the procedure. The incidental issues which, requiring a previous decision, are an obstacle to the con-tinuation of an action, shall be heard and determined in the same proceedings, the course of the principal action being mean-while suspended. (Sp. L. Civ. P. sec. 740-744). Incident. Derivation from a main judicial case. Episode, event. Incipiente. Incipient, beginning, nascent. Inciso. Subsection, subparagraph, subclause. Incitación a la separación de un matrimonio. Alienation of spouse's affection. Incitador. Instigator, abettor. Provocation. Incitar. To incite, arouse, goad, induce, pro-voke, stimulate. Incluir. To include, embrace, encompass, involve. To consist of. Inclusión. Inclusion, encompassing, involve-ment. Incoación. Inception. Commencement. Incoado. Inchoate, formally filed. Incoar. To file charges. Incoar pleito. To file a lawsuit. Incobrable. Uncollectible, bad debt. Incógnito. Incognito, secret, undercover. Incómodo. Annoying, bother-some. inconvenient, Incomparecencia. Nonappearance, failure to male a judicial appearance. Incompatibilidad. Incompatibility, incon-gruity, mismatch. Incompatible. Incompatible. Antagonistic, hostile. Contradictory, irreconcilable. Incompetencia. Incompetence. Lackof juris-diction, improper venue. Inexperience, lack of skill or knowledge. Incompetencia dictada de oficio. Sua sponte ruling on lack of jurisdiction. Except in cases of submission, if the judge believes he lacks jurisdiction, he shall so declare sua sponte, and shall order the case to be sent to the judge that he believes should take cog-nizance of the matter. (C.R. C. of Civ. R, art 43). Incompetencia por foro inconveniente. See Forum non conveniens. It is not an instance of lack of jurisdiction. For such rea-son, the term incompetencia is not proper. Incompetente. Incompetent. Without jurisdiction. Inexperienced, unskilled. Incomunicación. Incommunication, isola-tion. Solitaru confinement. Incomunicado. Incommunicado, isolated. Inconciliable. Irreconcilable, discordant, incompatible. Inconcluso, inconcluyente. Inconclusive, unachieved, unfinished. Inconcuso. Unaffected, untouched. Without having suffered the least damage. acondicionado, incondicional. Uncondi-tional, absolute, complete. Inconexo. Disconnected, uncoiinected. Irrel-evant, immaterial. Inconfirmado. Unconfirmed, unofficial. Inconforme, disconforme. Dissenting, objecting. Unaccepting. Inconformidad, disconformidad. Disap-proval, dissent, nonconformity. 148 Indemnizable Incongruencia. Variance, contradiction, disagreement, divergence, inconsistency, incompatibility. nconmutable. Unpardonable, unforgivable. Irretrievable. nconsecuente. Inconsequential, irrelevant. Negligible, de minimis. nconstitucional. Unconstitutional. nconstitucionalidad. Unconstitutionality. nconsumible. Durable, that can be used many times without loss or destruction. ncontestabilidad. Incontestability, indis-putability, unchallengeable, unimpeachable. ncontestable. Incontestable, indisputable, incontrovertible. ncontrovertible. Incontrovertible. ncorporación. Incorporation. Assimilation. Acceptance, reacceptance. ncorporador. Incorporator, promotor. ncorporal, incorporeo. Incorporal, intangible. ncorporar. To incorporate. To set up a Corporation. To assimilate, accept. To absorb, swallow. To merge. To consolídate. ncorporar en autos. To file, to read into the record. ncorruptible. Incorruptible. Of great integrity. ncremento. Increase, expansion, growth, raise. ncriminar. to incrimínate. To accuse, arraign, charge, indict. To implicate, impute, involve. To inculpate. ncruento. With little physical damage. nculpabilidad. Lack of culpability, fault or liability. nculpable. Innocent, without guilt or fault. nculpado. Accused, charged, defendant. nculpar. To accuse, arraign, blame, charge, indict. To report, to inform on someone. To blow the whistle. nculpatorio. Inculpatory, incriminating, implicating. Compromising. ncumbencia. Pertinence, relevance. Tenure. Administration. ncumbir. To incumb, to be pertinent, to be of concern. Incumplido. Unperformed, unachieved. Incomplete. Incumplimiento. Nonperformance. Nonperformance is failure by a party to perform any of its obligations under the contract, including defective performance or late performance. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 7.1.1). Breach, default, noncompliance. Incumplimiento anticipado. Anticipatory nonperformance. Where prior to the date for performance by one of the parties it is clear that there will be a fundamental non-performance by the party, the other party may terminate the contract. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 7.3.3). Incumplimiento substancial. Material breach. Incuria. Laches. Incurrir. To incur, to become subject to. Incurrir en error. Malee a mistake, be in error. Incurrir en mora. Fall in default, default. Incurso. Having committed a certain crime or act. Indagación. Investigation, enquiry. Indagador. Enquirer, examiner, investigator. Indagar. To investígate, to ask. Indagatoria. Formal interrogation of the accused in a criminal proceeding. Indebido. Undue, illegal, illicit, unlawful. Tor-tious, wrongful. Indecencia. Indecency, immorality. Indecente. Indecent, dissolute, immoral, obscene, pornographic. Indeciso. Undecided, not final. Indeclinable. Unwaivable, unrefutable. Indefendible. Indefensibie, untenable. Pre-posterous. Indefensión. Defenselessness. Indefenso. Undefended. Indelegable. What cannot be delegated; undelegable. Indelicado. Rash, coarse, imprudent. Indemnidad. Indemnity, compensation, damages, recompense, reimbursement, reparation, restitution. Redress, settlement. Indemnizable. Subject to an indemnity or damages. 149 Indemnización Indemnización. Indemnification, compen-sation, damages, indemnity, recompense, reimbursement, reparation, restitution. Re-dress, settlement. Indemnización, alcances. Damages scope. Damages shall include, not only the value of what has been lost, but also of profits prevented, except for what is mentioned in the fbllowing articles. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1106). Indemnización basada en justas expectativas. Damages based on reliance. Indemnización, cuantía. Damages, measure. Damages are measured by the loss sustained by the obligee and the profit of which he has been deprived. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 1995). Indemnización en daños y perjuicios. Damages. Indemnity for losses and damages includes not only the amount of the loss which may have been suffered, but also that of the profit which the creditor may have failed to realize, reserving the provisions contained in the following sections. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1073, 1074). Indemnización especulativa. Uncertain damages. Indemnización genérica. General damages. Indemnización nominal. Nominal damages. Indemnización por dolo. Damages for fraud. Damages for fraud shall be actionable in all obligations. An action for fraud cannot be validly waived. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1102). Indemnización por incumplimiento estipulada en el contrato. Agreed payment for nonperformance. Where the contract provides that a party who does not perform is to pay a specified sum to the aggrieved party for such nonperformance, the aggrieved party i entitled to that sum irre-spective of its actual harm. (Unidroit, Prin., art, 7.4.13). Indemnización por incumplimiento parcial. Damages for partial breach. Indemnización por mora. Damages for delay. Performance of an obligation is owed from the time the obligor is put in default. Other damages are owed from the time the obligor has failed to perform. Moratory damages presuppose a performance actually rendered, although delayed. In such a case, the object of the obligee's recovery is compensation for the injury his interest has sustained because of the obligor's untimeliness in performing. 150 Compensatory damages presuppose, in-stead, total or partial nonperformance, or defective performance by the obligor. (Lou Civ. C. art. 1989 and notes). Indemnización por pérdida no pecuniaria. Damages for nonpecuniary loss. Damages for nonpecuniary loss may be recovered when the contract, because of its nature, is intended to gratify a nonpecuniary interest and, because of the circumstances surrounding the formation or the nonperformance of the contract, the obligor knew, or should have known, that his failure to perform would cause that kind of loss. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 1998). Indemnización punitiva. Punitive damages. Indemnización punitoria. Punitive damages. Dammum emergens, lucrum cessans and moral damages constitute the only types of damages recognized by the Latin American legislation. Punitive or exemplary damage is a concept rejected by Civil law Tradition, and henee, it neither exists in contraets nor in torts. Except for Argentina, these three damages may be indirect damages. On the other hand, they may be either foreseeable or unforeseeable damages depending upon the circumstances of the case. (Barrios-Man-nucci). Indemnizado. Party who receives an indemnity. Indemnizador. Party who pays an indemnity. Indemnizar. To indemnify, compensate. To pay damages. Indemnizatorio. Compensatory. Independiente. Independent, autonomous, free. Inderogable. That cannot be derogated or annulled. Indeterminado. Indeterminate, indefinite, undetermined. Indexación. Linkage of debts to inflation. Indicador. Indicator, sign, signal. Indication, symptom. Indicatorio. Indicatory, indicative. Denota-tive, representation, telling, symptomatic. Inexistente índice. Index list, table. indiciamiento. Indictment. dicio. Indication, indicia. Clue, demonstration, manifestation, sign. Indiferente. Indifferent. Without a formed opinion. Unbiased. Careless, imperious, unconcerned. indignidad. Unworthiness. They are called unworthy, in matters of succession, those who, by the failure in some duty towards a him, and are in consequence deprived of his succession. Indignity. Humiliation, shame. Indignidad e incapacidad. Unworthiness and incapacity. There is this difference between being unworthy and incapable of inheriting, that he who is declared incapable of inheriting, has never been heir, whilst he who is declared unworthy, is not the less heir on that account, if he has the other qualities required by law to inherit. Thus a person unworthy of inheriting remains seized of the succession, until he is deprived of it by a judgment, which declares him divested of it for cause of unworthiness. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 965). Indigno. Unworthy. Indiligencia. Negligence, carelessness. Indirecto. Indirect, oblique, vague. Sec-ondary, derived, incidental. Indisciplina. Undiscipline. Indisolubilidad. Indissolubility, that cannot be broken or separated. Indispensable. Indispensable, essential, fundamental, imperative, necessary, needed, vital. Indisponibilidad. Lack of, shortage. unavail-ability. Intransferability, inalienability. Indisponible. Intransferable, inalienable. Indisputable. Indisputable, incontestable, unchallengeable, unimpeachable. Individual. Individual, personal, private, single. Individuo. Individual, person. Indivisible. Whole. Indivisión. Indivision, whole. Indiviso. Undivided, whole. Indocumentado. Illegal alien. Immigrant lacking a visa and a work permit. Without documents. Indubitable. Unquestionable, certain, un-doubted. Inducción. Induction, initiation. Recruitment. Inducir a error. To lead to error. Indulgencia. Indulgence. Forgiveness, cle-mency, leniency, mercy, pardon. Gratifica-tion. Indultar. To pardon, to decree an amnesty. Indulto. Pardon. A pardon extinguishes all or part of the punishment imposed, or con-verts it into a more benign punishment. Other consequences, ancillary to the punishment, are not affected by a pardon. Ancillary penalties are removed by a pardon only when specifically included. A pardon is an act of executive clemency which does not form pat in itself of the criminal process which culminates in the accused's conviction. (Ppl. v. Albizu, 77:843, followed) (Reynolds v. Delgado, Warden, 91 PRR 294 (1964)). Amnesty. Industria. Industry. Manufacture. Business, trade. Diligence, hard work. Industrial. Industrial. Ineficacia. Inefficiency, inoperativeness, use-lessness. Ineficaz, ineficiente. Ineffective, ineffectual. Inejecución. Failure to execute or to enforce. Inembargable. That cannot be attached or seized. Exempted property. Inenajenable. That cannot be sold. Ineptitud. Inability, incompetence, ineffec-tiveness. Inepto. Inept, awkward, clumsy, incapable, unable. Inequitativo. Inequitable, unfair, unjust. Inequívoco. Unequivocal, clear. Inescrupuloso. Unscrupulous, corrupt, dis-honest, unprincipled. Inestimado. Unassessed, unappraised. Inevitable. Inevitable, unavoidable. Inexcusable. Inexcusable. Unforgivable, un-pardonable. Forceful, mandatory, necessary. Inexistencia. Inexistence. Nullity. Inexistente. Inexistent. Nuil and void. 151 Inexpugnable Inexpugnable. Invulnerable. Indefeasible, incontestable, unchallengeable. Infamante. Calumnious, libelous, slanderous. Type of felony. Infamatorio. Defamatory. Infame. Infamous, disgraceful, nefarious. Infamia. Infamy, ignominy, shame. Infancia. Infancy, childhood. Beginning. Infante. Infant, child. Soldier. Infanticida. Person who murders a child. Infanticidio. Infanticide, murder of a child. Inferencia. Inference is the deduction from the fact proved or fully established made by the trier in his discernment. (Murcelo v. H.I. Hettinger & Co., PRR 398 (1965)). Sometimes characterized as "hominis" presumption—is the deduction from the facts proved or fully established made by the trier in his discernment. (Widow of Delgado v. Boston Ins. Co., 99 PRR 693 (1970)). Deduction, implication. Inferior. Inferior, lesser, lower. Subordínate. Substandard. Inferir. To infer, deduct, imply. To assume, gather, presume, suppose. Infidelidad. Infidelity, unfaithfulness. Dis-loyalty, treachery. Infidencia. Indiscretion, breach of confi-dence. Infidente. Disloyal, indiscrete, double crosser. Infiel. Unfaithful. Infiltración. Infiltration, filtering through. Going in undetected. Infligir. To inflict, administer, create, impose. Influencia. Influence, control, power. Influenciar. To influence, persuade, sway. Influyente. Influential. Información. Information, data, knowledge, news. Información sumaria. Judicial proceeding to establish the truth of a certain fact that is not contested but cannot be ascertained oth-erwise for reasons such as lack of recorda-tion, loss of pertinent documents, etc. them be taken, provided they do not relate to facts which may prejudice some determi nate and certain person. (Sp. L. Civ. P sec. 2001). Informador, informante. Informer. An-nouncer, reporter, speaker. Informal. Informal. Direct. Unreliable. Informar. To inform, notify, tell. Informativo. Informative, newsworthy, re-vealing. Informe. Report, account, paper. Informe final. Closing argument. Informe pericial. Expert report. Expert evidence. The judge shall cali for an expert opinion if, to ascertain or weigh some important fact or circumstances in the case, scientific or artistic knowledge should be necessary or advisable. Infortunio. Calamity, misadventure, misfor-tune. Infracción. Infraction, breach, infringement, nonperformance, trespass, violation. Infractor. Transgressor, trespasser, violator. Infrascripto. Undersigned. Infringir. To infringe, breach, nonperform, trespass, violate. Infundado. Unfounded. With no basis or reason. Infungible. Non fungible, not interchange-able. Ingerencia. Interference, encroachment, impingement, invasion. Ingerencismo. State intervention, statism. Ingratitud. Ingratitude, ungratefulness, unap-preciative. Ingreso. Income, revenue. Access, admission. Ingresos. Income, earnings, salary, wages. Inhabil. Incompetent, unfit, unsuited, un-qualified. Inhabilidad. Disability, incompetence, un-suitability. Inhabilitación. Disqualification, disbarment. Inhabilitación absoluta. Absolute disqualification. Absolute disqualification includes: 1) Loss of any State employment or position held by the convict, even if he was elected by the people. 2) Disqualification to obtain any State employment. 3) Inability to vote Informaciones para perpetuar memoria. Proceedings to perpetuate testimony. Judges shall admit and order that all proceedings to perpetuate testimony instituted before 152 Inmuebles incorporales and be elected and to join any political asso-ciation. 4) Inability to exercise parental riehts or to be appointed tutor or guardian. (Standard Penal C. for Latin America, sec. 49). Inhabilitación accesoria. Attendant disqualification. Disqualification, as an attendant penalty to imprisonment, is subject to the following rules: a.) If imprisonment was for ten years or more, the court may also impose an attendant disqualification for 5 to 15 years. b.) If imprisonment was less than 10 years but more than 2, the court may also impose an attendant disqualification from 2 to 10 years. (Standard Penal C. for Latin America, sec. 51). Inhabilitación especial. Specific disqualification. Specific disqualification consists in the deprivation, restriction, loss, or suspension of the right to practice a profession or trade, be it regulated or not. (Standard Penal C. for Latin America, sec. 50). Inhabilitado. Disqualified, disbarred. Inherente. Inherent, innate, intrinsic. Inhibición. Inhibition. The justices andjudges included in any of the cases mentioned as grounds for a challenge shall abstain from taking cognizance of the cause without wait-ing to be challenged. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 55). Constraint, impediment. Inhibición ante un tribunal penal. Inhib-itory plea before a criminal court. Inhibirse. To withdraw, to decline, step down. Inhibitoria. Declinature. The inhibition shall be presented to the judge or court consid-ered competent, requesting that a writ be issued forbidding the court not considered as having jurisdiction to proceed in the cause and ordering it to transmit the record. (Sp. L. Civ. R, sec. 72). Inhibitorio. Inhibitory. Inhumar. To bury, entomb, inter. Iniciar. To begin, commence, start. Iniciativa. Initiative. Drive. Inicuo. Evil. Inimpugable. Unimpeachable, unchallenge-able, uncontestable. Ininteligible. Unintelligible, incomprehensible, confusing. Injuria. Injury, damage, grievance. Injuriador. Offender, wrongdoer. Injuriar. To slander, libel. To insult. Injurioso. Slanderous, libelous. Offensive. Insulting. Injusticia. Injustice, inequity, unfairness. Injustificable. Unjustifiable, indefensibie, inexcusable. Injustificado. Unjustified. Injusto. Unjust, unfair. Inmaterial, inmaterial, irrelevant. Inmatriculación por el estado. Registration by state. The State, its agencies, instrumen-talities or municipalities may register prop-erties belonging to them, provided they have possessed by property, as shown in their records, for more than thirty years as own-ers, quietly, continuously, publicly and peacefully. (PRMort. Law 1979, sec. 249). Inmemorial, inmemorial. Inmobiliario. Related to land and buildings. Inmoderado. Exorbitant, extravagant, unrea-sonable. Inmoral. Immoral, dissolute, unethical. Inmoralidad. Immorality. By immorality is meant all those acts or practices which are in contravention of mutually established stan-dards in order to attain decency, good order, and correct personal conduct; henee, every-thing that is hostile to the welfare of the general publie and contrary to good morais is immoral; it is not confined to sexual mat-ters, but includes conduct inconsistent with rectitude or indicative of corruption, inde-ceney, depravity, dissoluteness, or as willful, flagrant, or shameless conduct showing moral indifference to the opinion of respect-able members of a community, and as an inconsiderate attitude toward good order and the publie welfare. (velez v. Secretary of Education, 86 PRR 717 (1962)). Inmotivado. Without a motive or reason. Baseless. Inmueble. Immovable, real estate. Inmuebles incorporales. Incorporeal im-movables. Rights and actions that apply to immovable things are incorporeal immov-ables. Immovables of this kind are such as personal servitudes established on immov- 153 Inmuebles no inscriptos ables, predial servitudes, mineral rights, and real or possessory actions. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 470). Inscripción. Inscription, enlistment, enroll-ment, recordation, registration. Inmuebles no inscriptos. property not recorded. Real Inscripción de títulos, actas y contratos Inmuebles por accesión. Component parts of tracts of land, fixtures doctrine. Build-ings, other constructions permanently attached to the ground, standing timber, and unharvested crops or ungathered fruits of trees, are component parts of a tract of land when they belong to the owner of the ground. Inmune. Immune, exempt, invulnerable, priv-ileged. Inmunidad. Immunity, exemption, privilege. Inmunidad soberana. Sovereign immunity. Innavegable. Impossible to navigate. Innominado. Innominate. Innovación. Innovation, breakthrough, in-vention. Inobservancia. Nonobservance, breach, dis-regard, noncompliance. Inocencia. Innocence, candor, guiltlessness, lack of liability. Inocente. Innocent, non Hable, not guilty. Inoficioso. Ineffective, inoperative. Inoperante. Inoperative, ineffectual, theoretical. Inoponible. That cannot be raised. Inquilinato. Cheap rental, asylum. Inquilino. Tenant, lessee. Inquirir. To inquire, enquire. To ask, query. To request information. Inquisición. Inquisition. Examination, probe. Insacular. Inclusion of names that later will be drawn out by chance. Insanable. Irretrievably damaged or void. Insania. Insanity, dementia, derangement, lunacy, madness. Insano. Insane, lunatic, mad man. Insasicular un jurado. To draw a juror. Insatisfecho. Unsatisfied, unpaid, unperformed. Inscribible. Recordable. Inscribir. To record, list, register. Inscribirse. To enlist, enroll, sign up. 154 Registration of titles, transactions and contraeis. In order to be recordable, titles must appear in deeds, judgments or official doc-uments issued by judicial authority or a competent official, in the manner pre-scribed by law and regulations, except in cases where the law establishes a different procedure. (PR Mort. Law 1979, sec. 38 sec. 42). any docu-ment recorded or entered preventively in the Registry constitutes, conveys, modifies or extinguishes real property rights, no other document may be recorded with the same or an earlier date which may be contrary to or incompatible with it which conveys or encumbers said property. (PR Mort. Law 1979, sec. 56). Inscripciones regístrales. Entries in the property registry. Entries made of any property in the Registry shall include the follow-ing data in the most concise form possible: 1) The nature, location and boundaries of real properties subject to registration or affected by the right that must be recorded and their surface area measurements in the metric decimal system, as well as the name and number if they appear in the title and conforming to their description and official nomenclature when there is one, also con-signing all those specifications leading to the complete individualization of the real property. 2) The nature, extension, suspensive or resolutory conditions and encumbrances on the right which is being recorded, and their value (PR Mort. Law 1979, sec. 87). Inscripto, inscrito. Recorded. Insecuestrable. Exempt from seizure or attachment. Inseparable. Inseparable. Inserción. Insertion, addition, rider. Insertar. To insert, add, inject. Insinuación. Insinuation, hint, implication, inference, suggestion. insito. Intrinsic, inborn, inherent, natural. Insobornable. Impossible to bribe. Inscripción o anotación preventiva. Pre-ventive recording or entry. When Instrumento negociable. Inspector. No longer present or in existence. Institute. Instrumentar. a term which is appropriate in the circumstances shall be supplied. ridicule. Inspection. For this purpose he shall include in the record of the proceeding a description of the place of the commission of the crime. the examining judge or person acting in his stead shall collect and keep them for the oral trial. Integración. encourage. Instituyente. Inspectoría. detective. Insurrección. To create. provoke. investigator. Insurrection. Related to documentary evidence. poverty. Instrumento. Instructor. examination. Personal inspection by the judge. Instigation. Inspector. Instituir. sostenible. indigent. offend. To execute. Instructor. sec. Organization. Instance. sec. Insultar. Investigation of facts during criminal proceedings. 1208). Instruction. Instigar. Founder. unconceivable. to document in writing. provoke. provocation. paucity. Crim. Supplying an omitted term. scrutiny. Instancia. C. Case. bankrupt. among other factors. (1) Where the parties to a contract have not agreed with respect to a term which is important for a determination of their rights and duties. (2) In determining what is an appropriate term regard shall be had. to 155 . Intangible. Instigator. Insufficient. indefensibie. Insuficiencia. indigence. encourage. Evidence by personal inspection by the court or judge shall only be effective in so far as it clearly per-mits the court to judge. School. Insolvent. Insolvency. Institucional. solvente. Written document. First instance criminal judge in charge of investigating the facts. Untenable. legislate. of the fact which he desires to ascertain. Instructive. Corporate. art. To insult. To instigate. L. Instigador. Instrumento de venta. rebellion. proceeding for this purpose to make an ocular inspection and a descrip-tion of all that which might have any con-nection with the existence and nature of the act. If the crime prosecuted shall have left traces or material evidence of its commission. (Sp. Instrumento privado. To enact. Inspection on sight. Exempt from attach-ment or seizure. inspección. beyond reproach or suspicion. destitute. Instrucción. found. Control board or department. auditor. Prívate document. Inspección personal del juez. the location and condition of the objects found there. bankruptcy. inadequacy. Instrumento público. P. Instrumental. Insubordination disobedience. 326). Instrumental. Public document. inadequate. collective. Incite. by the external appearance of the thing inspected. Equipment. audit. Instigación. Civ. Insufficiency. inspección ocular. To establish. Instar. Beyond people's reach. tools. educational. exam-iner. Instrument. institution. Integration. Insubsanable. 34). Bill of sale. (Standard Penal C.Integración del contrato solvencia. Insubordinación. Gen-erally accepted habit or conduct. disobedience. the topography or location of the dwellings. Irretrievably damaged or void.. Integración del contrato. Whoever has caused another to commit a criminal act will be sentenced to the penalty provided for the principal. Example. instruments. rebellion. Instructivo. Insubsistente. Institutional. Commercial paper. Instituto. synthesis. Institution. (Sp. creator. Institución. poor. and any other details which might be utilized for the accusation or for the defence. for Latin America. Establishment. pauper. To institute. con-solidation. Encouragement. Intachable. illustra-tion. if possible. amalgamation. Intangible. Unimpeachable. Insuficiente. Intencionalidad. Interdicto de adquirir.8). Interchange. consciously. Integrante. Interdiction for physical incapacity. the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances. Prin.Integral (a) the intention of the parties. premeditation. which shall be delivered to the defen-dant when the citation is served upon him. (2) If such an intention cannot be estab-lished. conscious. prohibition. President of a club. Member. Entire. undertake. art.. fellow. who shall be 156 . in-junction. desegregate. appear to have the possession of his reason. 4. Summary proceedings based upon a new construction. Summary proceedings related to property. Summary proceedings relating to property can only be instituted: 1) To acquire possession. Component. part of. complete. assumption. advisedly. intellect. (b) the nature and purpose of the contract. Intempestivo. whole. Intendente. (Lou Civ. 422). intent. Interdicción. constituent. it shall be an indispensable requisite that no person be in the possession as owner or usufructuary of the property whose possession is requested. Interdicción por incapacidad física. switch. Associate. Attempt. owing to any infirmity. A copy of the complaint must be attached to the same. Secret information. After the complaint in summary proceedings based upon a new construction has been filed.art. through. (1) A contract shall be interpreted accord-ing to the common intention of the parties. blend. C. interdicto. object. Sense. who is subject to an habitual state of imbecility. Related to an interdiction or injunction. Intelligible. Point of agreement. insanitv or madness. trustworthy. relating to the right to continué the Inteligible. try. Summary proceedings to acquire property. Intentional. restraining order. Mayor 's office. Intención de las partes. precipitous. party. the judge shall issue any order restraining the owner of the construction from continuing the same. posesorio. Intact. The judgment rendered in summary proceedings based upon a new construction does not decide the question. art. C. (c) good faith and fair dealing. In order that summary proceedings to acquire possession may be instituted. endeavor. Such persons shall be placed under the care of a curator. Interdiction. Inteligencia errónea. 4) To prevent that damage be caused by a ruinous construction. (Unidroit. mistaken belief. Integrar. Wrong Interdictal. 3) To prevent a new construc-tion. are incapable of taking care of their persons and administering their estates. Body of janitors. Honest. complete. (Lou Civ. Intent. at times. Intento. undamaged. No per-son above the age of majority. which can be subsequently discussed in an ordinary action.1). Intention. unite. shall be allowed to take care of his own persona and administer his estate although such person shall. To integrate. under an admo-nition to destroy what is being built. but likewise all persons who. purpose. 389). under-taking. Abruptly. Interdicción por incapacidad mental Interdiction for mental incapacity. (d) reasonableness. Not only lunatics and idiots are hable to be inter-dicted. without notice. swap. To attempt. appointed and shall administer in conformity with the rules contained in the present chapter. drafted on ordinary paper. endeavor. Mayor. partner. purposefully. Intencional. Intelligence. Prin. integro. exchange. Intención. Suddenly and untimely. and cit-ing the parties interested to appear at an oral hearing upon the nearest day possible after the three days following the notification of said injunction. 4. (Unidroit. Intencionalmente. Integral. 2) To retain or recover possession. Intendencia. try out. Intercambio. Interdicto de obra nueva. Intentionally. Intention of the parties. Interdicto. Integral.. and to present thereat the documents upon which they base their con-tentions. Intentar. Inteligencia. art. Interés asegurable. seclusion. International. compound interest. explanation. Interest for failure to pay money. Interlocutory. Unless otherwise agreed. domestic. desire to know. Interestatal. To mediate. (Sp. Intermedio. Interior. 59). or when said party has already been disseized of his possession or tenancy. To question. To move. To intervene. tree. (Unidroit. Interlocutorio. sec. To request about.4.1650). Interpósito.. Interest on delay. Interference by the other party. Security interest. (Sp. Civ. art. Commitment. (Standard Penal C. A party may not relay on the nonperformance of the other party to the extent that such nonperformance was caused by the first party's act or omission or by another event as to which the first party bears the risk. Prin. Interferencia de la otra parte. Prin. Attention. the fall of which may cause iniury to persons or property. Interponer. Sunimary proceedings against ruinous con-structions may have two objects: 1) The adoption of urgent measures of precaution for the purpose of avoiding the dangers which may arise from the bad condition of some building. Intermedíate. Interpol. Placed in between. Amicable compounder. cross examine. Interino. Dividend. column. Intereses compuestos. L. Examination.. sec. Agent. Interior. Interlineations. If a party does not pay a sum of money when it falls due the aggrieved party is entitled to interest upon that sum from the time when payment is due to the time of payment whether or not the non-payment is excused. Challenge. mediation. Interpelar. Intervention. Intermediario. Intermediary.2). Summary proceedings to retain or recover possession shall lie with the person who is in possession or in the tenancy of a thing which has been disturbed therein by acts that show the intention of molesting dispossessing said party. for Latin America. mid-dleman. Mediator. Temporary. elucidation. By means of. 2) The total or pardal demolition of a ruinous construction. terdicto de obra ruinosa. profit.4. 7. step in. To interline. Interlinear. Translation. Interés. sec. Court rulings on routine procedural matters. Interesarse. To file an appeal. Summary pro-•eedings against ruinous construction. (Unidroit. provisional. Interdicto prohibitorio. transnational. Interstate. Interpretación auténtica. 1649. Questioning. The filing of a motion or of an appeal. Civ. Intereses moratorios. construction.9). Interposición. interest on damages for nonperformance of non-monetary obligations accrues as from the time of non-performance. art. arbítrate. Internamiento. P. art. confinement. reclusion. To write between the lines. Internment. Conduit. interim. inside. To raise a defense. To challenge. revenue. Interpelación.1. Insurable interest. Legislative construction of a statute. curiosity. Interest on interest.Interpretación auténtica rection of the construction involved. Interpol. 7. To examine. worldwide. indigenous. Measures of surveillance will last for a maximum of 10 years. 1674-1677). Interpolación. Commitment measures will last for a maximum of 15 years. broker. Interponer apelación. To acquire an interest. Universal. Interested party. acting. Internal.10). (Decision of November 26. Internación. interpolation. Interpretación. Interpellaltion. To file a motion. Prin. To interpose. Interested. Intereses por incumplimiento de obligaciones dineradas. Clarification. International. Intereses sobre el monto de la indemnización. P. Internacional. 1864). Injunction. Interest on damages. Interest. Interés garantizado. national. Sum-mary proceedings to retain or recover pos-session. Interesado. 7. or any another similar object. cross examination. 157 . Interpretation. L. representative. Brokerage. The provinces. between the lines.. (Unidroit. Interdicto de retener o de recobrar. court translator. Interviniente. If the terms of a contract are clear and leave no doubt as to the intentions of the contracting parties. To be or to become a party to proceedings..R. Interpreter. (C. 158 . 4. an interpretation against that party is preferred. Interrogatory List Examination. 112). such statements and other conduct shall be interpreted according to the meaning that a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would give to it in the same circumstances. the intervenor having a interest in the outcome of the case. Interpretación de normas procesales. Interrogatorio bajo custodia. intervening party. If contract terms supplied by one party are unclear. Interrogator. Interrogante. Intérprete. Interventor en el pago. Test. suspension. Interpretative. the judge shall take into account that the object of a procedural rule is to implement substantive Law. Interrogar. ques-tioner. disruptive. Intermission. Auditor. 98 PRR 195 (1966)). (Ppl. Intervention. Payment for honor. (2) If the preceding paragraph is not applicable. Judicial de testamentos. Interventor. art. Interruption. Summons. ofCiv. Stay. Contractual interpretation. When Interpreting a procedural rule.Interpretación contra proferentem Interpretación contra proferentem. Intestate. Intervention in sup-port. interrogatorio. Prin.C. to take action. (Unidroit. examiner. if necessary. Intervener.. (1) The statements and other conduct of a party shall be interpreted according to that party's intention of what the other party knew or could not have been unaware of. Interrupción de la prescripción. To intervene.. art. 97 PRR 89 (1969)). recess.R. Question. Interruptive. the literal sense of its stipulations shall be observed. Interventoría. translator. Custodia! interrogation. Stay of proceed-ings. Intervención. Intimation. To particípate. Adjournment. Commentator. A third party may intervene in a law-suit without alleging a right for himself. office or work. quiz. enquiry. The construction of wills con-sists in an intellectual operation the finality of which is to inquire into the testator's will. (Rivera Padró v. Intervención adhesiva. without a valid will. doubt. deferment. Order. To interrogate. Bertran Santiago. Interpretación de contratos. (C. query. inference. P. enquire. Interpretación Construc-tion of wills. interference. art. Rivera Correa.6).2). ofCiv. ask. Interrupción del proceso. observen Officer sent by central authorities to take control of and to supervise a local emergency. Intimación. Interruptivo. Interventor. The intervenor will continue in the case in the state the case hap-pens to be at the time of the intervention. P. Interrogador. in the middle. Interpretación de declaraciones y otras conductas. Interpretativo. clarifying and ascertaining the actual meaning of its expression and. suggestion. Interrogativo. In cases of doubt the judge can resort to the general principies of Procedural Law. Interposed. 4. Dis-continuance. Dis-continuing. v. but only with the purpose of helping a party win the case. construction of a statute.art. fill-ing the gaps of its declarations. Interpretation of statements and other conduct. C. of questions. Prin. Intervención en el pago. Person involved or who has acted. Interpretation of procedural rules. Interventora mandate. 3). Interpretación judicial. Questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action. Payor for honor. examine. (Unidroit. Intervenir. Intestado. Communication. Interpuesto. Interruption of the statute of limitations or of adverse possession. Interrupción. Contra proferentem rule. inspector. Invención. creator. Intrusión. meddling. foreign and domestic companies are treated equally under the law. Chile's Constitution establishes some basic principies on which foreign investors may rely. Invasion. Invalidez. joint venture. Investor. Intrusion. and the right to patent its use. Labor Law). article 19 of the Constitution guar-antees uniformity in the application of the law. frighten. Inutilidad. To invalídate. the ownership of the invention will be his. With due judicial notice. appraisal. If the employee does not work in research activities. Argentina. Repeal. catalog. If a commitment mea-sure is infringed the court may extend such measure for a period reasonable necessary to achieve its purpose. inversor. invader. useless-ness. damage. internal. Invasión. lie. fear. Invasion. intrusion. 22. Foreign investments. mendacity. Sec-ond. It also states that eco-logical damage must be repaired. intraspasable. Inventor. Invalid. nullity. foreign firms may also particípate in publicly financed research or subsi-dized research and development programs on a national treatment basis. Inventm. Intruder. suggest. etc. Intimatorio. imply. in its absence. local. will Foreign investors are entitled to utilize any of the corporate structures recognized by Argentine law. including access to short. To disable. Inválido. fantasy. The new Constitution. nuil. Foreign investment. To summon. Competitive equality is applied to markets and credit. ineffectiveness. he is entitled to have his name appear as the inventor. Argentina. annul. Party served with the summons. trespasser. Intoxicado. Inven-tions by employees. médium or long-term domestic or foreign currency financing in the local market. Intimado. Futility. Inversión extranjera. Disabled. Intransferible. Intimidation. To order. Inversión. placement of money. the inventor will be entitled to compensa-tion by mutual agreement or. Inventory. Intromisión. impair. cancellation. impingement. Intimidación. To inventory. (Mex. Inventariar. whether through a merger. Inalienable. Invalidarse. list of assets. quebrantamiento. reverse. sec. Interruption. as decided by the Conciliation and Arbitra-tion Board. and are therefore free to enter the market via the most convenient vehicle available. appraise. unconveyable. annulled.Inversiones extranjeras. void. as well as fulll eligibility for economic develop-ment incentive programs. ownership of the invention. catalog. assess. cancel. discoverer. Fabrication. To coerce. declares the citizens' right to enjoy a healthy and balanced environment. acquisition. military aggression. break-through. Inversionista. discovery. encroachment. However. To become disabled or impaired. 60). and 98 prohibit arbi-trary differences or discrimination. Disability. Intruso. threats. imposi-tion. Intrastate. articles 19. Invalidity. revoke. First. Inventor. Inversiones extranjeras. Chile. Inventario. Chile. Intransmisible. Commit-ment. nullify. In the latter case. without compromising the rights of future generations. Invalidar. (Alonso Peña). Intraestatal. To intimídate. timación. belong to the employer. Domestic. if his Job is research-related. Intransmisible. Intimar. scare. Additionally. Intoxicated. To intímate. terror. Under penaltiesoflaw. list. Out of commerce. Intimidar. enacted in 1994. voidness. Untransferable. quash. both to Chileans and foreigners. Interference. As a result of the no-discrimination principie. for Latín America. innovation. threaten. Chile infringement. 159 . Party ordered to pay or to defend herself. Third. purely national. (Standard Penal C. inebriated. invento. In instances in which an employee develops an invention in the course of his work. intro-mission. Invenciones de los trabajadores. Coercion. Investment. raid. suitable for human development and for productive activities. To implore. if the State owns and exploits and opera the-ater or a railway company. bestow. unforgivable. Beyond the plaintiff's power of replevin. luris et de iure (L). indisputable. vest. Irrevisable. inconse-quential. Investigación. expropriation is allowed only when a law passed by the Chilean Congress autho-rizes expropriation based on public interest. Investidura de título. Final. are not covered by sovereign immunity. unrebuttable. unbreach-able. exor-bitant. Although it is not strictly necessary both expressions. resjudicata. versible. unaccountable Irretroactividad. Irrenovable. Irregular. finality. inevitable. Irrational. supplicate. Irrevocabilidad. Oid Roman adage mean-ing that the court knows the law. Irregularidad. Irrefutable. Irrelevante. analysis. Research. To invest. Irresponsible. Inyectar. inescapable. Illegal. Irredimible. Irregular. Irretro activity. accord. Invitado.non extendable. Inviolable. hopeless. or usually performs the same type of act. unimpeach-able. Departure from established norms. Irrefutable. To inject. These acts are usually considered immune from prosecution under the theory of sovereign immunity. Bad debt. Irrenunciable. irre-. Irrevocability. irretrievable. Fourth. (Orihuela). iure gestionis and iure imperii are preceded by the preposition "de" (of) when used in a Spanish phrase. Involuntario. Phrase applied to a legal presumption that is irrebuttable. Irredeemable. un-challengeable. Irrevocable. wrong. Irrevocable. Irresponsibility. Irreversible. search. The most common position is that acts performed by the State and which are iure gestionis. Irreparable. Unavoidable. Irrecurrible. summon. Unwaivable. arresting an individual. For instance. Irremissible. Invitee. tura novit curia (L). or public order of the country. Irresponsable. inconceivable. final. insert. the court may still apply the proper legal principie. For instance. Not renewable. Irremisible. confer. untenable. Inviolable. Invertir. Irreversible. unconscious. unappealable. Small island. Irregularity. final. Irrecuperable. To shoot up. Investigation. The prac-tical consequence is that if the law is not plead. Irrecoverable. Irremediable. Irresponsabilidad. Irreivindicable. The importance of this classification usually arises in the context of a defense based on sovereign immunity. irretrievable. final. irretrievable. introduce. lure impertí (L). or even the wrong statute is cited. non retroactive. unreasonable. immaterial. To award. grant. Vesting of title. conjure. Irrectroactive. invest. unappealable. Irrelevant. Irrecusable. Irrebatible. Unchallengeable. Involuntary.Invertir article 19 further guarantees the right to develop any economic activity not contrary to the morais. petition. intangible. nation security. article 19 also guarantees the right to ownership of both physical goods and incorporeal assets. unconnected. That cannot be claimed back. 160 . lure gestionis (L). The practical test usually is to consider if a prívate entity could perform. declaring war on another nation or enacting legislation. pray. Non revisable. An act performed by the State but not in a strict governmental capac-ity. Invocar. Irreparable. Islote. in addition. It applies to acts of author-ity performed by the State in its governmental capacity. Irretroactivo. Irrazonable. Irrebuttable. Investir. evoke. To invoke. lus posterius derogat priori (L). V. lus disposituvum(L). 161 .T. Phrase applied to a legal later in time prevails over the more ancient presumption that is rebuttable. Value added tax. Right to use something. Preference right. Principie of iinterpretation stating that the law enacted IVA. one. Part of the law that can be contractually altered by the parties conlus utendi(L).A. contracted away. Part of the law that is absolutely mandatory and cannot be waived or lus preterendi (L). cerned.IVA luris tantum (L). cogens (L). (Mex. Jefe de familia. Salary paid to workers by the day. 162 J Juez de paz. adoptions. 24 hours. or should he be a minor or incapacitated to administer his property. Hierarchy.Jactancia. Judge who decides on appeal. Gambling. Pensioner. Labor Law). Legal action. Trial judge. Criminal judge who inter-venes in the evidentiary part of the case. C. Minors may not work overtime. marriages. boss. prudence. Jerga. justice. or hazard. Juez arbitral. To pension. Jargon. Jefatura. Gibberish. beneficiaries. the acknowledgment of paternitv. Jubilado. Day. Jornada de trabajo. Juicio de apeo. but the person who loses can not recover what he may have voluntarily paid. administrative di-vorces and the death of Mexicans and for-eigners residing within their districts. judicial dissolution of marriage. (Mex. Executory action. The work shift of minors may not exceed six hours. Jerarquía. presumption of death. the judges of the Civil registry will be in charge of the legal-ization of matters related to the civil status of individuais. judiciary power. Arbitrator. Jobber. Jubilar. Juez lego. Juez de Registro Civil. category. Pension. Juego. Jornalero. Gambling andbetting. Juez. Juego y apuesta.35). Juicio de consignación. In the Federal District. and their representatives. Suit. Juez ad quem. retire. custody or its loss and limitations on the legal capacity to administer one's own assets. Soundmind. bench. . as well as the recording of final judgments declar-ing absence. rank. Work Shift. Civil Registry Judge. or on mandatory rest days. Judicature. The law does not permit any action to claim what is won in a game of chance. divided into two periods of a maximum of three hours by a rest period of at least one hour. Civ. litigation. menores. Opinion. Although the names are quite similar. Family head. judiciary. All persons legally entitled to the possession of the estate either as owners. (Mex. Jornada de Trabajo. minors. Action for unlawful detainer. (Escriche. Leader. Judge who expresses the view of the majority in one tribunal. the issuance of birth certifi-cates. luck. Full working day Jornada de trabajo. bread winner. Juicio ejecutivo. Work shift. shall be considered legal parties to institute an action of unlawful detainer. Juicio ejecutivo: An action the purpose of which is to enforce what is already determined or which appears from a title which has the same force of law as a judicial decision. judgeship. Juez a quo. Jubilación. director. Jornada. head office. Boasting. lawsuit. retired worker. Jornal. Lawsuit depositing with the court a payment that the defendant refuses to accept. Juicio cabal. manual worker hired by the day. Wisdom. Headquarters. Justice of the peace. Juez instructor. Game. Juez ponente. Juicio. on holidays. Juicio de desahucio. ruler. unless there should have been fraud. Legalese. Proceeding to fix limits and boundaries. the Latin American version could be hard to distinguish from the district judge. chief. The work shift is the time in which the worker is at the disposal of the employer in order to perform work. Judicial. Judicial. work period in a day. Claiming rights one is not entitled to. retirement. belief. Judicatura. Judge. Jefe. art. or by virtue of another title which gives them the right to enjoy the estate. magistrate. especially inheritance rights. Labor Law). Lay judge. jurors. Juramento decisorio o indecisorio. Venue. Juramentar. Creditors' meetings. Juramento. Speedy and public trial. Juicio por jurado. commercial papers payable to order. An indecisive oath shall prejudice only the per-son who testifies. Attorney-at-law. bilis of exchange. Civ. (Sp.. Junta de acreedores. Oath. Jura de la bandera. Every litigant is obli-gated to make his statement under oath when the opposite party requires it. Deci-sory or indecisive oath. by officials or law clerks. Trial by the court. P. Juicio sumario. 1462-1465). Jurisdicción. Hashell. 1477). Diccionario de Legislación y Jurisprudencia). Juicio por la corte. Jura. sec. legally. Civ. Labor Law). The process has several stages: a) a conciliation hearing. Jurado. Oath taken by an appointee to a specific public office. Jurídicamente. Civil trials (labor law). Bankruptcy and testamentar proceedings. etc. To take an oath. (Sp. Junta. Juridical. The term jurisdiction means the power or authority of a court to hear and determine the causes or contro-versies. 761). L.Jurisdicción contenciosa Diccionario de Legislación y JurisprudenAn executory action must be based upon a document importing a confession of judg-ment. Juramento indecisorio. Juicio ordinario posterior. (Sp. juicio en rebeldía. Juicios civiles (derecho laboral). Jurídico. as distinguished 163 . Swearing allegiance to the flag. there shall be ordered. Juicio político. the seizure of all kinds of personal property and an attachment of the real property to the amount considered necessary to insure that which is the object of the action. Juicio rápido y público. Juramento de cargo. c) procedures outside of the Board's offices. or in their own offices. P. such as bankruptcy. That jurisdiction exercised when one invokes the aid of the law against one that disputes his demands. Taking of an oath. Junta directiva. commission. Military government. The quickest type of proceedings. 87 PRR 53 (1963)). P. From the time when the defendant has been declared in default. Judgments ren-dered in executory actions shall not give rise to the exception of res judicata. if the opposite party so requests it. solemn promise. (Mex. Jurisconsulto. b) as many hearings as are needed to gather all relevant evidence. sec. panel. lawyer. They are used to deal with disputes (individual or collective) regarding the interpretation and compliance with labor standards. Junta consultiva. Civ.. Juridicidad. The proceeding in which all the actions and rights which all creditors have against the property of another are heard and determined. Jurados suplentes. Ordinary action after executory proceedings. vow. Advisory board. Answer to request for admissions that is only considered if it is detrimental to the person who answers. Alternate jurors. jurar. P. to provide evidence. Juicio sumarísimo. A deci-sory oath shall be considered full proof even though there be additional evidence. L. and intestate proceedings. Impeachment. Proceeding whereby Congress convenes as a court to judge the acts of one of its members. 578). committee. Contentious jurisdiction. Jury trial. allowing the shortest delays for the different procedural steps. (Gearheat v. involving presentation of complaints and admission of evidence. coun-cil. or with the aid of other officials. Juridically. Lawsuit that depends on the outcome of an expertise. An expedited type of proceedings characterized by allowing shorter periods for the different procedural steps. Civ. jurist. Jury. Jurisdicción contenciosa. Such documents are: public instru-ments. Jurisdiction. Legality. Board of directors. sec. Juicio universal o general. 1427. sec. Juicio pericial. testamentary. Board. Proceeding in default. the parties reserving their rights to institute an ordinary action upon the same question. legal. (Spanish L. L. (Escriche. Jurisdicción extranjera from voluntary jurisdiction. Whoever causes excessive harm. Justificación. Just cause. Voluntary jurisdiction. To execute. Jurisdictional. those jurisdictions having their own laws on certain matters. Justification. R. 15). Amenable to court. fairness. legal decisions. Justice. Justiciable. 2) The right to have an attorney and a solicitor appointed. Jurist. with the exceptions expressly mentioned in the laws with regard to the competency of another jurisdiction. That imposes justice and redresses wrongs. Justification excess. 2) The means employed to prevent or repel the attack were reasonable. defendant Justiciar. Justificación. No crime is com-mitted by those who act in the performance of a legal duty or in the lawful exercise of a right. Jurisdicción penal ordinaria. when the per-son having the right to resist the demand appears as a consenting applicant. Legal aid to the poor. Armstrong. Jurista. If the person whose lawful rights are endangered 164 . Justificable. (sp. However. who laws may be in conflict with each other. 5) The right to have all letters rogatory and other Communications requested by them acted upon. which shall be not less than one third of the mínimum nor greater than one third of the maximum legally established for the crime in question. 86 PRR 387 (1962)). (Century Dictionary). explanation. Attenuatine reason. Jurisprudencial. will not be justified. (St. (Armstrong v. Justicia. L. L. Excessive conduct resulting from the excitement or a disturbance justified under the circumstances. is not punishable. Justificación. excusable. Jurisdicción voluntaria. Justificación. sec. (Sp. Related to case law. prevention of a greater harm. should they demand it. instead of making the deposits necessary in order to request and obtain relief. Justicia gratuita. sec. without being obliged to pay them any fees or charges. defensa propia o ajena. extenuating circumstance. Civ. or in which no question is raised between known and determined parties. sec. Justiciero. Ordinary criminal jurisdiction. for LA. 3) That the danger cannot be prevented otherwise. For the purposes of private interna-tional law. R. equity. Jurisprudencia. Whenever one's own lawful rights. 13. and complied with de oficio . shall be considered an act of voluntary jurisdiction. All proceedings in which the interven-tion of the judge is requested or is necessary. Jurisdicción extranjera. Persons declared poor shall enjoy the fol-lowing privileges: 1) The right to use in their defense stamped paper of their class. 4) To give promise under oath to pay if their fortune should improve. 1810). (Standard Penal C. provided all the following circumstances concur: concurrently: 1) That the danger is clear and present or imminent. for Latin America sec. are endangered. (St. No crime is committed by those who act in defense of persons or rights—their own or someone else's—provided all the following circum-stances concur: 1) Unlawful attack. exceso. Excuse. The ordinary jurisdiction shall take cognizance of criminal causes in which persons subject to the ordinary as well as to other special jurisdictions appear guilty. RC. sec. Foreign jurisdiction. Civ. Case law. explain-able. Justification. the court may reduce the sentence. are consid-ered foreign among themselves even though those jurisdiction are not necessarily foreign for the purposes of public international law. Justa causa. prosecute. Justificación. Justifiable. prevención de un mal mayor. 16). for LA. Excuse from default. or those of another. 18). To sue. 14). 3) Exemption from the payment of all kinds of charges to the assistants and subaltern officials of the superior and inferior courts. Jurisdiccional. without there being actual litigation. Justificación de la rebeldía. no crime is committed by whoever injures another legal right in order to avoid a greater harm. mitigat-ing factor. defense of self or others. RC. 2) That the danger has not been intentionally pravoked by the person in question. verdict. fair.Juzgar • Huty bound to assume the risk involved. equitable. Just. Appraisal. (St. Juzgado correccional. Juvenil. Justiprecio. justificativo. District court. puberty. 165 . Juzgado promiscuo. Judge. youthful. Youth.C. Judiciary. Appraiser. tribunal. justipreciador. ruling. P. Trial. Juzgador. Criminal court for lesser offenses. adolescence. estimate. assessor. assess. To judge. this article will not apply. Certifícate. estimate the value. Court. Juzgamiento. for LA. valuation. To pass or render judgment. Court that hears civil and criminal cases. Judgment. Justo. proof. Courthouse. To adjudícate. justificador Justifier. Juvenile. legal proceeding. Juzgar. sec. Juzgado de primera instancia. appraise. Corroborating document. legal process. jutipfeciar. Juventud. evidence. justificante. diminisher of liability. tribunal. Juzgado.17). To decide a case. court. Kilovatio. Kilo. Kilometer. Kilómetro. Prefix. Kopek. 166 . Only words of foreign origin begin with this letter. Kártell. Means thousand. Cartel (Sp). A Russian coin equal to 1/100 of the rouble.K K. Kilowatt. The twelfth letter of the Spanish alphabet. Kopeck. generally speaking. Causing death by stoning. Lapso. task. Lastimado. Lagoon. Laudemio. under particular circumstance. counterweight. Fertile land that can be cultivated. dislodge. R art. Eviction. Lastimadura. Lato sensu (L). the gaps shall be filled with constitutional principies and with the general principies of Procedural Law. Res ípsa loqui (L). Farmhand. Laudo. only if such party is able to prove to the competent authority of the State in which recognition and execution are requested: a. Cases not foreseen by this Code shall be ruled by established norms. or c. Lato. If these means are not possible. time running between two given points. Husbandry. Latifundio. 86 PRR 377 (1962)). irrestricted. at the request of the party against which it is made. Lasciviousness. collateral. To award an arbitral decision. of Civ. hurt. Laudemio. toil. or 167 . Strain. broad. Labradío. C. To cultívate the land. Thief. Laguna jurídica. eject. pitch. Laudo no ejecutable. Lacerar. Laudar. Ladrón. Lascivia. if the latter are missing. Lacrar. Lateral. Ampie. situation that has not been foreseen by the law. Injury. Lanzar. judgment. The killing of a thief when caught in the act of stealing. to render a judgment. that an em-ployee may engage an employee to do noth-ing but simply to wait some occurrence which may cali for his activity. art. Lateral. either of his own initiative or at the employe's request. laudemium. To cause physical injury with a cut-ting instrument.L cosa habla por sí sola. Legal gap. Job. Labranza. To throw. with constitutional principies and general principies of procedural law. Legal gaps found in this Book shall be filled with rules applic-able to analogous cases and. Latronicio. Areas where the law remains silent. (C. oust. ejection. Laguna. Labrar. Weight. dislodgement. That the decision concerns a dispute not envisaged in the agreement. huri. (heirs of Meledez v. Lastre. The work or labor of an employee is not limited exclusively to the exertion of physical or mental effort. Wax used for sealing. Related to work. 465. Laboral. be they by analogy or by constructions a contrario sensu. To seal a document with wax. Labriego.R. Laguna del derecho. or b. but. in the hands of a single family Latif undismo. damaged. robber. Lanzamiento. usually unproductive. ouster. work. To evict. laboratory. Large expanse of land. Lab. The recognition and execution of the decision may be refused. Legal gap. laceration. To seal a door. Non-enforceable award.) Lagunas procesales. small lake. wounded. Lacre. The parties to the agreement were subject to some incapacity. Central San Vicente. burglar. box or envelope as a precaution. dispossession. lesion. 4). In a broad sense. Lapidación. (Pana-manian Judicial Code. expulsion. That the party against which the arbitral decision has been made was not duly notified. Chore. Injured. Laboratorio. crook. System that favors ownership of enormous areas of land. Period before birth or child delivery. labor Labor. Procedural gaps. 1. lewdness. Lapse. To draft a legal document. Award. a legacy by virtue of which the testator disposes under specific title of a proportional part of his inheri-tance. art. devisee. Civ. Legajo. art. lawfully. Latin American life. allegiance. on Intl. that is. C. Legalism. aliquot. To behave with loyalty and Legalismo. must be obliga-tory. Civ. Lealtad.Formalistic. Bed. Good faith and fair Legal. lawfulness. dealing. bequest. as an abstract and ideal 168 . specificity seemingly every aspect of Lecho conyugal. Reading. To bequeath. faithfulness. (Vivaldi v. Universal legacy. part or share thereof. Legado universal. licit. aspects of life not found in Latin America. be adopted without a prior law (Pana-manian Judicial Code. Formalismo. aliquot share or legacy of aliquot part in a will—also called partial legacy or Legislación. Lealtad y probidad. (L & D in LA). Civ. Law. Legislation is a solemn expression of legislative will. of the effects of which the law permits him to dispose. Authentication. Leal. ambassadorship. Particular legacy. Civ.Leal d. testator as an arithmetical fraction of his total patrimony. Testamen-tary gift. faithful. Juridical. legislation. not included in the definition before given of universal legacies and legacies under a universal title. Forensic. Arb. regulations. or all his mov-ables. Legado particular. honesty. company. under universal title. certification. File. Arraignment something is not prohibited by law. Legado de parte alícuota. under a universal title. hereditary legacy—is a legacy the (Lou. Legislation. To testator bequeaths a certain proportion comply with required formalities. To legalize. Legalización. Registrar. (Lou. Legalista. Legation. Legally. Legatee. dossier. A universal legacy is a testamentary disposition by which the testator gives Leal saber y entender. Everv legacy. To pass a fixed proportion of all his immovables over. Legality. lawful. contents of which are determined by the Statutory law. 462). The legacy. Legacy of Legión. There is a strong feeling that The parties must behave with loyalty new institutions or practices ought not and honesty during the proceedings. as well as some Lectura. or all Legalmente. it Legación. a third. 86 PRR 596 (1962)). 5). (Lou. Legado bajo título universal. Loyal. Judgment roll. devise. To behave reasonably in their seeing that all social relations are requests or exceptions and in the regulated by compre-hensive exercise of their procedural rights. Lealtad contractual. donee. 1612). Legacy. The figure of legacy of an squadron. Legalistic. authorizing them. Comm. Marital bed. mission. army. decease. arts. is that by which a Legalizar. Laws. as a half. 2). Legacy legalization. beneficiary.The parties and their attorneys legitimacy. That the decision is not yet binding on the parties or has been annulled or sus pended. C. Legal. or of all his movables. Legal System. Legatario. It often appears that if Lectura de la acusación. Loyalty. honesty in all their acts. Legajo de la sentencia. 1606). device. society places great emphasis upon 2. or Legar. are under the duty: 1. 215. devoted. (Conv. legitimate.fidelity. To leave behind. his immovables.. art. That the constitution of the arbitral tri bunal or the arbitration procedure has not been carried out in accordance with the terms of the agreement. (See representation. art. To certify authenticity. (Lou. To authenticate. Loyalty and Legalidad. or. C. or e. art. Judicial. To the best of to one or several persons the whole of the property which he leaves at his one's knowledge. Legion. Gift mortis causa. 1625). C. is a legacy under a particular title. Latin American legal culture is highly legalistic. and decrees regúlate with great Lecho.) Legado. Legislar. he has the right to demand the 169 . 200). those conferring the right to the name. called on that account forced heirs. capacidad. Lesbiana.Lesión subjetiva legislación ambiental. Leonino. Leña. or (iii) the nrotection of wild flora or fauna. Rightful. Legitimidad. (Bustamante C. Legitimation by marriage. and those which determine the evidence of filiation and regulate the inheritance of the child are rules of an internal public order. dilettante. Injury. To legitimize. whenever the latter have formally or informally acknowledged them as their children. the primary purpose of which is the rotection of the environment. timber. Legítima. Genuiness. Language. Legitimación. Legitimation by notarial act. nonprofessional. (Widow of Sambolin v. representative. art. parliament. Lesión. Lesion. Wood. laceration. 94 PRR 303 (1967)). Lengua. C. Registrar. including endangered species. art. Legítima defensa. To give credence or respectability. Legal portion. Legista. The capacity to legitímate is gov-erned by the personal law of the father. Lesion can be alleged only by the vendor in no other sale than one of corporeal immovable. Self-defense. Legitimación por acto notarial. directly related to worker safety or health. lawfulness. to promulgate. and spe-cially protected natural areas in the Party's territory. or the pre-vention of a danger to human life or health. Rightfulness. tongue. Legislature. the personal law of the child if different from that of the father being applied. and the capacity to be legitimated by the personal law of the child. Damage. The legal portion is that part of the prop-erty which the testator cannot dispose of because the law has reserved it for specified heirs. If the vendor has been aggrieved for more than half the value of an immovable estate by him sold. C. abatement or control of the release. 57). (ii) the control of environmentally hazardous or toxic chemicals. or provision hereof. materials and wastes. Legislator. congress. substances. art. wound. pertaining to the law or the legal system. Legislative. Leguleyo. lumber. Lesión subjetiva. but does not include any statute or regulation. Legitimate. Genuine. congressional. pre-sumption. bordello. (Lou. Economic damage. or provision thereof. porción legítima. discharge. Forced heir. lesion. Civ. Forensic. through (i) the prevention. Legislatura. 198). Legislativo. Brothel. whorehouse. Lego. legitimation requiring the concurrence of the conditions pre-scribedby both. and the dissemination of information related thereto. Lawyer proven to play tricks and given to chicanery. presunción. Abusive. Illegitimate children are legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their father and mother. Legitimacy. art. unfair. legal. speech. (Lou. Legitimidad. Environmental law. Legitimation. Any satute or regulation. declaring that it is the intention of the parent making the declaration to legitimate such child or children. Legitimario. Legítimo. or emision of pollutants or environmental conta-minants. Legitimación. their habitat. either before or after the marriage. legitímate defense. Legitimación por matrimonio. To legislate. Legitimacy. Lesbian. pass laws. Lesión enorme. Legislador. Lenocinio. enact. A father or mother shall have the power to legitimate his or her ille-gitimate children by an act passed before a notary and two witnesses. law giver. par-liamentary. capacity. (Bustamante C. overreaching. Amateur. 60). law maker. Transaction that is grossly unfair to one of the parties. lawful. Legitimation. Senator. Layman. legality. Legitimar. Civ. A ground for rescinding a transaction when one of the parties was injured in half or more of the market value. Rules concerning the presump-tion of legitimacy and its conditions. one sided. 527). forma. without the first protest having been made exempting the holder from making the second. mortal. wound. C. Bills of exchange. sec. Handwriting. provisión de fondos. C. the person on whom it was drawn is the debtor of an equal or greater sum than the bilí of exchange to the drawer or to the third person for whose account the bilí was drawn. Promissory Notes. Bill of exchange. sec. Bill of exchange. Com. the same for the account of the drawer o for the account of any of the endorsers. Com. art. The drawer may draw the bili of exchange: 1) To his own order. 457). (Sp. protest. capacity. Letra de cambio. in order that he may make the payment at the domicile of a third person. Lesionar. Letra de cambio. The supply of funds shall be considered made. when the bilí being due. sec. If after a bilí of exchange should be protested for nonacceptance or nonpayment a third per-son should appear offering to accept or pay funds. Bill oí exchange. 2593 and 2589). 2) On a person. and without the death of the person on whom it is drawn ñor his condition of bankruptcy permitting the holder to not make the protest. 502). C. damaged. and declared that he gave to the purchaser the surplus of the thing's value. 1). término. (Inter-American Convention on Conflicts of Laws Concerning Bills of Exchange. Bill of exchange. The holder of a protested bilí of exchange may recover the amount thereof and the costs of protest and reexchange by drawing a new bilí against the drawer or one of its endorsers and attaching thereto the original bilí of exchange as well as the certified copy of the protest and the account of the redraft. the ñame of the person for whose account the intervention took place being stated in the instru-ment. prejudicial. Bill of exchange. 467). recambio y resaca. fatal. Letra de cambio. if it is not accepted. Injured. noxious. To damage. C. rechange and redraft. Bill of exchange. guaranty. protesto. Letra de cambio. endorsement. injure. 511). Lesivo. 460). "valué on account" and "valué understood. intervención en la aceptación y el pago. Lethal. Letra de cambio. (Loa. deadly. endorsement. Bill of exchange. The form of the drawing. intervention." The phrases "valué on account" and "valué understood' 170 . if not paid when due. Lesionado. Bills of exchange may be drawn for cash or on time for one of the following periods: 1) At sight. capacidad. (Inter-American Convention on Conflicts of Laws Concerning Bills of Exchange. art. Letra de cambio. Letra. sec. Com. and Invoices. one or the other being entered immediately after the protest under the signature of the person who inta! vened and that of the notary. sec. Letra de cambio.Lesionado rescission of the sale. The endorsement shall ren-der each and every endorser liable as security for the amount of the bilí. eve though there is no prior mándate to do so the intervention for the acceptance or pav! ment shall be admitted. provided the proceeding of presentation and protest took place at the time and in the manner prescribed by law. Civ. 6) At fairs. sec. with the costs of the protest and reexchange. Letra de cambio. injurioos. (Sp. and at one or more months after sight. The nonacceptance or nonpayment of bilis of exchange must be proven by means of a protest. 4) At one or more usances. (Sp. stating that he reserves the value thereof. wounded. Letter. 446). endoso. draft. Damaging. Promissory Notes. acceptance or protest of a bilí of exchange shall be governed by the law of the place in which each one of those acts is performed. art. Bills of exchange. Capacity to enter into an obligation by means of a bili of exchange shall be governed by the law of the place where the obligation is contracted. C. (Sp. 3) At one or more days or at one or more months from date. intervention in acceptance and payment. valor en cuenta y valor entendido. 2) At one or more days. and Invoices. Com. Com. even in case he had expressly abandoned the right of claiming such rescission. 2). Letra de cambio. and for its repayment. term. (Sp. C. sec. Letal. Com. form. 5) At a fixed or determined day. Bill of exchange. C. supply of Letra de cambio. (Sp. Bill of exchange. (Sp. C. Com. Mining Law. (Sp. and criminal law. Ley de compensaciones a obreros por accidentes de trabajo. The repeal is either express or implied. Technical terms and phrases used in the arts and sciences shall be interpreted accord-ing to their perceived meaning and accepta-tion with the experts and authorities in the science. or for any other rea-son. To adjourn. sec. custom or practice to the con-trary shall not impede their enforcement. obscurity or unin-telligibility of the laws. counselor. Law. To raise. when it is literally declared by a subsequent law. as embodied in the general principies of jurisprudence and in accepted and established usages and customs. The Laws of Toro consisted of 83 laws promulgated in 1505. sec.Leyes de Toro shall render the person accepting the bill responsible for the amount of the same in favor of the drawer. Civ. Com. shall be held hable therefor. C. repeal. Law. removal.. ignorancia. art of profession to which they refer. C. gap. Laws shall not have a retroactive effect unless they expressly so decree. (Sp. To pay a note. describing a given situation.C. Ley. Ley. accuse. in order to demand it compensate him in the manner and at the time which both may have agreed upon in making the exchange contract. C. 7).445). Ley de proscripción. nonpayment. statute. the letter of the same shall not be dis-regarded. laguna. it is implied. C. Recruitment of soldiers for the army. interpretation. except when these provide the appli-cation of foreign law. Civ. Levantar un acta. art.Uprising. Workmeris accident compensation act. Levantar la sesión. When a law is clear and free from all ambi-guity. C. as their general and popular use. prescription. Ley. taking into consideration. and disuse. (Sp. 171 Libelista .sec. Handwriting and signature. Laws shall only be repealed by means of subsequent laws. Ley contra monopolios. The remainder of the provisions dealt with succession. Levantamiento. Civ. Bills in a set. sec. Any court which shall refuse to render a decision on the pretext of silence. It is express. Mex-ican law shall apply to all persons that are in the Republic. report a crime. Levantar un pagaré. interpretación. Attorney.g. Ley del caso. Civ. Ley minera. filling certain lacu-nae. Cancellation. Leyes de Toro. usually through a notary. Ley agraria. When there is no statute applicable to the case at issue. Agradan Law. Laws may be repealed either entirely or in part by other laws. legislation. (L & D in LA). Levantar. The first of these laws reproduced the Ordenamiento de Alcalá in modified form. silencio. Law. contraéis. (Mex. Ley. Ignorance of the law does not excuse from compliance therewith. (Sp. retroactividad. act. Levantar un embargo. Leva. and except when. Ley. marriage. as stated in the applicable treaties and con-ventions signed by México. To draft and sign a docu-ment. Law. not so much the exact grammatical rules governing the same.Military service. the court shall decide in accor-dance with equity.12). Letrado patrocinante. Letrado. The words of a law shall generally be understood in their most usual signification. Bill of attainder. silence. Attorney of record. 2). derogación. 13-20). under the pretext of fulfilling the spirit thereof. e. (Sp. Letra y firma. Application of the law. 3). Letra en diversos ejemplares. aplicación. sec. Antitrust act. In no case shall the retroactive effect of a law operate to the prej-udice of rights acquired under previous leg-islative action. shall be taken into consideration. as well as to the acts and events that occur in this territory or jurisdiction and to those that submit themselves to these laws. Civ. rebellion. which means that natural justice. Law. Ley. Law of the case. Law. To vacate an attach-ment order. also. ignorance. when the new law contains provisions either contrary to or irreconcilable with those of the former law. Bring charges. Levantar un cargo. retroactivity. Ley. coup. Liberatorio. Latin American constitutions guarantee freedom of speech and most of them frown upon press cen-sorship. or seriously promises to do so. Freedom of con-tract. Librador. Draft payable to order between mer-chants and the bilis or promissory notes likewise payable to order. In almost all the countries the Church is still a strong political force. Freedom of speech and of the press. Drafts. The fact that Church and state are separate in so many countries does not imply any disagreement between them. (Standard Penal C. release. The convict has served half the sentence if he is a first offender. . Studíes of the convict's personality and other data war-rant the conclusion that he will not commit further crimes. The convict has redresséd the damage caused by his crime. The parties are free to enter into a con-tract and to determine its contení. which is a quality pertaining to latter only. (Standard Penal C. are most skeptical about. evidenced by affirmative acts while serving his sentence and is capable of engag-ing in a lawful occupation or trade. Liberación. libertar. person in whose name a commercial paper is drawn. liberate. Parole will be automatically revoked if the parolee commits a new inten-tional crime. and 5) duty to abstain from using narcotic. The effectiveness of these pro-visions is what foreign observers. except with regard to acceptance. Person who commits libel. sec. Libertad condicional. 532). sec. Librado. Drawee. To emit. When parole is revoked. discharging. Liberation. according to his means. and the clergy is consulted by the govern ments. for Latin America. revocation. releas-ing. To free. Prin. 4) duty to abstain from drinking alcohol. Libranza.1). Pound (weight). Parole. Freedom under surveil-lance. Issuance of a commercial paper. Complaint. (Sp. which arise from commercial transactions. Commercial paper.. bili or promissory notes payable to order. b). hallucinatory or other addictive substances. 3) duty of reporting to the police and other special surveillance authorities. art. Libertad. provided that the fol-lowing circumstances are met: a). freedom. Libertad condicional. sec. a segment of public opinion is complaining about lingering clericalism (Western European and Latin American Legal Systems). autonomy. (W. and two thirds if he is a repeat offender. After independence. c). for Latin American. To issue. release. revocación. original petition. Libramiento. not only because the constitutional guarantees are suspended all too often. Libertad de contratación. Since the clergy has been a consen. pound sterling. Parole. Librar.Libelista. 84 and 85). Latin America as a whole 172 remains Catholic. 57). Liberating. Liberty. release. freedom. the remainder of the sentence must be served. Separation of Church and state was proclaimed in many countries. Freedom of worship and of religion. ative force. and d). shall produce the same obligations and effects as bilis of exchange. there was general agreement to proclaim freedom of conscience and worship. Whether sep-arated or not. for Latin America. Liberar. but also because they think the government has too much control over the press even under normal circumstances. (Standard Penal C. 82). sec. Drawer. North Americans especially. (Unidroit. Com. Libertad de culto.). The court may further order that the convict serve all or part of the term he spent on parole. Libel. discharge. 8c LA Lee Sys. Eur. librante. independence. Measures of surveillance consist of: 1) establishment of a fixed domicile. To free. deliver. C. discharge. Libra. 2) pro-hibition to visit certain places. Libertad vigilada. Libranzas vales y pagarés a la orden. person who issues a commercial paper. The court may grant parole to a convict sentenced to prison for over two years. emancipa-tion. Libelo. Libertad de opinión y de palabra. 1. The convict has displayed good conduct. Commercial books. all their transactions. said points being the only ones which maybe verified. sec. Com. (Sp. The accounts referring to each object or person in particular shall. authentication. Libre al lado. Publication. Merchants shall be required to keep: 1) A book of inventories and balances. and the entries referring to these accounts in the daybook shall be transferred to the former in strict order of dates. Notebook. volume. inventory and statements. Commercial books. in his presence. he shall abide by the result which they may show in their entirety. be opened with a credit and debit in the ledger. independent. exhibition. diario. (Sp.Libros y contabilidad del comerciante LibreFree. 3) A ledger. divided into one or several consecutive accounts. Commercial books. sec. sec. copying book. inventarios y balances. and shall contain an exact statement of assets and debts. The seal of the municipal court which authenticates them shall. the votes cast. Libreta. Com. Libro. 32. See FAS. ruled. There shall thereafter fol-low. sec. Com. In the book of minutes which shall be kept by each asso-ciation there shall be entered verbatim all resolutions adopted at their meetings or at those of their managers. The book of inventories and balances shall begin with the inventory which must be made by the merchant at the time of commencing business. libre de gravamen. day by day. libro de actas. 2) A daybook. Commercial books. sec. the persons who were present at the same. Merchants shall present their books bound. 48). completely and consecutively. clear.10 LPRA sec. 39). (P. C. and anything else which will aid in arriving at an exact knowl-edge of what was decided. and shall be limited exclusively to the points which relate to the matter in ques-tion. Libros comerciales. mayor. 36). Com. sec. moreover. moreover. 37). 4) A copying book for letters Libros y contabilidad del comerciante. Book. The accounts referring to each object or person in particular shall. sec. sec. no proof to the contrary being admitted. The first entry in the daybook shall consist of the result of the inven-tory mentioned in the foregoing article. C. Com. each entry stating the credit and debit of the respective accounts. Stock ledger. 1077). Text. Com. fuerza probatoria. Ledger. Com. and the entries referring to these accounts in the daybook shall be trans-ferred to the former in strict order of dates. Libros comerciales. 173 . but. Libros comerciales. either by hand or through any mechanical means. (Sp. including the subscribing clause and signature. Com. Log book. C. Libros comerciales. 41). 47). C. autenticación. book of minutes. copiador. ledger. free. Commercial books. taking into equal considera-tion all the entries relating to the matter in litigation. exhibición. Commercial books. in order that he may make on the first folio of each one a signed memorándum of the number contained in the book.Com-plimentary. Certifícate. daybook. be opened with a credit and debit in the ledger. be stamped on all the sheets of each book. by order of dates. Commercial books. or in that of the person he may delégate. Books of merchants shall be evidence against themselves. 38). moreover. (Sp. C. (Sp. Libros comerciales. Libros comerciales. SeeF0B. according to the system of book-keeping adopted. hav-ing admitted this means of evidence. C. (Sp. The inspection shall be made in the office of the merchant. but the opponent can not accept Libros commerciales. evidence valué.R.Autonomous. sec. All letters which a merchant may write regarding his business and the telegrams he may send shall be transferred to the copying book. 40). (Sp. tome. Commercial books and bookkeeping. (Sp. to the municipal judge of the district where they have their commercial establishment. C. Libros comerciales. Commercial books. Libro de registro de accionistas. the entries which are favorable to him and reject those which prejudice him. Report. Com. stating the date of each one. Unencumbered. libre bordo. C. C. Libro diario de navegación. Libro mayor. and foiled. narrow. Litisexpensas. Lista negra. commander. Limitado. Liquidation. challenged. unclear. Lawsuit. siblings. restrict. Sick leave. Lineage. To limit. Liquidar. contest. In Costa Rica a defendant does not have the right to ñame a third party defendant. kin. Línea. past due and owing. Líder. per-mit. etc. Limit. court proceedings. ledo. To liquídate. Literal. Fighting. List. Licitador. adjuster. match. geneal-ogy. Necessary party. Neighboring. next. Neighboring. The same is true in other systems. Licencia de enfermedad. Linchar. Lawsuit. Tender. Net and final. Licensee Licenciatura. Litigio. the claim or the counterclaim be enlarged by adding those who are missing. Licenciar. Lis pendens. Authorization. Lawsuit. Línea ascendente. Legality. Legal writing. certifícate. roster. Limitar. General lines. party. Litisconsorcio necesario. Final bilí. or the counterclaim does not include all the necessary parties. Lite.Licencia and telegrams. cash availability. to fire from work. Licitación. connection. Línea colateral. Family. file. Black list. lawful. formed by family members who are not in a direct line as. offeror. adjoining. To litígate. adjoining. Liquidador. progeny. License. bloodline. Lindero. like Ecuador. suit. Licit. Litigante victorioso. litigator. Leadership. frontier. Licenciatario. legitimacy. Litigious. Limited. Filing of the answer in a lawsuit. the decisión must be made con-sidering several persons. confine. 5) The other books required by special laws. permission. Literal. execute. Litispendencia. Leader. When according to law. re-stricted. To lynch. Answer. Licitar. Related to writings and documents. credential. legitimate. Line of ancestors. To become licensed. court proceedings. Litigant. If the claim. matured. chief. Collateral line. Prevailing party. Ascending line. To license. treasur trustee. Líquido. Liquidez. litigante. string. border. contested. Litigación. Litiscontestación. To graduate. Litigador. for instance. Lidia. Litigioso. legal. ruler. Liquidity. court proceedings. adjacent. Ligazón. Limítrofe. Column. Litigation expenses. Lineage. Liderazgo. roll. Bidder. Liquidación. Precise. cousins. these must sue or be sued in the same lawsuit. court proceedings. next. Litigation. Liquid. register. litigation. Literality. Litis (L). adjacent. To sell through a bid. hang. Linaje. Lícito. Líneas generales. Link. Licenciarse. License. ancestry. Lindante. advocate. To bid at auction or on publie works. Licenciado. Liquidator. Attorney. lawyer. Bordering. Litigar. To lay off. Lista. Expressed in money. Payment of a debt or ending a right. Extreme. verbation. Literatura jurídica. bond. Licencia. Licitud. Joinder. confined. Líquido y exigible. descent. litigation. See also Intervención adhesiva. within the term of eight days. permis-sible. Line. or due to the nature of the case. Litisconsorte. lawfulness. To turn hito cash T pay a debt or to end a right. Cali for bids. Local jurisdic-tion is not excluded by the pendeney of the 174 . schedule. Determined and demand-able. the judge shall order to the party that. Límite. Co-party in a lawsuit. Literalidad. Litisconsorcio. rent. Opening a position. coast. 2) Carriers and watermen hire out their services for the conveyance either of persons or of goods and merchan-dise. Logro. Precise place in a geographic area. site. land contiguous to a river. Cali to order. suc-cess. Civ. C. Lugar. tract. struggle. Llevar a término. 98 P. intelligence. to implead. Letting out of labor or industry. shore. Lease. a consular or diplomatic statement duly supported by a citation of law is nor-mally sufficient.. Labor may be let out in three ways: 1) Laborers may hire their services to another person. Lot. To achieve something. Littoral. Llegar a un acuerdo. art. Market. Lessor. Lote. Cali for bids. Llamada a licitación. To prove that a document executed abroad has complied with the laws of the place where it was executed. Lucidity. Place of performance.). Place. 2745). 175 . If the document is not in Spanish. Lugar de cumplimiento. wit. employment. Summons. Lotería.Lugar de cumplimiento Litoral. Lost profit. produce exchange. Achievement. earnings. Fight. Locador. Lonja. proceeds. emDlover. or other cir-cumstances. lucrum cessans (L). Length. a translation must be provided. Llevar a pleito. Gains prevented. 3) Workmen hire out their labor or industry to make buildings or other works. Lost profit—recognized as an element of damages which must be considered when a court fixes the corresponding compensa-tion in an action for damages—consists properly of loss of earnings caused to the person injured and the decrease of his earn-ing capacity. To reach an agreement. Lottery. Lucha. Locación de servicios. Lights. Lucrative. Lucrativo. Gains. Lucro cesante. To sue. Llevar registro. Llamar al orden. in question was performed. Performance shall be rendered in the place either stipulated in the agreement or intended by the parties according to usage. parcel. accomplishment. (Rodríguez v. to realize. space. advantageous. Llamar a concurso. benefi-cial. Ponce Cement Corp. strife. Lucidez. To keep a record. luminosity. (Lou. Llamamiento. performance of an obligation to give an indi-vidually determined thing shall be rendered at the place the thing was when the obligation aróse. remunerative. The document must be legalized and executed in accordance with the formalities pre-scribed at the place of execution. In the absence of agreement or other indication of the parties' intent.R.R 196 (1969)). Longitud. calling. market place. Luces. rural market. profit. sweepstakes. Lucro. Llamar a juicio. the nature of the performance. (LA Laws &Inst. gainful. To sue. Locación. Longitude. Cali for bids. Light. mourning. Term of five years. Luxury. Relating to the moon. Extravagance. Lupanar. Lunfardo. deputy. Lujo. luminosity. Luxación. Luz. wastefulness. lavishness. Brothel. Luto. 176 . Lieutenant. dislocation of bone. Lunático. Lunatic. Clarity. Lunar. Sprain of a muscle. Slang(AR).Lugarteniente Lugarteniente. acting. Lustro. spite-ful. Janitorial staff. Maléfico. Adverse." A justice "ponente" shall be selected for each cause. unsatisfactory. Dig. Maestro. Sergeant at arms. Macho. Machismo. Justice "ponente. malice. Dig. gory. criminal record. L. if he con-siders it advisable by reason of special cir-cumstances. Malice aforethought. Wrong. mole. v. (Ppl. 1. 4). judi-ciary. Stepmother. Bad faith. Madre política. Evil. Misconduct. judge. Maleficio. malevolence. Malevolente. By contrast. malevolent. fault. The concept of malice aforethought implies the absence of just cause or excuse in caus-ing the death and the existence of the intent to kill a fellow creature. justice. That is the reason why in all these jurisdictions the purchase in good faith and for valué (de buena fe y a título oneroso) of a chattel [bien mueble) conveys ownership to the buyer. The term malice denotes a wrongful and inten-tional act without a just cause or excuse—a conscious violation of the law to the preju-dice of another. mean venomous. Magistrado ponente.M Macabro. Magistral. Mala conducta. P. Woman who protects or who sponsors a cause. the presiding judge of the chamber may intrust the drafting of the judgment to another justice. Malintencionado. Magistrado. Bad reputation. Macabre. (Sp. In the same way that the party in bad faith loses access to substantive or procedural rights otherwise available. Magistratura. sinister. Malicioso. the bench. Malevo. Bad faith. Reyes Lara. The issue of bad faith has strong author-ity in Román law. Naughty. Malignant. Malicious. educator. Malhechor. or simply fides. Master. venomous. v. Mal. good faith was known as bona fides. bad acts. even if the seller is in bad faith. In some countries this is also known as the theory of the invincible error (teoría del error invencible). teacher. Malicia. Malo. 1. Male. The opposite of good. Maestranza. Bewitchment. (Ppl. 177 . Dike. Malice. 10. Mala fe. malignant. Malicia premeditada. Maligno. 48. Bad faith. Malignant. 100 PRR 676(1971)). Magistracy. the party in good faith to the same transaction is protected. faulty. spell. 335. fraud. Ruffian. jetty. Mácula. Ill-intended. This notion has been fully received by Spanish and Latin American law. Levee. Magnicidio. God mother. Bad. Maleante. criminal. Mala fe. Malevolent. dolo. morbid. 41. Malecón. Madrina. Magisterial. Killing of a head of state or of someone who is otherwise very famous. profes-sor. Rosario Centeno. In such case. Blemish. judicature. Harmful. where it was known as mala fides. hooligan. Male chauvinism. Mother. Thief. 41. It is normally used to denote the sex of animais rather than of humans. In Roman law this was expressed as mala fides superveniens non nocet (the bad faith of one party does not taint the party who acts in good faith) (conf. Malefactor. Civ. It shall be the duty of the ponente to draft the rulings and judgments agreed upon by the chambers. miscon-ception. Madre. evil. even though his vote has not been in accordance with that of the majority. parent. Misunderstanding. offender. sec. malevolent. curse. Mother-in-law. Malos antecedentes. Mutual error. Malentendido. 336). Malediction. 90 PRR 851 (1964)). Macero. Madrastra. Magistrate. Bequest. control. the bearer of it is deemed the person empowered. Jointly and severally. Manantiales. order. sec. Civ. Agency. gift. In that case. lover. Mandamus. To convey. donation. Mandato. Embezzlement. the execu-tion of which is imposed upon registrars of property. 1615). assistants. To use roughly.Malos tratos Malos tratos. or transcripts. P. Visible means of support. dispatch. Mandato en blanco. Mandato. The latter. Abuse. Mandatum solvitur morte (L). Should the latter suffer any losses through the withdrawal. sec. but also the lega- tees. ruling. 834). Mandate. withdrawal. Principal. order. Mancomunar. sled. Command. Maltrato. By the contract of gency. notaries. Mandamientos de posesión. swindle. procuration or letter of attorney is an act by which one person gfves power to another to transad for him and in his ñame. Civ. means of living. Concubine. misappropri-ation. The latter shall not be Hable for th charge only to the extent of the value of th legacy. Livelihood. Writ of exe-cution. 1638). misappropriate. unless said agent bases his withdrawal upon the impossibility of continuing to act as such without serious detriment to himself. Mandante manifiesto. Civ C. Attorney attorney-in-fact. C. A blank may be left for the name of the attor-ney in fact in the letter of attorney. Manglar. 2985). direct. The former includes all the business of the principal. maltreat. General or special agency. Mandatario general. Manda. Disclosed principal. (Sp. An agent may withdraw from the agency by giv-ing notice to the principal. 178 . Mandante oculto. Proxy. Mandamiento. Mandas y legados. mail. agency. art. Jointly. Malversación. representative. Mandamiento de concurso. destroy. Mancomunada y solidariamente. renuncia. or the fulfillment of any judicial order. or subordínate officials of inferior or superior courts. Writ of assis-tance. Maltratar. or to exe-cute any other act of strict ownership an express commission is required. not only his heir. Agent. obsession. Mandante. Abusive behavior including physical injury. Embezzler. (Sp. Mandamiento de ejecución. Mandamiento de desalojo. deliver. Mandar. Death revokes a power of attorney. Delégate. a person binds himself to render some service. Attachment order. Manera de vivir conocida. Agency is general or special. Ruling. A mándate. Court order. Undisclosed principal. An agency stated in general terms only includes acts of administration. Mandate. A mandate shall be employed for the purpose of ordering the issue of certificares. mandator. or to do something for the account or at the request of another. order. Civ. Mandamiento de arresto. C. mortgage. Mangrove. Mandante parcialmente manifiesto. (Lou. swindler. Writ. Mandato general o especial. the agent must indemnify him therefor. A testator may charge with legacies and bequests. sec. C. Manía. Mandamiento embargo. sec. 1614. To sign or to assume a debt jointly. fixation. Malversador. (Sp. General agent. Arrest warrant. 288). L. ship. (Lou. Command. deputy Mandatario especial. C. Mancomún. mistreatment. To command. Civ. To embezzle. To abuse. To spoil. writ. (Sp. Mandatario. Mandate in blank. Writ of pos-session. Mania. legacy. díctate. Special agent. art. Civ. Manera de vivir. Mando. Malversar. Par-tially disclosed principal. Eviction order. one or more specific transactions. Manceba. 2993). alienate. Mancomunadamente. Debt with co-debtors or co-cred-itors. Legacies and bequests. swindle. In order to compromise. Springs. crook. one or several affairs. Preserve and enforce. Maneuver. Mark. Collection of assets. Más adelante. Marca de fábrica. say. Marca registrada. To chain. severe. seawolf. Maritime. Demonstration. Bankruptcy assets. Unduly. diagram. A Mexican Corporation. witness. parade. To demónstrate. To walk. Sea. express. Non-privileged matter. emancipate. In román law. Mano muerta. parade. belonging to the underworld. Máquinas vendedoras de seguros. Seaquake. Mar. As an exception to Mexico's general laws. Trade name. the act of grant-ing freedom to a slave. Marchar. Manumisión. Assassin. and liabilities. manifestar. Dependent. manacle. Commonwealth. (Rubert Armstrong v. hereinafter. trek. Related to the sea. bor-der. Marshes. Pimp. patent rights and intellectual property. murderer. consort. scheme. Common funds. Trademark. Mainte-nance. Matter. mark. Mental asylum. brand. depose. Machine. Marital. gavel. Martillo. Executioner. As part of the preferential treatment received. Navy. liv-ing expenses. Marital. Manuscribir. itatement. deponent. Harsh. all shareholders of in-bond companies can be foreign. To kill. A minimum of five share-holders are needed. Marihuana. Matadero. near the U. Auctioneer. Mano de obra. Estate. Patent. realtor. The basic legislation is in the presiden-tialdecreeof 8/15/83. Slaughter house. rim. assassinate. ocean. Quasicriminal. such company must export at least 80% of its production. Mariguana. This type of industries are usually found in the North of México. set free. apparatus. subsistence. Margen. usually set up as a sociedad anónima. Further. Machination. matrimonial. Marino. Máquina. spouse. surplus. Materia no privilegiada. Labor. Manuscript. Trademark. substance. subject. reserve. Insurance vending machine. further. Declarant. Frame. To declare. Manifestation. To libérate. Manufacture. murder. Sailor. Matador. Martiliero. hospital. edge. Manifiest0.Materia no privilegiada Maniatar. strategy. Manumitir. beyond. chart. Manicomio. insur-ance. More. Auction room. Husband. marijuana. Marca. Relatedto trademarks.S. state. Masa común. slain. Marginal. Marina. seamen. Hammer. Manufactura. sign. 97 PRR 573 (1969)). To march. conspiracy. engine. Demonstration. conservation. march. To demónstrate. quirky. draft. killer. Naval officer. Manufacture. industrial name. marihuana. Maniobra. Marginal. In-bond company. Masa. nifestación. manutención. Maremoto. patrimony. Marítimo. Maquinación. Mañoso. Maquiladora. Mantenido. To sell in an auction. Map.Manifest. Masa de la quiebra. Martillar. Manifestante. element. Manuscrito. trade name. mech-anism. declaration. Mass. Protection. spousal. Materia. Sustained. To write by hand. Marisma. Matar. Marido. plot. Mortmain. Marcario. Mantener y asegurar. Marshes—which are con-sidered as "forests"—have been defined as low lands contiguous to the seashores or riverbanks which are flooded by the over-flowing waters of the seas and rivers. Mantenimiento. that can import industrial ma-chinery without paying customs duties. Background. obvious. navigator. Margin. without pity. upkeep. Registered trademark. 179 . cost of manu-facturing. Mapa. Mano dura. support. mariner. Más. enlistment. or other components which comprise all or part of a cargo to be transported. if they are known. the rea-son for dissolution. Matricide. 3) Whenever the marriage is declared nuil and void. Matrícula. 1335). Cloth. The names. Dangerous substances. 94). occupation. their con-tainers. (LA Laws & Inst). solid. Matrimonio. dissolution. or in violation of an impediment. A marriage is absolutely nuil when contracted without a marriage ceremony. it will be stated the name of the previous spouse. Outlaw who inhabits rural areas (AR). art. all marriages must be performed before an officer of the Civil Registry at the domicile of one of the parties. voluntary act. murderer of one's mother. Matrimonio. Persons who intend to get married must submit their petition to the Civil Registry judge of their domicile. and an order signed by a competent judge. II. preg-nancy. C. Matricide. The right to an action for a declaration of nulliity of a marriage. belongs to the parties to the marriage. nulidad. Argentina. Marriage record. To license. Abso-lutely nuil marriage. Marriage. to the . Matrimonial. Bush. Matricular. property belonging to each of the spouses. registration. To matriculate. as 180 well as the parents. Matricida. sec. 101). Marriage. C. matrimony. but an action to rec-ognize the nullity may be brought by any interested person. Hazardous material. Enrollment. Matrimonial. approval of the general director of the Registry. tangible. Material peligroso. Matrimonio. registration number. nor can the agreement stipulate any penalty for non-compliance (Mex. Argentina. C. motherhood. Civ. Marriage. the same is nuil and void. art. nupcials. Phys-ical. nulliity. last names. (Lou. Matrimonio. remnants. list. 2) By a divorce legally obtained. III. Important. A judicial declaration of nulliity is not required. 86 and note). The following is the separate property of each of the spouses: 1) That brought to the marriage as his or her own. The bond of matrimony is dissolved. wedlock. setting forth: I. (Lou. When a marriage has not been contracted according to the requirements of the law. art. Alliance. Civ. Matrimonio. Marriage. 3) That acquired by right of redemption or by exchange for other property belonging to one of the spouses only (Sp.l42). Maternidad. bienes propios. Matrimonio. The relationship and the contract are subject to spe-cial rules prescribed by law. (Lou. independent of the will of the parties. acto voluntario. but it puts an end to their conjugal cohabitation. Marriage. Matrero. It is thus subject to legislative control. relevant.art. spousal. by procuration. enroll. and address. Matricidio. Civ. Under the Argentine Law of Civil Marriage. acta. 1) By the death of the husband or wife. C. recruit. If either the bride or groom have been previously married. age. Material. Registration of a foreign marriage requires evidence that same was performed in compliance with foreign law. List or roster of those who are registered. Marriage. marital. Signing up. of the bride and groom. Matriculación. packaging. Marriage is a legal relationship between a man and a woman that is created by civil contract. That they do not have a legal impediment to marry. That it is their will to marry. since the separated husband and wife are not at lib-erty to marry again.. A betrothal agreement does not oblígate to marry. License. fabric. Civ. Matrimonio. and that date it became effective. Sep-aration from bed and board does not dis-solve the bond of matrimony. Civ. The marriage contract differs from other contracts in that it creates a social status that affects not only the contracting parties. 2) That acquired for a good consideration by either of them during the marriage. murder of one's mother.Material Material. but also their pos-terity and the good order of society. Matorral. disolución. and to the com-mon concerns. which existed between them. Maternity. Matrimonio absolutamente nulo. C. Máxima. 1311. sec. strife. Majority. Mayordomo. Majority. of age. obligaciones. obli-sjations. separation of property. 317). To type. Mayoría. Marriage conjugal partnership. the separation of the property of the spouses during the marriage. Original. (Sp. paternity. responsibly and knowingly the number of and at what intervals to have children. Relatively nuil marriage. (Sp. and to such other persons as may have an interest in the annulment of the same. Mediación. Media prueba. C. full age. A per-son having attained the age of majority is capable of executing all the acts of civil life with the exceptions established in special cases by the Civil Code. Mediation. C. those in which the interest involved can not be appraised or determined. Mayoridad. In the absence of a specific declaration of the marriage contract. C. Chaos. Civ. Bigger. Maxim. Marriage. The community of goods terminated when the marriage is dissolved Mayoría. Putative marriage. art. Mayor. C. Marriage. To smuggle. Mayoritario. filiations. Arbitra-tion. and other questions involving the civil status and conditions of persons. mold. validez. full age. 1342). Matrimonio. of age. 41-42). 181 . Marriage. validity. the action of nullity can only be exer-cised by the innocent party. proverb. In case of violence or intimida-tion. Concerning a majority. Mecanografiar. upon the dissolution of the marriage. Civ. separación de bienes. In regards to marriage. Matrimonio. share and share alike. questions relat-ing to political or honorary rights. mayor edad. (Mex. cast. Of legal age. larger. sec. Primogeniture. 95) Mayor de edad. Matutear.163). this right will be exercised in common accordance between the husband and the wife. (Bustamante C. Matrinonio relativamente nulo. Civ. The spouses are obligated to contribute each one with their part to all the ends of matrimony and to help each other. Civ. Butler. shall not take place except by virtue of a judicial decree.1330). brokerage. (Lou. (Sp. Majority begins at the age of twenty-one years. Mayorazgo. art. A marriage shall be held valid everywhere in respect to its form if it has been celebrated in the manner prescribed as valid by the laws of the country where it has taken place. Greater import. A marriage is relatively nuil when the consent of one of the parties to marry is not freely given. Oíd. Legal age. The conjugal partnership shall always begin on the same day that the marriage is celebrated. C. Media firma. Major.Mediación nublic attorney. 178. Legal age. C. (Alcubilla. Matriz. Signing with initials only. Matutero. Good offices. older. C. The marriage may not be declared nuil if that party confirmed the marriage after recovering his liberty or regaining his discernment. saying. aphorism. By virtue of the conjugal partnership the earning of profits indiscriminately obtained by either of the spouses during the marriage shall belong to the husband and the wife. bootlegging. crook. An absolutely nuil marriage nevertheless produces civil effects in favor of a party who contracted it in good faith for as long as that party remains in good faith. 1310. Civ. art. Person who causes trouble. All persons have a right to decide freely. (Sp. Matute. Civ. Matrimonio. Testimony of only one wit-ness. These actions are such as involve interest valued at more than a mínimum amount. Mayor cuantía. Matrimonio putativo. plurality. (Lou. Smuggling. personal exemp-tions and privileges. Matrix. Civ. Diccionario de la Administración española). Such a marriage may be declared nuil upon application of the party whose consent was not free. art.179). Head employee in a ranch (AR). 96) or is declared nuil. sec. Matrimonio. Ledger. sociedad de gananciales. Smuggler. sec. 1). art. 3). consulates. DISplinary labor measures. Through. (Conv. Medida. Broker. part own-ership. Meas. Medianería. intermediary. is considered as the mandatary of both. Medidas preventivas. Medicine. Preventive mea- preventivas. in accordance with its law. Doctor. Preventive measures. once experts establish that the person in question no longer poses a threat to himself or to others. Preventive measures The terms "preventive measures" or "guar-antee measures" are deemed to be equiva-lent when they are used to mean procedures or measures whose propose is to guarantee the findings or effects of a pending or future proceeding concerning the security of per-sons. They will cease by court order. 9)..enforcement. Therapeutic security measures. Medidas de seguridad. sur-geon. art. on Prev. (Mex. (Conv. causas. 55. sec. Médico forense. for Latin America. 57 and 58). to be administered in specialized centers or in dependencies thereof. The broker or intermediary is he who is employed to negotiate a matter between two parties. (Standard Penal C. 57). menores. Step. the worker must have an opportunity to have his case heard through a grievance procedure. com-mercial or labor matters.. When the preventive measure relates to the custody of minors. on Prev. 3016). Labor Law) Medidas preventivas. substitución. Rural partnership. Security measures can be: therapeutic. custody of minors. Forensic medicine. However. Medicine. Security measures. because of death. sec. Medidas Safety measures. Meas. ration. to do or not do a specific thing in civil. for another one deemed more appropriate in view of the subject's person-ality and the effectiveness of the measure. Therapeutic mea-sures will be indeterminate. Measure. Security measures are applied ac-cording to the law in force at the time when they are to be carried out. (Lou. ____ Medidas de seguridad. 8). on Prev.. its execution and the counterproductive measure or guaranty shall be determined by the judges of the place where execution is sought. action. commitment to an institution and surveillance. Coroner. the judge or court of the State of destination may limit. Preventive measures. in his territory. for Latin America. Meas. (Conv. Medidas preventivas. ami-cable compounder. Preventive measures. they are placed at the disposal of the relatives or heirs presumptive of the national and there are no such relatives or heirs. Security measures will be imposed by the court in those cases specifically established by law. 56.. Medidas preventivas. c) termi-nation. Meas. Mediator. Mediar. To mediate. Medidas laborales disciplinarias. on Prev. Measurable. the consular authorities of a State may receive the personal effects of a national of that State when. middleman. The grounds for a preventive measure shall be decided in accor-dance with the laws and by the judges of the place of the proceedings. custodia de 182 . substitution. Medidas de seguridad curativas. art. Party walls and fences. for that reason. art. b) suspension of up to eight days without wages. Arbitrator. ejecución. Civ. (Standard Penal C. intervene. Medicina forense. The court may substitute a security measure. or in criminal triais in which civil damages are sought. and who. by means of. for Latin America. property. consulados. practitioner. The following forms of disciplinary measures are permissible-a oral or written reprimands. Preventive measures. Portion. Measures of commitment consist in the imposition of a program of work and education (Standard Penal C. being carried out. Médico. medication. Medible. Mediante. drug. physician. or of obligations to give. art. Without prej-udice to the rights of third parties. the scope of the effects of the measure pending the final judgment of the judge of the principal proceedings. measurement. Therapeutic measures consist in following an adequate treatment. grounds. Anthropomet-rical data. C. (Conv. Medición antropométrica. sec. 61).Mediador Mediador. Before a reprimand or suspensio may be issued. (Lou. The State of destination may decline to execute a letter rogatory concerning preventive nieasures that are manifestly contrary to its public policy (ordre public). median. Melancholy. on Prev. Medios de prueba. depression. C. Civ. Mejorador. Meas. Letters rogatory shall be executed provided that they meet the following requirements: a. art. Meas. b. Means. Mejoras por el poseedor de buena fe. the owner of the immovable may keep them or he may demand their demolition and removal at the expense of the possessor. Mejorar. exhortos. sec. The letter rogatory shall be presumed to be duly legalized in the State of origin when legalized by competent consular or diplomatic agent.. Mejoras por el poseedor de mala fe. 5). If the third-party claim exeludes ownership or rights in rem over the property attached. 13). best. When an attach-ment or any other preventive measure involving property has been executed. art. Improvement. or the objection is based on possession or ownership of the property attached. 7) Witnesses. Medidas preventivas. 5) Opinions of experts. cli-mate. He is bound to keep them and at his option to pay to the possessor either the cost of the materials and of the workmanship. ameliorate. atmosphere. public policy. 12). 577). To make progress. Nature. When constructions. Meas. The letter rogatory is legalized. Meas. in addition. C. 496). Social circle. orden público. Memo. Improvement. Civ. P. property. it shall be decided by the judges in accordance with the law of the place where the property is located. (Conv. for the solé purpose of hav-ing that claim communicated to the judge of origin when the letter rogatory is returned to him. (Conv.. or their current value. Civ. Improvements by possessor in bad faith. art. on Prev. better-ment. art.Memorandum Medios. If he does not demand demolition and removal. Megalomanía. Megalomanía. memorándum. More advantageous or convenient. superior. Better. amehoration. the person affected by this measure may plead his third-party claim or pertinent objections before the judge to whom the letter rogatory was addressed. art. 14-15). the owner of the immovable may not demand their demolition and removal. Ambiance. medium. Medidas preventivas. Mejora. Finer.. way. plantings. he is bound to pay at his option either the current value of the materials and of the workmanship of the separable improvements that he has kept or the enhanced value of the immovable. particularly concerning health. Progress. or the enhanced value of the immovable. Money. damages for the injury that he may have sus-tained. plantings. repairs. (Sp. Preventive measures. Medio. 183 . 3) Private documents and correspondence.. on Prev. Melancolía. 6) Judicial examination. method. Restoration. 2) Formal public documents. When constructions. gloom. Environment. (Lou. better. Means of proof. or works are made by a possessor in good faith. Preventive measures. Preventive measures. 497). L. and. Medio social. The means of proof which may be employed in an action are the following: 1) Confession in court. Mejor. Improvements by possessor in good faith. or works are made by a bad faith possessor. To improve. Resources. 4) Commercial books kept as prescribed by the Code of Commerce. letters rogatory. Memorandum. center. Mejoría. Person who makes improvements. art. propiedad. (Conv. Middle. Medidas preventivas. The letter rogatory and the accompanying documentaron are duly translated into the official language of the State of destination. Medio ambiente. falsehood. just. Board of directors.obstruct. Metales preciosos. impair. Mercenary. Mercenario. To snub. Need. A mention is also defined. petition. infant. To undervalue. Privilege. sheer. worth. underage. Mercader. To block. chore. Goods. Mercanchifle. Market. Metrópoli. Stock exchange. that approach implies learning about Mexico and its law before a specific ques-tion arises in the course of legal practice. Task. To lie. Mendigar. amonedados o en pasta. the Lexis MEXICO library is a true advance in researching Mexican law. scorn. Sub-machinegun. related to trade.Memoria Memoria. objective. Appellate brief. pauper. prejudice. account. either coined or in bullion. comrner cial. panhandler. This at least Makes it possible to get cUrrent texts of the Mexican Constitution and laws. Goal. Mero. deceive. Child. Mencionado. courier. Meritorious. Mesa. Lie. Metálico. metrópolis. 96 PRR 536 (1968)). México. Menor cuantía. Cash. wares. misrepresent. Allusion. Aforesaid. hireling. Age minority. The Lexis library is called MEXICO. Registrar. It is divided into files such as the Constitution (MXCNST). Mérito. Mesa directiva. Mentira. merchandise. Table. intellectual. commodities. Damage. Mente sana. occupation. Menoscabar. Law student who works for free at court. Mental. Furniture. salesman. Retailer of cheap and insisnif icant goods. Mentir. as the mere indication of the existence of a lien or encumbrance on a property. worthy. raider. Of course. Menoría. Hostel keeper. it is defined as the allusion made in an entry. Beggar. Mensaje. investigación jurídica. Metralleta. looter. Disdain. Message. Mercado de valores. Mother country. soldier of fortune. its cultureis). purpose. (Postigo v. of a personal or property right different from that giving rise thereto. made in an entry concerning the same. Report. its political and social traditions. Menoscabo. Least. Appellate brief. Lexis. deserving. sane. Mesonero. México. Messenger service. Mercante. Reception. board. smaller. Mensajería. implore. underestimate. Minor. Less. missive. Undervaluation. Dicionario de la Administración española). Mención. (Pratter). state-ment. panhandle. Mercancía. Mendicidad. smallest. Mere. begging. record. Merodeador. Precious metais. Menester. Merecer. Marauder. 184 __ Mercado. There really is no other way of putting the question into the proper context. Mercantile. reference. To beg. and so on. In addition. detriment. México. Mention. communication. Meritorious. . (Alcubilla. Menospreciar. rational. Meritorio. concession. Sound mind. as concerns registration. Memorial. Mercadería. Made of metal. Environmental Law (MXAMB). legal research. The best way to begin re-searching Mexican law is to know something about Mexico in general—its history. goods. Menaje. Mesa de entrada. Merit. worthiness. Actions involving interests of over a certain minimum and not exceeding a certain maximum. Merced. A mention is a mere notice entered by a registrar of the existence of an unrecorded interest. panhandling. businessman. medicant. mercantil. Merchandise. Federal Laws (MXFED). Meta. fabrication. Mercy. (Pratter). object. Mental. rebuff. Menor. impairment. Mendigo. Memory. Mendacity. dealer. Merchant. For those who read Spanish. wholesaler. Lexis now has a library of Mexican law (in Spanish). cerebral. Menosprecio. del Exterior. modifications.Ministerio de Salud cancellations. Argentina. Commerce Department. including. notarized notices of mining related contracts. Ministry. Minero. tycoon. Chile. Militante. (G. Militar. Mining (a). Ministerio de Economía de Hacienda. Ministerio de Comercio. mining assign-ment certificates.) Ministerio de Salud. (Orihuela). a general formation on recla-mation. industrial. Miniaturización. Miliary. activist. concession certificates for exploration and exploitation. However. as is most of Chile's environmental legislation. and technological developments have placed an excessive strain on the ability of govern-ment agencies to engage in monitoring and enforcement activities. sub-sidiary regulations. Chile. Ministerial. Foreign office. reduction. and mineral investment agreements. Mining. registro. Chile's excep-tional economic growth over the past sev-eral years has increased air. Mining. In most of the developing countries of Latin America. State Department. 185 . Argentina. etc. State Department. nulli-fications. Mínimum.B. and periodic or continuous government/operator consulta-tions. Most current mining codes and most mineral investment agreements con-tain very generally formulated provisions that usually include an obligation. Mining and the Milicia. highroller. Militant. Millionaire. Minería. Militia. the definitive content and scope of environmental obligations as environmental problems are identified and mitigation techniques involve. Minería y medio ambiente. cancellations. Ministerial. they could become a vehicle for an energetic environmental policy specifying. Environmental safe-guards are based largely on US Environmental Protection Agency standards. means. (Orihuela). of inscriptions. by watt of regulations. agreements. an obligation to submit an environmental impact assessment as part of the feasibility study. Conduct. and coordination of the country's provincial mining regulations is still a pend-ing development. Minería. Currently. and water pollution. In 1991 Argentina created the Secretariat of Natural Resources and Human Environ-ment to oversee the coordination of envi-ronmental regulations in this federated country. Mina. and judicial notices of denials. urban. Mining. registry. áe minarás. minimal. declarations of nullity or environment. formulated as a general principie. Argentina has no comprehensive set of environmental regulations for the mining indus-try. Treasury Department. Miner (n). Registry which records all official mining docu-ments. Mínimo. which is usually the basis for the mining right authorizing con-struction and operation of the mine. Mine. Similarly. While these open-ended provisions do not impose any specific obligation. soil. and sometimes. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Ministerio de Estado. to minimize environmental degradation and to adhere to good environmental practices (usually not specified). Miniaturization. verifications. Other bodies administering environment regulations in Chile are the Chilean Copper Commission and the National Geology and Mining Service Institute. Minería. (Orihuela). shrinking. Health Department. Millonario. mining has higher landuse priority while environmental policies for mining are limited to mining codes. Argentina has been labeled as the latecomer in Latin America environmental legislation. since many of its laws fail to appreciate the need to incorpórate environmental concerns into policies affecting economic activities. Ministerio. art. Modificación. Boundary mark. amend. Government house. Místico. Ministry of the Interior. moder-ation. Minuta del convenio. control. Related to a minority. Modification. Mitin. Hill. Silence or inactivity does not itself amount to acceptance. mound. standard. La (CH). art. proposal. To move. Prin. Molestia pública. Monopolistic. Mocionante.). Currency not expressed. Non-age. occult. Meeting. &LALeg. Motion. aggregate. justice. quantity. If a monetary obligation is expressed in a currency other than of the place for payment. attenuation. Sys. monetage. Mitigación. Modifiable. (Unidroit. (Un' droit. infancy. Modificar. Prototype. Such a ministry even in the federal countries is construed as evi-dence of a trend toward centralization more marked than in the United States. Monte. Monopolista. reform. 2. replica.. Moneda. Prin. Moneda. Minoritario. Modalidad. Ministerior de Trabajo. Formalities. Mita. Mitigation. monopolistic. chattels.10). 6. Moiety.. Mixto. cash. Furniture. Movant. underage. Private nuisance. not final. cartel. Monism. monto. legal tender money. mystical. supreme court judge. Monopolio. combined. (W. Moción. Coin. Movables. total. To modify. Minority. Disturbance. sum. alter rh* reform. liar.9). nuisance. trust. The existence of such a ministry is easy to justify. Público. Mode of acceptan A statement made by or other conduct of the offeree indicating assent to an offer ¡s ■ acceptance. Monetary. Minister. Mojón. landmark. Monedaje. French influence is felt in the wide-spread institution of a Ministry of the Interior which does not exist under that name in the United States. Monopoly. currency. Prin. Where a monetary obligation is not expressed in a particular currency. reduce. Modo de aceptación. Memorándum of agreement. amendm alteration. modérate. An acceptanr of an offer becomes effective when the ind' cation of assent reaches the offeror. Mixed. Mitigador. (Unidroit. Minoría. Mobiliario. Amount. Moneda que no ha sido especificada. Moblaje. Monismo. Miscegenation.Ministerio del Interior Ministerio del Interior. Minuta. mysterious. Monopolist. Ministro. proceeds of a meeting. Mocionar. Ghostly. suggestion. Tax levied by viceroys in Latin America.6). change. Eur.. 186 . Currency of payment. Molestia. Mythomaniac. Modality. 6. minoridad. reduction. Mitómano. note. Mitad hereditaria. milestone Turning point. Justice Department.1. Common nuisance. it may be paid by the obligor in the currency of the place for payment unless (a) that currency is not freely convertible. moderator. payment must be made in the currency of the place where payment is to be made. since many Latin American countries are unitary states and local administration is controlled by the central government. petition. Minutes.1. Mitigator. personal property. monopolístico. Monopólico. Theory that supports the same origin for national as for international law. attenuate. Model. Molestia privada. Montante. Modif ¡cable. To mitígate. Moneda de pago. Ministerio Fiscal. or (b) the parties have agreed that payment should be made only in the currency in which the monetary obligation is expressed. petitioner. Mystic. archetype. Mistización. Mitigar.art. Modelo. Labor Department. Muebles por anticipación. Mostrenco. scientific or artistic collec-tions. Muelle.Muerte violenta Morada. consideration. Girl. reason. uprising. ñor other things which have not for principal object the furnishing or ornamenting of liv-ing rooms. and interests or shares in entities possessing juridical personality. Moratorium. Movables by anticipation. In default. and actions that apply to a movable thing are incorporeal movables. for Latin America. 471). Broad political group or coalition. Muebles. Movilizar. Mortality. death. Mudo. Unharvested crops and un-gathered fruits of trees are movables by anticipation when they belong to a person other than the landowner. youth. Motivo. sec. C. art. Incorporeal movables. expire. Morfinomanía. Bribe. arms. wharf. that normally move olean be moved from one place to another. incentive. To motívate. Muerte del procesado. nickname. To cause an official response. To pass away. Civil death. Morphinomaniac. Mortalidad. the following objects shall not be considered as comprised therein: Money. whether anímate or inanimate. Muchacha. Movilización. Morfinómano. Muebles corporales. jewels. 475). C. Dock. house. AU things. Moratoria. domicile. Moribundo. (Sp. Corporeal movables. Abode. 98). delinquent. C. annuities. Movables of this kind are such as bonds. payoff. Moratory. medals. clothing. Death. Mutiny. Muerte violenta. Morganático. (Lou. (Lou. Whenever the word "furni-ture" (muebles) alone is used. quay. he will notify the attorney general's office. About to die. graft. that the law does not consider as immovables. except where. Mote. young lady. Morganatic. corporeal or incorporeal. Furniture. stocks. Alias. Probable cause. (Lou. art. credits. Boy. Móvil. demise. 473). Muerte civil. art. are movables. Motivar. Movement. Morosidad. sec. Violent death. Muebles incorporales. reason. Civ. mobiliza-tion. Muchacho. Movables. liquids and merchandise. When the Civil Registry judge suspeets that the death of a person was due to violent means. Civ. Moroso. Motive. Motivo fundado. To lay grounds or reasons. Rights. Civ. Nonpayment or delay in paying a debt. commercial effects. Civ. (Lou. Dumb. a type of marriage where spouses acquire restricted rights. activity. incentívate. Civil commotion. stimulate. Movimiento. To set into action. lass. Death of the ac-cused. Civ. Motive. 346). pier. Mordida (ME). art. lad. the contrary clearly appears. To die. insurrection. Cause. (Standard Penal C. To justify. residence. riot. C. Morphinomania. objec-tive. Chattel with no owner. Corporeal movables are things. com187 . Pseudonym. perish. Muerte. trigger. death rate. Morir. Natural death. Moratorio. books. C. obligations. breadstuffs. young man. riding beasts or carriages and their harnesses. decease. Motín. motion. by the context of the law or of the individual declaration. Muerte natural. 474). The death of the convict extinguishes any remaining punishment. To stir the people. The death of the aecused extinguishes the penal action. (Mex. 188 . deceased. diversity. and satisfied in legal tender. laceration. Provisions and munitions of war. leveis of expenditure and other fac-tors that the sentencing judge consider appropriate. to incorpórate a town. Muro. penalty. art. Absence of communication. means of subsis-tence. To fine. local. subject to a penalty Multar. with a personal surety or with collateral. Multa penal. disfigure. for Latin America. Dead. Abundance. Multa penal. Disfigure ment. example. Multa. Mutuality. town. Association that loans money to its members. township. Mutismo. Lender. sec. C. Muestrario. loan. (Standard Penal C. dismemberment. Muerto. city hall Municipalizar. pago. Fines in criminal proceedings. recípro-cal. sec. Municipal. mayhem. bilateral. Municipality. Finable. Municipio. profe sion. Fines in criminal proceedings. revenues. the court may grant an extensión or authorize payment in installments. Mutilation. 46). Municiones de boca y guerra. or by subsequent judicial order and in view of the financial situation of the convict. common. 45). Mutilar.Muerto municating all the information that he pos-sess. Multiplicity. spouse. the surety or collateral requirements can be waived. variety. Municipality. tax. Mutuario. lacérate. assessment.122). Sample. considering especially his net worth. Fines will be paid to the State in quotas. At the time of imposing a fine. Set of samples. Civ. To deface. Woman. Wall. To municipalize. A quota is equiva-lent to the daily income of the convict and will be determined in accordance with his financial situation. To mutilate. Borrower. for Latin America. Mutuo. Fine. penalize. Mutual. reciprocity. Muestra. Multable. Mutuante. At the court's discretion. Mutual. Municipalidad. Municipal. specimen. Deface-ment. mutuum. Multiplicidad. Silence. Mujer. so that the investigation may proceed in accordance to with the law. Mutualidad. female. payment. Wife. domestic. Mutilación. (Standard Penal C. Nacionalidad de origen. Nationality. confíscate. art. Nacimiento. Birthday. O. Nothing. (Bustamante C. Nature. U. 189 . Nationality of origin.U. Nato. sociedades anónimas. Domestic. nationality shall be determined by the articles of incorporation or. pérdida. Nacionalidad. Narcotic. by the law of the place where the general meeting of share-holders is normally held. associations. Nacimientos múltiples. C. Born. (Bus-tamante C. Character. the surgeon. (Bustamante C. Birth rate. coun-tries that share a river as a border. Loss of Nationality. Natal. inhabitant. local. the law of that one of the nationalities in issue in which the person concerned has his domicile shall be applied. wild. art. 16). C. local. Born. Nada. (Bustamante C. Resumption of nationality is controlled by the law of the nationality which is resumed. In questions relating to nationality of origin in which the State in which they are raised is not interested. Narcótico. Spontaneous. Nativo. 17). 14-15). Riparian nations. drug pusher. Civ. or the persons who helped in the birth. Wilderness. citizenship. asociaciones. Naturalization. Nationality. citizenship. Beginning. Naturaleza. (Mex. 9). Nacional. -the declarations of birth will be made pre-senting the child before the Civil Registry iudge in his office or in the place where the birth occurred. Nationality of Corporations and Foundations.N. Nationalistic. (Bustamante C. Civ. with accordance to the information that the doc-tors provide. art. Nacionalidad de corporaciones y fundaciones. When there are multiple births. natural. stock corporations. The nationality of origin of associations shall be the nationality of the country in which they are constituted. sub-ject. Narcotraficante. the midwife. not-ing the particularities that distinguish the newborn and the order of their birth. art. Nacionalización. demographic expansion. Birth.N. and in the absence thereof. The nationality of origin of corporations and foundations shall be deter-mined by the law of the State which autho-rizes or approves them. Drug dealer. Nacionalista. Narcotráfico. 54). Nacionalidad. state. Citizen. Nationalism.N Nacido. drugs. Nationalization. To shipwreck. 19). Naciones riparias. loss and recuperation thereafter. art. 10). in an applicable case. United Nations. temper. sink. attri-bution. To nationalize. arts. National. With respect to stock corporations. domestic. In the case of loss of nationality. Naturalización. the law of the lost nationality should be applied. Naufragar. expropriate. Birth declaration. Native. Nacionalismo. Natalidad. Nationality. Each state shall apply its own law for the determination of the nationality of origin of any individual or juristic person and of its acquisition. by the law of the place where its principal governing or administrative board or council is located. Spontaneous. Nacionalizar. Nacionalidad. Nation. Related to one's birth. cre-ationcimiento. 76). art. delivery. declaración. Natural. Natalicio. Natural. (Bustamante C. there will be a birth certifícate for each newborn. Multiple births. Patriotic. Nación. (Mex.. Naturally talented. organic. population growth. Naciones Unidas. Drug-trafficking. Nationality. Nacionalidad. art. Nacionalidad. atribución. country. nationality. carelessness. Navigation for freight in common or in shares. distracted. realtor.Naufragio Naufragio. Com. rejectable. refusal. Náutico. Real estate dealer. Negar. need. (Unidroit. Navegabilidad.. Negociado. sinking. refutation. Com. of Treas. ove sight. Naval. In general terms. cruising. Seaworthiness. Negotiation. Best evidence rule. Illegal deal. Contributorv negligence. 274). . art. craft. Necesidad del original. Gross negligence. Negador. Navigation. Vessel. The nationality of ships is proved by the navigation license and the certifícate of regis-tration and has the flag as an apparent distinctive symbol. marine. Vessel. Supervening Negligente. Prin. and the losses shall be his. Nautical. Ships. Necesidad. Shipwreck. it may be said that a real estate dealer is a person who is engaged in certain activities which constitute the ordi-nary operation of a business for which he acquires property for the purpose of selling it later at a profit. Negotiations in bad faith. Negligencia contribuyente. Sec. want. Negotiator. Negante. negligence. sailing. Denial. Navegante. Ship agent. Negativa. Set-tlement. Negociante en bienes raíces. Contributory negligence as bar t0 action.15). Navegar. imports a want of such atten-tion to the nature or probable consequences of the act or omission. Refusal. To deny. Deniable. Navio. reject. 2. (Sp. Criminal negligence The term negligence for the purpose of the Penal Code. Navegación a flote común o a tercio. denial. Poverty. nacionalidad. (Sp. Navegación. sail. Naval. Negligencia criminal. Nave. v. sec. the part of the wreck which may be saved belonging to them in the same pro-portion. Survivor of a shipwreck. art. dismissable. and should he do so the profit shall belong to the other per-sons in interest. Negatorio. agent. Negociaciones con mala fe. Negatory. operador inmobiliario. Naviero. Embezzlement. It is bad faith for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. 89PRR17(1963)). Ortiz. Necropsia. Oficina (PR).. To refuse. C. Necessity. Negligencia concurrente. Navigator. Negligence. 613). 190 Negligencia. If a captain navigates for freight in common or on shares he can not make any transac-tion for bis exclusive account. Negociación. Negociabilidad. Negación. Autopsy. Negable. Negligent. naval. refuse. 86 PRR431 (1962)). Negotiability. Necrología. Negotiable. Rebut-tal. Naves. aircraft. dealer. The losses and dam-ages suffered by a vessel and her cargo by reason of shipwreck or stranding shall be individually suffered for the account of the owners. bargain. Obituary. boat. slip. Negarse. Negligencia grave. marketability. sailor. while an investor is one who acquires property by reason of the income which it will yield rather than for the profit which may be obtained in the resale. Náufrago. Negligencia sobreviniente. rejection. airworthi-ness. marketable. Negociable. ship. C. Denier. (Bustamante C. sip. sec. Concurrent ne ligence. Negligencia contribuyente como obstáculo. as a prudent man ordinarily bestows in acting in his own concern. cruise. careless. To navigate. 840). rejection. (Valldejuli Rodríquez v. Inattentive. (Ppl. Fitness to navigate. deal. Party who denies. Negociador. ncealed by apparent contracts but which nave no specific consideration necessary for their existence. Vargas). Ni afirmo ni niego. No navegable. Nómade. Integrity. Overruled. 99 PRR 898 (1970)). Nepotism. store. negocio en marcha. Shop. constitute concealed juridi-cal business. M.G. Neutralidad. Nombre comercial. select. name. Neuropath. Aggravating factor of a crime committed by night. Not fit. Nivel de vida. designation. Neurosis. (J. Niebla. to market. No. Nieta. Niño incorregible. Foreign law shall not be applied: When fundamental principies of national law have been evaded artificially. elect. Niño expósito. notwithstanding. child. impartial. For the purpose of the Minors Act. Nymphomania. denied. Child. nomination. Niñez. concerning a new-born. art. However. inappropriate. To name. 15).. virtue. Business. my neighbor is out on a vacation and his roof collapses. and that is the family status recog-nized for all legal purposes. unbi-ased. and When the provisions of foreign law or the result of its application is contrary to the fundamental principies or institutions of the national public order. For instance. Nonnavigable. trade. Threatening. Neonatal. Ninfomanía. The result is that my neighbor has now an enforceable debt towards me for the amount of the repairs. nefari-ous. Annulment. mist. degree. Innocent. Niño. Nymphomaniac. Neutrality. Trade name. Reputation. To avoid damage from an approaching storm I have his roof repaired and I pay for it. objectivity. Sec. Non applicabilfty of foreign law. No ha lugar. Ninfómana. royalty. (Valladars de Sabater v.Nombre comercial negociar To negotiate. Firm name. infant. 89 PRR249 (1963)). Concealed juridical business. (Mexican Civ. wholesale. infancy. Foundling. Black. boy. No. Nonnegotiable. nonetheless. bond. forbidden. cronysm. Neutral. Neonatal. The valid and tacit acts No aplicabilidad del derecho extranjero. An adopted child is considered a legitimated child of the adopter. Tie. 191 . Aristoc-racy.. Link. Fairness. Nieto. Evil. an incorrigible child is one whose conduct jeopardizes his own or the community's welfare. Nomad. Neutralización. of the Treas. occupation. Nombrar. Not guilty. Niño adoptivo. Negro. No contest. Nivel. To appoint. Somber. having the judge to determine the fraudulent intention of such evasion. Level. Code. RiveraLazu. Before an emergency situation the law implies reason-able consent on the party that is absent or incapacitated.86PRR12(1962)). A. Neurópata. Appointment. Standard of living. Ningún. Nonappearence. Niña. No comparecencia. layer. No negociable. Grandson. Negocio. Granddaughter. neocio jurídico disimulado.retail. Neutralization. deal. Implied agency based on a factual situation. Neutrality. Adopted child. Childhood. Nocturnidad. Nombramiento. Negotiorum gestio (L). No devengado. No culpable. Nexo. Neurastenia. None.G. iIlegal. Girl. Neutralismo. Fog. connection. Neurasthenia. bargain. Neutral. still. Neurosis. Going concern. (People ex reí. I neither confirm ñor deny. neutro. (Hernández v. not. Nobility. Nobleza. No obstante. Nepotismo. Unearned. Nombre. No apto. appellation. Incorrigible child. In Spain and in Latin America notaries are highly trained profes-sionals. Nominador. Notaría. Law. Normal. Service of p.272). sec. A marginal note is an entry which complies with anyof the following purposes: (a) to facilítate the mechanism of the registry office. Nominality. Civ. To appoint. Notary's office. (Sp. statutory. Non bis in idem (L). 88 PRR11 (1963)). Notarial. shall be made by writ delivered to the person to be cited instead of the copy of the order. a statement of said service being made in the proceedings. In every suit the original service of summons must be made upon the defendant in person. shall be respectively served by a bailiff or an offi-cer of the chamber. Nominar. Person who appoints. Nota marginal. usual. citations. Nominal. P. ordinary. Nota. Nominal. Notificación defectuosa. Memorandum. Civ. Nominalidad. Juridical norm or rule. 260-262) Notification. giving him Norma de seguridad y salud ocupacional. Notificación de demanda. Designa-tor. College of notaries.. and summonses which are served beyond the limits of the court room or chamber. L. note. Normalización. Occupational safety and health standard. citaciones y emplazamientos. P. Professional organization of notaries. Legal principie. Inc. or (c) to replace other entries. memo. L. In many instances notaries rank higher than attorneys. Used in criminal law this phrase means that no one can be pun-ished twice by the same act.). and judgments shall be given to the parties to the action on the day of their ren dition. (Sp. If the party summoned cannot be located by the bailiff. Normal. Insane. Payroll. it may order that the summons be served by schedule. Registrar. News. no further effort shall be made to secure his appearance. Service of process. Notices shall be served bv the clerk. Notifications. Nominativo. rule. Nomination. Notifications. 271. Nominatorio. Notable. the opposing party may produce evidence showing that the party to be served has a residence within the territory of the forum and is. Noticiar. Nómina de pago. Normas imperativas. To name. Normativo. theoretic. information. 281). Notificación. Notariado. sec. Civ. sec. notice. Nominación. signed by the recording clerk. Firm name. (Colon & Cia. or official of the cham ber authorized thereof. Notario público. Normalization. 192 . cess. (LA Laws &Inst. elect. selection. Norm.). and shall at the same time deliver to him a true copy thereof. who shall read in full the order to the person upon whom service is made.B. P. v.. select. academic. Norma. To inform. Normative. secretary. report. Nominee. appointment.. Notorious. Notarial. (b) to state circumstances which modify recorded rights. Norma jurídica. Notificación en los estrados. Mandatory rules. Non compos mentís (L). L. Service of citations and summonses upon those who are or who should be parties to the action. Nominative. Notice of all orders rul-ings. Notificación y emplazamiento. regular. Noticia. Average. Notificaciones. and should this not be possible the day following. Those within the court room shall be served by reading the entire order to the person in interest. official notary. Notary. Famous. Notary public (G. standard. (Sp. within the court's jurisdiction.Nombre social Nombre social. Irregular notice. Summons. Service of pro-cess. Marginal note. therefore. If the court is satisfied with this proof. Notice. In all actions and proceedings in which a litigant shall place himself or be declared in default for not appearing in the action after he has been formally cited. citations and summonses. Service of no tifications in the court room. Nuda propiedad. Objective novation. Betrothal. Obligations may be modifíed: 1) By the change of their object or principal conditions. A contract is nuil when the requirements for its formation have not been met. Nugatory. Novio. consequences. Civ. art. Novar. Civ. Patent. evident. 2) By substituting the person of the debtor. A contract is absolutely nuil when it violates a rule of publie order. made without intention to extinguish it. the issuance or renewal of a negotiable instrument. Legal title without the right of use and enjoyment. Nuca.1172). Nude. a new performance is substituted for that previously owed. To serve. Process server. art. moved. obvious. celibate. Civ. Nape. as when the object of a contract is illicit or immoral. 2033). 2030). (Lou. Subjective novation. Newtrial. efectos.Civ. Notorio. to substitute. Notificar To notify. Daughter-in-law. Nuera. Nulidad contractual. voidness. Novia. fiancee. Nudo. (Lou. Novatory. Novación objetiva. If any substantial part of the original performance is still owed. The importance of this classification can be appreciated when the rights of third parties come into play. Nuevo juicio. C. Notoriety. Nuevo matrimonio. Novation take place also when the parties expressly declare their intention to novate an obligation. Nulidad. Remarriage. C. art. Noviazgo.Csec. art. New. or a new cause is substituted for that of the original obliga-ron. 1882). To make a novation. art. fresh. L.Nulidad relativa contractual at the same time a copy thereof. Notorious.289). Absolute nullity of contracts. C. (Lou. 1881). (Sp. Novatorio. An absolutely nuil contract. C. Nuevo. invalidity. Divorce returns to the parties their capacity to remarry. 2029). flanee. 1171. Civ. or the giving of new securities for the performance of an existing obligation are examples of such a modification. Bride. (Lou. C. 3) By subrogating a third person in the rights of the creditor. P-art. Novation takes place when. Nulidad absoluta contractual. Nulidad relativa contractual. A contract is relatively nuil when it violates a rule intended for the pro-tection of private parties. Bridegroom. A mere agreement where performance has not yet started. The parties must be restored to the situation that existed before the contract was made. Civ. pertaining to a novation. does not effect a novation. C. The execution of a new writing. or a relatively nuil contract that has been declared nuil by the court. art. it may be made through an award of damages. crim. as when a party 193 . unless he had an interest in performing the obligation himself. (Mex. Novation. Nullity of contracts. Nullity of contracts. Of proper age for mar-riage. Nubile. Ineffective. Nullity. Notoriedad. Relative nullity of contracts. Novación. is deemed never to have existed. engagement. Mere modification of an obligation. The phrase is used primarily in property law to distin-guish situations where possession has been granted from others where only the consent of both parties has been exchanged. by agreement of the parties. (Lou. Novación subjetiva. A contract that is absolutely nuil may not be confirmed. Nudum pactutn (L). Nulidad contractual. Civ. (Sp. fame. A nudum pactutn could be just as binding as one where possession has already changed heads. In that case. If it is impos-sible or impracticable to make restoration in kind. publicity. 166-notificador. courtship. there is no novation. Nubil. Novation takes place when a new obligor is substituted for a prior obligor who is dis-charged by the obligee. the novation is accomplished even without the consent of the prior obligor. Nugatorio. Knot. For instance. a nudum pactum does not usually put third parties on notice while a transfer of possession usually does. Nupcias. cipher. cash. Marriage. invalid. Nulificar. wedding. C. milla poena sine lege penale. many Nuncupativo. nullify. void. This is the short version of the phrase nullum crimen. wedding. Nulla poena sine lege (L). Civ. currency. 194 . Numerario. Numeroso. Money. abundant. See n poena. rule out. Nuncupative. Nuil. To annul. Marriage. 2031). Numerous. IneffeCt inoperative. nuil and void. art. Número. A con-tract that is only relatively nuil may be con-firmed. Nullum crimen sine lege (L).Nulificar lacked capacity or did not give free consent at the time the contract was made. It means that for a crime to be committed there must exist a violation of a specific criminal law. dimt f: numeral. (Lou. To veto. Ulla Nulo. Nupcialidad. Number. C. Bur-den. U.NGO. art. non-governmental organization. When an obligation is alternative. Obligación bajo condición suspensiva. the obligation is joint for the obligors. 1055. C. the fulfillment of which has been fixed for a day certain. commitment. Obligations. exception. (Lou. Bond.N U Organization of the United Nations. Óbito. Objective. 2) That the per-son in question is duty bound to follow such order. Goal. Due obedience. P. Objectionable. sec. Conditional obligation. Opposition. Obligación conjunta. To object. Objetable. Joint obligation. If the obligation may not be enforced until the uncertain event occurs. (Sp. Death. Oblar. or the intent of the parties. 1808 and 1809). sec. 32). shall only be demandable when the proper day arrives. C. Obligation subject to a time period. shall be subject to the law of torts. even though its date be unknown. the nature of the contract. Obligation subject to a suspensive condition. demurrer. 195 . A day certain is understood to be one which must necessarily arrive. not punished by law. Obligación alternativa. A suspensive condition that depends solely on the whim of the obligor makes the obligation nuil. Obligación a plazo. O N G. Oblación. the condition is resolutory. To protest. (St. (Lou. article. Objetante. Those arising from acts or omissions.N. sec. C. An obligation is alternative when an obligor is bound to render only one of two or more items of performance. liability. Conditions may be either expressed in a stipulation or implied by the law. unbiased. Objeto. provided all the following circumstances concur: 1) That the order originates from the proper authority and fulfills all legal formalities. Obedecer. Controversial. Child support. Civ. 1092). No lia-dility attaches to whoever acts under superior orders. Objective. C. 1767 and 1768). Objetivo. If the obligation may be immediately en-forced but will come to an end when the uncertain event occurs. Obligación condicional. Civ. Obligación bajo condición resolutoria. sub-mission.O. When one obligor owes just one performance intended for the common benefit of different obligees. Obedience to military orders. To pay. Alternative obligation. When different obligors owe together just one performance to one obligee. Obligación. 3) That the order is not manifestly a criminal act. Civ. occur. (Lou. Civ. To obey. art. comply with. disburse. C. 1767). challenge. Objection. Duty. Every obligation con-sists in giving. the obligation is joint for the obligees. questionable. Neutral. challenger. neither of whom is enti-tled to the whole performance. in which faults or negligence. but neither is bound for the whole. (Sp. compliance. spouse support. the choice of the item of performance belongs to the obligor unless it has been expressly or impliedly granted to the obligee. thing. Objetar. To oppose. Obediencia. Obligación alimentaria.o O. art. Offensive. Objector. demurrant. protest. Civ. or not doing some-thing. 1788). purpose. the condition is suspensive. Obedience. Payment. To take exception. A conditional obligation is one de-pendent on an uncertain event. UN.C. art. Obediencia debida. Complaint. disbursement. Obligation subject to a resolutory condition. Obligation. 1060). Civ. for LA. Obediencia a órdenes militares. Object. Objeción. challenge. (Lou. doing. Civ. the execution of works by units of measurement. Obligación. Heritable obligation. or his defective or delayed performance. An ' obligation may give the obligee the right to-1) Enforce the performance that the obli»0i is bound to render. Prin. Obligación de resultado y obligación de medios. by reason of their nature are capable of n tial fulfillment. effects. (Sp. begins after the mer-chandise is placed at the disposal of the purchaser and after the latter has stated his satisfaction. Civ C. An obligation is divisible when the object of the performance is susceptible of división. defini-tion. Obligación. (1) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty to achieve a specific result. In that case. An obligation is strictly personal when its performance can be enforced only by the obligee. efectos. Obligación divisible e indivisible. C sec 111 o 1119). art. Duty to achieve a specific result. C. or only against the obligor. art. The obligation to pay the price of a commercial purchase. Conjunctive obligation. Divisible obligation. Every obligation is deemed heritable as to all parties.Obligación conjuntiva Obligación conjuntiva. Valdejulli. Civ. In obligations of not do'' the divisibility or indivisibility shall h' decided by the character of the prestation i' each particular case. 1815). art. is bound to render a performance in favor of another. sources.4). Civ. extinc-tion. (2) To the extent that an obligation of a party involves a duty of best efforts in the performance of an activ-ity. Obligación. Obligación estrictamente personal. that partyas bound to make such efforts as would be made by a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances. art. art. Duty of best efforts. The parties may provide that the failure of the obligor to perform one or more Ítems shall allow the obligee to demand the imme-diate performance of all the remaining items. art. art. Obligations are extinguished: By their payment or fulfillment. The obligations to give specified things and all those which are not capable of partial fulfillments shall be considered as indivisible. An obligation is heritable when its performance may be enforced by a successor of the obligee or against a successor of the obligor. Divisible and indivisible obligation. 2) Enforce performanc by causing it to be rendered by another at the obligor's expense. 88 PRR483 (1963)). (Lou. C. (Lou. each item is regarded as the object of a sepárate obligation. 1756). (Sp. Civ. 1757). Obligation. doing. 5. that party is bound to achieve that result. A heritable obligation is also transferable between living persons. Obligación de pagar el precio. (Lou. Obligation. the management of the affairs of another. An obligation is conjunctive when it binds the obligor to multiple Ítems of performance that may be separately rendered or enforced. (Lou. 1758). or not doing something. All obligations to perform personal services are presumed to be strictly personal on the part of the obligor. By compensation. regardless of a declaration of will. Civ. sec. C. in instances such as wrongful acts. definición. (Lou. (Lou. An obligation is a legal relationship whereby a person. C. unjust enrichment and other acts or facts. When the performance requires the special skill or qualification of the obligor. They also arise directly from the law. The obligations of doing shall be divisible when their pur-pose is the prestation of a number of days of work. By the merging of the rights of the creditors and debtor. By the remission of the debt. Obligación. By the loss of the thing due. C. v. the obligation is presumed to be strictly personal on the part of the obligor. Obligations arise from contracts and other declarations of will.. C. called the obligor. called the obligee. 1766). fuentes. Performance may consist of giving. C. Civ. 1765). Obligación hereditable. 1807). Obligation. extinción. Obligation to pay the price. except when the contrary results from the terms or from the nature of the contract. (Lou. Civ. or other similar things which 196 . (Waterman Export Corp. art. Obligation. Obligación divisible. 1124). 3) Recover damages for the obligor's failure to perform. Bynovation. Civ. Strictly personal obligation. (Unidroit. unless oth-erwise agreed upon. without a special provision to that effect. and he may liberate himself of the real obligation by abandoning the thing. Civ. 3) By subrogating a third person in the rights of the creditor. the obligation may be several. efectos. (Lou. the obligation is several for the obligors. effects. (Lou. 1761). C. 2) When an obligation has been incurred by a person who. the real obligation attaches to the immovable. when an immovable is burdened with a predial servitude. the obligation is several for the obligees. Obligación real. A real obligation is a duty correlative and incidental to a real right. Civ. If the creditor to whom the tender of payment has been made should refuse to accept it. or binds one obligor to more than one obligee. Obligación natural. without reason. Civ. Obligación. Civ. C. Obligation not subject and subject to a condition. Civ. Obligación ofrecimiento de pago y consignación. when a movable is subject to a usufruct.Obligación solidaria obligacion indivisible. Real obligation. C. 1787). Because a real obligation is a duty incidental and correlative to a real right. art. (Lou. Demand liability. C. art. Obligación mancomunada. Solidary obligation. Real obligation. Obligación mancomunada. Civ. Obligación real. Several joint and solidary obli-gation. When each of different obligors owes a separate performance to one obligee. Civ. Lou. An obligation is solidary for the obligees when 197 . Obligation. 1763 and note). Obligación o derechos no inscribible. (Lou. whatever has been freely performed in com- pliance with a natural obligation may not be reclaimed. 2) By substituting the person of the debtor. 1786). 1080. the debtor shall remain released from all liabil-ityby the consignation of the thing due. art. But a particular successor is not personally bound. 3) When the universal successors are not bound by a civil obligation to execute the donations and other dispositions made by a deceased per-son that are nuil for want of form. When one obligor owes a separate performance to each of different obligees. (Sp. Obligación solidaria. Civ. (Lou. a real obligation may attach either to a movable or an immovable. Natural obligation. Indivisible obliga n obligation is indivisible when the tion if the performance. and because such a right may apply to both mov-ables and immovables. Natural obligation. 1144). shall be immedi-ately demandable. Examples of circumstances giving rise to a natural obligation are: 1) When a civil obligation has been extinguished by pre-scription or discharged in bankruptcy. Every obligation. A real obligation attaches to a thing. (Sp. or solidary. sec. C. (Louisiana. modificación. sec. effects. C. A real obligation is transferred to the universal or particular successor who acquires the movable or immovable thing to which the obligation is attached. Obligación pagadera a la vista. A natural obligation is not enforceable by judicial action. tender of payment and consignation. although endowed with dis-cernment. Obligación natural. is not susceptible of division. A natural obligation arises from circum-stances in which the law implies a particular moral duty to render a performance. 1171. C. Civ. art. unless he assumes the personal obligations of his transferor with respect to the thing. 1764). unknown to the parties in interest. art. Obligation or rights nor recordable. Obligation. or binds more than one obligor to more than one obligee. sec. Obligations may be modified: 1) By the change of their object or principal conditions. art. mod-ification. C. conjunta y solidaria. because of its nature or because of the intent of the parties. Civ. (Sp. Nevertheless. efectos.1172). the real obligation attaches to the movable. 1760 and 1762). C. 1081). When an obligation binds more than one obligor to one obligee. Obligación simple y condicional. lacks legal capacity. the fulfillment of which should not depend upon a future or uncer-tain event or upon a past event. For example. 1815). Several obliga-ion. art. C. joint. A several obligation produces the same effects as a separate obligation owed to each obligee by an obligor or bv each obligor to an obligee. 2). 5. E bridges and highways. to build a wall. Obligee. art. Obligations to give a certain thing. Fraudulent concealment. C. for the judge as much as for the parties. such i as roads. To comply. Obligaciones de hacer. Obligar. Procedural rules are a matter of strong public policy and. Attainment. The exception to these principies are those rules that. término para el cumplimiento it gives each obligee the right to demand the whole performance from the common obligor. corpse. Obtemperar. forcé. comPul sory. (Sp.Obligación. Obligations to refrain from doing something. Gift. Obra. Civ. binding. It is also uncertain when it is not determinable. and abandoned property. pornoeraphy. Obscene. Obrar en juicio. work product. art. consequently. Work. hiding. Obrero. The option pertains to the debtor unless it has been expressly granted the creditor. Obsession. (d) reasonableness. C. Obligations to per-form a certain act. are of an optional nature. To be in the record. Murdered. Obligante.. (c) good faith and fair dealing. Retention. (Unidroit. Obligaciones de dar.. Obrar. término para el cumplimiento. 1099). From time to time. Obligado de regreso. An obligation is solidary for the obligors when each obligor is Hable for the whole performance. Idleness. (Lou. To comply. indecency. (b) practices established between the parties and usages. present. Implied obligations stem from (a) the nature and purpose of the contract. Ocultamiento. which have no own-ers. as well as for third parties. etc. debtor. To coerce. Things are acquired by retention which can be appropriated by reason of their nature. behave. To act. Obligado. Lascivious lecherous. such as animáis which are the object of hunting and fishing. in which case the obligation must be per-formed within a reasonable time. Hable party. Work by piece. Civ. To render unnecessary. art. P. One of the attributes of the law Obligatorio. A term for the performance of an obligation is a period of time either certain or uncer-tain. Public works. fixation. workman Obscenidad. Obsesión. sec. Concealment. Implied obligations. term for performance. Obligatoriedad. constrain. 1098. C. Obra en juicio. Obsequio. Obligor. removal. Obras Públicas. A person who is alternatively obliged to make different prestations must fully comply with one of them. Obtención. A performance ren-dered by one of the solidary obligors relieves the others of liability toward the obligee. 617). of Civ. To be party to a lawsuit. C. Occiso. Ocultamiento doloso. indecent. although procedural. completely mandatory. because they refer to prívate inter-ests of the parties. Civ. libidinous. Concealment. Obligatory. including money. Obligaciones de no hacer. To notice. employer. Ocasional. Ocupación. A creditor can not be compelled to receive a part of one and a part of another. Obligaciones implícitas. donation. creditor. require. (Lou. compel. Obscenity. Ocultación. Civ.) Observar. mania. to paint a picture. Condition of being mand tory. jobber. hidden treasure. 1790 and 1794). Obligaciones alternativas. Obligation. C. opérate. Obsceno. It is uncer-tain when it is not fixed but is determinable either by the intent of the parties or by the occurrence of a future and certain event. Worker.R. Obligación. Ociosidad. Observancia de normas procesales. Obstruction. Obviar. Occasional. Endorser of a com-mercial paper liable for payment. Prin. It is certain when it is fixed. Observance of procedural ruéis. 5. Obstrucción. for instance. (C. art. 1778 and 1777). mandatory. lustful. Erotic. Is included in the records Obra por pieza. sec. Alternative obli-gations. (Sp. 198 . . tenancy. bid. wrongdoer. tender. Oferta revocable. An offer not irrevocable may be revoked before it is accepted. bidder. tender. (Sp. Onomástico. Offered. 2. Oficial jurídico. Oficialismo. negligence. Offender. incident. Opción de compra. Victim. Offeror. Law clerk. overlook. Nameday. affront. 1928 and 1929). Ojear. as the case may require. very similar to the contract of unilateral promise of accepted sale which is dis- 199 . Job. art. quatter. inhabitant. Ofrecimiento de pago. 187). submit. L. To legalize. trespass. Ofendido.Occupancy. Occupier. perfume. Judicial request. hand written. Option. Offer. proposal. Oficialista. To occupy. An irrevocable offer expires if not accepted within the time prescribed in the preceding Article. Ocurrir. Insult. Law firm. A revocable offer expires if not accepted within a reasonable time. Odor. quote. When judges or courts are obliged to direct requests to authorities or officials of another department. Prin. surge. Upon the recommendation of the district attorney. To occur. To offer. Oferente. affront. Option of purchase is a contract sui generis having its own substantivity and defined contours. aggravate. C. clerk. apropiación. Ocurrencia. Occupancy. Posession. Offer. 3412 and notes). To offer. Offended. Oficialmente. Revocable offer. 1930 and 1931). Ofrecer. art. Oficioso. Onerous. Oficial de sala. Exception. scent. judge. Wave. art. Onirismo. To employ. tenant. Civ.. To accept publicly. Ofrecido. (Unidroit. Omission. they shall do so by official Communications or state-ments. bureau. Oneroso. bid. Occupancy is the taking of pos-• on of a corporeal movable that does not long to anyone. reject. Oficio. Official. To perform a certain roll. Lyricism. Omisión. Offeror. Oficializar. R. Official of the chamber. Ocupante. Oído el fiscal. insult. submit.2). ofensor. inhabit. Oligofrenia. Opción. ofertante. To possess. formal. officer. art. dili-gent. To officiate. Office. happening. Holograph. Ojos. To pursue a way of appeal. trade. Omitir. Oferta irrevocable. (Lou. Official. smell. To heed. Crime. Oír. Oferta. Ofrecedor. Oficiar. art. Ofender. Ológrafo. Abuse. career. To hear. exclusión. reside. Oligophrenia. official. Inva-sion. that requires payment. Assiduous. happen. event. C. propose. bid. C. squat. quote. neglect. To act in a certain capacity. Occupation. listen. ap-propriation. Oidor. residence. A proposal for concluding a contract constitutes an offer if it is suffi-ciently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of accep-tance. Irrevocable offer. Ofensa. Civ.To forget. (lou. Ofendedor. oversight. To exelude. Civ. Oferta de prueba. Officious. Ocupar. Oficina. To infringe. Auditor. governmental. Onerosidad. trespasser. Aroma. To examine casually. tort. Crim. alternative.Opción de compra Occupation. propose. To omit. (Lou. Follower of the party presently in power. Disregard. saint's day. Olor. Tender of payment. Officialism. transgression. Option of purchase. Ocupacion. Occurrence. Ofertar. Eyes. Control. Business. Offense. Offer of proof. Ola. violate. The occupant acquires irnership the moment he takes possession. choice. infraction. An offer that specifies a period of time for acceptance is irrevocable during that time. To peruse. submission. To offend. Oficial. tender. For value. Officially. mandate. Operación. Optional. Placing in a proper order. Transaction. speaker. The functions of the OAS. As a consequence courts have wide discretion to determine whether or not an agreement is unenforceable for violation of public order. Exchange transaction. resis-tance. Surgery. Entrance into priesthood. Oponible. Cash transaction. Orden de entredicho. body. Ordenador de datos. Counterpart. Ex parte temporas Operación al contado. trial by combat. Legal system. To raise. spoken. enemy. Orador. Belief. Parol. OEA. Ordenar se abstenga. Organization. Person who prays. Antagonism. are: (a) To strengthen the peace and security of the continent. Ordenación. Ordalía. sequence. censure. Orden público. opponent. Ordenanza. Optional. rule. as defined in Article 2 of the Revised Charter. Organism. Orator. Orden. object.1). Prin. art. Verbosity. law legislation. vocal. To do business. Decree. verbal. Opponent. common. Lecturer. In Spanish th term is much stronger than its English ver sion. 86 PRR498 (162)). Orden de allanamiento o registro. Oprobio. Ordinario.Opción para anticipar a discreción tinguished only by the requirement of the premium or price which may be stipulated in the latter by the acquisition of the right to choose within a certain period between the execution or withdrawal of the proposed sale. Opinión. Oponer. To protest. routine. Opponent. Ordinary. Oral. To work. Oportunidad de cumplimiento. decree.. (Barrios-Mannucci). (c) in any other case. Computer. Opinion. The approach in determining public order issues has been aposteriori rather than a priori. Arrest warrant. Opción para anticipar a discreción. This discretion is even broader if we note the precedents have no binding value for Civil Law. talker. group. Latin American Civil Codes do not define the concept of public order apart from mak-ing clear the private agreement cannot derógate from laws which are a matter of public order. manage. Public policy is usually used to denote a sense of urgency that allows for actions that ordinarily would not be permissible Public policy.1. ruling. Public policy. To operate. justifies retroac-tivity of the law. To oppose. (Unidroit. Oral. To order. To enjoin. Option to accelerate at will. To handle. regulation. Oponente. Worker who performs routines. at any time within that period unless circumstances indicate that the other party is to choose a time. (Pérez v. Opositor. use. Oportunidad. (b) To prevent possible causes of difficulties and to ensure the pacific settle-ment of disputes that may arise among the Member States. behave. Organización. Sanpedro. idea. objected or opposed. Ordeal. oponerse. view. Oralidad. Orden de arresto. Organization of American States. adversary. Sea warrant. Rhetorician. 200 restraining order. To command. at that time. Operar. Orality. writ. within a reason-able time after the conclusion of the contract. Memorandum. Ordenar. Enemy. Time of performance. adversary. That can be raised. enemy. Oposición. comrnand directive. Optativo. System. for instance. Order. Opprobrium. A party must perform its obli-gations: (a) if a time is fixed by or deter-minable from the contract. ruling. (b) if a period of time is fixed by or deter-minable from the contract. Operation. association. competitor. To take exception. Opposition. Opportunity. occasion. 6. voluntary. Order of the day. Operario. elective. Ordinance. OAS. chance. Organización de Estados Americanos. Opcional. (c) To provide for common action on the part of those States in the . perform. challenge. To act. standard. Organismo. Operación de bolsa. Orden del día. Ordenamiento. edict. N. inventive. apparent. Dependency. promotor. root. one who does not take credit. Ortografía. Urine. Otorgar.. in writing. Auditing student. authorization. Orthographic. Grant. otorgante. First. Spelling. Original. Otorgamiento. Natural or native of. execute.O. their eco-mic. Orientation. UnitedNations Organization. Originario. source. Orientación. Added paragraph(s) at the end of a motion. Organ.Oyente even for aggression. juridical and economic prob-lems that may arise among them and (e) To mote. Organizador. U. forerunner. To sign. Oro. Ingenious. Otrosí. Organización de las Naciones Unidas. maker. Ostensible. grant. Original. Orina. (d) To seek the solution of political. sense. conveyor. Organizer. Explanation. To organize.N. organo. Authentic. convey. From a certain origin. Origen. organism. instrumentality. Origin. related to spelling. Obligor. grantor. Oyente. precursor. Furthermore. create. social and cultural development(L&D in LA). settle. Otorgador. genuine. otrosí digo. Gold. U. Ortográfico. by cooperative action. genesis. set up. incorporator. seeming. Briefing. To concede. Ostensible. direction. Organizar. trend. 201 . Paliza. sec 1143). Pagadero a la orden. accord. (Sp. Country. inventor. Mansion. dis-bursed. expended. ancestor. Godfather. contract. Pacotilla. about measures political taken by the authorities without consulting with the people. 1139). ment by cheque or other instrument. payment may be made by a transfer to any of the financial institutions in which the obligee has made it known that it has an account. Word. Unless the obligee has indicated a particular account. bric-a-brac. defray. Stepfather. Pacto de recompra. To pay. Payment. Paliar. settle. castle. revenue. Paga doble. Padrino. It is used. art. Palaciego. striking. Contingency fee. Prin. To contract. 202 . or the prestation of which the obligation consisted has been made (Sn Civ. reward. Civ. C. País. treaty. payment. Top part of a ship. Pagable. Palacio. 1125. Defeat. easy to prove. Law courts. understanding. Double wages. Payable to order. progenitor. Voting list. Agreed. Pactar. republic. Pactante. forefather. rod. Lump sum.. Non-aggression treaty. Pagadero. Pacto de cuota litis. Father-in-law. clear. Payable on demand. ar-rangement. Pago a su debido tiempo. Pagaré a la orden. Repurchase agreement. utterance. bind oneself. Pagar. kingdom. Pagadero al portador. wages.1. at such a place. Note made to order. compensation. Profit. compensated. Payable to bearer. vengeance. Party who agrees or contracts. Pact. Pagaré hipotecario. Father. Pertaining to a palace or govern-ment house. defrayed. earning. banner. Payment by assignment of property. Payment by funds transfer. Padrastro. state. Pago. This assignment releases the former from liability only to the net amount of the property assigned. Assurance. compensate. agreement. Palacio de justicia. junk. salary. Pago en cesión de bienes. Pago de obligaciones. compact. 6. remuneration. settle-ment. sec. Payable on such a time. Obvious.p P. compromise. concurred. Palliative. To alleviate or to palliate. Note. Padrón. Knocking. Palo. Paid. Pagaré. Party who pays. Payment of obliga-tions. unless there is an agreement to the contrary.p. pole. Pagado. Pago global. A debt shall not be considered as paid until the full amount of the thing has been delivered. honor.8). Pactado. Payable. In representation of. Pacto. Paga. accorded. Stick. Pabellón. Palabras y frases técnicas. promise. Author. The debtor may assign his property to creditors in payment of his debts. trinket. nation. return. Bauble. Pago mediante transferencia de fondos. Pay. (Unidroit. promissory note. Palmario. Padre político. terms of art. convention. Beating. Mortgage note. ensign. covenant. Pagadero a la vista. deal. agree. Revenge. 1126. compensation. Flag. Paliativo. C. Palace. setback. Pacto de no agresión. bargain. Pagador. Payrm e nt in due Pay- Pago con cheque u otro instrumento. despectively. dis-burse. Padre. Technical terms and phrases. Palabra. Parricida. Párrafo. Parte. Ballot. Paragraph. pack of criminais or hooligans. kin. correspondence. brochure. papel sellado. C.294). To divide the land into regular plots following administrative guidelines. Para mejor proveer. supposition.295).293). Paranoia. lot. Parada o partidor. (Mex. 203 pan y agua. Parricide. Parcelar. Money. C. Paraje. Paralización del proceso. semi-private. relative. Parentesco civil. Pared divisoria. (Mex. Couple. ancestry. Parentesco por consanguinidad. twosome. Tract of land. 889. Pared. Relationship. between the husband's and the wife's relatives. Civ.B. pandilla. In part only. Adverse party.). papel moneda. Panorama. entered on a basis of equality. Wall. lineage. Party. pair. litigant. Paralegal. Civ. customer. Division of land into regular plots. Parentesco por afinidad. Stay of proceed-ings for an indefinite time. Personal identification. Paritario. Kinship by consanguin-ity is the one that exists between persons that descend from the same ancestor. Paper. Kinship by affinity is the one that exists by marriage. Parade. To stop. party wall. Rural countryside. Kinship by affinity.Parte contraria Parecer. prejudiced. Parroquia. Kinship by consanguinity. Stop lock or sluice gate. Bread and water. papeleta. Parricide. Pariente. Parte contraria. congressional. Member of a gang. handout. march. Semi-official. C. Aggrieved party. Legal kinship. Parentesco. Parüamentary. view. Parar. Dividing wall. Biased. Partial. Small church. Civ. Area. Paro. Par. Bureaucracy. handbill. person who murders his father. papel. Paradero. couple. bilis. Bias. Panfleto. Parricidio. A series of degrees forms the line. Pareja. Pamphlet. Done unofficially by the police or other groups. Partiality. Parroquiano. Part. 890). Paranoia. Related to agreements between employers and unions. Parliament. Strike. Pair. Civ. obstacle. Parity. papeleo. Parcialidad. Patron. C. Flier. panel. Panel. Affinity. which may be direct or collateral. document. portion. Gang. regular. incomplete. equivalence. Parte acomodante. Opinion. Not illegal but in a gray area. underemployment. Parcelación. pandillero. (Mex. art. symmetry. legal tender. Each generation forms one degree. industrial action (G. Papeles. Documents. prevent. Whereabouts. Literally it means "to render a better decision. jury. Parcial. Legal kinship results from adoption and only exists between adapting parent and adopted child. Accommodation party. Paralegal. Parlamento. legislative power. (Sp. Parte agraviada. Stop. view. Unem-ployment. and the wife's and the husband's relatives. stoppage. red tape. Incompleteness. Booklet. kinship. The near-ness of relationship is determined by the number of generations. client. Paridad." Parada. murder of one's father. To place upright. landscape. art. family. Stamped paper. committee. Partner in a marriage or common-law marriage. Paraestatal. destination. band. . Parapolicial. board. Parcela. art. relationship. Order from the court requesting additional evidence.sec. pro-cession. group. Parlamentario. belief. Relation. supporter. Partidario. Passport. Interest. Co-author. Participation. Passenger. Birth certifícate. articled clerk (G. Partes con un interés similar. Pasar.. license. Passive. Pasaporte. or in designating the property that shall compose their respective lots. Patentable. Co-authorship. Hereditary partition. exodus. Participación en las ganancias. Pasante. Partible. A patent. Parental authority. defeated party. (Lou. C. delivery. obligation Inactive. These partitions may be made by act Inter vivos or by testament. Person who transports other things between two points. (Sp. Parte vencida. placid. Fathers and mothers and other ascendant may make a distribution and partition of their property among their children and legitímate descendants. To convey. Paternidad. Assortment. Patent. grass. Birth. Participación. whatever jurisdic-tion he be subject to. permission Pasividad. Partido. Participant. To notify. Parted. Parties aligned on the same side. Paternalismo. (Gonzalez Chemical v. Meadow. Partición. 204 Partir. liability. Particular. Division. Pasajero. partícipe. sell. Clerkship in a law firm. fatherly. Paternity. Patentatario. take part. shall be subject for all purposes of the action instituted by him to the judge of examination or court having jurisdiction of the crime which is the subject matter of the complaint. path. exit. Person who apportions or divides. Patria potestad. Private. Sec. Patente de navegación. Patíbulo. follower. of the Treas. To share. license. distribution. Pasavante. Patentizar. either by designa-tion the quantum of the parts and partitions (portion) which they assign to each of them. inactiveness. Patentar. exiti. Pasivo. Political party.leave Parto. Paso. art. Navigation certifícate. To particípate. way. Patentable. Partición hereditaria. separation. Real party in interest. 274). To patent. To explain completely. Losing party. Moving party. to render obvious. Partisan. Departure. divisible. is an exclusive right or privilege-monopoly— created under the protection of the law and it has the attributes of personal property. Partition. Parte solicitante. L. Speed. divide. forage. Parties to an action. Related to patents and inven-tions. R. To prove beyond any doubt. Crim. Share of profits. Pase. copyright. To partition. Partida de nacimiento. The private complainant. w-derer. Patented. stockade. Private complainant. Pasador. To apportion distribute. Partija. Pasture. Commission. Participar. lot. Special. The patria potestas over the legitímate children . To pass. trademark. Permit used in custorns. separable. Passage. To enter. Partida. (L & Din LA). adherent. Paterno. movant. Particularizar. Pass. To cali the roll. share of profits. Civ. in general terms. Paternal. traveler. Letter of marque. Particular querellante. To go into detail.B. grouping. Passivity. Participante. Patente de corso. Partidor. sec. Charter. Law clerk. Scaffold. To depart. The paternalism which stemmed from the Iberian monar-chies and the extended patriarchal family still permeates Latin American society. fatherhood. sympathizer. franchise. batch.) Pasantía. License píate. voyager. Partes en un pleito. Pastura. permit. That can be divided. Patente. 86 PRR67(1962)). Paternalism. concession. 1724 and 1725). Debt. Particular. split. Pasar lista. authorization. Patentado.Parte interesada propiamente dicha Parte interesada propiamente dicha. sec. Pena capital. Death penalty. Pederasta. Pecuniario. specialist in criminal law. solicitation. Toll. Pena pecuniaria. Fight. Related to cattle. Life sentence. (Mex. Request. street. boss. Sup-plementary punishments: Total or partial dis-qualification. empleador. cor-rection. patrón.. armistice. Threatening. Where the court orders a party to perform. 7. Peligro. Fine. (Mex. Employer. Pelotera. Pelea. patnmomal.Pendencia Pedido. Pecuniary. criminal. Suspended sentence. Patrimonio familiar. 205 . represen-tative. Embezzlement. To castígate. walker. Jail term over a certain minimum time. castigation. Association. plea. Pena de cadena perpetua. Patrol. Penalizar. Penalista. harmony. truce. for Latin America. taking into account the extent of the harm of danger caused. Corporal punishment. Patronato. net worth. mateo to money. related to money. Patrulla. Patrón de buque. classification. Labor Law). Family patrimony is: |. perilous. patrón. cease fire. The only punishments that can be imposed for a crime are the following: Principal punishments: Imprisonment and fine. Capital. The employer is the individual or legal entity which employs the services of one or more employees. Employer. Article 11). Patrimony. (Unidroit. assets and liabilities net worth. Penal. Civ. Penalty. Jail term. threat. jeopardy. criterios de regulación. convict. 42). penitentiary. watch. Pecuario. for Latin America. Pendencia. Pedir. (FLL.723). guard. Prin. Peligroso. Pederasty. sentence. usually for charity. art. Board of trastees. petition. Patrimonio. (Standard Penal C. Peculado. economic. sup-plicate. jail. Peculio. captive. to discipline. Fight. Par. Pavimento. Pederastía. Iraportant factor or element to be con-sidered. Prisoner. punitive. penalize. Sentence ordering the payment of a sum of money. punishment. behest. patrono. disciplinary action. To condemn. pervert. patrimonial. Pena aflictiva. penar. Danger. representante. To request. Penado. Attenuated sentence. tranquil-ity. it may also direct that this party pay a penalty if it does not comply with the order. penalidad. Pena privativa de la libertad. Pederast. Favor. and other individuais who perform functions of direction or administration in the enterprise or estab-lishment. Pena judicial. Penas. offense. Dangerous. retribution. Penalizador. Pedestrian. in some cases a parcel of agricultural [and. enforcer of discipline. Master of vessel. penal colony. Employer. clasificación. manager. The family residence. tumult. quarrel. requirement. pray. Pena atenuada. Pauta. Penalizing. Penalist. Patrimonial. Prison. road. Pena. art. vice. Peatón. risky. cri-teria to fix it. Immorality. Sin. Pendency. Peace. strife. Pecado. Penalty. The court will fix the sentence within the limits provided for each crime. seek. Pena suspendida. penance. Pena.4). sec. adminis-trators. Calm.2. administration. (Standard Penal C. application. struggle. 73). Peaje. hazard. C. Penalties. This refers to the directors. unsafe. ask. require. Patrón. Penal. managers. misappropriation of funds. risk. 11. Judicial penalty. sentry. supervisor. ) Pérdida de la cosa debida. final. absolve. retirement. lapse. Related to administrative aspects of prisons. scroll. stage. criminology. Perfection. 238. To perish. Peremption is a period of time fixed by law for the existence of a right. To pardon. Condonation by the victim. Pérdida total de un vehículo. Perjuicio. consisting in the deliv-ery of a specified thing. be defeated. (Panamanian Judicial Code. 206 Perdón. Lodger. Pardon. When the case. due and owning. Período. Aggrieved. retire. Perfect. hurt. Oid document. Completely binding. Perder. injure. Perito. Conscious. To pension. To mislay. forgive. expertise. Forfeiture. .101. Pensionista. (Lou. Damages. Penititenciario. jail. Loss of the thing due. (Sta dard Penal C. duration. Total loss of a vehicle. annuity. Ability. Era. C. Beating. defeated party. distress. charging. To lapse. To damage. Perimir. Knowledge. by the senses. absolution. destruction. term. loss. Civ. Pension. Pensión alimenticia. To lose. Formalization. To prejudice. expert witness. Percepción. reduced. premeditated. (Sp. remit Perecer. To improve. Unless timely exercised. Loser. removal of parental rights and duties. subsidy. Pericial. Party who suffers damages. laches. Pensión. Perjudicado. To comply with all formalities. Expert. Período de veda. Expert testimony. penal colony. Rural. die. Perjudicar. unsettled. Alimony. Civ. Pensioner. Pending. injury. Pérdida de la patria potestad. Victim. Plaintiff.1150). Periodicidad. succumb. manual or unskilled worker. skill. Cognizable. the right is extinguished upon the expiration of the preemptive period. Perfeccionamiento. minute. Person with a specialized area of knowledge. Pericia. penalty. Peón. Diploma. Pérdida de competencia. Papyrus. Dismissal for lack of prosecution.Pendiente Pendiente. Perceptible a los sentidos. Loss of jurisdiction. recourse or commission reaches an end. Perdonar. leniend remission. parchment. Penología. sec. Peritaje. Perfecto. shall be extin-guished when said thing should be lost or destroyed without fault of the debtor and before he should be in default. Perentorio. Expertise. expiration. Perfidy. Period. Profits lost. Injured. to become time barred. Perfeccionar. Pensado. sec. art. Termination of the parent-child relationship. perceptible. Pain. To fall. 3458) Lapsing. impairment. Pensionado. Jurisdiction is lost in a specific case: a. When it is decided that the case belongs to another court. Peremptory. and b. amnesty clem-ency. support. The condonation of the victim in case of incapacity of his/her legal renr sentative—extinguishes the penal action crimes prosecuted by privare action. time. Peninsular. Peremption. Closed season. suffering. Perención. An obligation. Perdedor. Loss. harm. Phase. Person who receives an annuity or other regular income. unpaid. prison. Cooling period. Alimony. understanding. Perception. to expire. grace. for Latin America. mercy. Perceiving. pocketing. Penology. epoch. gains prevented. Peninsular. offended. To perfect. Formal establishment of a right. Pensionar. art. conclusive. Perdón del ofendido. Perfidia. Perfección. Relating to an expertise. aforethought. defeat. forgiveness. outstanding. Periodicity. C. Prejudice. Penuria. party. Pensioned. Damages. Penitentiary. interval. Período de enfriamiento. Pequeño. Pérdida. prescription statute of limitations. Pergamino. Small. procedural step. Penintenciaría. Permisivo. Perseguir. Personas jurídicas. To persecute. liberal toler-ant. 24 and note). (Hernandez v. authorize. To perpetrate. lenient. Commercial exchange. Permission. Simulated person interposed. consenting. Assenting. Perpetuidad. Permissible. Personas jurídicas públicas y privadas. Parolee. Persona incierta. Sec. Unknown person. Exchange is a con-tract by which each of the contracting par-ties binds himself to give a thing in order to receive another. tenancy. Artificial persons may acquire and possess property of al kinds and also contract obli-gations and institute civil and criminal actions. op-pression. Persons. (Xou. special. To claim a right. in accordance with the law and reg-ulation of their establish ent. permit. Rights and liabilities of natural and juridical persons. Persecution. Public and prívate juridical persons. To permit. possession. Damaging. Perpetuo. authorization. Persistir. Civ. C. Civil associations or mercantile compa-nies. reconocimiento. Legal entities. 27-28). Personalidad civil. Personalidad jurídica. To spend the night. Only human beings may be natural persons. Perjuro Periury. 24. Civ. Permitif. Birth determines civil personality and capacity. In the field of contracts a contractual intermediary is designated as real person interposed. Perpetrador. art. Legal enti-ties are: The Nation. Personas morales. arts. Perpetrator. Personalidad. Civ. To persist. To lie under oath. Civil personality. private. The remaining public corporations rec-ognized by law. Person. persevere. Persecución. Persona. Personal. Perpetual. art. of the Trea-sury. (Bustamante C. 32). Exchange. allowable. Civ. To perjure. Real person inter-posed.Personas morales Perjuicioso.86 PRR12(1962)). Civil personality. Civil personality and capacity. Perpetuación. C. 30). a prívate person is governed by rules of prívate law. sec. recognicion. tyranny. Occupancy. Particular. the states. To follow. C. barter. individual. Permuta mercantil. tolerate. juridical persons are classified either as prívate persons or public persons. A juridical person is an entity to which the law attributes personality. Juridical person. insist. extinción. establishing the juridical relationship in his own name. went the latter intervenes in the contract as actual contracting party. occupation. sec. Permissive. Perpetuity. permuta. A child shall be considered as born when completely separated from his mother's womb. woman. Persona interpuesta simulada. Harassment. man. A public person is governed by rules of public law. Permanencia. persons are divided into natural persons and juridical persons. Juris-tic persons. C. (Lou. individual. To continue. 25). 24 and note). and the munici-palities. such as a Corporation or a partnership. injurious. The capacity of individual persons is governed by the personal law. According to civilian doctrine. (Bustamante C. Pernoctar. (Sp. The concept and recognition of juristic persons shall be governed by the territorial law. extinction. Civ. Personas jurídicas. Personal. 207 . Perpetuation. falsehood prevarication. art. Fa-mous person. Personalidad civil. Persona en libertad condicional. citizen. allow. C. Perpetrar. Fact of remaining somewhere. According to the Romanist tradition. permisión permiso. to commit an act. A conscious lie under oath. To turn a blind eye. Juridical person. A natural person is a human being. testaferro. Persona interpuesta real. barter. carry on. name lender. Permisible. wasteful. sec. 1441). lawful. Personalty. (Sp. Personas. (Sp. Perjurar. Picket. plunder. Petición peticionario. Other associations not mentioned above that have political. Control of an aircraft vessel. To calculate. loot. counterfeiter. recreation. 208 Pignoración. track. Pertenencia. Footprint. Pertenencias. Perversity. Pertrecho. Pistola. Capacity to exercise a right. concern. Petición. Evidence offered. possible. (Mex. pirating. Nuisance. Relevance. To assess. Pirata. move. To petition. trail. Chicanery. deception. ap-purtenances. Pignoraticio. Criminal investigator. professional associations. (Lou. Cash. Pillage. Pieza. Related to a pledge. corsair. Personero. Picota. plunder. Standing. Piracy. Wrongdoer. Subject to being pledged. Prayer for relief. To plagiarize. C. X-ray. Foreign prívate entities. plaintiff. as long as they are allowed by law. relator. privateer Bootlegger. burden. Pesquisa. Ambulance chaser. Peticionar. movant. sleuth. steal an intellectual product. Certain number of pages in the record. pertinence. Plausible. Pledge. Pesquisante. Peso. Criminal investigation. Picardía. License píate. assets. Pillory. To pledge.25). pawn. Plausible. sack Pihuelo. Plazo adicional para el cumplimiento. Piquete. Right to particípate in a legal case. propri-etorship. trickery. system. Plagiarism. representative. To appertain. form. Planificación. Pistolero. motion.Personería The unions. Pesar. ownership. Pesca. period. Pilotaje. Pyromania. Plantear. Pillaje. To pillage. Piratear. Pirate. credible. C. buccaneer. art. Pilotage. Belongings. To raise and issue or objection. money. Cooperative and mutual associations. scientific. lead. Pignorar. Imprint. applicant. detective. perversión. Return. Pyromaniac. apply. robber. Plagiarist. Plagio. Piromancia. Claim. relevant. raid. material. Copyright violation. Term. relevancy. tracks. Planilla. To pirate. Market. To demand. request. dis-traction. Área. Stores. formation of demonstrators Piquete de huelga. To weigh. Playa. loot. possessions. or any other legal end. infringement. model. Picapleitos. perturbation. disruption. Whistle. Personería. lift. Perturbador. Pirómano. Gángster. onus. sackine Pillar. Hooligan. Plazo. Pyramid. chattels given as secn rity of a debt. 451). Signal. Piromanía. . siren. Room. Park. chart. Pirámide. plannification. Additional period for performance. Order. Pignorable. Pista. Perturbación. Weight. Disturbance. Pito. Time or date when an obligation becomes due. Petitioner. Pertinent. Perversidad. Strike picket. materiality. shyster. Pistol. Civ. stockade. Pisada. believable. Seashore. Placa. interference. Nuisance. Plaza. Pertenecer. Pertinente. To bootleg Piratería. Píate. Pertinencia. petition. artistic. depra-vation. holdings. Silver. Plagiar. duplicity. Piece. Application. Agent. Plagiario. gun. Fishing. Belonging. trespass. intrusion. Accessories. To breach copyright laws. Duration. petty thief. raid. Planning. adornments. claim. Petitorio. Clue. Plata. Seashore is the space of land over which the waters of the sea spread in the highest tide during the winter season. Civ. art. To throw an idea. Pobreza. omnipotence. Poder. Plus. strength. Pliego. Plurality. on Power of Att. (Panamanian Judicial Code. Pliego de posiciones. The terms indicated for the completion of procedural acts are strict and not subject to be extended.. publicidad. Poverty. Escrow. police force. Power of attorney. aceptación. Agency. (2) During the additional period the aggrieved party may withhold performance of its own reciprocal obliga-tions and may claim damages but may not resort to any other remedy. (Conv. arts. Podrá. translation. Principal. art.. Attorney-in-fact. To take to court. Dispute. Constabulary. poten-tial. art. Poder de representación. Judicial police.. Plenipotentiary. The agent need not state his acceptance in the instru-ment itself for the power of attorney to be valid.. referendum. Written interrogatory. art. The for-malities and solemnities to be observed in giving a power of attorney to be used abroad shall be governed by the law of the place in which it was given unless the principal chooses to submit to the law of the State in which the power of attorney is to be used. paucity. when the principal aim or purpose of the statute is that the thing permitted be done. This acceptance shall result from the use of the power of attorney. Inherent agency power. on Power of Att. Plutocracia.) Plebiscito. party to a case. Plica. Poliandra. Majority. abroad. May.Policía judicial (1) in case of nonperformance the aggrieved party may by notice to the other rtv allow an additional period of time for performance. 4). bonus. Plural. Plenary. authority. Power of attorney. pleitear. Inc. (Conv. Policía judicial. Advantage. 11). Action claiming more than what is reasonable. orden público. The require-ments with respect to publicity pertaining to a power of attorney shall be governed by the law of the State in which it is to be used. Poder de representación. Power of attorney. Great wealth. Holding more than one job per person. 12). Poderío. Powers of attorney granted in a language different from the official language of the State in which they are to be used shall be translated into that official language. Pluvioso. disagreement. proxy. energy. The object of the judicial police. Litigant. control. Plusvalor. Power. public policy. The State of destination may refuse to execute a power of attorney if it is manifestly contrary to its public policy ("ordre public"). sue. Policía. representation. acceptance. art. 9). on Powerof Att. pauper. attestation. v. Poder de representación. Plural. Police. plus. Pleno. Litigious person. (Conv.B. Prin. Pluralidad. 7. Plenipotenciario. 94 PRR 781 (1967)). complete. atestación. variety. Additional value. 497. Power of attorney.5). Goodwill. Questions in writing submitted to the counterparty for an answer. Plus petítio (L). Poder de representación. full. To litígate. force. except when the contrary is expressly stated. unearned value. Pleiteador.... Plusvalía. Poderdante. Plebiscite. The term may in a statute means shall. art. as well as the obligation 209 . (Conv. Procedural terms. Government of the rich. En banc. Poderhabiente. en el extranjero. Poder de mandato inherente. agent. vigor. Pobre. indigent. Power. Pluriempleo.1. publicity. Plutocracy. 2). Poder de representación. Poor. Pleito. art. M. pleiteante. Rainy. (Unidroit. on Power of Att. Power of attorney. Power of attorney. mandate. (Espasas Dairy. Power of attorney. traducción. To file an action. (Conv. plenario. Lawsuit. Poder de representación. 499.W. Plazos procesales. Polyandrous. on Powerof Att. Policy. Portable. be it resolved. to take. Policíaco. Bridge toll. Carrier. use. It may be clairned b the surviving spouse. acquisi-tion. for. public matters. Bearer. Polygamist. mighty voice. adquisición. Ponente. Poligamia. Póliza. Portable. Opinion. Politiquería. 282). resuélvese. Por. protect.. argument. goal. To explain in detail. Speaker. Entrance to a building. To bear arms. weekly. Poner. art. politiquero. C art 2432 and 2433). Except. Poner por escrito. Demand strict proof. Pormenorizar. keep. Minor political figure. share Porción marital. is to ascertain the public crimes committed within its territory or district. essay. P. Poseedor. Per week. Politician. Briefcase. individu-ally. daily. Civ. (Sp. Posdatar. Possession. Porción por estirpe. Ponencia. Civ. Por orden de la corte. offer made to the general public. and the defects of which he is ignorant of. Polizonte. Possession. policial. Polygamy. Insurance policy. state affairs. Por lo tanto. To place. bonus. Poseer. Harbor. L. Per day. carrier. or proof of the crime which may be in danger of disappearing. Now. enjoy. The mari-tal portion is an incident of any matrim nial regime and a charge on the succession of the deceased spouse. judgment. He is bona fide possessor who possesses as owner by virtue of a title sufficient in its terms and conditions to transfer the owner-ship. holder. Por ministerio de la ley. and to place the same at the disposal of the judicial author-ity. Control. Transportation. Percentage. By way of charity. Policeman. Pollicitation. have hold. the steps neces-sary to verify said crimes and discover the delinquents and collect all the effects. Of its own motion. Porte. outlook. Article. Politiqueo. Only things and rights susceptible of . allotment. Poner a cubierto. Natural possession is the holding of a thing or the enjoyment of a right by any person. 210 Por semana. Spokesman. body. Por cabeza. Portafolios. prop-osition. Police related. C. by. Good faith possessor. tenant. strategy. sec. Bailiff. Porcentaje. therefore. Porteador. In writing. Portar armas. Marital portion. to be armed. Opining judge. Movant. Test. Low politics. Civil possession is the same holding or enjoyment joined to the intent of holding the thing or right as one's own. obscenity. folder. Político. rate Interest. even if separated from the deceased. (Sp. Physical appearance. Posesión. Por propia iniciativa. Porvenir. Poseedor de buena fe. Porción. Portavoz. Politicastro. To posses. Por oficio de piedad. Thesis. Possessor. Pórtico. Por razón de oficio. By order of the court. Política. movable. To postdate. according to their powers. Porter. Posesión. enjoyment. Whereas. statement. Por día. control. Portador. put. Crim. Mega-phone. Reduce to writing. By operation of law. Political maneuvering. proportion. per person. part. Polígamo. 366). Pontazgo. representative. Pornography. use. Future. holder. Portero. tenure. Poner a prueba. Frame. Hold harmless. desertion. transportable Portadocumentos Briefcase. Through. Policitación. Per head. Politics. occu-pant. Portion. (Lou. Public order. janitor. assertion. Stirpital share. Political. Pornografía. Por escrito.Policíaco. policial of all individuais composing the same. prospect. on proof that the separation occurred without his fault. instru-ments. On business. Por cuanto. he shall be protected or rein-stated in such possession by the means established in the laws of procedure. Civ. Corporeal possession is the exercise of phys-ical acts of use. unless in cases of indivisibility. 447). Posesión de animales fieros. A bona fide possessor is deemed to be person who is not aware that there exists in his title or the manner of acquiring it. 451). sec. 467). A possessor may lose possession: 1) By abandon-ment of the thing. Civ. 3437 and 3438). loss. Posesión. Civ. so long as it be not shown or proven that they should be excluded.sec. Posesión de buena y de mala fe. C. (Lou. Each one of the participants of a thing possessed in common. Civ. art. C. Cart. (Sp. 3436).Posesión viciosa being appropriated can be the objects of possession. Civil possession. if the new possession has lasted longer than a year. sec. (Sp. Posesión ficta. (Lou. Possession of hereditary property. art. Constructive possession. 445. Possession in good and bad faith.443. Authorized possession of a vehicle. C. 462. Possession of wild animais. 4) By the possession of another person. 3425). sec. 91 PRR 450 (1964)). C. Once acquired. Posesión civil. protección. Possession in clandestine when it is not open or public. 2) By an assignment made to another person. discontinuous when it is not exercised at regular intervals.439. C. Posesión. possession is retained by the intent to possess as owner even if the possessor ceases to possess corporeally. Civ. is continued under the same understanding by which it was acquired. The op-eration of a vehicle by a third person authorized by the person to whom the owner entrusted it is equivalent to the authorized possession of the vehicle by that third per-son. Posesión precaria. Posesión viciosa. Possession. without the knowl-of the possessor of a thing. Civ.464. Precarious possession. C. is deemed to have possessed the part allotted to him upon the division thereof during the whole time that the property remained intact. The possession of hereditary property is understood as transferred to the heir without interruption and from the moment of the death of the testator. Acts merely tolerated and those clandestinely executed. Posesión corporal. (Sp. Possession. Possession. 441. as a fact. protec-tion. Possession in common. Indivisible possession. (Sp. Forcible taking of chattels.. cart. or because the same becomes unmarketable. (Lou. and equivocal when there is ambiguity as to the intent of the possessor to own the thing. Any person who rejects an inheritance in a valid manner is considered as never to have possessed the same. (Lou. 211 . until the contrary be proven. Posesión en común. C. sec. C. The possession of any tenement presumes the possession of the furniture and objects therein. Palmer.3431). posesión autorizada de un vehículo. (McGee Quiñones v. Posesión sobre muebles por la fuerza. detention. (Sp. Posesión de cosa raíz.466. pérdida. or with vio-lence do not affect possession. art. (Sp. Every possessor has a right to be respected in his possession. Civ. sec. Civ. either for a valuable con-sideration or by a deed of gift. Clandestine possession. Civ. Possession of a ten-ement. Corporeal possession. Posesión de bienes hereditarios. Civ. The exercise of possession over a thing with the permission of or on behalf of the owner or possessor is precarious possession. Posesión clandestina. 452). 444).468). 3) By the destruction or total loss of the thing. C. in case the inheritance be accepted. 442. C. Wild animais are only pos-sessed so long as they are under control. (Sp. 448). even against the will of the former possessor. Civ. Faulty possession. (Lou. cannot be recognized in two different personalities. Posesión indivisible. sec. 3426). (Sp. 446). any flaw invalidating the same. One who possesses a part of an immovable by virtue of a title is deemed to have constructive possession within the limits of his title. C. sec. Civ. and if he be dis-turbed therein. or enjoyment over a thing. It is presumed that possession. Civ. descent. Unfair labor practice. greater urgency. foreign country. probability. foregoing. nomination.. Precedence. pre-ventive. The possession of property and rights may be considered in one of two dif-ferent aspects: either in that of the owner. Practicar la religión. Prácticas desleales. to take possession. Only the possession acquired and enjoyed by a person in the belief that he is the owner can serve as a title to acquire ownership. mandatory. Pole. Case law. Potency. as a matter of protection or safeguard. post. Opinion. Posesor. Precautionary. hazardous. Pos-session is violent when it is acquired or maintained by violentacts. in a specific place and time (Pérez v. C. Prebenda. the ownership be-longing to another person. Well. Opinion. Unfair tactics. location. (Lou. E. Practicar. Circumstance. Postumo. 449. Affirmative. Revocable. belongings. foreword. Notice previous to termi-nating employment. At will at sufferance. Precaucional. Posesorio. 3436). Possessions. Preaviso. Authority. Precario. later. For the purposes of measuring the care exercised and the treat ment administered by a physician to his patient in a specific case. faculty. Posesión y propiedad. Antecedent. Civ. offeror.A. Sovereign power. Practicable. Medieval tortu chine designed to dislocate joints thorough increasing tension. To practice. afterwards. Preamble. Written questions for the coun-terparty to answer. Possessor subject to eviction. colonies. Bid. Possession and own-ership. or in that of the holder of the thing or right to keep and enjoy them. elective. Assets. precautorio. Posesionarse. pit. propose. Interrogatories. Precarista. capability. Preceptivo. Possessory. To take. Provost. Custorm. Certain. To occupy. Potestativo.466).S. Position. Posthumous. Posta. preceding. Potro de tormento. legal authority. belief. prologue. To break in. Postal. Posición. Post data. domains. perform. Postal. To worship. Binding. post office. provisional. experience. the acceptable practice. 212 . property. Possibility. the phrase profes-sional practice prevailing in the community means that practice which complies with the acknowledged professional requirements that is. art. Precedente. source. tenant. Preboste. Bribe. submit. sub-ject. power. Practical. post scriptum. strength. optional. Positive. Pilot of a ship. Práctica ilícita de trabajo. Civ. Candidacy. Notice.Posesión violenta Posesión violenta. Precedencia. Postor. Practice. profession-ally speaking. Potestad. Possessor. Posteridad. Práctico. habit procedure. voluntary. Preámbulo. Postulación. (Sp. Pozo. C. holder. related to the mail. 435. temporary. Posesiones. Post. Posterity.. After. priority. To prepare. Postura. Deceptive practices. 95 PRR 745 (1968)). Pos-ture. introduc-tion. place site. Práctica profesional prevaleciente en la comunidad. Precedent. P. Prácticas engañosas. Bidder. Práctica. Professional practice prevail-ing in the community. To appropriate for oneself. rehearse. risky. feasible. Posiciones. Potencia. Positivo. previous. Position. Future.L. Violen possession. Poste. Postular. obligatory. sec. Precarious. Dangerous. Posibilidad. superiority. 450. Posterioridad. preeminence. possible viable. To petition. Facultative. precedence. Preliminar. Civ. Prelación de créditos. Current price is the price generally charaed for goods delivered or services ren-dered in comparable circumstances at the place where the contract should have been performed or. Collateral. Pregón. pretrial. prefer-ence. Premeditación. Current price. lot. selected. Predecesor. Pledge. Predeceased person. Lower tenement. art. sec. Leading questions. Premeditated. No captious or suggestive questions shall be put to the witness. deceit. bias. predetermination. central office. chosen. C. doubt. stronger. if there is no current price at that place. Choice. herald. P. Bias. Preferente. Prefect. Prejuzgar. L. Preguntas sugestivas. Issue preclusion.Prenda precio corriente. bent. should they not have it.. introductory. delibérate. Trick questions. Preface. Preguntas capciosas. Urgency. gift. The fol-lowing are essential requisites of the contraéis of pledge and of mortgage: 1) That they be constituted to secure the fulfillment of a principal obligation. Prenda. postúlate. quiz. Preclusion. prementioned. Predecessor. (Unidroit. Predeceased. Previous. Preguntas al jurado. crier. interro-gation. Premeditation. 2) That the thing pledged or mortgaged is owned by the per-son who pledges or mortgages it. influence. herald. (Sp. Announcement by shouting. superior. Tenement. Crim. rank. prejudice. calculated. Premuerto. option. enquire. Prefectura. 439). malice aforethought. Prejudicial. predilection. Bonus. sec. Predio inferior. Dominant Pregunta. To prejudge. Preliminary. ñor shall coerción. Predio. Poli of jury. or artífices of any kind be employed to forcé or induce him to testify in a specific sense. Prefecto. that they are legally authorized for the purpose. Prize winner. preferred. Question. deliberation. pre-paratory. examine. selection. To ask. the current price at such other place that appears reasonable to take as a ref-erence. premium. promises. Predial. Preference of cred-its. security. express. Predisponer. query. Prin. Premio. 7. pre-conception. Preferencia. 3) That the persons who constitute the pledge or mortgage have the free disposition of their prop-erty. (Sp. leaning. Premura. originator. Prefecture. Premise. planned. estoppel. patch. Preclusión. Reward. Above said. tip.6). Of a higher rank. land. Precontractual. Leading questions. Preindicado. Premoriente. Preclusión de una cuestión. Premeditado. Announcer. prejudice. Preeminence. Premisa. 213 . assumption. Prelativo. prologue. 1759. proposition. Pregonero. proclamation. Prejuicio. Prejudicial. 1764). Prefacio. Prelación. Predisposición. tract. 1758. To predispose. estate.4. Prejudice. foreword. and servient tenements. demand. Preferential. prejudgment. supposition. Predio dominante y sirviente. gravity. Predial. Precontractual. Prize. introduction. enquiry. Premiado. and. Preguntar. seriousness. person in charge of an orga-nization. sec. alternative. 1858. Civ. (Standard Penal C. muebles. Prescription of ten years. Prescripción de diez años. When several criminal acts are being tried. also are extin-guished by prescription in the same manner. Prerogative. real property. Time bar-ring for prosecutions. 1857). (Sp. 1831). The ownership of personal property prescribes by uninterrupted possession in good faith time barred: 1) After twenty years. guarantee. rule. proper title. Adverse possession. Adverse possession. ordain. C. good faith. with good faith and with a proper title. Civ. decree. inmuebles. inter- 214 . Relating to a pledge. 1874). for crimes punishable by imprisonment not exceeding fifteen years. ready. 3) After three years. preference. with their respective terms. 3473 and 3475). announce. and by any act of acknowledgment of the debt by the debtor. Time barring for prosecutions. barring for múltiple crimes. Good faith of the possessor con-sists in his belief that the person from whom he received the thing was the owner of the same. sec. Adverse possession. Prescripción adquisitiva. sec. privilege. Adverse possession. Civ. (Sp. alert. time bar. 1856). the corre-sponding statutes of limitations. Prescripción de la acción penal. art. sec. (Sp. Civ. Prescripción adquisitiva. Rights and ac-tions. Presbyophrenia. Presbiofrenia. Prepared. Prendario. 1855). just title. 102). interrupción. Civ. Prescripción adquisitiva. Preparar. command. Prescription of actions is interrupted by their institution before the courts. Prescripción de la acción penal. (Sp. (Sp. justo título. To prescribe. Ownership and other property rights in real property shall prescribe by possession for ten years as to persons present. 103 and 106). for a period of three years. To pledge. Ownership and other property rights are acquired by prescription in the manner and under the conditions specified by law. Acquisitive prescription. fit. for Latin America. C. art. C. Prescribir. pawn. muebles roba dos. C. buena fe del poseedor. The ownershi personal property also prescribes by Un¡ terrupted possession for six years. Adverse possession. or har borers. Civ. Adverse possession. for Latin America sec. 1862. personal property. sec. sec. ñor to their accomplices. in crimes punished with fines or dis-qualification. C. Preparado. (Standard Penal C. (Lou. possessor's good faith. sec. 1851). Adverse possession. By a proper title is understood that which legally suffices to transfer the ownership or property right. 107). C. pick. of anykind whatsoever. Acquisitive prescription is a mode of acquiring ownership or other real rights by possession for a period of time. the prescription of which is in question. 2) After lapse of a term equal to the máximum established for the corre-sponding crime. Prescripción de la acción penal. by extrajudicial claim of the credi-tor. set. sec. Civ.Prendador Prendador. Prendar. Prescripción de la acción. Prescripción adquisitiva. Prosecutions are Prescripción adquisitiva. Legal mandate or rule. (Standard Penal C. to get read. and a thing susceptible of acquisition by prescription. comienzo. order. stolen movable Personal property stolen or robbed can not prescribe to the persons who stole or robbed the same. for Latin America. The statute of limitations will start run-ning the day the crime was committed. or—for a continuing crime—when its com-mission ceased. 1853. Prescripción. (Sp. and could convey his title. when such crime is punishable by imprisonment of not less than one year ñor more than fifteen. (Lou. Pledge. decisión. with the necessity of any other condition (s Civ. Prescripción de delitos múltiples. C. Statute of limitations. will apply separately to each. sec. prescription. 3446). Prerrogativa. To prepare. C. The requisites for the acquisitive prescription of ten years are: possession of ten years. Statute of limitations. 1861). Civ. Time Prescripción adquisitiva. and for twenty years with regard to those absent. C. dictate. Time bar. or when the punishment was evaded. sec. Presencia. 3447). Civ. for Latin America. ac-quires ownership by prescription. cómputo. (Standard Penal C. art. Civ. 109). Deportment. Presence. and without interruption for three years. Civ. 3448). (Lou. Time barring for the penalty of imprisonment. attendance. The period of suspension is not counted toward accrual of prescription. The statute of limitations applicable to pun-ishments will cease running. Prescription. C. art. the time that has run is not counted. company. Civ. in good faith. barring for the penalty of fines. Prescripción de treinta años. no longer actionable. for Latin America. Ownership and other real rights in immovables may be acquired by the prescription of thirty years without the need of just title or possession in good faith. Prescripción de la pena de multa. If prescription is interrupted. C. suspension. if service had begun. Time Prescripción sobre muebles. Prescriptivo.Presencia Prescripción de la pena. has lapsed. 110). art. Open and notorious. Civ. (Standard Penal C. art. Prescription over movables. Prescription commences to run anew from the last day of interruption. interruption. Time barring for the penalty of disqualifi-cation. tured. The punishment consisting of fines cannot be enforced after 5 years. C. Prescription interruption. sec. Liberative prescription. Prescriptive. Time barring for penalties. Prescrito. A punishment of imprisonment cannot be enforced after a period equal to the time imposed in the sentence. (Lou. 3490 and 3491). interrupción. Prescripción liberatoria. Subject to the statute of limitations. for Latin America. 3486). Prescription of thirty years. Prescriptible. (Lou. or when he voluntarily surrenders. Time barring for penalties. sec. or when he is cap- 215 . sec. sec. art. Liberative prescription is a mode of barring of actions as a result of inaction for a period of time. 108). increased by one third. The punishment consisting of dis-qualification cannot be enforced after 5 years. appearance. (Lou. canceling the effects of any period already passed. under an act sufficient to transfer ownership. 3472). Prescripción. computation.1151). (Standard Penal C. Adverse possession. (Mex. 3466). Prescripción. Prescripción por no uso. for Latin America. One who has possessed a movable as owner. Peaceful. The stat-ute of limitations applicable to the punish-ments will start running when the sentence becomes final. (Lou. Prescripción de la pena. Civ. Prescripción positiva. interrupción. Civ. Continuous. C. C. 108). Prescription of nonuse. Prescription of nonuse is a mode of extinction of a real right other than ownership as a result of failure to exercise the right for a period of time. art. 8). art. (Standard Penal C. when the convict commits a new criminal act before the limitation period runs. for Latin America. C. (Standard Penal C. C. Prescripción de la pena de prisión. suspensión. lapsed. Prescripción de la pena de inhabilitación. (Lou. Adverse possession necessary for prescription must be: As an owner. Time barred. which may be used without being destroyed. C. Presidente del jurado. Presidiario. Presentment for payment. To give bail. Introduction. shall always be considered commercial. To give good and sufficient security. 2891). b) the loan of things. Prestador a la gruesa. debtor. Supplier of goods or services. constraint. Reformatory. To introduce. money. Prestador. supposition. Presentation. donation. Simple loan. Presidente. Presidencia. Prisoner. Person who presents. 320). captive.Presenciar Presenciar. Take an oath. inmate. financial plan. Foreman. convict. unless there was an agreement with regard to the kind of money in which the payment was to be made. detainee. A loan on bottomry or respondentia shall be considered that of which the repay- Préstamo mercantil con garantía de efectos o valores públicos. Present. convict. Prestar. ruler. and is bound to return to the creditor an equal amount of the same kind and quality. Presente. Loans on bottomry or respondentia. contained in an instrument with the intermediation of licensed agents. tension. esperially of money. now. penitentiary. 312). Presidente de la Corte Suprema. detainee. Borrower. executive. Penal colony. Chief justice. A loan with a guaranty of securities quoted on exchange. If the loan consists of money. Presentarse en concurso. display. Presupuesto. Prestation. goods. Presidio. Budget. Presentante. chairman. Logical basis. Preso. Prison. To present. (Sp. premise. protective. jail. compliance. art. There are two kinds of loans: a) The loan of things. valores. Influence. Civ. Prestar fianza. dinero. Presentar. Performance. in which case the fluctuations in valueshall be lost or taken advantage of by the lender. Pressure. Lender on bottomry. demonstration. rule. (Sp. Com. To provide services. Presentación. Condom. Prestamista. Préstamo. Delivery of an object. bonds. which are destroyed by being used. in accordance with the legal value the money may have at the time of the return. Prestación. captive. Prisoner. (Sp. payment of an obligation. C. . Civ. Lender. Stress. chair. mercadería. To preside. Presentación al pago. display. Prestatario. the debtor shall pay it by returning an amount equal to that received. Com. control. particípate. appear. A person receiving money or any other perishable thing on loan acquires its ownership. sec. control. (Lou. Lender. Commercial loan. C. allowance. Prestar buena y suficiente fianza. Préstamo mercantil. Loan. Presión. File for bankruptcy. loan. chair. To witness. inmate. furnish bail. Préstamo simple. To lend. Coercion. Gift. sec. Preventive. 1655). C. To file. Presidir. President. demonstrate. To attend. Preservativo. Prestar juramento. Presidency. Préstamo a la gruesa o préstamo a riesgo marítimo. Commercial loan guaranteed by public bonds or securities. sec. current. (Sp.Previsibilidad del daño presumir. to foresee is to see with anticipa-tion. brag. handbills.C. Prevención de un mal mayor. domínate. Representation by an attorney of two clients with opposing interest. guarding. The nonperforming party is hable only for harm which it foresaw or could rea217 . aim. Foresee. To leave out. Presumption of ownership of movables. art. Prevarication. Díaz Const. harm that cannot be prevented otherwise. 1852). advise. C. relief. ending. Presumption not established by law. win. Pretender. Preveer. for LA. discouragement. Presupuestario. Presunción de paternidad. endeavor. anticipated. Presunción legal. Prevenir. The possessor of a corporeal movable is pre-sumed to be its owner. surmise. Presuntivo. infer. Civ. posters exhibited to the public. Admonition. impu-dence. To prevarícate. Preterir. A presumption is consequence that the law or the court attaches to a known fact for the purpose of stablishing the existence of another and unknown fact. Pretensión. (St. (Lou. A conclusive legal presumption is established for reasons of public policy and may not be controverted. Heir born after will was made. Legal presumptions are rebuttable or conclusive. Previa notificación. A rebuttable legal presumption is established in the interest of private par-ties and may be controverted. 530). Prior. request. pretense. warn.. as-sumed. warning. Budgetary. or imminent. A presumption not established by law is left to the discretion of the court. discourage. Preterintencional. Díaz Const. Foreseeabil-ity—element characteristic of fault—con-sists of the possibility of foreseeing the damaging result of an action not effectively foreseen in the case involved. jus-tification. excuse. 1849). Presumption established by law. Presunción no establecida por ley. art. Pretexto. Pretermition. C. sec. Gall. Presumption of patemity. To avoid. No criminal liability attaches to whoever commits an unjustifi-able act to prevent a clear and present. former. The husband of the mother is pre-sumed to be the father of all children born or conceived during the marriage. deter. 95 PRR 880 (1968)). To boast. disputable presumption. Pretendiente. Rebuttable. (Lou. Presunción controvertible. Presunción de propiedad sobre muebles. deter-rence. The legal presumption of a regular engagement in commerce exists from the time the person who desires to trade gives notice through circulars. to provided against. evading. sec. 1850 and 1851). presumed. art. suppose. Foreseeability. prayer for relief. prevaricato. C. Com. art. Prevalecer. C. or in any other manner whatsoever. to anticípate or to avoid an injury or danger. Presumptive. omit. petition. Prevention. Presunción del ejercicio habitual del comercio. to guess what is going to happen. Civ. stopping. Previous. petitioner. To attempt. C. block. protective. relator. Corp. Pretext. 30). To prevail. presunción. of an establishment. (Lou. Prevention of a greater harm. Previo. P. claimant.art. flaunt. Corp. assume. supposition. Foreseeability of harm. presunto. Presumption of regular engage-ment in commerce. gather. predomínate. end. Civ. Civ. (Lou. Applicant. (Salva Matos v. disregard. admonish. evade. Presumption. To claim. 184 and art. In its usual and common meaning. Previsibilidad. avoidance. Beyond the person's intention. Preterición. Assumption. Cause of action. (Salva Matos v. 185). above. the purpose of which is to conduct any commercial transaction. extenuating circumstance. Prevaricación. Attenu-ating factor. (Lou. Preventive. foregoing. Previsibilidad del daño. news-papers. neutralize. Preventivo.. 95 PRR 880 (1968)). claim. try.To presume. Prevaricar. earlier. Upon notice. C. Civ. strive. before. 3). Prevención. first. Imprisonment will be served wherever the law establishes and will try to bring about the prisoner's rehabilita-tion. Principio. (Salva Matos v. Privación. Díaz Const. Foresight. basic. restrict. Deprivation. Crim. (Unidroit. Primordial. bonus. heir. Privatista. with-hold. Com. 53). collect and place under custody all that may conduce to the proof thereof and to the identification of the delinquent. 503 and 528). C. Norm. To accord special treatment. superior right. Previsión. and. Premium. suffering.. 218 . which the nature of a debt gives to a creditor. Prisión provisional. (Sp. fundamental. 95 PRR 880 (1968)). art. de-tainer. L. sway. jail. Principie of legality. 261). penitentiarv reformatory. the following circumstances shall be necessary: 1) That the existence of an act presenting the characteristics of a crime is established in the cause. Privilege. reward. First steps. Crim. Prince. Beginning. 2) The ascendant and descendants by consanguinity or affin-ity of the delinquent and his collateral rela-tives by consanguinity or uterine. rule. arrest the presumed crimináis. inmate. right. (Sp. until he shall give the bond which he may require. Civ. In order to decree the provisional imprisonment. art. L. (Sp. Principio de legalidad. Illegal pacts do not trigger any obligation or action. Primar.. Primera y segunda leva. most important. art. Privativo. Specialist in prívate law. even those who have mort-gages. To prevail upon. Primogeniture. award. Privilege. Principal. First-born son. Privilegio de no denunciar un delito. record the evidence of the crime which may disap-pear. The fol-lowing are considered first steps: Those taken to protect the injured parties. preeminence. The penalty of im-prisonment consists in the temporary deprivation of freedom. Primogénito.4. Privilegiar. first. art. Priority. C. Primer. Legal norm or rule. Prisionero. over-riding. Privilegio del confidente. Denial. 43. predomínate. that is. Prisión. 2) That a penalty higher than prisión correccional be affixed thereto according to the general scale embraced in the penal code. preferred. Prima. withholding. Privar. System awarding exclusive inheritance rights to the first-born child. penal colony. convict. Principio de derecho. earliest. ment. Prisoner. Privilegiado. L. Exclusive. Crim. for Latin America. Prin. P. noble. Privilegio. stronger. Exclusive right. sec. deny. preference. nor shall the following be obliged to report a crime: 1) The spouse of the delinquent. and which entitles him to be preferred before other creditors. Basic. attend to that which is susceptible of being foreseen. or that even though a lower penalty be affixed thereto the judge shall consider provisional imprisonment necessary. 7. Number one. 3186). Privilege not to report a crime.4). R. Imprisonment.Previsión sonably have foreseen at the time of the conclusion of the contract as being likely to result from its nonperformance. Príncipe. Most important. Primogenitura. Informer's privilege. First and second lift. in a proper case. What is known as informer's privilege is the Government's privilege to withhold from disclosure the identity of persons who Primeras diligencias. To deprive. Prioridad. even if they refer to business trans-actions. P. Principal. Corp. (Lou. refuse. 13).44). and by affinity up to and including the second degree. (Standard Penal C. Prison. captive. art. 3) That there shall appear in the case motives sufficient to believe that the person against whom the writ of imprisonment is to issue is criminally hable for the crime. in view of the circumstances of the act and the antecedents of the accused. (Sp. Hardship. Provisional imprison. Privilege is a right. In its usual and common meaning foresight—the act of foreseeing— is the act of providing what is necessary to attend to foreseeable risks or necessities. sec. C. C. (Lou. secretarles. if the thing continues still in his possession. in which the rigging and apparel are deposited. 3) By extintion of debt which gave birth to it. extinction. on the movable which he has repaired or made. Civ. 2) By the creditor acquiring the thing subject to it. 3) The rents of immovable and the wages of laborers employed in working the same. C. of whatever nature. by retail dealers. and are paid in the following order: 1) Funeral charges. concurrently among those to whom they are due. 5) Supplies of provisions made to the debtor or his family. 3) The expenses of keeping the vessel from the time of her entrance into port until sale. 3217). subcontrac-tors. or on the farm. and so much as is due for the currentyear. Privilegio sobre bienes muebles particulares. Lopez Rivera. Civ. Privilegio vendor's privilege on immovables. his act of sale.Privilegio sobre inmuebles furnished information of violations of law to the authorities. when such materials have been used in the erection or repair of such houses or other works. wharfage and anchorage. Civ. 4) The wages of servants for the year past. on the crops of the year and the proceeds thereof. his agent or subcon-tractor. whether it was sold on or without a credit. painters. and the distribution of the price. Civ. art. 219 . in the order in which they are placed: 1) Legal and other charges incurred to obtain the sale of a ship or other vessel. occasioned by the last sick-ness. 4) The rent of stores. are the following: 1) The appoint-ments or salaries of the overseer for the current year. sion. 4) The debt. Privilegio general sobre bienes muebles. The following debts are privileged on the price of ships and other vessels. C. 6) The debt due for money laid out in preserv-ing the thing. 3191). The debts which are privileged on all the movables in general. bricklayers. or making other works. 7) Sums lent to the captain for the necessities of the ship during the last voyage. and. Privilege on ships and vessels. 3237). rebuilding or repairing houses. 2) Debts for pilotage. privileges become extinct: 1) By the extinction of the thing subject to the privilege. art. 6) The salaries of clerks. towage. on the property of the traveler which has been carried to his inn. (Lou. 7) The price due on movable effects if they are yet in the possession of the purchaser. including the wages of persons employed to watch her. and on the furniture. on the price of the sale of the thing by him deposited. art. (Ppl. Privilege on particular movables. The above named parties shall have a lien and privilege upon the building. journeymen. 5) That of a depositar. for the payment of the price or so much of it as is unpaid. 6) The wages of the captain and crew employed on the last voyage. contractors. Privilegio. buildings. grocers. del vendedor de un inmueble. and other persons of that kind. The ven-dor of an immovable only preserves his priv-ilege the object. (Lou. and reim-bursement of the price of merchandise sold by him for the same purpose. 3) Charges. Privilege. 3271). butchers. C. 5) The maintenance of the ship and her tackle and apparatus. 2) Law charges. since her return into port from her last voyage. 3277). 8) The things which have been furnished by an innkeeper. during the last year. art. laborers. cartmen and other workmen employed in constructing. Privilegio sobre embarcaciones. when he has caused to be duly recorded at the office for recording mortgages. on the crops of the year. are those hereafter enumerated. such as bakers. on the pledge which is in the creditor's posses- Privilegio sobre inmuebles. extinción. 4) By prescription. Creditors who have a privilege on immovables. 3) Those who have supplied the owner or other person employed by the owner. 91 PRR672 (1965)). art. General privilege on all Movables. and on every thing which serves to take working of the farm. v. The debts which are privileged on certain movables. Privilege on immovables. 2) The debt of a work-man or artisan for the price of his labor. undertakers. (Lou. which is found in the house let. with materials of any kind for the construction or repair of an edifice or other work. by keepers of boarding houses and taverns. masters builders. 2) Archi-tects. (Lou. Civ. are: 1) The vendor on the estate by him sold. during the last six months. possi-bility. establish. upright. The creditors who are in the same rank of privileges. Procedural. after a taxation of the latter. Probatorio. demonstrate. Criminali procedure. payment of principal and costs shall be made at once. Evidence. valídate. art. indicted. pensions. (Lou. work under the direction of the examining magistrate. The police. the term "inquisitorial" is likely to mislead. To start a criminal action. certify. who conducís a complete.Privilegio sobre muebles e inmuebles improvement or other work erected. Procedente. secret investigation into the facts sur rounding the crime. case. Civ. Honorable. system. evidence. Nationality. stages. Procesalista. C. exhibit. Method. Privilegios concurrentes. docu-ment. honesty. documen-tation. eviden-tiary. to carry on. Procesable. ascertain. Act. lawsuit. Proclamación. arraign. art. indicted. trial. Action. indicia. or credits which may immediately be realized upon. Probatory. Accused. 220 . present-day continental criminal procedure is more accurately described as a mixed system. point of origin. Procedimiento de apremio. Prosecution. verification. Process. Proceder. evidential. likelihood. quandary. verify. Proceso. arraigned. official announcement. confirm. Probability. inspecting the scene of the crime. rou-tine. pro-nouncement. try. 5) The salaries of secretarles. (Lou. technique. arraignment. Probanza. Concurrent privileges. declaration. discover. discovery. Probidad. at least in theory. sec. Origin. The privileges which extend alike to movables and immovables are the following: 1) Funeral charges. feasible. demonstration. muebles e inmuebles. tes-timony. Privilegio sobre blending elements of the "accusatorial" "inquisitorial" systems. Privilege on movables and immovables. Confirmation. to file criminal charges. technique. Civ. (Lou. 1447). The examining mag-istrate does not sit passively in a courtroom waiting for counsel to present evidence. routine. adjective. Civ. Probo. Civ. that is on an equal footing. To proceed. character. 3) Expenses of last illness. One might say the magistrate makes house calis-interview ing witnesses. L. Criminal procedure. dilemma. are paid in concurrence. To prosecute. Procesado. decency. Procesamiento. Trial of a criminal case. Proceeding. data. or after the secu-rity has been given in case the fulfillment thereof is requested when an appeal has been taken. formal. honor. Defendant in a criminal action. if the property attached be money. point of departure. 3181). 3252). Probar. Procesar. 2) Judicial charges. case. Probity. indication." As applied to modern codes of criminal procedure. After the order for the judicial sale has been made and affirmed by the audience. 3249). method. 4) The wages of ser-vants. proclama. To prove. sign. salaries. Compulsory process to enforce the judgment. C. Viable according to procedural and substantive law. That which can be taken to court and litigated. conduct. honest. art. The typical Latin Amer-ican criminal proceeding is divided into t stages: the investigative (sumario or instruct-ción) and the trial (plenario or juicio oral The investigative stage is orchestrated by an examining magistrate. pro-ceedings. determine. source. Procedencia. indictment. validation. and interrogating the accused (L&DinLA). viability. lit-igation. Actionable. Probable. (L & D in LA) Procedimiento criminal. process. Procedimiento. lawsuit. prospect. system. Procedimiento criminal. reliable. C. P. Originating from. (Sp. possible. Probable. triable. Procedure. Specialist in procedural law. etapas. accusation. clerks and other agents of that kind. To test. Proclamation. behavior. litigation. proof. integrity. Problema. Probabilidad. Problem. Procesal. procedure. Latin America adheres to the continental model frequently denominated as "inquisitorial. fidelity. Prometedor. Procurar. To bear fruit. Prohibir. Producto. support. Prodigal. per-son without the necessary skill. state. Proclivity. gains. Profesional. fiscal general. sec. specialist. Prelude. successors. Office of the attorney general. exhibit. Attorney general. Promesa contra la libertad de matrimonio. proceeds. work. Product. Headway. Solicitor. revvard. earnings. with the exception of two elective courses. to yield. Procuradoría. statement. promising party. showing good signs or symptoms. runaway. Law professors. Person who buys. Professor. Profesores de derecho. development. Civ. offspring. fruitful. Prole. breakthrough. scholar. art. ban. which must be opted from a list. proclividad. debasement. Eur. Sys. The rest of the community. P. Promesa de matrimonio incumplida. Professional person. descent. introduction. & LA Leg. foreword. L. oath. gainful. Affirmation. The full-time law professor is still a rarity in Latín America. propensity. Profanation. Productive. Progeny. tends to be rather high. Legal representation. enjoin. District attorney. family. an Attorneys. secure. Profesor. squanderer. deserter. yield. Good prospect.Promisorio proclamar. Fugitive. advancement. Heretic. (Bustamante C. assurance. Most law professors are busy practitioners. Civilization. Prójimo. but the translation conveys the idea. tion. tendency creación. To proclaim. descent. Too expensive. show. Progenitura. Profano.). Breach of promise of marriage. Promise. injunction. and includes animal subjects offered two or three hours per week. The curriculum of the National University's Fac-ulty of Law is typical of leading Mexican and other Latin American law schools. commitment. present. Progreso. prevention. obligor. Promise in restraint of marriage. Pródigo. offspring. Profession. Procurador. spendthrift. violation. Absenteeism. Proferir. The liability or non liability for breach of promise of marriage or for the publication of bans in such case is governed by the common personal law of the parties and in the absence thereof by the local law. say. children. Procreation. 3). affirm. Curriculum.. Prófugo. pledge. Modernization. To prohibit. Promisorio. Prohibición. prohibitorio. declare. (Sp. teacher. Progeny. To profess. Promising. Practice of law supervised by attorney. To produce. Promisor. expert. To proffer. others. obtain. person who without being a fully fledged attorney is allowed a limited intervention in litigation. profitable. Prohibition. announce. To buy. Progress. All subjects are required. Profesión. exile. issue. Prohibitive. nonbeliever. calling. The distinction be-tween procurador and abogado is not in everv particular that between solicitor and attorney. career. occu-pation. Other people. Prólogo. both by professors and students. predilecto give a lecture and disappear immediately thereafter. prevent. To practice. obtains or secures some-thing. Profanación. industrialization. Its standard law course lasts five years. genesis. (W. To obtain or purchase for one-self. des-ecration. issue. who dash into the law school 221 . potential. profesionista. Creation. 39). declare. Prologue. Promissory. (L & D in LA). Progeny. descent. improvement. pronounce. inclination. siring. Promesa. fathering. Procurarse. remunerative. restrain. procurador. Profesar. Productivo. Prohibitivo. Producir. Layman. curación. Programa de estudios. Legals aid. Progenie. Power of attorney. announce. ban. To render a judg-ment. (Lou r¡ art. Ownership is the right that confers on a person direct. 484). Propiedad. and exclusive authority over a thing. C. announcement. Propiedad ejecutada. 369). One who claims the ownership of an immovable against another in possession must prove that he has acquired ownership from a previous owner 222 or by acquisitive prescription. Propiedad de los frutos por accesion Ownership of fruits by accession. accession with respect to immovables. Promisor. 386). (Bustamante C. Propiedad. A gift is consum-mated upon the donor having knowledge of its acceptance by the donee. to the exclusion of all other persons. for legal effects. Ownership. treasure. house. Propiedad. by accession. and in consequence of certain contracts. Propiedad. Civ. plaintiff. 531). To pronounce. raise. Property. belong to the owner thereof. belonging to different owners. Owner surface right. 616. (Sp. proclamation. Advancement. C. Civ. Ownership confers the right to enjoy and dispose of things without further limitations than those established by law. Obligor. pass. 354). jewelry. Copyrights and industrial property shall be governed by the provisions of the special international conventions at present in force or concluded in the future. (Sp. Copy-rights and industrial property. upgrade. Propiedad. 367. relator. sec. are united in such a way that they come to form a unit. or which is united thereto or incorporated therewith. C. Hidden treasures belong to the owner of the land on which they are found. enact. (Sp. Civ. 115). propri-etorship. dominio. 631. art. the owner of a thing acquires the ownership its natural and civil fruits. (Lou. Pronouncement. without bad faith on the part of either owner. promovedor. sec. formas de adquisición. accession. accesión respecto de muebles. further. In the absence of rights of other persons. Ownership. by tradition. or other precious objects. incorpo-rator. art. sec. Petitioner. support. Promotor. All persons who are not especially disqualified by law there-fore may accept gifts. Pronunciamiento. 360-361). proof. The owner of a parcel of ground is the owner of its surface and of everything under it. Ownership and other property rights are acquired and trans-mitted by law. and he can construct thereon any works or make any plantations and excavations which he may deem proper without detriment to the usufruets legally established thereon. Whatever is built. promising party. Ownership. carries with it the right. (Sp. To enunciate. 383. the owner of the principal thing acquires the accessory thing by indemnify-ing the former owner thereof for its value. sec. prueba. Pronunciar. Ownership. declaration. To promote. Promoción. Civ. Propiedad de inmuebles. any hidden or unknown deposit of money. whether mov-able or immovable. C. Propiedad intelectual e industrial. Prometer. planted or sown on another's land. derecho de superficie.art 483 and art. irnme-diate. C. Promoviente. señorío. The owner holds a right of action against the holder and the possessor of the thing in order to recover it. either naturally or artificially. Civ C. By treasure is understood.Promitente Promitente.643). Ownership. ways of acquiring it. tesoro. Ownership Ownership is the right by which a thine belongs to some one in particular. Civ. 357) Propiedad. Propiedad. Civ.legis-late. farm. Propiedad. Encouragement. Class or year. Ownership. 353. When two movable things. to everything which is pro-duced thereby. Foreclosed property.633. accesión. C. by testate or intestate succession. The ownership of property. Land. (Sp. promoter. and the improve-ments or repairs made thereon. (Lou. To promulgate. by gift. 477). the lawful ownership . Ownership of immovables. accesión respecto de inmuebles. C. Promover. accession with respect to movables. Publicity. Civ. sec. (Sp.sec. Promulgar. restriction. proprietor. family. Crim. Prosperity. art. Prosecución.R. Proscription. (C. any step that forms. Proscribir. Tip. whorehouse. before opposing an exception of lack of jurisdiction. offeror.) Prórroga de competencia. or in a later document. Proponent. so that only the judge competent in accordance with the provisions of this law may take cognizance of crimes and misde-meanors which may be committed. Prosecretario. Prorrata. aim. outlaw. arts. suspend. not only as to such petition but also as to any counterclaim. to continue. Prorratear. Ancestry. 359)- does not raise a nullity based on lack of jurisdiction.481). by making any appearance or filing any request. Sidder. Prórroga. There is tacit submission on the plaintiff's part when he files a petition in a specific Court. to carry on. suppli-cant. after filing the answer. 2) Concerning the defendant in regular or summary proceedings. goal. proportional. wealth. Proposition. To prorate. Prospecto. Prorogation of jurisdiction is prohibited in criminal mat-ters. 8 and note). Civ. Waiver of juris-diction. To propose. Under secretary. propietario. Prórroga de competencia." Used in property law. pro-posal. suspension. Proscripción. Applicant. Bid. offiv. A tacit submission occurs: 1) Concerning the plaintiff. except any appearance leading to prepare or substantiate such an exception. art. may be waived. Submission to jurisdiction may be express or tacit. Ownership is lost when acquisitive prescription accrues in favor of an adverse possessor. small gift or reward. the par-ties desígnate clearly the court they submit themselves to. Person who suggests or requests. Prosperidad y posesión. Prostitution. delay. this phrase attaches to the obligations that remain unchanged even if the debtor disappears from the scene. banning. try. offer. streetwalker. by the mere fact of filing a lawsuit. commercialization. Pro rata. ban. gratuity. Waiver of jurisdiction. streetwalking. Prosecution. hooker. lineage. bloodline. Proponerse. object. (Lou. To defer. To proscribe. and 248. (Panamanian Judicial Code. Proposición. formas. Proroga-tion of criminal jurisdiction. Propósito. and on the defendant's part by tak-ing. Request. (Sp. To intend. Proscriptive. Juris-dictional submission. Prospect. sec. postpone. Prosapia. Ownership exists independently of any exercise of it and may t be lost by nonuse. L. 34. P. cathouse. plan. Carrying a case forward. Requirement. Deferral. Brothel. Time extension. prohi-bition. Prorrateo. suggestion. banning. postpone-ment. art. Prostituta. To bid. Ownership and posThe ownership and the possession of thing are distinct. delay. objective. whore. To proceed. offer. Literally "that follows the thing. R. Proseguir. petitioner. suggest. financial success. 358. Prostitución. Degradation. propuesta. proponente. Propter rem (L).) Prórroga de jurisdicción penal.. Subject to a time extension or postponement. Prorrogable. To extend. Brochure. C. Jurisdiction that accrues by reason of the place where the case must be tried. Prorating. 246. express or tacit. Civ. proportional distribu-tion. Prostíbulo. propina.Prostituta of which is not proven. affluence. (Sp. C. Submission to jurisdiction can be reached in an express or in a tacit way. Owner. 247. Submission is express when in the con-tract itself. inten-tion. percentage. design. Prorrogar. proponer. Prosperidad. Prostitute. 223 . Proscriptor. to distribute propor-tionally. prospectus. Prórroga de competencia expresa o tácita. Purpose. C. Protección Protección. Protection, care, custody, guard, preservation, safety. Proteccionista. Protectionist. Protesorero. Deputy treasurer. Protesta. Protest, complaint, criticism, objec-tion. Demonstration, rally. Assert, declare. Protestable. Protestable, objectionable. Protestar. To protest, challenge, complain, dissent, object. Protesto. Protest. Protesto por falta de pago. Protest for non-payment. Protocolar. According to protocol, ceremo-nious, formal, stately. Relating to a notary's recordations. Protocolización. Protocolization, notarial registration. Recording of a document in an official register. Typically it is what a notary public does with documents submitted or issued by him. Protocolizar. To record in a notarial register. Protocolo. Protocol. Diplomatic formalities. Record kept by notaries following strict procedures. Protutor. Protutor. Provecho. Advantage, benefit, earnings, gains, profit. Provechoso. Advantageous, beneficial, gainfull, profitable. Proveer. To decide by a court. To supply, equip, furnish, provide. Proveído. Court decision or order. Provenir. To origínate from. Proveyendo. Provided. Providencia. Order. used to decide a matter of mere practice. (Sp. L. Crim. P., art. 141). Interlocutory order. Providencia judicial. Judicial ruling. Provincial. Provincial. Provisión. Provision, supply. Existence of funds. Provisional, provisorio. Provisional, conditional, contingent, interim, temporary. Provocación. Provocation, incitement, instigation. Provocador. Instigator, initiator. Provocateur. Proxenitismo. Prostitute trafficking. Próximo. Proximate, alongside, by, close, near neighboring, next. Proyecto. Draft. Project, plan, scheme. Proyecto, borrador. Draft. Proyecto de ley. Bill, draft law. Prudencia. Prudence, care, caution, poise reasonableness, steadiness, wisdom. Prudencial. Prudent, circumspect, discreet Prudente arbitrio. Sound discretion. Prueba. Proof, evidence. Confirmation, data demonstration, discovery, documentation exhibit, indication, indicia, sign, testimony validation, verification. Test, trial. Prueba, conflicto de leyes. Evidence, con-flict of laws. The form of the evidence is reg-ulated by the law in force in the place where it is taken. The weight of the evidence depends on the law of the judge. (Busta-manteC. arts. 398-401). Prueba de obligaciones. Proof of obliga-tions. Proof may be given by instruments, by confession, by the personal inspection of the court or judge, by experts, by witnesses, and by presumptions. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1182, 1183). Prueba de peritos. Proof ofexpert evidence. This kind of evidence may only be made use of when, in order to weigh the facts, scien-tific, artistic, or practical knowledge is nec-essary or advisable. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1210). Prueba de referencia. Hearsay. Prueba de testigos. Evidence of witnesses, testimony. Evidence of witnesses shall be admissible in all cases in which it should not have been expressly forbidden. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1212, 1216). Prueba del daño en caso de una operación sucedánea. Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction. Where the aggrieved party has terminated the contract and has made a replacement transaction within a reasonable time and in a reason-able manner it may recover the difference between the contract price and the price of the replacement transaction as well as dam-ages for any further harm. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 7.4.5). Prueba del derecho extranjero. Proof of foreign law. Foreign law can be proven by a duly authenticated copy of the pertinent 224 Pugna part of the statute, or by the testimony of two or more lawyers who are in practice in the country whose law must be proven. (LA Laws & Inst). prueba del diligenciamiento. Return. Prueba documental. Documentary evi-dence. The court shall examine in person the books, documents, papers and other exhibits which may contribute to an eluci-dation of the facts or to a more certain inves-tigation of the truth. (Sp. L. Crim. R, sec. 726). prueba en Latinoamérica. Evidence in Latin America. Latin American evidentiary Systems know of testimonial proof, public and prívate documents, confession, opinions by experts, judicial inspections and presump-tions. At first blush the system is not so dif-ferent from its US counterpart. However, a closer inspection reveais that Latin American rules are structurally weak and very restrictive. It would not be an exaggeration to estímate that if transferred to a Latin American jurisdiction the evidence obtain-able there would be at least 80% weaker than if the case remained in the US. That is so for the following reasons. In Latin American systems there are no depositions and no dis-covery, witnesses are very restricted and the court has very little power to compel docu-ment production. Prueba, evaluación. Evaluation of evidence. The judge's power to evaluate evidence is much more circumscribed than that of the common law judge. The codes of civil pro-cedure commonly set out detailed rules as to how the judge should weigh testimony, specifying considerations about motivation, precisión, clarity, the witness' capacity to perceive, and his interest in the case. Latin American courts display a decided tendency to believe documents and to disbelieve peo-pie. The innate distrust of oral testimony is reflected in broad disqualifications of witnesses related to any of the parties. (L & D in LA). Prueba, presunciones. Proof, presumptions. Presumptions are not admissible, except when the fact from which they are to be deduced is fully proven. Presumptions established by law exempt those favored thereby from producing any further proof. (Sp. Civ. C, sec. 1217, 1218, 1220). Psicosis. Psychosis. Psiquiatra. Psychiatrist. Pubertad. Puberty, pubescence, adolescence, youth. Publicación. Publication, announcement, printing, proclamation. Publicación de casos, México. Case report-ing, Mexico. Case reporting in Mexico is nothing like in the U.S. There is one famous series of law reports, the Semanario Judicial de la Federación, now in its eighth "epoch." The Semanario is devoted exclusively to the decisions of the Supreme Court and the federal appellate courts. Only a devoted student of Mexican law will be prepared to expend the effort required to learn how to use the Semanario. (Pratter). Publicación de leyes, México. Publication of statutes, Mexico. The official source of legislative enactments in the civil-law coun-tries is the official gazette. The U.S. has no equivalent, although the Federal Register and the state registers have that form. At the national level it is called the Diario Oficial de la Federación. It is published every business day. It contains all federal legislative and administrative acts of any significance. (Pratter). Publicidad. Publicity, advertisement. Publicidad de los debates. Publicity of oral arguments. The arguments at the oral trial shall be public, under pain of nullity. Nev-ertheless, the presiding judge may order that the proceedings be held behind closed doors when necessary for reasons of morality or public order, or the respect due to the per-son offended by the crime or to his family. (Sp. L. Crim. P, sec. 680, 682). Publicista. Publicist, specialist in public law. Público. Public, audience, community, peo-pie, population. Publíquese y hágase saber. Let it be known. Pudor. Sexual decency, decorum or modesty. Delicate sense of shame or constraint. Puerto. Port, harbor. Sanctuary, shelter. Pugna. Argument, conflict, contest, disagree-ment, dispute. 225 Puja Puja. Competition, conflict, contest, match, rivalry. Pujar. To struggle in competition. Move to outbid a rival. Punible. Punishable, subject to a fine or penalty. Punición. Punishment, castigation, correc-tion, discipline, penalty. Punitivo. Punitive, correctional, disciplinary. Puntapié. Kick. Punto. Point. Detail, particular. Issue, item. Puntualizar. To explain in detail. Puñal. Dagger, small knife or blade. Puñalada. Stabbing, wound inflicted with a dagger or a knife. Puñetazo. Punch, blow, jab. Knock with a clenched fist. Pupilaje. Pupilage, guardianship. Care of Pupilar. Relating to minors under ouard' ship. Pupilo. Ward, minor under guardianship Purga del incumplimiento. Cure by n performing party. The nonperforming pa°r"~ may, at its own expense, cure any nonn formance, provided that (a) the nonn forming party without undue delay gi^' notice of cure indicating the proposeH manner and timing of the cure; (b) cure' appropriate to the circumstances; (c) th aggrieved party has no legitímate interest in refusing cure; and (d) cure is effected promptly. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 7.1.4). Purgación. Purge. Purgar. To purge, to remove selectively. Puro y claro. Unclouded, free of any lien or restraint. Puta. Hooker, prostitute, whore. Putativo. Putative, assumed, reputed, sup-posed, commonly esteemed. 226 Oposesión. Quasi possession. The exer-;Se of a real right, such as a servitude, with the intent to have it as one's own is quasi-possession. The rules governing possession Lnlv by analogy to the quasi-possession of incorporeals. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 3421 and note). nue se declare de puro derecho. Motion forsummaryjudgment. Quebrado. Broken. Bankrupt, insolvent. Quebrantador. Person who breaks the law. Quebrantamiento. Breach, infringement, violation. Quebrantar. To breach, infringe, viólate. Quebranto. Economic loss or damage. Quebrar. To break, breach. To go bankrupt. Queja. Complaint, grievance, protest. Quejarse. To complain, protest. Quejoso. Complainant, aggrieved party. Quemarropa. At point-blank range. Querella. Complaint. The complaint shall always be submitted through a solicitor hav-ing a sufficient power subscribed by an attorney. It shall be drafted on official paper, and shall state: 1) The judge or court before whom it is made. 2) The ñame, surname, and residence of the complainant. 3) The ñame, surname, and residence of the per-son charged. If these details be unknown, the description of the person charged must state such distinctive marks as may best tend to his identification. 4) A detailed statement of the act, with a statement of the place, year, month, day, and hour it was commit-ted, if known. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 277). Criminal prosecution. Criminal accusa-tion. Querellado. Accused in criminal proceedings. Querellante. Plaintiff in criminal proceedings. Querellar. To file criminal charges. Quid. Essence, heart of the matter, main issue. Quid pro quo (L). One thing for another. Q Quiebra. Bankruptcy. The declaration of bankruptcy shall be proper: 1) When the bankrupt itself requests it. 2) On a well-founded request of a legitímate creditor. (Sp. Com. C, sec. 874/75). Insolvency. Quiebra accidental. Accidental bankruptcy. An accidental bankruptcy shall be consid-ered that of a merchant who is the victim of misfortunes. (Sp. Com. C, sec. 887). Quiebra, acreedores prendarios. Bankruptcy, creditors secured by pledge. Credi-tors who are secured by a pledge established in a public instrument or in a certifícate in which an agent or broker has taken part, shall not be obliged to turn in the assets the securities or objects they may have received as security, unless the receivers in bankruptcy should desire to recover the same by paying the credit in question in full. (Sp. Com. C, sec. 918). Quiebra, clases. Bankruptcy, kinds. For legal purposes three different kinds of bankruptcy shall be distinguished, viz: 1) Accidental insolvency. 2) Culpable insolvency. 3) Fraudulent insolvency. (Sp. Com. C, sec. Quiebra culpable. Culpable bankruptcy. A culpable bankruptcy shall be considered that of merchants who are embraced in any of the following cases: 1) If the household and personal expenses of the bankrupt should have been excessive and not in proportion with his net profits, taking into considera-tion the circumstances of his standing and family. 2) If he should have suffered losses at any kind of play which exceed that which a careful father of a family should risk in this kind of entertainment. (Sp. Com. C, sec. Quiebra fraudulenta. Fraudulent bankruptcy. A merchant shall be considered a fraudulent bankrupt when his acts bring him within any of the following conditions: 1) Flight with all or a part of his property. 2) The inclusión in the balance, memoranda, books or other documents relating to his 227 Quiebra, graduación de crédito ________ Quincenal. Fortnightly, bimonthly. Quinquenio. Five years. Quirografario. Unsecured creditor. Quirografía. Documentary, handwritino Quiropráctica. Chiropractice. The science 0f the treatment of the human body by me of adjustments and manipulations for th purpose of correcting partial misalignmen' and subluxation of the spinal column, can ing compression on the nerves, thus hinder-ing the transmission of vital energy from th brains to the organs, tissues, and cells of th human body. (Ppl. v. Rodriquez, 91PRR gao (1965)). Quita. Allowance, rebate. Quita, espera. Respite. A respite is an actby which a debtor, who is unable to satisfy his debts at the moment, transacts with his creditors and obtains from them time or delay for the payment of the sums which he owes to them. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 3084). Quitación, quitamiento. Reléase, quitclaim, waiver. Quitanza. Accord and satisfaction, complete reléase, discharge of an obligation. Quorum. Quorum, necessary number of votes to proceed with a meeting. business or transactions, of fictitious prop-erty, credits, debts, losses, or expenses. 3) If they have not kept books, or, if they have done so, they include therein, to the preju-dice of a third person, entries not made in the proper place and at the proper time. (Sp. Com. C, sec. 890/91). Quiebra, graduación de crédito. Bank-ruptcy, graduation of credits. The gradua-tion of the credits shall be made by dividing them into two sections. The first one shall include the credits which are to be paid from the proceeds of the personal property of the bankruptcy, and the second those which are to be paid from the proceeds of the real estáte. (Sp. Com. C, sec. 912). Quiebra, rehabilitación del quebrado. Bankruptcy, discharge of bankrupts. Fraud-ulent bankrupts can not be discharged. With the discharge of the bankrupt all the legal interdictions which a declaration of bankruptcy gives rise to shall cease. (Sp. Com. C, sec. 920/11). Quien calla Otorga. He who remains silent, consents. Quieta y pacífica posesión. Enjoyment of a property without being disturbed. Quincena. Fortnight. 228 R Rabulería. Chicanery. Racionalización. Rationalization, explana-non. Act of making a government body morecosteffective. Racismo. Racism. Racista. Racist. Rada. Roadstead. Radicación. Filing. Radicar. To file. Toapplyfor. Radicarse. To settle in. Radio. Radio. Radius. A circular geographic área. Rama. Branch, división. Área of law. Ramera. Prostitute, hooker, streetwalker, whore. Ramo. Line of business. Category, class. Rango. Rank, degree, level, status. Order of importance. Rapiña. Robbery, burglary, larceny, theft. Rapiñar. To steal, lift, pilfer, snatch. Raptar. To kidnap, abduct, steal. Rapto. Kidnapping, abduction. Raptor. Kidnapper, abductor. Raspadura. Erasure, cancellation, crossing, out, deletion. Rastro. Track, footprints, imprint, steps, trail. Ratería, raterismo. Small thefts, pilfering. Ratero. Pettythief. Ratificación. Ratification. Ratification is a declaration whereby a person gives his con-sent to an obligation incurred on his behalf by another without authority. An express act of ratification must evidence the intention to be bound by the ratified obligation. Tacit ratification results when a person, with knowledge of an obligation incurred on his behalf by another, accepts the benefit of that obligation. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 1843). Approval, confirmation, corroboration, verification. Ratificar. To ratify, approve, confirm, corrobórate, verify. Rayadura. Crossing out, cancellation, deletion, erasure. Rayar. To cross out, to cancel. To border or something, to be cióse. Raza. Race. Breed. Razón. Reason. Argument, cause, explanation. Sanity, mental health. Razón de dicho. Grounds for one's state-ments. Razón social. Corporate ñame, trade ñame. Razonable. Reasonable, rational, sensible. Conceivable, logical, modérate. Fair, just. Razonamiento. Reasoning. Reabrir. To reopen. To undo or unlock once more. Reaceptación. Reacceptance, to consent or approve once more. Readaptación. Readaptation, rehabilitation. Readquirir. To acquire once more, to purchase again. Reafirmar. To reaffirm. To maintain or profess once more. Reagrupación. Regrouping. Reajustar. To readjust, reaccommodate, readapt. Reajuste. Readjustment. Alteration in price. Change, correction. Real. Royal. Actual, certain, proven. Relating to real estáte. Real Decreto. Royal Decree. Realizable. That can be turned into cash. Realizar. To realize. To turn into cash. To comprehend, perceive, understand. To fulfill, perform. Reanimación. Reanimation, resuscitation. Reanudar. To continué, proceed, resume. Reapertura de la causa. Reopening of proceedings. Reargüir. To reargue, relitigate. Reaseguro. Reinsurance. 229 Reaseguro en masa Reaseguro en masa. Bulk reinsurance. Reavaluar, revaíuar. To reappraise, reassess. Reavalúo, revalúo. Reappraisal, reassess-ment. Rebaja. Rebate, cutback, discount, reduction. Abatement, remission. Rebajar. To rebate, discount. To abate, remit. To debase, degrade, lower. Rebaje. Discount. Remission. Rebatir. To rebut, counter, object, refute. Rebelde. In default. A person accused who shall not appear within the period fixed in the requisitions or who can not be found and brought before the judge or court taking cognizance of the cause shall be declared in default. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 834). Contemnor. Rebel, dissenter, revolution-ary. Rebeldía. Default, contempt to court, nonap-pearance. Rebelión. Rebellion, coup, insubordination, insurgence, insurrection, revolt, revolution. Rebote. Bounce. Rebus sic stontibus (L). This phrase is mostly used in the context of contract law. It is the equivalent of the theory of changed circumstances, hardship or of frustration of contract. Literally it means a substantial change of circumstances or events. Recabar. To obtain, e.g. information. Recalada. Sighting land. Recalar. Stand in shore. The convenience or the interests of the passengers shall not obligate ñor empower the captain to stand in shore or enter places which may take the ves-sel out of her course, ñor to remain in the ports he must or is under the necessity of touching for a period longer than that required for the business of the service. (Sp. Com. C.,sec. 701). Recámara. Place where bullet is lodged before firing. Recambio. A new bilí of exchange to replace an oíd one. Recapacitar. To stop to think, medítate. To rehabilítate, reedúcate. Recapitalización. Recapitalization. Recapitulación. Summary, abridgement, condensation, outline. Recapturar. To recapture. To seize once mor Recargo. Surcharge, additional cost. Markn in price. Recaudable. Collectible. Viable claim. Recaudación. CoUection, contributions funds, income, revenue. Recaudador. Collector, receiver. Recaudar. To collect, cash in, obtain, perceive receive. Recaudatorio. Relating to collection pur-poses. Recaudo. Precaution, protection, safety, shel-ter. Requirement, requisite. Recepción. Reception. Acceptance. Incorpo-ration. Welcome. Recepción de la revocación, rechazo o aceptación. Reception of revocation, rejec-tion or acceptance. A written revocation rejection, or acceptance is received when it comes into the possession of the addressee or of a person authorized by him to receive it. (Lou. Civ. C. art. 1938). Recepcionista. Receptionist. Person who receives or accepts. Receptador. Party who receives. Receptar. To receive, accept, adopt, acquire, establish. Receptor. Receiver, acceptor, adopten Receptoría. Tax office, tax collection bureau. Recesar. To recess, adjourn, break, pause, stay. Receso. Recess, break, intermission, pause. Recetar. To prescribe. To suggest as a solution. Rechazable. Declinable, discardable, refusable, rejectable. Rechazamiento. Denial, refusal, rejection, veto. Dismissal. Rechazar. To decline, disavow, discard, disown, refuse, reject, repudíate. To dismiss, to throw out of court. To recant, retract, rescind. To deny, refuse, reject, veto. Rechazo. Refusal, rejection, repudiation. Disavowal. Dismissal of an action. Rescission. Rechazo de la oferta. Rejection of offer. An offer is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 2.5). Recibí. Paid, payment received. Recibido. Received. Graduated from high school or college. 230 Reconocimiento en rueda de presos RECIbimiento a prueba. Period for produc-EVIdence. The ordinary period for the kine of evidence shall be divided into two arts common to all parties. The first period f tvventy days, which can not be extended, hall be for the purpose of stating in one or more written instruments all the matters upon which they desire evidence to be taken. The second period of thirty days, which can not be extended either, shall be for the purpose of taking all the evidence proposed by the parties. (Sp. L. Civ. P. sec. 552). Recibir. To receive, accept, collect, gather, take. Recibir juramento. Administer oaths. Recibirse. To obtain a high school or a col-leee degree. To become admitted to prac-tice. Recibo. Receipt, stub. Recidivismo. Duplication, recurrence, reit-eration of a criminal act. Recidivista. Recidivist, repeat offender, pro-fessional criminal. Recién nacido abandonado. Abandoned newborn child. Any person who finds a newborn child or finds him in his house or property, must bring him before the Civil Registryjudge. (Mex. Civ. C, art.65). Recinto. Closed área. Reciprocidad. Reciprocity, mutuality. Recíproco. Reciprocal, joint, common, com-plemental, mutual, shared. Reclamable. Claimable, demandable. Reclamación. Claim, demand, litigation, suit. Reclamaciones opuestas. Adverse, con-flicting claims. Reclamante. Plaintiff, claimant. Reclamar. To claim, demand, insist, request, require. Reclamo. Demand, urgent request. Adver-tisement, commercial. Recluir. To seclude, imprison, isolate. To insu-late. Reclusión. Seclusion, imprisonment, isola-tion. Recluso. Prisoner, convict, inmate. Hermit, loner. Reclutamiento. Recruiting, chafing, enlist-ment, enrolling. Signing up. Recobrable. Recoverable, collectible. Retriev-able, redeemable. Recobrar. To recover, recapture, recoup, regain, repossess, rescue, retrieve. Recobro. Recovery, repossession, rescue, retrieval. Health improvement. Recogedor. Person who picks up or receives. Recoger. To receive, pick up. Recomendado. Recommended, approved, endorsed, praised. Recomendar. To recommend, approve, endorse, praise. Recomendatorio. Person who is recommended. Recompensa. Reward, award, bonus, com-pensation, payment, prize, remuneration. Recompensable. Compensable, payable. Recompensar. To reward, award, compénsate, pay, remunérate. Recomprar. To repurchase. Buying the same thing for a second time. Reconciliación. Reconciliation. Reconducción. Extensión of a contract for another term. Reconducir. To extend the duration of a contract for one more term. Reconocer. To admit, acknowledge, concede, confess, grant, recognize. To inspect, examine, investigate, probé, study. Reconocimiento. Admission, acknowledg-ment, concession, confession, recognition. Inspection, exam, examination, investiga-tion, probé, study. Reconocimiento de progenitura. Parent-hood acknowledgment. In the event the father or the mother or both of a child born out of wedlock produce the child for the recording of its birth, the proceeding have the effect of a legal acknowledgment of the parenthood for the person who appears. (Mex. Civ. C, art.77). Reconocimiento en rueda de presos. Lineup, identification. The identification shall take place by placing before the person who is to make it the person to be identi-fied, producing said person in unión with others of similar external appearance. In the presence of all of them or from a point where he cannot be seen, as the judge may 231 Reconocimiento judicial consider more advisable, the person to make the identification shall state if the person to whom he may have referred in his declara-tions is in the group. (Sp. L. Crim. P, sec. 369). Reconocimiento judicial. Judicial inspec-tion. If for the purpose of elucidating and weighing the facts, it should be necessary for the judge to personally examine some place or the thing which is the object of the liti-gation, a judicial inspection shall be made at the instance of any of the parties. (Sp. L. Civ. P. sec. 632, 633). Reconsiderar. To reconsider. Reconstitución. Reenactment, reconstitu-tion. Reconstituir. To restructure, reset. Reconvención. Counterclaim. Reconvención en exceso de la demanda. Counterclaim exceeding opposing claim. Reconvencional. Relating to a counterclaim. Reconvenir. To counterclaim. Reconversión. Change to the original state. Recopilación. Compilation. Recopilador. Compiler, chronicler, historian, narrator, recorder. Recopilar. To compile, accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, gather, stack. Recordatorio. Reminder. Recorrido. Itinerary, circuit, course, route. Recorte. Cutting. Recriminación. Recrimination, counter-charge. Accusation, complain. Recriminador. Recriminator. Accuser. Recriminar. To recrimínate, countercharge. To accuse. Rectificación. Rectification, amendment, correction, improvement. Rectificación de cabida. Rectification of size of properties. Rectification of the size of all properties already recorded may be entered in the Registry by any of the follow-ing means: 1) By an unappealable verdict handed down in a regular procedure of judicial survey or to establish the dimensions. 2) By public document when it is a question of reduction of the área or an excess of no more than twenty percent of the recorded área, and it is done by proven technical sur232 veying methods. (PR Mort. Law 1970 247). ,se c] Rectificar. To rectify, amend, change en improve. Rectificativo. Rectifying. Recuento. Recount. Recuerdo. Recollection, remembrance m ory. Fame, impression. Recuperable. Recoverable, collectible. R trievable, redeemable. Recuperación, recupero. Recovery, rep08. session, rescue, retrieval. Health improve ment. Recuperar. To recover, recapture, recouD regain, repossess, rescue, retrieve. Recurrencía. Recurrence. Recurrente. Complainant, petitioner, plajn. tiff, relator, appellant, applicant. Recurrible. Not firm or final. Appealable. Recurrido. Subject to an appeal or a revisión Recurrir. To sue, appeal, apply, petition, re-quest. Recurso. Appeal, motion for a revisión. Recurso aclaratorio de sentencia. Motion to clarify a decisión. Courts can not amend their decisions after the same have been signed, but on the first legal day after the notice is served they may elucídate some obscure point, supply any omission, or cor-rect any important mistake therein. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 161). Recurso de apelación. Appeal. An appeal can not be interposed until a petition for amendment has been filed; but both may be interposed in the same instrument. (Sp. L. Crim. P., art. 222). Recurso de casación. Appeal for annulment of judgment. An appeal for annulment of judgment for violation of law lies from all sentences rendered in first and last instance. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 847). Recurso de casación por nulidad de sentencia, casos. Appeal for annulment of judgment, cases. An appeal for annulment of judgment shall lie in the cases established in this law: 1) From final judgments rendered by audiences. 2) From final judgments rendered by judges of the first instance in actions of unlawful detainer of which they Recusación de peritos Recurso de fuerza en conocer. Complaint against ecclesiastical decision. The complaint made by a person who considere him-self unjustly treated by an ecclesiastical judge to a secular judge, imploring his pro-tection, and requesting that the former be ordered to repair the injustice done the appellant. (Novísima Recopilación, book 2, title 2, law 1). Recurso de queja. Complaint. A complaint lies from all rulings of a judge which can not be appealed from and from decisions disal-lowingan appeal. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 218). Recurso de reforma. Petition for amend-ment. Petitions for amendment lie from all rulings of a judge of examination. (Sp. L. Crim. R,art. 217). Recurso de revisión. Appeal for review. The review of a final judgment shall be proper: 1) If, after judgment has been rendered, decisive documents should be recovered which were detained by forcemajeure or by an act of the party in whose favor judgment was rendered. 2) When the judgment was rendered by virtue of documents which at the time said judgment was rendered, were acknowledged and declared false without the knowledge of one of the parties. (Sp. L. Civ.P.sec. 1794, 1795). Recurso de revisión (Crim.). Appeal for review (crim.). An appeal for review shall lie from final sentences in the following cases: 1) When two or more persons are serving a sentence by virtue of contradic-tory sentences for the same crime which could not have been committed by more than one person. 2) When a person is serving a sentence as the principal, accomplice, or accessory to the homicide of a person whose existence is established after the sentences. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 954). Recursos naturales. Natural resources. Recusable. Impeachable, recusable. Recusación. Challenge to the judge. Justices and judges, whatever their rank or hierar-chy, and assessors to municipal judges who substitute those of first instance and subordínate officials of superior and inferior courts, may be challenged only for a legitímate cause. The following are legitímate cause of challenge: 1) Relationship by affin-ity or consanguinity within the fourth civil degree with any of the litigants. 2) The same relationship within the second degree with the attorney of any of the parties to the action. This should be understood without prejudice to the prohibition which is im-posed upon attorneys to act as such in actions in which any of their relatives within the same degrees are to act as judges. (Sp. L. Civ. R.sec. 188). Recusación (Crim.). Challenge to the judge (crim.). In criminal matters only the fol-lowing persons are permitted to challenge: The prosecuting officials. The prívate accuser or his legal representatives. The accused. Those civilly Hable for a crime or misdemeanor. Legitímate causes of challenge are: 1) Relationship by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree to any of the persons mentioned in the forego-ing article. 2) The same relationship within the second degree to the attorney of any of the parties to the cause. 3) To be or have been denounced or accused by any of said parties as the principal, accomplice, or accessory to a crime or as a principal in a misdemeanor. (Sp. L. Crim. R, art. 53 and 54). Recusal, challenge, impeachment. Recusación de peritos. Challenge of ex-perts. The following are causes for challenge of experts: 1) relationship by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth degree with the complainant or the accused; 2) a direct or 233 release. verifi-cation. wages. Redactar. Refutar. Royalty. Redhibitory action. system. To redeem. revision. improvement. arguable. of about 287 BC. refuge. Rediscounting. gains. Person ruling in the king's name. validate. dickering. Refletar. Redeemable. argue. Redimir. expatríate. sec. Murderer of a king. dicker. skirmish. Regalía. Rédito. Abatement. readaptation. haggling. par-don. Reforma. C. To reimburse. Absolution. (Lou. Civ. cor-roboration. Historically. Haven. earnings. rebuttal. Referendum. confirmation. scrawl. Compression. protection. questionable. Bargaining. confirm. runaway. sanctuary. Reduction. Reformatory. Redacción. shortening. To free. To recuse. income. contradiction. returnable. Reimbursable. shield. impeach. Redescuento. objection. Regicida. exiled. Reattachment. For a corporation. To reclaim. Referente. To refute. variation. correction. desperado. To bargain. Refugio. Backlash action. rebuttable. Fight. challenge. Reform. Countersignature. (Sp. clearance. pen. recover. Murder of a king. R. Refutation. compensate. Regicidio. Reeducación. Regent. storming. Receding tide. Refutable. refund. Reformatorio. in the Lex Aquilia. or its use so inconvenient and imperfect. discount. Reflujo. remunerate. escapee. Alteration change. to reacquire its own shares previously sold. in-demnify. regain. 3) intímate friendship or man-ifest enmity. To draft. Redhibition. Redimible. Net. Raid. Refutación. which ren-ders it either absolutely useless. Cutback. Redhibition is the avoidance of a sale on account of some vice or defect in the thing sold. return. Reembolsar. Reeducation. Refrenda. Redada. Authentication. Claimable. Refugee. 468). contradict. Red. benefits. Refrendata. This con-cept is included in the rule that repartion must be complete. Crim. Recusante. Regatear. argument. Party who challenges. riot. Redhibitory. fugitive. Regateo. ratification. exculpation. proceeds. forgiveness. 234 . modifi-cation. lucre. 2420). Reembolso de gastos médicos. haggle. Reembargo. action for hidden vices for the thing purchased. Asylum. rebut. To recharter. concerning. Refugiado. object. Regente. ratify. Referendum. Recusar. art. decrease. exoneration. transformation. Revenue. had he known of the vice. deductible. the obliga-tion to reimburse medical expenses can be traced back to Roman law. Redhibitorio. that it must be supposed that the buyer would not have pur-chased it. In reference to. Refutable. acquittal. Drafting. verify. remission. Reim-bursement of medical expenses. L. To authenticate. Redhibición. Reembolsable. writing. Amendment. redemption. save. corroborate. Reducción. remission.Recusante indirect interest in the cause or in another similar one. Refriega. Shelter. validation. attenuation. Refrendar. rehabilitation. return. Redención. author. recompense. pat down. Registra-tion. Civ. in a lawsuit. 318. anotación preventiva. probe. Attachment ordered by administrative collection proceedings shall be governed by the provisions applicable to them. Regir. Registral. Even if we disre-gard the frequent periods when legality is suspended. Recordable. Civ. although the institutions resemble those of the United States. To examine. Eur. Cancellation of an entry made without any external curable defect shall become totally effective with regard to the third party who. cancelación de asientos. Cancellation of Registry entries may be total or partial. Registrador. (Lou. Recorded. The following may request that cautionary notices on their respective rights be entered in the Registry: 1) A person who. Registro. Search of premises. A matrimonial regime is a system of principies and rules governing the ownership and management of the property of mar-ried persons as between themselves and toward third persons. cancellation of entries. region. Sys. registro. To rule. Acts relating to the civil status of persons shall be recorded in the registry devoted to that purpose. probe. cautionary notice. sec. command. Registration. Concerning recordation of titles and encumbrances to real estate. (W. Area. because of it. Crim. Law 1979. Registry. inspect. declaration. registered. register. filed. annotation. zone. Presidential regime. 118). Roster. even though said cancellation is later annulled for some reason that does not clearly originate from that entry or the Registry. pat down. claims ownership to real property or the constitution. Registro. Registrar. (Sp. art. modifications and extinctions of domain and other real rights on said prop- 235 . reg-ister. The characteristic feature of the presidential regime in Latin America is that. Law 1979. (PR Mort. 112). or the lack of validity or force. declaration. & LA Leg. sec. Registro. R. recorder. Matrimonial regime. his power may be said to verge on hegemony. Registration. Registrante. applicable. sec. The records in the registry shall be evidence of the civil status. Registro civil. Registrado. anotación preventiva de crédito refaccionario. govern. To make an entry. the president usually suc-ceeds in gaining control. To be in force. Registración. search. art. sec. 2) A per-son who lawfully obtains an attachment order in his favor on real property belonging to the debtor. and to this effect the authorities who decree them on real property may present a certification containing the attachment order and the data needed to record it in the correspond-ing section. that being sought not to prejudice nor importune the person inter-ested more than necessary. Party who records or registers. C. Registro. Registrable. modification or extinction of the above-cited recordable rights. To annotate. oblig-atory. Régimen presidencial. To control. Registro de la propiedad. (PRMort. Civil registry. record. modification or extinction of any recordable right or one who files his claim in an action that affects a title to real property. 320). The purpose of the Property Registry is the registration of transactions and contracts relating to real property through a public record system of titles containing the acqui-sitions. Examination. C. or on the validity and force. Registrar. attachment by administrative collection proceedings. list. 2325). has acquired and recorded a right. Useless inspections shall be avoided in mak-ing the searches. mandatory. record. 131. 552). constitution. (Sp. register. Región. 129. inspec-tion. To record. L.). Property registry. (PRMort. Law 1979. Entry. 143). of the title or titles involved in the acquisition. binding. search. Registro de inmuebles.Registro de la propiedad Régimen matrimonial. and those judicial opinions which may affect the legal capacity of the owners of record. The commercial registry shall be public. inexactitud. reglamento. Reinstatement. Com. R. Register of convic-tions. inaccu-racies. Registration. reinstallation. naturaleza. díctate. To pay. sec. A commercial registry shall be opened in all the capitals of provinces. Reglamentario. If the con-vict received a security measure of commit-ment following the penalty. clear discharge. appears with the power to convey it. sec. The istrar shall enter in chronological orde the registry and general index all the mer chants and associations which have th l names registered. restoration. Law 1979. 110). monitor. Regulatory. Commercial registry. Rehabilitation. validly acquires a right from a person who according to the Registry. standard. order' standing order.19. Registro fiel y exacto. composed of two independent books. handle manage. re-adapta-tion. establish. in which there shall be recorded: 1) 236 Prívate merchants.88). which is recorded erroneously. grounds. principie. L. L. 89). supervise. and the proper entry shall be made upon the record of each cause when the per-son in default is found. Reglamentación. for Latin America. art. giving each sheet the proper correlative number. Rehabilitación. Crim. in good faith and by paying a price. Reinstatement of rights. records. sec. (PRMort. b) Satisfactory conduct of the con-vict during the time expressed above. inscripciones. Despite the fact that registration does not valídate transac-tions or contracts that are nuil according to the law. reappearance. Reestablishment. for Latin America. Regularization. Registro. reinstatement. Rehabilitation will be granted if all the following requisites are met: a) After six years of extinguishment of the principal penalty. díctate. control. Registro de penados. (PRMort. 254). Rule. Regulation command. and the recordable rights on same. 255). third persons rights. nor does it alter the legal relation-ship of those intervening as parties in said transactions or contracts. art. 105). Reinstatement of rights. acquit oneself. or twelve years for a professional of repeat offender. scope. administrative. 87. a third person who. Work rules. (PR Mort.30). Rehabilitación." The leaves of this book shall be numbered. Inaccuracy of the Record is under-stood to mean any disagreement on recordable rights which may exist between the Record and the legal reality outside the Registry. Registro. canon. C se 16. or which is impaired by the inaccurate entry. Reglamento interior de trabajo. (Standard Penal C. pre cept. sec. recovery. fix. To bring back to normal condi-tions. and rubricated by the judge of examination and his secretary of administration. Reglamentar. restoration. direction. Registro e incautación. oversee. (Standard Penal C. Regularizar. R. . (Sp. Reinstatement will restore the convict to the full enjoyment of the rights that were withdrawn or restricted from him by the judgment of conviction. (Sp. derechos de un tercero. Law 1979. Reglar. shall be sustained in his acquisition after he has recorded his right. Registro mercantil. In the lat-ter book shall be entered all causes in which the persons accused have been declared in default. To settle. Those provisions which bind workers in carrying out the work in an enterprise or establishment. Bylaws. 2) Associations.sec.Registro de penados erty. 7). Regularización.20. agree. Crim. Law 1979. True and faithful record. Registro de procesados en rebeldía. sealed. Registration. Regreso. decree. Regla. Return. Rectification of the Registry may be requested by the titleholder of dominión or real right which is not recorded.17. Every judge of examination shall keep a book which shall be called "Register of Convictions. replacement. To regúlate. Register or persons accused in default. law. Search and seizure. causales. (Sp. norm. the time will start counting at the end of such security measure. Rehabilitación. normaliza-tion. Relevación. remunerate. com-pensation. Reestablishment. Exemption from a particular task or duty. Intermittent. regardless of what may be the origin of the relationship. Rela-tion. Description of previous owners in a deed. reclaimable. reinstate. connection. recurrent. Depending on various external factors. significance. Replevin. retrievable. Reivindicatorío. Reivindication. draftsman. report. Rehuir. Reiterated. reimbursement. compensate. reinstall. Description of facts in a judgment. Replevin. reim-burse. materiality. P. repay. 91). Reintegración. Relación de acreedores. dodge. Once there is such a work relationship. state. Reincidencia. Reiniciar. To avert. restore. restoration. Reincidente. To remortgage. Rehusar. relevo. Whoever commits a crime. Recidivism. repossess. To reinstall. Labor Law). Work Relationship. The rendering of a personal service by one person to another. for Latín America. Reivindicados Plaintiff in an action to recover or replevin. forgive. reinstallation. Relating to a replevin action. Relevance. Reinstatement. declaration. Creditor's sched-ule. actionable. To rehabilítate oneself. Relación. repeat offender. To relate. Reimpresión. repeated. and 71). Reiteratorio. Reintegrar. Reiteración. Reiteradamente. Refunding. To refund. revocation. Reivindicatoría. Rehén. sec. for LA. rehabilitation. Reinstatement will be revoked ipso jure if the person in question commits a new intentional crime. (St. step down. refuse. in consideration for the payment of a salary. repeti-tious. elude. redundant. Claimable.Relevante Rehabilitación. statement of facts. Finding or research of facts. avoid. recidivist. Reiteration. Reinstatement of rights. Relativo. Reintegrable. To reestablish. returnable. Reincidir. recital. recurrence. To reestablish. significant. Relevante. demotion. Reivindicación. report. Offprint (GB). Loss of rank. report. 237 . (Mex. Relevamiento. set back. restore. Reivindicable. Exemption from a particular task or duty. repeated. recidivism. Statement of facts. Clerk who drafts the statement of facts for the judge. revocación. several times. Reivindicar. Relación de trabajo. reimbursable. Relegación. captive. periodic. relación laboral. Relator. recover. To compare. Relacionar. Hostage. repossess or retrieve a thing. To condone. Rehabilitarse. bearing. Repeatedly. Reiterante. reiteration of a criminal act.C. 69. Reiterado. The person appointed in each superior court to make the briefs of the causes. restore. restoration. To reivindícate. Narrator. correlate. reinstall. col-lectible. Reinstalar. prisoner. To reincorporate. 70. Uncertain. repetitious. Relevant. replevin. Reprint. reintegro. To commit a second crime. To rehabilítate. Rehabilitar. reinstatement. reappear-ing. Reinstalación. Repeat offender. Relato. statutes that establish and pro-tect the rights of workers automatically apply. evade. Suit to recover. Narration. repayment. retrieve. readapt. reinstate. Recidivism. recov-erable. after a prior final judgment of conviction. Subject to replevin. To start again. sec. remuneration. Relator. consequen-tial. Refundable. recurrence. Relevancia. Account. Description of facts in a judgment. Relative. To decline. can have his sen-tence increased by up to one half of the maximum established for the crime in question. under the latter's direction and control. reinstate. repeated. (Standard penal C. Reincorporar. Duplication. connected. Rehipotecar. For a second time. Narration. material. Duplication. To recount. reporter. sea 1704. palliate. payable. restore. taking. art. appeal. residue. Remoción. relinquishment. resort. hindrance. To rent. (Lou. send. To take someone's task or job. compensation. C. Renuncia. Remisorio. Remunerar. money making. 1888 and 1889). to exchange. Removal. Disclaimer. beneficial. dispatch. Elimination. redress. Remolque. That can be settled through litigation. Remnant. Auction. send. Rentar. hope. renunciation. Abandonment of the . Sending back a case to the original court. Handicap. Remission of debt. Remediable. To stir. surplus. ameliorate. Remesar. Shipment. Rentista. actionable. Remisoria. impediment. Civ. Remuneration. Remunerable. remainder. Remedy. remains. Remisión de deuda. To mitígate. sub-stitute. relieve. Remitir. person who lives oo income from investments and from dividends. recourse. Remisor. dispatcher. assuage. retribution. remand.Relevar Relevar. acquit. mix. To ship. Remorse. To auction. Rematar. Remitente. 1705). 96 PRR 602(1968)). remittance. departure. annuitant. Resignation. Investor. Auctioneer. The term waiver is defined as the resignation or voluntary relinquishment of a thing possessed. Remora. Waiver. Remanente. Rentado. concession. A remission of debt by an obligee extinguishes the obligation. To clear. Remuneración. Rental. Remordimiento. compensable. To remove. Shipper. advantageous. Remediable. dragging. Relicto. C. Quality of an estate whose owner has died and is subject to probate proceedings. dispatcher. take away. repentance. switch. (Fenning v. recompense. (Sp. dislodgement. To ship. Remate. person conducting a public sale. quitting. Remesa. or of the right thereto. To remedy. remit. Abdication. supplant. To remunerate. dismissal. waiver. Profitable. Rentable. excess. To forgive. sender. sorrow. alleviate. sender. payment. Shipper. Remunerable. Rematador. to perform a judicial sale. Superior Court. Discharger. Remedio. To remit. load. lot. restriction. That remission may be ex-press or tacit. pardon. Related to a remittance or dispatch. action. balance. Remover. 238 charged with the income. fill in. Renuncia al puesto sin responsabilidad para el trabajador. Towing. release. Remediar. dispatch. judicial sale. dispatch. Civ. Res-ignation for cause. reconstruction. Full compensation. criminal. 430). To distribute. convict. (Unidroit.3).2. (Standard Penal C. offset. Allocation. Repayable. Reorganization. protection. the compensation is three months' salary. Apportionment. Distributor. Civ. allot. Reorganización. pris-oner. Civil liability derived from crime expires in accordance with time limitations prescribed by civil statutes commencement of criminal pro-ceedings toll the action for a civil suit. restore. (Mex. Repartimiento de negocios. waivable. Reparo. Repartir.4.. P. reparto. To pay. appor-tion. The constituent elements of the waiver of a right are: a) an existing right. Reparación por delitos. for Latin America. Renuncia justificada. Reparto. Renounceable. Waiver of a right. extinción. renounce. L. shelter. Compensation for crimes. To repay. Repartidor. Captive. Repair and replacement of defective performance. allocate. To abdicate. Reparación integral. To disclaim. Such harm includes both any loss which it suffered and any gain of Reparación y reemplazo de cumplimiento defectuoso. Reo. arbitrator. remunérate. group-ing. Superior Court. (Sp. The commission of a crime gener-ates an obligation to compénsate for all damages derived therefrom. allot-ment. redress. First offender. (Fenning v. reinstall. has a right to be compensated for such damages. Whoever has suffered damages derived from a crime. Prin.. and in all cases among the different clerks offices of each court. rearrange-ment. protest. group. sec. Reparación por delitos. Reparar. shall be distributed among the courts of first instance when there is more than one in the town. leave. shield. reimburse. 96 PRR 602(1968)). (Standard Penal C. repair. (Unidroit. Reparaciones. for Latin America. Labor Law). felon. Repagable. The right to performance includes in appropriate cases the right to require repair. replacement. art. opposition. 429. release. b) knowledge of such right. Repairs.Reparto which it was deprived. compensation. depart. sepárate.whether of contentious or voluntary jurisdiction. Compensation for crimes. Renuncia de un derecho. Safety. or other cure of defective performance. divide. cede. 239 . and the accrued salaries and bonuses. Reo con antecedentes penales. 7. Renunciar. share. quit. sec. indemnización. Reorganizar. art. To reorganize. and c) the intention to relin-quish it. distribution. Renunciable. When the worker resigns from employment with just cause. Adjustment. compénsate. partition. plus twenty days of salary payments for every complete year of seniority. All civil mat-ters. Reo sin antecedentes penales. recompense. of cases. To resign. waive. Repagar. recidivist. To counterbalance. 96). restoration. Prin. Repartimiento. apportionment. reimbursable. Repeat offender. refund-able. rein-state. To repair. sec. lapsing. reestablish.2). 93-95). The aggrieved party is entitled to full compensation for harm sustained as a result of the nonperformance. Objection. Distribution of business. 7. relinquish. prevention. abliorrence. Avoidance. refusal. unforeseen. Eur. Requisition. reproach. rescind. Breeding. disavow. Replacement. Requerido. collection. Representación de indigentes.Repatriación Repatriación. spurn. Repertoire. To refuse. repute. To reestablish. replenish. Representation of heirs. degree. Compilation. . Command. assortment. Command. Represivo. To chide. (W. Repetition. Copy. deflect. renown. imitation. Reprobación. refund. recapture. revenge. Reprobar. Depositary. Requirement. reprint. appellee. reprimand. Respondent. scold. aversion. To answer. suppres-sive. Reprender. refuse. To censure. essential. To refund. Control. Repetitivo. reject. expulsion from a country. Reproducción. order. Indemnity. counterattack. restore. Represalia. respond. Rejection. redundant. To failan exam. retract. Repulsa. repudiation. Although the administration of justice in Latin American countries long ago accepted the legal-philosophical precepts of legal aid. Repreguntar. Requerimiento. To annul. oppressive. constant. To repulse. repel. Repertorio. Repetición. Representation. repudiate. Reposesión. response. retraction. To require. unanticipated. the effect of which is to put the rep-resentative in the place. Repulsar. Repossession. Repetitive. Repudiation. variety. Deportation. To claim reimbursement from a third party. Requerir. series. summons. Repuesto. dictatorship. Restore. Allowing to be sent back. defendant. Repetir.). Spare part. ignore. Sending back. description. Repugnance. necessity. Repression. repetitious. dis-avowal. & LA Leg. pro-creation. injunction. must. order. recipient. with few exceptions Latin American legal systems have moved very slowly toward developing adequate mechanisms for giving the poor effective participation in the legal process. vengeance. Answer. Represión. punishment. Reputación. To cross examine. divert. Required. ordinarv standard. Representation is a fiction of the law. retribution. revulsion. return. recant. Replicar. Representación. usual. reproach. fake. fore-stallment. disclaim. accumulation. Sudden. Repugnancia. Sys. Agency. To disapprove. and rights 240 Representativo. reply. Réplica. refund. digest. Reposición. Reputation. disgusting. recover. Repregunta. Reponer. To repudiate. counter-stroke. fame. criti-cize. Representación hereditaria. domination. reinstate. tyrannv Oppression. Repatriation. condemnation objection. Cross examination. protest. reject. Repentino. Reproduction. Representative. rejection. restraint subjugation. Placed back in its pre-vious position. rebut. requisite. presentation. appellee. recovery. reply. retaliation. Impulsive. To indemnify. demand. Repugnante. repay. scolding. respondent. retort. To oppose. retort. prerequisite. enjoin. Repudiar. Ejec-tion of an intruder. deterrence. avert. revolt-ing. Repugnant. Legal aid. Defendant. disaffirmance. rash. admonishment censure. Right to obtain reimbursement from a third party. vindication. Disapproval. rebuttal. Repressive. resistance. Reprisal. Cyclical. Repositario. Reprimand. Replicante. reinstall. To repeat. unex-pected. Recurrent. Reprimenda. condition. Repudio. domicile. house. revoke. To pay. Reservation of pri-ority. Resistente. To redeem. struggle. Hazardous Residues. 2) Those executed in representation of absentees. (PR Mort. Residual. Resaca. For instance. recap-ture. unyielding. cancel. that due to corrosive. (Sp. recuperate. Rescatable. Damages. commandeer. settlement. Rescisión. Dismissal must be for cause. To rescind. payment. settle. Dis-posable funds. reparation. Residencia. C. Redeemable. Discretion. To secure. nullify. condition. New bili of exchange issued to cover another one. infectious or irritat-ing biological properties. Reserva. Environment. Requisite. compensation. A labor contract or collective bargaining agreement may not create additional causes for dismissal. regain. recompense. which may affect a recorded right. voidable. essential. outline. dwelling. Earnings. expropriate. balance. home. reward. represent a danger to ecological equilibrium or to the environment. annullable. void. Annulment. Residuos peligrosos. poisonous. Resguardo. synopsis. Resolución. Rescindible. Residue. Caveat. restraint. Joint resolution. Labor Law). Rescue. revocation. Requisición. Civ. To deliver. settlement. Residuo agrícola. left over. prerequisite. A thing that does not belong to anyone and that can be acquired by simple appropriation. 241 . Residual. or part thereof. To keep. provided there is notarized proof of the consent of the own-ers of the registered right. to basare. Rescatar. to preserve for the future. Redemption. requirement. judgment. retrieve.Resolución conjunta Rescisión de la relación de trabajo. Rescindir. Rescate. Resarcir. Resident. flammable. Resarcimiento. Resistance. invali-date. To appropriate. To search and seize. reservation. All residues. It cannot take place except for the spe-cific causes contemplated by the law. Resolution. Resolución conjunta. provided the latter have suffered the lesion referred to in the preceding number. Requisitional. explosive. Dismissal. recover. free. To book. Reservar. 54). to maintain in abeyance. Reseña. repudiate. citizen. Residir. Rescindable. claimable. reward. must. Priority may be reserved for a contract being negotiated. onfiscation. nullity. indemnity. Conclusion. Resistant. at the request by a notary public to the Registrar. impound. Resguardar. Neighbor. To issue a newbill of exchange. (Mex. Security. Protection. that remained unpaid. to be domiciled. Resacar. solution. sec. annul. Determination. Rescinding. Rescission. in any physical state. Res nullíus (L). occupant. Search and seizure. expropriation. release. to protect. Requisar. dweller. redress. Requisito. 1258. guarantee. reactionary. The following may be rescinded: 1) The contracts which may be executed by guardians without the autho-rization of the competent District Court provided the persons they represent have suffered lesion of more than one-fourth part of the value of the things which may have been the object thereof. inhabitant. redress. revocable. summary. Review. quarters. remnant. Resistencia. cancellation. salvage. to compensate. To pay damages. 1261). tenacity. Ransom. repudi-ation. toxic. de prioridad. residency. repossess. order. Rescisorio. income. To reside. opposition. Reserve. Shelter. Abstract. denizen. forfeiture. Residente. abode. Reserva. Law 1979 sec. Agricultural waste. remain-der. Residuo. firm. indemnify. restitution. save. excessive. rescue. recompense. Decision declaration. a fish in high sea would be a res nullius. necessity. Residence. Requisitorio. despido. To reserve. can be enforced only at the instance of the party prejudiced or of his legal representatives in a declaratory action and before the court immediately superior to the one in which the liability may have been incurred. terceros. Responsabilidad del agente. (Barrios-Mannucci). Respiration. As far as damages to third parties is concerned. To cancel. when they are of mere prac-tice. and may be considered as a warranty im-plied in law. reply. or delay in such performance. L. solve. it does not suffice to prove that he was not an fault. fault. Civ. Respaldo. Liability of agent. the agent will . (Barrios-Mannucci). Builder's liability. without having to declare who is the principal. when. Contractual liability. This liability is contractual in nature. Responder. (Mex Com. (Sp. burden. Generally. sec. L. Three factors only may discharge the custodian of the thing: the fault of the victim. Responsabilidad del empleador. Rulings. When the agent expressly contracts under the principal's name. Ejecutoria. 916). defensas. P. react. (Barrios-Mannucci). Autos (rulings).284). rescind. Chile. Civil liability for judges and asso-ciate justices. respond. backing. defenses. Responsabilidad civil de jueces y magistrados. sec. Crim. when finally deciding the questions at issue in an action in one instance. by their nature or by agreement of the parties. reply. security. account-ability. or an external factor that cannot be imputed to him. can only be rebutted by proving force majeure or an act of God. Costa Rica. culpability. The liability attributed to the constructor of a "building" or a "work of cer-tain magnitude" when its collapse is due to a defect in its original construction deserves particular analysis. rejoin. liability. decide. liability in contracts arises when the obligated person defaults (totally or partially) in the performance of his contractual obligations. (Sp. blame. Breath.Resoluciones judiciales Resoluciones judiciales. or that he cause of the harmful act has been ascertained. When the agent contracts under his own name. Third liability. the public and formal instru-ment in which a final judgment is entered for enforcement. Resolutivo. C. Final judgments. resolutorio. Responsabilidad contractual. collateral. Master's liability. Responsibility. Responsabilidad. or the occurrence of a fortuitous event. the owner and constructor are considered joint and severally liable in torts. P. (Barrios-Mannucci). endorsement. third parties. 368-370). The civil liability which may be incurred by judges and associate justices. Responsabilidad del mandante. rebut. guilt. Cover. Sentencias (judgments). Resolver. The reso-lutions of superior and inferior courts in matters of a judicial character shall be called: Providencias. To answer. Responsabilidad del constructor. 902-904. they violate the law through inexcusable negli-gence or ignorance. Respiración. when. certification. except in insurance cases. Reponsabüidad del empleador. when deciding incidental issues or points. Master's liability. Builder's liability. The basis of this liability is that its pre-sumption. Responsabilidad del constructor. Principais liability. art. he will have a direct right and obligation with the parties he contracts with. Resolutory. or in an extraordinary rem-edy. the act of a third party. guarantee. This is what is called in many countries "Decennial Liability" since it generally stands for a period of ten years (five years in Brazil. (Barrios-Mannuc ) Responsabilidad de terceros. established in most of Latin American Civil Codes against the person in custody of an inanimate object that has caused harm to another person. Support. conclude. and Peru). To resolve. and thus the damages due are 242 only those directly related to the scope object of the contract. there should be no ordinary or extraordinary remedy against them. in the discharge of their duties. Retirar. Restitución. residue. delineation. proviso. Resultantes. retain. take away. synopsis.3. constraining.C. c) or an accident results from the carelessness or negligence of a fel-lowworker (Article FLL. Strict liability. reply. Responsable. culpable. repair. Retirement. To convert. condition. Prin. Party who withholds. Retentor. that the producís were defective or damaged. (Mex. restore. reinstate. replacement. Withdrawal. Com.10). Answer. replace.285). repayment. no-fault liability. Restitutorio. reinstall. sin culpa. Responsabilidad objetiva. keeping. Return. retains or suppresses.. Summary abridgement. qualification. To summarize. outline. excess. 2. repress. (1) An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. Reestablish. (Unidroit. accountable. under the terms and conditions. resto. If restitution in kind is not possible or appropriate allowance should be made in money when-ever reasonable.. Suppression. pension. (2) An offer. Resumiendo. Retiro de la oferta. 489). Retirarse. To reinstate. Restituciones. provided that such party concurrently makes restitution of whatever it has received. Where it is ordered. caveat. Restitution. Retener. Retiro de la aceptación. Withholding. Prin. at fault. Responsible. rejoin-der. prohibit.3). Restituir. To recant. refund. (Unidroit. Labor Law). retract. hold. or two mer-chants in the absence of the former. obliges himself to repair the dam-ages caused. Withdrawal of acceptance. hable. To return. Whereas. b) an accident occurs due to the employee's own clumsi-ness or negligence. art. To withdraw. Remainder. rebuttal. Restriction. abstract. retalia-tion. Restablecer. To take responsibility. 243 . On termination of the contract either party may claim restitution of whatever it has supplied. To compensate. retribution. vengeance. Responsabilidad por artículos y bienes. restore. 2. limit-ing. An acceptance may be with-drawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before of at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. balance. Employer's liability for accidents. compensation. Answerable. Restante. recover. repay. Resumir. art. replace. art. Prin. art. Converter. even if it is irrevocable. repair. To suppress.Cart. may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeree before or at the same time as the offer. Respuesta. Retiro. remove. Restitution. contain." This provision constitutes the basis for the Civil Law of Torts. Resumen.. recovery. Retorsión. retraction. Com. In summary. Responsabilidad extracontractual. removal. reaction. Resposabilidad patronal por accidentes. Withdrawal of offer. (Unidroit. To retreat. surplus. Restrictivo. Restringir. Resuélvase. Restitutory. holding. Employ-ers are not absolved of responsibility even if: a) workers explicitly or implicitly as-sumed the occupational risks. as stated in the delivery invoice. reprisal. Retasa. reimbursement. The agent shall be liable for the articles and goods that he receives. revoke. unless he certifies under two brokers. Tort liability. (Mex. Counterstroke. New appraisal. digest. Restricción. Conversion. This liabil-ity applies to all relations between individuals who are not bound by contract. Retención.294). limitation. keep. (Barrios-Mannucci). guilty. remnant.6). reimburse. recoil.Retorsión not be liable. Responsabilizarse. (Mex.Most civil codes contain an article with a provision similar to the following lan-guage: "he who by his act. 7. Retainer. ban. To withhold. or by his negli-gence or imprudence causes damage to another. Restrain. under the dispositions of the civil code. Restrictive. Liability for articles and goods. constraint. Recantation. his actions being treated as those of a common mercantile agent. refund. in the place of the person who acquires a thing by purchase or in pay-ment of a debt. To sell back. Retractar. retry. reward. Forgiveness. Retroactivity. Redemption by operation of law. Civ. Mere agreement. (Sp. 3) That some evidence of the title upon which the redemption is based be attached to the complaint. To retry. Retraction. Revaluo. quash. Back of a page. even if not conclusive. C. Inspector. arrearage.S. In the absence of contrary legislative expression. Bar exam. Authentication. Supremacy Clause. Civ. remuneration. Procedural and interpretative laws apply both prospectively and retroac-tively. 1424). sec. with the same conditions stipulated in the contract. Remittance. Retransmisión. Punishment. assembly gathering. Retransferir. and otherwise that security be furnished to do so as soon as the price becomes known. Retracto convencional. Reversible. Retributivo. Redemption. Revisión. Retrial. Retribuyente. R sec. review. Delay. Retroactividad. Venezuela achieves the same result by denying to the states the power to do anything that does not conform to the Constitution and requir-ing that all exercise of public power conform to the Constitution. to the contrary. Revisión judicial. probé. To reveal. salary. L. Civ. Advantageous. art. regress. Reversal. check. 1421). profitable. To hold close. Delayed. Retrovender. Retransmission. in arrears. remittal. remission. To reassess. (Rosenn). vengeance. unless there is a legislative expression 244 . to mark up. Revalidación. Exam for a professional license in another country. Reverso. dispatch. Retrasado. Reunión pacífica. Legal redemption is the right to be sub-rogated. Retraer. Reviewable. late. pardon. custom. repurchase. Reunirse. To correct prices. Picture. Reciprocating. (Sp. Reciprocating. substantive laws apply prospec-tively only. Review. C. Resale. be deposited. Conventional redemption shall take place when the vendor reserves to himself the right to recover the thing sold. if known. payment. Revisable. sec. Revalorizar. to convey again. evince. descrip-tion. Regression. Civ. Argentina and México have constitutional provisions directly modeled on the U. 1616). Retroactivity of laws. gather Reválida. appointment. reappraise. Retroactive. Retrocesión.Retractación Retractación. To reconsider. Revisador. To examine. To meet. Reunión. Retracto legal. Retroactividad de la leyes. Return. Redemption by agreement. (Sp. wages. Buy back. C. converge. Diccionario de Legislación y Jurisprudencia). Retrato. Revert-ible. To backdate. Subject to appeal. 6 a note). Rever. examination. or agreement a person has to annul a sale and himself take the thing sold to another for the same price. lucrative. Escheat. Revaluation. convene. To review on appeal. disclose. revoke. Sell back to previ-ous owner. reexamine. Retraso. Meeting. expose. inspect. Retrocession. rescind. Repurchase. Revertir. Retroventa. counted from the date of the execution of the deed of sale. To retransfer. To retract. rescission. Retribución. Reventa. scrutinize. Revelar. controller. Reversión al Estado. Brazil has a similar provision. Peaceable assembly. Shipment. Retroactivo. Revisar. The right which by law. 2) That the price. Retracto. 1410. Invertible. Retrotraer. (Escriche. Reversión. return. Compensation. revaluar. To countermand. Reversión. Judicial review. transposable. (Lou. To revert. recompense. corroboraron verification. lot. In order that an action for redemption may be allowed is necessary: 1) That it be instituted within nine days. Retribution. exam. discover. this clause would appear to establish a constitutional right to have all decisions made correctly. either through the inca-pacity of the person instituted. quash. a legacy from a colonial past which demonstrated a distrust of inferior courts by permitting multiple ppeals. interlocutory appeals are frequently per-mitted. Revocable. law review. 2) If he has been guilty towards him of cruel treatment. Revocation of donation.(L&D in LA). Waste. (Rosenn).S. the procedure for federal review of provincial court decisions resembles that of the U. riot. risk. King. monarch. Civ. Revocación por ingratitud. Argentina. Decisions of provincial courts involving issues of federal or provincial law normally termínate in the provincial courts. C. Revolutionary. controller. rescission. Revocable. (Lou. Coup. it shall be based upon general principies of law. (Lou. Revisor. refuse. Accountant. Revocación por testamento posterior. Revolución. or through his refusal to accept it. art. Revocation. provided it is regular as to its form.S. Street risks doctrine. salvage. threat. Fed-eral judicial review. bulletin. A clause in Article 14 of the Mexican Consti-tution provides: "In civil cases the final judgment shall be according to the letter of the law or the juridical interpretation of the law. 3) The nonperformance of the conditions imposed on the donee. Revista. Revocabilidad. rescind. Uncertainty. insurgence. Inspector. Revocación de la oferta. Revisión judicial federal. Revocation for ingratitude. Federal judicial review. 1694). Revista jurídica. Revocar. Revisión judicial federal. Consequently. subject to appeal. Riesgo de la calle. Rezago. sloping banks. Donations Ínter vivos are hable to be revoked or dissolved on account of the following causes: 1) The ingratitude of the Revocation by a later will.4)." Read literally. Mexico. Magazine. or of the legatee. revolt. Revocation. Civ. C. rescission. uprising. majesty. art. reviewable. which suspend their con-summation. and that is precisely the interpretation that the Mexican Supreme Court has given to it. doctrina de. crimes or grievous injuries. Moats. cancel-lation. (Lou. hazard. In order to determine the com-pensability of an accident under the provisions of the Workermen's Accident 245 . 2. insurgent. Until a contract is concluded an offer may be revoked if the revocation reaches the offeree before it has dispatched an accep-tance. (Rosenn). 2) The nonfulfillment of the eventual conditions. sovereign. annul. Prin. art. In 1863. vacate. C. Revocación. Ribereño. abrogate. even though this new act remains without execution. repeal. To revoke. Civ. Riperian owner. Revocatory. subversive. coup.Riesgo de la calle. Revocatorio. 4) The legal or conventional return of the thing donated. Revocation of offer. art. In Mexico. 1559). annulment. auditor. Latín American codes abound with procedural devices for securing review of judicial decisions. rebellion. Rey. subversion. Argentina. doctrina de Judicial review. Law journal. jeopardy. canceling. tenant or settle. the Mexican federal courts routinely review state court decisions in which the only federal question is whether the state court correctly interpreted or applied state law. Revocatoria. federal judicial control over state court decisions and state law is even more centralized. In Argentina. Ribazos. danger. menace. Revocability. Revocation on account of ingratitude can take place only in the three following cases: 1) If the donee has attempted to take the life of the donor. insurrection. repeal. Revuelta. with a final appeal to the king.. Argentina enacted a procedural law adopting the writ of error from the U. Judiciary Act of 1789. riot. in the absence of the latter. (Unidroit. México. 3) If he has refused him food when in distress. Revocación de donación. donee. A revocation made in a posterior testament has its entire effect. Riesgo. Revolution. Revolucionario. annulment. 1560). To give official value to commercial books by signing and stamping them. hearsay. To break. Rumor. harsh. Robo a mano armada. turn. according to what has happened. Riguroso. To breach. roster. Rompimiento.1935). Line drawn under a signature as part thereof. Rito. Breaking. of a contract. Industrial Commission. Robo de cantidades menores. violate. Break. petition. procedure. hole. file. tough. the doctrine of street risks establishes that. To rob. 87 PRR 16 (1962)). likewise. Rural. Robo de cantidades mayores. breach. separate. steali theft. formality. the business owners must pay indemnification correspondingly. burglarize. steal. This liability shall exist even if the business owners obtains contract labor. Prayer. Armed robbery Robo con escalo. Burglary with breakine a entry. Burglary. Riesgos de trabajo. It creates a system that places the entire re-sponsibility on the employer for compen-sating workers affected by occupational hazards. Rural. civilian. Riesgo profesional. Session. Ruptura. continental Romper. art. Rite. Rueda. Rollo. Roll. Professional liability. Line of business. Rogatory. Rogatorio. Occupational safety. Dossier. Rúbrica. Rotura. Wheel. To divide. C. severe. provided there is causal nexus between the work and the accident. ítems. Manager v. record Romanista. thievery. rig-orous. Routine. talt Robo. Rubricado. demanding. (Mex. Breaking. Labor Law). Title IX of the FLL (Articles 472 to 515) deals with occupational safety and health. gossip. Rubro. Rubricar. when the nature of the work demands the worker's constant pres-ence on the public thoroughfare thereby exposing him to the ordinary street risks with greater frequency. title.Riesgo profesional Compensation Act. Petty |ar 246 . (Mex. Owners of the businesses are responsible for accidents in the workplace and ailments by the workers suffered because or under the exercise of the work or profession that they perform. larceny. firm. e. snatch. viola-tion. ceny. infringe. Book that has been offkially stamped and signed.g. Robar. trespass. Rutina. both in terms of in-kind benefits that must be provided to workers as well as monetary compensation in the event that a hazard results in incapacitation or death of the worker. Stern. robbery. an accident sus-tained by such person on the public thoroughfare is compensable if his presence thereat is due to his employment. request. such as death. Rumor. (Gallart. Grand larceny. Romanist. Ruego. temporary or permanent incapacity to work. strict. List. Civ. Saldar una deuda. Sanctioning. sec. Salario mínimo. clergyman. S. leave. Sacerdote. Sádico. To approve. or month). Evic-tion. jobber. The vendor shall be hable for the eviction even though no stipulation has been included in the contract on the subject. sec. (Sp. To go. One of the methods for issuing judgment. salvaguardia. compensation. 1377). in the form of commissions. Sabotear. To remove encumberments or charges. Exclusion. praise. Salteador. Salario. pay. Sana crítica. punish. robber. receive. Penalty. To rob. pass over. 2) That there are no hidden faults or defeets therein. Saneado. By virtue of an implied warranty the vendor shall warrant to the vendee: 1) The legal and peaceful pos-session of the thing sold. reproval. Salariado. s Salir. salvage. Salario. To penalize. Improvement by removing vices. thief.V. or any other man-ner. Saltear. Salary. Saldos. make.R. and by virtue of a right prior to the sale. Eviction shall take place when by a final judgment. a lump sum. earnings. To sabotage. Saneamiento. Sanctionable. Knowledge and informa-tion. reprove. Sanción. 247 . reservation. Ordained priests and other ministers of the gospel. damage caused by insid-ers. Sadist. exception. pastor. Salvo. Salvar. omit. S. Minimum salary. Sala. Sadism. the vendee is deprived of the whole or of a part of the thing purchased. Sacerdotes y otros ministros del evangelio. S. To overeome. To save.C Limited partnership. protection. Sacar. Saliva. Saldar. (Sp. based on a reasonable apprecia-tion of all the faets and evidence presented. Salvaguarda.L. Robbery in a public place. Pay a debt. correct. C. Salary. To disregard. Safeguard. Saliva. improved. exit. Salaries must be adequate and never be below the minimum established by law (FLL. week. spit. Seconds. Safe. Safe conduct. employee. Bandit. Sancionatorio. a unit of work (piece-rate).S. rectify. particularity. To become healthy. undermine. To cure. Approval. Remainder of a debt. Priest. Salteo. punishment. Balance. Except for. authorization. Article 85). pre-caution. Rescue operation. biweekly.A de C. authorize. Saldo. sanear. endorse-ment. Sanar. Salvedad. Sabotaje. Article 90). Warranty. Salvamento. Saber V entender. Limited-liability company. salvage. Corporation of variable capital (de capital variable). 1378). To amend. Sabotage. Corporation. Saneamiento en caso de evicción. leftovers going on sale.A. Cleared. Saboteur. Division of the Appeal's court. Sancionar. Civ. To take. C. Court's main room. Person receiving a salary. endorse. To pay completely. Salaries may be estab-lished (FLL. Civ. The mínimum salary is the lowest minimum cash payment that a worker may receive for ser-vices rendered in a given work period (FLL. praise. Saboteador. pass. cleric. preacher. sueldo. reverend. Sadismo. Balance due. Saldo vencido. spittle. defeets or encumbrances. Worker. Sancionable. wages. Salvoconducto. Article 83) on the basis of a unit of time (day. ceiver. 1387). charm. Se resuelve. Seat. sec. To satisfy. To seduce. who binds himself to restore it. accord and satis-faction. undisclosed Secreto de estado. revolution. Attachable. Civ. to the party to whom it is adjudged to belong. article. Sargento. vestige. 6. C. Secretary. Password. rebellion.Saneamiento o garantía Saneamiento o garantía. hygiene. Secundario. Secretario de despacho. sec. (Ferrer v. Conventional sequestration.. (Sp. Sangre fría. treason. General Motors Corp. seize. Saneamiento por los defectos o gravámenes ocultos de la cosa vendida. Warranty for hidden defects or burden of the thing sold. court clerk. Ancillary. (Unidroit. paid. insurgent. Abductor. paragraph. Located. Civ. art. which two or more persons. Secretario de hacienda. Order f Sangre. Secretarial. attraction. inferior. Secretariat. Satisfecho. To attach. when the issue is decided. To remove encumbrances. To the extent that the perfo mance of the parties can be rendered sirnul. Satisfacción. Satisfaction. kidnapping. Professional secret Sector. Re-. (Sp. Secretaría. Secretarial. To render back to the original state. Be it resolved. taneously. Sección. headquarters. Secretary of the treasury. subversion. 1688). art. Civ. to pay a debt. Holy See. To rectify error or mistakes. Sergeant. Santo y seña. Sede. Sequestration is a kind of deposit. Sector. Secretariat. 2973). Secondary. zone Part.1. kidnap. State secret. 1687. Warranty or surety. Safe and sound. Balance. Secuela. Non exempt prop-erty.4). Secreto profesional. Saqueo. Seizure. Secreto. kidnapper. area. Secularización. Secuestrador. Sanidad. with headquarters in. Sound of mind. and 2) in the obligation to give a warranty against the hidden faults or defects it may have. Secretariado. place of business. Sedition. Health. Seditious. The vendor is bound to give a warranty against hidden defects which the thing sold may have should they render it unfit for the use to which it was destined. Sanear. Secuestrar. Sano y salvo. Blood. A judicial deposit or sequestration takes place when an attach-ment or placing in security of property in litigation is ordered. sector. theft. Member of the cabinet. the parties are bound to rende them simultaneously unless the circum stances indicate otherwise. sanitation. Seducción. coup. Seducir. Sequestration. Secuestrable. palace coup. insurgency. Passage from the church to the state. Sano juicio. C. Sediente. Seduction. Secuestro convencional. Pillage. division. sane. poise. charm. subordínate. Satisfied. 248 performance. segment. attract. lure. Santa Sede. C. calmness. Sedición. region. Remaining conse-quences of a trial. . insur-rection. district. Part. For the purposes of the Civil Code the two traditional forms of the obligation of warranty—designated as surety in for-eign law and in the doctrine—consist: 1) in the obligation of the vendor to warrant the peaceful possession of the thing sold. segment. Satisfacer. career as a secre-tary. Secuencia en el cumplimiento. Prin. 100 PRR 244(1971)). To abduct. Department. Secuestro. canceled. temptation. to cancel an obligation. make of the thing in contest to an indifferent person. Remains. subversive. Abduction. Section. (Lou. tempt. lateral. central administration. concealed. section. Sedicioso. storming and looting. Secret. attach-ment. engaged in litigation about anything. Secretario. Seguidores. Cash benefits take the form of transfer payments In the early stages of illness or incapacitation. Sellar. Senado. Procedure before the court of appeals. Decisions shall be prepared sub-ject to the following rules: They shall begin by stating the place at and date on which rendered. way. poised. Life insurance. Sello. Labor Law). issued in small amounts. Sentencias (decisions). (Mattei v. Workers social security. should there be any. Seguro de incapacidad física. Seguridad social de los trabajadores. Stamp. servicios generales. Sello de correos. Seguro. Cer-tainty. Seguridad social. Semovientes. (Mex. filed. Semestral.Sentencia Seductor. Workers eaming the minimum salary do not make contributions. Semáforo. Seducer.R. d) retirement. Decision. Article 132 XVI). Social security. security. Publication appearing every six months. certitude. Safety. Seminar. beneficios. and to take necessary actions to ensure that contaminants do not exceed the maximum leveis allowable under the regulations and instructions issued by competent authorities. Segregación. The contributions are based on salary leveis. meeting. b) maternity. safety and health. (FLL. Social security. sendero. (Mex. Depending on. Second. Senator. Industrial insurance. Sentado. Seguir. Seguro de vida. Senate. (Rosario v. when they definitely decide the criminal question. Layman. (Mex. Seguridad social. depending on the medical condition and effects on work and pensions. To succeed. employers' duty. Social security. of P. Social security benefits may be in cash or in kind. Confidence. course. 95 PRR 742 (1968)). Stamps. benefits. supplant. To seal. Conference. To follow. Labor Law). Semanario. Seal. Postal stamp. Path. Second marriage. Segregation is the act within the discretion and option of the owner of a property by which a parcel is sep-arated from the main property to constitute a different property. and e) day care for insured employees. confident. Segregation. Livestock. obligación patronal. seais. and the government. Según. Seguro industrial. Seguridad. assurance. Seglar. Weekly publication. Voir dire. financiamiento. Insurance. The social security system also provides services to non-workers. presented. conviction. Sentencia. Southern Ins. Atl. Traffic light. Registrar. Selección de jurados. Segundas nupcias. Employ-ers have the obligation to set up enterprises in accordance with the principies of worker safety and health. etc. Sello del juzgado. however. general services. To stamp. Certain. examination of jurors. Seguro contra accidentes. employers. the names and sur-names of the private complainants. financing. (Mex. Disability insurance. Sellado. encourage housing improvement. Seated. Labor Law). 94 PRR 444 (1967)). Senda. (Mex. and of the accused. and survivor pensions for retired workers. Senador. the facts which gave rise to the for-mation of the cause. the titles 249 . Co. Industrial insurance is a life insurance sold to workers. The social security system protects employees in matters of: a) occupational illness. Followers. Casualty insur-ance. improve nutrition. The social security system is financed from contributions by workers. Segunda instancia. Seguridad e higiene. Seal of the court. Seminario. Examples include public information campaigns to promote health and hygiene.. According to. protection. ensue. with premiums collected at frequent intervals— semi monthly or weekly—by an agent of the insurance company who calis at the door. Segundo. c) oid age. Labor Law). Seguridad social. Labor Law). decision. an analysis of the relevant provisions of the Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure for the Federal Capital is sufficiently repre-sentative. Judgments must be clear. (Amado). (Amado). Award. Sentenciador. P. Crim. Foreign judgments. Foreign judgments. Foreign judgments. (Sp. Sentencia sumaria. foreign judgments must be accorded the same force in Chile that Chil-ean judgments are given in the State of ori-gin. Foreign judgments. and in the State addressed. According to Article 423. court. Pursuant to the general rule of reciprocity set forth in Article 243 of the Code. Chilean courts will not enforce a foreign judgment when the courts in the State of origin do not enforce Chilean judgments. The recognition and enforcement procedures are governed by the law of the province where the judgment is sought to be enforced. Crim. Judge. Sentencias extranjeras. Código Busta-mante. Declar-atory judgment. If there should be several issues. domicile. and shall contain the declarations required by the latter. deciding for or against the defen-dant all questions which have been the object of the arguments. their age. requisitos Foreign judgments. Summary judgment. Sentencia meramente declarativa. L. (Amado). (Sp. Judgment by default. (4) The judgment is executory in the state in which it was rendered. and congruent to the pleadings and other alle-gations duly advanced in the action. L. ajudgment rendered in one contracting state would have force in another if: (1) The court in the State of origin was competent to take cog-nizance of the matter and to pass judgment upon it. When reciprocity cannot be established Chilean courts will still enforce the judgment if the following general requirements are met: (1) The judgment must be final according to the laws of the State of origin-(2) The judgment must not be adverse to the exclusive jurisdiction of Chilean courts. in contrast. P.). Therefore.. P. Sentenciar. Mexico. (5) The judgment is oinciauy translated if the official language is different in the State addressed. (Sp. Enforcement. (LA Laws &Inst. Chile. The Argentine Re-public has a federal organization in which power is distributed between the federal government and twenty-two provinces. except review and dis-charge. and (4) The defendant must have been personally noti-fied of the complaint in the original action and given a fair opportunity to defend. Sentencias extranjeras. Civ. Sentencias extranjeras. trade or profession. Chile. Chile. (6) If the document in which the judgment is con-tained is authentic in the state from which it proceeds. Sentencias extranjeras.Sentencia en rebeldía and nicknames by which they are known. L. Sentencias extranjeras. in accordance with the rules of this Code. art. (3) The judgment does not conflict with the public policy of the country in which execution is sought.. art. A judgment becomes final when there is no ordinary or extraordinary remedy against the same. conjugal condition. Bustamante Code. 141). Chile. and. all the other matters by which they may have figured in the cause. (3) The judgment must contain nothing con-trary to substantive Chilean law. In addition to the reciprocity require-ment. requirements. The Chilean Code of Civil Procedure requires an exequatur for both the recognition and the enforcement of for-eign adjudications. ruling. Argentine courts will grant recognition upon the mere verification that the judgment fulfills the requirements of arti-cle 517 of the Procedural Code. Argentina. Sentencia en rebeldía. (2) The parties have been summoned for the bW either personally or through their legal representatives. and also the name and sumame of the jus-tice ponente. 358). sec. Since the judgment enforcement rules of the var-ious provinces are significantly similar. the federal rules require that the foreign adjudication meet the following con- 250 . the decisions pertaining to each shall be separately rendered. nativity. requires an exequatur or confirmation procedure. verdict. 141 and 142). Final decision. Argentina. Final judg-ment. México. sen-tence. To issue a judgment. in the absence thereof. Sentencia firme. precise. reflective. and he who has received it. art. Civ. But if the promise to sell has been made with the giving of earnest. Assignment of cases. Separación. Believable. Servicio secreto. Separación de cargos o de procesados. and other cases may be granted exequatur by the lower courts. Señal. Sepulcher. Servicio. Service. Serio. by forfeiting it. emancipation. Control. judgments rendered in matters of adop-tion. Perú. Código Procesal Civil. Sense. C. A servitude is a charge imposed upon an immovable for the benefit of another tenement belonging to a different owner. 851). Servitude. Govern-mental department. To indicate. Sentencias extranjeras. Separation of property. The contract to render domestic service is char-acterized by the personal and familiar nature of the services which are its object and by the ordinary living together which is pre-sumed between its two members. Servidor. Civ. (Lou. guid-ance. Signalization. Valdes. art. To sepárate. orientation. and (7) That the judgment fulfills all formal requisites to be regarded as authentic. 1342). each of the contracting parties is at liberty to recede from the promise. Signal.94 PRR227(1967)). Separación de bienes. Sign. property. shall not take place except by virtue of a judicial decree. Peru. Domestic servants. Sepultura. (Amado). detach. (Amado). C. grave. sec. Servant. Separable. feeling. Particular feature. Peruvian law strictly adheres to the requirement of reciprocity. (3) That the defendant was personally served in order to guarantee the availability of a hearing and an opportunity to defend. to point out. pensive. Foreign judgments cannot be enforced in Venezuela or be given effect as res judicata unless granted exequatur by the Supreme Court. Easement. Domestic service. (Sp. Domestic servants. crypt. In the absence of a specific declaration of the marriage contract. Señalar. gesture. connotation. mark. Ownership. Severance of charges or defendants. Separation. (Venzuela. state intelli-gence. perception. Separable. grave. (2) That the court in the State of origin had jurisdiction according to the rules of juris-diction recognized in the international sphere which are compatible with Mexican law. the separation of the property of the spouses during the marriage. To ñame. segregare. Let it be known. Sereno. (4) That the obligation being enforced is not contrary to Mexican public policy. art. (5) That the iudgment does not result from an in rem action. Serious. Foreign judg-ments. which is applied to deny enforcement of foreign adjudications both when the State of origin does not enforce Peruvian judgments—and when the courts of the State of origin engage in a revision au fond of Peruvian judgments. Affir--mative and negative servitude. Earnest money. The state in which the judgment was rendered must be shown to grant execution to Venezuelan judgments without prior substantive review (reciprocity). Señorío. Seña. Sentido. credible. anticipo. Watchman. identify. (Mexican Federal Code of Civil Procedure. Meaning. by returning the double. to wit: he who has given the earnest. (López Figueroa v. 571). down pay-ment. Civ. Señalización. called master and servant. (Amado). Servidumbre. Direction. divorce. Venezuela. Separar. Predial servi- 251 . help. Sentencias extranjeras. Secret service. 2463). warning. divide. divisible. estrange-ment. C. Important. 536. Señalamiento de casos. Servicio doméstico. 543). Sépase. (6) That the judgment does not result from an action which is subject to pending litigation between the same parties before a Mexican court. Assistance. domain. significance. Foreign judgments.Servidumbre afirmativa y negativa ditions: (1) That the judgment is res judicata in the State of origin or no ordinary appeal or recourse be available to the defendant. Servidumbre afirmativa y negativa. sec. tomb. (Sp. Venezuela. Occasion-ally. agua. with an iron grate embed-ded in the wall and a wire screen. such as the prohibition of building on an estate or of building above a particular height. works. Civ. No part-owner may. Servidumbre de abrevadero y de sacar Servidumbre de amarre de barcos de paso. The owner of a building is obliged to construct his roofs or coverings in such lanner that rainwater may fall on his own land or on the street or any public place. If. Negative servitudes are those that impose on the owner of the servient estate the duty to abstain from doing some-thing on his estate. art. which logs or rafts may be floated are sub-ject to a servitude for towpaths. (Sp. The owner of a wall which is not a party wall. C. Apparent and nonapparent servitude. art. Compulsory servitudes for watering animais or drawing water may be imposed only for causes of public utility in favor of a town or hamlet (caserío). the owners of the latter shall not have the right to prevent it. of the dimensions of thirty centimeters square. Nonapparent servitudes are those that have no exterior sign of their existence. 781). Estates adjoining the banks of rivers which are navigable or down 252 Servitude of drainage of buildings. or any other urgent necessity 12 LPRA sec. Servidumbre de depósito de mercancías Servitude for deposit of merchandise The riparian estates are also obliged to permit the deposit thereon of merchandise jetti-soned and saved in case of accidents. and two meters if a horse towpath 12 LPRA sec. passing vessels and floating objects. (Lou. Servidumbre aparente y no aparente. Servidumbre de estribo de presa. Affirmative servitudes are those that give the right to the owner of the dominant estate to do a certain thing on the servient estate. shin-wreck. 593). C. Civ. in any case. 706). (Sp. Predial servitudes are either apparent or nonapparent. 780). The width thereof shall be one meter if a foot towpath. Servitude for watering animais or drawing water. (12 LPRA sec. without the consent of the other. sec. Civ. or an aqueduct. The servitude of support is the right by which buildings or other constructions of the dominant estate are permitted to rest on a wall of the servient estate. make in the party wall any window or opening what-ever. Servitude for mooring or ferryboats. and also to permit tem-porary mooring. 588).. in order to prevent floods from carrying away timber or objects floated down the river. (12 LPRA sec. Servidumbre de caminos de sirga. and shall be entitled only to payment for loss and damage. Servidumbre de apoyo. 587. embarcaciones. Servitude of support.sec. C. Riparian estates are subject to a servitude for fastening or security the warps or cables necessary for the establishment of a ferryboat service. in extreme cases. and not on the land of his neighbor. a window in a common wall. Such are the servitudes of prohibition of building and of the use of an estate as a commercial or industrial establishment. it shall become necessary to remove and deposit them on the riparian estates. Servidumbre de depósito de objetos flotantes. 771). and when the water to be taken thereby is destined to a public service or to one of the services of prívate interest. of light and views. (12 LPRA sec. (Lou. 779). A compulsory servitude for dam abutments may be imposed when the person who intends to build the dam is not the owner of the banks or ground upon which they are to be placed. may make in it Windows or openings to admit light. (12 LPRA sec. 700). C. Servitude for deposit of floating objects for safety. Civ. after payment of the proper indemnity. Servitude . also upon payment of indemnity. C. Servidumbre de desague de edificios. 761). Civ. Servitude for dam abutments. Apparent servitudes are those that are perceivable by exterior signs. drain and support. after indemnity for loss and damage. 707). of passing vessels or floating objects. Servitude for towpaths. Such are the servitudes of right of way. adjoining another's tenement.Servidumbre aparente y no aparente tudes are either affirmative or negative. Servidumbre de luces y vistas. and. (Lou. such as a roadway. art. at the height of the ceiling joists or immediately under the ceiling. or constructions. 751). The servitude of passage is the right for the benefit of the dominant estate whereby per-sons. Servitude of prohibition of view. sec. Lower tenements are obliged to receive the waters which naturally and without the intervention of man de-scend from higher tenements. A compulsory aqueduct servitude may be imposed for the conveyance of waters intended for public service not requiring the condemnation of lands. 702). (Lou. (Lou. (Sp. Servidumbre de prohibición de vista. unless there is a little or exterior sign or proof to the contrary: 1) In dividing walls of adjoin-ing buildings. The servitude of light is the right by which the owner of the dominant estate is entitled to make openings in a common wall for the admission of light. 705). Civ. without trespassing upon the estate nor going beyond three meters from the edge of the river. Servidumbre de parada o partidor. sec. Legal servitude. (Sp. C. Servidumbre legal. Civ. as well as the stone or earth which they carry with them. art. art. Servitude for spreading of nets and deposit of fish. may demand that the owners of the margins per-mit their construction. the extent of the right and the mode of its exercise shall be suitable for the kind of traffic necessary for the reasonable use of the dominant estate. Compulsory aqueduct servitude. The owners of the margins of rivers are obliged to permit fishermen to take out and spread their nets thereon. Common 253 . art. C.560). Civ. wall servitude. A landowner who builds first may rest one-half of a partition wall on the land of his neighbor. Civ. (12 LPRA sec. Servidumbre de paso. Servitude of view. Servitude relating to water. 3) In fences. or vehicles are permitted to pass through the servient estate. this includes the right to prevent the neighbor from making an obstruction. this includes the right to prevent the raising of constructions on the servient estate that would obstruct the view. 559. The servitude of narty walls and fences is presumed. (Lou. 704). Servidumbre forzosa de acueducto. (Lou. Neither may the owner of the lower tene-ment construct works preventing the servitudes nor the owner of the higher tenement works aggravating the same. Civ. (Lou. C. Servidumbre de prohibición de luz. not including the plastering which may not be more that three inches in thickness. 2) In dividing walls of gardens or yards. in order to irrigate or improve his estáte shall find it necessary to construct stop locks or sluice gates in the irrigating ditch or canal through which he is to receive the water without annoyance to or dimin-ishing the supply of other irrigators. The servitude of prohibition of view is the right of the owner of the dominant estate to prevent or limit openings of view on the servient estáte. C. Servitude of prohibition of light. enclosures. Servitude for stop lock or sluice gates. which is governed by the provisions Servidumbre de medianera. 703). animáis. C. The servitude of view is the right by which the owner of the dominant estate enjoys a view. Servidumbre de tendido de redes y depósito de la pesca. Any person who. The servitude of prohibition of light is the right of the Servidumbre de muro común. 701). Civ. Servitude of narty walls and fences. and live hedges dividing rural tenements. owner of the dominant estate to prevent his neighbor from making an opening in his own wall for the admission of light or that limits him to certain lights only. Civ. 782). Servidumbre de vista. art. art. Servitude of light. unless the topography of the ground should require a greater width to be fixed in any case. C. provided that he uses solid masonry at least as high as the first story and that the width of the wall does not exceed eighteen inches. up to the point of common elevation. 578. 673). (12 LPRA sec. (12 LPRA sec. including that caused by the new servitude. Unless the title provides otherwise. (Lou. and to deposit temporarily the product of the catch.579). situated in a town or in rural districts.Servidumbre legal Servidumbre de luz. Civ. art. C. Servitude of passage. 754). 721). C. Servidumbre en materia de aguas. after paying for any loss or damage. A legal servitude is but a limitation of the property right imposed by the State for the public interest. Sicopatía. Psychopathy. Predial servitude. to hold a session. C. penname. He is answerable for darnae caused by his neglect to do so. bench. . Simbólico. as well as the stones or earth which such waters carry with them in their course. Seudónimo. Servidumbre predial natural. C. Psychosis. Legal predial servitude. Legal servitude. Servidumbre legal. efit of the general public or for the benefit particular persons. He is bound to indemnify his neighbor for the damage he may occasion. alias. right of passage. 690). not variable. and voluntary or conventional servitudes are established by juridical act. Sevicia. C. 91 PRR 106 (1964)). art. 601). sec. Servidumbre predial. signatory. meeting. forever. O'NeilI. Natural servitudes arise from the natural sit-uation of estates. (Sp. (borges v. Unnecessary and excessive cruelty. Sicosis. Symbolic. provided he does not viólate the laws or public order. Sesionar. Servidumbre voluntaria. Routinely. Servidumbre predial legal. Civ. Every owner of an estate has a right to charge it with all the servitudes he may deem fit. Silence. sitting. ensuing. calm. The owner of an estate that has no access to a public road may claim a right of passage over neighboring property to the nearest public road. Civ. Sicario. (Goenaga v. or prívate interest. To serve. derecho de paso. Civ. 699). Predial servitude. prescription. Silla. psicosis. legal servitudes are im-posed by law. Chair. Signo notarial. perpetually. Con-sistently. Civ. intellect. Always. Sesos. 655). Signatario. Silencio. 85 PRR 162 (1962)). legal. Voluntary servitude. and in the manner and form he may consider as best. (Lou. 701). nickname. brain. C. The object of servitudes imposed by law is either public utility. Personal servitude. sec. psicopatía. peace. mind. Civ. representative. Signer. Servidumbre personal. (Lou. Predial servitude. art. Servidumbre predial. round. Registrar. or destination of the owner. C art. 646 and notes). Professional murderer. habi-tation. and voluntary or conventional.Servidumbre legal. succes-sive. initials. An estáte situated belovv 1 bound to receive the surface waters that flow naturally from an estáte situated above unless an act of man has created the flow (Lou. 534). Siglas. The owner is bound t keep his buüdings in repair so that neith ° their fall nor that of any part of their mate-riais may cause damage to a neighbor or a passer-by. neighboring. Civ. A personal servitude is a charge on a thing for the benefit of a person. sec. 556). clases. objeto. Servidumbre predial. The definition indicates that predial servitudes are real rights burdening immovables that the creation of these rights requires the existence of two distinct immovables belonging to different owners and that these rights are for the benefit of an immovable rather than a person. Apparent sign. Contiguous. stand. Maker. Next. art. Civ. pseudónimo. (Lou. Servir. Servidumbre natural de aguas. The appar-ent sign mentioned in the Civil Code for the establishment of a servitude should be established by the property owner and should be permanent. term. To be useful or helpful. Natural pre dial servitude. Legal servitudes are limitations on ownership established by law for the ben254 Siempre. Session. following. Brains. Signo. Sign. Notarial mark or signature. Abbreviation. mark. C. tranquility. ñor accidental. Sexual. Siguiente. Lower tenements are obliged to receive the waters flowing thereon from higher tenements naturally and with-out the work of man. Signo aparente. To deliberate. brand. C. kinds. A predial servitude is a charge on a servient estate for the benefit of a dominant estate. object. The two estates must belong to different owners. (Lou. art. (12 LPRA. (Sp. objeto of the public or administrative law. invariably. 654 and art. Natural servitude for water. Pseudonym. Predial servitudes may be natural. and rights of use. Sexual. Sesión. There are three sorts of personal servitudes: usufruct. Without recourse. and defense of their respective interests. charge. Sínarquismo. (Lou. 86 PRR 12 (1962)). Some unions. conditions for membership. Unions. C. breached. Sinalagmático. (Hernández v. Contractual relative simulation. estatutos Simple. To organize. fabrication. of the Treasury. Civ. 255 Sindicatos. are divided into sections representing specific groups of workers. To accuse. Civ. by-laws. Leaving no blank spaces. sham. 2026). Sindicatos. single. the concept contractual relative simulation occurs when the contracting parties execute an apparent juridical busi-ness which concealed a real transaction and which the contracting parties wish to with-draw from the curiosity or indiscretion of third parties. Sin ulterior recurso. dissolution. as a general rule. which feigned or simulated transaction requires the existence of a licit consideration. fabricated. In Mexico. Simuladamente. Simulación relativa contractual. especially ni valor. Sindicar.. Trade union. To join the unions. Sindicalismo. mutual. Simulación absoluta. Civ. dates for presentation of financial statements. etc. sham." (Comparison of Labor law). the larger ones. Sin. work areas. fake. Simple. regulations regarding the man-agement of the assets of the union. can have no effects between the parties. Simulado. denied. Sindicato. Right-wing extremism. 12 (1962)). 86 PRR. 2027). disolución. article 356 of the Federal Labor Law defines a union as "the association of workers or employers for the study. Sin cumplimentar. reci-procal. Relative simulation. unfulfilled. Without cost. These sections do not have. disciplinary measures. union by-laws must address a series of requirements (FLL. its address. includ-ing the name of the union. to unionize. its objectives. Without further remedy. Unexecuted. Sec. Inoperative. form of payment and amount of unión fees. (Hernández v. In the field of contracts. ob-ligations and rights of the members. Sin lugar a dudas. estatutos. Syndicalism. Sin blancos. their own legal standing and in collective matters must act through the board of directors of the principal union. Sin efecto. In the field of contracts the assumption of absolute contractual simulation occurs when the contraction parties seek the apparent con-figuration of a feigned or nonexistent act. That simulation. by mutual agreement. art. Unions. ineffective. A contract is a simulation when. Sin lugar. procedures for holding meetings. clasificación. To consolídate. Nuil and void. charged. procedures for the election of a board of directors. advancement. therefore. that writing is a counterletter. spe-cialties. Accused. Article 370). Sindicatos. Overruled. C. the time period for which it is established. Simulated. Sindicalizar. Sindicato. Simulación relativa. Union. Contractual absolute simulation. registro . Beyond reasonable doubt.Sindicatos. C. Without affecting. To simulate. classifi-cation. Simular. simulación. If the true intent of the parties is expressed in a separate writing. A union cannot be dissolved or suspended nor its registration canceled by administrative decision (FLL. Without. Fascist. (Comparison of Labor Law). To copy. fabrícate. Sin menoscabo. Sindicado. art. In Mexico. merge. Article 371). Surreptitiously. Sin efecto Sin gastos. (Lou. (Lou. Simulation. causes and procedures for expulsion. of the Treas. Synallagmatic. Sinarquista. art. Sec. imítate. Simulación absoluta contractual. it does not express the true intent of the parties. Total simulation. Sin responsabilidad. A simulation is absolute when the parties intend that their contract shall produce no effects between them. A simulation is relative when the parties intend that their contract shall produce effects between them though different from those recited in their contract. plain. 2025). suborner. Singular. Civ. To overcapitalize. Receiver. other regulations approved by the membership. understood. Soberano. Sinecura. unfairness. Sobrepasar. To situate. accident. Sobrecarga. Sobrenombre. Overload. Servant. to build excessive reserves. occur-rence. Subpoena. payoff. Sobreasegurado. Sobreseer. overtake. Siniestro. Place of honor and respect. art. under penalty of. storm. Podium. Receivership.a. exceed. Sinecure. Sobrecargos. trustee. registro. Envelope. Unique. autonomy. alias. corrupt. Accrual method of accounting. To overdraw. abuse. (Pratter). Bonus interest points. tacit. inferred. To surround. To bribe. Sobre. double taxing. Each state of Mexico has a complete legislative. self determination. it has to be conceded that legal research at the state level is difficult. incident. System. Fire. Synopsis. to run out of funds. Sobreseimiento. Sistema de acumulacion. Situation. find. Supercargoes. Sobreimposicion. implied. (Comparison of Labor Law). Sovereign. a. trusteeship. Sobrepopulacion. regardless of the date they are received or paid. Servants or domestics are those who receive wages. Injustice. also known as. cooks. In Mexico. predicament. Sobreimpuesto. Briber. To siege. C. unexpressed. Nickname. outdo. To surpass. Sitiar. Interlineation. Domestic servants. Implicit. Sobregirar. outline. registration. (Lou. Surtax. suborn Soborno. Sirvientes. 89 PRR 541 (1963)). Mexico. structure. place. position. Seismotherapy. Unions. Federal system. buy off. Sindico. Sobornar.k. star-Place. and stay in the house of the person paying and employing them for his service or that of his family. graft. payola. Towing of barges. Sobresaliente. independence. Sistema. clear exonerate. (Comparison of Labor Law). Supercargoes shall discharge on board the vessel the administrative duties which the agent or shippers may have assigned them. acquit. Representative of shareholders in a corporation. Sinopsis. Psychiatrist. multiple taxing. spot. Sobregiro. However. Circumstance. Sinrazon. king. The dismissal of proceedings may be ab- . disaster. In the accrual method system all income and expenses are reported when incurred. to be in the red. unions must register with the Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare in cases where the Federal Government has jurisdiction. ruler Sobornador. baseless act. domesticos. Situar. Event. Sismoterapia. Dismissal of proceedings. psiquiatra. foot-men. and with the local Conciliation and Arbitration Board in cases of local jurisdiction. Singular. administrative and judicial system. to bounce a check. Outstanding. Bribe. Sobrecapitalizar. Mexico. Overdraft. To blockade. Sindicatos. 256 Situación. To absolve. self rule. outstrip. Secretary of the Treasury. they shall keep an account and registry of their transactions in a book which shall have the same conditions and requisites as required for the accounting book of the captain. and others who reside in the house. 3205). So pena. Sirviente. Sobrentendido. Surtax. and shall respect the latter in his duties as chief of the vessel.rules for liquidating union assets. To discover. Siquiatra. Sirga. Overpopulation. Sovereignty. excellent. (Ramos Hermanos v. such are valets. to gain official recognition. unspoken. Soberania. added tax. monarch. Sistema federal. especially from a distance. Overinsured. butlers. Additional tax or charge. Sobrelinea. Sindicatura. Sitial. Sobreinteres. organization. If it be total. P. commercial character. Sociedad de control. 1310. 247). or accomplices. Society. and in the absence thereof. Building and loan association. Surtax. by the law of the place where it has its commercial domicile. L. S and L association. Community property. 637). Bonus. group of people with a common aim. Sobreseimiento provisional. surcharge. Partnership in fact. Sobreviniente. L. Sociedad colectiva o comanditaria. (Bustamante C. Crim. enterprise. Sobrina. 257 . Corporation. 641). endure. in the absence of such provision. Corporate. (Bustamante C. second seal. 2) If it shall appear from the sumario that a crime has been committed.1311. Conjugal partnership. Community property. Nephew. commercial character. Holding company. Family corporation. Absolute dismissal. art. Community. the institution of the oral trial with regard to the accused whom it may not favor shall be ordered. General partnership. Crim. Sociedad anonima. Sociedad anonima. person who outlasts an accident or a group of people. business entity. Sociedad accidental. art. Sociedad de credito. accessories. Sociedad de credito inmobiliario. en nombre colectivo. Raised seal. the law of the place where the board of directors is normally located. Sobretasa. Sociedad de ahorro y prestamo. club. Sobresueldo. Association for a non business activity. P. Savings and loans association. corporation. Sociedad de economia mixta. total or partial. art. accomplices. Sociedad de hecho. Civil partnership.Sociedad de hecho lute or provisional. upon the law of the place where the general meetings of shareholders are held. Provisional dismissal. acquittal. population. L. Civ. sobreseimiento libre. or accessories. Earnings or profits beyond a certain mark. Joint venture. Supervening. 634). Credit union. Sobrevivir. Sociedad cerrada. 2) When the act does not constitute a crime.1330). Sociedad. art. people. The commercial character of a collective or silent partnership is determined by the law to which the articles of partnership are subject. Sociedad de familia. To survive. Sociedad colectiva. development or event that takes place at a later time. caracter mercantil. Crim. P. Sobresello. Social. Sociedad de gananciales. A provisional dismissal of proceedings shall lie: 1) When the commission of the crime which may have given rise to the institution of the cause is not duly established. C. sec. savings and loans association. Niece Sobrino. Sobreutilidad. Sociedad civil. and in the absence thereof. upon the dissolution of the marriage. share and share alike. 248). Survivor. Collective or silent partnership. Enterprise where the state and private individuals hold an interest. and there are not sufficient grounds to accuse one or more specific persons as principals. (Sp. in addition to the normal salary. Circle. Close corporation. Sobreviviente. The commercial character of a corporation depends upon the law provided in the articles of association.art. If the dismissal of proceedings be partial. 3) When the persons accused appear to be exempt from criminal liability as principals. By virtue of the conjugal partnership the earning of profits indiscriminately obtained by either of the spouses during the marriage shall belong to the husband and the wife. Association. caracter mercantil.. An absolute dismissal of proceedings shall lie: 1) Where there are no reasonable indications of the perpetration of the act which rnay have given rise to the institution of the cause. Not-for-profit corporation. Corporation. (Sp.. Absolution. exoneration. Sociedad conjugal. the cause and exhib-ts whose owner is unknown shall be ordered filed after the taking of the steps necessary for the execution of what may have been ordered.. outlast. stock company. (Sp. Social. (Sp. Ostensible partner.14). Socio capitalista. Enterprise that combines general and limited partners. To submit. aid. Solicitante. formality expressly required by law. settle. Someterse. Sociedad en comandita por acciones. Mining Company. Petition. General partner. General partner. smothering. comply. managing partner. Application for public permission. Being up to the task. Solidario. Tenement. Solemnity. observe. Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada. Limited partner. Sociedad en comandita. assistance. Solicitud. unmarried. administrador. fluency. heed. Sociedad en comandita simple. Solventar. choking. Solicitude. Corporation. that party shall take the measures necessary to obtain the permission. Affordability. art. Help. To submit oneself. Belonging to an enterprise. Celibate. Someter. (Unidroit. Soldier. applicant Party who requests. Sodomy. cooperation. present. Solutio indebiti (L). Socio vitalicio. Socio solidario. able to pay. Commercial partnership. blank. Dispute resolution. tract. Dependable. introduce. Sofocacion. honor. Solvente. demand request. Socio comanditario. Joint and severally. sofocamiento. share holder. ceremonious. Silent partner. Partner who is a shareholder. partner. Member without any special attributes. acreage. wealth. Socio. sulpplication Form. formal. Socio comanditado. (Bustamante C. Commercial partnerships duly constituted in a contracting State will enjoy the same juristic personality in the other contracting States except for the limitations of territorial law. (b) in any other case the party whose performance requires permission shall take the necessary measures. 252). Solemnizar. concern. Solidaridad. abide. Solvent. Sociedad vinculada. Where the law of a State requires a public permission affecting the validity of the contract or its performance and neither that law nor the circumstances indicate otherwise (a) if only one party has its place of business in that State. Sociedad por acciones. Solar. Socio general. Solidariamente. Disputes are resolved by a hierarchical arrangement of courts on the basis of the wording and legislative history of legal norms. land. in accordance to the Law to hold mining concessions and survey activities. prayer for relief. Solemne. Solvency. associate. Solvencia. Related enterprise. Socio aparente. facility. Sodomia. A company legally capable. joint and several liability.1. bachelor. Socio gerente. special partner. Soldado. The formal legal systems of Latin American countries are modern. Soltero. scholarly doctrine. warrior.. Solidary. reliable. 258 . Soltura. art. Solucion de disputas. Movant. and prior court decisions. personalidad juridica. Detachment. developed institutional structures. lot. Member for life. Managing partner. parcel. Joint-stock company. Spinster. Limited partnership. Suffocation. Solidarity. Payment of what is not due. juristic personality. Societario. manager. Solicitud de autorizacion publica. Sociedad minera. application. petitioner. asphyxiation. Member.Sociedad de responsabilidad limitada ________ Solemnidad. Solemn. (L&D in LA). joint and several. having the means. To comply with all formalities required by law. Limited partnership. To pay. opinions of distinguished jurists. Socio accionista. Prin. Joint and severally. to acquiesce. 6. Socorro. ease. General partner. Solidaria y mancomunadamente. gestor. Socio colectivo. Sociedades mercantiles. Deaf. vice director. Sublocador. enlargement. subsidize. astound. Sublocatorio. To sublet. Sosia. secondary. The sale by auction is that which takes place when the thing is offered publicly to be sold to whoever will give the highest price. subservient. The letters SS in a judicial document merely mean scilicet. Subordinate.R. sublease. Subordination. employee.Subregistrador Sondeo. sublease. Sosten de familia. Subastador. speculate. To conjecture. Sorprender. Subasta. Suspicion. Suboficial. suspicious (adj). Subcontratista. vice president. Subasta publica. distrust. Subject. surmise. Subcontractor. In a strict sense. Sosten. sublease. Subarriendo. defensible. supposition. Civ. Sublease. Suspect (n). Lottery. Assistant registrar. (Sp. P. Subordinado. Subdito. Non-commissioned officer. vice rector. Ancillary. admissible. To sublet. vassal. Look alike. (Lou. Soñar. Subregistrador. To surprise. "to wit. astonish. Sostener. deputy director. subtenant. Assistant director. Subjefe. art. Subordination. Sustainable. 2) That he can dispose of the thing or object at public sale as proposed. Auctioneer. social. This phrase is more general than legal since it does not have a specifically legal connotation. Sublessee. petty officer. raise. Sospecha. Subalquiiar. 2601). Subservient. To sustain. Any person requesting that a judicial public sale be made shall. find. Sublocacion. Opinion poll. tenable. To advocate. Submandatario. Ancillary. 259 . Auction. subordinate. doubt. Sublessor. Sordo.R. Sub-agent. Subarrendatario. Voluntary judicial sale. hypothesis. Sub-agent. 467 (1961). v. Hunch. Subcontrato. Sorteo. doubt. SS. by presenting the proper documents therefor. maintenance. sublessee. sublease. L. Subalterno. upward trend. Sostenible. national. amaze. Subdirector. tangential. excusable. prove the following: 1) That he has the legal capacity to make the proposed contract. mistrust. Subempleo.. Sostenimiento. To catch. encourage. soplón. subservient. Person of lower rank. elevation. shock. Subprefect. employee. Assistant chief. sec. Subprocurador General. Bread winner. minor. Underemployment. viable. Informant. Support. Subprefectura. Subalquiler. deputy. Sublet. Sospechoso. Strictu sensu (L). Subinquilino. Serf. Sorpresa. Assistant." (Ppl. dependency. Sublet. reservation. sustenance. C. Surprise. Adhering to an idea. Subprefecto. backing. Position of inferior rank that requires taking orders. provide for a living. Subempleado. To suspect. Status. Subprefecture. Subtenant. assist. inferior. Subida. Status. uphold. To subcontract. Sublessor. Subasta voluntaria judicial. livelihood. endorse. rise. Subtenant. public sale. citizen. Assistant attorney general. Subcontratar. Civ. maintain. Subcontract. person under order. Augmentation. 83 PR. theory. Sordomudo. survey. Sospechar. judicial sale. Velez. especially among the military. Subagente. Deaf and dumb. sublessee. To dream. that is. capture. dependence. policy or theory. To auction. Subarrendar. assistant prefect. To support. Subarrendador. person who supports a family. drawing. person of lesser rank. 2047-2049). Subastar. Sale by auction. subaltern. submission. position. Support. idea. level. residual. Insurgent. (Lou. seditious. Subject to improvement or rectification. 2) In favor of a purchaser of movable or immovable property who uses the purchase money to pay creditors holding any privilege. Civ. It may be conventional or legal. subrogation. Subrogatorio. subtitle. 1825 and 1826). switch. physic 1 Considerable. sub-stantive. To raise legal arguments or to offer evidence. underground. art. Subrogation conventional por el acree-dor. Material. Subrogar. Subrogation. chicanery. C. In lieu of Substituido. Concealment. repair. Subreptitious. Subrogation is the substitution of one person to the rights of another. prove. Retrievable. substitute Substitute. inheritance rights. Subtesorero. Substitution. Subrogation. Basement. to transfer one's rights. endorse. Subrogante. stipend. steal. in hiding. Subversivo. Subrogation takes place by operation of law: 1) In favor of an obligee who pays another obligee whose right is preferred to his because of a privilege. Substribir. trick. unnoticed. To subrogate. Subrogating. Descendants. transfer of rights. Civ. Conventional subrogation by the obligee. Subsetretario. Subrogation tonventional por el deudor. artifice. in its absence by provision of law. art. Assistant secretary. pledge. even without the obligor's consent. To subsidize. Chain of events. dissident. Subvention. per diem. initial. Assistant treasurer. (Sp. Subsidy. swap. agent proxy. To take illegally or without authorization. 1828). Subventionar. change. annuity. revolutionary. Subrepticio. machination. Subversive. C. improve. larceny. C. Subtraction. To remove unlawfully. Succession is granted either by the will of the man as expressed in a will or. remedy. Subrogation by operation of law. C. To sign. Disloyal way of acting without other people's knowledge. Testamentary or probate proceedings. better. (Lou. Subsoil. Subsanable. important. sequence. misrepresentation. relevant. Substraer. Subterfugio. Substantial. surrogate. passing from one head to another. sec. Succession is the transmission of the rights and obligations of a deceased person to his heirs. To amend. Succession subject to a condition. To subtract. taking away. even without the obligee's consent. Subrubro. (Lou. 1827). important. Material. cellar.Subrepcion Subreption. Civ. Substantivo. Second lieutenant. Subsidio. Subsanar. Civ. Substitution. allowance. stratum. replacement. maneuver. Person who transfers her rights. Conventional subrogation by the obligor. allowance. scholarship stipend. Substantiar. grant. scholarship. theft. 1829). An obligee who receives performance from a third person may subrogate that person to the rights of the obligee. C. annuity fi-nancial aid. sho cause. rectify. pledge. Understudy Substraccion. ameliorate. Sucesion bajo condicion. (Lou. art. The conditions imposed upon heirs and legatees shall be governed by 260 . Subrogation por imperio de la ley. conversion. To subscribe. Subteniente. financial aid. art. grant. Unauthorized taking. Subsuelo. Succession. Substantial. Subparagraph. autograph. plentiful. or mortgage. To substantiate. replacement. Estate. To approve. withdrawal. Sucesion. heirs. fix. Civ. removal. inheritance. concealed. support. or mortgage on the property. guerrilla. An obligor who pays a debt with money or other fungible things borrowed for that purpose may subrogate the lender to the rights of the obligee. 664a. Subterfuge. Underhanded act. To rob. Substantive. Subvention. 666). per diem. Detailed description of a particular aspect of a broader category. pension. Civ. C. 873). 886). Civ. 794. called. 871 and art. or when all the heirs are unknown. or which may have lost its validity subsequently. descendants. heirs by force of law. 666(a)). or does not dispose of all that belongs to the testator. shall be governed. (Sp. Civ. 1095). Testamentary succession. or with a void will. sustitucion. (Sp. (Sp. The testator may substitute one or more persons in the place of the heir or heirs designated in case they die before him or do not wish or can not accept the inheritance. Civ. sec. sec. Successions. 762). art. Sucesiones. by the personal law of the person from whom the rights are derived. 804. arts. A legal portion is that part of the property which the testator cannot dispose of because the law has reserved it for specified heirs. la legitima. 745). No heir shall be compelled to remain in possession of the inheritance without partition unless the testator expressly prohibits partition. Sucesion por causa de muerte. his spouse. C. Chile Suceion. Sucesion. Sucesion. Sucesion. or ascendants. This rule is strictly observed in Chile. Succession. or when all the known heirs to it have renounced it. The successors thus have the right to take possession of the estate of the deceased after complying with applicable provisions of law. Succession mortis causa. substitution. the quantum of the rights of descent and the intrinsic validity of the provisions. Succession. 744. This means that. Probate. unwor-thiness. There are two kinds of succession: testate and intestate. sec. sec. (Sp. Probate. Civ. Succession is the transmission of the estate of the deceased to his successors. Sucesion intestada. Bustamante Code. division. indignidad. Chile. (Sp. (Bustamante C. C. C. on that account. and jurisdiction over the estate belongs to the courts of this location. (Lou. sec. 795. all questions concerning the estate are subject to a single law. For example. Legitimate succession. Civ. (Lou. Legitimate succession takes place: 1) If a person dies without a will.Sucesiones. whatever may be the nature of the estate and the place where it is found. 1035). Sucesion legitima. The right to succeed is governed by the law of this domicile whether the decedents are Argentine nationals or aliens. 2) When the will does not contain the designation of heirship to all or part of the property. 1018. Intestate or legitimate succession. 144-145). C. Civ. Chile. both intestate and testamentary.). Sucesion forzosa Forced heirship. Civ. Argentina. Argentina. partition. Testamentary succession is that which results from the institution of any heir or heirs contained in a will executed in accordance with law. sec. C. abintestato. Succession. (Sp. 2) He who has been sentenced in a trial for having made attempts against the life of the testator. Vacant succession. C. Sucesion testamentaria. The right to succeed under Argentine law originates (in both testamentary [testaman-taria] and intestate [legitima] successions) at the time of the decedent's death and at the place of his domicile. as a general rule. except as hereinafter provided. Succession. The following are disqualified to succeed by reason of unworthiness: 1) Parents who have abandoned their children or prostituted their daughters or made attempts against their chastity. Sucesion. In such case legitimate succession shall take place only with regard to the property of which the testator has not disposed. art. Succession. C. A succession is called vacant when no one claims it. sec. C. Chilean law follows the Roman principle of unity of succession. Legitimate or lawful succession is that which the law has established in favor of the nearest relatives of the deceased. legal portion. the courts have held succession subject to Chilean law (Article 71) if a married woman dies abroad 261 . Sucesion vacante. (LA Laws &Inst. 805). System where certain close relatives cannot be disinherited if not by a cause contemplated by the law. (Sp. 666b). Sucesiones. codigo Bustamante. including the order of descent. Civ. stipend. C. office. Suf iciente. subject bound to. Intestate successors. securing their persons and the pecuniary liabilities of the same. (Lou. fortune. Sujetarse. Suerte. Venezuela. wages. also called legatees. 877. Successive. To capitulate. continuous. progressive. dispense. income. The order of intestate succession to real and personal property located in Venezuela is determined by internal law. To start administrative proceedings aginst someone. Sucesores hereditarios. Sufragista. also called legatees. woe. L. without delay. luck. Successor. Criminal dossier. liable. sorrow. conformity. Suicida. C. P. perish. Agency. and succeeds to all his rights and charges. subjection. Summarily. destiny. Civ. Submission to arbitrate. consignment. furnish. Sumariamente. revenue. serial. Sumariar. 876. To die. occurrence. Person who attempts or commits suicide. Sucesor. distribute. (LA Laws &Inst). elector. adequate. Circumstance. Suministro. self-destruction. give. art. Suicide. anguish. next. (LA Laws &Inst). Mother-in-law. vote. Record in an administrative or criminal proceedings. man. Suffrage. There are two kinds of successors corresponding to the two kinds of succession described in the preceding articles: Testate successors. Suceso. 878. division. Sujeto. follow. Sucesivo. The particular successor succeeds only to the rights appertaining to the thing which is sold. event. succeeding. art. sweat. (Lou. surrender. C. ticket. following. Sueldo. distribution. acceptance. individual. beneficiary. Sufrimiento. Sucumbir. (Lou.. acquiescence. enough Sufragio. Sucursal. branch. obedience. Successor in interest. (Sp. Chance. A submission is a covenant by which persons who have a lawsuit or difference with 262 . Sucesor universal. Venezuela while her husband is domiciled in Chile. Suffering. 299). Universal successor. the person who takes the place of another. devisee. remuneration. compliance. also called heirs. Suicidarse. grief pain. comply with. Suma cierta. Sucesor particular. Sucesor en derechos. The criminal dossier {sumario) consists of the proceedings had to prepare the trial and for the purpose of verifying and evidencing the commission of crimes with all the circumstances which may have a bearing upon their classification and the guilty of the delinquents. deference. Ballot. Suero. Sum certain. To commit suicide. Intestate successors. pay. Official who investigates charges brought in administrative proceedings. Suegra. Suministrar. Sufficient. Appointee. cargo. 3556). generally speaking. To accuse. Summary outline. give in. To succumb. Hereditary successors. C. art. A person. Related to inheritance or probate proceedings. Sumision. art. incident. Allotment. consecutive. Sucesiones. regardless of the nationality or domicile of the decedent. shipment. Crim. ensuing. Father-in-law. dispatch.Sucesiones. Eletion. Perspiration. heir. Civ. poll. Submission. Civ. The universal successor represents the person of the deceased. ache. earnings. assignee. Suicidio. Serum. and 879). allot. immediately. Venezuela. Salary. ceded or bequeathed to him. art. Inflict. expeditely. (Lou. Sudor. Sumario. fate. supply. Sumision arbitral. compensation. summary. Probate. Civ. To administer. 3556). Suegro. Sucesorio. Successor is. Vote. 3556). supply. To fall prey of something. To press criminal charges. happening. Sumariante. synopsis. To abide by. Particular successor. Judge in charge of clarifying the facts in a criminal case. needless. conjecture. sobreviniente. Supplement. 263 . substitute. Suplicar. auxiliary. Superstite. Labor Law). provisional. Assumption. Articles 321-323). expendable. Rustamante Code. 285). Above. guess. Prayer for relief. and by the defendant from the fact of his having. (Mex. superfluous. dispense. Suplicatorio. Employee appointed exceeding the budget. additional. Superiority. The term "supervision" must be understood as referring to the employee having to submit to the instructions given by his employer and having to fulfill them. supplemental. (Lou. Judges and courts shall aid each other in the execution of all proceedings necessary and ordered in civil actions. L. Superviniente. quell. sec. overabundance. P. complementary. Supposition. plead. dominance. redundant. rescind. theory. Suppressible. after entering his appearance in the suit. Letter rogatory. entreat. plea. Superioridad. suplicacion. Superpotencia. control. Suprema instancia. Acting. binding. postulate. 284. exhorto. additional. extravagant. Deputy. Suplicante. supporter. Supervivencia. Supervision. Suposicion. Labor supervision. expensive. preeminence. Supplementary. oversupply. outfit. Suprema Corte de Justicia. Suntuario. beg. Surtir efecto. direction. Superutilidad. Person or body of a higher rank. management. tale. Express or implied submission. Superavit. Suscribiente. assumption. postulate. repeal. Supplicant. The submission can be made only to a judge having ordinary jurisdiction to take cognizance of a similar class of cases in the same degree. Supuesto. unnecessary. accessory. suplicatorio. over production. Supervisacion laboral. ascendancy. (Bustamante C. ancillary. development or event that takes place at a later time. request. pray. administration. (Sp. repress. nonessential. furnish. Ignorant belief. Superpower. Cause a consequence. suspicion. theory. Supervening. nullify. above mentioned. restrain. Supreme Court. art. petition. filed any plea unless it is for the purpose of denying jurisdiction. Survivor. last instance. 319). Sumisión expresa o tacita. Survival. To ask. interim. delete. supposition. Supreme Court. Supradicho. Sumision. To suppress. supletorio. trigger a result. Civ. Suplemento. inference. suplementario. Superviviente. Letter requisitorial. carta-orden. equip. primacy. void.Suscribiente one another. glut. cancel. dispensable. person who outlasts an accident or a group of other people. Excess. provide. Gains or profits exceeding a certain mark. Civ. surplus. speculation. Highest authority. Implied submission shall be understood to have been made by the plaintiff from the fact of applying to the judge in filing the complaint. Surtir. be effective. To supply. supplication. Suprimible. Supercheria. old wives. Suprimir. extra. request. conjecture. Supervision. supplication. give. hypothesis. 3099). temporary. By express submission shall be understood the submission made by the interested parties in clearly and conclusively renouncing their own court and unmistakably designating the judge to whom they submit themselves. Surviving. Suplicatoria. supremacy. prayer. (Bustamante Code. letter rogatory. hunch. hypothesis. reverse. C. superstition. surmise. name arbitrators to decide the matter and bind themselves reciprocally to perfom what shall be arbitrated. surveillance. To contain. Adherent. annul. Suplente. follower. Submission. art. extra. care. Codigo Bustamante. erase. To cross out. spare. Sumptuary. subdue. abate. remaining alive. secondary. Supernumerary. Suplementai. referred. belief. Suplica. Petition. revoke. Undersigned. petitioner. Collective suspensions of a collective barganing agreement contrato colectivo de trabajo or a law-contract con-trato-ley. To substantiate. larceny. Sustento. 264 . expectation. Suscripto. defensible. To offer evidence. C. may come about because of certain problems affecting the employer which reflect on the workers. stay. To decide on the merits. interruption. representation. Sustituto. Suspension de pagos. Stay of proceedings. withdrawal. In the case of a suspension the obligation to work and to pay salary may temporarily cease without a permanent ter-mination of the work relationship under cer-tain circumstances. Substitution. postpone. Sustancia irritante. Com. membership. Support. but which causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. material. stay. Suspension. or difficult. tenable. Suspenso. referred. which shall be declared by the judge of first instance of his domicile in view of his declaration. Producing effects at a later date. Suspender. Labor Law) Suspensivo. maintenance. Sustantivo. between an employer and a group of employees. Suspension. Sustainable. Corrosive substance A substance that causes visible destruction of or irreversible alterations in living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Suscriptor. theft. Subscription. Member. Suspension temporal colectiva. Suspense. proxy. Individ-ual temporary suspension. Al substance which is not corrosive. Sustraccion.Suscripcion Suscripcion. A merchant who. Having a hearing and rendering a Suspension de procedimientos. The Suspension colectiva relacion de trabajo. important. In addition to individual causes for suspension of a work relationship between an employer and an individual. robbery. (Mex. Removal. Suspensive. livelihood. possessing sufficient property to cover all his debts. living. significant. material. Substitute. may suspend payments. table. subrogation. listed. replacement. (Mex. suspend. tangible. Stay of execution. Substantial. put of. Sustancial. To suspend. adherence. viable. Sustanciacion de una causa. subsistence. adjournment. interrupt. Substantive. excusable. Sustitucion. Labor Law). delay. 870). Admissible. Suspension de ejecucidn. Undersigned. to continue to operate an enterprise or establishment. there may also be "collective" causes for suspension of a work relationship decision. shelve. necessaries. Aforesaid. Susodicho. cessation. Collective suspension of the work relationship. surrogate. deferment. Labor Law). Suspension of payments. Sustancia corrosiva. uncertainty. (Sp. Sustentable. Suspension temporal individual. These are matters which temporarily make it Impossible. discontinue. Irritant substance. Conversion. continual. To adjourn. Subtraction. Defer. Sustanciar. Subscriber. sec. Collective temporary suspension. justifiable. de la FLL does permit a temporary suspension of the work relationship. (Mex. foresees the impossibility of meeting them when they fall due. although not expressed. (Louisiana Civ. price. Tela de juicio. Program. Recklessness. Tanteo. Tasacion de costas. Stub book. tabla de concordancia. blueprint. Talla. en. Tachas de los testigos. Tasacion. crossing out. wild. Talion. erasure. Elimination. Card. vengeance. Tacita reconduction. charge. Tacha. Tasar. examination. Blot. Agenda. table. temerity. estimate. appraisement. A technical. Tacit is said of that which. master. Tasa. Civ. Tecnico. Tatuar. Tabla. schedule. rescinding the sale already made. Reckless. Impeachment. Tacit. Land surveyor. Price. Temerario. cancellation. Talion. levy.diagram. Technician. inspection. panel. cross out. Temeridad. list. private justice. art. Tavern. after their taxation. 265 . Impeachable. challenged. To delete. To appraise. 420). Tasable. challenge. tax. Size. calendar. Temario. P. magnitude. Code. Redemption. Automatic extension of a contract. Taction. scrutiny. Also known as. removal. understood. graph. To challenge. (Sp. court reporter. Taxative. The right which certain persons have to acquire for themselves a thing purchased by another. Tachar. groundless. assessment. deferred. Crossing out. Taxativo. questioned. (Sp. Deletion. P. Assumed. duty. content. investigation. Tax charged by the state in reference to precise services actually provided to each contributor. Tanteo y retracto. belated. Appraisal. Appraiser. confrontation. constructive. late. To impeach. Implied renewal. implicit. Alias. deletion. index card. or from the provision of the law. Argued about. evaluate. Exorbitant. Tariff. aka. Crim. if the party adjudged to pay the same should not have done so before the opposite party requests said taxation. Tarificacion. Tarjeta. authority. payment shall be enforced by compulsory process. Talonario. Tarifa. Stenographer. l. price list. switchboard. Tablero. Tattoo. Taxable. L. inn. Appraisable. Tachadura. careless. thoughtless. confront. audacity. Talon. Tachable. professional. Each party may challenge the witnesses of the opposite party for any of the following reasons: 1) Relationship of the witness to the party for whom he appears by consanguinity or affinity within the fourth civil degree. Tambien conocido como. Tacito. implied. assessor. schedule. Stub. 3556). expert. Limited to the examples or cases specifically stated. sec. Behind. or servant of the party for whom he appears. visit card.T Taberna. Challenge. 2) That the witness at the time of giving his testimony is a partner. sec.Chart. valuation. schedule of payment. 659). receipt. audit. Challenge of witnesses. revenge. Tarde. Taquigrafo.Board. Tatuaje. Tasador. Taxation of costs. When there is an adjudication of costs. value. To tattoo. retaliation. Systematization of payments according to a schedule. specialist. Analysis. deletion. index. is understood from the nature of the thing. To eliminate. remove. Table showing the correspondence. estimate. postponed. employee. as soon as it becomes final. List of topics to be considered. docket. toll. assess. gall. Terminacion. 94 PRR 561 (1967)) Tercer poseedor. art. Terciar. preference. Third persons. Tendency. wrongful proceedings. Holder. Terminable. A party may terminate the contract where the failure of the other party to perform an obligation under the contract amounts to a fundamental nonperformance. Tenedor legitime Holder in due course. Impleader. spirit. temporary. Third-party mortgagee. To mediate. With respect to a contract or judgment. Lieutenant colonel. Teniente coronet. effects. Code. treatment. If the em- 266 . but fails to achieve it for reasons beyond his control. bent. art. objective. Terminacion de la relacion de trabajo. holding. Terapia. Termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance. interpleader. 39). drift. endeavor. (Unidroit. Particular school of thought within a political party or group. Tercero benef iciado. (Sp.. art. third persons are all who are not parties to it. Intention. 7. Tercerista. Third party possessor Terceria. third persons are. Teoria de la imprevision. hold. holding. An employer who wishes to terminate a work relationship without just cause may not do so without incurring a liability. Holder in due course. Tenida. Second lowest rank as an army officer. Tenencia. (Unidroit. Prim. try. Impleaded or interpleaded party Third party defendant. (Louisiana Civ. In case of failure. medication. To control. L Civ P sec.3. leaning. sec. those creditors of the debtor who contracted with him without knowledge of the rights which he had transferred to another. bias. trend. (Lousiana Civ. or upon the right of the third person to recover his credit before the exe cution creditors is reimbursed. Whoever starts to execute a criminal act through conduct aimed directly at consummation. Terminacion de contrato. inclination. Immediate control over a thing. One who has no interest in the case at bar. prescription. Attempt. it being improper to consider for such purpose the previous date on which a meeting of minds on the object and consideration between the vendee and the v dor of the property took place. have. debate. limited. (Fuentes) Heirs of Fuentes. Termination of contrat. Therapy. Frivolous litigation. Terceros procesales. Code. (Standard Penal C. tenure. state of mind. Teniente. Termination. Tercero. Tenancy. penchant. will be sentenced to not less than two-thirds of the minimum nor more than two-thirds of the maximum provided for the corresponding crime. medicine. Temperamento. Third party. Tener. To try to. own. 1530). Tendencia. for Latine America. Finite.1).3. the condition of third-party mortgagee of the vendee of said property should be judged considering the true date of the acquisitive title—which is the one which can oppose claims of other persons who did not take part in the contract—and the right should always be grounded on a recorded title.5). Conference. Tercer hipotecario. Character. Terceros. art. malicious prosecution.Temeridad y malicia Temeridad y malicia. Abuse of process. Lieutenant. efectos. 7. Effort. Theory that allows rescission of a contract due to changed circumstances that turn it into excessively burdensome for one of the parties. Third-party practice. A contracting party may stipulate a benefit for a third person called a third party beneficiary. 3556). proclivity. Third party beneficiary. 1979). Prin. Third party practice. Tenedor. Intervention. Termination of work relationship. occupancy. Tentativa. Assuming that the cause of nullity of the summary foreclosure proceeding of a property is not clearly recorded in the Registry of Property. Tenedor de buena fe. retain. propensity. Occupant. Terminacion de contrato. Termination of contract. Interventions must b based either upon the ownership of the property attached as belonging to the attach ment debtor. Party not connected with a previous transaction. particularly. possess. Crossing out. Testate. local. Military and maritime wills and those executed in foreign countries are considered special. middle man. Civ. In order that such will be valid. Terrorism. Testado. 675. Testamentary or probate proceedings. Open will. 1036. Testatrix. Testador. in which he has persevered. Special will. Holographic wills may be executed only by persons of full age. Terrain. Land owner. 685). plot. zone. Concealed agent. open. area. panic. Civ. By term for deliberating is understood the time given to the beneficiary heir. domestic. (Sp. (Sp. Tirmino de deliberacion. or closed. Terror. month and day in which it is executed. Testadora. A will is closed when the testator. Término. 684). See Sucesion testamentaria. fright. Nuncupative will. Treasurer. The making of it. When a person had ordered two things. wealth. deceased. Testamento holografo. Territory. The act by which a person disposes of all his property or of a part of it. there is no legal way for the employer to dismiss the employee. Terreno. who shall state the year. blotch. Terror. internal. 1040). Related to a will. included in a will. art. district. Testamento. Testamento cerrado. Testamentary proceedings may be voluntary or necessary. declares that it is contained in the instrument which he presents to the persons who are to authenticate the act. Will. Terrorismo. is called a will. Testamento abierto. sector. Testamento especial. Will. it shall be written in its entirety and signed by the testator. time. fear. to examine if it be for his interest to accept or reject the succession which has fallen to him. Testamentary proceedings shall be called necessary in the cases wherein the judge must institute them ex officio. and a derogation to what has before been written to the contrary. Tesoro. Terrateniente. extent of time. riches. (Sp. region. Testator. corrected or 267 . 687. horror. tract. apprehension. Term for deliberating. An open will must be executed before a notary. If it contains words erased. Testamentario. date. deadline. C. tract. Code. territory. with a valid will. Reclaimed land. Testamento conjunto o mancomunado. A will is absolutely a personal act. C. cancellation. name giver. land. Civ. period. Plot of land with a building or buildings. C. they being informed of its provisions. sec. sec. Terremoto. Territorial. span. C. dread. Holographic will. kinds. sec. 1035. precinct. sec. that which is last written is presumed to be the will of the testator. Term. Tesoreria. Civ. duration. Testamento. national. Section XXII) and the FLL establish the right to mandatory reinstatement. 1723). either wholly or partially. They are voluntary when instituted by a legitimate party. Closed will. farmer. Civ. Treasure. Joint or reciprocal will. (Mex. Territorial. decedent. L. Proxy. (Sp. Tesorero. earth. Civ. 678). expanse. belt. Labor Law). Testaferro. quake. testament. (Sp. Will. which are contradictory. 703). disposition de ultima vol-untad. soil. Territorio. P. C. without revealing his last will. can not be left to the discretion of a third person. Ordinary wills may be holographic.. nor can it be made through a trustee or agent. feigned intermediary. area. disposiciones contradicto-rias. to take effect after his death. sec. erasure. Dummy. (Sp. since the Constitution (Article 123-A. Testamentaria. Terreno edificado. Terreno baldio. A will is open whenever the testator expresses his last will in the presence of the persons who must authenticate the act. Treasury. Earthquake. man of straw. Terreno saneado. substitute. An empty plot of land. sec. contradictory dispositions. clases. (Louisiana Civ. Testadura. Public treasury.Testamento holografo plovee enjoys job permanence. name lender. Wills may be ordinary or special. Testamento. 1597. Nuncupative will by public act. Witness. under private signature. (Louisiana Civ.. P. whether natives or foreigners. art. Attesting. or by any other person from his dictation. unimpeachable witness. Nuncupative will by private act. testify. attestant. attest. 729). 1581). demonstrate. Testigos. This testament. whether he has written them himself or has caused them to be written by another person. the testator shall make a note thereof under his signature. to make a will. interrogation. art. determine. must be written by the testator himself. (Sp. The mystic or secret testament. Testimonio. or even by one of the witnesses. (Louisiana Civ.1560). Prosecutor witness. Testamento nuncupative) por acto pri-vado. related to witnesses. shall be obligated to appear upon a judicial citation to declare all they may know in the matter upon which they may be questioned. To will. Code. in default of passengers from among the crew. The testator shall present it thus closed and sealed. 696). Testif icar. demonstrate. Testamento militar. Crim. Credible believable. or of seven witnesses residing out of that place. certify. 437). L. Testigo de cargo. Testimoniar. 410). Testamento mistico o cerrado. The wills of persons employed in armies in the field. Will made at sea. 1584). corroborate. interrogatorio. Civ. Mystic or closed will. corroborate. the execution of which is imposed upon registrars Testamento. Testamento maritimo. even though the testator should state in the will his wish or resolution not to revoke them. (Louisiana Civ. (Sp. Code. Testamento nuncupativo por acto publico. Testimonial. made during a voyage at sea may be received by the captain or master. by him who receives it. (Sp. art. aver. revocation. Witnesses. Testar. The paper serving as their envelope must be closed and sealed.1603. and by those in whose presence it is received. To cross out cancel. art. is subject to no other formality than that of being reduced to writing. A mandate shall be employed for the purpose of ordering the issue of certificates or transcripts or the fulfillment of any judicial proceeding. prove. L. in presence of five witnesses residing in the place where the will is received. and being signed by the testator. as well as those in which the testator may order that the revocation of the will should not be valid unless made with cer-tain words or marks. or in a military expedition. comparecencia. Code. certifying. To witness. Testigo. 1601. 1598. Testament. Crim. sec.1599. All testamentary 268 . Mandate. certify. sec. P. Testif icador. art. Testigo idoneo. The nuncupative testaments by public act must be received by a notary public. Witnesses. and shall only require of him such supplementary explanations as may tend to dissipate obscure or contradictory statements. Testimonial. A nuncupative testament. determine.Testamento marítimo interlined. appearance. Will. All persons residing within Spanish territory. person who testifies Testif icante. Civ. aver. The judge shall permit the witness to narrate without interruption the facts upon which he testifies. C . 436. (Lou-siana Civ. in presence of three witnesses taken by preference from among the passengers. or of five witnesses not residing in the place. provided they be cited with the formalities prescribed by law. Code. in presence of three witnesses residing in the place where the will is executed. in presence of two witnesses. who are not prevented therefrom. Testigos. attest. 1578). (Louisiana Civ. otherwise called the closed testament. C. revocation. if he can write. bystander. sec. Code. To witness. and 1604). prove show. show. testify. Witness. is made in the following manner: The testator must sign his dispositions. provisions are essentially revocable. Military will. Therupon he shall put such questions to him as he may deem proper to elucidate the facts. All clauses annulling future provisions shall be considered as not exist-ing. (Sp. may be received by a commissioned officer. sec 727. heading. Title. Labor Law). Type. routine. term. Titulo de la deuda publica. title. ordinary. Place where illegal gambling is held. Indefinite Duration. Transcription of oral testimony often takes place simultaneously with its delivery. Shooter. Uncle. kind. Obtaining a university degree. Cheat. or subordinate officials of inferior or superior courts." to the judge and opposing counsel prior to the hearing. Shyster. Tia. Timbre. which is not always the case. content. con man. Vestment of title. class. whose limits are indicated by the type of hydrophilic vegetation present on a seasonal or permanent basis. L. Time immemorial. 43). soil. Time. Tio. fire. Tipo. Ownership. discharge. right. Manual. acreage. Titulacion. areas of predominantly hydric soils. Tirada. (Mex. business. Testimony. Crim. Lawsuit on a commercial paper. right. Conformed copy. fraud. standard. Testimonio pericial. moment. Owner. and member of the judicial police who are under the orders of the same. whether or not subject to tidal influence. marshes. diploma. The duration of a work relationship is presumed to be indefinite. ground. Rate of discount. reading. Timbrar. Earth. caption. It is characterizes by the fact that only 269 . Riparian land. swindle. (Sp. Tierra. Tirador. Cause. swindle. duration. outlet. and bogs. licensed. To stamp. Expert testimony. by themselves or with other complementary documents. trick. or by proven compliance with the rules. Tierras labrantías. ground. swindler. Tierras mojadas. The area of transition between terrestrial and aquatic systems which constitute areas of temporary or permanent inundation. Tierra. Even if the judge is present at a hearing in which a witness is testifying. Testimonio. Part 186). according to the preceding section. Timely. blaze. con. blast. bureaucrat. Wetlands. period. University graduate. Testimony. Titulo. paper pusher. tract. Tiro. Tiempo.Titulo ejecutivo of property. Cheating. category. Certificate. trickster. Weather. Only by exception are labor corttracts entered irtto by job or for a finite period of time (FLL. Tiempo inmemorial. certification. the clerk types while the witness talks. Texto. Wasteland. in good time. interest. Tierras baldías. the word title is defined as the contents of the public document or documents on which the person in whose name registration is made bases his right. cor-boration. To cheat. shop. conning. Timba. Commercial paper. real estate. First mate. proprietor. (PR Mort. misrepresentation. deed. Timar. plot. Title of nobility. Shot. Number of copies printed. Certified transcript. Name. Arable lands. Degree. mart. Titlllado. Normal. Law 1979 sec. Holder of a job. Timo. along with the questions to be asked on direct or "cross examination. Titulo de credito. Tinterillo. Store. Tiempo de espera. Aunt. notaries. Article 35). property. . he or she may pay litl attention to the testimony until the written version is studied. trick. attestation. Titulo de nobleza. body. assistants. Land. primer. such as swamps. Rate of exchange. admitted to practice. and lacustric areas or those where soils are constantly wet due to the natural discharge of aquifers. Tiempo indeterminado. circulation of a newspaper. Tierra ribereña. Timador. Titulo ejecutivo. For registration purposes. The parties submit their requests for examination of witnesses. Government bond. Waiting period. market. Titular. Tiempo hábil. Stamp. and which serve as evidence. Text. (L&D in LA). deposition. Tipo de descuento. Titularidad. Maker of a bill of exchange. Timonel. or under certain charges. laborer. (Mex. Titulo gratuito. Turpitude. Total. equanimity. Appropriation. Gown. Labor Law). (Sp. 270 . This is the rule for compensation in torts. Tolerance. Toma de razon. forbearance. turn. is obligated to redress such wrong. servant. barrister. whenever these functions are of a general nature. misrepresent. (PR Mort. 53). Trabajador de confianza. Homeworker. Without consideration. Absolute. gratis. Todo daño debe indemnizarse. In all certificates of shares. Worker. This is the individual who provides personal supervised labor to another person or legal entity. (Mex. To distort falsify. documents. Gratuitously. labor. Total. volume. Torment. unrestricted. Taking of an oath. Unskilled or awkward action. Tormento. Tocar. empleado. registration. Attorney. there shall always be entered the sum which has been paid on account of its par value or that they are fully paid. hospftalization should the case so require. Titulo traslativo de dominio. Tonnage. Trabajadores. Toxicomania. imbecil simpleton. Titulos. capacity. efecto en cuanto a ter-ceros. drug dependent. Trabajador. sec. dunce. atencion medica. wrongful. payee. C. Totally. including: physical rehabilitation. Workers. Titulos de acciones. It is also the title preceding article 1645 of the Guatemalan Civil Code. pertaining. employee. To take under advisernent Tonelaje. Com. forgery of signature. except if able to prove that the damage or injury was caused by the victim's fault or inexcusable negligence. Torticero. taking. Tocante. To work. Torcer. monitoring. Toxicomania. Code art. (Louisiana Civ. Unfair. for instance. cargo. Drug addict. Tomador. Point in time when a suit or an order therefrom becomes operational. agent. Trabajador. Recordation. Fool.Título gratuito a few exceptions and defenses are allowed. drue addiction. whole. by negligently or imprudently. suffer ing. room' space. junky. Tonto. 3556). Law 1979 sec. Toxicomano. Toma. toil. Agony. medications and medical supplies. Certificates of shares. Togado. securities. effectiveness for third parties. deeds. which states: "Every person who causes injury or detriment to another. medical treatment. 164). These are individuals who carry out management. seizure. Entering in possession." Toga. (Mex. capture. To reach. Registered titles shall become effective for third parties from the date of their registration. Conveyance of ownership. unlaw ful. either payable to order or to bearer. To concern. Moment when summons are received or when an attachment order is recorded. cloak. Clumsiness. resignation. weight. Trabajar. Labor Law). bend. Torpeza. workman. and monetary compensation as established by law. Traba. Certificates. and auditing functions in a business or enterprise. Article 487 of the FLL provides that workers who suffer from occupational hazards are entitled to medical and surgical attention. judge. To touch. prosthetic and orthopedic devices as needed. grand total. Labor Law). endurance. employee. Tomar en estudio. Totalmente. Employees in positions of Trust. stamina. curve. Concerning. assistant. torture. patience. idiot. All injury must be compensated. Registered titles. Tortious. The title is said to be onerous when it is acquired for a certain price. oversight. Titulo oneroso. Titulos inscritos. Tomar juramento. Worker. acceptance. It is the contrary of the lucrative title. Trabajador a domicilio. representative. whether intentionally. Toma de posesion. toga. To twist. Person who receives a commercial paper. completely. dimwit. fully. Tolerancia. alcoholism. Valuable consideration. To cheat. Transfer of possession. mislead. task.Transaccion. labor. for preventing or putting an end to a lawsuit. trade or art. (Mex. Red tape. Article 173). c) itinerant work. b) work that may affect their morals or good habits. (Louisiana Civ. Tramitacion. or by the delivery of the keys of the buildings in which they are kept. Delivery. (Louisiana Civ. women may not engage in (FLL. Chore. Treason. Transaccion. trick. art. treachery. fifth column. Swindle. Trabajo de los menores. obtaining signatures and processing documents in general. Traffic. decipher. trick. Tramite judicial. Code. occupation. Settlement. Traduction. Traf icante. The law considers the tradition or delivery of immovables. bureaucratic requirements. (Sp. A compromise is a contract by which each of the parties in interest. To incur in disloyal behavior. compromiso trabajo. trickster. act. Tracaleria. To do the paper work. C. bargain business. ambush. deceit. The work of minors is subject to the strict oversight of the Labor Inspection Office (Ofic-ina de Inspection del Trabajo). such as filing documents. To betray. deal. Trampa. Work illegal for minors. drug peddler or pusher. deception. historical legacy. Traducir. private arrangement. Traditional. the regulation of women's work xclusively relates to the protection of the woman during the periods of pregnancy and nursing of children. beguile. Transaccion. 2477). fraud. Labor Law). The tradition or delivery in the transferring of the thing sold into the power and possession of the buyer. court interpreter. dou-blecross. livelihood. decode. Labor Law). accord and satisfaction. The tradition or delivery of movable effects takes place either by their real tradition. custom. 2478). hoax. Workers between the ages of fourteen and sixteen are considered to be minors. Code. Trade. court proceeding. art. disloyalty. General dealings with the public administration. Trampear. Procedural step. avoids the filing of a suit or terminates one that has already been instituted. Tradicional. Commute. crook. A transaction or compromise is an agreement between two or more persons. Piecework. or if the purchaser had them already in his possession under another title. sec. Tracalero. Trabajo por pieza. who. Workers under 16 years of age are prohibited from engaging in the following types of work (FLL. Trap. 1711). Swindler. Translation. compromiso. To translate. Tradicion de inmuebles. toil. interpretation. deceive. Traitor. as always accom- panying the public. Contract. Civ. Transaction. Work. Article 166) unhealthy or dangerous jobs. or even by the bare consent of the parties. adjust their differences by mutual consent. Code. scheme. Cultural background. forced labor. Trafico. Out-of-court settlement. compromise. balanced by 271 . Cheat. Delivery of movables. sedition. Trabajo prohibido a menores. Tradicion de bienes muebles. Hard labor. and which every one of them prefers to the hope of gaining. Traductor publico. by giving. During pregnancy and nursing. trick. compromise. Red tape. Labor Law). Traidor. Tramitar. crook. job. or retaining something. Tramite. promising. paper work. (Mex. tramposo. Article 175): a) work in places where alcoholic beverages are sold for immediate consumption. Traicionar. illicit trade. misrepresentation. which transfers the property. interpret. Work of minors. (Louisiana Civ. (Mex. 2479). Delivery of immovables. infidelity. ruse. Traicion. in the manner which they agree on. trabajo de las mujeres Work by women. an entity within the Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare (FLL. currently. cheat. tramperia. betrayer. art. Sworn translator. betrayal. Trabajo forzado. To explain. Dealer. paper pushing. Tradicion. Trampeador. transport. if the things can not be transported at the time of sale. Transaction. passenger. Traslativo. To settle. Transference. copy. art. shall be considered of a fraudulent nature and shall not escape the applicability of the prohibition they tried to avoid. Transvestism. Transmisibilidad. Assignment of credits and other incorporeal rights. consensual. Transporte. Transigir. right. To transfer ownership or other rights. sec. or action shall produce no effect against a third person but from the time the date is considered fixed (Sp. copy transliteration. grantor. Transferor. To cross a particular limit. to exceed a certain point of reference. violate. trespass. conveyor. Transmissible. removal. bequeath. Transport. 1429). Transcribir. assignability. 347). Commuter. To transgress. conveyable. Transfer of title or of other rights. convey. Transmision de créditos y demás dere-chos incorporates. Passing of title. Transferente. Transferability. deliver. sellable. Trespass. (Sp. Trasvestismo. Transito. wrongdoer. relocation. Transgresion. assignability. walker. conveyance. Transferible. Transferencia de obligaciones. heritability. conta giousness. Notification of a judicial order or of a certain development in a case. Transmissibility. transport. Transferencia de creditos no endosables. transportation. (Sp. trespasser. To compromise. Related to a transfer of title. Transmitente. Transcription. 6 (4)). Traslado. tort. Civ. Transitory. International agreement. To transfer. Scholar who writes treatises. Person who transfers. Transacciones fraudulentas. conveyability. Transmisible. tortfeasor. Transporte fluvial. Transient. Affluxion of time. placing in possession. disadvantage. transliterate. Impermanent. violation. contagious Transferable. To midway. Transitive. Transgredir. traffic. Transferibilidad. To transcribe. The assignment of a credit. Tratado. passage of title. Authority. passing Translacion. Transgressor. Transfer. worry. tell. devise. Communicate. That can be settled out of court. Fraudulent transactions. mishap. Transportation between two points. Treaty. 3071). Transferir.Transaccional the danger of losing. Transeunte. notify. Transar. Tratadista. Transferor. Traspapelado. conveyor. which are not negotiable nor payable to the bearer. settle. Transitivo. movement of goods people. may be transferred by the creditor without requiring the consent of the debtor. Movement of goods or people. Traspaso. bequest. infringer. it being sufficient that the transfer be communicated to him. To meet midway. Com. Transfer of nonnegotiable credits. Excessive behav ior. Period. temporary. Transigible. To transmit. Translimitacion. Transcripcion. Illicit trade. Transactions made in accordance with the law but that seek a result prohibited by the law. Transmitir. or contrary to the legal system. sec. Lost among many other papers. assignor. Transit. Traspasar. breach. Delegation of duties. Setback. Transferability. Commercial credits. reassignment. Traspaso de titulo. Transitorio. Transaccional. sec. breach. pact or settlement. inform. C. trespass. compact. To yield partially. 272 . transcript. Convey. traffic. Trastorno. expert. Code. (Louisiana Civ. Transferable. pedestrian. Delivery. Trata. traveller. C. conveyable. Transferencia. assign. assignable. C. Transgression. Civ. Transportation by river. contractual. heritable. Transgresor. momentary. Transcurso. Transactional. To plaigarize. unfolding of an event. (Louisiana Civ. Tax. Relationship among three people. To answer defendant's rejoinder. Calendar quarter. Tribuna. Turno. crowd. 238). or when the tutor appointed in some of the modes above expressed is liable to be excluded or disqualified. serious injury. Thirty year limitation period. judge. Tourism. C. Tumulto. Civ. Tregua. The object of tutorship is the custody of the person and property. Triángulo. Trifulca. or of only the property. and age of the ward. constitute the other main body of private international law in Latin America. of such persons who. To pay taxes. or is excused legally. Traumatism. 257. Treintañal. together with the Busniante Code. Trueque. (Sp. Civ. To disturb. (Mex. Tutela. Tupamaro. (UR). Tax payer. Indian chief who resisted the Spanish conquest of Latin America. The type of disability for which the guardianship is created. art. Court below. To pay tribute or homage. Tributante. Barter. Train. sec. Crew. Montevideo treaThese treaties. Tributacion. Taxation. tratos. Assessable. Tripulante. Judicial term. Disorderly fight. The name and other information about the persons who have had custody of the ward prior to the appointment of a guardian. Tronco. sec. Trimestre natural. last name.Tutela de prodigos y ebrios habituales tratados de Montevideo. Tren. Turn. procedural. rostrum. Civ. Truce. Triplicate. 270). shock. panel. Tributar. Platform. Tributario. Trauma. Tripulacion. countertrade. Dative tutorship. Tribunal. Tribunal a quo. III. podium. (LA Laws & Inst). art. Riot. swap. Personal or staff on board a plane or ship. nor any relations who may claim the tutorship by effect of law. When a minor is an orphan. ceasefire. brawl. (Sp. Board. Tutela. Plaintiff's answer to defendant's rejoinder. Tribunal. Triplica. Court of higher rank. disrupt. from Tupac Amaruc. Tribunal de almirantazgo. The judgment shall prescribe the acts which shall be prohibited to the incapacitated person and the powers which the tutor shall exercise in his name. committee. Court of appeals. strong disturbance. Triangle. switch. Collegiate court. Tronar. upset. locomotive. court. Trauma. Tributable. Tribunal de alzada. Beating. assessment. Forensic. Family line traced to a common ancestor. Lower court. travel. Tutorship. The guardianship record shall contain: I. Tutela dativa. Trimestre. multitude. 273 . Mob. Tributo. in three copies. public disturbance. Non exempt. are incapable of governing themselves. Turismo. Quarter. Code. Tribunal ad quern. C. previous contacts. exchange. Triplicado. Triplicar. Tribunalicio. Dealings. The name. taxable. Caravan. Tutela de prodigos y ebrios habituates. Tunda. A decree of prodigality or habitual drunkenness shall be made by means of an ordinary suit prosecuted in an oral and public trial.91). Tribunal colegiado. Guardianship. Turbar. Tutorship of prodigals and habitual drunkards. practical arrangements. To cause a commotion or great impact. C. Related to the state's tax power. acta. melee. Traumatismo. dais. shift. II. Staff of a ship or plane. Tribute. record. Tribunal inferior. not subject to patria potestas. from the point of view of the court of appeals. stage. and has no tutor appointed by his father or mother. Urban guerrilla. engine. the judge shall appoint a tutor to the minor. Time during holidays when certain courts remain open. relating to courts. 259). 237. Admiralty court. sitting on appeal. contribution. from among the qualified ascendants in the direct line. the tutorship of minor children belongs of right to the other (Louisiana Civ. 257). primarily of the education. 3) The paternal and maternal grandmothers. Tutorship by effect of law. Tutela testamentaria. belongs exclusively to the father or mother dying last. collaterals by blood within the third degree and the surviving. (Sp. C. Code. 2) The maternal grandfather. of the administration and government of the property of a person whose father died before the former had attained the age of majority.Tutela legal Tutela legal. Tutorship by effect of law. art. Upon the death of either parent. 248). Code. Civ. and secondarily. 274 . guardianship. (Louisiana Civ. 250). art. and defense. Tutorship by nature. Tutor. (Louisiana Civ Code. 263). only the following persons shall exercise tutorship by effect of the law over unemancipated minors: 1) The paternal grandfather. sec. art. When a tutor has not been appointed to the minor by father or mother dying last. whether a relation or a stranger. Tutorship. Tutorship by will. then the judge shall appoint to the tutorship. The person in charge. Tutoria. Tutela natural. or if the tutor thus appointed has not been confirmed or has been excused. In default of a testamentary tutor appointed by the father or mother. Tutor. rearing. The right of appointing a tutor. Tutela legitima. To assassinate. The person having the use of cattle may make use of the young. Proceeding that admits no appeal. Amalgamate. Placement. block. To affront. 528). Ultra petita (L). in so far as they be sufficient for the wants of the said person and his family. Last clear chance. unified. Uso de ganado. Ulterior. sec. atrocity. single. Ultima oportunidad efectiva. college. Urn. abbreviation of "vuestra senoria" (Your Honor). Unicameral. secret. Last will. court clerk. combine. Written or oral way of addressing a judge. city management or planning. habit. wholeness. or to several concessionaires who exploit them under one management. The mining claim. or aggregate adjoining or nearby claims granted to a single concessionaire. Only one chamber. Uso diferenciado del usufructo. C. 525). (Sp. beyond. Consolidation. Urbane. homogeneity. Improper use. further. massacre. Urbanizacion. University. Improper use. City. The rights of use and occupancy are established and ex- 275 . offend. Unir. Usanza. Use. To unite. Unidad minera. Accord. helpless plaintiff. felon. Rape. importance. Urbano. only. but he may receive all the fruits and dispose of them as he pleases. Mining unit. Urgency. The usufruct of any property is distinguished from the use of the same in that the enjoyment of the thing by the usufructuary is not confined to what is necessary for the maintenance of himself and his family. To rape. Urbanismo. Use distinguished from usufruct. To place. Ultraje. Urban. rare. Union. Ulterior. harmony. Union. Ujier. Ultrajar. Unidad. murder. unity." Ultra vires (L). Usage. sec. (Sp. oneness. Ultrajador. Unanime. consolidate. undisclosed. One and another. Civ. Uso y habitacion. Unico. Unilateral. Unity. humiliate. belonging to a city or town. milk and wool thereof. Rapist. Civ. division. merge. Urbanization. U Uno y otro. Unique. Bailiff. without authorization. Usage. slay. Ubicar. polite. accord. tradition. Universalidad. Uso indebido. crisis. both. Urgencia. Unanimous. Ultimo testamento. Unica instancia. emergency. Unanimity. Unanimidad. accordant. Use is the right granted to a person to make gratuitous use of a thing belonging to another or to receive a part of the fruits of the same. Ultimar. Literally it means "beyond what has been requested. Affront. Urbanism. fusion. practice. Uniones. as well as of the dung required for manuring the land he may cultivate. seriousness. land development. refined. merger.Ubicacion. Usia. Use and occupancy. Urbe. Labor unions. Uso. Urna. Last known address. part. academy. insofar as may be sufficient for the consumption of himself and his family. Use of cattle. kill. Ultimo domicilio. Unit. outrage. Beyond the power that the law grants. component. Unilateral. Marriage. singular. criminal. Uso impropio. C. This is said of a judgment that awards more than was requested in the petition. custom. hidden. whatever improvements he deems proper. Use and occupancy. At the termination of the usufruct he is bound to pay to the naked owner either the value that the things had at the commencement of the usufruct or deliver to him 276 Usufructo. (Sp. 527). standard. Usufruct is extinguished: 1) By the death of the usufructuary. mejoras. Usucapir. sec. Usufructo. Usual. C. misuse and abuse. Usufructo paterno. or encumber them as he sees fit. Usufruct of consumable things. (Sp. 487. Civ. The parties are bound by any usage to which they have agreed and by any practices which they have established between themselves. improvements.Uso y habitacion. (Sp. 533. (Sp. 506). but if the abuse causes considerable injury to the owner. Usufructo. routine. Uso y habitacion. 512. either to replace it with another thing of the same value. sec. (Sp. C. Usufruct is not extinguished by misuse of the thing in usufruct. under the obligation of preserving its form and sub-stance. 535). Parental usufruct. 2) By the expiration of the period for which it was established. Usage of trade.8). Usufructo. Civ. Usuario. Usufruct. Usufructo. sec. Parents have during marriage the enjoyment of the property of their children until their . sec. (Uni-droit. (Sp. Usufruct is the right to enjoy a thing owned by another person and to receive all the products. Civ. Usufruct. customary. Statute of limitations. (Sp. Usufruct. C. (Sp. Usos y costumbres del comercio. Civ.521). unless the deed constituting such usufruct or the law otherwise decrees. or by the fulfillment of the resolutory condition expressed in the deed establishing the usufruct. derechos y obligaciones tinguished in the same manner as usufruct. after deducting the expenses and the compensation that may be assigned to him for its administration. Civ. C. 519). 524. Civ. 488). consumer. 3) By merger of usufruct and ownership in the same party. To become an owner through the passage of time. Usages and practices. the owner shall be obliged. and having similar conditions. sec. conteniendo creditos. by the following provisions. habitual. binding himself to pay annually to the usufructuary the net proceeds of the same. The usufructuary may personally claim the credits due which form a part of the usufruct. User. the latter may demand that the things be delivered to him. C. derechos y obligaciones. 522. Usufructo. 1. Usufruct. 518). Prin. provided. 513.sec. sec. mal uso y abuso. extinction. Usucapion. on the property given in usufruct. expro-priation.. Usufructo de cosas consumibles. art. he does not change its form or substance. if he has given or gives the proper security. sec. but he shall have no right to be indemnified therefor. the usufructuary becomes owner of them. Civ. rights and duties. Usos y practicas. C. If the thing in usufruct shall be expropriated for reasons of public utility. C. alienate. 526. or to pay the usufructuary the legal interest on the amount of the indemnity during all the time the usufruct continues. He may consume. If the things subject to the usufruct are consumables. either for a useful purpose or for pleasure. 469). extincion. utilities and advantages produced thereby. Usos del comercio observados general-mente en una plaza. The rights and obligations of a person having the use of a thing and of the one who has the right of occupancy shall be governed by the deed constituting such rights. Usufruct. Usual. Civ. C. prescription. The usufructuary may make. Commercial customs generally observed in each place. expropiacion. Usufruct containing credits. and in default of them. 499. the owner has debts. it shall be understood that the usufructuary is only obliged to pay the debts contracted before such establishment or when the usu- 277 . without interest. The usufructuary of cane or coffee plantations. (Sp. according to the nature thereof. (Sp. C. The usufructuary of an action to recover a tenement or real right. 515. The usufrut cannot be established in favor of a town. 520). if they were appraised when given to him. art. Usufructo sobre cosas de gradual deteri-oro. Usufructo sobre cosas consumibles. 501). and shall have the right to demand their return from the owner. sec. The usufructuary may set off any damage to the property with the improvements he may have made thereon.Usufructo universal y sobre cosas particulates majority or emancipation. 481). 475). (Sp. Usufructo sobre parte de una cosa poseida en comun. Usufruct on wood land. C. 509). or of any trees or shrubs. Usufruct on consumable things. Civ. C. (Sp. without being consumed. may make use of the dead trunks. (Lou. Usufruct. sec. plazo.478). C. under the obligation of replacing them with others. whether in money or in fruits. Usufruct on part of a thing held in common. tree or shrubs. 488). Usufruct on cattle. Usufructo cafetales. and to afford him whatever elements of evidence he may have.484). Civ. 482). (Sp. arboles o arbustos. Usufruct on an inheritance. The usufructuary on lands containing mines is not entitled to the proceeds of such mines unless they are expressly cede to him in the deed establishing the usufruct. or unless such usufruct be universal. If the usufruct be established on cattle of any kind. sec. (Sp. each payment due shall be considered as proceeds or fruits of the said right. C. 483. for this purpose. C. When the usufruct includes things which. 486). with the young thereof. sec. or in interest on obligations or certificates payable to the bearer. Usufruct on cane or coffee plantations. Usufruct. Usufruct on lands containing mines. Civ. Universal usufruct and on individual things. corporation or association for more than thirtyyears. Usufruct on things that deteriorate gradually. gradually deteriorate through use. sec. Usufructo sobre predios en que existen minas. Usufructo. (Sp. When the usufruct includes property which cannot be used without being consumed. sobre canaverales. Civ. and shall not be obliged to return them at the termination of the usufruct. Civ. in accordance with the purpose they are intended for. Civ. (Sp. sec. those that die during each year through natural causes or are missing by reason of the rapacity of beasts of prey. C. the usufructuary may advance the sums which may belong to the property in usufruct for the payment of the debts of the said inheritance. C. 485). time. the usufructuary shall be obliged to replace. (Sp. and if. Civ. C. 223)fructo. (Sp. repairs. Civ. Usufructo sobre una accion para recobrar un predio. Usufruct on a rent or allowance. 476. C. Civ. Usufructo sobre un monte. the usufructuary shall have the right to make use of them under the obligation of paying their appraised value on the expiration of the usufructo. Usufructo sobre renta o pension. (Sp. sec. at the time it is established. reparaciones. If the usufruct be on the whole or any aliquot part of any inheritance. The usufructuary of wood land shall enjoy all the profits which the same may produce. Civ. Usufructo sobre ganado. C. his own power as owner. C. 498). Civ. sec. (Sp. The usufructuary shall be obliged to make the ordinary repairs necessary on things given in usufruct. sec. or even of those cut off or torn off by accident. When usufruct is established on the right to collect a rent or periodical allowance. at the expiration of the usufruct. If the usufruct be established on the whole of any patrimony. the usufructuary shall have the right to make use thereof. or any movable. C. has the right to enforce it and to oblige the owner of the action to assign him. Civ. Usufruct on an action to recover a tenement. Usufructo universal y sobre cosas particulars. Usufructo sobre una herencia. sec. sec. 514. Civ. sec. Uxoricida. Utilidades. Usurpar. cultivated and civil fruits on the property in usufruct. Uxoricidio. Advantage. To usurp.480). Utopia. binding himself to fulfill the obligations imposed on him by this Article. 2) To give security. implement tool. Utopia. Usurpador. (Sp. wrest. To use and enjoy. C. Usufructuary's rights. returns. profit. Uterino. Uterine. Usurper. Utensilio. To unlawfully appropriate. Usufructuar. revenue. Usurious.474. Civ.496. seize. The usufructuary shall have the right to all the natural. Usura. device. gadget. gains. sec. Usufructuario. Person who uses and enjoys. before entering on the enjoyment of any property. (Sp. The usufructuary. Usurer. Usufructuador. proceeds. causing an appraisement of the furniture and a description of the condition of the immovables to be made. is obliged: 1) To make. derechos. after summoning the owner or his legitimate representative.Usufructuador fruct has been established to defraud the creditors. sec. usefulness. Utilidad. Usufructuary's obligations. Usufructuary. 278 . racketeering. beneficiary of a usufruct. 507). Usurpacion. Earnings. Earnings. Utility. Dislodgement of the rightful occupant of a house or land. 490. exorbitant. intruder. (Sp. 505. snatch. Murder of one's wife. Person who takes what is not hers. 471. Usurario. money lender.510). Usufructuary. Usufructuario. Civ. C. an inventory of all the property. Usury. benefit. extortionat Usurero. Usurpation. Civ. Conver-sion of instrument. sec. Utensil. Person who murders his wife. Usurpacion de un instrumento. C. oligaciones. Usufructuario. To validate. Validity. Corporate veil. roaming. valuation. mandatory. Vago. Vehitulo. Valuable. effective. Vacante. Vacio. Ban. veto. Vandalismo. Vale. difference. negotiable instruments. hooligan. authenticity. suitable. to and from. open. valorization. rover. binding. prohibition. Valor nominal. wandering. Weight and credibility. Beacon. Valoracion. Useless and ungrounded oral argument. Vehicle. Vandalism. varamiento. vagabundo. truthful. valuate. vacation. empty. Varon. purposeless. variance. Appraisable. Vandalo. Vejacion. Train car. Valer. surroundings. Valioso. Vetino. Valiza. licit. treasured. Valores. To make sure that compliance is being made. benefit. Valuable. valuer. Market value. Mistreatment. Vain. Male. valuation. Vaiven. Valorar. power.V Vacación. voucher. (Mex. Stranding. utility. Observer. certify. kindred. To appraise. Vacaciones. well grounded. Seniority. (Basora Defillo v. lawful. rank. significance. roving. Valor. Movement in opposite ways. Promissory note. Valid. costly. Valorador. residential area. Valido. legality. Vano. Valor recibido. Neighbor. Vagancia. Valuable. properness. Secretary of the Treasury. legitimate. Amount. worthiness. Securities. Vetinal. acceptable. Vagrant. Vejez. Vandal. Banned. Labor Law). Variation. to be priced at. Vacant. departure. neighborhood. Vacio legal. and to two more days for each following year up to 12 days. price. related. evaluate. To empty. Validar. Appraiser. Validez. Close. Legal gap. confirm. estimate. Vejar. remove. prohibit. valuar. Vacation. 279 . Valid. ratify. to go for. As of the fifth year. Veedor. esteemed. Holiday. Valor probatorio y credibilidad. humiliation. floater. 88 PRR 1 (1963)). effectiveness. The market value of a property is the price that a purchaser would be willing to pay in a voluntary sale and that a vendor would be willing to accept. Valedero. Appraisal. Veda. Value. Merit. assessment. Valor de mercado. Neighborly. Varada. denial. Vaciar. Vedado. Valorativo. valorizar. Variation. alteration. countersign. cost. the employee is entitled to 14 work days' vacation. Valor mobiliario. Vicinity. roamer. assessment. rate. To cost. Valuing. valuador. corroborate. there and back. authorize. Vetindad. old age. Workers are entitled to six vacation days after being employed for one year. Worth. Vagrancy. tramp. Velo corporativo. out of bounds. Valia. worth. acceptability. Vedar. estimate. wasted. To abuse. Velar por el cumplimiento. modification. To ban. obligatory. bonds. Chattel paper. environs. proper. Valuable consideration. appraisal. assess. Vaniloquio. Vacancy. vagabond. merit. considering for said purpose the conditions of the property at the time of the appraisal and the most productive and beneficial use to which it could be devoted in the reasonably near future. prohibited. man. Nominal value. authoritative. change. Peddler. Authorization. commuter. Inc. possible. Vices of construction—in a construction contract—means "defects of construction. flawed. R. invalidate. outlaw. validation. Military salute. sincerity. Venia. accredit. Poison. victorious party. Vencimiento del Verif icar. dishonest. lapse of time. cloud. Vicegobernador. Foreclosure proceedings Via of icial. sentence. Vices of possession. transfer. convey. Vendedor.indica-tion. Via sumaria. Vice president. ban. Viciar. alienation. method system. voiced. prohibit. Veneno. impair. speed. accuracy. 91 PRR428 (1964)). Bribable. seller. Via de apremio. Possession that is violent. Viable. Vices of Construction. rule out Veto. vanquish. To become due through the passage of time. Winner. Sale for a fixed price. Venality. Verdict. salesman. next. Viciado. dealer. Documentary sale. unprincipled. annul. Verbal. Actual. Marketable. attest. Vencer. alienate. Defect. it is presumed that he could not easily detect the defect stated. Bandages. Traveller. Veracidad. Expenses incurred during traveling Viajero. Vendible. dilute. permission. To sell on credit. Courtesy Motors of P. Vender. ban. spoken. feasible. Vicio procesal. Vice. taint.. Verif icacion. Maturity. Hidden vice. Via ordinaria. depravity. uttered. Grantor. Vencedor. Vicio oculto. 280 . relic. Veredicto. Standard proceedings. Vicetesorero. support. Vetar. truthfulness. bringing to the open. imperfection. Debauchery. determination. To win. Viatico. To conquer. sustain. Vestigio. imperfect. immorality. Vendedor ambulante. course. establish. confirmation. dis- termino. faulty. Verdugo. finding. I. Venta contra documentos. clandestine. Watershed. approach. Summary proceedings. expiration. permit." (Pereira v.Velocidad Velocidad. avenue. Ventilacion. voyager. salable. 95 PRR 28(1967)). Vender a plazos. Venta. especially since the purchaser—as in this case—was not an expert and. judgment. decision. Venal.B. remnant. Viva voce. Vender al fiado. Executioner. Verification. flaw. Sale. license. Vicios de construction. lapse of time. Road. Venta a prueba. Vicios de la posesion. A defect in the operation of the gearshift of a motor vehicle which renders it practically useless constitutes a hidden vice which may be cause for rescission of the contract of sale by virtue of which the owner acquired it. oral. rate. Vertiente. weaken. Vendaje. Able to survive. Venalidad. Procedural error. by installments. by reason of his occupation. won-derer. To sell. rapidity.. Bit. Ventilation. Venta por precio alzado. To sell on time. exactitude. prohibition. transferer. low ethical standards. Ver. To see. openness. licentiousness. Making public. Vicio. Clouded. Verdadero.C. corrupt. validate. Verbal. acceleration. truthful. expiry. Due and owing.E. Velocity. Deputy treasurer. Front side of a page. Verso. By official channels. Vicepresidente. defeat. verity. To vitiate. unscrupulous. Losing party. Veracity. (Berrios v. disposable. Veto. Lieutenant governor. To verify. Vencimiento. Ensuing. following. frankness. adjudication. accreditation. Vendor. loser. unwritten. Venidero. conveyance. Expiration of term. Vencido. trace. Sale on approval. said. corroboration. Viable. To veto. real. opposition Via. Vestige. Duress. Life. to extract the other party's consent. Linked. Violence. power. Victorious. Vinculado. Victim. vigor. Vindication. controlar. Viceroyalties. To rape. Wildlife. control. implied. or equivocal has no legal effect. Until the 18 th century. Victimologia. might. sec. Vignette. strength. Violar. Violacion de propiedad. To rape. To abuse. Bond. energy. intimidation. C. Time of effectiveness.C. Virility. Viñeta. are those hidden defects in a thing which may annul the sale of the same. Effectiveness. Family relationship between siblings with both parents in common. infringement. New Spain and Peru. Virilidad. base. sec. Violencia. to attack verbally or in writing. Person who succumbs to a vice. To break open. C. ferocity. Vigente. contravene. Civ. In force. Vincular. 1267). Virtual. Surveillance. control. (Lou. Vil. Vigor. manly. C. force. Civ. (Ferrer v. or substitute them for a commitment measure. To superintend. casualty. Violencia. Civ. Trespass on land. infraction. breach. Vilipendiar. Violence. Rape. Violencia. contravention. creation. justified. Violence or intimidation shall annul the obligation. Vigilancia. Vile. Consent is vitiated when it has been obtained by duress of such a nature as to cause a reasonable fear of unjust and considerable injury to a party's person. defilement. Vida silvestre. 281 . even if employed by a third person. might. Violentar. Vinculo doble. Rapist. indirect. link. Surveillance. nonobser-vance. (L & D in LA). Person who contravenes the law or breaches an obligation. Vindication. winning. Civ. supervision. sec. To violate. stomach. manliness. an irresistible force is used. transgression. (Lou. operational. care. livelihood. Violador. Contravening. Vigencia. related. Redhibitory defects. Abdomen. Vindicatory. Victorioso. vengeful. oversee. Vicios redhibitorios. (Sp. Link. quebrantamiento. an elaborate administrative system with overlapping grants of authority was designed. also known as hidden defects. There is intimidation when a rational and founded fear of suffering an imminent and serious injury is impressed on the other party. Intrusion upon seclusion. defile.. or in the person or assets of his/her spouse. ties. Viril. Virreinatos. anecdote. General Motors Corp. for LA. relationship. not intervening in the contract. Violacion de privacidad. Violence. C. 3435). Vinculacion. Responding to the same interests. Victimology. Violatorio. existence. art. applicable.Virtual ontinuous. Victima. transgressional. If surveillance measures are infringed. supervisar. Vigilancia. 1268). trespass. intimidacion. Virile. Virtual. living. each headed by a viceroy. mankind. (St. guidance. ascendants or descendants. property or reputation. belly. To denigrate. Vigilar. Violacion. (Sp. womb. substantial. strength. 60). masculity. To vindicate. breach. masculine. triumphant. 100 PRR 244 (1971)). contacts. intimidation by third parties. Vinculo. successful. P. To guard against such abuses. A basic premise of Spanish colonial rule was the deep-seated suspicion that the king's distant representatives would misuse their authority unless closely watched. art. 1959). Affecting a particular relationship. Violation. encroach- ment. the New World colonies were divided into two viceroyalties. Vida. Vindicar. Vicioso. There is violence when. the court may extend the same. Vindicatorio. Vientre. force. disregard. infringement. physically or materially. Redhibitory defects. practical. intimidacion por terceros. Vitalicio. oral. Voz cantante. 93 PRR 70. one of the justices who voted at said decision should become unable to sign. Widow. perceivable. Widower. 96 PRR 480). Viuda. Vocero. To over-step. Visto. Voto. Return. Voto acumulativo. Visar. Voz. Volenti non fit iniuria (L). To vote. inhabit. Cumulative voting. Hearing. repulsive. Votacion. Person who expresses the majority opinion or who dominates a debate. considered. Vocalia. Vista. distinct. representative. (Ppl v. stating the name of the justice for whom he signs and placing thereafter the words: Voted in chamber. Votador. Sanchez Lugo. Vuelta. Viva voce. signature. Vituperable. Visible. stamping. Vista a puerta cerrada. Voceador. Visitar. reversion. To cause damage or injury. Voted in chamber but was unable to sign. (1966)). suffragist. Voto en sala y no pudo firmar. sign. the one who presided in the chamber shall do so for him. Voluntariedad. Reverse side of a page. 365). inclination. after an action has been decided by a court. taking into account. Volver. If. untary. stamp. participation. Voice. Willfulness. aptitude. membership of a particular group. Reversal. Desire. voting. knack. 282 . Calzada. Visibility. Vulnerar. Visacion. (Sp. election. unwritten. value. intolerable. Vivir. Visa. Visibilidad. sec. Civ. to cast a vote. Viva voz. Votar. Alive. or resolution to do a thing. visado. Will. The term will is defined as intention. visitation right. go back. Vocal. Viudez. Visit. predictability. To approve. evident. Vote expressed in a public way not secretly. Visa. Voter. Visita. role. Notification to the other party. Visible. Casting vote.v. precisely to cover a whole gamut of situations which in the last analysis are reduced to a qualification of mental or sub jective status. in Roman law. Board. Tree nurseries. Vol. To visit. wish. Vivo. Visto bueno. Vote. Considering. disposition. manifest. Voladura. The equivalent. Closed hearing. Voluntario. of the theory of assumption of risk. Voluntariamente. Vocacion.. Acceptance. To return. Virtue. Damage caused by a bomb or explosion. trespass. Voting. Viveros de arboles. Voluntad. spoken. To cohabit. amateur. For life. Widowhood. Volunteer. vote.Virtud Virtud. worth. to elect. Appalling. clarity. Reason why. Viudo. Willfully. To live. Vocation. opinion. balloting. herald. poll suffrage. discernible. say. Crier. Vocal. Voto cantado. unpaid. Visto que. Approval. patent. ballot. Seen. but was unable to sign. talent. approval. want or desire to do a thing (ppl. A term of many meanings. P. Right to vote. Spokesman. part. Voto de calidad. L. This letter does not originally belong to the can be sold.W.Wat. Spanish alphabet and is mainly used at the w Warrant. Deposit certificate that heeinning of words taken from other lan. guages. Watt. 283 . Person who likes foreign cultures foreigner and foreigners. Xenofobia. Person who dislikes foreign cultures and foreigners. Xenofobo.x Xenofilo. hatred of 284 . Xenophobia. b) the Asociacion and its members. Yate. Yerro. and c) the members of the Asociacion. Inheritance without any other claimant than the state. as matter of fact. The result of using in an insur-ance policy the copulative conjunction and the disjunctive conjunction or—policy issued to the Asociacion Hipica de Puerto Rico and/or its individual members—is.R. Already mentioned. miscalculation. fault.P. Ya mencionado. blunder. the creation of three policies. insuring a) the Asociacion as such.87 D. Yoke. oppression.Y Y/o And/or. mistake. 285 . ambiguity. Yelmo. Army or police helmet. Yacente. Santana. Yugo. Yacht. (Barreras v.215(1963)). Error. compromise.Zanjar. Zanjar una disputa. Commonwealth. 286 . Zutano. Beating. Zozobrar. area. Zona maritima-terrestre. Zona. shipwreck. Solve a controversy. way of naming an unknown person. Foreign-trade zone. 97 PRR 573 (1969)). Maritime-terrestrial zone. Zurra. or the highest tidal waves in stormy weather when the tide is not perceptible. To bridge. Zigzag. the z maritime-terrestrial zone is described as the area which is washed by the sea in its ebb and flow and is extended to where the tide is perceptible. assault. 1880. To sink. Zigzag. Zona franca. Ditches. district. precinct. setos vivos o muertos. John Doe. Zanjas. settle. Under the provisions of the Spanish Harbor Law of May 7. live or dead hedges. (Rubert Armstrong v. Zone. English-Spanish . digesto. supresion. impulso instigación. declinar. Able. por ejemplo. ceder.ocultar. determinar si una actividad es de alto riesgo. desertar. Abdication. Abatement. prohibit'. detestar. extirpation. Abdicacion. anulacion. Abreviacion. vientre. extincion. secuestro. Abandono. renuncia. Por ejemplo. suprimir. Abductor. desamparar. diestro. respetar. abandonar. Abandon. Restriccion o molestia al goce de un derecho propietario. repudio. hay que consi-derar los siguientes factores: a) la existencia de un alto riesgo de que una persona. desprendimiento. abandonar. apartarse. o que recibe. renuncia. Abhor. Abolicion. gran anormalidad Abet.D. Apresar. Abolir. Parte que toma. antes del mediodia.Abdicar. cesion. Abandonment.A A. estimulo. Abide by. Abdicate. cumplir. suprime o reduce la efectividad de un derecho. caridad. Aplazado. persuasion. renunciar. un ter-cero o los bienes muebles de la persona.dimision. sec. sintesis. Abatement of action. apatia. capacidad. cesa-cion. Conocido como. Abjuration. Abate. Abandonar. perder efecto. pero que puede ser corregida. no permitida por la ley. complice. Susceptible de abolicion. Abolicion. Anno Domini. deponer. caducar. aplazamiento. renuncia.A. A. anular. Acatar. extracto. Instigador. Abduct. c) incapacidad de poder eliminar el riesgo mediante el ejercicio de un cuidado razonable. suspendido. sufran daño. Secuestrador. sacrificio. suprimir. Parte que anula. Abolir. Abnegation. A. demorado. Activi-dades de alto riesgo. extinguir. ADR.renuncia. Abatable nuisance. Abolish. 520). panza.alguna cosa abandonada. Abbreviation. provocation. receso. abatimiento. provocar. Rapto. Aborrecer. abandono. Secuestrar. cese.M. demora. desertion. renunciar. expirar. rescindir. Hogar. raptar. apto. dimitir. Abandonee. pasividad. Abdomen. Capaz. impulsar instigar. Abreviatura de also known as. desamparo. Terminacion de un juicio. abandono. sumario. en receso prorrogado. derogar. Abetment. Siglas de Alternative Dispute Resolution. dejar. Abettor. raptor. abreviatura. Torts. Abdicar. borrar. Abnegation. derogacion. ceder. cesion. Habilidad. Abeyance. Para . seguir. barriga. normalmente en razon de algundefecto procesal.compendio. la mediacion. elimination.renunciamiento. Incitar. Desertar. anulacion. Abator. Abjurar. Pausa. anular. Ability. empujar. Abatable. Abjure.K. Aberracion. Abduction. provocador responsable indirecto. competente. incitador. idoneo. suspension. habil. residencia. eliminar. Incitacion. alto. En horas de la maflana.suprimible. Apresamient ocultacion. Abode. anulacion.perdida de efecto. extirpar. Abeyant. perecer. 288 Aberration. esconder. pro-hibicion. medios alternatives de solucionar disputas. humo o ruido excesivo emanante de un inmueble que perjudica aun inmueble vecino. domicilio. supresion. Abjuration. 2nd. rescision. resumen. abatir. Abdicacion. abatible. Alias. b) probabilidad de que el dafio sea grande. repudiar. altruismo. Abolition. Abdomen.Tecnicas tendientes a solucionar conflictos por medios no litigiosos como. estimular. renunciar. Abreviacion de era cristiana. Del latin ante meridiem. persuadir. (Rstmnt. apartamiento. Abnormally dangerous activities. Absolute liability. sintesis. abuso de proceso. ayuno. Mujer que ha sufrido un aborto. moderation. Absolute. decisivo. Abuse of discretion. Abortion. desatino. Privilegio absoluto. anular. frustrar. etc. dejar de lado. Temeridad y malicia. Aquella persona que utili-ce un proceso legal. Absolve. liberar de culpa y cargo. Abstinencia. Abstention. Abrogate. Abulia. Absurdity. Abscond. dispensar. ya sea criminal o civil. Absolutory. Abortifero. rechazar. Abuso de poder. Abortionist. Absolution. falta de energias. Absolute nuisance. renuncia. Abroad. destierro. Absent. faltante. amnistia. Absolutismo. Abstention doctrine. abstention. concluyente. eximir. mediante la cual los tribunales federates ceden su competencia a los tribunales estatales para evitar inmiscuirse en cues-tiones de administration interna. digesto. medicamento que produce un aborto. Abstention. Abrogation. esconderse para evitar ser demandado o para escapar la competencia de un tribunal. Doctrina de la abstention. idealization. casos de derecho de familia. privation. Responsabilidad absoluta. Abstraction. resumir. eradication. sobre. Por ejemplo. Fugarse de una region. Abstain. Ausente. Ausente. aligerar. Abrogatorio. inhibition. gravamenes. Absence. compendial'. generico. Abulia. Aborticide. Absurdo. Abuse of power. resumen. Absentism. reducir. Absolutism. Absolution. sobreseer. abortifacient. copia. Abortista. Abstinence. mal parto. Ausencia. freno. Abrogar. Ausentismo. verdadero. Abridgment. Abstracto. contra otro. no concurrencia al trabajo. sin ninguna restriction ni gravamen. Abstract title. Abstenerse de. Absolutorio. castidad. Abuso de poderes dis-crecionales. definitivo. amnistiar. sintetizar. Hacer abstraction (v). extralimitarse (v). Aborto. contention. Documento emitido por el registro de la propiedad inmueble que resume datos esen-ciales al dominio. Abreviacion. final total. locura. atropello. Abusar. irreprochable. abolition. supra. Absentee. indiferencia. perdon. para lograr un proposito para el 289 . malparir. seria responsable. interrumpir. Absentee voting. Por ejemplo. Above. restricciones. Sistema de voto por correspondencia o ante un consulado para quien no puede votar en el lugar corriente. Certificado de dominio. Escritura de dominio pleno. abortero. Cambio de posicion súbito e inesperado. About face. resumen (s). anulacion. Aboveboard. Abuso. Abort Abortar. extralimitacion. En un pais extranjero. por ejemplo. Abuse. de otra forma. Abridge. derecho que tienen los bom-beros de entrar a una casa en llamas sin requerir autorización del dueño ni orden judicial. Absolver. abortee. anulatorio. Honesto. Molestia producida al propietario de un fundo vecino y por la cual emerge responsabilidad sin que interese si ha mediado culpa o negligencia por parte del obligado. privation. El derecho de propiedad que los indígenas tienen sobre las tierras que ocupan desde tiempo inmemorial. Abuse of drugs. revocation. compendio. Abstraction. Abrogative. desgano. flojedad. Abuse of process. Aborticidio. Abreviar. Aquella que existe sin que interese si ha mediado culpa o negligencia. Absolute privilege. Absolute deed. Abuso de medicamentos o drogas. tro-pelia (s). Aquel que brinda inmunidad al autor de un acto que. anterior propietario. revocar. exculpar. perdido. sobriedad. Abstract. Abrogation. desaparecido. Arriba.Abuse of process Aboriginal title. Absoluto. disparate. 2nd. linea divisoria. Aceptable. su silencio o inaccion operan como una aceptacion solo en los siguientes casos: a) cuando el ofrecido se beneficia de los servicios aun cuando tuvo oportunidad de rechazarlos y tiene motivos para creer que dichos servicios fueron ofre-cidos con la expectativa de una compensation. sufi-ciente. Encubrimiento.si ésta no en el ninguna. Limite. Propietario de una finca lindante. Accessory before the fact. Interventor aceptante. Abuttal. 682). Abusive language. Academic question. Aceptacion. Academia. sec. Accelerated depreciation. se considere razonable que el ofrecido notifique al oferente si no tiene la intention de aceptar.C. aprobar. Edificio accesorio. Obligaci6n accesoria.8). sera responsable a ese otro por el daño causado por el abuso del proceso. oportunidad razonable para inpeccionar as mercancias hace saber al vendedor que las mercancias estan de acuedo con las especificaciones o que las aceptará o retendra a pesar de no estar estas de acuerdo con lo especificado. Aceptacion mediante silencio o acto de dominio. rrer desde el momento de la entree telegrama para su transmision o desde la fecha indicada en la carta. admision. Acceder. consentir. Conjunto de profesores o academicos. allana-miento. aceptador. Complice. sec. Aceptar. tener un limite en comun. Abusivo. (C. art. admitir. Metodo contable que amortiza el activo mas rapidamente que otros.U. Teorico. Acceleration clause. excesivo. Pregunta meramente teorica e irrelevante de un punto de vista practice Accede. Uso accesorio. Persona que brinda asistencia para que otro cometa un delito futuro. 2-606) Acceptance within a fixed period of time Aceptacion dentro de un plazo fijo. aceptar. Acceptance by silence or exercise of dominion. c) donde por nego-ciaciones previas u otros actos. Abusive. Accessory obligation. (Unidroit. Accessory after the fact. Abut. Prin. b) cuando el oferente ha enunciado o ha dado motivos al ofrecido para creer que el consentimiento puede manifestarse mediante silencio e inaccion. (Rstmnt. Academico. pero sin que acuerdo previo aunque sabiendo delito ha sido cometido. 69). Accessory.Abusive cual no fue disenado. forma de hablar abusiva. Academic. sec. Insultos. frontera. anexo. 290 Accroach. y que el ofrecido. Abutter. El plazo de aceptacion fijado por el oferente en un telegrama o en una carta. Colindar. Cuando un ofrecido no contesta una oferta. Abutting land. vecino. come. Acceptance. Persona que asistencia a un delincuente luego d comision de un delito. Terreno limitrofe. Aceptante. recepta Acceptor for honor. Acceptor. Con.. Accesorio. correcto.. o. Contrato accesorio. Torts. Accessory use. 2. Accessory contract. Acceptable. (Rstmnt. Accept. 2nd. Depreciacion acelerada. al permanecer en silencio o inactivo. Clausula por la cual la mora provoca la exigibilidad del pago total. encroach . Accessory building. recibir. lindero. bueno. intenta aceptar la oferta. demarcacion. desde la fecha que figure en el sobre. copartícipe o encubridor. Accountable. Cómplice. pero todavía pendiente de ejecución. 2nd. siniestro. Accountant. Accompany. Con. Cuenta. Accomplice liability. Accounting. explicación (s). Accommodation party. 281 (1)(2)). adjuntar. tenedor de libros. demasía. Préstamo gratuito. Accord executory. Account rendered. Parte acomodante. 291 . teneduría de libros. chartered.U. Muerte causada por un accidente. Ingresar. sec. Accidental death. Explicable. El cumplimiento de este acuerdo libera la obligación original.Accroach. posibilidad de utilizar o de servirse de algo (s). normalmente coincide con el año natural. sec. Accroach. Account in trust. 282). (Rstmnt. Accidental. Accident. cálculo. Acuerdo en finiquito es un contrato bajo el cual el acreedor promete aceptar otro cumplimiento en satisfacción de la obligación. 9-105(a)). Escuela de derecho debidamente acreditada por las autoridades educacionales y cuyos graduados pueden presentarse a un examen para obtener una licencia profesional permitiéndoles ejercer como abogados. Responsabilidad. Accommodation loan. Accountability. Accident prone. Cuenta presentada al deudor para su verificación y eventual pago. Obligaciones a cobrar. Acompañar. Accommodation paper. Período contable. Crédito. Con. tropiezo. colaborador. Cuenta en fideicomiso. circunstancial. (Rstmnt. avulsión. Contador público. especialmente a un sistema de ordenadora o computación (v). Accountant. Accredited law school. Account. auditoría. Accretion. Contador profesional. Acuerdo que ha sido firmado por las partes. arreglo. hospedaje. Accesión. Contador. alianza. Instrumento de crédito suscrito por una persona para que otra pueda obtener crédito. Deudor de la cuenta. Account balance. Persona que firma un pagaré u otro documento a efectos de facilitar crédito a otro. encroach Access.C. Acreditar. Rendición de cuentas. acceder. sec. (C. Ajuste. servicio. Accomplishment. Accountant. Account payable.. Cuenta convenida. Acordar. 3-415). Acrecentamiento. Una cuenta convenida es una manifestación de consentimiento entre deudor y acreedor por una suma convenida como un cómputo preciso de la cantidad debida al acreedor. Acuerdo. La obligación original queda suspendida hasta que se cumpla el acuerdo. culpable.C. Accomplice. Accounting period. aumento. entrada. (C. Account receivable. encroach.U. Accord and satisfaction. alojamiento. 2nd. Accommodation maker. Responsable. ceder (v). valor mobiliario. derecho contractual o intangibles en general. de favor. Obligaciones a pagar. Irrumpir. justificable.B. debidamente licenciado para ofrecer servicios contables al público. Contabilidad. choque. partícipe.. fortuito. exceso. pacto (s). Proclive a los accidentes. Acceso. Acuerdo en finiquito. Accommodation. ocupar. coautor. sec. Accession. acrecencia. Accidente. secuaz. Parte acomodante es aquélla que firma el instrumento en cualquier carácter con el propósito de prestar su nombre a otra parte contratante en el instrumento. convenio. penetrar. Contador (G.). Perfeccionamiento o cumplimiento de algo. Débito. Accommodated party. Accidental. Accredit. Saldo de una cuenta. Persona que está obligada en una cuenta. Accord. Establecer la autenticidad de algo. Reconocer como perteneciente a una categoría oficial. Responsabilidad del cómplice. Account debtor. Parte en cuyo favor se realizó cierta acción. Responder (v). certified public. transacción. Account stated. sobreseído. sobreseer. Procedimiento acusatorio. El sistema opuesto. Absolución. Accrued income. community of. Accuser. Acusación. Acknowledgement. atacar. Derechos de los que se goza por haber sido adquiridos. Método o sistema contable para determinar la relación existente entre el activo y el pasivo. Medida de tierra de 4. Adquisitivo. vested right. Acquired. Absuelto. compra. Aproximadamente equivalente a 0. Accumulated legacy. Derecho adquirido. delatar. Accuse. Accrued interest. consentir implícitamente. Sociedad de gananciales. denunciante. corroboración. Preclusión del derecho a oponerse a algo tras haber expresado consentimiento. Reconocimiento de una deuda. Lo que se adquiere con dinero o servicios. Accumulative. Devengado. De costumbre. Documento con una firma certificada por un notario u otra autoridad. Acquittal. 292 Acid test. Acquired rights. constancia. Accumulated earnings tax. Accrued dividend. una ley. Liberar de culpa y cargo. se conoce como el procedimiento inquisitivo. admitir. Acquainted. Quita. Acquiesce. Sueldo devengado. Acquit. Adquirir. Reconocer. retroactivo. querellado. Acquire. asentimiento. Acknowledgement of payment. acumulado. Accumulated dividend. generar. usual. Gasto incurrido. . remisión. Accrued expense. Acknowledge. asentir. Legado pendiente de distribución. Reconocimiento de paternidad. querellante y querellado. procesado. Sentencia absolutoria. Accusatory part. Accrued right. Acusatorio. procesar. lograr. Adquisición. estoppel by.405 hectáreas. Accrued salary. Admisión. Acquisition. Accusatory. Accrue. Carta de pago. Adquirido. acumular. exculpar. Acusador. denunciar. Absolver. inculpación. Aceptar. liberación. Accustomed. Aumento. Ganancia acumulada. Fideicomiso en el que deben acumularse por un período determinado los intereses o dividendos antes de ser distribuidos. o de indiciamiento. ministerio público. denunciar. generación. Acknowledgement of debt. Acquisitive. Acquitted. Acre. Aquiescencia. Sección del auto de procesamiento. Acknowledged instrument. generalmente mediante silencio o inacción. amnistiar. conceder. Acknowledgement of paternity. Acquitment. querella. imputar. Accused. comunidad de bienes. Intereses devengados. Accrued. en el que se especifican los cargos.Accrual Accrual. Accumulated profit. Acquests. Acumulativo. querellar. por ejemplo. mediante una transacción comercial. condenación. Segunda sentencia dictada en contra de un individuo que queda suspendida hasta que la primera se cumpla. Acquiescence. multiplicación. perdonar. Acquest. Acquiescence. Accusation. con mayor intervención de la corte. Acusar.840 yardas cuadradas. Accusatory procedure. Impuesto sobre ganancias obtenidas por una empresa pero todavía no distribuidas. Acusado. aprobación. vencido. conformidad en forma implícita o tácita. Sistema procesal penal que acuerda mayor actividad a los particulares interesados. inamovible. reconocimiento. recriminación. etc. Ganancia devengada. Devengar. Accumulation trust. eximir. Accumulative judgment. Dividendo acumulado. sobreseimiento. Acquittance. querellante. Dividendo devengado. reo. obtener. Familiarizado. inculpado. Torts. Fraude que contiene todos los elementos necesarios. transitorio. 293 negligence. evento. La acción que persigue recuperar bienes inmuebles. Actionable. de caracter ilegal. Action for accounting. Interino. En el sistema del Derecho Comun es mucho mas restringida que las acciones reales de los sistemas romanistas. Acto de dominio. Actionable nuisance. No requiere prueba de perjuicios especifi-cos. Que solo puede triun-far en un juicio al probar perjuicios especi-ficos. Actionable per quod. private. Ley formalmente emitida por el parlamento. Accion o acto privado. Actuar conjuntamente. sec. Action in rem. al goce de los derechos propietarios de otro y que puede ser remediado judicialmente. por ejemplo por el pago de una deuda. Act. encubrimiento de bienes. El equivalente de la expresion inglesa Act of God—un suceso ocasionado exclusivamente por las fuerzas naturales y sin que medie intervention humana alguna—en el idioma espanol es. cuando la competencia del tribunal se basa en que cierto bien del deudor se halla dentro de la competencia territorial de tal tribunal. Por ejemplo. hecho. Se aplica generalmente a las calumnia e injurias. con derecho a intervencion judicial. Falsedad dolosa. ley escrita.Accion por la restitution de bienes y dinero. Action. La accion se establece directamente contra la cosa. public. Cuasidelito que reune todas las condiciones para presentar una demanda judicial viable. Acto del gobierno por el cual se condonan ciertas penas. conducta. La notion es mas restringida que aquella de accion in rem del sistema roma-nista. Ley formalmente emanada del Poder Legislative Act of bankruptcy. Accionable. 281). Actionable per se. Action to quiet title. la imputation calumniosa de haber cometido un crimen. real. Act of state. Act of grace. Accion mediante la cual el actor obliga al demandado a probar que el segundo tiene un mejor derecho sobre un inmueble. Acto o conducta criminal. Accion o acto realizado por funcionarios publicos en conjuncion con sus tareas oficiales. de concierto.R. Actionable fraud. Action for money had and received. Action quasi in rem. Act of God. Act of dominion. Actividad. Actionable misrepresentation. Acción personal. Act of parliament. Action for otro individuo: 1) Si el derecho invadido es uno protegido contra una intrusion no-intencional. Act of state doctrine. Aquella que impide juzgar en un pais a un estado extranjero cuando los actos en cuestion seanmanifestaciones oficiales del poder publico. (100 D. 2) Si la conducta del actor es negligente con relation a ese otro individuo. Acción de un deudor insolvente susceptible de colocarlo en situacion de quiebra fraudulentay culposa. act criminal. Molestia. Acting.Actionable tort Acrimonious. hecho. accion. no "acto de Dios". o una clase de personas a la cual pertenece ese individuo. aquel que excede medidas de administración o conservation. 106 (1971)). Accion por rendicion de cuentas. (Restatement. maligno. Acto de estado o de gobierno. Actionable tort. por ejemplo dolo. Juicio por negligencia. art Acto. Act. Conducta realizada de comun acuerdo entre dos o mas personas. Action. Doctrina del acto de estado. Act. Por ejemplo. formalidad. suplente. Caustico. Second. sino fuerza mayor {vis major). Causa para entablar demanda. Accion para resolver reclamaciones opuestas sobre propiedad inmueble. para entablar demanda. estorbo o restriction.P. decreto. Fuerza mayor. legislative. Lo opuesto a per quod. Act in concert. Queda sujeto aresponsabilidad por negligencia quien invade algun derecho de . Acto del poder publico en cumplimiento de sus atribuciones. Acción establecida para obtener control propietario sobre una cosa. 5). Precio de mercado. Activo. Documentos firmados por las partes. la parte agraviada podrá suspender el cumplimiento de sus propias obligaciones correlativas y reclamar daños y perjuicios. se realiza mediante declaraciones o acciones que son. Conocimiento real. (Rstmnt. Actuario. por ejemplo. Actual domicile. Activities dangerous to licensees. Activities dangerous to invitees. falsas. Situación en la que se halla un legado caduco. energético. 341A). Additional period for performance. Actividades que resultan peligrosas a un transgresor conocido. Fideicomiso en el cual el administrador debe realizar ciertos actos. (Unidroit. Actual cash value. Addressee. El poseedor de un predio de terreno es responsable ante sus concesionarios por los daños físicos que éstos sufran como consecuencia de su falta de prudencia en las actividades que le son propias. Actuary. Daños y perjuicios efectivamente sufridos. a sabiendas. Representación para actuar en favor de otro que ha sido expresamente 294 . Active trust. (2) Durante el transcurso de ese plazo adicional. Negligencia activa. El juez utiliza este poder. Address the court. Actividades peligrosas para invitados. 7. con acuerdo de la demandada. diligente. Dirigirse a alguien (v). afirmar. un contrato. Dirigirse al tribunal. como condición para denegar un pedido de recomenzar el juicio. Address for service. Aquélla que denota un acto u omisión específico y que causa el daño en cuestión. Activities dangerous to known tres-passers. Actos bajo firma privada. (Rstmnt. (1) En caso de incumplimiento. conferida. Adicto. y b) los concesionarios no conocen ni tienen motivos para conocer las actividades del poseedor ni el riesgo que envuelven. si y sólo si. Caducidad de legado. Active negligence. pero no podrá ejercitar ninguna otra acción. Actividades peligrosas para licenciatarios. El poseedor de un terreno que sabe o tiene motivos para creer que existe un transgresor que ha entrado a su predio. Pérdida de un legado específico por no existir tal bien en el patrimonio del causante al momento de producirse el deceso. si. la parte agraviada podrá conceder a la otra un plazo adicional para que cumpla.. Facultad del tribunal para modificar el monto indemnizatorio dictado por el jurado. Lanzamiento llevado a cabo Actual knowledge. Actual authority. 2nd. Additur. 2nd. Actual damages. efectivo. Torts.) Acts under private signature. Domicilio procesal. informar. Aducir. Plazo adicional para el cumplimiento. Real. Ocultamiento activo. enunciar. será responsable por los daños físicos causados al transgresor si no cumple con sus actividades en el inmueble con un cuidado razonable para la seguridad de dicho transgresor. Prin. Revocar una manda testamentaria. narrar. sec. relatar. él sabe que no descubrirán el peligro y no podrán protegerse del mismo. mediante un poder de representación.1. Adeemed. Domicilio real de una persona. Precio efectivamente pagado n algo en buena fe. pre-ció real. Actual cost. Actual. Address. Drogas que causan adic-ción. Active concealment. Addictive drugs. Adeem. Destinatario de un documento. argumentar. sec. 336). declarar. El poseedor de un predio de terreno es responsable hacia sus invitados por el daño físico que éstos sufran como consecuencia de su falta de prudencia en las actividades que le son propias para la seguridad de éstos. Domicilio. Actual eviction. Torts. (Rstmnt. 2nd. sec. dirección (s). 341. por ejemplo. persona a la cual uno se dirige. Se opone a la noción de fideicomiso pasivo. normalmente respecto de narcóticos. Ademption. Torts. alegar. Adduce. y sólo si: a) debe saber que éstos no descubrirán el peligro. verdadero. Addict. art. y así se lo comunicará.Active Active. Por oposición al pasivo. Suspension. El enfasis esta puesto fuertemente sobre los procedimien- 295 . componer. Fallar. vecino. decidir. postergación. Adjoining. Adjuration. dirimir. otorgar. Heredad confinante. Adminicular evidence. Ajuste. Recibir juramentos. Administrar. Ajustador. diferido. Adjudicar. ratificar. Notification suficiente. Adjudicar. decision. levantar. Administration expense. 7. limitrofe. posponer. mientras tanto. Administrative interpretation. Adjournment. trans-ferencia. receptor. dispensar. cuyas normas y decisiones afectan a los intereses privados. Adequate notice. transferir. Aquel que puede aceptarse en pleno o re-chazarse. Adjunto. Forma de referirse al derecho procesal y que se opone al derecho de fondo o sustantivo. Propietario colindante. prorrogado. Recurso administrative. Adjudicacion. convenio. Declaracion de quiebra. aplazado. pagar impuestos sobre una casa. Gastos de administracion. Adhesion. Adjetivo. Adjudicacion. Ceder. correcto. Administer. Adyacente. Accesorio. diferir. Adjective. transaction. organizar. prorrogar. aplazamiento. Adjourned. conferir. Contrato de adhesion. Adjudication in bankruptcy. Por ejemplo. Adjunct. Ajustar. Adjudicador. encargado de determinar el monto y de negociar el pago de un reclamo. Garantia adecuada de cumplimiento.Administrative law Adequate. Adjudication. Administrative. Administrative law. cedente. Administration. declaracion solemne. manejo. aplazar. Adjacent tenement. Adjust. Adjudicate. Adjuster. decidir. Ceder. generalmente para una empresa de seguros. Colindante. arreglo. transferir. Adequate consideration. Dependencia gubernamental encargada de tareas especificas. juez. proximo. Adminicular. transar. Adjudicated rights. que no implican un cambio radical. Prin. suficiente. Adjacent. Administrative appeal. Adjudicatario. Audiencia administrativa. Aquella hecha por los organos administrativos. La arte que razonablemente crea que la otra urrira en un incumplimiento esencial. Adminiculate. podra aplazar su nropio cumplimiento. Derechos adjudicados. arreglar. Adjustment. Adjoining owner.3. Administrative agency. Administrative crime. dirigir. Actos de administracion. gobierno. regular. convalidar. El campos es relativamente joven y se halla aún en una etapa de rapido desarrollo. Adhesion Adhesion contract. Adjourn. Suspendido. Adecuado. Adjudicative. Adjective law. art. gobernar. podra exigir garantia adecuada de cumplimiento y. dilation. Adjudge.Delito administrativo Administrative hearing. asignaci6n. Administrative Administrative acts. (Unidroit. Que acompana algo con-siderado como principal. Ingreso o entradas brutas para fines impositivos.4). Administer oaths. Derecho adjetivo. Juramento. Suspender. conceder. direcci6n de un grupo de personas. Adequate assurance of due performance. Prueba corroborate. Adjusted gross income. pero no negociarse clausula por clausula. Derecho administrative El derecho administrativo se ocupa de los poderes y procedimientos de aquellas organismos estatales distintos de las legislaturas y los tribunales. Adjudicative Adjudicator. Adjudicature. resolver. Adjudicatee. Administracion. Interpretation administrativa.. Corroborar. Contraprestacion razonable y adecuada. fondos. Bajo el efecto de cosa juzgada. Adopter. ingreso. content. (Intro al USA). adecuado. fornicador. Admisión. Administrative regulations. Adulteration. Derecho administrativo. superioridad. admisibilidad. Derecho marítimo. apercibir. protesta del interlocutor—puede intem tarse como una admisión de lo dicho. beneficio. gerente. El hecho de no protestar ante la manifestación de alguien—cuando normalmente tal manifestación provocaría la 296 . síndico. rebajar. licenciad para ejercer el derecho. Albacea. curador. Admission by silence. contenido.Administrative law. Administrative procedure. Adopción no formalizada legalmente pero reconocida en favor del adoptado. fraguar. Adult. Adulterer. Aquélla emitida por las autoridades administrativas dentro del área de su competencia. Adoption by reference. Orden administrativa. Incorporación de lo dicho o escrito—por otros o en otra oportunidad—haciendo referencia a ello. preeminencia. Adulterar. Admission by party opponent. recepción. avance. leyes. Adúltero. Procedimiento administrativo. Adulterator. Adultery. Admisible. aceptable. (Intro al USA). Adulterador. asentimiento. Adulterio. seña. Adoptar. Administrator. progresar. aceptar. Adulterous. juventud. permitir. Advancement of a case. Adoption. Admissible. ganancia. Adulteración. Ventaja. Admitido. Admisión por la contraparte. Admitir. supremacía. aviso. Adopción. Adúltero. Admonish. confesa reconocer. y resoluciones de las agencias. perfeccionamiento. Adolescencia. Admission. Anticipo. Admiralty law. albacea. infiel. Administratix. avance. Admissible evidence. creíble. proteger. Advantage. Adoption by estoppel. Almirante. proponer una idea (v). Admitted to the bar. Admiralty. pago anticipado. primacía. Tribunal administrativo. Admission against interest. Ocurre cuando el adoptante promete llevar a cabo la adopción o actúa como si la adopción hubiese transcurrido. Adopt. Admonición. falsificador. administradora. Pagar un anticipo. Admiralty court. falsificador. Adulteress. Admissibility. Adelanto. amonestación apercibimiento. Tribunal de almirantazgo. Admit. (Intro al USA). Administrative law. Señala miento anticipado. Adolescence. Anticipo irrevocable de herencia. desnaturalización. Se ocupan de temas tales como el otorgamiento de licencias para el ejercicio de diversas actividades dentro del estado. progreso. Almirantazgo. verosímil. El derecho administrativo es un compuesto de derecho constitucional. falsificación. Admira!. Advancement. Amonestar. Administrative tribunal. permisible. depósito. Administrador. prevenir Admonition. amparar. confesión. content tos y no incluye la ley substantiva creada pollas agencias administrativas. Adúltera. mayor de edad. Manifestación hecha por una parte que perjudica su posición en el juicio pues tiende a corroborar lo que la contraparte sostiene. Advance. Adulterine. Adoptante. pronto. autorizar. Bajo ciertas condiciones este medio probatorio escapa a prohibición del testimonio por referencia (hearsay). aprobar recoger. Los reglamentos y disposiciones de los organismos administrativos estaduales son de forma y objetivos semejantes a los de las agencias federales. Medio de prueba admisible. Administrative order. Adultérate. pago a cuenta. Advance payment. Resoluciones administrativas. falsificar. asentir. seguir. progreso (s). jurisprudencia. Adulto. Admisión mediante silencio. Adulterino. Admisión. mejora. dictamen. Affidavit of merits. Advisory juridiction. enunciación. jurista. Advertising. Afectar. fingir. Junta consultiva. Adverse party. Advocacy. patrocinador. togado (s). Parte contraria. juicio. aseso-ramiento. casual. orientación. Advise. espacio publicitario. representante. promoción. Publicidad. participación. Advisement. Cuando una investigación preliminar de un delito toma el cariz de acusatoria y se posa sobre un sospechoso en particular con miras a sacarle una confesión. consejero. Uso adverso. afirmación. 92 D. llamamiento. Advisory committee. 765(1965)). Opinión interpretativa de un tribunal sin que medie una contienda específica. mercadeo. En todos los pleitos no enjuiciables por jurado la corte a moción de parte o de su propia iniciativa podrá juzgar cualquier cuestión con un jurado consultivo. remoto. Aéreo. Declaración jurada que firma el actor. firmante. Declarante. Declaración jurada estableciendo que el demandado tiene defensas valederas. aconsejar. Aventura. Adversary. Proceso de análisis. propaganda. Affair. Advice. cobra realidad el proceso adversativo de nuestro sistema de enjuiciamiento criminal. Adversary process. letrado. Fed. alegar. advisor. Aventurero. contrapuesto. Affiance. Comité asesor. publicidad. Aparentar. antagónico. Advócate. a propósito. Affidavit of enquiry. Tribunal consultivo. Adverse witness. Adversary proceeding. Proceso adversativo.R. dictaminar. Advisory. oponente. Af fect. Affected. advertir. licenciado. Con conocimiento de causa. surgiendo la obligación de la policía u otra autoridad competente de advertirle al sospechoso de su derecho constitucional a permanecer en silencio y no incriminarse. adversa. Adviser. etéreo. licenciado. lance. guía.. durante el tiempo necesario. deponente. Civ. observación. comunicación. contencioso. infortunado. orientar. Afectado. Anunciador. comercialización. Establecer un gravamen. manifestante. consejo. conduciría a la prescripción. abogado. Adversario. Testigo por la parte contraria. Avisar. Prescripción. accidental. Affidavit. defensa. P. citar. 297 . estableciendo que a pesar de diligentes esfuerzos no ha logrado averiguar el domicilio del demandado. asesorativo. Jefe Penitenciaría. incer-tidumbre. asesorar. Aventure. Advisedly. Destinar a un uso particular. Advertiser. desconectado. comunicar. propaganda. Declaración. caso. consejero. citación.Affidavit of merits Adventitious. sec. consultor. concientemente. confidencia. Abogado. Jurado consultivo y juicio por consentimiento. intangible. reflexión. Adverse use. Adverse. Affecting commerce. procurador. que emite opiniones que carecen de imperio. Consultivo. Abogacía. o su abogado. Advisory jury and trial by consent. Aquél que. Asunto. Atinente al comercio. advertencia. antagonista. 39(c)) Advisory opinión. intencionalmente. Abogacía. y de su derecho cons-titucional a tener allí y entonces asistencia de abogado y el permitirle que la tenga. jurisconsulto. anuncio. Sabiamente tras estudio y reflexión. parte contraria. (R. Abogar. Proceso adversativo. Advertisement. Posesión adversa o adquisitiva. Advocation. disimular. Ello hace procedente la citación mediante publicación. (Rivera Escute v. promover (v). Anuncio. estudio. Affiant. desfavorable. Adverse possession. promoción. aviso. letrado. ex profeso.P. Aerial. Aviso. a excepción de pleitos contra los Estados Unidos. Adventicio. Advisory board. Adventurer. manifestación. empresa. calamitoso. reclamo. pleito. alegato. defender. consulto. Adverso. Declaración jurada. Asesor. After. aforenamed. Modo de integrar a los sectores minoritarios antes desfavorecidos. Reyertar (v). no sumergido. Adquirido con posterioridad a algo. Aforethought. manifestante. Con citación. pago. relación. aserción. Agency. Affirmant. colocar. escaramuza. poner. Mandato es la relación fiduciaria resultante de la manifestación del consentimiento de una persona hacia otra. unión. cosa juzgada. chante. tiempo. Aff irmation in lieu of oath.. Afirmación en lugar de juramento. ponderado. Placenta y demás tejidos reproductivos que quedan inutilizados luego del nacimiento. After the fact. sostenimiento. Afirmación. humillación injuria. Afirmar. Disputa. Afternoon.Affidavit of notice Affidavit of notice. más tarde. mejorar. refrié riña (s). Affirmative proof. ulterior. Affinity. ofensa. negligencia contribuyente. en el sentido que la primera actuación en representación de la segunda y sujeta a su control. estudiando. Deliberado. Against. que establece la verdad de lo que se alega. Defensas de previo y especial pronunciamiento. (R. afianzar. Affreighter. Affray. oración. consintiendo 298 . tras. Civ. Af loat. apoyo. dependencia. Affirmative defenses. Con posterioridad a un hecho. Mayoría de edad. exoneración. asegurar. apoyar. fraude común. adherir. laudo y adjudicación. Affirmance. Forma de parentesco con la familia del cónyuge. Edad por debajo de la cual un menor no puede ser imputado por un delito. por ejemplo. aforesaid Mencionado anteriormente. época. Edad en la que puede prestarse consentimiento por uno mismo. aseveración. Tarde. representación. lesión por compañero de trabajo. Pensamiento al que se llega concientemente luego de un hecho. autorización. Contra. fraude. Después. Declaración jurada en la que una parte establece que ha notificado debidamente a la otra parte sobre una audiencia. asociación. Age of majority. despa. prefiriéndolos para llenar vacantes de trabajo. Afinidad. Fed. Afirmación. final. Affirmative action. Against interest. Affix. sellar. prescripción extintiva. sostener. insertar. pelea. Affiliation. Affliction. declarante. posteriormente. Prueba afirmativa. perfección-robustecer. Ratificación.. Afterthought. ilegalidad. Afterbírth. insulto. After summoning. en detrimento de uno mismo. Defensas afirmativas. After-born. insistir. consciente. podrá aceptarse en lugar del mismo una afirmación solemne. 43(d)). Age. Aflicción. luego. Aforementioned. exoneración por quiebra. Flotando. robustecimiento. mujeres y negros. Affront. impedimento. del Proc. Afiliación. Mandato. falta de causa. consignador. filiación. Postumo. Civ. Las partes respondientes al contestar alegaciones precedentes expondrán afirmativamente aceptación como finiquito. Aff irmation. con premeditación. renuncia y cualquier otra materia constitutiva de excepción o de defensa afirmativa. pertenencia. Afirmante. (Reglas Fed. Contra el peso de la prueba que ha sido presentada en un juicio. fijar. sec. Against the weight of the evidence. último. agravio. Desmedro físico o pesadumbre de ánimo. Una de las causales por la cual se puede apelar un fallo. Contra el propio interés. Antedicho' referido arriba. Estampar. Affirm. Cuando la ley requiera la toma de juramento. coacción. Afforce. P. asentar. Reforzar. After-acquired. asentimiento. Edad. sec. Atrás de. Affirmative. Afirmativo. 8(c)). asunción de riesgo. Afrenta. Fletador. Age of consent. incuria. Age of reason. . injuria.4. Agreement not to be performed within a year. representante. calificación. "Seguro agrícola" incluye el seguro de edificaciones en fincas..13). Cuando el contrato prevenga que la parte incumplidora pagará a la otra un monto determinado en razón de su incumplimiento. ultrajado. Agreed judgment. equipo. apoderado. determinar. arreglado. Mandato impuesto por la ley. concordar. contra pérdidas o daños por cualquier causa. Aeency. establecer. relacionado. Mandato ostensible. Situación en la que el mandatario posee además un interés personal en las transacciones que están a su cargo. (Rstmnt. arreglar. Aggregate indebtedness. Lealtad del mandatario. maquinarias. concordado. Aggravated battery. oficina. ofendido. Con. sec. familiar. Con. Prin. Agnatic. Agency by estoppel. Indemnización por incumplimiento estipulada en el contrato. Leyes agrarias. Agreed. molestia. Aquel que la ley impone a quien permite que otro se comporte como mandatario del primero. Mandato por preclu-sión o implícito. Molesto. Agreed statement of appeal. gestor. con un origen de parentesco común. Aggravated assault. Agreed payment for non-performance. engorroso. En tales casos la muerte del mandante suele no terminar el mandato. 2nd.Agency. Acordado. animales. ostensible. Agreed price. 2nd. Deuda total. Agravante. Dependencia. agravante. comisionista. pactar. Por razones de equidad puede convertirse en un mandato implícito (agency by estoppel). Acordar. Aggrieved party.. Mandato general. Agricultural insurance. Agnate. Memorial describiendo los hechos del caso en el que todas las partes concuerdan. incluyendo pérdidas habidas durante la transportación y entrega de cosechas a puntos de embarque. tema. Acuerdo es la manifestación del mutuo consentimiento de dos o más personas. aprobado. Agnado. ajustar. general. Agente. concluir. Acuerdo que no puede ejecutarse dentro de un año. art. Mandato expreso. Agnático. concluido. Agitador. En total. Acuerdo bajo el cual cada parte conviene en liberar a la otra de toda prestación o deber restante bajo un contrato existente. Aquél que emerge de los hechos pero que no tiene fundamento legal. Agency. Seguro agrícola. Sec-ond. Reforma agraria. injuriado. vínculo de sangre o parentesco. Aggravating. (Rstmnt. mandatario. (Restatement. damnificado. aprobar. Agravado. Aggravation. pero sin incluir riesgos de transportación 299 . A menos que medie pacto en contrario. Agenda. Aquélla a la que las partes consienten y cuyo texto ambas partes suscriben y someten al tribunal para ser firmada por el juez. Lesiones calificadas. actual. injurioso. 7. Acometimiento o agresión calificada. Agrarian laws. Aggrieved. Aeency by operation of law.1). Agrarian reform. Agenda. Precio acordado. Agreement of rescission. Agnation.Agricultural insurance a ello la segunda parte. Agresor. (Unidroit. sec. Estos contratos deben realizarse por escrito para ser válidos. sec. provocador. aves. Acuerdo de rescisión. 283 (1)). Aggressor. Agree. Aggregate. orden del día. Agent. Agnación. 3). 2nd. Agraviado. calificado. Sentencia por acuerdo entre las partes. (Rstmnt. Agent's loyalty. esta tiene derecho a cobrarla sin consideración al daño efectivamente sufrido. 387). perturbador. Aeency coupled with an interest. revolucionario. Agreement. avenir. resultando en que terceros crean de buena fe que efectivamente existe un mandato. pactado. Acuerdo. plantaciones y cosechas pertenecientes a fincas. Aeency. Agency. sec. Aggravated. ofensor. intolerable. acometedor. Agitator. un mandatario está obligado a actuar solamente para beneficio de su mandante en todas las materias relacionadas con el contrato de agencia. Parte agraviada. ofensivo. alerta. Air piracy. Extranjería. será responsable por el daño causado a los intereses maritales legalmente protegidos de cualesquiera de los cónyuges. Derechos existentes respecto de la columna de aire que se eleva de una propiedad inmueble. Alienante. Espacio aéreo. representante municipal. Aleatory. favor. inquietud. concurso. Airspace. adquirente. Aider and abettor. Alineamiento. Alcoholismo. (Rstmnt. prestar auxilio (v). Alien Corporation. Aid and abet. Alienation clause. Aviación de guerra. a sabiendas. alienamiento. Torts. indisposición. generalmente en forma ilegal. Derecho aeronáutico. Ayudar. Fuerza aérea. relacionado. Aide. azaroso. colaboración. Airline. Alignment. Alarmist. Segundo mandamiento de ejecución firmado por el juez luego de haber fracasado el primero. Enfermedad. Alimentary. sin ser litisconsortes. Compañía de transporte aéreo. alimenticio. Alias. Alien. Alienor. edil. sobresalto. casual. refuerzo (s). transferente.P. Akin. Alarmista. Alienation of spouse's affection. Alienar.R. (26 LPRAsec. Aeropuerto. o empresa. etc. Una persona que a propósito desvía el afecto de un cónyuge por el otro cónyuge. creada en un país extranjero. Transportador aéreo. Airmail. Aquélla que se extiende a la cosecha cuando crece. Air charter. Alienation. estrategia. vender. Concejal. Por ejemplo. Carta de porte aérea. 683). descontrolado. Alarma. Alienate and encumber. 2nd. Alien enemy. Piratería aérea. patronición. Air carrier. Alcoholism. etc. pesimista. condición de foráneo. enajenamiento. Persona que participa en una acción delictuosa aunque no como autor principal. Conectado. Alienee. excep-cionario de la propiedad transferida. Alias writ of execution. Alimentario. Aligned parties. Agricultural lien. al 300 matrimonio. Avión. Navegabilidad aérea. 96 D. ayuda. Ailment. emparentado. Fletamento aéreo. Asistencia. Contrato aleatorio. Sociedad anónima. Airbill. ajeno. Persona cuya ciudadanía corresponde a un país con el cual se está en guerra declarada. (Pueblo v. La prueba de coartada sólo constituye prueba que tiende a establecer que el acusado no cometió el delito que se le imputa al crear una duda en la mente del jurado con respecto a su culpabilidad. Airworthiness. nerviosismo. Aid. aeronave. Moreau Pérez. . Alien friend. haber ésta fracasado. Air law. mentiroso. aeroplano.Agricultural lien marítima. Aleatory contract. Persona ciudadana de un país que se encuentra en situación de paz. Enajenación. Alderman. Air rights. Alias. navegación o almacenaje comercial. foráneo. locura. Partes en un proceso que. Alienage. en la fuga de alguien que se encuentra legítimamente arrestado o detenido. contingente. Asistente. Prestar auxilio o ayuda. confusión. el instigador de un delito. 406). Incita ción a la separación de un Alias summons. alboroto. Segunda citación emitida e reemplazo de la primera. Alarm. Prenda flotante. alieneación. sorpresa. Correo aéreo. Cesionario. enajenante. colaborador. Aircraft. Extranjero. embriaguez. Aquélla que contractualmente brinda o prohibe el derecho de enajenar. Alienate. malestar generalizado. Coartada. transferir. enajenar. incierto. Aleatorio. auxilio. Ayudar. forastero. Airport. el encubridor. tienen intereses comunes. borrachera. cooperación. sec. Cláusula de alienación. Enajenar y agravar. 60 (1968)). Situación de encontrarse en un mismo plano o como parte de un sistema. Aid an escape. Alibi. Línea aérea. Air Forcé. destinar. visar. (Intro al USA). alegado.Alimentos entre cónyuges. Alluvion. All fours. Allocation of income. Alimony ¡n gross. compañero. cuando una nave embiste a otra. todos. Allegiance. Bonificación. conceder. cuota. mantenimiento. matrimonio. Allotment. coalición. Hospicio. Mientras el matrimonio subsiste. Alimentos. 301 . Casi. repartir. Donaciones benéficas. permitir. argumento. interponer. proporción. Allowance. argumentación. unificar. manutención.RR. perspicaz. unión. Asignación. Pensión o suma de dinero pagada regularmente. Alimony pendente lite. Allow. acuerdo. la práctica del juez sentenciador—la cual tuvo su origen en el derecho consuetudinario ingles—de inquirir del convicto sobre las razones que pueda tener para que no se le dicte sentencia. También llamados temporary alimony. All. agudo. Alocación. consentir. Alocación o distribución de dividendos. Alterar. reparto. Allonge. (Pueblo v. parte. Hernández. Alocación o distribución de ganancias. argumentar. Aliquoti. Admisión. Atractivo. distribución. Allograph. Alícuota o cuota parte. ración. asociación. Alocución. Allegation. Alteration of contract. sin excepción. Papel que se agrega a un instrumento de crédito cuando los siguientes endosos requieren más lugar. colega. Allodium. refugio de pobres. distribución. Allottee. dar. Allegation of fact. según su gravedad. interpuesto. conceder. Asignado. Vivo. Todo. Inmueble del que se es propietario sin sumisión federal o de vasallaje. Aluvión. casamiento. Alegato. Escrito que no pertenece a su supuesto autor. Alleged. seguimiento. Allurement. convenio. descuento. En derecho marítimo. Alianza. Alms. Cambio no establecido ni previsto en las cláusulas contractuales y que. El conjunto de todos los bienes y cada bien en particular. asociado. cambiar. Acceder. Alargamiento. Ally. Lealtad. Allege. cuasi. Alteración contractual. enérgico. Allocution. alegación. Alteración. exaltación. completo. Esto normalmente implica que el segundo caso debería resolverse igual que el primero. oponer. Alusion. Alliance. Alteration. nupcias. enlace. defensa. Allocation. total. Denomínase alocución (allocutus) en el procedimiento criminal. cambio. Almost. modificación. fidelidad.Alteration of contract Alimony. confederación. un cónyuge puede obtener una orden judicial de sostén que además esta protegida contra huida a través de la aprobación en todos los estados de la ley uniforme de reciprocidad en la protección de la manutención. viviente. afiliado. consolidar. Allot. falsificación. acuerda diversas acciones a la contraparte. ponencia. Libre de todo vínculo de sumisión federal o de vasallaje. Alodial. Alimentos pagados al cónyuge en una sola cuota. a duras penas. parte. Alegato sobre hechos. admitir. Expresión que indica que se trata de todo. Alive. unir (v). liga. Alodium. son los alimentos devengados o pagados al cónyuge mientras dura el juicio de divorcio. Alegar. 94 D. correligionario (s). Discurso. lo que incita o lleva a realizar un acto determinado. cupo. 116(1967)). Ver allodium. afiliarse. Alloídal. Supuesto. ceder. habilitar. Asignar. Expresión idiomática que significa que dos casos son prácticamente idénticos en cuanto a sus elementos relevantes. Allocation of dividends. pacto. quien recibe parte de una distribución. amigo. opuesto al alegato sobre cuestiones de derecho. Aliarse. distribuir. Alter. autorización. beneficencia. Aliado. Ver alloidal. juntar. asociarse. All and singular. Almshouse. apenas. responsable. (R. Norma mediante la cual los costos de un juicio son por su orden. Enmiendas alas alegaciones. incierto. Amicus curíae (L). Ambassador. cambio. como consecuencia de un recurso de reposición. Amalgama. Ambiguity. Amalgamation. Pago por daños y perjuicios. polivalente. Amendments to pleadings. celada. Ambiguous. confusión. Civ.. Amenable. representante. delegado. Emboscar. penalidad. temporario. Amicable action. crédito impositivo. amistoso. ambivalente. Fed. Altercado. Civ. Amendment. 47(b)). P. Alegato en subsidio. American rule. moratoria.. Culpable. por ejemplo. mezcla. Alteración o cambio en las cláusulas de un fideicomiso realizados por el creador del mismo. a su elección. encrucijada. por mutuo acuerdo. Amnistía. Amerce. pelea verbal. Altercation. si sus alegaciones fueran de las que no admiten alegación respondiente y el pleito hubiera sido incluido en el calendario de juicios. Tercero que asesora al tribunal sobre un caso en particular. Ambulatory. Amercement. Aquélla que permite al obligado liberarse mediante el cumplimiento de una entre varias prestaciones. Alternative obligation. reparación. Ver ADR. obsolencia. indemnización. Accesible. La corte podrá disponer que no más de seis jurados sean convocados y electos para actuar como jurados suplentes en adición a los jurados ordinarios. Suplente. Ambush. cambiado. opción. equívoco. Alterado. 15(b)).. Altérnate jurors. partes podrán enmendar sus alegaciones una vez como cuestión de rutina en cualquier momento antes de serles notificadas las alegaciones respondientes o. aceptante. Amendments to conform to the evidence. Ambiguo. Amends. combinación. desgaste. Reforma. compensación. sec. enmienda. Fed. 15(a)). estratagema. confuso. P. multa. Alternative. Imponer una multa o penalidad. Amortization. absolución o perdón colectivo. Altered. deambulatorio. dictado de oficio. Picapleitos. Castigo. fusión. Alterado. Alternative dispute resolution. sec. Itinerante.Alteration of trust Alteration of trust. Jurados suplentes. encerrona. atacar sorpresiva e inesperadamente (v). Alternativa. ambulatorio. Altérnate. Fed. maniobra. Cambio en los términos de una sentencia. mediando acuerdo en cuanto a los hechos. Amigo de la corte. Civ. 302 . depreciación. Alternative contract. pérdida de valor por el transcurso del tiempo. que permite varias prestaciones subsidiariamente. Amigable. Amortización. alteración. P. sanción. elección. Amnesty. podrán enmendarlas en cualquier momento dentro de los 20 días siguientes de haberles sido notificadas. Contrato alternativo. corrección. Amigables componedores. emisario. amistoso. trastrocado. Sujeto a jurisdicción. flexible. trampa (s). (R. Amicable compounders. Amendment of judgment. Cambio en parte de los documentos del procedimiento. móvil. incer-tidumbre. Emboscada. Embajador. Ambulance chaser. nuncio. oscuro. bivalente. interino. sustituto. jefe de misión diplomática. Acción presentada por las partes para que el tribunal se pronuncie en cuanto a derecho. ambulante. Ambigüedad. unión. Enmiendas para conformar las alegaciones Cuando se sometieren a juicio con el consentimiento expreso o implícito de las partes cuestiones no suscitadas en las alegaciones serán consideradas en todo respecto como si hubieren sido suscitadas en las alegaciones (R. modificado. posibilidad. sec. Amendment on court's own motion. engaño. Las Alternative pleading. Amendatory. riña. Referente a enmiendas. oscuridad. Amicable. Resarcimiento. a partir de cierto momento—por ejemplo a los 60 años—el asegurado comienza a recibir una anualidad. revocar. nota. consolidar. Anualidad vitalicia. Amount import. subordinado. dejar sin efecto. diagnóstico. cantidad. Annual. Anatocism. abolir. anormal. Annotate. dictamen. Annoyance. normalmente tras 20 años. inusitado. Antepasado. Anarchy. Annuity. atípico. debe tenerse por auténtico. Descendencia. anualidad. amotion. ascendiente. Anotación. Servidumbre de vista adquirida por prescripción. progenitor. Angar. Anómalo. Análisis. Anulabilidad. Anexar. secundario. parecido. Competencia para decidir cuestiones conexas a una acción ya presentada. Molestia. interpretar. volumen (s). clarificar. Censualista. Analogy. Ancient lights. nombrar. prórroga. similitud. Anualmente. Regla mediante la cual un documento que ha existido por cierto tiempo—en algunos Estados de los Estados Unidos por 30 años—y que no presenta signos obvios de falsificación u otras anomalías. prosapia. espera. Angaria. Causa conexa. Annual accounting period. combinación. renta. subsidiario. cancelar. jubilación. Alcanzar cierta proporción o volumen (v). fastidio. Annual depreciation. glosar. crítico. tamaño. Unión por la fuerza de un territorio a otro. cotejo. Ancillary. Annually. atenuar. cantidad. Monto. revocación. Interés compuesto. Ancestry. rescindir. Anulación. abrogar. Año fiscal. primigenio. Anatema. clarificación. examen. Analogous. Annotation. Ancient writing rule. derecho de entrar al puerto. Antiguo. cifra. Anomalous. inusual. Analítico. Ungir. Anexo. próximo. cuota. observación. Annuity. Cuantía. suma. Anotar. Annex. Ancillary administration. regalía. Anarchist. juntar. Canon. disminuir el impacto. cuenta. total. comparación. estudio. Amortizar. Amolint. concentrado. Anexión. Administración de bienes relictos que están ubicados fuera de la competencia territorial del tribunal interviniente. Anual. sistemático. Ancillary proceeding. Anoint. satélite. Analytical. suma. Anular. Ancillary jurisdiction. predecesor. comentario. 303 . Proceso subordinado a otro. Ancestral. viejo. Remover a un funcionario del cargo que ocupa. Anulable. explicar. Amortización anual. Annul. elegir. comentar. Accesorio. similar. Anathema. life. Analysis. irregular. acotar. Annulment. agudo. primitivo. y enteramente a uno cuando el otro fallece. auxiliar. rescisión. Extensión del plazo. Annullable. antiguo derecho a utilizar barcos mercantes enemigos para transportar tropas. consolidación. complementario. apéndice. extraño. linaje. Anunciar. Annuity. Ampliation. Ancient. Análogo. Ancestral. Anclaje. Anchorage. equivalente. Normalmente coincide con el año natural. Annullability. Ancestor. paralelismo. Announce. agregado. joint and survivorship.Anomalous Amortíze. acotación. Fuero de atracción. Anarquista. Annexation. antecesor. Acto por el cual el tribunal hace conocer el sentido de una decisión aunque todavía no se haya firmado la sentencia o auto correspondiente. unir (v). adición. parte adicional (s). pasado de moda. Annuity policy. Analogía. parecido. Anualidad pagada conjuntamente a los beneficiarios. pensión. monto. Póliza de seguro mediante la cual. Anarquía. magnitud. Annuitant. Punto mas avanzado o frontal. contra-parte. Anterior. que reprime la estrategia de vender bajo costo para desplazar a la competencia. Repudio con-tractual anticipado. prohibe: primero. Anonimo. Anticipatory nonperformance. 7. (Unidroit. Convention prenupcial. Antecedent claim. art. presentar una defensa. apro-bado en 1890 durante el periodo de expansion industrial y concentration de poder economico que siguio a la Guerra Civil. Answer. reconvention. Antecedent. Anthropometrical. replicar (v). Antedatar (v). Incumplimiento con-tractual anticipado. Antropologico. Antecedent creditor. Answer. Contestar una demanda. Antedata. por medio de una action penal tambien inicia-da por el Departamento de Justicia en el caso de un grupo mas limitado de violaciones per se. Antecedent debt. y su monopolio. Situation por la cual la action—o inaction—de una parte tonia 1 aprestacion a su cargo imposible antes del tiempo fijado para el cumplimiento. Contestacion de demanda. prece-dente. Execution de leyes antimonopolicas. culpable. sino que se transmiten a los descendientes del descendiente fallecido. Antitrust laws. producido antes de la fecha establecida para el cumplimiento. Por ella se prohiben en terminos generales las restricciones irrazonables al comercio. prenupcial.3). Contestacion de demanda supletoria. Antropometrico. Antedatado. Antitrust legislation. por procedimientos administrativos iniciados por la Federal Trade Commission de acuerdo con la Clayton Actya la Federal Trade Commission Act. Answer. pero que resulta obviamente falsa. Leyes antimonopolicas. segundo. (Texas Probate Code. Leyes antimonopolicas. irrelevant. Contestacion de demanda que no responde a los cargos pre-sentados. sham. Anticipatory breach.3. La primera y mas importante fue la Antitrust Act (Ley antimonopolica). sobre todo las contempladas en al Sherman Act. los agreement. Antenuptial. Prin. Responsable. Con algunas excepciones. Anticipacion. Cualquiera de las partes podra dar por terminado el contrato si con anterioridad a la fecha fijada para el cumplimiento se hace evidente que la otra parte incurrira en un incumplimiento esen-cial. sin merito alguno. Donation prenupcial. Anteriority. Antagonist. Antagonista. las mandas realizadas a favor de un descendiente no fenecen al morir el beneficiario antes que el 304 . Antilapse Statute. por ejemplo. Antenupcial. La Clayton Act (Ley Clayton). solution (s). Anticipation. defensa. Answer. Respuesta. es un tanto mas especifica. deven-gado con prioridad. Ley de lealtad comercial. Deuda anterior. Mediante tal ley. Incumplimiento anticipado. parte opuesta. Acreedor prioritario. por un procedimiento civil de equity iniciado por el Departamento de Justicia contra las violaciones de la Sherman Act o de la Clayton Act.frivolous. Ley sobre derecho de representation. replica. de 1914. prematrimonial. 68). reconvenir. prevision anterioridad a algo. capitulaciones matrimoniales. quedando luego en situation monopolica. Contestacion de demanda que cumple con todos los requisites formales. leyes de libre concurrencia. Anterioridad. aquel cuyo credito surgio con anterioridad.Anonymous Anonymous. El gobierno puede pro-ceder contra las violaciones de tres maneras principales. fecha insertada con anterioridad a lo indicado (s). mas temprano en el tiempo. supplemental. adversario. Antenuptial gift. Answer. sec. (Intro al USA). Primero. Credito anterior. Anthropological. Antitrust enforcement. antecedente. Answerable. Antenuptial testador. y tercero. Contestacion de demanda realizada con temeridad y malicia. refe-rente a la medicion y clasificacion del cuerpo.. Antidumping act. Anticipatory repudiation. preexistente. demoler la casa cuya venta se ha pactado. contrario. Antedated. Antedate. Appellate procedure. Apparent danger. Después del juicio. en tanto el efecto de cualquiera de estas acciones "sea disminuir sustancialmente la competencia o tener a crear un monopolio. recurso (s). Apelación. Autoridad aparente es el poder para afectar las relaciones legales de una persona mediante transacciones con terceras personas. 8). la demandada en apelación. Su conocimientos del caso se basa exclusivamente en las actas taquigráficas del proceso de primera instancia. las manifestaciones del primero a terceras personas. Autoridad aparente. Apparent heir. patente. 2nd. actuación. Compareciente. Comparecencia en juicio. Instrumento. actuante. Appearance. Apartheid. Aparente. Corte de apelaciones. recurrente. recurrente. sujeto a apelación. queja. Esta parte recibe el nombre de apelante. Apparatus. Apostilla. Apparent defect. supuesto. Apelar. Apelación. la apostilla consiste en un certificado de autenticidad que se adhiere al final o al reverso del documento en cuestión. Aquél cuyo derecho sólo se condiciona a sobrevivir al causante. Heredero aparente. visible. Renuncia total del Cristianismo al aceptar una religión falsa o ninguna religión. Apartheid. Procedimiento de apelación. Appellate jurisdiction. Fallo no firme. sec. solicitante. además. Appearer. aparato. Acto procesal mediante el cual el demandado hace conocer que interviene formalmente en el proceso. la contraria. petitioner o plaintiff—. segregación racial. Apparent authority. política relacionada con Sud África y basada en la supremacía de la raza blanca. quejoso. actuar. Agency.Appellee acuerdos de exclusividad. initial. constituirse en parte. Apostille. como presunto mandatario del primero. Beneficio concedido a un indigente. y tercero. objeción. Appear. una de las partes puede apelar la sentencia. 305 . Etapa procesal en casos criminales en la que se da a conocer al reo el delito imputado así como los derechos que le competen. Lo contrario de vicio oculto. escritos presentados por las partes en apoyo de sus puntos de vista. Tiene a su disposición. Claro. así como otras prácticas discriminatorias asociadas. que le permite apelar sin prestar caución. (IntroalUSA). por ejemplo. agraviado. la ejecución de la sentencia es suspendida para lo que el petitioner deposita una caución. Appealable. (IntroalUSA). Apostacy. El tribunal de apelaciones no lleva a cabo un nuevo proceso con jurado y testigos. que contienen los pretendidos errores del juez. manifiesto. recurrir (v). Appearance by attorney. indiciamiento. peticionante. Appellate court. alzada. En la convención de la Haya sobre certificación de documentos públicos. Caución o depósito en garantía para poder apelar un auto. y está de acuerdo con. que surge de. Parte contra la cual se interpone apelación. ostensible. Appearance." (Introal USA). Comparecer enjuicio. Comparecencia por medio de representante letrado. Apelable en ambos efectos. tribunal de alzada. obvio o manifiesto. Apelante. Durante la apelación. la discriminación o diferenciación de precios entre compradores. participar. Auto de procesamiento. evidente. Appellee. Appearance. Aparecer. parecer. los llamados tying arrangementsy similares restricciones sobre la distribución de mercancías. Apparent. protesta. segundo. Appeal. que motiva actuar en defensa propia. Appeal in forma pauperís. la adquisición por parte de una corporación de bienes o paquetes accionarios de otra. Beneficio de litigar sin gastos. (Rstmnt. notice of. respondent or defendant—. Appealable for review and for stay of proceedings. Appeal bond. participación. Competencia que le cabe al tribunal de alzada para supervisarlas decisiones de tribunales inferiores. participación. aduciendo errores del juez de primera instancia. Peligro aparente. el de asistencia letrada. Defecto aparente. Appellant. ser parte. petición. Apportionment. Aprehender. art. estudiante. etc. seleccionar. política. Conciencia. Derecho aplicable en ausencia de una elección efectiva. súplica. b) el lugar donde se negoció el contrato. Appointer. avalúo. demanda. Valuar. Appoint. conocimiento. y lugar de negocios de las partes. perfeccionamiento. Cargo. Appriorism. Tener conciencia de algo en el sentido de comprender su significado. extensión. subordinado. cita. c) el lugar de ejecución del contrato. Aporcionar. Valuación. Appreciable. capturar.Appendant Appendant. Por ejemplo. justipreciador. Solicitante. estimar el precio. estimar. Apportion. Aprendiz. comprender. repartir. internalizar. 6. appraisement. Cálculo del valor o precio. captura. asistente. Apprehend. Appertain. un embajador designado por el poder ejecutivo. 2nd. recurrir. demandante. 2nd. sec. Applicable law to torts. secundario. Tener conciencia de algo. 188(2)). Aprehensión. Formulario. aprisionamiento. peticionante. (Unidroit. Solicitud. Apprentice. evaluador. Elegir. Alquiler alocado o distribuido específicamente entre los colocatarios respectivos. empleo posición. (Rstmnt. temor. Persona que aprende un arte u oficio trabajando para alguien con mayor experiencia. Apéndice. Selección y nombramiento para desempeñar un cargo. Appreciation in valué.tasar. Appointee. percibir. encarecimiento. Tasador. cariz. Applicable law in absence of an effective choice. Apreciación en el valor. nominar. estudio. Nombrar. Solicitud de autorización pública. preconcepto. ángulo. miedo.. En ausencia de una elección efectiva del derecho aplicable por las partes. Appraisal. estimación. nacionalidad.perito tasador. añadido. Appraiser. Enfoque. anexado. espíritu. Apprenticeship. Appreciate. sin que la ley o las circunstancias del caso indiquen algo distinto: si sólo una de las partes tiene su establecimiento en tal Estado. Application for public permission. Persona designada para realizar algo. etc. aprisionar. peso. Derecho aplicable a cuasidelitos. aproximamiento (s). Approach. Appraise. Pasante.14). evaluar. Application. apelante. discernir. Apprehension. distribuir dividir.1. Apriorismo. Apply. tasable. Arresto. subsidiario. Aprendizaje. Acudir. residencia. detener. 145). Valuable. Prin. Appointment. Responsabilidad alocada o distribuida específicamente entre un grupo de co-obligados. d) la localización del objeto del contrato. lugar de incorporación. tasación. Se contrapone a la 306 situación en la cual alguien es elegido por voto popular. Aquello que se puede categorizar en forma definida. Accesorio. entendimiento. Applicant. Application form. Entrevista. concernir. recurrente. ayudante. requirente. Conflict. Pertenecer. anterioridad. conocimiento. número de unidades. Reparto. encomendar. alocar. e) el domicilio. por ejemplo. Appraisable. appointor. ella deberá tomar las medidas necesarias para obtener dicha autorización. sec. (Rstmnt. forma. Apreciar. suplicante. en cuanto a su valor económico. solicitud. designar. artesano. Apportioned rent. anexo. Conflict. competir. Persona que designa a otro. . Arrestar. aspirante. Apportioned liability. Appendix. Los derechos y responsabilidades de las partes respecto a los cuasidelitos se determinan por la ley local del Estado que—en lo referente a ese asunto—tenga la relación más significativa a la ocurrencia del suceso y a las partes. Cuando la ley de un Estado exija una autorización pública que afecte la validez del contrato o su cumplimiento. los contactos a tomarse en cuenta para determinar el derecho aplicable a un asunto incluyen: a) el lugar donde se celebró el contrato. Aprobar. Arguendo. Argumento. Argüir. Perteneciente a algo más importante. aquiescencia. perito. anterior. inicial. originar. Arising out and in the course of employment. arreglo. Acueducto. emerger. Apropiado. Apriorístico. Appíopriator. Argumentative. Argumentative question. Arbítrate. complacencia. antecedente. acorde. contradecir. ratificar. adjudicarse. ilegal. Arbitration board. provenir. Arbitraje. alegar. línea de defensa o de ataque. Arbitration clause. Approval. Tierras labrantías. será responsable ante ese otro por una invasión a su privacidad. registro. litigioso. Como argumento. acercarse a otra para proceder a inspeccionar a la primera. zona. exorbitante. right of. tomar una posición determinada. Alegato oral. región. desacuerdo. sancionar. Archivist. Appropriation of ñame or likeness. atribuirse. intercesión. agregado. Arable lands. beneplácito. 652 C). exorbitancia. refutar. Alegato hecho por el abogado. autoritarismo. reconciliar. Argument to the jury. decidir arbitrariamente. tomar para sí (v). apoderarse. Apropiación. dictami-nador. Argument by counsel. Appropriation. Venta a gusto. Aparecer. Aprobación. tirano. Persona que compra y vende valores profesionalmente. Arbitrage. Añadido o apéndice secundario. acercarse. Aprioristic. dependiente. Parte anexa a un cuerpo principal. fichero. componedor. Archenemy. parcialidad. atropello. consentimiento. conveniente. intercesor. Appurtenant. juez. Arbitrator. como sin derecho. injusto. adecuado. Arbitrariedad. autoritario. capaz de ser derimido arbitrariamente. aproximarse (v). altercar. armonioso. Argüe. objetando hipotéticamente. despótico. 2nd. Apropiación de nombre o parecido físico. Arbitro. peleador. perito. Aqueduct. Laudar. Parte que se apropia. Arbitral. del nombre o parecido o semejanza de otro. Cláusula arbitral. Laudo. Arbitrario. desaveniencia. Apropiarse. Archives. Argumentativo. discusión. mediación. abusivo. despotismo. Arbitrager. Especulación mediante la compra y venta de valores en mercados bursátiles. Anpropriate. Área. armonización. Arbitro. arreglar. Archivos. fallo o dictamen arbitral. Arbitration. intercesor. usurpación. Alegato al jurado. Archivista. Archienemigo. Con motivo y en ocasión del trabajo. Approach. Somete a arbitraje. pues condiciona la respuesta. Arise. objetar. arbitrador. "¿cuándo dejó de pegarle a su esposa?" sugiere que alguna vez el sujeto comenzó a pegarle. amigable componedor. tema o conjunto de temas. Arbiter. aceptación. territorio. Modo ilegal de presentar preguntas a un testigo. Appurtenance. Argument. Approval sale. aceptar. (Rstmnt. Torts. regulador. oral. cuestio-nador. razón lógica de lo que se sustenta. mediar. injusticia. incautarse. Accesorio. disputa. intercede. ilegalidad. sec. Junta de arbitraje. Argument. Arbitrable. Partida de dinero o de bienes específicos para atender necesidades determinadas. Una persona que se apropie para su uso o beneficio. preliminar. Proceso arbitral. Por ejemplo. enemigo acérrimo. Arbitrariness. concebir. componedor. subordinado. buenos oficios. replicar. asentir. incautación. Approve. Arbitrable. Área. Arbitrar. archivador. armonizar. tiranía. derivar. que sólo se perfecciona al manifestarse la conformidad del adquiriente con el objeto en cuestión. de alguna cosa.Arising out and in the course of employment Enfocar. Derecho que le cabe a una nave d¡. mediador. Arbitrary. esfera. oportuno (s). mediador. 307 . Apodera-miento. adueñarse. ocurrir. Perteneciente al arbitraje. consentir. o de arbitraje. militares.Aristocracy Tal situación toma aplicables las leyes laborales de protección al trabajador. arsenal. Arrearage. Armisticio. Pasible de arresto. típicamente compensándolo por un accidente sufrido. tregua. Arrest record. Incendio intencional y malicioso. acuerdo. nobleza. aprisionamiento. capturar. Expresión técnica que conlleva un significado especial. marina y aviación. consequences. Ejército. Arrest. punto. Fuerzas armadas. Art. captura. noble. Arsonist. Crim. Armed forces. Articled clerk. Arreglo. Armory. Arrest judgment. pacto. Transacción en la cual cada parte trata de sacar el mejor partido posible y vela sólo por sus propios intereses. Arresto. (Intro al USA). elitista. Apoderamiento o apropiación indebida. Prontuario policial. que existe causa probable para creer que se ha cometido un delito y que el acusado lo cometió. (in). term of. La corte a moción de un acusado. Arsénico.A. robo con armas. Juicio en el cual cada parte trata de derrotar a la otra. Armed robbery. arrears. Arm's length transaction. Si apareciera de la denuncia. Aristocrático. (Regla 4(a) y (c). (Regla 34. agrupar. Acta de arresto. Aristocracy. Crim. Arm's length litigation. encarcelamiento. Arresta ble. aprendiz de abogado en un bufete (G.). Cláusula en contratos de seguro mediante la cual un incendio provocado por el asegurado mismo no es compensable. pacto. soldados. Array. quien conducirá el examen preliminar. Arms. impaga aunque vencida. Aristócrata.). Article. Abstención de sentencia. clasificar. Esta es una audiencia pública informal destinada a determinar si la evidencia justifica la detención. tropas. Army. Arraignment. Robo a mano armada. veneno. ejército. Arsenal. privilegio. podrá abstenerse de dictar sentencia si el indiciamiento o la acusación no imputan delito o si la corte no tuviere jurisdicción sobre el delito imputado. (Regla 10. Arresto. cláusula. En el primer acto oficial de la mayo parte de los casos penales es el arresto por parte de oficio de policía de la persona sospechosa de haber comitido el delito. atraso. Arrogation. Depósito de armas y municiones. polvorín. gobierno o liderato de la nobleza. de Proc.B. consecuencias. Aristocratic. armamento. Orden de arresto. El sospechosos debe ser llevado ante un funcionario judicial denominado magistrado sin innecesarias demoras. Arrest. Lectura de la acusación. Armas. Arrest warrant. 308 . Reglas Fed. Polvorín. ítem. reclusión (s). fuerza armada. Reglas Fed. sangre azul. sistematizar (v). parte. convenio. Arson clause. de Proc. Mora. Arrestar. Pasante.F. Armistice. sala de armas.).A. F. sección. Aristocrat. cese o cesación de hostilidades. Incendiario. Armament. detención. armas. Arsenic. detener (v). Artículo. Miembros potenciales del jurado (s). párrafo. Reglas Fed. porción. de Proc. Auto de procesamiento. pirómano. transacción. Poner en orden. Se le dará una copia del indiciamiento o de la acusación antes de que se le requiera que alegue. Crim. Arson. usurpación. custodia. Aristocracia.). La lectura de la acusación se efectuará en corte abierta y consistirá en leerle al acusado el indicia miento del gran jurado o la acusación del fiscal o en explicarle el contenido del cargo y se le requerirá para que alegue con relación a la misma. o de uno o más afidavits presentados con la misma. Arsenal. noble. Arrangement. se expedirá una orden de arresto de dicho acusado dirigida a cualquier funcionario autorizado por la ley para ejecutarla. Armamento. sin ningún tipo de connivencia. Uno de los elementos del hurto. Artisan's lien. Artificial respiration. fabricado. Inseminación artificial. Asfixia. Assault with intent to commit rape. Assessor. Sujeto a impuestos. verificar. Assert. solicitar. Asentir. grupo de gente en una actividad común. carta orgánica. Assault. afirmar. inverosímil. Assassin. Assessed. As. Dominio. agresión. promover. As soon as practicable. valuado. Tasable. Acometimiento. Assessable. valuación. sin vacilación. superioridad. Aspersions. Artificial insemination. idóneos para causar la muerte. Agresión con la intención de cometer una violación. pertenecer. decisorio. Asamblea. estrangulación. Cese o dificultad respiratoria. asaltante. típicamente tras una negociación. matar a un ser humano ilegalmente. Asportation. Artillería. declaración categórica. Assertory. Assailant. no natural. crimen. Assassination. sin garantía. hostigador. contribución. aseveración. acometedor. atribuir. Gravado con un impuesto o cargo. Agresión con la intención de cometer un homicidio. Artisan. Articles of amendment. relacionar. express. Funcionario que determinó el valor imponible de un bien. En el estado en que se encuentra. contrato social. asalto. ahogo. Derecho de asamblea o de reunión. Persona de existencia jurídica. Ascribe (to). 309 . gravar. Assertion. assertive. Hacer valer un derecho o condición. Acta modificatoria del contrato social original o procedente. Agresión con medios As from. incómodo. a sabiendas y sin justificación. expresar acuerdo y conformidad (v). Cerciorarse. Asesinato. Tasado. Assassinate. Articles of incorporation. tasa. requerir. Artesano. Ascertain. Assault with intent to commit man-slaughter. Ascendiente. cargo.Assessor Articles of agreement. aprobar. Como. As of. right of. carga. Remoción de un objeto. impuesto. irreal. Afirmativo. Pedir. As is. firme. ascendance. aprobación. decidido. Aserción. Asphyxia. averiguar. Assent. Assault with intent to commit murder. criminal. Assault with a deadly weapon. Ascendants. Asesino. Lesiones. sintético. mutual. Assembly. Ascendancy. Artificial. deposición. consentimiento (s). Respiración artificial. Prenda con retención en favor del trabajador. reunión. Assembly. Asking price.Artificial. atacante. patrocinar. Agresión a mano armada. Desde una fecha posterior. estatutos de constitución de una sociedad. Asesinar. beneplácito. Asentimiento. Tasación. poder. Precio inicialmente requerido por el vendedor. Assess. Tan pronto como sea razonablemente posible. Desde una fecha anterior. gravámenes o contribuciones. Assessment. Artillery. parlamento. presionar. respiración boca a boca. Afirmar. primeros auxilios. aseverar. valuable. falso. evaluar. Estatutos. manifestar como cierto. Assault and battery. informarse. Consentimiento expreso. Suscribir. Manifestaciones desfavorables y maliciosas. Calcular el valor. convención. Minuta o memorándum sobre los puntos acordados. decir. Ask. Consentimiento mutuo o recíproco. Artificial person. vida latente. Assent. ascendencia. afirmación. Assent. Contacto físico no permitido por la ley ni consentido por la víctima. Agresor. Imponer un cargo o impuesto. credito. Activo indisponible. colegio. o alguna otra relacion de negocio. enajenante. Assignment of error. valores al cobro. Assignment of wages. Coau-tor. selection. por ejemplo. Assets. Cesion de sueldo. Activo de una empresa o individuo. transferencia de bienes o derechos. Activo fijo. persona que transfiere la propiedad de bienes o derechos. beneficio. Supuesto. (Rstmnt. hipoteticos. Conjuez. prorrateo. Asociado. (Rstmnt. Assist. 2nd. accrued. lugarteniente. Tal derecho fue introducido por la sexta enmienda constitucional (Sixth Amendment). transferible. Assignee. Beneficiario de una transferencia de bienes. Exposition de errores. Assign. 2nd. afirmacion formal y categorica. imaginar. Assignment of cases for trial. por ejemplo. activo. Cesion de ingresos. Transferencia a otra persona del derecho a cobrar sobre una cuenta. patrimonio. Bienes que no se pueden enajenar. 310 . Haber. Juez que no preside el tribunal. Bienes devengados. Cesion de credito. Assistance. Associate. Transferir. Hechos no probados. Asistir. Con. fixed. Assets. sujetos a tin embargo preventive Assets. Cesible. Assets. Derecho a la defensa concedido por la constitution de USA en causas criminales. Assistant. amparo. grupo. empresa. Assignment of future rights. Assignor. ratificacion. Excepto si se dispone lo contrario por ley. Patrocinio letrado. afectar. ayuda. cooperacidn. por virtud de la cual el derecho que tiene el cedente sobre el cumplimiento por parte del obli-gado se extingue en todo o en parte y e] cesionario adquiere derecho sobre dicho cumplimiento. liquid. alocar. auxiliar. Association. inmuebles. Normalmente se usa la expresion para con-notar una transaction tendiente a pagar menos impuestos. ficto. Assignment. bancos. conjunto. Association of brokers. intangible. Asignacion. Asseveration. de la intention de transferir dicho derecho. ventaja. Assignment of income. aporciona-miento. ayuda. Assignment of account. Senalamiento de casos para el juicio. Tales derechos cedidos j los reditos del caso no serian imponibles. compafiia. sec. Assortment. Aseveracion. Asistente. indicar el uso debido (v). Caja. Associate justice.. mano derecha. Asociacion. Conglomerado. Assigns. Assumed facts. Cesionario. Contribuir economicamente. complice. Assumed. Bienes inmateriales. Cedente. Assize. tomar concien-cia. Sucesores. asociado. conjunto de bienes y creditos. Assignment of rights. enajenable. Cesibilidad. ceder. Contablemente se opone a obli-gaciones a pagar. Colegio de corre-dores. Assume. cooperar. Alocacion. imaginado. Bienes netos. imaginario.. bien. distribution. Asistencia. frozen. Cesion de derechos La cesion de un derecho es una manifestation hecha por el cedente. tendra la misma efectividad de un derecho existente. persona que recibe la propiedad de bienes o derechos. Assignable. conjunto. Assets. sec 317). 321). ayudar. aquellos que sobre-pasan el nivel de obligaciones o el pasivo. aplicar. asumir. rasgos comunes. Assignability. transferibilidad. Bienes susceptibles de ser li-quidados rapidamente. valor Have. fingido. Cesion de derechos futures. amparar. Antiguo tribunal ingles.Asset Asset. certificacion. Assets. tomar a cargo o por cuenta propia. Assistance of counsel. ayudante. division. Con. derechohabientes. testimonio. Abogado que todavia no es socio de un despacho juridico. concurso. la cesion de un derecho al pago que se espera surja de una relation existente de trabajo. Conjeturar. suponer. auxiliar. Componente del activo. net. auxilio. asumido. cesionario. current. adjunto. relacion existente entre personas o ideas. Assets. Assets. confiscacion. Assurance. nombre de guerra. suposicion. albergue. A costa de. proteccion. abrochar. secues-trar. crueldad. aberrante. Atroz. incluir. decoracion. Attachment. Acto por el cual una persona se Atavism. orfanato. At issue. desmedido. al cake. ultraje. Assure.Attainder. capturar. comiso. garantizar. Competencia para embargar. anexo. (Restatement. truculento. al tope. 2nd. Caucion suficiente pres-tada para sustituir y liberal" un embargo. Literalmente en la puerta del tribunal. anexar. Clausula en una escri-tura hipotecaria indicando que la hipoteca no puede transferirse sin el consentimiento escrito del acreedor. Al frente. Attributing. trabar embargo. o grupo de individuos. o 2) La accion tiene como proposito hacer cumplir una sentencia dictada en contra del dueiio de la propiedad. Asuncion del riesgo. Torts. o 4) El ejercicio de jurisdiccion es uno razonable. Parte embargante. Embargo. Attainder. amistad. Second. Atrocidad. atribuyente. 496 A). Assumption of indebtedness. Accion por incumplimiento contractual. ya sea real o personal. 311 . Garantia de pago. Sin convivencia ni acuerdos encu-biertos. sobrenom-bre. adjuntar. atar. Attachment jurisdiction. En cualquier momento antes de. tesis. Ateo. cruel. vinculo. Caso de marras. afectar. gravisimo. a los traidores. Atributivo. embellecimiento. (Rstmnt. horrible. Asegurar. at the end. Perdida de derechos civiles impuesta a los condenados a muerte. Asuncion. seudonimo. Assumption of risk. Punto sobre el cual se centra una contienda. Embargar. imponiendo graves castigos en violacion del debido proceso. union. aberracion. sec. Atrocity. Un tribunal tiene competencia para embargar propiedad localizada dentro del estado mediante secuestro o comiso de la propiedad. responsabiliza por las deudas de otra. secuestrable. usurpacion. sec. Assumption clause. At the courthouse door. Atheist. Judg. Al pie.. apropiacion. inhumano. At arm's length. At any time prior to. Promesa. reten-cion. ligamen. case. exceso. supuesto. toma a cargo. 8). At bar. reconfortar. certificar. bill of Assumed name. no podra recobrar de este por tal dafio. Assumpsit. At the head. Atavismo. At the foot. salvajada. Asilio. refugio. En oposicion abierta y franca. adorno. Assumption. Attachment bond. anotar la litis. al final. incautacion. Atrocious. Alias. Anexacion. Attainder. Orden de arresto sobre una persona incursa en desacato al tribunal. pendiente ante el tribunal. En cuestion. En el derecho americano tales notificaciones se colocan en un lugar espe-cifico. barbaro. arresto. Se usa la expresion como "en los estrados del juzgado" para notificaciones automaticas o en situaciones de rebeldia. nombre artistico. donde pueden ser consultadas por el publico. dispo-nible. Asylum. gravable. Attachment of persons. enormidad. rati-ficar. Ley especial dictada contra un individuo. o 3) La accion es comple-mentaria y consistente con otros procedi-mientos relacionados a la reclamacion. Embargable. en una accion de reclamacion contra el dueno de la propiedad si: 1) El tribunal pudiese apropiadamente ejercer su jurisdiccion para adjudicar la reclamacion. barbaridad. Afecto. Attach. Attachable. acuerdo o pacto. Ley persecutoria. toma de control. o algun otro procedimiento similar. en cuestion. afectable. Attaching party. bill of. agregado. Un demandante que voluntariamente asumio el riesgo del sufrir dado como consecuencia de la conducta negligente o temeraria del demandado. At the expense of. ministro de justicia. Característica. cualidad. Attorney. atestar. Attorney in fact. Atiendante. afirmación. asistencia. mandatario. intento (s). certificar. presencia. Intentar (v). probado. Asistir. jurist jurisconsulto. tales como corporaciones industriales. state. asignar. apoderado. (Intro al USA). corroborado. auxiliar. agente. Attesting witness. Abogado de empresa De cada veinte abogados. Atestiguar. Attested. Attorney-client privilege. Attestation of a will. (IntroalUSA). Attorney. ni una que se dedique a la redacción de instrumentos legales. La distinción entre barristers y soliátors existente en Inglaterra no arraigó en los Estados Unidos. Testigo. donde los testigos declaran sobre la forma en que el testamento fue firmado. imputar (v). defensor. Atribuir. fiscal general. no existe una especialidad que posea el derecho exclusivo o especial de presentarse ante los tribunales. endilgar. deponente. Attestation. Attorney general. Attorney fees. encargado. Attractive nuisance. o bancos. Secreto profesional por el cual el abogado no puede ser compelido a brindar información que le fUe suministrada por su cliente. power of. deponente. Attorney of record. delegado. togado. achacar. Las incumbencias del abogado americano incluyen el patrocinio letrado. compañías de seguros. Testigo que certifica sobre las formalidades transcurridas en la firma de un documento. representante. ocupan funciones de asesores dentro del departamento jurídico de la firma. Peligro atrayente. refundar. Mandato por escrito.Attempt Attempt. o de la que se enteró representando a tal cliente. Abogado. Además. Costos u honorarios del abogado. Attestation clause. ayudar. Testimonio. lo que puede llamarse "práctica del Derecho" es de su incumbencia exclusiva y está vedado a los demás. intercesor. esta-duales. Abogado del estado. En general. Comparecencia. Muchos de ellos son abogados recién recibidos para los que los salarios estatales resultan suficientemente atractivas en esta etapa de su carrera y están interesados en el entrenamiento que puedan conseguir de esta manera. certificación. Abogado. rasgo típico (s). (Intro al USA).5. Tentativa. rasgo. evidencia. evidenciar. Apoderado. los que están en la esfera judicial. declarar. corroborar. aquí. que 312 .Mod. endoso. el aseso-ramiento y la redacción de documentos jurídicos. Attend. afirmar. probar. Drn' curador. (Cód. Mandatario. calidad. licenciado. representante. deposición. declaración. no necesariamente abogado. Attorney. Attestor. No se tienen en cuenta. Parte de una declaración jurada donde consta que el documento ha cumplido con todas las formalidades de la ley. Parte final de un testamento. Doctrina que responsabiliza al propietario de un inmueble por los daños que puedan sufrir los niños atraídos a jugar por tal inmueble. Pen. hoy dos de cada veinte abogados son funcionarios nacionales. amparar. Procurador general. autenticar. condición. Honorarios judiciales. él: A propósito incurre en conducta que constituiría el delito si las circunstancias concurrentes fueran como él las creyó. Attesting. Testificante. para luego utilizarlo en el ejercicio privado. ensayo. endosar.01(1)). prueba. No existe una división de los abogados según función. Attorney at law. Una persona es culpable de una tentativa para cometer un delito si. cargar. consejero. corporate. deponer. corroboración. imponer. Típicamente se halla tal cláusula al final de un testamento. Tentativa. para realizar actos ordinarios. Atestiguado. administrador. acreditar. Abogado interviene en el juicio. cooperar. dos están empleados por empresas privadas. Attribute. Una evolución similar ha tenido lugar en la administración. al actuar con la especie de culpabilidad que de otra manera se requiere para la comisión del delito.. de condado o municipales. Attest. Attorney. independiente. tirano. Política de austeridad. Facultades aparentes. déspota. Autopsia. Ley que contempla la responsabilidad del conductor. Auto theft. libertad. autorizado. Auténtico. venta judicial (s). Autógrafo. ascetismo. inventar (v). experto contable. consentimiento. Disponible. Imputación. frugal. Autocratic. Autograph. Rematador. La autoridad. Authority. de emergencia. independencia. utilizable. Authenticate. la administración. sobrio. poder. apparent. Austerity policity. Authentication. incidental. secundario. soberano. sec. legítimo. poder general. legalización. Aval. el gobierno. subastador. inventor (s). Authority. Agency.fuente legal. Auction. Fed. autarquía. imposición. 7). Autoridad. Alegar. venta al mejor postor. certificación. Authorities. Autenticar. Hurto de automóviles. aunque no reales. al enterarse que eran ejercidas. (v).Aver Attribution. Authority. contrafirma. respecto de los acompañantes que sufren daños. dureza. En términos forenses se utiliza la palabra "hearing. licencia. 2nd. crear. remate. (Rstmnt. Auditor. Authority. Autopsy. Austerity. corroborar. Available. estrechez. Authentic manner. Authentication or identificatión of evidence. Autonomy. endoso. asignación. Facultades derivadas de la falta de oposición por quien. revisor de cuentas. memorias. express. Auxiliary. influencia. Autocracia. certificar. Auctioneer. contador público. Autonomía. subasta. examen post mortem. garantía. decir. licitación. permiso. Inspeccionar un sistema de contabilidad. libre. Facultades implícitas. puja. creador. Authority. Autor. ahorro. Autócrata. general. aprobación. en caso de un choque. Forma fehaciente. Autenticidad. consentir. Autonomous. Autoridad es el poder del mandatario para afectar las relaciones legales del mandante mediante actos realizados de acuerdo a las manifestaciones de consentimientos hechos por el mandante al mandatario. endilgamiento. nexo causal. acreditar. Auxiliar. (Regla 901." Audit. acreditación. Escribir. soberanía. legalizado. inicial. R. Facultades genéricas. Auditor. condición de verdadero. retraído. fidedigno. Autocrítico. cargo. efectivamente recibidas. Autobiografía. Facultades expresas. Facultades incidentales. aprobar.). Autenticación. Automobile guest statute. sin meditar ni pensar. Authorization. Autocrat. Con facultades reales.Poder para actuar. Inspección o verificación contable (s). contador. Austero. subsidiario. Authority. Authority. autárquico. etc. inculpación. 313 . convencimiento. permitir. reflejamente. Aval. Automáticamente. expedito. verdadero. Authenticity. indubitable. comprobar gastos. Author. actual. cierto. Autobiográfico Autobiography. Authority by estoppel. Audiencia concedida por alguien de oran importancia. restricción del gasto público. Audíence. Aver. Rematar (v). Austeridad. Austere. Autenticación o identificación de evidencia. Evid. visar. economía. Autorización. Autorizar. implied. Autocracy. dominio. abierto. no protestó si razonablemente era de esperar que protestase en caso de desacuerdo. manifestar. a mano. El requisito de autenticación o identificación como condición previa a la admisibilidad se satisface con evidencia suficiente para sostener una determinación de que la materia en cuestión es lo que el proponente pretende. legalizar. venia. Atribución. firma. Subasta. Automatically. Autónomo. autogobierno. Autobiographical. Authentic. real. genuino. certeza. Authorize. económico. reconocer Avowal. Parte que admite o confiesa. Ley de los grandes números. Alegación. cancelar. Axis. Por ejemplo. Avowant. Esquivar. adjudicador. Axiomatic. Promedio. Aviación. juez. Admitir. confesión. manifestación. piloto. Admisión. afirmación. mediano. Axiomático. medio. atribuir disponer. tribunal. corte. distribuir (v). Avulsión. aliniamiento de intereses. Average man test. En sentido figurado. Awarder. cálculos de probabilidades. estadísticas. Axiom. Arbitro. Examen del hombre ordinario. término medio. law of. ponencia. alegato. invalidar un acto. 314 .Average Average. asentir. Aviator. declaración. Dar. bloquear. Award. Avoidable consequences. reconocimiento. común. equidistante. estándard. Avoid. Acto de evitar. anular. escapar a las consecuencias. Avulsion. asignar. Aviador. Consecuencias evitables. Evitar. aseveración. Aviation. sustraerse. Laudo arbitral. Eje. anular. Cancelar. confesar. coalición. aeronavegación. Averages. Avow. Axioma. mediocre. perjuicios que pue- den ser minimizados por actos de una de las partes. Averment. Sistema para determinar si un jurado propuesto está tan vinculado al caso como para resultar parcial. Avoidance. bandalaje. Fianza para obtener excarcelacion. entonces. Badge. timorato. Deuda incobrable. con capacidad nupcial. garantizar(v). Para comenzar a estudiarlo hace falta contar con un titulo previo. grupo. Antes de Crista. bandolerismo. contrapeso. con cargo de devolverlo posterior-mente. Bailee. de aplicacion forense. debil mental. Banda. ofreciendoles algunas mercaderias a bajo precio para que compren otra mas caras. Ujier. anterior. Bachiller en leyes. Asignatario. distintivo. Bail. Retardado. abogado diplomado. Bachelor. bandolero. Alquiler atrasado. Backward. Fardo. Remanente. salteador. Las ultimas cuotas re-presentan mayoritariamente. Depositario judicial o legal. Tecnica mercantil para atraer clientes. Balance due. equilibrio. Excarcelable. Balance. Bad conduct. en mora.garantia (s). LL. Bandage. delincuencia. Bandit. Sistema electoral que impone una segunda rueda si en la primera no se obtiene una proportion mayoritaria minima preestablecida. Balastro. Back pay.equivocado. sobre amas de fuego y balas. Dar fianza. Bad. o linicamente. Puede. Bailable. tras.B. malhechor. Voto. Aplomo. Atras. comicios. Bail bond. atracador. Ballotage. Retraido. fascineroso. elegir. sufragio.locatario. cuadrilla. Back. Votar. el pago del cuerpo de la deuda. Salario devengado y no pagado o pagado tardiamente. Mala conducta. Back rent. recipiente. Mala fe. Balloting. Sujeto a fianza. lastre. (Intro al USA). . voto. Rasgo identificatorio. Instrumento de deuda que se paga por cuotas. celibe. Band. pandilla. election. Acuerdo por el cual un objeto se recibio por quien no es su dueno. Equilibrar. barra. saldo. voz (s). El estudiante norteame-ricano termina habitualmente la escuela secundaria (high school). Insignia. intentar ingresar a una universidad o a un college (que pueden ser privados o estaduales) para comenzar una education general (college education) que conduce a un titulo de Bachelor al cabo de cuatro años. Vendas. a la edad de 17 6 18 anos. Balance. Oficial de un tribunal. boleta. Persona que entrega a otra un objeto para su custodia y eventual devolution. El derecho es carrera de post-grado en los Estados Unidos. primitivo. caucion. Bad debt. Bailiff. Bale. gradua-do en derecho. Cheque sin provision de fondos. Banditism. Retrogrado. Ballistics. excedente. Fianza. Balance sheet. o linicamente. Depositante. sufragio. Balloon note. Bachiller. afianzamiento. afianzar. ladron. el pago de los intereses. Las primeras cuotas repre-sentan mayoritariamente. votaci6n. Bachelor of laws. comodatario. timido. dañino. Contrato de deposito. sufragar (v). Bailor. sobrante. bando. Soltero. Ballot. Bait and switch. detras. chapa. Malo. especialmente los activos y pasivos contables (v). dafioso. incorrecto. Estudio sistematizado. Papeleta. Ballast. defectuoso. solvencia moral (s). Parte que recibe un objeto que debe custodiar y restituir oportunamente. cautela.B B. incivilizado. Bandidaje. criminalidad. Saldo deudor de una cuenta. Bad check. depositario. Bandido. susceptible de caución. 315 Bailment.C. vendaje. Bad faith. Balistica. etapa final del sistema escolar publico gratuito. peso. Saldo vencido. falencia. Regatear discutir el precio. contrato. Bankrupt. . denominación. 316 Bare owner. Bankruptcy. Bases jurisdiccionales sobre individuos. Barring. código de comercio uniforme.U.). Barrack. caducidad. pagarés y otra clase de valores negociables. promoción de pleitos innecesarios. Básico esencial. barricada. Bargainee. La reglamentación del ejercicio de la profesión de abogado es responsabilidad de los estados. 3). Nuda propiedad. parapeto. Prohibición. Prefacio). Barrera. temeridad y malicia procesal. traficar en oro y plata y en general en toda clase de negocios bancarios. Basado en. obstaculizar (v). c) residencia. interdicción. concursado. insolvente. Base year. Actividades bancarias o financieras. Persona que retiene la titularidad del inmueble. barra. 27). autorizada por la ley para recibir depósitos en efectivo o valores. improductivo. cada uno de los cuales establece los requisitos que un abogado debe cumplir para poder ejercer en su jurisdicción. Bautismo. apuntalar financieramente. Bare ownership. impedimento. Fe de bautismo. negociar (v). (Rstmnt. k) otras relaciones con el estado que hacen razonable el ejercicio de la jurisdicción judicial (Rstmnt. Se entiende por "Banco" una corporación doméstica con suficiente capital. Un estado tiene poder para ejercitar jurisdicción judicial sobre un individuo apoyándose en una o más de las siguientes bases: a) presencia física. 3). Colegio de abogados. Conflict. Bargainor. Bandidaje. bandalaje. Tales transacciones han alcanzado cifras enormes. ocasión. limitado. Chicanería. Cobranzas y depósitos bancarios. Estéril. concurso de acreedores. deportación. traba. (7 LPRA sec. Banca. obstáculo. comprar y vender giros. ruina. sec. hacer préstamos. Bancarrota. Excluyendo. abogacía (s). Abogado en el sistema inglés que se especializa en litigación.. bandolerismo. Banking. prohibir. abrir créditos y cuentas corrientes y de ahorros. Parte adquirente. ejecución o cumpliendo o para intercambio de actuaciones. (C. Colegio de abogados. Elemental. Bases of judicial jurisdiction over individuais. Bank deposits and collections. Propiedad despojada de su uso y goce. Año básico o de base. revelar (v). colapso. ostracismo. consenso.Banditry Banditry. criminalidad. Banquero. impedir. delincuencia. (Intro al USA). Baptismal record. Banishment. desértico. j) propiedad. pero h cedido el uso y goce. bautizo. Se estima que en toda la nación los bancos manipulan efectos bancarios en un número que oscila entre 25 y 50 millones en cada día laborable. Bankruptcy assets. Descubrir. sustancia. ejecuciones o cumplimientos. Bar and merger. Desnudo. Bank. Cosa juzgada. Barrier. desmoronamiento. dejando de lado. b) domicilio. Based upon. sec. Cuartel. destierro. Negociación. Bar. pacto. Bare. restringido. Barren. comunicar. Eludir. Masa de la quiebra. Una negociación consiste de un intercambio de promesas. principal. g) llevar a cabo negocios en el estado.C. Bargain. Barratry. Acuerdo. operar con cierto banco (v). Banco. Parte transferente. o el intercambio de una promesa a cambio de una actuación.. Baptism. fallido. simple. uso o posesión de una cosa en el estado. e) consentimiento. Basic. (s). Banker. Prescripción. Exilio. 2nd Con. i) causar un efecto en el estado por un acto realizado en cualquier otra lugar. h) un acto realizado en el estado. Barrister. Nudo propietario. d) nacionalidad o ciudadanía. barrister-at-law (G. Bancar. uniform commercial code.B. restando sólo la facultad de alienar. Colegio de abogados. El Artículo 4 se ocupa de esta rama. transacción ventajosa (s). f) comparecencia judicial. descontar giros. Bar Association. insolvencia. 2nd. quiebra. Quebrado. Desastre. Facultad de gozar de la propiedad de una cosa. Torts. Beneficioso. o un tercero. tenedor. Generar. b) ocurre un contacto dañoso contra esa otra persona. sec. favorable. soldado. aunque el propietario legal sea otra persona. Hijo extramatrimonial. Magistratura. batalla. provechoso. Una parte asume el riesgo de un error cuando: a) el riego se le ha señalado. ganar. Battle of forms. Bearer. convencimiento. 2nd. Beligerante. sec. Cesionario de un derecho. Bastardy. Beneficial. Behoove. ya sea en forma directa o indirecta. Battered wife. Bawdy house. anteriormente. crear. Be it enacted. Beacon. (Rstmnt. prostíbulo. parecer. Belief. Derecho que en equidad tiene el beneficiario de un trust. 2nd. Be it resolved. Beneficial use. Prin. harmful contact. secta. convicción. utilidad (s). Belligerent. Benef it. doctrina. Being duly sworn. Bench. o hay una inminente aprehensión de que tal contacto ocurrirá y. ofensiva. ante. Recipiente de dinero o de algún objeto. ya sea en forma directa o indirecta. Antes. Beneficial interest. Battery. o que luego y sin demora le comunique a la otra. inamistoso. Before. Juicio realizado sin un jurado.. binding. Sostener. Surtir efecto. poder judicial. depositario. Con. Beneficiarse. mantener. contacto dañoso. el contrato se entenderá celebrado en base a lo acordado y a lo dispuesto en aquellas cláusulas estándar que sean sustancialmente comunes. de que sólo tiene un conocimiento limitado con respecto a los hechos con los que se relaciona el error. 317 . espurio. lucrativo. Portador. falso. operaciones. ventaja. Torts. o b) él está conciente al momento en que se celebra el contrato.. en mi presencia. Beligerancia. desinteresado. acordar una ventaja o favor (v). belicosidad. Battery. (Rstmnt. gratis. credo. juicio. benéfico. (Rstmnt. Un persona será responsable ante otra persona por agresión si: a) actúa con la intención de causar un contacto físico dañoso u ofensivo en esa otra persona. Baliza. Beneficiario.13). Bastardía. Beneficio.22). militante. pero creyó que su conocimiento limitado era suficiente. lucha. corte. Benef iciary. Bef ore me. hostilidades. Adulterado. (Unidroit. Orden de arresto emitida por el juez durante una audiencia. Cuando ambas partes utilizan cláusulas estándar y llegan a un acuerdo excepto en cuanto a dichas cláusulas. Banco. producir. Creencia. Bear. útil. Portar armas. art. que no tiene el propósito de quedar obligada por dicho contrato. sec. recipiente. o c) el riesgo le ha sido asignado a él por la corte con el fundamento de que es razonable hacerlo en tales circunstancias. pero no de venderla. guía. condición de bastardo. b) ocurre un contacto dañoso contra esa otra persona. tribunal. ganancioso. Bench trial. o hay una inminente aprehensión de que tal contacto ocurrirá y. Benevolente. Benevolent. belicoso. ganancia. Mujer que ha sufrido malos tratos por parte de su marido. religión. Antagónico. 2. Become effective. Conflicto entre formularios. Bear arms. combate. certeza. 13). 154). Bastardo. ilegítimo o natural. Ante mí. Habiendo prestado debido juramento. rendimiento. Decrétase. Interés o derecho económico. sacar provecho. Belligerancy. guerra. Tolerar. Bearing the risk of mistake. desnaturalizado. anterior. offensive contact. 2nd. Bench warrant. a menos que una de las partes hubiera indicado claramente con antelación. conjetura. hostil. suposición.Benevolent Bastard. Se resuelve. Concernir. dogma. Asunción del riesgo de error. Agresión. caritativo. Casa de tolerancia. por acuerdo de las parte. Agresión. o un tercero. guerrero. falsificado. combatiente. contacto ofensivo. certidumbre. en el que el juez decide tanto cuestiones de hecho como de derecho. Una persona será responsable ante otra persona por agresión si: a) actúa con la intención de causar un contacto físico dañoso u ofensivo en esa otra persona. por sobre. mejorar (v). "Carta de porte" o "conocimiento de embarque" significa un documento que evidencia el recibo de mercancías para su embarque expedido por una persona dedicada al negocio de transportación o embarque de mercancías e incluye un conocimiento aéreo. Bias. enorme.C. Sobrepasar. Fed. Bigamia.Bequeath Bequeath. Figue-roa Pérez. mejoramiento. Bigamy. interés.R. (Reglas 1002. grande.). Bilateral act. Bills in a set. enaltecimiento. se requerirá el original del escrito. proposición. mutuo recí-proco. Bicameral. . Sus cláusulas principales disponen que ningún estado podrá "privar a ninguna persona la igual protección de las leyes dentro se su jurisdicción. Beyond. licitación. perfeccionamiento. Necesidad del original. puja (s). Legado. Bilateral. engaño. Bet. grabación o fotografía. Se trata normalmente de una situación social que no genera una situación jurídica distinta. ulterior. mejoría. constreñir.Evid. patrón monetario de oro y de plata. y que originalmente estuvieron destinadas a abolir la esclavitud y asegurar la libertad de los negros. a menos que otra cosa se disponga en estas reglas o por ley del Congreso. to the. sobre. Bill. 96 D. maquinación. Compromiso para casarse. donante. Obligar. Bigamo. testador. Parcialidad. considerable. Beyond a reasonable doubt standard. Letra de cambio. propuesta legislativa Cuenta. Apuesta (s). propuesta de precio. Situación en la cual a sabiendas una persona contrae matrimonio 318 sin haberse disuelto un matrimonio ante-rior. cargar. Best evidence rule. Bequest. consensual. Según mi leal saber y entender. Carta de porte. precio sugerido. avance.P. Ley de proscripción. Para probar el contenido de un escrito. prejuicio. propensidad. Bill of attainder. De aun mayor significación son las garantías con la Constitución federal protege al individuo frente a los estados. Bill of exchange. Bidding. asegura los derechos del individuo frente al gobierno federal. R. Letra en diversos ejemplares. Betrayal. Mejora. forzar. infidencia. Carta de derechos civiles. Hacer una propuesta de precio durante una licitación. sec. Propuesta o conjunto de propuestas. mandar una cuenta. Bimetalism. Mas allá de una duda razonable. Cámara de representantes y senado. Bequeather. Bimetalismo. ofrecimiento. Es el grado de convicción que debe alcanzarse para lograr una condena penal. delación. Oferente. Bilateral. falsía. pujar (v). predisposición." (Intro al USA). infidelidad. Proyecto de ley. allende. factura (s). Betterment. Acto bilateral. falsedad. deslealtad. Betrothal. derrotar. Un estatuto de proscripción (bilí of attainder)—estatuto que niega el derecho a un juicio en que las personas afectadas puedan obtener una adjudicación de sus derechos _ es una forma que utilizaba el poder soberano para castigar a una persona designada por su nombre o a miembros determinables de un grupo de personas. 1-201 (6)). Bidder. Facturar. Bind. Su frente principal es la Decimocuarta Enmienda. Bicameral. Oferta. que requiere un mínimo de dos partes. Bill of Rights. (C. Bill of lading. (Pueblo v. Apostar (v). Legador. sustancial. Bigamist. 6 (1968)). Licitación. 1003. Big. lo mejor (s). debitar (v). donación o manda testamentaria. Best of my knowledge and belief. imponer ligar. Legar. Best. Bid. Traición. desarrollado. Amplio. inmenso. Más allá. adelanto. formado por las primeras diez enmiendas ratificadas en 1791. Mejor de todos. postar en una licitación. donar o hacer una manda testamentaria da'un bien mueble. inclinación. grabación o fotografía. comprometer. subjetividad. El Bill of Rights. la más importante de las tres enmiendas a la Constitución que se adoptaron después de la Guerra Civil. Consensual.U. exacción. Derramamiento de sangre. Blackmailer. Boilerplate. Blue-chip stocks. estropear. plenario. Blocking statute. Efecto vinculante del contrato. fe de bautismo. en blanco. art. culpar. Birth delivery. Binding authority. agente. Cachiporra. maldición. El término es despectivo y su319 . Obligatorio. Fuente jurídica formal. Blockade. Gastos por alimentos o comidas (s). así como leyes. pleno. junta. agravio. Ciego. Blasphemy. Board of directors. Tachadura. borrón. Regulación administrativa de comercialización de títulos-valores. 1121). muerte. discriminación (s). Abordar. etc. firma. Blanket disability. responsabilidad. Birthplace. organización. Incapacidad general. oponible. Lista negra para negar empleo. Consejo de incautación. Así también se habla de white acre. Black acre. modelo. organismo. Cuerpo. Lista negra. Black letter law. Bloquear. Este tipo de acciones. asediar. Blind. violencia. ensuciar. Mercado negro. boicot. Nacimiento. 134). (26 LPRAsec. Acciones de empresas fuertes y prestigiosas. induzca en cualquier forma. Es el derecho expresado en forma clara y convincente en materiales estatutarios. Resguardo provisional. Body. Podrá ser oral o escrito. de obligatoria aplicación. Black list to prevent employment. Bloodshed. (Unidroit. Black market. grosería. tachón. extorsión. 1. repetitivas y que han sido incorporadas a un nuevo documento. Cualquier persona. Board. imitado. etc. Junta de directores. Partida de nacimiento.3). Binding character of contract. reglamentos. El resguardo provisional se utiliza para hacer obligatorio el seguro temporalmente. Birthday. fecha de nacimiento. Censurar. ofensa. o notifique a cualquier otra firma. Bodily heir. Comité. Todo contrato celebrado válidamente es vinculante para las partes. BindIng. o encargado que por motivo de opiniones políticas. Board of receivers. Blot. perjudicar. Cuaderno de bitácora. forma. corporación o patrono a que a uno o más trabajadores no se les dé trabajo y que sean anotados en cualquier forma con el propósito de no darles trabajos o prevenir que lo obtengan en cualquier localidad. Board and lodging. no vidente. hecho sangriento. reproche (s). decretos. Bloqueo. Birth certificate. Birth control. reunión. Chantajear (v). será culpable del delito menos grave. subir abordo de una nave o vehículo (v). Bogus. Cláusulas. Censura. nacimiento. Ley promulgada en un país para combatir. clava. neutralizar o compensar por los efectos extra territoriales de una ley extranjera. Herederos de sangre. Formulario. acordonar (v). Falso. asedio. Prin. compulsivo. garrote. Blackjack. Chantaje. normalmente de un contrato. Vacío. que normalmente cotizan en bolsa. Parto. acta de nacimiento. mancillar. Black list. Cadáver. entidad. forzoso. corporación. cordón (s). vinculante.Boilerplate Binder. Arruinar. juramento. Chantajista. manchar. palo. Binnacle book. green acre. amenaza. reniego. intimidación (s). Blasfemia. Birth. Culpa. Nombre ficticio que se le da a una propiedad inmueble cuando se quiere explicar o enseñar un punto jurídico. o patrono. crueldad. desaprobación. origen. asociación. Boicotear (v). Blemish. se consideran una inversión segura. junta directiva. incompleto. Comida y habitación. responsabilizar (v). descendientes. dar a luz. pendiente de expedición de la póliza. inicio. comienzo. Lugar de nacimiento. ente. Control de la natalidad. irreverencia. órgano. (29 LPRA sec. Blue-sky laws. directorio. copiadas de otra parte. Blackmail. Blame. condena. extorsionista. porro.. espurio. Blank. Cumpleaños. falsificado. incumplimiento. exclusión. reyerta. Vínculo. Torts. Tomar prestado. bonificación. garantizar (v). Dícese de alguien a quien se le atribuyen anticipadamente ciertas cualidades. Estar en posición limítrofe o muy vecina (v). inteligencia. Disturbio de la tranquilidad pública. Braín. botín de guerra. división. cuaderno. librejo. contable. Bread winner. contravenir. Ligado. Libro. Bonus. separación (s). violación (s). Breakage. Empresa que extiende garantías en forma profesional. quiebra. adjunto. Bound. Incumplir. Lavado de cerebro. prima recompensa. quebrar. Bondage. constreñido. Bookkeeper. trasgredir. discordia. sec. Bond. Abrir a viva fuerza. libreta. nominal. ligamento. señal (s). ligazón. Valor original.. bono. reintegro. . frontera. 2nd. compelido. designación industrial. Deudor. rompimiento. fianza. 235(2)). Proporción pequeña de la carga que normalmente se pierde sin que medie culpa ni negligencia del transportista. Merma. Sección. libreta. perímetro (s). despojo. valores. garantía (s). Obligado. lo que no se cumpla es incumplimiento (Rstmnt. (14 LPRA sec. Persona que aparece como garante. Bomb scare. disolución. refriega. adosado. Borrower. Breach of contract. Límite. inobservancia. Con. Ruptura. Breach of peace. Catego-rizado. quebrantamiento. Persona que gana su propio sustento. Marcado (para animales). lista negra. violar (v). Bonding company. atado. desavenencia. rompimiento. próximo. Romper. Breach of warranty. Valor histórico. transgresión. Book. registrado en los libros contables. Booklet. Rompimiento. Bonded warehouses. Brawl. descuento. Brand. Bonificación. adyacente. Botín. Almacenes de adeudo. limítrofe. separar (v). Book value. linde. persona que toma prestado. Tenedor de libros. Bondsman. intelecto. presa. linde. disolver. folleto. Adquirente de buena fe. con fianza. Incumplimiento contractual. confín. Tomar como propio. Caución. Bona f ide purchaser. generalmente negativas. 116). Cuando el cumplimiento de una obligación bajo un contrato se torna exigi-ble. pelea. folletín. (Rstmnt. anexo. Registrar un arresto (v). Afianzar. disputa. Vecino. título-valor. Los locales destinados para almacenes de adeudo serán construidos en el sitio. unión. Sostén de familia. o un acto que cause o pueda causar un disturbio inmediato del orden público. contravención. romper. Boundary. alboroto. logo. Cate-gorizar derogativamente a una persona Marcar (v). clasificado de antemano. sesos sustancia gris. garantizado. premio. 2nd. contador. perímetro. El disturbio de la tranquilidad es una ofensa pública cometida mediante violencia. Border. librito. quebrantar. 6058/63). sec. seña. Insignia. parte (s). hito. Break. Pelea. ligamen. Booty. capítulo. Bordering. pelear. tomo. en la forma y del material que el Secretario prescribiere. límite. Medidas de seguridad puestas en marcha ante la posible presencia de una bomba activada. efecto de comercio. Bonded. Cerebro. conmoción. quebrantamiento. requerido por ley. Marca comercial. Boicot. Frontera. Braín wash. 320 Bounty. caucionar. Break open. Borrow. premio. Boycott. Branded. aguinaldo. Breach. línea divisoria. Libro pequeño. infracción. influencia ejercida en la voluntad de un individuo (s) Convencer totalmente a alguien (v). bono.Bomb scare giere que tales clausulas no son muy importantes. Estado de esclavitud o de servidumbre. Bono. Asegurado. yuxtapuesto. Violación de una garantía. Título. volumen. secs. agente. Prefacio). estimación de gastos. esconder. Aparato en el que se expira para medir el contenido de alcool en una persona. una congregación religi°sa' un tribunal colegiado. accidente. "Cesión a granel" será cualquier cesión a granel y no en el curso ordinario de los negocios del cedente de la mayor parte de materiales. corrupción. Edificio. Reasegurado en masa. edificación. casa de prostitución. información. bandido. cohecho. participación. se ocupa de las ventas a granel para evitar el fraude a los acreedores. Bring an action. últimos ritos. Brigand. proyectil. Burglar. por ejemplo. suministros. Préstamo financiero por un período corto. enjuiciar. cápsula. Bulk transfers. filibustero. percance. Corretaje. hurtador. funeral. 6-102. incluyendo aquellas que manufacturen lo que venden. Empresas comerciales. Breve. Salteador. Enterrar. rapaz. Bullet. oreathalyzer. malhechor. agencia. sepultura. (C. Corredor. enjuiciar. Brethren. bandalaje. transacción. (C. Bull market. inhumación.C. intermediación. Informar. dirección. Soborno cohecho. lupanar. Burden of proof. entidad. delincuencia. Cesiones a granel. Brook. encausar. Las empresas serán aquéllas cuyo negocio principal fuere la venta de mercancías en existencia. bandolero. Desbaratamiento. Bridge loan. panfleto. La mayoría de los Estados tienen actualmente leyes sobre esta materia. departamento. pero no en otra forma. Soborno. argumento (s). negociado. etc. mercancías u otro inventario. Presupuesto. ente. Oficina. Entablar acción. caída. cuñado. Buccaneer. encartar. Escrito. matrero. en su Artículo 6. Sobornar. Bury. munición. Las empresas comerciales están organizadas casi invariablemente de acuerdo al Derecho estadual. caco. Briber. Negocio. Mercado de valores en alza. cohechar. típicamente con fractura o escalamiento y durante la noche. conciso. Hermano. Burdel. corrupción (s). Ocultar. Ventas a granel. corromper (v). Boletín. atracador. Bandidaje. Bulk reinsurance. v. prostíbulo. presentar demanda. Demandar. corsario. Brief. gr¡be. gribery. Robo agravado. criminalidad. Este Artículo busca simplificar y uniformar las bulk sales laws en los Estados que adopten esta Ley. Entierro. parte. casa de tolerancia. Brigandage. encausar. Estilo antiguo de mencionar a los integrantes de una organización en particular como.C. Budget. Hermano político. Burial. carga de la prueba. El Código de Comercio Uniforme. mancebía. repartición. pirata. Brother-in-law. Brother. Bala. sepulcro. Bulletin. onus probandi. bandido. Bucanero. La cesión de una parte importante del equipo de dicha empresa será una cesión a granel si se hiciere en conexión con una cesión a granel de inventario. y las corporaciones se han considerado históricamente como basadas 321 .Business enterprises oakdown. alegato. presupuesto. vería. daño. Arroyo. Bulk sales. comunicado.. Brokerage. asunto. llevar a los tribunales. construcción. Bureau. querellar. intermediario. Se opone a bear market. Sobornador. Brothel. a prueba de balas. bandolero. normalmente para atender a una necesidad urgente.6-103). Business. Business enterprises. Blindado. expoleador. poner al corriente (v). informe. ocupación. ejecutar.U. Ladrón. sepultar.U. Bring suit. fascineroso. accionar. Peso de la prueba. sumario. que es un mercado menos vigoroso. inmueble. Building. Bulletproof. anuncio. Burgiary. inhumar. bandolerismo. pero hay muchas variantes de unas a otras y el Código Uniforme ha seleccionado la mejor de cada una para uniformarlas del modo más práctico. Broker. desquiciamiento. 120(9)). títulos de inversión (en especial acciones y bonos). en su certificado de incorporación. Se consideran incluidos los temas de: venta de bienes. La facultad para hacer. títulos de crédito. Bylaws. inclusive los impuestos. 1109). reglamentos. Adueñarse. Significa una persona. Los estatutos iniciales de la corporación podrán adoptarse por los incorporadores. (Intro al USA). adquirente. documentos negociables (en especial pagarés. conferir tal facultad a los directores. Para el abogado practicante la práctica del derecho puede ser comercial en la medida en que se ocupe de todos los aspectos del comercio. depósitos y recaudaciones bancarios. Estatutos. Persona de negocios. Buy. Comprar. Derecho comercial. Busínessman. títulos de propiedad (en especial conocimientos de embarque y recibos de almacenamiento). comerciante. Buyer in ordinary course of busines Comprador en el curso ordinario del neo' ció.Business law en derechos otorgados por los estados. y operaciones garantidas (inclusive cesiones de deudas). adquirir. (IntroalUSA). 322 . la corporación podrá. Business law. aprop-Buyer. letras de cambio y cheques). No obstante. Comprador. pero con el advenimiento del Código Comercial Uniforme el término comercial ha adquirido una significación más restringida. (14 LPRA sec. alterar o derogar posteriormente los estatutos corresponde a los accionistas. que de buena f' y sin conocimiento de que la venta hech él es en violación de los derechos de n* ' piedad o derechos garantizados de un t«" cero en las mercancías compradas en i curso ordinario de una persona dedicada al negocio de venta mercancías de esa clase pero no incluye a los prestamistas (C C l sec. denominar. gobierno. El vendedor contrata el seguro y paga la correspondiente prima. Llamada.C. Cali. Orden del día.C. Proclamación (s). proclamar (v). El riesgo de pérdida o daño de la mercancía. Cabinet. ordenar la comparecencia. Gritar. anunciar. (C. (Incoterms).U. Trimestre natural. Telegrama. Cadena. Caducante. (carriage and insurance paid to). Ver C. cartera. que soporta el comprador. nombrar. Denominación. C F. consejo. Bajo el término C. and Freight significa que el vendedor tiene las mismas obligaciones que bajo CFR. Caducary. titular. (Incoterms). Ver C. El término C.R. Caducidad. Significa que el vendedor paga el flete del transporte de la mercancía hasta el destino mencionado. insurance. in-oponibilidad. de pérdida o daño de la mercancía c durante el transporte. Dinero invertido por un período breve. falta de acción. Cadaveric.I. se transfiere del vendedor al comprador cuando la mercancía traspasa la borda del buque en el puerto de embarque.I. Lista de casos para ser sustanciados. con el añadido de que ha de conseguir un seguro para la carga contra el riesgo. (cost.F. Citación. generalmente a corto plazo. Cable. directorio. Ministerio.F. & p. si bien. fax.I. o C. &F.C. (cost & f reigh*).r & F. El término C. Designar. Opción de compra. Calendar. así como cualquier gasto adicional debido a acontecimientos ocurridos después del momento en que la mercancía haya sido entregada a bordo del buque. sec. C. U. menor.F. infante. cuya devolución puede exigirse en cualquier momento. Calendar year. Cali option. significa que el precio incluye en una suma alzada el costo de las mercancías y el seguro y flete al destino señalado. Lista de casos pendientes de adjudicación.I. invocar. 2-320). s¡ F o su equivalente tiene el mismo efecto impone en el vendedor las mismas obligaciones y riesgos que el término C. agenda.I. (carriage paid to). Evocar. Significa que el vendedor ha de pagar los gastos y el flete necesarios para hacer llegar la mercancía al puerto de destino convenido. Citar. Significa que el vendedor tiene las mismas obli gaciones que bajo CPT.(cost and f reight). si bien el riesgo de pérdida o daño de la mercancía. Cadavérico. sec. Junta consultiva. así como cualquier gasto adicional debido a acontecimientos que ocurran después del momento en que la mercancía haya sido entregada al transportista. ha de conseguir seguro marítimo de cobertura de los riesgos del comprador de pérdida o daño de la mercancía durante el transporte.P.F. Caducity.I.F. Calendar quarter. significa que el precio de esa manera incluye costo y flete al destino señalado. apellidar. (Incoterms). emplazar. y F. Atraer. El vendedor contrata el seguro y paga la prima correspondiente. Cost. Insurance. convidar. Invitación. Cadete. Llamado a las partes para que se presenten a las audiencias fijadas para ese día. C. Llamar. Almanaque. excepto la obligación referente al seguro. 323 .F. Cali loan. Préstamo. Calendario. f reight). Evocación. Año natural. Savo pacto en contrario el término C. C. Cadet. (Incoterms). además. 320(1) (2)(4)).F. Cali money. (C.R. Cable. se transfiere del vendedor al comprador cuando la mercancía ha sido entregada a la custodia del transportista.T. mortecino. Gabinete. Calendar cali.P. telex. invitar.. salvo pacto en contrario el comprador hará el pago contra la oferta formal de los documentos requeridos y el vendedor no podrá ofrecer formalmente ni el comprador podrá demandar la entrega de las mercancías en sustitución de los documentos. C. Derecho canónico. contenencia contenido.R. Calumníate. Capacity. terminar. Ver calumny. anular. agraviar. v. abolir.P. Metrópolis. denigrar. redimible. edicto. Calígrafo. idoneidad. campamento militar. mentir. Capacity to contract. Fed. salvo la que actúa en su capacidad representativa. importante. Cancel. Canvasser. Campo. deshonrar. Cancelar. Capable. Capacity to sue or be sued. acabar. Capitalization. Calumniador. Cámara. Cancelación. Capaz. Calumny. derecho eclesiástico. Lo más elevado. Capacidad para demandar o ser demandado. Calligraphy. Calligrapher. ciudad principal. abrogación. facultades poder. borrar. revocación. Calumnia. aumento del capital. ni tan siquiera en aquellos contratos que sean anulables. Capitalización. Calumnioso. sede de gobierno. rescindir. Capacidad. 2nd Con. efectivo. Pena capital. Capitación. Principio antiguo según el cual el mar territorial se extendía por la superficie cubierta por un tiro de cañón desde la costa. destreza. sustancial. Canon law. abolición. Disponiendo de las facultades legales necesarias. 12). sec. código. Cancelable. Cannon shot. Cabida. Requerir la atención de alguien o de un grupo de gente. fondos. habilidad. derogable. escritura. talentoso. . terminación. Capitalize. Capital offense. Capacidad para contratar. revocar. Civ. disposición. Persona que trabaja en escrutinios electorales ya sea contando y recontando 324 votos. Capital punishment. relativo a la escritura. Cancelable. para demandar y ser demandada se determinará por la ley de su domicilio. extinguir. Doctrina que establece la no ingerencia de un Estado en los asuntos de otro y por la cual los inversores extranjeros no pueden solicitar el apoyo de su país. (R. Capitation. Caligráfico. hábil. aptitud. Calumniator. guía. condiciones. o arrendadas por Estados Unidos para proveer residencias adecuadas al personal militar. Básico. Regla. Bienes y derechos. difamatorio. Atribución peyorativa o deshonrosa. Cali to the bar. abrogable. o la pena más alta. (Rstmnt. Calligraphic. Calumnious. Capehart project. calificaciones competencia. Calumniation. impuesto per cápita. Camp. 96 D. Disponibilidades. derogar. talento. despacho del juez. idóneo. 17(b)).Cali to order Cali to order. Capital gains or losses. hecha pública sabiendo que es falsa. Caligrafía. anulación. ordenanza. talento. liquidación. Capital. Proyecto Capehart. acusación falsa. calumniante. Modo particular de escribir. 145 (1968)). El término proyecto Capehart significa un contrato de construcción de viviendas en tierras pertenecientes a. Difamación. calumniante. Capability. revocable. pagar. Dinero. perito calígrafo. condiciones facultades. patrimonio. (Tropicari MFG. diestro. The Coite Somers Co. Rescatable. Llamar al orden. recursos líquidos. Ganancias de capital o pérdidas. fin. capacitado competente.. pago. ya sea apoyando la elección de un partido determinado. apto. decreto. Capitalizar. acusar falsamente. rescisión. Cancellation. Capacidad. Uso de un evento o circunstancia para provecho propio. sec.. Delito que acarrea la pena de muerte. Corp. agravio infundado.. liquidar. Camera. por cada individuo. Canon. calificado. difamar. Momento en que una persona se colegia como abogado y puede ejercer la profesión. extinción. Capital. Aptitud. dictado. sobre otra persona. Calumniar. Calvo doctrine. Callable. abrogar. pauta. Una persona que carezca de capacidad legal no puede obligarse contrac-tualmente. precepto. Condición de valores que pueden ser rescatados por la sociedad emisora. medida. La capacidad de una persona. P. expediente. Copia carbónica. Transportador. jefe. ayudar. Del francés. Titular de una tarjeta de crédito o de otro documento. Case dismissed. Facultad de imputar la pérdida sufrida en un año fiscal a años posteriores. Acción judicial. indiferencia. Por varias razones la doctrina del procedente no ha gozado en los Estados Unidos de la autoridad absoluta que parece haber alcanzado en Inglaterra. conllevar. tesoro. Captain. presa. Tarjeta. El diluvio de fallos sólo es manejable gracias a la existencia de dos sistemas bien organizados. Cardenal. Case ready to be set for hearing. Caretaker. arresto. Capitán. se rechaza la demanda. negligencia. hipótesis. fotocopia. Su obra más conocida es una serie de conferencias bajo el título de The Nature of the Judical Process (1921). Apresadores. cesión. aparejar. Card holder. negligente. cuidador. De la carne. despreocupación. abdicación. precedentes. El American Digest System es el digesto más utilizado. Benjamín. Caso que no se ha presentado antes. leyenda. Guardián. desplazamiento de mercaderías. apresamiento. arreglo. Capitulación. en la especie. procedimiento. Career. que establecen precedentes diferentes en distintas jurisdicciones tienden a disminuir la autoridad de las decisiones individuales. Card. y fue designado juez asociado de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos en 1932. demanda. Ejemplo. indiferente. Asistencia. esencial. querella. Carry. Carro. Precedente judicial. vital. resultar. aprehender. ocupación. Captors. Cargar. despreocupado. custodiar. common law. Carte blanche. encabezamiento. atender. Carrier. predominante. trofeo (s). Carnal. despojo. Cartel. detención. contrato. para ocupar el puesto que Holmes había dejado vacante. abandonado. pacto. Desestimación del recurso. libidinoso. Caso. sexual. acarreador. ajuste. Transportación. Erótico. vocación. aunque aplicada con menos rigidez que en Inglaterra. Acuerdo. Aun si la doctrina del precedente. profesión. Care. Carry over. vagón. Benjamín Nathan Car-dozo (1870-1938) ejerció la profesión en la ciudad de Nueva York después de terminar sus estudios en el Columbia College y en el Columbia School of Laws. Botín. diligencia. Capture.Case reports rapítulation. proceso. está coordinado con el National Repórter System y comprende los fallos de 325 . Facultad de imputar la pérdida sufrida en un año fiscal a años anteriores. Utilizado como verbo significa verificar en un documento de identidad que su titular sea mayor de edad. Descuido. Case law. uno de digestos y otro de citas. No ha lugar. indolente. Cardinal. Aprehensión. causa. derecho común. (IntroalUSA). confiado. Jurisprudencia. instancia. Caption. y fue juez y más tarde presidente de la Corte de Apelaciones de New York. Organización monopólica entre productores o comerciantes destinada a manipular los precios de plaza. casos. Case. (Intro al USA). Título. Derecho decisional. Colecciones de jurisprudencia. coche. interesarse. significa dar autoridad ilimitada a una persona. solicitud (s). Case at bar. resguardar (v). porteador. atención. Res nova. Carelessness. todavía esta firmemente arraigada en los Estados Unidos. Carbón copy. litigio. La rapidez del cambio social ha debilitado a menudo la aplicabilidad de precedentes a casos posteriores surgidos después de que las condiciones económicas y sociales se han alterado. tomar (v). trabajo. entrega. Capturar. llevar. Captura. Careiess. Abandono. rendición. Carrera. envío. Caso de marras. Sumario y párrafo introductorio de un escrito. cargador. La enorme cantidad de fallos. acarreo. Cardozo. decisiones. Case reports. Carry back. Carriage. respecto. Cardinal. Caso listo para señalamiento. Case of f irst impression. Cartel. compartimiento. carnal. Cuidar. Cuidado. proteger. Descuidado. Empresa transportista. Lexis y Westlaw. Catastrophe. moneda. búsqueda por computadora.fortuito. Cases. Casación de un fallo. circulante. Sistema de recibo y pagado. los fallos de los tribunales de primera instancia no se publican. 552(1963)). Srio de Hacienda. Seguro contra accidentes. pesca. Cast. 803). Asamblea. Dinero. Seguro contra responsabilidad legal por muerte. Catástrofe.Casual. Category. inventariar (v). Para que un actor negligente sea sujeto a responsabilidad por el daño causado a otra persona. superficial. salvo en el caso de la justicia federal y unos pocos estados. (Intro al USA). improvisado. Caja. clase. apresar. Botín. semovientes. Ellos permiten al usuario recuperar la mayor parte de los fallos federales y estaduales de las ultimas son décadas y algunos más antiguos. infortunio.Espontáneo. Casos. secuestrar (v). (Ramos Hermanos v. flujo de caja. Cuatrero. Libro caja. Catalogue. listado. (26 LPRA Sec. Cash.R. capturar. Casualty insurance. Cashier. Caucus. Cajero. cite. Cattie livestock. calamidad. libro de caja. decisorio. Aprehender. desgracia. legal cause. Abigeato. La jurisprudencia se encuentra fundamentalmente en las decisiones de las Cortes de apelaciones. nexo de conexión entre dos eventos. Molde. o complementario de éste. lesión o incapacidad de un ser humano. Cash transactions. ya que. lista. clasificación. siniestro Muerte o herida seria producida en un accidente o acción bélica. es necesario probar no solo que la conducta del actor es negligente con relación a otra persona. Reunión de un subgrupo político. 89 D. Voto de calidad. cuando ha sido emitido como protección incidental al seguro de responsabilidad. Tipo de libro usado en escuelas de derecho del common law donde se reproducen sentencias literalmente. departamento. Empleo casual. Revocación de una sentencia y devolución al tribunal de origen para la redacción de un nuevo fallo. semovientes. accidental temporario. echar. Catalogar. "Seguro contra accidentes" incluye el seguro de vehículos. Cash value. Ganado. acompañadas de breves comentarios o de preguntas específicas. división. numerario (s). computer search. Se dispone de dos sistemas computacionales. o por daños a la propiedad. y además es: Seguro de responsabilidad. voto que rompe una situación de empate. Arrojar. metálico. Cassation. clasificar. pero además que la negli- 326 . clasificación. de hospital. Casualty. Cash basis system. Catch. Apostilla. Cástrate. emitir (v). Valor en efectivo. repertorio (s). Efectivo. efectivo. sorprende (s). convención.Casebook las Cortes de apelaciones desde 1658 hasta la actualidad. Accidente. desgracia. Cash f low. matriz (s). Cattie lifter. Ganado. quirúrgicos.no planeado. Casting vote. En el sistema de recibo y pagado el agricultor incluye las partidas de ingresos cuando recibe dinero efectivo a su equivalente y deduce los gastos cuando éstos son satisfechos en efectivo a su equivalente. cuatrerismo. independientemente de la responsabilidad legal del asegurado. Cash book. Causation. comité. Causal. Castrar. caza. Casual. Cases. consejo. Cobrar un cheque u otro documento (v). Casebook.P. Catchline. plata. Operaciones al contado. y suministro de beneficios médicos. ladrón de ganado. Cattie lifting. Categoría. emascular. (Intro al USA). (Intro al USA). Catálogo. funerales o individuos lesionados. desastre. Informal. Causalidad. En virtud de la doctrina del precedente. Cita de casos. Cattie. Causal. Casual employment. tiene importancia para la compresión del Derecho norteamericano tener cierta conocimiento sobre la forma de presentación de los informes de los fallos de los tribunales. En la actualidad la información ha contribuido a ahorrar tiempo y a evitar omisiones en la ubicación de jurisprudencia. Certificado. Constancia oficial de la modificación de los estatutos de una sociedad. camposanto. abandonar. Censure. equidistante de los extremos. (Unidroit. renunciar. obligación de no hacer. claro. acabar. Por ejemplo. Celebration of marriage. Cease. documento. constatación. Causar. Tope máximo. Fuente.. claudicar. que de tal prueba el jurado sólo puede inferir que el reo estaba presente en el lugar de los hechos. borrar. origen. Celebración de matrimonio. aplacarse. Censor (s). reserva. calabozo. cejar. Caution. litigio (s). y que será de naturaleza tal que pueda distinguírsele en los registros del Departamento de Estado de los nombres de otras corporaciones organizadas o autorizadas a hacer negocios en el país con arreglo a las leyes del Estado. Hacer estampar el sello.. Cesar. Cemetery. art. Certain. Cementerio. Certeza del daño. Prin. Certeza. amainar. Certified public accountant. Certificado de depósito. Censor. Ceder.4. avisar (v). Census. prisión. nombre que deberá zcontener uno de los términos siguientes: corporación. Certificate of incorporation. Centrar. Certificado de incorporación. Celda. control. certero. necrópolis. recuento del número de habitantes. Certifícate. Céntrico. definido. y es uno de una clase o series o que por sus términos 327 . formal.431). pomposo. certitud. Acceder. consentir. Cautionary instruction. Transferir. terminar. 7. Censo. certidumbre. Advertencia. avenirse. Cheque certificado. circunspección. sec. CPA. Cause the seal affixed. corp. Deberá consignarse en el certificado de incorporación: El nombre de la corporación. exacto. Valor. aceptar. finalizar. preciso. Cierto. Centro. 2nd. Certificate of good conduct. certificación. Certifícate of deposit. restricción. Condena. dejar. ceder. Causa. capitular. entregar. Ceremonial. medio. Censurar. prueba testimonial. (Rstmnt. Es resarcible solamente el daño que pueda determinarse con un grado razonable de certeza. Cease and desist. evidencia escrita. Cause. básico. esencial. Contador público. mitad. seguro. suprimir (v). célula. en el medio. límite. pero no su intención de cometer un delito. extremo.3). absoluto. convicción. Condenar o desaprobar oficialmente (v). Central. precaución. confiado. prudencia (s). 430. Certainty of harm. acción. Certificate of amendment. Cell. Ceremonial.Certified security gencia del acto es la causa legal del daño del otro individuo. 1102). (14 LPRA sec. dimitir. Advertir. Cede. Certificado de buena conducta. o Inc. Center. predictibilidad. Ceiling. precautorio. finalidad. Parte de las instrucciones al jurado en la que el juez determina ciertos aspectos restrictivos de la prueba presentada. traspasar. Cautelar. rendirse. aconsejar. o palabras o abreviaturas de similar significación en otros idiomas (siempre que se escriban en letras o caracteres romances o ingleses). aún cuando sea futuro. Caveat. interrumpir. Equidistancia. Cautionary. apuntar. Dejar de hacer algo. Más importante. provocar (v). concentrar (v). Certainty. Un "valor" es un documento que es expedido al portador o nominativamente. ritual. Certified security. Parte central o esencial (s). Central. flaquear. Certified check. preventivo. desaprobación o rechazo oficial (s). Caso judicial. normalmente impuesta por orden judicial. deposición. originar. Torts. sustancial. enajenar. y es del tipo que corrientemente se cotiza en bolsa o mercados de valores o es corrientemente admitido en cualquier área en que se emitiere o negociare como un medio de inversión. apercibir. diploma. Cautela. cesar. Chamber. Presidente/a. Carácter. Judg. y la ocurrencia de algunos eventos. serie. cese. afianzar. venta.. Tacha de un testigo. Chantaje. incierto. exacción ilegal. Certify. Firma certificada o Champerty. sujetar (v).5). Certificar. acreditar. refutar (v). reformar (v). baño. sala. y evidencia una acción. ciclo. Filial de una organización no comercial. personalidad. Prin. sección. índole. en su defecto. legalizar. oficio de primer ministro. Cestui que trust. Chairperson. Cession. Presidenta. Chain. recusable. La parte agraviada que habiendo requerido el cumplimiento de una obligación no dinerada. Capítulo. detención.) Cessation. alto. reforma. cuestionar. traspaso. sec. Encadenar. autentificar. despacho. Cesación. Desafío. Arriesgar. Challengeable. documentar. podrá recurrir a cualquier otra pretensión. deponer. director/a. Cesspool. subsiguiente al momento de dictar sentencia. transformación. recibe una pro porción de lo que la sentencia acuerde Chance. Cesión. Chair. dentro de un término razonable.2. accidente. Chamber of commerce. alterar. extorsión. impugnable. Procedimiento de apelación mediante el cual el tribunal de alzada requiere copia de las actuaciones para determinar si intervendrá en la causa o no. Primer ministro. secuencia. Presidente. Character. intentar (v). división. reto. Letrina. Sistema opuesto al de las cortes reales. naturaleza. parada. (Ver: writ of certiorari. testimoniar. . recusar. Juez de una corte de equidad. tregua. Impugnación de un resultado (s). o 2) Ha ocurrido un cambio de tal magnitud en las circunstancias que seria injusto permitir que la sentencia continúe vigente. se puede ignorar o modificar una sentencia si: 1) Dicha sentencia es modificable por disposición propia o por derecho aplicable. ratificar. Sillón. (Rstmnt. rebatir. legitimar. (C. voluntad. Chairwoman. Equidad.U.C. Change. garantiza la modificación que se pretende. paro. pausa. suspensión. sitial del director o presidente.. Determinación de las personas bajo cuya custodia ha quedad sucesivamente la prueba. transferencia. Cambio de pretensión. variación (s). 2nd. excusado. tachar oponerse. cloaca. Cancillería. Humor. no la obtenga dentro del término fijado para ello o. Cambiar. Cadena. afirmar. (Unidroit. Lista o sucesión de personas que han sido los dueños anteriores de una cosa. dirección. Chain of title. Cámara judicial o legislativa. Chantage. Contrato ilegal por el cual extraño al litigio paga todos los gastos judi-ciales y en caso de ganar. temple. normalmente de inmuebles. impugnar. art. Certiorari. atacable. legalizada. Azar. Cambio de circunstancias como razón para modificar una sentencia. Cambio. Entereza. directora. Change of remedy. entrega. Beneficiario de un trust o fideicomiso. Cámara de comercio. pozo negro. participación u otro interés en una propiedad o una empresa o evidencia una obligación del emisor. firmeza. confirmar. Contradecir. Presidente de una universidad. 8-102(l)(a)). corroborar. Sistema inglés de cortes paralelas que decidían basadas no en la estricta ley pero en la equidad y justicia de cada caso. restringir. aplazamiento. Ministerio de asuntos exteriores Chancellor. 7. Chancery. casualidad. sucesión (s). Chancellery. director. Canciller. Recusación de un juez. interrupción. Amenaza. genio. condición. trustent. Presidencia. alteración. destino suerte (s). Chapter.Certified signature es divisible en una clase o serie de documentos. Sujeto a algunas limitaciones. 328 Certified signature. sec. 73). Cuestionable. atestar. Changed conditions as grounds to mod-ify a judgment. Chain of custody. Chairman. Challenge. Prenda. imponer. Evid. imposición. sec. Planear el curso de algún evento. cabecilla. cheque (C. por el daño físico ocasionado por el uso de dicho bien: si el suplidor no ha ejercido un cuidado razonable para que el bien sea seguro al utilizarse según su propósito. Checks and balances. Castigo. Principal. En todos los casos en que sea admisible evidencia de carácter o de un rasgo del carácter de una persona. obligación. Charge. Valor mobiliario. Presidente de la Corte Suprema. Cheat. inspeccionar. Character evidence. Quien supla. Persona que envía mercaderías. filantrópico. Cheque (s). 2nd. Fletador o fletante. Comprobar. Carta de porte. Cometer dolo. Para el cargo de Presidente de las Cortes Supremas estaduales se utiliza habitual-mente el mismo método que para los demás cargos. o por el fiscal para refutarla. crítica. Chief justice. Encargo. estafar. Bienes muebles. Documento constitucional. Fvidencia del carácter de una persona o de rasgo de su carácter no será admisible para el propósito de probar que actuó de acuerdo con el mismo en una ocasión. Evid. Jefe.B. acusar. imputable. Valor mobiliario significa uno o varios escritos que representan una obligación monetaria y un interés garantizado o arrendamiento sobre mercancías específicas. Check. determinada. Charging. denuncia.). el sistema por el cual los tres poderes del estado—legislativo. Cargable. Chattel paper. (Regla 404. 9-105(b)). judicial y ejecutivo—se controlan los unos a los otros impidiendo que el poder se concentre en unos pocos. Charging order. excepto: Evidencia de un rasgo pertinente de su carácter ofrecida por un acusado. sec. Caridad. medios de prueba. un bien mueble a ser utilizado según los propósitos del negocio del suplidor. . Fed. Donación benéfica. En política. Character witness. 7). Mandamiento de ejecución. ejecución de bienes. filantropía. capitán. Costo. Afectación de un bien. Evidencia de un rasgo pertinente del carácter de la víctima de un delito ofrecida por un acusado. encargar. Chattel dangerous for intended use. atribuible. (Intro al USA). corrección. plena. sec. Chastisement. Fletar. benéfico. responsable. o por voto de los mismos jueces. Persona que atestigua sobre el tipo de personalidad de una de las partes. precio. Acusación. (Rstmnt. cabeza. Chattels. será responsable ante quienes han en definitiva recibido el bien mueble o ante quienes están en peligro por su uso. Chargeable. Deducción impositiva resultante de una donación benéfica. 329 Charitable deduction. costo. means of proof. gravamen. (Regla 405.). neutralizar (v). Contener. comprar a crédito (v). jaquear. enviar. (Rstmnt. si es o no violento. o evidencia del carácter pacifico de la víctima ofrecida por el fiscal en un caso de homicidio para refutar evidencia de que la víctima fue el primer agresor. deber. Clasificación o calificación. Cargar. Cargo. Charter. Chief. precio (s). Fletamento (s). determinar. directamente o a través de un tercero. 2nd. Charitable. atacante. Charitable institution. Conflict. Atacable. Evidencia de carácter. Atribuyente.Chief justice Character evidence. R. podrá presentarse la prueba mediante testimonio en cuanto a la reputación o mediante testimonio en la forma de opinión. La clasificación e interpretación de los conceptos y términos del conflicto de leyes se determinan de acuerdo a la ley del foro. Charity. revisar. Fed. Bien mueble peligroso para su uso específico.). Characterization. defraudar. privilegio. dominante. medida disciplinaria. 392). Torts.C. (C. más importante. o por el fiscal para refutarla. Engañar. Caritativo. R. Institución benéfica. Acta de constitución societaria. Charges. Por ejemplo. Evidencia de carácter. carga. Chattel mortgage.U. Gravamen sobre bienes muebles. pero hay estados en que la presidencia es ejercida por los jueces de la corte en forma rotativa. beneficencia. director. Charitable contribution. o por antigüedad. Cargo. Charterer. Mencionar a la doctrina o a casos en un escrito. Alimento para hijos menores. Church. d) la protección de expec tativas justificadas. nacionalidad. Circular. a derecho comercial. ocasión. y g) facilidad en la determinación y aplicación de la lev a ser aplicada. que ha sido definitivamente fijada. Niño/a. A veces también se utiliza en Estados Unidos el término civil como contrapuesto a penal. Tercero: el gravamen debe ser por una cantidad exacta. Una corte. preferencia. evento. Choate. Ciudadanía. Circuito. perfeccionado. vecino. (Morales Lebrón). paisano. (Cari). Chilling effect. Circuit. Nota. emplazamiento. La determinado sobre si el gravamen se encuentra perfeccionado o no es una cuestión federal. Child abuse. Choate lien doctrine. No es habitual en los Estados Unidos hablar de derecho civil para referirse a la materia de un código civil. seguirá las leyes de su propio Estado en materia de derecho aplicable. por temor a ser comprendido bajo una ley punitiva de otra conducta similar o cercana. En ausencia de tales leyes. Citizen. Civil. los factores relevantes para la elección del derecho aplicable incluyen: a) las necesidades de los sistemas interestatales e internacionales. clero. Citizenship. municipalidad. Tribunal federal con competencia en un circuito determinado. metrópolis. e) las políticas públicas básicas que fundamentan el campo del derecho en particular. Circuit court. Choice. urbanización. Ordenar la comparecencia a juicio. predecibilidad y uniformidad del resultado.Child Child. Elección. Áreas mayores en las que se divide la competencia territorial federal en USA. Circunstancial. Para que ello ocurra deben darse tres requisitos: Primero: que se establezca la propiedad sujeta al gravamen. Circumstancial evidence. Paralización de un tipo de conducta. Doctrina del gravamen privado que se halla perfeccionado. instrucción. Choice of law. memorándum. Citizen's arrest. Civil. residente. primer nombre. Circunstancia. selección. Como en el caso de la competencia. Christian ñame. Nombre de pila. por implicancia. 330 . incluyendo sevicia sexual. Segundo: la identidad del dueño del gravamen debe ser cierta y definida. casual. Arresto civil. cédula. Cristiano. fortuito. que se estima legítima. Circumstantial. c) las políticas públicas relevantes de otros Estados interesados y los intereses relativos de esos estados en la determinación del asunto particular. un Tribunal Federal situado en Miami está obligado a aplicar las normas de conflicto de leyes formuladas por el derecho del Estado de Florida. infante. sin perjuicio de restricciones constitucionales. Ciudad. Iglesia. City. Elección del derecho aplicable. Condición de subdito de un país. nota. f) certeza. Correlativamente. emplazar. principies. Por ejemplo. nacional. Conflict. indirecto. Christian. (IntroalUSA). Circular. Citación. y en contraposición. Choice of jurisdiction. Los Estados particulares son competentes para decidir cuáles serán las normas de derecho internacional privado aplicables. cita. Elección de jurisdicción. por ejemplo. tales reglas pueden variar de un Estado al otro. 6) Chose. municipio. Malos tratos. 2nd. carta. Referencia. Choice of law. (Rstmnt. principios. orden de comparecencia. religión. natural. Cosa mueble. Child support. b) las políticas públicas relevantes del foro. Prueba circunstancial o indirecta. hijo/a. departamento judicial. mandamiento. Circumstance. Citation. domiciliario. realizada contra niños. Citar. Cite. aun un tribunal federal tiene que aplicar los principios de derecho internacional privado del Estado particular donde está situada la corte. opción. Elección del derecho. Ciudadano. sec. decisión. habitante. apercibimiento. alternativa. mención. local. Completo. "Ajustador" es la persona que. 8(a)).. Funcionario público. comisión o sueldo. Civ. demandas contra coparte o demandas contra tercero. Civ. Claimant plaintiff. derecho. Un abogado postulante que ajuste pérdidas de seguros de tiempo en tiempo incidentalmente al ejercicio de su profesión. (R. Sistema jurídico basado en el derecho romano antiguo o clásico. Civil liability. Perteneciente al derecho doméstico de los ciudadanos y excluyendo áreas especializadas como el derecho cri-minal. sec. 79(a)). Civil liability. pretender. ya fueren demandas originales. Civil rights. Claimable. Derechos civiles o políticos. Fed. como el que prima en América Latina y en Europa Occidental. Reclamante. actor. Responsabilidad civil del estado. por el cual el estado federal (con ciertas excepciones) ha renunciado a su inmunidad absoluta respecto de los delitos y cuasidelitos de sus empleados. P. requirente. solicitud (s). El secretario llevará una copia exacta de cada sentencia final u orden apelable. Civilian. Claims adjustor. P. exigir. por oposición a ramas más especializadas como el derecho administrativo o penal. querellar (v). por compensación como contratista independiente o como empleado de un contratista independiente. Civ. reclamante. investiga y negocia el ajuste de reclamaciones que surjan de contratos de seguros exclusivamente a nombre del asegurador o del asegurado. del Proc. Civil law. solicitante.. Rama del derecho que regula vida privada o doméstica de los individuos. Solicitud de remedio. o por honorarios. querellante. si bien a veces se otorgan compensaciones punitivas. Demandar por daños y perjuicios. no se considera "ajustador" para los fines de este capítulo. etc. Claim. Registro de pleitos y procedimientos civiles. El secretario llevará un libro conocido como "registro de pleitos y procedimientos civiles" (civil docket) y anotará en el mismo todo pleito civil. Relacionado con el sistema de derecho romano. sec. Demandar. Cuerpo de voluntarios de defensa civil. administrativo. Pleito civil. pretensión. reclamable. desear. Las alegaciones que expusieren solicitudes de remedio. petición. demandante. El objetivo esencial del derecho de daños es compensatorio y. Civil judgments and orders. A los pleitos se les asignarán números de radicación consecutivos. Accionable. Civil docket. o un comisario de averías. accionante. Civil partnership. Una de las leyes federales mas importantes es la Federal Torts Claims Act (Ley de responsabilidad civil del Estado por daños) de 1946. proclamar. contendrán una relación sucinta y sencilla de los fundamentos de la jurisdicción de la corte. Sociedad civil. reclamación. (Reglas Fed. acertar. exordio. civil. aserción. las víctimas no obtienen compensación en los procedimientos penales. 79(b)). (Intro al USA). Por el contrario. Un abogado que en representación de un asegurador ajuste pérdidas tendrá que 331 .. burócrata. a menos que la corte ya tuviera jurisdicción y la reclamación no necesitare nuevos fundamentos para la misma. Ciudadano. querella.Claims adjustor Referente al sistema de derecho continental o romano. Actuar. accionar. Fed. (Intro al USA). de modo que hoy es posible obtener reparaciones a través de una acción contra los Estados Unidos ante los tribunales federales (pero sin jurado) en las mismas circunstancias en que un particular seria responsable. Claim for relief. u orden que afecte el título a o gravamen sobre bienes muebles o inmuebles y cualquier otra orden que la corte disponga que se ejecute. (R. empleado estatal. Demanda. Sentencias y órdenes civiles. reconvenciones. el derecho penal es eminentemente punitivo. Acción judicial. sec. Ajustador de seguros. que puede ser solicitado por vía judicial. Claim damages. Claimant. Responsabilidad civil. Civil servant. Civil suit. encausar. State. denunciante. Civil defense volunteers corps. demandante. reclamo. su función es distinta de la del derecho penal. (26 LPRA sec. Tribunales de menor cuantía. P. Clandestino. embargos y demás gravámenes (v). Civ. catalogación orden. 23(b)). Clean hands. Pleitos de clase 332 . Por ejemplo. Claro. orders in conduct. entendible.. y utilizan procedimientos informales en los que los costos son mínimos y no se necesita un abogado. 3) las reclamaciones o defensas de las partes representantes fueran reclamaciones o defensas típicas de la clase. (Intro al USA). o b) adjudicaciones con respecto a miem-bros individuales de al clase que como cues-tión práctica dispondrían de los intereses d los otros miembros no partes en las adjudicaciones o sustancialmente perjudicarían o dificultarían su capacidad para proteger sus intereses. Pleito de Class actions maintainable. (R. Si el actor no ha obrado rectamente. Civ. Donación o legado que se realiza en favor de una clase de personas. Expresión usada para indicar uno de los requisitos en los que se basa. remover trabas.. o eximente. acción colectiva. Class gif t. parte. Un pleito de clase no podrá ser desistido o transado sin la aprobación de la corte. Clasificación. formula. sec. desistimiento o transacción. de una conducta que de otra forma sería criminal. Título de propiedad donde no se percibe ninguna restricción. honesto. libre de restricciones. del Proc. P. Clandestine. claro. Se utiliza en derecho penal como justificativo. restringido. transparente (s).. mejorar (v).. que establecerían normas incompatibles de con-ducta para la parte que se opone a la clase. la corte podrá dictar las órdenes pertinentes: para determinar el curso de los procedimientos o prescribir las medidas para evitar repeticiones o complicaciones indebidas en la presentación de evidencia o alegatos. libre de gravámenes. sistematización. libre de gravámenes o de restricciones. Teoría del peligro inminente. furtivo. encubierto. 23(d)). Fed. Classif ied. artículo disposición. discreto. puro. Clause. y en adición: la tramitación por separado de pleitos por o Class action. Un pleito podrá sostenerse como pleito de clase si se cumpliesen los requisitos generales. Para que ello ocurra es necesario que el individuo se sienta amenazado por un riesgo percibido como actual y claro. el sistema de equidad (equity) del common law. (R. (Reglas Fed.Claims court poseer una licencia de ajustador independiente. sostenibles. Limpio. Civ. En la tramitación de los pleitos a que esta regla fuere aplicable. dismissal or compromise. En muchas ciudades existen tribunales secundarios (claims court). órdenes en la tramitación. Clear and present danger doctrine. libre. anónimo. Carta de porte sin ninguna limitación específica. transparente (s). estipulación. Clasificado. Class action. Fed. párrafo. limpiar. Civ. Cláusula. 23(a)). oculto. sec. diáfano. Depurar. Uno o más miembros de una clase podrán demandar o ser demandados como partes representantes a nombre de todos únicamente si 1) la clase fuera tan numerosa que la acumulación de todos los miembros resultará impracticable. que tiene jurisdicción sobre la mayor parte de las cuestiones civiles que involucren sumas de mil dólares o menos. históricamente. subrepticio. secreto. inteligible. clase. Clean bilí of lading. P. ordenamiento. depurar. 23(e)). apartado. Pleito de clase. sec. Clear title. Clear. Pleito de clase. 2) existieran cuestiones de derecho o de hecho comunes a la clase. y 4) las partes representantes protegieren justa y adecuadamente los intereses de la clase. acápite. sin embargos ni inhibiciones. sección. y se dará aviso del desistimiento o transacción propuestos a todos los miembros de la clase en la forma que dispusiera la corte. contra miembros individuales de la clase pudiera crear un riesgo de a) adjudicaciones inconsistentes o distintas con respecto a miembros individuales de la clase. Class action. sec. Fed. Classif ication. 905). si no tiene "manos limpias. Literalmente significa manos limpias. Limpiar. Clean. (R. Claims court. purificar." los tribunales de equidad desestimaban su demanda. secreto. constreñi-ble. Cabotaje. Clerk of chamber. garrote. Codicil. co-acusado. Promulgar un código. Sacerdote. Crim. Coeficiente. Coast.1. Informe final. asociación. Clue. fin. Co-sign. coprocesado. susceptible de ataque o impugnación. fraile. Codebtor. la corte ordenará que la vista de asuntos que afecten el procedimiento ante el gran jurado se celebre a puerta cerrada en cuanto fuera necesario para evitar la revelación de cuestiones tratadas ante el mismo. Codirector. cesar. Después se permitirá que el fiscal refute. Expresión opuesta a clear title. Cierre. fianza. Reglas Fed. lugar de reunión. Coacusado/a. proporción. sujeto a ser impuesto por la fuerza pública del estado. coobligado. huella. coquerellado. coencartado. Cerrar. Clerical staff. Coalición. título envuelto en una nube. Codirector. Cocreditor. detener. resultado. Código. cura. Después de practicada toda la prueba el fiscal dará comienzo a los informes. Secretario. navegar cerca de la costa. palo (s). coencausado. Garante. Coercion. Closed season. Codificar. Coefficient. Codastral. ejecución forzada. Clouded title. Cocaína. Close. Personal administrativo. indulgencia. Codificación. o que sus derechos están en duda. Clerical error. error material. imperfecto. Cliente. Cocaine. adición a un testamento ya finalizado. Coercible. consumidor. dientele. conclusión. reservado. Aprobación. Escribano de cámara. Firmar conjuntamente Coaccused. Copresidente/a. recopilar el derecho. Coat of arms. amnistía. Coadministrador. fusión. de Proc. Clemency. terminar (v). (Regla 6(e)(5). Riña de gallos. Crim. Clerk. Client. Indicio. asociación. Codicilo. imposición. Closed hearing. Codemandado. Reglas Fed. agrupación. playa. escribano. 333 . Cochairman. personal administrativo. Cerrado. amalgama. Coagente. grado. intimidación. especialmente mientras se llevan a cabo estudios universitarios de derecho. Clearing bank. accionable. coencartado/a. restringir. perdón. Cloture. Cierre. Cierre de debates legislativos para proceder a una votación. Closure. Costera. Codif y. impenetrable. Error tipográfico. autorización. Codefendant. coacción.Coercion Clearence. firma de una escritura traslativa de dominio. borde del mar o río. secreto. coencausado/a. Coerce. trabajar como empleado en un bufete. Haciendo salvedad del derecho a vista en corte abierta en procedimientos por desacato. Clemencia. Cock f ight. Literalmente. Título viciado. Codeudor. oficinista. Período de veda. de Proc. actuario. ministro. Liquidación de saldos. unión. visto bueno. Coasting. Permiso de salida de una nave. (Regla 29. recopilación orgánica y sistemática de leyes y demás normas obligatorias.). colección o recopilación orgánica de leyes y otras normas obligatorias. Coadministrator. Codastral. conquerellado/a. Golpear con un palo o garrote (v). Club. rastro. Clientela. cochair-woman. Coagent. v. misericordia. confidencial. Se permitirá que la defensa conteste a continuación. Obligar. pista. Closing. Clergyman. Significa que la persona en cuestión no goza del dominio irrestricto de la cosa. Banco de compensación. Comercio de cabotaje. cochairperson. Club. cachiporra. acreedor conjunto. Coercible. Code. condona-■ión.). remisión. Coacreedor. bloquear. Coastwise trade. Empleado judicial. Closing argument. Vista a puerta cerrada. Clearance sale. Coerción. compilar. Codification. Costa. clausura. Coalition. liga. término. Escudo de armas. coheir. Conocible.R. Coin.P. Collaborator. Preclusión o ino-ponibilidad de una sentencia por haber mediado una decisión judicial previa e incompatible en un procedimiento distinto Se requiere que la decisión obstaculizante haya sido litigada por las partes y que resulte esencial para la segunda causa. Coinheritor. creíble. Constat comparar. cotrabajador. Colaborador.U. avocación. copropietario. Encuadernar. Inventar y poner en circulación una palabra. persuasivo. asunción de la competencia por parte de un tribunal. Impedimento colateral por sentencia. derrota. Cognizable. impuesto. Colessee. realmente litigada y adjudicada en un pleito anterior entre las mismas partes aunque sobre una causa de acción distinta de la litigada y adjudicada en el pleito anterior. litis consorte. Coitus. relacionado al aprendizaje. Colessor. actual o potencial. concluyente. Coinheritance. Colitigante. Colegatario. Coinsurer. Coarrendador. Negligencia colateral. Convincente. reaseguro. Colitigant. Emitir moneda. penetración. Desmoronamiento. Moneda metálica emitida y en circulación. pegar. coactivo. conciencia. Moneda. Cognates. ayudante. Coito. Impedimento colateral. frase o concepto (v). Coarrendatario. Cogent. Coexecutor. Coguarantor. coparte. Cognition. Cognitivo. Colateral. si la gestión encomendada se realizaba en la manera usual y corriente. autoritario. Collateral estoppel by judgment. derechos hereditarios en común. obligatorio. coinquilino. Coseguro. Cognitive. Cognizance. Collateral impediment. En la determinación de la responsabilidad en daños de un patrono por los actos torticeros de un contratista independiente. el término negligencia collateral—que exime al patrono de responsabilidad—significa la forma impropia o inadecuada en que se ejecuta la obra o el trabajo contratado por el patrono y que crea un riesgo de daños que dicho patrono no podía razonablemente prever. Cognición. 268 (1962)). 9-105)(c) Medida de garantía por una deuda. conocimiento y entendimiento lógico. Principio que impide que se litigue en un pleito cualquier cuestión de hecho. Emparentados por el lado materno.Coercive Coercive. Collateral. cofiador. Colegatee. de un tribunal. entendimiento. cópula. (C. 334 Collate. dinero. Collapse. Cohabilitation. Acuñar moneda. Coinsurance. Herencia conjunta. "Colateral" significa la propiedad gravada con un interés garantizado e incluye cuentas. coactor. quiebra. Coheredero. Conocimiento. 85 D. sujeto a la competencia. in. Cogarante. Cohabive. codemandado. Cohabitación. sabiduría. y a veces de derecho. forzoso. Cohabitar. Collateral estoppel. efectivo (s). relación sexual. Cold blood. así corno la fianza o hipoteca. Coheir.C. Coin money. En sangre fría. conocimiento. coition. Coheredero. esclarecimiento. Coasegurador. metálica o en billete. colega. coherente. derechos contrac-tuales y valores mobiliarios que hubiesen sido vendidos. Coalbacea. fijar. Coinage. sec. Coercitivo. (Morales Lebrón). percepción. Emisión de moneda metálica. acceso carnal. La doctrina de impedimento colateral por sentencia impide que se litigue en un pleito cualquier cuestión de hecho—y a veces de derecho _ realmente litigada y adjudicada en un pleito anterior entre las mismas partes aunque sobre una causa de acción distinta de la litigada y adjudicada en el pleito anterior. (Bonet . (Riera v. Collateral negligence. Impedimento colateral Cosa juzgada por afinidad. vida en común de una pareja estando o no casados. con premeditación y a sabiendas. Piza. cobrar. conspiración. Comity. o el internacional. requisar un vehículo para dar alcance a delincuentes peligrosos. Coleccionista. Combate. secreto. mezcla. ocupación profesional de los comerciantes. comentarista. cobranza. estratagema. Comandante en jefe. pero sin serlo realmente (s). transacción. favor. 81 (1963))Collect. Coleccionar. iniciación. Comentador. unión. Colegatario. choque. relaciones comerciales u otras. Contradicción entre dos sistemas jurídicos o leyes cuando ambos son inicialmente aplicables al mismo caso. expropiar.R. Convenio colectivo de trabajo. Commandeer. abordaje. Colusion. territorio. comunismo. Color. tribunales de un Estado aplicaban el derecho de otro Estado. Que presenta la apariencia de algo. Comando. oculto. Colonial. Commencement. recobrable. mando. era aplicado por los tribunales de otro Estado. Combat. conflicto armado. solapado. no siempre ciertas. Situación de deudas donde cabe acción judicial y cuyo deudor es solvente. recobrar. Requisar. comunal. Colors. Comandante. confiscar. reclamo y percepción de una deuda. Control. confabulación. confrontación. Proceso mediante el cual se llega a una convención colectiva de trabajo.Commercial clause Municipio de Barceloneta. guerra. Color of law. Commentator. recopilador. Collective. hostigar. de la oficialidad de un acto. actividad comercial. Commercial clause. Comaker. Acopiador. insignia. Collective bargaining. Commander. y contra la voluntad del despojado. Para asegurar la libertad del mercado interno nacional. impresión errónea. fuerza policial que por lucro personal allana un inmueble y decomisa varios objetos. Ejemplo. Comando. Combination. posesión. Cortesía. Cobro. mandar. Color of title. Collusion. tráfico. Colectivismo. Paralelamente. gru-pal. dentro de USA. colector. reembolsable. pagados por el recipiente. pelea (s). principio. Collectibility. percibir fondos. común. tomar algo de un particular para uso inmediato y urgente del estado. jurista que describe la ley en publicaciones. Commando. Cobrable. grupo guerrillero de ataque. los redactores de la Constitución otorgaron al Congreso el 335 . Agencia de cobranzas. Collectible. Apariencia de legalidad. Colores. societario. Command. Pintar. glosador. tintura. Cobro mediante procedimiento de apremio. Commerce. pacto secreto. Combatir. sin que medie proceso legal o formal previo. Comercio. Colonia. Cobrador. pelotón especial. Estructura jerárquica (s). pigmentación. perceptor. pabellón. y bajo apariencia de objetividad (v). Combinación. el derecho extranjero. dominio. Collection by constraint. Título de propiedad que en apariencia es perfecto pero que adolece de un defecto intrínseco. Justo título. Comandar. capitán. Cláusula comercial de la Constitución. imperialista. Colusorio. Cobrabilidad. Colección. Colisión. Collective bargaining agreement. recaudador. interrelación. razón original por la cual. bandera. Color. Collection. Colony. mandato. ordenar (v). única razón por la cual originalmente. Colectivo. Tolerancia. concesión graciosa. Colusión. tratadista. Collegatary. Collector. Coautor. protectorado. enclave. vg. Collusive. recaudación. ecaudar o recibir dinero. coloramiento. 87 D. de legalidad. Collectivism. Comienzo. pero convincente. Ejemplo. colorar. Commander in chief.P. Cofirmante de un título de crédito. describir una situación inyectando apreciaciones personales. metropolitano. arreglo encubierto. asociación. oponerse (v). Colonial. autoridad. Llamada telefónica o envío de mercaderías con careos revertidos. grupo. Colectivo. Commercial law. Common knowledge.Commercial code poder de "regular el comercio con las naciones extranjeras." (Intro al USA). Haber social. c) Las palabras prevalecen sobre los guarismos y cuando las palabras fueren ambiguas prevalecerán los guarismos. junta. Porcentaje o proporción 336 . dentro su territorio. mercadería. ejemplo." Básicamente condensa la antigua ley y suprime preceptos en desuso. Commingling. Usar para fines mezquinos o poco nobles. llevar a cabo. Commercial code. Masa común. Junta de acreedores. Explotar. Commitment. grupo ejecutivo. conjunto. generalmente conocido. poner en el mercado. Según la doctrina de "stare decisis" una sentencia judicial tiene. grupal. Usos del comercio observados generalmente en una plaza. Código de comercio. Admonitorio. capital. Derecho comercial. Commissary. comisión. uniform commercial code. Conminatorio. Prefacio). encargar. De público y notorio.3-118). Documentos comerciales. y con las tribus indígenas. Comité.U. instruir.U.C. Un giro librado contra el librador. gerente. el jefe de policía. Encomendar a alguien a un asilo de ancianos o a un manicomio. asignar. mercado. Artículo. interpretation of ambiguous terms. vender. junta. Bien común bienestar general. Dependiente de comercio. legislación mercantil. Committee. ordinario. Commercialize. Acción o realización de un acto Comisionar. sino que a su vez constituye la mejor fuente de creación del Derecho.b) Los términos escritos a mano predominan sobre los mecanografiados e impresos. cometido. Sujeto a sanciones en caso de incumplimiento. Derecho común. encargado. Combinación o mezcla de fondos pertenecientes a dos personas o a dos cuentas distintas. código de comercio uniforme. Documento comercial. Commercial employee. (C. Promesa compromiso. oficial. en tanto y en cuanto ella no haya sido revocada(overruled) por una sentencia posterior. Bolsa de comercio. El Artículo 3 que trata de los instrumentos negociables se titula "Documento comercial. Comisión. Commission.. dirección grupo ejecutivo. y los mecanografiados predominan sobre los impresos. No amplía su radio de acción. Inventario. Commercial paper. la validez de una ley. Comminatory. tendrá la eficacia de un pagaré. el tenedor podrá considerarlo como cualquiera de los dos. Opción para comprar determinados bienes muebles o mercaderías. El juez no sólo aplica la ley. Encargo. Commodity option. lonja. (C. Commit. utilizar. producto. aplicable a ventas y demás transacciones realizadas. Cometer. Comercializar. comprometido jugado. Committee of creditors. Committed. pero no es obligatoria afuera de su territorio. Comisario encargado. comunal. Común. Las siguientes reglas se aplicarán a todo instrumento: a) Cuando exista duda de si el instrumento es un giro o un pagaré. mercancía. Dedicado. y entre los diversos estados. Persona a la cabeza de una repartición pública. obligación. Corriente. Common f unds. improrrogable. societario. encomendar. código comercial. Directorio. Encarcelar. Common capital. Common good. sec. Administrador. Una sentencia del Tribunal Supremo del Estado de California obliga a las cortes en California. Comisionado. Common. interpretación de términos ambiguos. Commercial paper. mandar. perpetrar realizar. Orden de arresto o de confinamiento a un asilo o manicomio. Commodity. Commissioner.C. sacar provecho. En prisión o en un asilo o manicomio. Por ejem- Commodity exchange. recluir. mandato recado. Common law. Commercial custom generally observed in each place. Comunicar. ejecución.Compulsory counterclaim plo tal sentencia no tiene fuerza ni validez de ley ante las cortes del Estado de Nueva York. Crim. Comparative law. Derecho comparado. Las alegaciones incluirán por vÍa de reconvención cualquier reclamación que tuviere la parte que la formula al momento de notificarla. carta. Composition and respite.). Sistema formado por varias unidades (s). Comurientes. digesto. (Regla 3. Compound. Una persona será legalmente responsable de la conducta de otra cuando: a) Actuando con la forma de culpabilidad que sería suficiente para la comisión de la ofensa. Communicate. Según la doctrina de la culpa concurrente. (Intro al USA). b) Es legalmente responsable por la conducta de otra persona por disposición de este Código u otro estatuto que defina la ofensa. capaz. Compilación. esta-tista. Comprise. contra cualquier 337 . Complaisance. hacer conocer. suplemento (s). hablar. llegar a un acuerdo o entendimiento. Communist.06(2)). Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Pasajero que se desplaza entre su casa y el trabajo. realización. El primero se refiere al derecho establecido por los tribunales (case law). algo formado con varias o muchas unidades más pequeñas. viable. Commuter. Commorientes. avisar. Competitivo. Complicity. acuerdo. Personas que efectivamente mueren simultáneamente o cuya muerte simultánea la ley presume. Cumplimiento. Commonwealth. §2. Competitive. gratis. coactivo. socialista. comprender. Compel. Comunicación. de cortesía. Comprised. Composite. Comparative fault. efectivo. Organización política actual del anterior imperio británico. Compulsory. Complejo. tolerancia. difícil. Se otorgará bajo juramento ante un magistrado. transigir. transar. buena disposición. puede no considerarselo responsable si demuestra que la negligencia del actor contribuyo al daño. (Intro al USA). predisposición. Compilation. fax. Mod. Competente. División o clasificación por grupos o temas y tratados individualmente. Dentro del precio de mercado. apto. El tercer sentido es el que se usa cuando se habla de los Estados Unidos como un país de common law. añadir. Complemento. Mensaje. Complicidad.. Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Pen. Matrimonio de hecho. Comunista. composición. Compartamentalization. Reconvención compulsoria. Compeler. suplementar (v). adición. intercambio. (Cód. engorroso. complicado. Complement. colectivista. El abogado norteamericano suele usarlo en tres sentidos. Cortés. aun si el demandado ha sido negligente. Comprometer. notificar. en contraposición a los tribunales especiales de equity o de admiralty. Completar. Reglas Fed. Complacencia. Combinación. Obligatorio. El segundo uso de la expresión common law se refiere a las reglas que aplican los tribunales de common law. Compromise. Complaint. hábil. Comprendido. Agravar o complicar. La denuncia es una exposición por escrito de los hechos esenciales que constituyen el delito imputado. en contraposición a los países de derecho civil. arreglar. necesario. Complimentary. Denuncia. de Proc. conformidad. Competent. o. Complex. cuyo Derecho se basa en el Derecho inglés. Transigir. capacitado. forzoso. Quita y espera. Incluir. elogioso. incluido. expresar. o c) Es cómplice de alguna otra persona en la comisión de una ofensa. cuyo derecho se origina en el Derecho romano. Communication. marxista. pasividad. Compulsory counterclaim. recopilación. Compliance. Culpa concurrente. Common-law marriage. incita a otra persona inocente o irresponsable a incurrir en tal conducta. Cómputo del tiempo. Conciliation. Reunión de personas con fines comunes. Conception. Conduct within scope of employment. opinión. actitud. Condemnation. Idea. Concessionaire. Concesionario. Concubinato. otorgar. Condition precedent. 71A(c)(2). P Civ sec. si surgiere del evento o serie de eventos a que se contrae la reclamación de la parte adversa y no requiriere para su adjudicación la presencia de terceros sobre quienes la corte no pudiere adquirir jurisdicción. Expropiación. a menos que su no ocurrencia sea excusada. (Rstmnt. Concluyeme. Jurisdicción concurrente. de Proc. Confesión. (Rstmnt. secuaz. (Rstmnt. Condición suspensiva Condition subsequent. el acusado podrá hacer una alegación condicional de culpable o no lo contendere. los derechos a adquirirse. 160). Concurrent jurisdiction. corresponsable. o incidental a tal conducta autorizada. Interés. Litisconsorcio necesario. preñez. Condemnation of property. la conducta de un empleado debe ser de la misma naturaleza genérica que la autorizada. Concealment. Condición resolutoria. del Proc. Cómplice. venta forzosa.. una descripción de la propiedad suficiente para su identificación. Concern. Compulsory joinder. Concentration camp. Condición. Confession. Concealed property.). referirse a algo (v). que no se puede rebatir ni discutir. 338 . Subsiguientemente recibirá notificación de todos los procedimientos que afecten dicha propiedad. Computation of time. procreación. Conciliador. y muchos casos de federal question son ejemplos de esto. Civ. Campo de concentración. Los casos de diversity jurisdiction. embarazo. Conciliator. Conducir. intercambiar opiniones. asamblea.. Conclusive. Ocultamiento. Sentencia por admisión. sec. Acto cometido en ocasión del trabajo. antes que tenga luego el cumplimiento de un contrato. 224). Con aprobación de la corte y el consentimiento del gobierno. Agency. Tanto los tribunales estaduales como los federales con competentes. Para considerar en ocasión del trabajo. Vía de circulación. Concourse. Reglas Fed. Confer. Confederate. admitir la comisión de un delito. realizar (v). Fed. Con. (Reglas Fed. sec. Conduct. (R. el cual debe suceder. Confederation. Confederación. Confession judgment. 2nd Con. Confess. creencia.. Alegación condicional. Condition. dar. Conciliación. 2nd. lo que significa que la parte actora puede elegir en cual de ellos iniciar la acción. de ocurrencia incierta. Crim. reservándose por escrito el derecho de poder revisar en apelación de la sentencia la determinación adversa de cualquier moción específica hecha antes del juicio. Una acción intencional o un acto que se entiende que podría impedirle a otra persona conocer un hecho. Conducta. es equivalente a una afirmación de que el hecho no existe. el uso para el cual se expropia la propiedad. Establecimiento comercial. llevar a cabo. admisión.Compulsory joinder parte adversa. sec. (Intro al USA). Una condición es un evento. Expropiación forzosa. Preocuparse por algo. Concubinage. tienda (s). Bienes ocultos. Concepción. comportamiento (s). preocupación. Si un demandado no tuviere objeción o defensa que interponer a la expropiación forzosa de su propiedad. Confesar. mancebamiento. Concubina/o. sec. dirigir. Pacto de alianza. 13(a)).(e)). unión de Estados. interrelación. Concubine. (Regla ll(a)(2). Conferir. podrá notificar un aviso de comparecencia designando la propiedad en la que alegare tener derecho. La demanda contendrá una exposición breve y sencilla de la autoridad para la expropiación. 229). 2nd. Conditional plea. Conferenciar. creencia. Es un banco que se compromete tanto a que el mismo honrará un crédito expedido antes por otro banco o a que dicho crédito será honrado por el dador o por un tercer banco.06(4)). probar. corroborar. 2nd. y una cámara alta. reflexionar una cosa con atención. sec. Conjugal. Confirm. Torts. en algunos casos. para que un acto o la violación de un derecho se efectúe. Conflict of authority. Confirmar. Congress. (Unidroit.. Aquiescencia. careo. Confirming bank. Conquest. Conformed copy. Banco que confirma. Connivance. La materia conocida en los Estados Unidos como conflicto de leyes. perteneciente al matrimonio. comprende los problemas de competencia. Confrontación. Copia de un documento autenticada por autoridad judicial. (Cód. La justificación concedida por esta Sección se extiende al uso de confinamiento como fuerza defensiva sólo si el autor toma todas las medidas razonables para finalizar el confinamiento tan pronto sepa que puede hacerlo con seguridad para la propiedad. a menos que la persona confinada haya sido arrestada por la imputación de un delito. asentimiento. al aplicación de los fallo de tribunales extranjeros y la elección del derecho. §2. Congreso. 3. seguridad. Conflicto de leyes. Conscripción. persona que por sus convicciones religiosas o morales se niega a portar armas y. Consent. la Cámara de Representantes (Honse of Representativa). Unidos. Resarcimiento por daños sufridos indirectamente. sec. Consanguinity. conformidad (s). Conscientious objector. Objetor de conciencia. Connivencia.Pen. (Rstmnt. (C. guerra. Prueba contradictoria. 2nd. que corresponde a lo que en otros países se denomina derecho internacional privado. Confidencia. Confirmatíon. cotejo. Conjugal rights. Ataque. Conjugal duty.§3. Considerar. Conyugal. Prin. El consentimiento de la víctima a conducta que constituya delito o al resultado de ella será una defensa si tal consentimiento contrarresta algún elemento del delito o impide infligir el daño o mal que el estatuto busca prevenir. conflicto. 5-103). Derecho internacional privado. Comparación. (Rstmnt. Conflict of interest. Consent for a tort. 10 A). Uso del confinamiento como fuerza defensiva. ratificar. el Senado. Conscription. (Intro al USA).. puesta de acuerdo para realizar algo ilegal o turbio. Torts.12). Deberes conyugales. constatar. Connection. Consequential damages.Consider confidence. Consentimiento.Mod. Aplomo. Alguien que de una manera efectiva preste consentimiento a la conducta de otro. dependencia. No habrá lugar a la anulación del contrato si la parte facultada para darlo por anulado lo confirma de una manera expresa o tácita una vez que ha comenzado a correr el plazo para comunicar la anulación. de descendencia común. Servicio militar obligatorio. Conexión. (Cód. repreguntas. Implica la voluntariedad de la parte afectada.11(1)). vínculo. Conflicto de intereses. Conquista. que es una legislativa bicameral consistente en una cámara baja. enlace. 892 A). Derechos conyugales. Conflict of law..U. Pen. de la misma sangre. Consentimiento a un cuasidelito. a vestir uniforme militar. Confrontation.Mod. Consentimiento. (intro al USA). art. Consentir (v). Confirmación. Conflicting evidence. contacto. nexo relación. Conflicto de autoridades o de jurisdicciones. sec.C. La leyes federales son aprobadas por el Congreso de los Estados . Consider. anuencia. Confianza. secreto. no puede radicar una acción por responsabilidad extracontractual reclamando que dicha conducta le afectó o le causó un daño. destinada a perjudicar los intereses del primero. unión. aceptación. 339 Confinemeni as protective force. Consanguinidad. establecer. meditar. " (Rstmnt. debe negociarse para ésta un cumplimiento o una promesa. Cuando pleitos que impliquen cuestiones comunes de derecho y de hecho estuviesen ante la corte. . es una sociedad con fines criminales. Causa. Un letrero impreso en mayúsculas (como-CONOCIMIENTO DE EMBARQUE NO NEGOCIABLE) es evidente. Con. 3-408). Consolidación. (R. Causa de un documento comercial. no se requerirá: a) una ganancia. (C. Con.. Constitución estatal. 93 D. Fed. 1) Para que exista causa. Consideration of a commercial paper. y por lo tanto no posibles de revisión judicial. La ausencia o falta de causa será una defensa contra cualquier persona que no tenga los derechos de un tenedor legítimo. Consideration. 42(a)). P. Consignee. arbitro final de todas las disputas sobre constitucionalidad. y se da al tenedor de la promesa. Constitution federal.. es más que nada el estudio de las decisiones de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos. por lo general un contrato no s por lo general ejecutable en lo Estados Unidos si no incluye una contraprestación. (Pueblo v.U. Consolidation. afecto y presencia del cónyuge Incluye elementos físicos como el placer sexual. La Constitución de un estado esta supeditada a la legislación federal válida pero es la máxima autoridad dentro del estado. Conspicuous. (Intro al USA). (Intro al USA). 649(1966)). En términos generales una conspiración es un acuerdo. Constitution. adequacy. federal. o c) una "mutualidad en las obligaciones. ventaja o beneficio al prominente. (Rstmnt. Conspiración. Consignment. (Intro al USA). ni una pérdida. P. Velez Rivera.. contraprestación. Conspiracy. a cambio de esta última. 2nd. Si se cumple con el requisito de causa. la Ley suprema del País y a ella están supeditadas todas las demás normas legales.P. 2) Se negocia un cumplimiento o una promesa en respuesta si el promitente original las proyecta a cambio de otra promesa. interpretation. convenio o pacto entre dos o más personas para realizar un acto ilegal empleando medios legales o ilegales. Evidente.C. que deben ser resueltas por el poder legislativo o el ejecutivo. Fed.C. Consolidation of defenses in motion. State. Contraprestación contractual. Civ. Constable. sec. Contraprestación. Consolidación de defensas por moción. (Intro al USA)..Consideration Consideratíon. Derecho constitucional. Constitution. 12 (g)) Consortium. La Constitución es. sec. por supuesto. (C. la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos es. b) una equivalencia en las prestaciones. 71). 2nd. La contraprestación es alguna cosa (por ejemplo: una promesa o documento) que el promitente ha negociado y recibe a cambio de su promesa. Un término o cláusula es evidente cuando está escrito de tal modo que una persona razonable contra quien éste ha de operar debe notarlo. Consignatario. Civ. sec. El estudio del derecho constitucional. sec. El derecho y los beneficios de la compañía.U. sec 1201(10)). (R. 79). Consignación. en sus propias palabras. Constitución federal. valor. Esto incluye algunas cuestiones de interpretación constitucional que la Corte se ha rehusado a zanjar por opinar que son cuestiones políticas. excepto que no será necesaria causa a un instrumento u obligación dado en pago o como garantía de una obligación anterior de cualquier clase. ésta podrá ordenar una vista o un juicio conjuntos de cualesquiera o de todas las cuestiones en controversia en los mismos. sec. podrá ordenar la consolidación de todos ellos y podrá dictar las órdenes en relación con los procedimientos de los mismos que tiendan a evitar gastos o demoras innecesarios. desventaja o detrimento al tenedor de una promesa. Aparte del requisito de documento escrito.R. intangibles como el amor abstracto. Agente de policía (UK). esto es. Constitutional law. interpretación. La parte que presentare una moción a tenor con esta regla podrá unirle cualesquiera 340 otras mociones que en la misma se disponen y a las cuales tuviere derecho en esa oportunidad. Constitución federal. así como los beneficios económicos resultantes de un matrimonio. en el sentido que se da al término en los Estados Unidos. aunque no exactamente. (Ramos v. Interpretación contra proferente. normalmente como medio de proteger a la parte afectada. si al finalizar cualquier año contributivo se le tenia a éste separado y a su entera disposición determinado ingreso.. Contraband. (Intro al USA). adyacente. Contiguo. Continuing jurisdiction. Plataforma continental. aplazamiento. Continuance. disputado.P. parte en desacato Contempt of court. Doctrina de recibos implícitos. Contiguous. Continuing legal education. Si las cláusulas de un contrato dictadas por una de las partes no son claras. 233(1966)). tal utilidad debe. Podría equipararse. Contrato. Un trust que la ley impone. Construction. Contract. Controvertido. vienen colaborando a través de una comisión conjunta que supervisa los programas de enseñanza jurídica de admisión a cargos en toda la nación. Contumaz. sin restricción o limitación alguna en cuanto al modo o tiempo en que pueda hacerlo efectivo. (Unidroit. Constructive. de Hacienda.Contract Constitutional review. aunque la palabra "Contrato" puede usarse también para referirse al acuerdo de las partes o al documento firmado por ellos. Por ejemplo. Continuity. Es un derecho real. La doctrina de recibos implícitos dispone que. Constructive receipts doctrine. obra. El dolo que la ley Continental law. En caso de que haya 341 .6). Revisión constitucional. Formación jurídica permanente. Una de las limitaciones cardinales al poder de revisión de la constitucionalidad de la legislación federal y estadual consiste en que la Corte solo toma decisiones sobre una controversia que hay llegado a la situación procesal correspondiente. Lenguaje que se usa. Objetos de posesión ilegal o clandestina. Honorarios bajo pacto de cuota litis. Continuidad. aunque no pueda probarse por las reglas generales. Contingency. Contra proferente rule. Constructive trust. Contingency fee. Contested. Construcción. que depende de que ocurra o no un hecho en particular. en la que los resultados tengan consecuencias inmediatas para las partes. se preferirá la interpretación que perjudique a dicha parte. Bajo la competencia continuada de un mismo tribunal para el caso que se presenten nuevos reclamos entre las mismas partes. en el sentido del common law. que es una organización educativa sin fines de lucro. Se puede definir un contrato como una promesa. Un fenómeno de aparición reciente es la intensificación de la formación jurídica permanente de los abogados. conflictivo. imputa bajo ciertas circunstancias. de propiedad. Con ello se le reclamarían los deberes que el trustee debe cumplir. Desde 1947 el American Law Institute (Instituto de los Profesionales del Derecho) y la American Bar Association. edificio. En el common law se trata de una sanción mucho mas amenazante y real que en países civilistas. no empece el hecho de que un contribuyente se acoja al método de recibido y pagado. Un contrato consiste de una promesa o una serie de promesas. a un derecho propietario sujeto a una condición suspensiva. ser declarada como ingreso y no en aquél en que al contribuyente le plazca hacerla efectiva. 93 D. y no emite opiniones en función asesora ni lleva adelante procesos no controvertidos. vecino. derecho sel sistema romano. quien con abuso de confianza se apropiase de un bien. Contrabando. (Intro al USA). rebelde. Contingencia. cuyo incumplimiento es castigado por la ley. Constructive malice. podría ser considerado legalmente como trustee de la cosa. Continental shelf. Prórroga. Pionero en este campo ha sido el Practicing Law Institute. Srio. (Intro al USA). no en forma literal pero en sentido lato. Contingent estate. Prin. Contemnor. Desacato al tribunal. en ese año. 4.R. Derecho utilizado en Europa continental. Interpretación de un documento o de una ley o norma. Ficto. Contract against public policy un incumplimiento. Cualquiera de las partes podrá dar por terminado un contrato de tiempo indefinido. Con. se aplicarán las normas generales que se refieren a la formación del contrato.. art. sec. Para aquel tiempo el sellar un instrumento era una formalidad impresionante y consistía de la adhesión de cera con una impresión. En ausencia de una indicación contraria de intención. las formalidades. 285(1)(2)). (Rstmnt.. (Unidroit. Contrato con estipulaciones dejadas deliberadamente pendientes.. Formación del contrato. Contrato contra el orden público. sec. Contracting party. sec. Derecho contractual. art. (Rstmnt. aunque éstas sí concedían compensación en casos de fraude. 2. 97 y nota). (Uni-droit. Contratación con cláusulas estándar. Una promesa escrita está sellada si el promitente adhiere o imprime un sello en el documento o adopta un sello que ya está puesto.14).. es un contrato bajo el cual el tenedor de una obligación promete no demandar nunca al obligado o tercera persona para exigir una prestación o no hacerlo durante un tiempo limitado. Contract formation. o si la política publica en contra del cumplimiento de tales términos se contrapone claramente—en virtud de las circunstancias—al interés en su ejecución. Si las partes han tenido el propósito de celebrar un contrato. La ley del Estado. Contratos bajo sello. art. art. Contracting under standard terms. En la Inglaterra medieval. 5. a .. será aplicada si el asunto particular pudo resolverse por las partes mediante una provisión explícita en el acuerdo concerniente. comunicándoselo a la otra con una anticipación razonable. 2nd. 187). 2nd. 2. Contratante.. 178(1). Elección contractual de la ley del estado. pago anterior y similares. Cuando una o ambas partes utilicen cláusulas estándar para celebrar un contrato. (Uni-droit. (Rstmnt. o a su determinación por un tercero. y compensaciones. liberación. Contrato de no demandar.1). Derecho contractual. propuesta y aceptación. 178(3)). 2. contraparte. no impedirá la celebración del contrato. sec. escogida por las partes para regir sus derechos y obligaciones contractuales. Prin. 2nd. sec. temas. La responsabilidad contractual puede basarse en un consentimiento en forma de promesa o bien implícita de los actos de las partes. 1). Prin. Un contrato de no demandar. ina-plicabilidad por motivos de orden público.8). Con. (Intro al USA). Contractor. 2nd. debido en parte al analfabetismo. (Rstmnt. la ley concede una acción. Daños contractuales. Contract law. ejecución y condiciones de ejecución. Contract not to sue. Con. Su ejecución se considera un deber. interpretación. Contrato por tiempo indefinido. derechos de cesionarios y beneficiarios contractuales. Una promesa u otro término de un acuerdo no se puede hacer cumplir en términos de política pública si la legislación estipula que no se puede ejecutar. Contract against public policy. Conflict. (Rstmnt. ya sea exclusivamente o en concurrencia con otras pretensiones. Contract law. (Unidroit. El derecho de contratos se ocupa principalmente de la ejecución de las obligaciones contractuales. Contractual choice of law. parte contrayente.. topics. (intro al USA). Todo incumplimiento otorga a la parte agraviada el derecho a ser indemnizada por daños y perjuicios. los documentos eran autenticados comúnmente con sellos sin mediar firma. Con.. 342 Contract with terms deliberately left open. empresario. Prin. Contract for an indefinite period. coacción e inconciencia. Contractual damages. 2nd. error y falsa representación. un instrumento sellado estaba inmune a cualquier ataque en las cortes de derecho común (Common Law). Prin. la referencia será la ley local del Estado de la jurisdicción escogida. El derecho contractual de la capacidad de la partes. Todo contrato podrá celebrarse mediante la aceptación de una oferta o por la conducta de las partes que sea suficiente para demostrar la existencia de un acuerdo. Contratista. el hecho de que intencionalmente hayan dejado algún punto sujeto a negociaciones ulteriores.19). Contracts under seal. Se considera usurpado un instrumento cuando un librado a quien se le ha entregado éste para 343 .. Bonilla Lugo. existe el derecho de contribución entre los causantes del daño. sec. Contributing tortf easors. art. 2nd. (Pueblo v.. 222). Convención. (Rstmnt. 7. (Rstmnt. (Rstmnt. Negligencia contribuyente. aclarándose que la frase "apropiarse para su uso propio" no quiere decir necesariamente. (Rstmnt. 2nd. Cada una de dos o más personas cuya conducta torticera—constitutiva de responsabilidad extracontractual—sea la causa legal de un daño único e indivisible. (Rstmnt. inspector. Las acciones judiciales disponibles para la protección de intereses en expectativa. (Unidroit. sec. Contrario a las buenas costumbres. Rebeldía. Todos los escritos que son parte de una misma transacción se interpretan en conjunto. Si el propósito principal de las partes es discernible. types. La conversión. 463).R. Cuando dos o más personas incurren en responsabilidad extracontractual a una misma persona por un mismo daño. laguna contractual. Controversy. sec. para su propia seguridad. Acciones contractuales. 2nd. Controller. 449 (1964)). Contractual gap. 2nd. tipos. Normal u ordinario. 2nd. 345). Con. apropiación ilícita. Torts. Con excepción de la situación en que el demandado tiene la última oportunidad expedida. sec. Contributory negligence. constituye esto una causa contribuyente junto con la negligencia del demandado en el surgimiento del daño. 2nd. Contributory negligence. Convention. Convenience. Las palabras y otras conductas se interpretan a la luz de la totalidad de las circunstancias. Conveniencia. pacto. Negligencia contribuyente. sec. La negligencia contribuyente es una conducta del demandante que cae por debajo de las normas que debería obedecer Negligencia contribuyente como obstáculo a la demanda.Conversion of instrument menos que el incumplimiento fuere excusable. Omisión. Conversión.. Usurpación de un instrumento comercial. tratado internacional.4. en su propio beneficio personal. Torts. Contralor. responderá a la parte afectada por el daño completo. contumacia. (Rstmnt. 875). Contumacy. como elemento necesario del delito de abuso de confianza. Interpretación contractual. Conventional. (Rstmnt. la corte provee entonces un término razonable. Torts. 202). La negligencia contribuyente del demandante puede ocurrir como consecuencia de: una exposición intencional e irrazonable de si mismos al peligro creado por la negligencia del demandado. 467). Conversion of instrument. sec. cuya conducta de otro modo lo haría responsable ante el demandante por el daño causado. sec. Un escrito se interpreta globalmente. Contrary to morality. Prin. (Rstmnt. 2nd. incluso en casos en que aún no se haya recibido indemnización de todos o alguno de ellos. Torts. confiabilidad o restitución incluyen una sentencia u orden judicial: adjudicando una suma de dinero adeudada bajo un contrato o como daños. Torts. 466). Contractual remedies. tomando en consideración las circunstancias. Convencional. Coautores de un cuasidelito. Torts. 2nd. 204). Con. sec. Contribution among tortfeasors. Responsabilidad entre co-autores de un cuasidelito. donde al actor se le requiere el pago total del valor del bien.1). (Rstmnt. Conversion. 886 A). peligro del cual el demandante tiene conocimiento o tiene motivos razonables para conocer. Cuando las partes en una negociación suficientemente definida para llegar a ser un contrato no han acordado un término esencial a la determinación de sus derechos y deberes. Conversión es un ejercicio intencional de dominio o control sobre un bien mueble que interfiere gravemente con el derecho de otro de ejercer su control. sec. 91 D.P.. Con. la negligencia contribuyente del demandante impide poder recobrar del demandado. es la apropiación fraudulenta de bienes ajenos para uso propio. 2nd. se le otorga gran valor. Contributory negligence as bar to action. Contractual interpretation. Controversia. disputa. Corporate.C. o sea un recurso—como el de apela344 cion— interpuesto ante un tribunal distinto del sentenciante. y la corporación pequeña cuyas acciones son mantenidas en pocas manos (close Corporation). (Intro al USA). Título traslativo de dominio. Sociedades anónimas. Co-owner. La mayor parte de los estados tiene una ley única para todas las corporaciones de negocios. Empresa. Román Marrero. (Pueblo v.3). dirección. Literalmente "ante nosotros" o "en nuestra presencia. de Proa Crim. Los directivos de una sociedad anónima. Reglas Fed. Corporación. Corolario. 419). Acciones corporativas de una sociedad anónima. Cooperation between the parties. Prin. tales como fusiones de empresas. Conviction of lesser offense. Copia. Derechos de autor. Convict. Corporations.R. Sociedades anónimas. 96 D. la dirección de la empresa era confiada a un cuerpo se- . Fidelidad empresarial. Corporation. queda en los manos de los accionistas en su carácter de propietarios de la corporación. Derecho de propiedad intelectual. acto por el cual un tribunal penal condena al acusado. disolución. Copy. Cooling period. azotes. Sin embargo. debe permanecer la acción de divorcio paralizada para dar a los cónyuges la oportunidad de reconciliarse." Es un recurso de reposición interpuesto cuando se estima que el fallo adolece de algún error de hecho. Una parte debe cooperar con la otra cuando quiera que dicha cooperación puede ser razonablemente esperada para el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de esta última.. Corporativo. Se contrapone la expresión a coram vobis. Conveyance of ownership. 796 (1968)). o una o más series de acciones en cualquiera de las clases. Convicto. y pueden ser considerados responsables de incumplimiento de este deber en perjuicio de los intereses de los accionistas o aun de un grupo minoritario de ellos. Coram nobis (L). Pena física. Tienen un deber de fidelidad hacia los accionistas. enmiendas a los estatutos. (Regla 30(c). Corollary. perteneciente a una sociedad comercial. Castigo corporal. Copyright. Corporate Stock.P. management. independiente de su tamaño o de la forma en que este distribuido su paquete accionario. en el derecho de Texas. las variaciones de estructura son grandes. Convicción por delito inferior. Conviction. compañía. Corporal punishment. Impuesto sobre las sociedades comerciales. El acusado podrá ser declarado culpable de cualquier delito necesariamente incluido en el delito imputado o de tentativa de cometer.). (Intro al USA). art. por ejemplo. (Unidroit. Por ejemplo. Corporations. reo. empresarial. Convicción. Período de enfriamiento. S. sociedad por acciones. Condómino. La norma para determinar la aplicabilidad de la doctrina sobre el período de enfriamiento—la cual da margen para reducir el delito de asesinato a homicidio a base de súbita pendencia o arrebato de cólera—debe ser el período de tiempo que necesitaría una persona ordinaria y razonable situada en circunstancias similares al acusado y no el período de tiempo que necesitaba el acusado para calmarse o enfriarse. Médico forense (UK). los sesenta días que. Corporate duty. y uno de los problemas actuales del derecho de corporaciones es como tener en cuenta las diferencias entre la corporación grande con acciones accesible al público (public Corporation). ejemplar. bien el delito o un delito necesariamente incluido en el mismo si tal tentativa constituyera delito. Coroner. plazo para recapacitar.U. (C... persona condenada por un tribunal penal. (14 LPRA 1639).Conveyance of ownership aceptación se niega a devolverlo cuando se le demanda. 5. Cooperación entre las partes. etc. Sociedad anónima. sec.A. Corporate tax. de actuar en beneficio de la corporación y no el propio. Aunque el poder de hacer cambios organizativos fundamentales. Período de enfriamiento. Toda corporación podrá emitir una o más clase de acciones del capital corporativo. La corte a moción del gobierno dentro del año de su pronunciamiento podrá reducir la sentencia para que refleje la cooperación por parte del acusado en la investigación o el procesamiento de otra persona que hubiere cometido un delito. Correct an error. a menos que la corte dispusiera otra cosa. Counterclaim. Court approval. Court decision. (Regla 35(b). Countersignature. Fed. Tribunal inferior.. (Unidroit. 2nd. corroborar. (Rstmnt. Corroborar. consultor. Correlacionar. Autorización judicial. Con. Course of dealing. (Reglas Fed. Las mismas podrán solicitar un remedio en exceso de la cantidad o de distinta naturaleza del solicitado en las alegaciones de la parte adversa. Abogado.11). Reconvenir (v). del Proc. Las apelaciones de 345 . sec.1. sec. proponiendo un negocio sustituto. En casos en que el demandado pueda radicar una acción a manera de reconvención. sentencia. confirmar. (C. abogado. Civ. 39). Consejo. Reconvención no interpuesta. Decisión judicial. Consultor. Corresponde. 2nd. Judg. y no lo hace. Reconvención en exceso de la demanda. La conducta anterior es una secuencia de conducta previa entre las partes en un acuerdo que establece razonablemente una base común de entendimiento para interpretar sus expresiones y otra conducta. 22). asesorar. Course of dealing and usage of trade. letrado. Civ. Court below. Representar jurídicamente. sec.. Correlate. Reducción de sentencia por Counterclaim maturing or acquired after pleading. Reglas Fed. Salvar un error. Corroborante. Corroborate. 54(d)). Conducta anterior. sec. fallo. sec. consejero. Councilor. resolución. Un curso de negocio es una secuencia de conducta previa entre las partes en una transacción específica que se considera que establece una base común de entendimiento para interpretar sus expresiones y conducta.. Counterclaim exceeding opposing claim.). Costs of performance.. Costas. visar. Prin. Crim. Una reclamación que deviniere exigible o fuere adquirida por el peticionario después de haber notificado sus alegaciones podrá ser deducida como reconvención mediante alegación suplementaria. Court of appeals for the circuit. asamblea. segunda firma. Counsel. Court. tribunal. 13(e)). auto. del Proc. Con. asesor. Gastos del pago. Contraofertar (v).. junta. el directorio {board of directors). abogado. Cada parte debe asumir los gastos derivados del cumplimiento de sus obligaciones. P. sec. Corte. cambio de circunstancias. art. pero las costas contra los Estados Unidos. (Rstmnt. asesor.C. 6. Counter offer. Refrendar. sus funcionarios y agencias se pondrán tasar las costas con un día de aviso. (Rstmnt. Peticiones o acusaciones específicas que contiene la demanda. Countersign. (Intro al USA). Council. Las reconvenciones podrán aminorar o no o derrotar o no las pretensiones de la parte adversa. 223). distinto del propuesto en la oferta original. Corroborative. Correction of sentence for changed con-ditions. 13(c)). Curso de negocio y uso de comercio. Reconvención por alegación suplementaria. Cost of collectíon. Correspond. Counterclaim not interposed. las costas excepto honorarios serán concedidas como cuestión de rutina a la parte vencedora.. (Regla Fed.Court of appeals for the circuit parado. Contraoferta. sec. Costs. Consejero. 1-205). Civ. Counsellor. de Proc.U. con permiso de la corte. Una contra oferta es una oferta hecha por el requisito a su oferente sobre la misma materia de la oferta original. Refrendata. A excepción del caso en que hubiere disposiciones expresas al efecto en una ley de los Estados Unidos o en estas reglas. Cámara de apelaciones del circuito. Reconvención (s). aconsejar. (R. no por ésto perderá su derecho a radicar una acción basada en la misma reclamación.. Count. 2nd. Gastos de cobranza. asesor. tales como libertad bajo palabra. La resolución que se dicte expondrá los hechos y será firmada por el juez. aunque en circunstancias poco frecuentes la apelación puede ir directamente a la Corte Suprema. los delitos mayores como los menores. tanto. la respuesta común aun en el caso de crímenes menores como ratería o posesión de drogas es la sentencia de encarcelamiento. 1102). Credit. Delito. Creditors' schedule. Credibility. Junta de acreedores. Credit union. Después de un incumplimiento. Criminal forfeiture.Covenant los fallos de un tribunal de distrito son llevados. (Intro al USA). 13(g)). Asociación. de Proa Crim. Derecho penal. "Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito" una sociedad cooperativa organizada de acuerdo con este Capítulo. Crédito (s). Contrainterrogatorio. Cobertura. con constancia en autos. Covenant. 685). Creditor. de Proc. 2-712). Estudio de las circunstancias que promueven el crimen y de las formas de controlarlo. La diferencias más notables entre estados son las diferencias en la severidad del tratamiento de diversos crímenes y en el tipo de sentencias. libertad vigilada. Second. Torts. (Restat-ment. sin embargo.. Criminal law. para afrontar necesidades personales y para negocios lícitos. cooperativa de ahorro y crédito. No podrá dictarse sentencia de decomiso en una causa criminal a menos que en el indi-ciamiento del gran jurado la acusación del fiscal indique la extensión del interés o propiedad sujeto a decomiso. Una persona que sostenga relaciones sexuales con uno de los cónyuges. Acreditar (v). con el doble propósito de estimular el ahorro entre sus asociados y de brindarles crédito a tipos de interés razonables. Contrato. convenir (v). Cross-examination. El juzgamiento de causas penales refleja la naturaleza contradictoria del proceso judicial y la confianza en la capacidad del jurado legal. pacto (s). Criminal. así como numerosas infracciones secundarias. Criminal proceeding. Desacato criminal. Reglas Fed.). En muchos estados se hace en uso profuso de alternativas a la prisión. (Intro al USA). al tribunal de apelaciones del circuito correspondiente a ese distrito. En otros estado. Credibilidad. Cover. En las alegaciones se podrá plantear por via de demanda contra coparte cualquier reclamación de una parte contra una coparte que surgiere del evento o eventos a que se contrae el pleito original o una reconvención contra el mismo o relacionada con cualquier propiedad que fuere objeto del pleito original. sec. (C. es decir. Crime. sec. Demanda contra coparte. sec. (Intro al USA). Criminología. (Regla 42. (Regla 7(C)(2). el duodécimo corresponde al distrito de Columbia. punishment. Criminal conversation with a spouse. Coverage. reprimido penalmente. etc.C. pena. el comprador podrá "cubrirse" haciendo de buena fe y sin demora irrazonable cualquier compra razonable de o contrato de compra de mercancías en sustitución de aquellas que debía recibir del vendedor. (7 LPRA sec. ilegal. Adulterio con cónyuge ajeno. Creditors' meetings. Cada estado tiene sus propias leyes penales que definen. Crim.U. Acreedor. Relación de acreedores. multas. Cross-claim against co-party. el papel principal recae sobre el fiscal y no sobre el juez.). será responsable al otro cónyuge por el daño causado a sus intereses maritales legalmente protegidos. del Proc. (Reglas Fed. once de los cuales abarcan agolpamientos geográficos de estados y comprenden varios distritos. Civ. Cubrirse. Hay doce circuitos. Criminology. Procedimiento penal. Contratar. por lo común. libertad condicionada. Criminal. El procedimiento penal en los Estados Unidos tiene en lo esencial características de acusación y no de instrucción. El contrainterrogatorio deberá limitarse a la materia objeto del examen directo y a las 346 . (Intro al USA). Criminal contempt. Decomiso penal. Reglas Fed. El desacato podrá castigarse sumariamente si el juez certifica que vio u oyó la conducta constitutiva del desacato y que fue cometido en presencia de la corte. Castigo cruel e inusitado. sec. Doctrina que permite la interpretación de un testamento o de otro documento jurídico por un tribunal. R. Costumbre. En Inglaterra se usa también como sinónimo de Estado.. Custom. siempre y cuando dicha parte comunique sin demora injustificada su intención de purgar su incumplimiento.4). Fed.. 1704).10). Purga del incumplimiento. detener el pago de cualquier efecto pagadero a su cuenta. 6. indicando la manera en que intenta purgarlo y el término dentro del cual se llevará a cabo dicha purga. Contrareferencia.1. Prin. (Unidroit.9).). Voto acumulativo. Moneda de pago. este podrá hacerse en la moneda de dicho lugar. 7. Todo cliente podrá mediante orden a su banco. art. Curfew.C. Impedimento de circular libremente a partir de cierta hora.U. multiplicado tal número de votos por el número de directores a elegirse. La parte incumplidora podrá. Customer's right to stop payment. purgar cualquier incumplimiento. (14 LPRA sec. (Regla 611(b). El certificado de corporación podrá prescribir que en todas las elecciones de directores cada accionista tendrá derecho a emitir un número de votos igual a los que tendría derecho a emitir de no haber disposición en cuanto al voto acumulativo. Currency not expressed.. Curador ejemplar. pero la orden deberá recibirse a tal tiempo y de tal manera que le conceda al banco una oportunidad razonable para actuar antes de que hubiere tomado cualquier acción con respecto al efecto. guarda. Cumulative VOting. Curator. Corona. tenencia.Cypres materias que afectan la credibilidad del testigo. Custody.1. Cruel and unusual punishment. Cure by nonperforming party. (Unidroit. Si una obligación de dinero se expresa en moneda diferente de la del lugar del pago. Evid. Prin. a su costo. art. a menos que dicha moneda no fuere libremente convertibile. Toque de queda. Crown. Cypres. uso. Si el contrato no señala una determinada moneda en la que se deba pagar la obligación.1. Moneda que no ha sido especificada. tradición. Currency of payment. el pago se hará en la moneda del lugar donde debe efectuarse el pago. art. 347 . Cumulative. 4-403). (Unidroit. 6. Prin. Cross reference. Derecho del cliente de detener el pago. (C. Acumulativo. Custodia. sec.P. (Incoterms). (Rstmnt. Capital Federal de los Estados Unidos. en el puerto de destino convenido. sec. Con. District Attorney. menos cualquier pérdida que la parte incumplidora pueda probar que la parte afectada habría sufrido con certeza razonable en caso de que el contrato hubiera sido cumplido. (Rstmnt.C. denominación dada por algunas facultades de derecho estadounidenses al diploma de abogado. 2nd.W. la parte que conoció o tenía que haber conocido la causal de anulación habrá de resarcir a la otra. D. (RstMnt. despachada en aduana para la importación. conducir un vehículo en estado de embriaguez. Doctor Juris.E. Indemnización compensativa que puede ser 348 . En el derecho estadounidense el Fiscal tiene el monopolio de la acción penal. 3.. sec. District of Columbio.S. Indemnización. Torts. Como una alternativa a la medida de daños en un indemnización genérica.J. Independientemente de que el contrato sea o no dado por anulado. Damages. Prin. Composición química y biológica propia de cada individuo. Damages. Torts. Indemnización por pérdidas no pecuniarias. (delivered duty unpaid). la parte afectada tiene derecho a indemnización a base de su derecho de confiabilidad. (Incoterms). (delivered duty paid). Driving while intoxicated. sec. D. ADN. D. (Incoterms). 12). Dactilografía.A. D. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entrega cuando ha entregado la mercancía.. 2nd. (Incoterms). de modo de colocarla en la misma situación en que se encontraría de no haber celebrado el contrato.Q. pero antes de la aduana fronteriza del país colindante. Indemnización compensatoria es la indemnización o resarcimiento otorgado a una persona como compensación o restitución por daños sufridos. (delivered ex ship). sin despacharla en aduana para la importación. Es aquella suma de dinero otorgada o concedida a una persona que ha sufrido un daño por un acto torticero de otro. art. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entregar la mercancía cuando ha sido puesta a disposición en el lugar convenido del país de importación. D.F. "Indemnización" o "resarcimiento" significa la suma de dinero otorgada a una persona afectada o dañada por la acción u omisión de otra.U. D. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entrega cuando ha puesto la mercancía a disposición del comprador a bordo del buque. 2nd. 349). (Incoterms).D. Damages for nonpecuniary harm. excluyendo los gastos incurridos en la preparación para o durante el cumplimiento.18). Drug Enforcement Adminstration.A. (Unidroit. resarcimiento.E.D. compensatory. 902). (Rstmnt.A.I. D. Indemnización compensatoria. 903). por lo que los particulares no pueden ejercerla. Torts. 2nd. D. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entregar la mercancía cuando ha sido puesta a disposición en el lugar convenido del país de importación. DNA. el Fiscal.D D. que a su vez conlleva responsabilidad extracontractual. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entrega cuando ha puesto la mercancía a disposición del comprador sobre el muelle (desembarcadero). entidad federal encargada de combatir el consumo ilegal de drogas. D.E. despachada en aduana para la exportación. en el puerto de destino convenido. (delivered at frontier). Indemnización basada en justas expectativas. en el punto y lugar convenidos de la frontera. Daños y perjuicios. Damages based on reliance. Dactylography. (delivered ex quay [duty paid]). No es un diploma de doctorado. Indemnización. Con. Una reclamación de daños por incumplimiento total es una por daños basados en todos los derechos que la parte perjudicada tenía al cumplimiento. Damages. present and prospec-tive harm. sec. Torts. ya por una conducta en extremo chocante u ofensiva. 2nd. Damages. 2nd. Alguna persona afectada por el acto de otro que conlleva responsabilidad extracontractual. sec. Peligro. Torts. sec. (Rstmnt.4. 906). podrá pagarse a plazos. No obstante. fechar. Indemnización compensativa que no será otorgada sin el previo establecimiento de pérdidas pecuniarias incluye compensación por a) daño a la propiedad b) daño a la capacidad para generar ingresos. Indemnización genérica. Dangerous driving. 905). 7. Peligroso. Arma peligrosa. Damages. Day in court. y c) el surgimiento de deudas. Dangerous chattel. trivial o insignificante. nominal. Damages for total breach. sec. arts. 908).11 y 7. pago y estimación. Indemnización por incumplimiento parcial.. Datos. (Rstmnt. negligente o peligrosa. Dangerous weapon. Una reclamación de daños por incumplimiento parcial es una basada solamente en parte de los derechos restantes del perjudicado al cumplimiento. 2nd. (Rstmnt. 910). Date. y b) por sufrimientos y daños emocionales. demnización compensatoria. 2nd. Indemnización por pérdidas pecuniarias. 2nd. De infracciones mínimas. Algo mínimo. (Rstmnt. Danger. Data. Damages. (Unidroit. sec. Conducción de un vehículo en forma imprudente. (Rstmnt. Indemnización por pérdidas pasadas. Indemnización específica. Damages for past. sec. Día establecido para comparecer a una audiencia y hacer valer los derechos. 236(2)). Indemnización por incumplimiento total. (Rstmnt. sec. 907). Fecha. Damages for partial breach. sec. Damages for pecuniary harm. Damages. Día en corte. Dangerous. 2nd. Torts. a diferencia de la indemnización compensatoria o nominal. ya para desalentar a la persona u otras personas de observar conducta similar en el futuro. Indemnización genérica es la indemnización o resarcimiento compensatorio recibido por un daño tan frecuentemente resultante de una acción que conlleva responsabilidad extracontractual y la que a su vez constituye la base de la acción incoada. 904 (2)). De minimis infractions. 2nd. oportunidad para defenderse. De minimis (L). es la indemnización que se otorga en contra de una persona a modo de castigo. encuentra que la conducta del acusado: Estaba dentro de lo usualmente 349 . Torts. sec. Damnum absque injuria (L).4.De minimis infractions recibida sin establecer prueba de pérdida pecuniaria a tales efectos incluye compensación a) por daño corporal.. (Rstmnt. Torts. Torts. teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza de la conducta gravada con el hecho de ser un delito y la naturaleza de las circus-tancias presentes. cuando la naturaleza del daño lo justifique. 2nd. tiene derecho a que el otro lo indemnice por todas las pérdidas pasadas. La indemnización se pagará en forma global. (Rstmnt. (Rstmnt. payment and assessment. presentes y futuras. presentes y futuras resultantes como consecuencia legal del acto torticero. 236(1)).. El tribunal podrá desestimar une acusación si. general. 2nd. Con. prueba o argumentos que uno estime tener. Indemnización punitoria. que normalmente se anticipa o presume la existencia de daños los cuales no tienen que ser alegados para ser probados. Prin.12). Indemnización nominal. Pérdida o daño que no genera una acción legal por reparación o resarcimiento. punitive. Indemnización nominal es una suma de dinero trivial que se otorga a un litigante que ha establecido una causa de acción pero que no ha establecido que tiene derecho a in- Indemnización. Indemnización punitiva. Objeto peligroso. Torts. 904). special. Day to show cause. Indemnización específica es la indemnización o resarcimiento compensatorio recibido por un daño distinto a uno por el cual se otorga indemnización general. fallecimiento. Deceptive practices. Decisión. testigo que presta testimonio. Deadline.De novo autorizado o tolerado. bonds. . discusión (s). Judg. § 3. Deadlock. Deceitful. Debatir. acuerdo. o que sabe que crea un riesgo substancial de causar muerte o serio daño corporal. Decedent. Death. Dean. Pen. Declaratory statute. Por ejemplo. Arma capaz de producir la muerte. Decedent's estáte. Deadlocked jury. Sordomudo. (14 LPRAsec. Muerto. En USA la práctica más corriente es suministrarla con una inyección {lethal injection). Deuda mancomunada. término. Defunción. deceso. Una sentencia válida. Ley meramente aclaratoria. 2nd. 1520). Declaración in extremis. Engaño. (Intro al USA). Deceit. en un jurado u otro tipo de cuerpo colegiado. fatal. Comerciar. Situación de empate. Decipher. con respecto a cualesquiera controversias propiamente litigadas entre ellos y resueltas en la acción (Rstmnt.. Death penalty. Negocio. Plazo. Debentures. Fuerza mortal. hecha por una persona al borde de la muerte. Comerciante. Jurado que no puede llegar a una decisión por no ponerse de acuerdo. § 2. (Cód. Por ejemplo: Disparar a propósito un arma de fuego en la dirección de otra persona o hacia un vehículo en el cual se cree que está otra persona constituye fuerza mortal. Debate. vencimiento. Deaf and dumb. pero un disparo de arma de fuego sí. De cujus. final y firme dictada en una acción que pretendía la declaración o adjudicación de derechos u otras relaciones legales entre las partes tiene carácter concluyente entre las partes en una acción subsiguiente entre ellos con respecto a las cuestiones ventiladas y de acuerdo con las reglas de impedimento de controversias {"issue preclusion"). en bienes o en acciones del capital corporativo. Deal. Deathbed declaration. Pena de muerte. Declaratory judgment. Sordo. Declaración de dividendos.. Engañoso. Decisión. dedicarse a comprar. Decano. Nuevamente. Dead. Declaration of dividends. Debt in severalty. Engañoso. maquinación fraudulenta. vender o desempeñarse como intermediario. Prácticas desleales. Death certifícate. a la par cuando las acciones tengan valor a la par y cuando no lo tengan. bienes relictos. Obligaciones.] Declarant. 350 Debate. sec. La decisión en sí se toma por voto mayoritario y se enuncia a continuación de los fundamentos. Deaf. deben-tures. un golpe de puño normalmente no lo sería. 33). y puede contener directivas para la continuación del proceso en el tribunal inferior. Decisión de alzada. al precio que fije la junta de directores. [Ver: Opinión. Mortal. Declarante. impuesto sucesorio. Dealer. (Cód. deponente. Los dividendos podrán pagarse en efectivo. Significa fuerza la cual el autor usa con el propósito de causar. Deadly. Mod. Patrimonio sucesorio. Deadly forcé. Certificado de defunción.12). Impuesto a la herencia. Descifrar. discutir (v). Deadly weapon. Sentencia meramente declarativa. Death duty. Decisión of appeal. o modificar la decisión de la instancia inferior. Financiación de pasivos o deudas. Causante de una sucesión. Ella puede consistir en confirmar. De novo (L). a no ser que sea expresamente contradicho por la persona cuyo interés haya sido infringido y no sea inconsistente con el propósito del estatuto que define el delito. Debt f inancing. Acto suficientemene violento como para causar la muerte de una persona. o de imposibilidad de llegar a un acuerdo.. fallecido.11 (2)). anular. Mod. Pen. falso. Deceptive. b) actúa con menosprecio temerario sobre ese asunto. Difamación de personas privadas. El esposo o la esposa goza del privilegio absoluto de transmitir a su cónyuge material difamatorio concerniente a un tercero. Torts. Deem. las circunstancias en que se publica razonablemente llevan a concluir que hay una particular referencia a un miembro. sec. antes delictuosa. será sujeto a responsabilidad. sec. (Rstmnt. será responsable ante un miembro individual de tal grupo o clase: sólo si el grupo o clase es tan reducido que puede entenderse que el material se refiere a un sólo miembro. 2nd. que puede descontarse de algo. (Rstmnt. aunque no haya ocurrido daño a causa de dicha publicación. Literalmente. Defamation actionable per se. Una persona que publique material difamatorio relacionado con una corporación. Deductible. Difamación que no requiere prueba de perjuicio. privilegio del abogado. 560). sentenciar (v). sus descendientes o familiares. privilegio conyugal. Deducción. truth. Torts. bolsillo profundo. Deed. sentencia (s). attorney's privilege. o 351 . (Rstmnt.Defamation of public official or public figure Decoy. (Rstmnt. Defensa contra difamación. 2nd. Decriminalization. Torts. malversación. Deducible. 2nd. 581 A). Tornar una actividad. 2nd. 561). sec. en algo legal. Desfigurar. si es una corporación sin fines de lucro. a) esa persona sabe que la declaración es falsa y difama a otro. veracidad. 580 B). 2nd. pero depende de la ayuda financiera del público. un proceso judicial donde esté participando como defensor. Señuelo o trampa para atraer a una persona determinada. Torts. será responsable ante el otro. Defalcation. sec. Decree. título de propiedad sobre un inmueble (s). sec. no sería sujeto a responsabilidad por difamación si la declaración es cierta. Otorgar mediante escritura (v). 592). 2nd. Defamation of a prívate person. (Rstmnt. Desfalco. y el material tiende a interferir con sus actividades perjudicando la estimación que le tiene dicho público. Torts. 569). Una persona que publique material difamatorio relacionado con un grupo o una clase de personas. Difamación de un grupo o clase de personas. Una persona que publique una manifestación difamatoria de un hecho. Una persona que falsamente publique material difamatorio de otro. 2nd. tornar ilegible o irreconocible. Deface. Una persona que publique una manifestación falsa y difamatoria relacionada con una persona privada. Defamation of public official or public figure. Defensa contra difamación. Defamation of corporations. sec. spousal privilege. (Rstmnt. no será responsable ante el patrimonio de esa persona. estafa. Una persona que publique una manifestación falsa y difamatoria relacionada con un oficial público o una figura pública respecto a su conducta. (Rstmnt. Torts. Escritura. Difamación de empresas. será responsable ante ésta si la corporación es una con fines de lucro y tiende a perjudicarla en sus negocios o a disuadir a los demás de negociar con ésta. (Rstmnt. Difamación de un funcionario o de una figura pública. 2nd. Un abogado goza del privilegio absoluto de publicar material difamatorio relacionado con otra persona en comunicaciones preliminares a un proceso judicial propuesto. Una persona que publique material difamatorio relacionado con una persona ya fallecida. Torts. de tal forma que haga de la publicación una de carácter libelosa. Considerar. si. 564 A). Torts. Decreto. Defensa contra difamación. si guarda alguna relación con dicho proceso. sec. Deep pocket. Difamación de personas fallecidas. Significa adinerado. Defamation defense. o en la institución donde se esté efectuando o en el curso de y como parte de. sec. Deduction. Defamation of a group or class. Defamation defense. o relacionada con un oficial público o una figura pública respecto a un asunto puramente privado que o afecta su conducta o aptitud al desempeñar su cargo. pensar. y sólo si. Defamation of deceased persons. Decretar. Defamation defense. 586). o c) actúa negligentemente al no verificarlo. el secretario anotará su rebeldía. demanda contra coparte o demanda contra tercero. anotación. si se hubiera dictado sentencia en rebeldía. Defensa de la posesión por la fuerza. Defect. Defendant's prior record. de Proa Crim. A solicitud del acusado. de Proa Crim. notificar por escrito al fiscal tal intención y presentar copia de la notificación al secretario. against the United States. pero... Defensa de derecho o de hecho. Default. 559). Fed. (R. sec. pero sí para prevenir o terminar con la intrusión de otro individuo en sus . 55(e)). reconvención. (Rstmnt.. entry. sec. negligencia excusable. normalmente un derecho real. o para disuadir a terceras personas de asociarse o relacionarse con esta persona. Rebeldía. (R Fed. P.). de derecho o de hecho. Default. Defense in law or fact. Civ. Defense of alibi. Derrotable. sec. Reglas Fed. contra una solicitud de remedio en cualquier alegación. Defaulting witness. (Regla 16(a)(l)(B) Reglas Fed. dejada sin efecto. la fecha y el lugar en que el alegado delito fue cometido. Default. Abogado defensor. de Proa Crim.). (Rstmnt. Abogado que defiende a empresas cuando son demandadas por particulares. Rebeldía. 3) incompetencia. el gobierno le suministrará copia de sus antecedentes penales. sec. P. (Regla 12. 580 A). será. Comunicaciones difamatorias. Civ. contra los Estados Unidos. descubrimiento de nueva evidencia. se expondrá en la alegación respondiente a las mismas. Una comunicación o manifestación es difamatoria si tiende a afectar la reputación de una persona para minimizar o reducir la estimación de la comunidad hacia ésta. si. 12(b)). dentro del término dispuesto para la radicación de mociones antes del juicio o en fecha posterior que la corte ordenara. el acusado le notificará dentro del término de diez días o en otra fecha que la corte dispusiera. acusado. Demandado. 55(a)). que estuvieran en posesión o bajo la custodia o control del gobierno. podrá dejar sin efecto una anotación de rebeldía y. A requerimiento por escrito del fiscal con indicación de la hora. Si el acusado intentara fundarse en la defensa de locura en la fecha del alegado delito. La corte. (R. (Regla 12. Reglas Fed. podrá igualmente dejarla sin efecto en casos de error. sec. inadvertencia. Se utiliza para indicar que un derecho real (interest) esta sujeto a una condición capaz de suprimirlo o disminuirlo. Defensa de locura. o b) actúa conforme a un menosprecio temerario sobre esta materia. si hubiere lagunas.). aviso por escrito de su intención de presentar la defensa de coartada. las siguiente defensas podrán hacerse mediante moción: 1) falta de jurisdicción sobre la materia. 2nd. fraude. tendrá que. sec.Defamatory Communications aptitud al desempeñar su cargo.. sujeta a responsabilidad. cuya existencia el fiscal conoce o que mediante el ejercicio de debida diligencia pudiera conocer. Civ. 2nd. No se dictará sentencia alguna en rebeldía contra Estados Unidos o contra funcionarios o agencias del mismo a menos que el reclamante pruebe su reclamación o derecho mediante evidencia a satisfacción de la corte. 55(c)). Defeasible. etc. no con la intención de causar la muerte o daño físico.1(a). Cuando una parte contra quien se hubiere solicitado sentencia para conceder un remedio afirmativo dejare de alegar o de otro modo defenderse a tenor con lo dispuesto en estas reglas y dicho hecho se hiciere constar mediante afidávit o de otra manera. setting aside. (Reglas Fed. procesado reo. Defense attorney. Un actor tiene el privilegio de utilizar una fuerza razonable. si ésta fuere requerida. y sólo si: a) esa persona sabe que la declaración es falsa y que difama a otra persona. Toda defensa. ya sea demanda. por causa justificada. Defense of possession by forcé. Fed.2(a). 2) falta de jurisdicción sobre la persona. Documento o condición que revoca un derecho anterior. Pasarse al bando adversario. del Proa Civ. Defamatory Communications. Testigo en rebeldía. P. 352 Defendant. Torts. Defeasance. Torts. Defense of insanity. Defecto o vicio. Defensa de coartada. Antecedentes del acusado. Rebeldía. a opción del peticionario. Deposit certificate. Excepción previa. faltante. libranza. sec. rango. Exigible. (Regla Fed. sec. reparto. P. sec. todo ello registrado 353 . Certificado de depósito. sec. Delivery. (Rstmnt. Delegado o representante. Fed. insuficiencia. Degree. Obligaciones pagaderas a la vista. Definite time to pay a commercial paper. como los niños de sus padres. de Proa Civ. Deposition.C. (R. Transferencia de obligaciones. Depletion. sec. Delegate. Deposition es una declaración de testigo bajo juramento.U. 67). Doctrina del common law que cancela una revocación testamentaria causada por un error de hecho o de derecho." Salvo pacto en contrario el término para entregas de mercancía "ex-barco" (que significa desde el buque de carga) o lenguaje equivalente no estará restringido a un buque determinado y requerirá la entrega desde un buque que ha llegado al lugar del puerto señalado para su destino donde mercancías de esa clase usualmente se descargan. Revocación relativa dependiente. podrá depositar en la corte la totalidad o cualquier parte de dicha suma o cosa. Demonstrative legacy. título. Se entiende por "certificado de depósito" aquel depósito que haya sido evidenciado por recibo o acuerdo escrito. Entrega.. Demonstrative evidence. Denial. Dependiente. Dependent.Deposition propiedades muebles e inmuebles. (7 LPRA sec. moroso.. Civ. demandar. 3). testar. recibida en la forma de pregunta y respuesta. Demand. En todo pleito en que cualquier parte del remedio solicitado sea una sentencia para el pago de una suma de dinero o la disposición de una suma de dinero o la disposición de cualquier otra cosa que pudiera entregarse. Delivery "ex-ship. Un instrumento será pagadero a una fecha determinada si según sus términos es pagadero en o antes de una fecha señalada o en un plazo fijo después de una fecha señalada. Donación testamentaria por una suma de dinero. 3-109). Deficiencia. Deponenete. Torts. dándole oportunidad al contrario de estar presente y repreguntar (cross-examine). Defensas y negaciones. Con. Delinquency. Democracia. Demurrer. Deponent. Agotamiento. Grado. Atrasado. Delinquen!. nefenses and denials. cancelar. (Rstmnt. rechazo. (7 LPRA sec. impago. Morosidad. previa notificación a cada una de las otras y. declarante. Las partes expondrán en términos sucintos y sencillos sus defensas contra cada reclamación interpuesta y admitirán o negarán las aseveraciones en que descansare la parte contraria. en el que conste el término por el cual se ha hecho tal depósito y que además tendrá que ser presentado al banco para su cobro. 2nd. Demand liabilities. con permiso de la corte. 322). Dependent relative revocation. 318). Delegation of duty. Depósito en la corte. Excepción planteada contra una acción y basada en una cuestión de puro derecho. Deficiency. Se entiende por "obligaciones pagaderas a la vista" todas aquéllas que un banco esté obligado a pagar dentro de un plazo no mayor de tres días. persona que depende de otra. borrar. Democracy.U. Deposit in court.C. Exigir. cualquier parte. Delincuencia. Negación. Fecha determinada para pagar un documento comercial. Demeanor. (C." Entrega "ex-barco.8(b)(d)). déficit. comportamiento. Suprimir. 2nd. expedición. a ser satisfecha de un fondo cierto o de una propiedad en particular. Delete.. Apariencia física. a menos que en dicha transferencia sea contraria a política pública o a los términos de su promesa. (C. 77). tachar. forma de caminar o de presentarse ante otros. dicente. Demandable. Demur. nivel. sec. Toda la prueba que no es testimonial. 3). cesión. Transferencia del cumplimiento de obligaciones: El obligado puede transferir adecuadamente el cumplimiento de su obligación a otro. Deterioration. Detención. Desear. suplente. Deputy. Las partes podrán estipular por escrito o la corte podrá a moción del parte ordenar que se tome deposición por teléfono. Designation of heirs. entre otros criterios. Detainer. que dicha corporación o asociación no hubiera reclamado debiendo haberlo hecho. Civ. representante. 23. (R. podrán tomarse deposiciones 1) previa notificación. Civ. Derogación. P. Desire. Deposition by telephone. Derelict. con algunas limitaciones. Interferencia ilegítima contra un derecho posesorio o contra la libertad personal. La gran desventaja de la oral deposition es su costo.Deposition before action y transcrito estenográficamente ante un funcionario autorizado para dar fe (el estenógrafo de Corte es también notario público). Detention. Derivative action. (Regáis Fed. Civ. Auxiliar.. sec. 320(b)(7)). Realizar un acto disuasivo. Acción en representación de la sociedad. Deseo. y 2) que el pleito no es colusorio.1). acción derivada. es desconocido en España y en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos. Para determinar en qué medida la obligación de una de las partes implica una obligación de medios o de resultado. para conferir a una corte de los Estados Unidos la jurisdicción que no tendría de otro modo. sec. deberá presentar una petición jurada en la corte de distrito de los Estados Unidos en el distrito de la residencia de cualquier presunta parte adversa. Derogation. Deposiciones en países extranjeros. delegado. Fed. o 3) a tenor con un suplicatorio. iniciar los que se conoce como 354 un juicio derivativo (en equity) en nombre de la corporación si los directivos han omitido indebidamente defender un derecho de la corporación afectado por personas pertenecientes o no a ella. puede en cambio. La mayor ventaja que tiene una oral depo-sitions sobre otros métodos de discovery es su flexibilidad al probar al testigo. R Civ. Declaración de herederos. Abandonado. Cualquier persona que deseare perpetuar su propio testimonio o el de otra persona en relación con cualquier asunto del cual pueda entender cualquier corte de los Estados Unidos. del Proc. Derogatory clause. Deposición antes del pleito. (Intro al USA). o 2) ante una persona comisionada por la corte y la persona así comisionada tendrá facultad a virtud de su comisión para tomar los juramentos necesarios y tomar testimonios. Deterioro. Fed. sec. a la luz de las contestaciones que se le van dando. adjunto. (b) el precio . (Reglas Fed. de Proc. Deposición por teléfono. Deposition in foreign countries. Criterios para determinar el tipo de obligación. Aunque un accionista no puede entablar una acción en su propio nombre para defender los derechos de la corporación. En todo pleito entablado por uno o más accionistas o miembros para reclamar derechos de una corporación o de una asociación no incorporada. Pleitos por accionistas. Descendant. la demanda será jurada y deberá alegar 1) que el demandante era accionista o miembro en la fecha del acto en virtud del cual demanda o que su participación o subsiguiente calidad de miembro le fue trasmitida por ministerio de la ley.sec. típica del derecho americano. Líquido y exigible. Deter. Derivatory actions by shareholders. (R. ante una persona autorizada para tomar juramentos en el lugar en que se lleve a cabo el interrogatorio. los siguientes: (a) la manera en que la obligación se expresa en el contrato. Determination of kind of duty involved. Descendiente. Cláusula testamentaria que invalida mandas anteriores. Determined and demandable. En un país extranjero.. degradación. Este tipo de acción. menoscabo. retención de una persona en contra de su voluntad. arruinamiento. se tendrá en cuenta.. 27(a)(l)). 28(b)).. ya sea por la ley del lugar o por la ley de los Estados Unidos. Deposition before action. reque-riéndole respuestas inmediatas a preguntas orales permitiéndole al interrogador presentar sus preguntas al tiempo que progresa el testimonio. Morir sin descendencia. Discharge of defendant. (Unidroit.5). Responsabilidad reducida. Diligente. Acción para recuperar la posesión de bienes muebles. que desempeña un cargo diplomático. Echar del colegio de abogados. Dictum. la ley no le brinda protección. Diplomatic immunity. Devaluation. Morir intestado. art. País en vías de desarrollo. Disable. Diplomático. Dilatory. Detour. Relaciones diplomáticas. Legado. manos limpias. Desvío. Díctate. Detraction. incapacidad. Transmisión de derechos.. Cuando la calidad de la prestación no ha sido precisada ni puede ser determinada en base al contrato. Direct and cross-examination. desmentir. pérdida. Prin. La expresión opuesta es vatio decidendi. Exoneración del acusado. Rectificar. Devolution. Preguntas Detrimental reliance. desfalco. menoscabo. 403). según las circunstancias. Disability insurance. Legatario. (Regla 5. Diplomatic.6). de Proc. (26 LPRAsec. lesión. Disbursement. (Unidroit. Disability. malversación. Devise. Diplomatic relations. Acto de tomar en cuenta los dichos de otra persona y actuar consecuentemente. Disbar. Determinación de la calidad de la prestación. Diplomat. 5. Ejercer un cargo. previo a lo cual debe prestar juramento de atenerse a la verdad. Testador. Detournement. Satisfacción de una sentencia contra uno de varios obligados. El primer testigo de la parte actora es llamado al estrado para ser interrogado por el abogado del demandante (direct examination). Manda testamentaria.. el magistrado federal sobreseerá la denuncia y exonerará al acusado. Incapacidad. gasto.1 (b). gastando tiempo y/o dinero y/o esfuerzos en ello. Literalmente. Devaluación. Prin. Dar un rodeo. o los gastos ocasionados con tal motivo. Desembolso. incapacitar. Devisee. Inmunidad diplomática.Discharge of judgment against one of several co-obligors y demás elementos del contrato. Reglas Fed. Desautorizar. Developing country. Si de la prueba apareciera que no hay causa probable para creer que se ha cometido un delito o que el acusado lo cometió. 355 . Parte de una sentencia judicial que se expresa en términos generales y que no contiene la parte obligatoria del fallo. Crim. Privar a alguien de la facultad de ejercer la abogacía. o muerte por accidente o medios accidentales. Disagreement. art. Devisor. Perjuicio. Diligent. A continuación el abogado del demandado interroga al testigo {cross-examination) con el objeto de establecer hechos adicionales o inconsistencias. Detínue. Diplomático. manos sucias. Seguro de incapacidad física. Diplomacy. seguro contra incapacidad o los gastos ocasionados por enfermedad y cualquier otro seguro perteneciente a este ramo. Dirty hands. Diligence. o para poner en tela de juicio la veracidad del testigo. descalificar. Disaffirm. Dictar. Remover bienes de una herencia para transferirlos a otra persona. Estafa. Disallow. detrimento. Detríment. la prestación debe ser de una calidad razonable y en ningún caso inferior a la calidad mediana. por ello. Diligencia. Dictator. Die without issue. 5. negar.). Discharge a duty. Dilatorio. "Seguro de incapacidad física" es el seguro contra daños corporales. Die intestate. Desacuerdo. Dictador. (Intro al USA). Se contrapone el término a la expresión clean hands. y repreguntas. Significa la persona que ha realizado actos deshonestos o desleales y que. Diminished responsibility. Diplomacia. Determination of quality of performance. ordenar. Discharge of judgment against one of several co-obligors. Inhabilitar. Dismissal by attorney for government. En cualquier momento después de iniciado un pleito la corte podrá disponer que los abogados de las partes comparezcan ante la misma para una conferencia sobre la cuestión del descubrimiento. Cesantía. condiciones o privilegios de su trabajo. (29 LPRA sec. de oportunidades de empleo por razón de edad. Toda organización obrera que limite. Disclosed principal. Falta de pago. radicar una solicitud de sobreseimiento del indi-ciamiento por el gran jurado o de la acusación por el fiscal o de una denuncia. Despido. categorías. 2nd. Sobreseimiento por el fiscal. Civ. Discovery. términos. sec. no libera a las otras personas de la responsabilidad por la pérdida. sec. Las partes podrán hacer descubrimientos mediante uno o más de los métodos siguientes: deposiciones mediante examen oral o preguntas por escrito. incurrirá en responsabilidad civil. religión. exámenes físicos y mentales. P. Dismissal. (Rstmnt. color.. despido. sec. Civ. Disclosure. Discrimen (discriminación) por el patrono. un pacto para su no ejecución. por razón de edad según ésta se define más adelante.U. Descubrimiento alcance y límites. con permiso de la corte.. El Secretario de Justicia o el fiscal de los Estados Unidos podrá. o limite o clasifique sus empleados en cualquier forma que tienda a privar a una persona de oportunidades de empleo o que afecten sus status como empleado. interrogatorios por escrito. 3-507). 4(1)). Fed. Revelación. y el 356 .. o a cualesquiera o cualesquiera personas que aspiren o tengan derecho a ingresar en dicha matrícula. Discovery conference. Las partes podrán hacer descubrimiento en relación con cualquier materia no privilegiada que fuere pertinente al asunto objeto del pleito pendiente. Discrimen. Discrimination by labor unión. credo político. 26(a)). Discovery. sexo. el descargo de la misma. sec. divida o clasifique su matrícula en tal forma que prive o tienda a privar a cualquier o cualesquiera de sus miembros. condición social. Disclaim.. 146). (R. 2nd. 26(b)(l)). Civ. 147). Conferencia de descubrimiento. Discrimination by employer. o cualquier otro convenio que termine en todo o en parte la obligación que impone en el deudor la sentencia. o que deje de emplear o rehuse emplear o reemplear a una persona. salario. Judg. 50). No ha lugar a una demanda. ideas políticas o religiosas del empleado o solicitante de empleo. Agency. discriminación. suspenda o discrimine contra un empleado suyo en relación a su sueldo. 26). ya estuviere relacionada con la reclamación o la defensa de la parte que solicita el descubrimiento o con la reclamación o defensa de cualquier otra parte. jornal o compensación. Discriminación por organización obrera.C. sec. para inspeccionar y otros fines. Discrimination. Se considerará que no se ha hecho honor a un instrumento cuando: a) se hace debidamente una presentación necesaria u opcional dentro del tiempo fijado o en el caso de cobranzas ban-carias el instrumento se devuelve oportunamente antes del término improrrogable de media noche. (R. Deshonor de un documento comercial. (Reglas de Proc. Negar responsabilidad. Si al momento de una transacción realizada por un mandatario. sec. Mandante manifiesto. (Rstmnt. P. y solicitudes de admisión. condición social. (29 LPRA sec. Dishonor of a commercial paper. origen social o nacional.Disclaim Cuando se ha dictado sentencia en contra de una de varias personas. incurrirá en responsabilidad civil. Fed. raza color. Dishonor. la otra parte (en la relación mandante-mandatario) tiene conocimiento de que el mandatario trabaja para un mandante y conoce la identidad del mandante. cesantía. origen social o nacional. (C. o b) la presentación no sea obligatoria y el instrumento no sea debidamente aceptado o pagado. cada una de las cuales es responsable por la pérdida reclamada en una acción sobre la cual se dictó la sentencia: La satisfacción de la sentencia mediante pago. Descubrimiento. producción de documentos u objetos o autorización para entrar en terreno u otras propiedades. Todo patrono que despida. scope and limits. sexo. dar a conocer. Discontinuance. raza. dicho mandante es un mandante manifiesto. Impugnar. Si hubiera demora innecesaria en la presentación de los cargos al gran jurado o en la formulación de una acusación contra el acusado que hubiere sido detenido para responder ante la corte de distrito. Dock. Crim. Juez de distrito. Rótulo. Disseminate. 629). Ditches. divulgar. Privilegio que tiene el paciente para que su médico no divulge sus datos personales. sec. desalojo. Las más extremas admiten el divorcio a pedido de una de las partes (como ocurre en California. setos vivos o muertos. donde se ha agregado como casual el haber vivido separados durante dos años. Divorcio. Desposeer. Divorcio. (Regla 48(b). Reglas Fed. lanzamiento. esparcir.A. Divorce. Diversidad.). es necesario probar la falsedad de todo lo alegadamente falso. de Proc. Torts. 85 (1965)). 357 . Distribution. la corte podrá sobreseer el indiciamiento por el gran jurado o la acusación por el fiscal o la denuncia. Lista de casos con audiencia prevista en un día determinado (s). Carreras. Dismissal shall be without prejudice. Muelle. Desobediencia. y de derecho marítimo.R. District Attorney.R. donde basta que un cónyuge demuestre "diferencias irreconciliables que causaron la ruptura irremediable del matrimonio"). lanzar. carátula.P. Incluir en la lista de casos (v).Doctrine in solido proceso quedara entonces terminado. La doctrina de in sólido—que tiene sus raíces en el derecho común—establece que cuando en una acusación penal se hace una relación general de la declaración que contiene los hechos falsos que dan lugar a una acusación. Sobreseimiento por la corte. Divorce. competencia. live or dead hedges. recusar. Reglas Fed. Dismissal by court. Doctrine in solido. Desistimiento será sin perjuicio. Distribución. (Intro al USA). Crim. 2nd. Disparaging statement. Dispute. Manifestación de descrédito o menosprecio. o si hubiera demora innecesaria en presentar al acusado a juicio. objetar. District courts. desalojar. Dismissal without notice. Despido sin previo aviso. jurisdiction. (De la Matta v. Doctor-patient privilege. Los tribunales de distrito son federales y tienen competencia general en primera instancia en cuestiones civiles. Disolución. Disobedience. Corte de distrito. El término "desistimiento será sin perjuicio" significa que aquél que solicita el desistimiento de su acción conserva el derecho a entablar una nueva acción. disputar. Dissolution. penales. Dividing wall. (Intro al USA). Desahucio. Docket. District court. (Intro al USA). Diversity.). District judge. Diseminar. Zanjas. (Rstmnt. Ortiz Colon 85 D. 92 D. (Pueblo v. bienes muebles o cosas intangibles pertenecientes a otros o sobre la existencia o extensión de su derecho sobre éstos y. Dockyard. Ver D. es razonable. La Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos he determinado que el domicilio de cualquiera de los cónyuges por separado es suficiente como argumento jurisdiccional para que la cláusula de plena fe y crédito pueda aplicarse a la sentencia de divorcio. Diversity jurisdiction. Doctrina de in sólido. de Proc. Astillero. a) el que la publica tiene la intención de que dicha declaración cree duda o b) el entendimiento del recipiente de que ocasiona duda. Una manifestación es de descrédito o menosprecio si se hace para crear duda sobre la calidad de un predio de terreno. Jurisdicción federal basada en el hecho que las partes son de estados o de naciones diferentes. y no se separan o particularizan dichos hechos. 160 (1962)). (Regla 48(a). Dispossession. desposesión. Tribunales de distrito. como en New York. Pared divisora. desahuciar. Las más moderadas de las nuevas leyes permiten el divorcio por consentimiento mutuo. Término usado en casos estatales cuando una de las partes se domicilia en un Estado distinto del foro. Dispossess.P. sec. Dominant and servient tenements. Pérez Puerta v. Draft. Domestic servant. Seleccionar un jurado. (Rstmnt. pre-.U. Domestic law. Due process.R.P. Doubt. Domicilio de origen. recibo de muelle. un documento debe dar a entender que se ha expedido por o está dirigido a un depositario con la intención de que cubra las mercancías en posesión del depositario las cuales están identificadas o son porciones fungibles de una masa identificada. retener y disponer del documento de resguardo. 15). Drop charges. ninguna tiene más de un domicilio a la vez. Doing business. Conflict. sec. vencido y pendiente de pago. El domicilio de un 358 hijo legítimo de nacimiento es el domicili de sus padres en ese momento. 2nd. por oposición al derecho internacional o al derecho extranjero. libranza. dominantes y sirvientes. Es una de las bases de competencia usadas en USA. Acequia.R 834 (1963)). letra de cambio. renunciar.C. Dubious. Derecho de habitación que beneficia a la viuda. (C. Conflict. Denomínase regla sobre dualidad de propósitos en viajes emprendidos por empleados la fórmula usada para determinar si es compensable un accidente del trabajo que le ocurre a un empleado mientras éste realiza un viaje. Debido. dios. Criado doméstico. Giro. Tipo de empresa que realiza transacciones internacionales y que goza por ello de ciertos beneficios fiscales. Draw a juror. incertidumbre. El domicilio de elección puede ser adquirido por una persona que sea legalmente capaz de cambiar su domicilio. Paga doble. donador. regla de. conocimiento de almacén. DISC. Desistir. (Rstmnt. depósito. intoxicado. Dote. Pago adelantado.P. Draft. Drawer. sino en virtud . Realizar actos de comercio. Domicilio de elección. por lo menos para el mismo propósito. cuestionable. Hecho por duplicado Donee. Comisión Industrial. Donatario. 1201(15)). Dudoso. (Rstmnt 2nd. Domicil(e). Drain. Domicil(e) of origin. Dualidad de propósitos. Drawee. sec. discutible. Debido proceso. embriagado. drunk. Conflict. 2nd. Domicil(e) of choice. Double jeopardy. al cual las reglas de conflicto de leyes confieren a veces una importancia determinante debido a la identificación de la persona con ese lugar. Dual purpose rule. Dormant. Toda persona tiene un domicilio en todo momento y. resguardo de almacén u orden para la entrega de las mercancías. Domestíc relations. Ebrio. sec. Documento de resguado. Ver Family law. Dowry. abandonar. enmienda XIV y v. incierto. borracho. (Sucn. Domicilio. 14). Drenar. Done in duplicate. y también cualquier otro documento que en el curso regular de negocios o financiamientos se considera como prueba suficiente de que la persona en posesión del documento tiene derecho a recibir. 13). Doble exposición por el mismo delito. Due. Dower. un derecho o privilegio que no se ejerce. Librador. usualmente el hogar de una persona.Document of title Document of title. 88 D. Domestíc International Sales Corporation. Proyecto. Double wages. Donor. bili of exchange. Duda. 94 D. Incluye conocimiento de embarque. Down payment. retractar una querella o denuncia. La causal sobre doble exposición no es contra el ser castigado dos veces sino contra el ser dos veces puesto en riesgo (Pueblo v. fourteenthand f ifth amend-ment. Ninguna persona será obligada a responder por delito capital o infamante. Librado. sospechoso. envío de dinero. Domicilio es el lugar. 11. Además de la capacidad legal para adquirir un domicilio de elección se requiere: a) presencia y b) estado mental. 557 (1967)). Lozano Diaz. borrador. Durmiente. Donante. Drunkard. Domicilio de origen es el domicilio que una persona tuvo al nacer. Derecho interno. tener el deber de no obstruir el cumplimiento de una sentencia. Deber de actuar para proteger a otros. 314)..11 (3)). Con.09). Mod. Deber. 315). (Rstmnt.. la cual le impone el deber al actor de controlar la conducta del tercero. Deber de confidencialidad. de su libertad o de su propiedad. § 3.4). 175). Duress by threats. Una persona a quien las reglas de cosa juzgada no le prohiben litigar una acción o reclamación resuelta mediante sentencia podría. En la medida en que la obligación de una de las partes implique el deber de alcanzar un resultado específico. § 2. Derechos. Si la manifestación de consentimiento de una parte es inducida por una amenaza impropia efectuada por otra parte de modo que no deja alternativa razonable a la víctima. Torts.16). o en la milicia. Si una conducta que aparenta ser una manifestación de consentimiento de una parte. no le impone el deber de ejecutar tal acto. (Unidroit. El hecho de que un actor reconozca o deba reconocer que un acto suyo es necesario para ayudar o proteger a otra persona. Dues. ni será privado de su vida. impuesto. enmienda V y XIV. Si una de las partes proporciona información confidencial durante el curso de las negociaciones. salvo en los casos que ocurran en las fuerzas de mar y tierra.Dysfunctional de denuncia o acusación por un gran jurado. el contrato es anulable por la víctima. sec. 174). sec. 359 . tributo. (Cód. tal conducta no es efectiva como una manifestación de consentimiento. (Rstmnt. Duty not to obstruct compliance with judgment. Duress by physical compulsion. Dummy. Con. dentro de su jurisdicción.. sec. Deber de controlar la conducta de terceros. Duress. sec. ni se podrá tomar propiedad privada para uso público. 2nd.. Duplicity.. no obstante. Prin. o una porción de ésta. Duplicado. Violencia física. No existe el deber de controlar la conducta de un tercero para evitar que éste cause daño corporal a otro a menos que exista una relación especial entre el actor y el tercero. Dwelling. intermediario fingido.. Cuotas que se pagan por pertenecer a una asociación. prestanombre. y es compelida físicamente a hacer dicha manifestación. sec. Coacción. Que funciona de forma totalmente inadecuada. (Rstmnt. art. (Cód. la otra tiene el deber de no revelarla ni utilizarla injustificadamente en provecho propio. Mod. de su libertad o de su propiedad. (Constitución de USA. la igual protección de las leyes. Será defensa afirmativa para el autor que haya incurrido en la conducta imputada constitutiva de delito. Prin. Duty. independientemente de que luego se celebre un contrato. Obligación de resultados y obligación de medios. que no tiene la intención de comprometerse por tal conducta. carga. 1). 63). cuando se hallen en servicio activo en tiempos de guerra o de peligro público. sec. Duty to control conduct of third persons. Pen... Pen. Duty ofconf identiality. (Rstmnt. Domicilio. Testaferro. 2nd. aunque sea móvil o temporal. sin el debido procedimiento de ley. Judg. el que haya sido forzada a tal por el uso o la amenaza de fuerza ilegal contra su persona o la de otro. tal que una persona de razonable firmeza en su situación hubiese sido incapaz de resistir. Duty to act f or protection of others. ni ningún estado privará a persona alguna de su vida. ni podrá nadie ser sometido por el mismo delito dos veces a un juicio que pueda ocasionarle la pérdida de la vida o la integridad corporal. sin el debido procedimiento de ley. 2.. Dumb. Duty to achieve a specif ic result and duty of best efforts. Deber de no obstruir el cumplimiento de una sentencia. dicha parte estará obligada a obtener dicho resultado. 2nd. 5. sin justa compensación. que en ese momento es el hogar del autor o lugar de alojamiento. ni negará a nadie. 2nd. Violencia mediante amenazas. Torts. art. Dysfunctional. Duties. 2nd. ni será compelido en ningún caso criminal a declarar contra sí mismo. Mudo. (Unidroit. Significa cualquier edificio o estructura. (Rstmnt. (Unidroit. En especial. será concluyente entre las partes. (Rstmnt. sin importar la fecha en que comenzó la acción que la motivó o la acción que propiciara su ejecución.. El acreedor podrá rechazar el cumplimiento anticipado de la obligación. salvo acuerdo en otro sentido. 2nd. Judg.X. Effective date of final judgment. Capacidad remunerativa. sec. sec. Emergency powers. taller. a disposición del comprador. sec.1. Fecha de vigencia. 14). 6.E E. final y firme. Menor emancipado.C. Décimo octava enmienda constitucional estadounidense que principalmente introduce restricciones a la venta de bebidas alcohólicas. entradas. 2nd. (Incoterms). Election. fábrica. ganado. Election among remedies. Prohibir el comercio con empresas de cierta nación (v). Si alguna parte tiene más de una acción contractual a su disposición. Onceava enmienda a la Constitución de USA. Effective date. desahucio.. Con. en la medida siguiente: 1) Si la sentencia es a favor del demandante. el escoger alguna(s) mediante la radicación de demanda no conllevará la renuncia de la(s) otra(s) a menos que dichas acciones sean inconsistentes y que la otra parte se vea significativamente afectada al confiar en la manifestación previa.. Eighteenth Amendment. Ingresos. Abreviación de European Community. en su establecimiento (p. Para propósitos de cosa juzgada. Prin. Eligibilidad. sueldo. salario. Cumplimiento anticipado. Una de las formas en que se aplica la pena de muerte en USA. Cuando una sentencia sobre una persona es válida. no es responsable ni de cargar la mercancía en el vehículo proporcionado por el comprador. Comunidad Europea. Fecha efectiva de una sentencia definitiva. Judg. Seña. Earnings. desfalcador. evicción expulsión. Elegible. . (Rstmnt.e. sin perjuicio de que surja 360 una nueva causa de acción basada en la sen-tencia. pago a cuenta de precio. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entrega cuando ha puesto la mercancía. 17). escogencia. Earlier performance. Prohibición de comerciar con empresas de cierta nación (s).5). Eligible. Elección. la reclamación se extinguirá la sentencia impedirá una acción subsiguiente basada en la misma reclamación (Rstmnt. Embargo. Easement. Earnest money. (ex works). la reclamación se extinguirá por vía de la sentencia. Embezzlement Defraudación. 2) Si la sentencia es a favor del demandado. 378). Eligibility. art. 2nd. Effects of personal judgments. Efecto de sentencias sobre las personas. Economic tort. Earning capacity. Servidumbre. por electrocución. Estafador. etc.. Responsabilidad civil por haber cometido irregularidades de índole económica. Elección entre acciones contractuales. Poderes extraordinarios que son permitidos en caso de emergencia. Embezzler..W. ni de despacharla de aduana para la exportación. Ejectment. Lanzamiento. Electrocution. ganancias.). Emancipated minor. Eleventh Amendment. Earned. E. idoneo para desempeñar un cargo. Devengado. Suma del poder público. a menos que carezca de interés legítimo para hacerlo. Establece que los estados de USA gozan de inmunidad procesal respecto de los particulares que sólo pueden atraerlos a juicio con el consentimiento de tales estados. excepto cuando se interponga algún recurso de apelación revisión. estafa. la fecha efectiva de una sentencia definitiva es la fecha en que se dictó. almacén. Fomentar. P. Emissary. endeudar. Aquella persona que por su conducta extrema. Angustia mental. los tribunales extranjeros son aplicables solo en virtud del principio de cortesía. cuando debió reconocer que esto ocasionaría una enfermedad o daño físico: a) aun cuando el actor no tenia la intención de infligir daño. Torts. Encumbrance..Engage in occupation Eminent domain. Con. Empleo. intencionalmente o en forma temeraria causa una angustia mental severa en otra persona.. El procedimiento para ejecutar sentencias para el pago de dinero será mediante mandamiento de ejecución. Engage in occupation. Fed. Employment. Ejecutoriedad. y si ocurre daño físico como resultado de esa conducta. 2nd. nuncio. Emotional distress intended. Angustias mentales intencionales. Daño emocional. (Rstmnt. patrón. Torts. Emphyteuticary. 46). imperio. de otro modo que no sea por el conocimiento del daño o riesgo por una tercera persona. Quien en forma no intencional causa a otro individuo angustias mentales. Emotional distress. Por ejemplo. (Cari). (Rstmnt. Enacting clause. 313). 2nd. hospital. Endorse. Ejecución de sentencias extranjeras. Restricción al dominio. En banc. Emisario. locación de servicios. Dotar. etc. Encumber. promover. 2nd. (R. Gravar. Enforcement of judgments. será responsable por tal angustia mental. debió saber que tal angustia produciría enfermedad o daño físico. Cláusula que autoriza la realización de algún acto. también incurrirá en responsabilidad. 2nd. Donación realizada a una entidad. Endosar. Encourage. cargo. Enabling clause. Tomar el lugar de algo o de alguien en forma ilegal o injusta. Hacer valer sus derechos. y b) de los hechos conocidos por el. factor. Patrono. violenta u ofensiva. Enact. dueño. El requisito de plena fe y crédito solo alcanza a los fallos de tribunales norteamericanos. Angustias mentales no intencionales. Empleado. facilitar. normalmente con fines benéficos. Enforcement of foreign judgments. dependiente. Torts. el tribunal de un estado debe reconocer una sentencia valida y definitiva de un tribunal de otro estado. Realizar una donación a un escuela. empleador. sec. Usurpar. ayudar. inscribir. Endow. 69(a)). Según la cláusula de plena fe y crédito. los tribunales norteamericanos han aplicado con liberalidad también los fallos extranjeros. sec. 361 . No se indeminizará por concepto de daño emocional a menos que el incumplimiento también cause daño físico. La cláusula también se aplica cuando uno de los dos tribunales es estadual y el otro federal. será responsable por la enfermedad o daño físico que sufra ese individuo si: a) debió saber que su conducta conllevaba un riesgo irrazonable de causar tal angustia. sec. Emotional disturbance. Enforce his rights. fuerza ejecutoria. Employee. Enforceability. Employer. De todos modos. El trámite de ejecución. un embargo o una hipoteca. sec. Sesión plenaria de un tribunal o cuerpo colegiado. (Intro al USA). Civ. posición. Cláusula que promulga una ley. afectar. empresario.sec. o el contrato o el incumplimiento sean de naturaleza tal que un daño emocional serio resulte como consecuencia probable. Ejecución de sentencias. (Rstmnt. sin obligatoriedad. 312). (Rstmnt. representante. 353). Empty nester. en procedimientos suplementarios para y en auxilio de una sentencia. ocupación. Enfiteuta. y b) irrespectivamente de que el acto estaba dirigido hacia otro individuo o un tercero. Encroach. Será responsable quien intencional e irrazonablemente someta a otro individuo a angustias mentales. Dominio eminente del estado. Acción de aprobar una ley. Persona cuyos hijos han formado sus hogares independientes. a menos que la corte dispusiera otra cosa. Endowment. Otorgar facultades suficientes para realizar algo. Empower. Ejercer un oficio. Emotional distress unintended. ). Ver Fourteenth Amendment. matricular(se).U. borradura. Epidemia. Encomienda. Error en la expresión o en la transmisión. inscrin ción. debería de haber protestado en su oportunidad y omitió hacerlo. 58(1)). por causa justificada. Empresa. 2-403 (3)) Entry. Epidemic. siguiente. Una equivocación en la expresión o en la transmisión de una declaración será considerada como un error de la parte de quien emanó dicha declaración. Enjoyment. Equity. Ataque epiléptico. Mod. equivocación. art. sec. Equidad. 362 . (Cód. medio ambiente. Enlargement. § 2. en cualquier momento a su discreción ordenar la prórroga del término si se presentare una solicitud para ello antes de la expiración del término originalmente prescrito. Equitable servitude. hostilidad. Prórroga. Enterprise. la corte podrá. error. Raspadura. Un oficial del orden público o persona que actué en cooperación con tal oficial comete un etram-pamiento si con el propósito de obtener evidencia en la comisión de un delito. Enjoin. tachón. 91 D. Yerro. Sec. anotación. Enriquecimiento. Fed.6). disfrutar. Civ. Parte ya pagada de una deuda. Fed. por causa justificada. La equidad es una rectificación de la ley en la parte en que ésta es deficiente por su carácter general. Error. (Regla 45(b). Equitable estoppel. Se trata de una Constitución dispersa o no escrita en un documento único y que incluye usos. (C. en cualquier momento y a su discreción ordenar la prórroga del término si se le presentare una solicitud para ello antes de la expiración del término originalmente prescrito. 891 (1965)). Acto por el cual el Estado destruye los antecedentes penales que alguien pueda tener. Teoría que impone consecuencias adversas a quien. Enjoy. casos civiles. registro. Ensuing. Error in expression or transmission. induce o ayuda a otra persona a incurrir en conducta constitutiva de tal delito. Enemistad..P. Después del veredicto general del jurado o después de una decisión de la corte ordenando que una parte recobre solamente una suma determinada o costas o que se deniegue todo el remedio. Entrusting. Epileptic seizure. (Silva v. Garantía constitucional de igual protección bajo la ley. Restricción al dominio en forma de servidumbre y acordado por un tribunal en base a razones de equidad. costumbres y decisiones judiciales. Enter a judgment. P. 3.C.English Constitution English Constitution. Entrampamiento. Enrichment. Gozar. Entry of judgment. casos penales. A partir de ese momento tales antecedentes no pueden considerase. Eroll. Error of/in fact. (Unidroit. Cuando se requiera o permita ejecutar un acto en fecha o dentro de término especificado. Comisión Industrial. Inscribir(se). Reglas Fed. Environment. Environmental impact statement. Entrapment. corrección. de Proc. Declaración de impacto ambiental. la corte podrá. P Civ sec. Prórroga. entrada. (R. borrón. criminal cases. Error de hecho. Crim. Erasure of record. Erasure. Venidero. Equivalencia. "Encomienda" incluye cualquier entrega y cualquier consentimiento de retención de posesión a pesar de cualquier condición expresa de las partes para la entrega o consentimiento y a pesar de que la obtención de la encomienda o la disposición de las mercaderías por e1 poseedor se considere como robo o hurto bajo la ley penal. Prin. Equivalency.. Asiento. goce y disfrute ya sea de un derecho o de una cosa. Dictar sentencia. Registro de sentencias.13(1)). Enlargement.R. Calidad ambiental. Equal protection. Equivalent. Constitución inglesa. (R. Enmity. Equivalente. 6(b)). Pen. civil cases. Cuando por estas reglas o por una notificación dada a tenor con las mismas o por una orden de la corte se requiere o permitiere la realización de un acto en o dentro de un plazo especificado. Ordenar se abstenga. ante los hechos. Uso.. ni prohibiendo el libre ejercicio de culto. Cláusula de escape normalmente prevista en un contrato para defenderse de o para contrarrestar situaciones adversas. (Regla 103(c). Eutanasia. decisión errónea. Errors and omissions excepted. (Morales Lebrón). (Rstmnt. in. patrimonio. Salvo error u omisión. Depositario. R. Evid. sec. la competencia de los testigos. Error de derecho. al admisión o exclusión de evidencia. (Intro al USA). tales como haciendo declaraciones sobre ofertas de prueba o haciendo preguntas audibles por el jurado. oferta o promesa de proveer. Evidence of habit or routine practice. así como el de Licenciado o Doctor en América Latina. En casos ante jurado. ya sea corroborada o no y con independencia de la presencia de testigos oculares. Evidencia del hábito de una persona o de la costumbre en una organización. Evidence. Escheat. Prueba. European Community. Comunidad Europea. 14D). Prueba. Evidencia audible por el jurado. evidencia. no será admisible para probar responsabilidad o falta de validez de la reclamación o su cuantía. Esq. la interrogación de los mismos. Evidence heard by jury. (Intro al USA). R. los privilegios. (Intro al USA). Bajo esta doctrina la sentencia anterior es concluyente solamente en cuanto a aquellas materias que de hecho se suscitaron y verdaderamente o por necesidad se litigaron y adjudicaron. de manera de evitar que evidencia inadmisible sea sugerida al jurado por cualesquiera medios. Fed. 104(c). Evidence against. Acervo hereditario. Prueba. Evidencia de 1) provisión. Euthanasia. EscroW. será pertinente para probar que la conducta de la persona u organi363 . la Corte Suprema ha dictaminado que las pruebas obtenidas por medio de registros abusivos o de confesiones arrancadas por la fuerza no son inadmisibles tanto en los tribunales federales como los estaduales. erroneous decisión. R. illegality. Evidencia de transacciones y oferta para transar.. Estáte subject to an annuity. Evacuación. Estopped to deny. Evidence. Evacuation. carga de la prueba y las presunciones. Probanza. para ser pagado a un tercero al cumplirse ciertas condiciones. Finca asen-suada. Abrebiación de Esquire. título que se le da a los abogados. sede civil y penal.). EscroW holder. Como cuestión de derecho constitucional. Impedimento colateral por sentencia. la compromise.). Reversión de un patrimonio al estado por causa de herencia vacante. Un depositario no es un mandatario como tal de ninguna de las partes en una transacción hasta que ocurra un evento que dé por terminada la relación de depositario. Evid. oferta o promesa de aceptar remuneración para transar o tratar de transar una reclamación litigada en cuanto a validez o cuantía. Evidence. Escape clause. Fed. La teoría de la prueba se ocupa de temas tales como las pruebas judiciales. (Regla 103(a). Estoppel by judgment. Cláusula de la Constitución americana (Primera Enmienda) que garantiza la libertad de culto: "El Congreso no promulgará ninguna ley estableciendo una religión oficial. o 2) aceptación. Evidencia. Evidencia de hábito o costumbre. La persuasión del jurado "por una preponderancia de la evidencia" en los casos civiles o "mas allá de toda duda razonable" en los casos penales. pero no es concluyente en cuanto a aquellas materias que pudieron ser pero que no fueron litigadas y adjudicadas en la acción anterior. Hacer fe contra. 2nd. los procedimientos se conducirán. (Regla 408. civil and criminal standard.Evidence of habit or routine practice Error of/in law. Establishment clause.).. Evid. Impedido de negar. Fed." Estáte. Agency. Evidence of compromise and offers to Evidence. El error no servirá de base contra una decisión que admite o excluye evidencia a menos que un derecho sustancial de la parte resulte perjudicado. en cuanto sea factible. ilegalidad. propiedad inmueble. En depósito. liberar.). Exhibir. Executorship. pero para todos aquellos fines para los cuales hasta ahora necesaria una excepción será suficiente que la parte. Se puede evitar una sentencia por rebeldía si: 1) La ausencia fue resultado de negligencia excusable. al tiempo de dictarse o solicitarse la decisión u orden de la corte. Evidence. 46). normalmente el presidente del país o altos funcionarios. Costas por temeridad y malicia. Evid. Evidence of payment for medical and similar expenses. para no tener que dar cuenta de ciertos actos. R. Decretos.6). hospitalarios y similares ocasionados por lesiones no será admisible para probar responsabilidad por las lesiones. Exoneration of liens. alcances. Cláusulas de exoneración. se toman medidas que. Exhibit. art. Evid. (Intro al USA). 2) El solicitante del remedio actuó con diligencia razonable al indagar que se había dictado sentencia y con la prontitud debida al procurar un remedio y la solicitud fue hecha dentro del término permitido para ello y al amparo del estatuto o regla aplicable.). Exemplary damages. R. Evid. Impuesto a las compras de bienes y servicios. Fed. Ejecutar.. sec. Justificación de la rebeldía. Prin. El Presidente tiene facultades limitadas de formar decretos (executive orders) que suelen tener carácter legislativo. Civ. evidencia de las medidas posteriores no será admisible para probar negligencia o conducta culpable en relación con el evento. Excise tax. Evidencia de medidas de reparación posteriores. Exceptions. Exemption clauses. Evidencia de que una persona estaba o no estaba asegurada contra responsabilidad no será admisible a los efectos de si actuó negligentemente o en otra forma culpablemente. Evidencia de seguro de responsabilidad. de haberse tomado anteriormente.sec 67). Exclusionary rule. Exchange. Albaceazgo. (Regla 411. Exonerar.1. ofrecer o prometer pagar gastos médicos. Exoneración de gravámenes. absolver. Apéndice adjuntado a un escrito judicial o a un contrato. objeciones. (Intro al USA). De forma acorde con la naturaleza contenciones de los procedimientos. Las excepciones formales a la decisiones u órdenes de la corte serán innecesarias. R. Exceptions. Exhaustion of remedies. trueque. Evidencia de proveer. Executive director. Prueba. Evidencia de pago de gastos médicos y similares. Albacea. Consejo ejecutivo. Evidence of subsequent remedia! mea-sures. Executive privilege.Evidence of liability insurance zación en una ocasión especifica fue de conformidad con dicho hábito o costumbre. Fed. Agotamiento de recursos procesales o administrativos. perdonar. hubieran tendido a hacer menos probable su ocurrencia. (Regla 406. 364 Excuse from default. 2nd. daños punitorios. Principio que excluye el uso de prueba obtenida ilegalmente. Cuando después de un evento. objections. No podrá invocarse una cláusula que limite o excluya la responsabilidad por incumplimiento. Juds. Executrix. Execute. o que le permita a una parte ejecutar una prestación de una manera sustancialmente diferente de lo que la otra podía esperar razonablemente. haga saber a la corte las medidas que interesa que tome o su objeción a la actuación de dicha corte y sus motivos para la misma.). R. Executor. (Uni-droit. scope. canje. (Regla 407. Director ejecutivo.Evid. Exempt. Doctrina mediante la cual los . 7. Sólo ellas son responsables de que la evidencia sea presentada. Excepciones. Permuta. Excepciones. disculpar. (R. Fed. P. Prueba documental o de otro tipo. Executive council. Fuero personal del que goza el Poder Ejecutivo. siempre que ello fuere manifiestamente desleal en función de la finalidad del contrato.. Executive orders. Albacea o administradora de una sucesión. cambio. (Regla 409. (Rstmnt.). Fed. Evidence of liability insurance. administrador de una sucesión. son las partes (y no el juez) quiere tiene la iniciativa tanto en cuando a establecer las pruebas como a controlar su admisión. Fed. Un demandante.). Expectativa de privacidad constitucionalmente justificable. Extraordinary circumstances. no se les puede aplicar el texto de la ley. Extradición. bases of opinion. Expenses for luxury or pleasure. R. Fed. (Regla 706. técnico o de otra especialización sea de ayuda al juzgador de los hechos para entender la evidencia o determinar un hecho en controversia. 2nd. (Pueblo v. (Regla 702.R. requerir de las partes que sometan candidatos. Circunstancias atenuantes. Asunción expresa del riesgo. Expectations of privacy constitutionally Express assumption of risk.2d 551 (Tex. Extradition. Los hechos y datos relativos al caso en particular sobre los cuales el perito habrá de basar su opinión o inferencia podrán ser los percibidos por él mismo o dándosele a conocer durante o antes de la vista. Exportar (v). Expert testimony. Express repeal. Establece que la enumeración que la ley hace de ciertos elementos implícitamente descalifica a elementos similares que podrían haber sido incluidos por el legislador. Extraterritorial. 496 B). fenecimiento. R. Extorsionar. Vencimiento del término. Expatriation. Bogard. Extraterritorial. desígnase como expectaciones de privacidad constitucionalmente justificables aquellas expectaciones que serían protegidas por la Cuarta Enmienda de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos en ausencia de una orden de allanamiento. nombramiento. Scott.). 100 D. (29 LPRA sec. Obtener alguna cosa en forma ilegítima.). (Currie v. Evid. 273). Experts. Fed. En el área de registros y allanamientos. 1945)). 565 (1971)). (Regla 703. Fed. (Rstmnt. Expert testimony. habilidad. Exportación (s). La corte podrá por iniciativa propia o a moción de cualquier parte dictar una orden para mostrar causa por la que no deba ser nombrado un perito y podrá Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (L). siempre que el gravamen haya obligado personalmente al causante. a menos que el contrato o acuerdo sea inválido por ser contrario al orden público. Eyewitness. Horas extra. un testigo capacitado como perito por su conocimiento. entrenamiento o educación declarará en relación con ello en forma de opinión o de otra manera. Expiration of term. Expatriación. experiencia. Norma de interpretación. fundamentos. sec. Derogación expresa. Extinguishment. 365 .P. de haberlo este querido pero que.Eyewitness gravámenes sobre legados testamentarios son pagados con dinero del acervo. Extort. justificable. Circunstancias extraordinarias. appointment. Peritos. Son horas extra de trabajo las horas que un empleado trabaja para su patrono en exceso de ocho horas durante cualquier período de 24 horas consecutivas. Extenuating circumstances. Torts. Prueba extrínseca. Cuando el conocimiento científico. Testigo ocular. R. no podrá recobrar por tal daño. quien por medio de un contrato o expresamente haya acordado o aceptado el riesgo de sufrir un daño como resultado de una conducta negligente o temeraria de parte del demandado. Extinsión. Gastos de lujo y recreo. Extra hours. al haber sido dejados fuera. Evid. Testimonio pericial. Export.W. Extrinsic evidence. Evid. 187 S. Testimonio pericial. O. Facts of independent signif icance. (Incoterms). una promesa en consideración de llevar a cabo tal acto o su promesa de hacerlo no es ejecutable por 366 . F. es un término de entrega bajo el cual el vendedor deberá: de su cuenta y riesgo entregar las mercancías al lado del buque en la forma usual en ese puerto o en un muelle designado y provisto por el comprador. Factoring. La totalidad de actuaciones en una causa judicial. Incumplimiento. Libre al lado. mistake of. (Incoterms). vendiendo una casa que ha sido legada a un descendiente. (C. Por ejemplo.S. Contrato por el cual una empresa financiera adquiere las cuentas a cobrar de otra. Cara. acto. Federal Aviation Administration. Federal Burean of Investigation. intermediario comercial encargado de vender a comisión. F. (free carrier). evento. F. Facial disfigurement. Desfiguramiento del rostro. Fact-finder. Libre a bordo. Free Alongside Ship significa que el vendedor cumple su obligación de entrega cuando la mercancía ha sido colocada al costado del buque. en el lugar o punto fijado. (free alongside). Facultades. (free on board). Jurado.A. Faculty. Fact. superficie. Hechos de significado independiente. Failure to appear. aquél que determina cuestiones de hecho. Face of record. Significa que el vendedor ha cumplido su obligación de entregar la mercancía cuando la ha puesto. Si el comprador no ha indicado ningún punto específico. la autoridad federal de USA que regula cuestiones de aviación. dejar de hacer algo a lo cual se está obligado. Prueba falsificada Face. y obtener y ofrecer formalmente un recibo por las mercancías a cambio del cual el portador estará obligado a expedir una carta de porte. Agencia federal de USA destinada a prevenir y a investigar delitos federales. Factor. Fracaso. Fact. Hecho. Inexistencia de objeto o causa contractual. Fabricate. Failure of consideration. fallar. (Incoterms). Salvo pacto en contrario el término F.B. en el puerto de embarque convenido. Valor nominal. conclusion of. Failure to comply with licensing require-ment. circumstancia.S. aunque se emplee solamente en conexión con el precio establecido. pagando por ello y asumiendo los riesgos y los beneficios de las cobranzas resultantes. 319(2)(3)(4)). poder para realizar algún acto. sobre el muelle o en barcazas. Failure. Fail.A.A. Sec.C. Free on Board significa que el vendedor cumple con su obligación de entrega cuando la mercancía ha sobrepasado la borda del buque en el puerto de embarque convenido. Urdir. lado. Doctrina por la cual hechos realizados por el causante afectan la disposición de bienes en su testamento. Esto significa que el comprador ha de soportar todos los gastos y riesgos de pérdida o daño de la mercancía a partir de aquel punto. el vendedor puede escoger dentro del lugar o punto fijado.A. Suele oponerse a la palabra law (derecho). del buque que significa "libre al lado" (free alongside) en un puerto determinado. Conclusión de hecho. despachada de aduana para la exportación. Fracasar. Error de hecho. Factual evidence. inventar algo que no es cierto.I. Expresión que se opone a market value o valor de mercado. F.U. Face value. precio indicado en el objeto mismo.B.A. Falta de autorización laboral o administrativa. Factor. Fact. Si a una parte se le prohibe actuar por no haber cumplido con un requisito de licencia o registro.F F. incumplir. Incomparecencia. Prueba de los hechos. a cargo del transportista nombrado por el comprador.C. Profesores de una universidad. Fabricated evidence. responsabilidad. Falta de asegurar el cumplimiento. v. 2nd. Federal judge. Faulty. Culpa. Federal law reporting. Faliacious. (Intro al USA). False imprisonment. La jurisprudencia de los tribunales federales que no ha sido modificada por leyes estatales. Falsedad. Imparcial. 35). defensa en un juicio por difamación. Fe. Torts. Los jueces federales son designados por el Presidente con el acuerdo del Senado. Family allowance.g. en primer lugar. Los caos en que se aplican leyes penales federales. Federal common law. Fairs. 2nd. juntos con los derechos y obligaciones que derivan de estas relaciones por ley o por contrato. unbiased. Hay casos en que el Congreso ha otorgado competencia exclusiva a los tribunales federales. Arresto o detención ilegal. Family law. Federal jurisdiction. La mayor parte de las cuestiones civiles pertenece a uno de los siguientes tipos. Defectuoso. de aparición diaria. markets. Fallacy. y ciertos casos de derecho marítimo. Aprisionamiento indebido. False return. (Rstmnt. en segundo lugar. Fair comment. Justo y adecuado. Falsehood. Falaz. Family head. gec. Federal exclusive jurisdiction. dentro de unos límites fijados por el propio actor. Comentario adecuado. documentos. Uso adecuado. el acreedor puede requerir el afianzamiento de la obligación. aunque sea realizado por la policía. Fair hearing. Competencia federal. y tercer lugar. False entry. etc. y. Derecho de familia. False arrest. en la que en realidad no se ha citado al demandado.181). Citación judicial falsamente diligenciada. Posesión viciosa. y con el estado jurídico de las personas casadas y de sus hijos. sec. Cuando haya bases razonables para creer que la actuación del obligado dará lugar a un incumplimiento que de por sí otorgará al acreedor una reclamación de daños por incumplimiento total. Faith. Cabeza de familia. Fair use. Con. en un libro de comercio. La jurisdicción penal de los tribunales de distrito. (Intro al USA). Falacia. (Intro al USA). (Intro al USA). los casos en que las partes son ciudadanos de diferente estados (diversity jurisdiction). Failure to give assurances. (Rstmnt.. los casos en que las partes son particulares y están involucradas leyes federales (federal question). v. and ships. los procesos por quiebras. 2nd. justo. Ferias. incluye todos los delitos contra la ley federal. negligencia. Faulty possession. Fair and proper. con errores o vicios. Fault. equitativo.Federal law reporting azón de política pública si: a) el requisito tiene un propósito regulador. los casos en los que el estado federal es parte.. Fair. los regidos por las leyes de derechos de autor o de patentes.g. Con. honest. el interés en la ejecución de la promesa está claramente contrapesado por la política pública subyacente al requisito. no pueden ser llevados ante un tribunal esta-dual. Falsificar moneda. La disposiciones y reglamentos de los organismos federales y los decretos del ejecutivo federal se publican al ser promulgados en el Federal Registrar. falta. mercados y tiendas. en la que se apoya una minoría importante de los casos. neutral. Repertorios de derecho federal. b. Fair market value. Falsify. (Rstmnt. Competencia federal exclusiva. neutral. como a veces se las denomina) se ocupe de las relaciones entre cónyuges y entre padres y hijos. Audiencia que satisface los requisitos de debido proceso. permanentes y están en vigencia se publican en colección y ordenados sistemática367 . aquéllos que son generales. Registro erróneo. Precio que normalmente se pagaría en el mercado. 251). Juez federal. El derecho de familia (o de relaciones domésticas. Un actor estará sujeto a responsabilidad ante otro individuo por aprisionamiento indebido si sus actos tienen la intención de confinar a ese otro individuo o a una tercera persona. sec. Asignación familiar. Fence. Federal rules of civil procedure. (Rstmnt. que constituye cerca de la mitad del total. Felony murder rule. Se opone el término a los delitos más leves llamados misdemeanors. supuesto. felón. 2nd. En derecho penal. Pacto de cuota litis. Reglas federales de evidencia. 368 para el mismo empleador en la misma empresa u oficio. sec. Fee simple defeasible. si uno de ellos es negligente. Fees. resulten lesionados debido a las negligencias de un coempleado durante la realización de actos no constitutivos de una violación de las funciones noasignables del empleado. el cual es verdaderamente particular en el mundo. eran muy jóvenes para entender los riesgos o fueron empleados en violación a alguna ley. Porcentaje sobre lo recaudado en el juicio que queda para el abogado en pago de honorarios. (Intro al USA). gran parte del poder de elaboración de las leyes permanece en manos de cada Estado individualmente constituido. El grueso de la recaudaciones federales proviene del impuesto a los réditos (income tax).S. Federal rules of appellate Fellow servant. Con intención de cometer el delito de que se trata. Dominio pleno que puede terminar debido al suceso de un evento. Dominio pleno sujeto a condición resolutoria. 474). A diferencia de los códigos latinoamericanos. Ficticio. peones. emolumento. Fee. Sistema Federal de U. Co-empleado. Fellow servant rule.A. Felonious.S. Empleados de labranza. Ver enforcement of foreign judgments. Artillería de campaña. Quinceava enmienda constitucional. En USA la apelación es una especialidad que cuenta con un cuerpo de normas propio. Impuestos federales. (Cari).Federal rules of appellate procedure mente en el Code of Federal Regulations. Agency. Honorarios. Felony. y tan relacionados en su labor que debido a la proximidad o alguna otra causa. Field artillery.U. Fee simple absolute. Denominación genérica para los delitos más serios que llevan pena de muerte o superior a un año de prisión. Regla del co-empleado Un empleado no responderá a empleados o subempleados quienes. Dominio transferido a una persona y a sus descendientes {heirs ofhis body). finder's. Field hands. attorney's. Reglas federales de procedimiento civil. Fiduciary. choice of law y jurisdiction. Por razones históricas. (Introal USA). como Nueva York o Florida. apócrifo. Agresión intencional. Cerca que indica los límites de una propiedad. Fees. Fee tail. Fee simple conditional. La Quinta Enmienda dispone que . y que acuerda el sufragio universal. Homicidio sin atenuante o justificación. 475). Federal tax. Fiduciario. sec. Para muchos fines es posible imaginar a los Estados Unidos como si fueran cincuenta naciones soberanas. Delincuente. mientras desempeñan las funciones de su cargo o alguna otra función relacionada. contingent.E. sin comprender su sistema federal. costas de un juicio. Agency. honorario. (Rstrnnt 2nd. Felonious assault. Fifteenth Amendment. Delito. Reglas federales de procedimiento de apelación. Quinta enmienda constitucional. excepto si dichos empleados fueron coaccionados o engañados para que trabajaran. No se puede entender el sistema de derecho de los E. Fif th Amendment. Principio que imputa las consecuencias del homicidio a la muerte producida inintencionalmente durante la comisión de un delito. de 1870. existe un riesgo especial de peligro para el otro. Honorarios de abogado. Fee. Dominio perfecto o pleno. Felonious homicide. Fictitious. Federal rules of evidence.A. Federal system of the U. Felon. Co-emplea-dos son empleados trabajando procedure. en USA la prueba tiene su propio código.U. reducidor o persona que vende objetos robados sabiendo que lo son. falso. Comisión pagada a quien obtiene al comprador o vendedor deseado. Civ. First Amendment. sec.C.First and second lift "Ninguna persona. manifestaciones.. File. Financing agency. Palabras utilizadas para presentar una idea y. normalmente al jurado.. Ver fact-finder. Finanzas. En todos los pleitos juzgados a tenor con los hechos sin jurado o con jurado consultativo. Filed. asamblea y petición a las autoridades. la corte determinará los hechos específicamente y expondrá por separado sus conclusiones de derecho al respecto de los mismos. hacienda (s). Financial statement. P. (R. sec. 92 D. Quien debe determinar cuestiones de hecho en un proceso. casa comercial. Los participantes de cualesquiera de dichas conferencias formularán un plan para el juicio. Finding of law. Multar (v). Conclusión de derecho. Fine. Finding of fact. Conclusión de hecho. culto. Firm rooting. Filing. Fighting words. gozan de la protección de libre expresión aunque inciten a cierta actividad política como marchas. P. Fed. File a motion. Fed. 2-104(2)). Civ. que incluirá un programa para facilitar la admisión de evidencias. Find. First and second lift. Final judgment.S.. Tomar impresiones digitales (v). Final state court conviction. Finder. Firm. hallar. Finance charges. (Intro al USA). 765 (1965)).. Año contable. Radicación. 478—aquel caso en que se ha dictado sentencia condenatoria. Empresa. expresión. como tales.PR. prontuario (s). Balance. (R. registrar (v).. Illinois. Finder of law.U.6(a)). resultado financiero. sec. que garantiza derechos de libertad de palabra. Sentencia firme. Las conferencias finales con antelación al juicio se celebrarán lo más cerca de la fecha del juicio que fuere razonable dentro de las circunstancias. etc. 5(d). Todos los escritos posteriores a la demanda que deban ser notificados a las partes se presentarán en la corte antes de su notificación o dentro de un término razonable después de la misma. Afincamiento. Fed. Archivar. Civ. Decidir judicialmente en un sentido o en otro. Final pretrial conference. Oferta firme. Carpeta.S. Tribunal aquél encargado de decidir el derecho. Fingerprint. Significa un banco. como al comprar o pagar el giro del vendedor o al hacer anticipos contra él o al tomarlo simplemente al cobro sin tener en cuenta si documentos de resguardo lo acompañan." y hay disposiciones analogías en muchas Constituciones estaduales. Primera y segunda leva. Jefe Penitenciaría. (C. Determinaciones de hechos por la corte. Encontrar. Registro o presentación de documentos. Archivado. huellas dactiloscópicas (s). Multa (s). Presentar un escrito al tribunal. 52(a)(b)).. costo del financiamiento.sec. 369 .. (Rivera Escute v.está obligado a testificar contra sí misma en un caso penal. Interés. Fallo estatal final condenatorio. (R. Se entiende por un fallo estatal final—a los fines de la aplicación retroactiva de la doctrina constitucional establecida en Escobedo v. Agencia de financiamiento. File an appeal. Financiar. Findings by the court. Finder of fact. Financial. Impresiones digitales. economía. 378 U. la disponibilidad de una apelación se ha agotado y el término para solicitar certiorari estaba ya vencido a la fecha en que se resolvió el caso de Escobedo. Valor neto. Financial year. Apelar formalmente. relativo al dinero. caso. compañía de financiamiento u otra persona que en el curso ordinario de los negocios hace anticipos sobre mercancías o documentos de resguardo o que por arreglo con el comprador o el vendedor interviene en el curso ordinario para hacer pagos o cobros vencidos o reclamados bajo un contrato de venta. Primera enmienda a la constitución de U. 16(d)). Finance. P. Última conferencia con antelación al juicio. proveer capital (v). Firm offer. Financial worth. Financiero. presidente del jurado. Foreseeability of harm. Heredero forzoso. o a invocar un derecho. Seguidores. Fuerza mayor. . 6). b) admisiones judiciales sobre sumas adeudadas.1. Foreman. Foreclose. (Unidroit. Típicamente no existe esta institución en el common law. Previsibilidad del daño. El incumplimiento de una de las partes es excusable si dicha parte prueba que se debió a un impedimento ajeno a su control y que no cabía razonablemente esperar al tiempo de celebrarse el contrato. Cargo flotante. acto de Dios. Fuerza física. coacción o fraude. Forcible entry and detainer. Force majeure. Flag. Floating charge. Civ. Primogénito. Pabellón. Hoja de papel o folio tamaño oficio. Prin. First of fender. determination. violación de propiedad. Foreseeability. Flotante. Anterior. Fixture. El uso de una fuerza razonable en contra de otra persona para el 370 recobro de bienes es privilegiado si esa per-sona ha poseído al actor en forma torticera sin haber reclamado un derecho. bandera. d) cartas de crédito. Fed. Prin. violencia. (Rstmnt.. Posesión sobre muebles por la fuerza. Juicio de evicción o lanzamiento. Deuda flotante. sec.. c) instrumentos y documentos negociables. Accesión. (Unidroit. Cerrar o impedir una oportunidad Foreclosed property. o que hubiese evitado o superado tal impedimiento o sus consecuencias.1). Foreign exchange. 101). decomiso. La parte incumplidora es responsable solamente del daño previsto o que razonablemente debió prever al tiempo de la celebración del contrato como consecuencia probable de su incumplimiento. Libros foliados y sellados. por ejemplo referido a las mercancías en existencia. Foolscap. Hipoteca en primer grado. Capataz. Force majeure. Fixtures doctrine. sec. Formal contracts. Foreign law. Folioed and stamped books. Toda parte que intentare levantar una controversia en relación con la ley de una nación extranjera lo notificará en sus alegaciones o mediante otra notificación razonable por escrito. Fijar (v). 2nd Torts. Homicidio agravado. Ley extranjera. (R. Expropiación. A título oneroso. Forced sale. Pérdida. Reo sin antecedentes penales. Fuerza mayor. Cambio de dinero extranjero. Incumplir. Force. 2nd. Forced heir. sin asignación específica. Presentación de un juicio hipotecario. Forcible taking of chattels. 7.4). art.4. subasta judicial. secuaces. (Rstmnt. con premeditación o alevosía. Abstención unilateral y voluntaria a hacer algo. Forcible entry.Firstborn Firstborn. Floating debt. First mortgage. sec.. First in first out. First degree murder. 3). Floating. For value. Foreign bank. confiscación. comiso. Forbearance. Propiedad ejecutada. 44. Flout. Inmueble por accesión. Banco extranjero. Force. P. Los siguientes tipos de contratos están sujetos en algunos aspectos a reglas especiales que dependen de sus características formales y difieren de aquellos que regulan los contratos en general: a) contratos bajo sello. FIFO. Usurpación de domicilio. Norma contable que asume que lo que ingresa en primer término es también lo que sale antes. o si reclamando un derecho ha actuado mediante la fuerza. Foregoing. Forgery. Lo accesorio sigue a lo principal. Fix. Forfeiture. art. Se entiende por "banco extranjero" una corporación organizada con el propósito de dedicarse a negocios bancarios bajo las leyes de otro territorio o Estado o de un país extranjero que mantenga un banco y haga negocios en el lugar de su incorporación y que haya sido autorizado para operar en el país. Falsificación. Forced labor.7). (7 LPRA sec. caso fortuito.. Trabajo forzado. 7. Con. deadly. Situación difícil (s). Followers. Previsibilidad. determinación. Incriminar falsamente a alguien (v). accidente imprevisible. etc. Proyectos de sentencia. Foundling." "abusiva. etc. Caso fortuito. para pedirle reconsideración de un auto anterior. 371 . Adviértase.antes de concluir que el caso debe rechazarse. prescripción liberatoria—que para retornar al juzgado original es necesario un fallo de incompetencia de la Corte Suprema del segundo país. puntos de referencia (s). Bajo este sistema. Foster brother. Marco. Fourth Amendment. la comisión de actos procesales en Latinoamérica. Sin embargo decide. el funcionamiento gobal de esta doctrina: El juez extranjero es plenamente competente y carece de todo motivo personal (e. sin poder decirle al juez del segundo país que están allí contra su voluntad o que ellos creen que tal juez debería declararse incompetente. los actores latinoamericanos deben replantear su demanda en su país de origen. que las demandadas no puedan oponer ciertas excepciones—v. Inmediatamente. Fundación. Muchas veces se emplea esta expresión en sentido derogatorio implicando que la elección de tal tribunal. Los abogados no someterán proyectos de sentencia salvo por instrucción de la corte V tales instrucciones no se darán como cuestión de rutina. el juez original no envía rogatorio alguno ni solicita de otra forma la anuencia de las autoridades del país extranjero. Foundation. Estas razones son tan poderosas que al juez latinoamericano le basta con enunciar sólo algunas -constitucionales. etc. que existe otro tribunal—con competencia concurrente—más conveniente y envía allí al actor a radicar una nueva demanda. Simplemente ordena al actor radicar una nueva demanda en otro país. Catorceava enmienda constitucional. P. mandar. Frame. procesales. b) Los actores quedan amordazados. p. 1999. Civ. en primer lugar. Hermano de crianza. Protege la inviolabilidad del domicilio contra búsquedas y allanamientos irrazonables. contra la voluntad del actor. No es menos ofensivo que un juez extranjero disponga. también unilateralmente. Prohibe que los estados restrinjan los privilegios de los ciudadanos a los que garantiza igualdad en la protección jurídica de sus derechos. de tanto en tanto. Fourteenth Amendment. etc. enviar.Frame Forms of judgment." etc.. (Comité Jurídico Interame-ricano de la OEA. no puede generar competencia. por lo tanto.g. Cuando el tribunal "mas conveniente" se encuentra en el extranjero. Que un juez extranjero competente decida unilate-ralmente endilgarle el trabajo a su colega latinoamericano implica que se comporte como tribunal de alzada. imponiendo condiciones. Forward. Es frecuente que el juez original imponga ciertas condiciones—oor ejemplo que la demanda sea presentada dentro de los 30 dias. grado de amistad.g. produciéndose las siguientes particularidades: a) El juez original sigue manteniendo una competencia subyacente y es normal que las partes se dirijan a él. Expósito. c) Cuando los actores vuelven al tribunal original con una declaración de incompetencia del segundo tribunal. Rio de Janeiro. Son varias las razones por la cuales el forum non conveniens viola el derecho latinoamericano y. Forthwith. Estrategia de buscar el tribunal más conveniente para radicar una demanda. Cuarta enmienda constitucional. Fuerte.) para declinar el caso. sec. plazos. una ley especial. Teoría del tribunal inconveniente. de 1868. dirigir. Fort. parentezco. Propuesta para una Convención Interamericana sobre los Efectos y Tratamiento de la Teoría del Tribunal Inconveniente. 58(2))." "producto de mala fe procesal. 2). si bien no es ilegal es cuando menos abusiva. Fortuitous event. privilegios e inmunidades. Fed. para quejarse de lo que la otra parte hace u omite en el segundo tri- bunal. Forum shopping. lo normal es que la demandada se oponga y solicite al primer tribunal que considere la declinatoria del segundo tribunal como "indebida. forum non conveniens (L). Remitir. (R. incluyendo palabras o prácticas. 537). será responsable al otro individuo al engañarlo. c) conoce que su afirmación carece de base. Fraude procesal tendiente a evitar que la contraparte pueda defenderse adecuadamente. Freedom of contract.Franchise Franchise. Otorgar una franquicia o concesión (v). Fraud. o cuando dicha parte omitió revelar información que debería haber sido revelada conforme a criterios comerciales razonables de lealtad negocial. por ejemplo. economía de mercado. Freedom of Information Act (F. Fraud upon the court. (Constitución de USA. Fraude. Tribunal Superior.O. Una persona que fraudulentamente hace una 372 falsa representación de hecho. (Municipio de Coamo v. primera enmienda). Prin. Se aplica. Free enterprise. Con. Fraude al tribunal. Sin gravamen alguno.A. Free. Se usa para indicar que la prueba obtenida ilegalmente por el estado en un proceso penal no puede ser admitida en el caso. con el propósito de inducir a otro a actuar o evitar que actúe de conformidad. Fraudulento. Freedom of religión. Cualquiera de las partes puede dar por anulado un contrato cuando fue inducida a celebrarlo mediante maniobras dolosas de la otra parte. Libre empresa. flete. Freehold. Freedom of expression. Libertad de prensa.. Fraud. sec. Libre de gastos. Dolo fraudulento. 3. Libre. opinión intención. 162(1)). o que prohiba el libre ejercicio de la misma o que corte la libertad de palabra o de prensa. Literalmente. Freedom of press. doctrina del árbol de frutos envenenados. Liberar (v). 525. El Congreso no aprobará ninguna ley con respecto al establecimiento de religión alguna.). ilegal. Libertad de culto. Fraudulent. de tal forma que la maquinaria judicial no puede ejercer como de costumbre su imparcial labor de juzgar los casos que se le presentan para adjudicación. doloso. por su confianza en esa falsa representación. Falsa representación fraudulenta. extrinsic. defraudación. primera enmienda. 99 D. 2nd. cargamento. Prin. Freedom of speech.R. por la vida del propietario. First Amendment.. Bajo las disposiciones de las Reglas de Procedimiento Civil. b) no tiene confianza ninguna en la certeza de su afirmación. Free of charges. gratuito. autorización especial concedida por el gobierno y de la que no gozan los demás (s).P.. art. Temeridad y malicia procesal.8). Libertad de palabra. Freedom. por la pérdida económica causada. 932 (1970)). Torts sec. (Unidroit. constructive. Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. (Rstmnt. Derecho de propiedad plena que dura. o el derecho del pueblo a reunirse pacíficamente y a solicitar del Gobierno la reparación de agravios.I. El dolo se considera fraudulento si el que incurre en tal acto intenta que su afirmación induzca a otra parte a manifestar su consentimiento y el que incurre en tal acto: a) conoce o tiene motivos para creer que la afirmación no concuerde con los derechos. 2nd. Fraude implícito. Fraud in the inducement. Free and clear. porte. (Unidroit. 1. Las partes tienen libertad para celebrar un contrato y determinar su contenido. Aquél que la ley asume aunque el perpetrador haya carecido de intención fraudulenta. a la prueba obtenida en un domi- . Franquicia.1). Ley federal que obliga a agencias gubernamentales a entregar copia de documentos públicos a quienes las pidan. (Rstmnt. Libertad de palabra o prensa. se entiende por fraude al tribunal aquellos tipos de fraude cuyo efecto o cuya intención es mancillar al tribunal como tal. Freightage. Frivolous Iitigation. Dolo. al menos. Libertad de contratación. Tipo de dolo consistente en obtener un consentimiento aparentemente válido. pero merced a haber proporcionado información errónea a sabiendas. Fletamento. o de la ley. Fraudulent misrepresentation. Fraud. art. o que es fraude perpetrado por oficiales del tribunal. aunque pruebe sin lugar a duda alguna la culpabilidad del reo. Libertad. Fungible. tomando en consideración cualquier ganancia que la parte agra- viada hubiera obtenido al evitar gastos o daños. Full disclosure. Full proof. La indemnización comprende toda pérdida sufrida y cualquier ganancia de la que se haya visto privada. de defensa. Full payment. 1). Entera fe y crédito. Plena prueba. a las confesiones forzadas. Revelación total de la información pertinente. documentos y procedimientos judiciales de los otros Estados (Constitución de USA. Se dará entera fe y crédito en cada Estado a los actos públicos. Ganancias futuras.Futures contract cilio sin orden de allanamiento. sobreviniente. Nombre completo. Fruits and crops. etc. el equivalente de otra unidad semejante. (C. Teoría del cambio de circunstancias que permite la rescición contractual basada en la excesiva onerosi-dad. Futures contract. o imposibilidad.. Full faith and credit. Full compensation. Audiencia en la que puedan ejercerse todas las garantías procesales como el derecho de información. art.C. Frustratíon of purpose. Fungible.U. etc. Operación a término. Respecto a mercancías o valores significa mercancía o valores de los cuales cualquier unidad es. Prin. sec. Respuesta completa. (Unidroit. Pago integral. Teoría que permite la rescición contractual por la pérdida o el gran cambio del objeto perseguido por el contrato. 1201 (17)).4. sec. Frutos y cosechas. Full name. por naturaleza o por uso de comercio. La parte agraviada tiene derecho a la reparación integral del daño derivado del incumplimiento.2). IV. pleno. art. Full authority. Mayoría de edad. Full Completo. Poder amplio suficiente. Full hearing. Full answer. suficiente. 373 . Pago total. Future earnings. Frustration of contract. Full age. 7. ese término se usa ahora generalmente para indicar el procedimiento en virtud del cual se embargan dineros o bienes que pertenecen a un demandado y que se encuentran en poder de una tercera persona. Indemnización genérica.A. . General jurisdiction. Competencia general. la parte afectada tiene derecho a indemnización a base de su expectativa o interés según medido por a) la pérdida experimentada como consecuencia de que la otra parte incumpla total o parcialmente. etc. Un mandatario general es un mandatario autorizado para realizar una serie de transacciones que conlleva la continuidad de un servicio (Rstmnt. coto de caza. Game laws. Garnishee. G. avería común. sec. salir ganando. Pequeño martillo de madera.T. ya consecuente.A. menos c) cualquier costo o alguna pérdida que la parte incumplida evite o se ahorre al incumplir. Consiste en una citación que se hace a una persona para que comparezca. Sujeto a algunas limitaciones. Asamblea general. causada por el incumplimiento. a fin de que informe y explique al tribunal ciertos puntos referentes a dicha causa. Puesta del patrimonio de una persona a la disposición de sus acreedores para que de la venta de tales bienes cobren sus créditos. General rule. Gallows. tahúr.. Embargar. Poder general. General conditions of sale. General power of attorney. Gambler. General partner. Principios contables generalmente aceptados (generally accepted accounting principies). Laguna. Condiciones generales de venta. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. ganancia. Principios generales del derecho. Gender discrimination. prisión. General average. activo. Game preserve. Gainful occupation. General meeting. Asamblea general. ya incidental.T. Regla general. (Morales Lebrón). De principio al fin. General principies of law. Heredad de caza. horca. hacer comentarios públicos—y a veces privados —informando sobre la marcha del juicio. La primera presentación ante un tribunal. En derecho marítimo. Gavel. Discrimación sexual. sec. Gag order. realizada en calidad de parte demandada.P. 2nd. Leyes aplicables a la caza de animales. sin opone una excepción de incompetencia. El que apuesta por dinero. Gaol. 374 Gavel to gavel. Garnish. Persona contra la cual se ha trabado embargo. gestor. usado por los jueces para indicar que una audiencia comienza. más b) cualquier otra pérdida. Deudas de juego. Orden que imparte el juez impidiendo a las partes. algo no previsto en la ley o en un contrato. Con. patíbulo. Mandatario general. General damages.G G. Gaceta. General assembly. Agency. (Rstmnt. en una causa en que no es parte.A. Cadalso. General appearance. Carcelero. celda. Gap. abogados. Gazette. Garnishment. General agent. General assignment for the benefit of creditors. jugador profesional. Gas chamber. Cárcel. Gain. Embargo de bienes muebles. Realizar una ganancia. Ingreso en forma estable derivado del trabajo. Beneficio. utilidad. 3(1)). 347). Gambling debts. solidario. termina y para imponer silencio. 2nd. Socio colectivo. Cámara de gas. Gaoler. 205). Dado bajo mi firma y sello oficial. Goodwill. Mercancías. Gíst. estatal. 2-105(l)(2)(3)(4)). Glosario. Negocio que está funcionando. en el mercado de valores. Lealtad contractual. Glossary. Civ.R. Doctrina del interés estatal. Veredicto general. Valor llave. afianzar. Fed. trabajo de brazos caídos. Comisión Industrial. 2nd. Good Samaritan doctrine. Cive good and suff icient security. interrogatorios por escrito sobre una o más controversias de hecho. Trabajo a tristeza. junto con los modelos pertinentes para un veredicto general. Government. dar fianza. Todo contrato impone sobre cada parte un debe de buena fe y trato justo en su cumplimiento y ejecución. sec. Go-slow. Gift. Grace period. Globalization. Give bail. Governmental immunity.. (Rstmnt. 87 D. Gerrymander. Gimmick. Causa suficiente. buena y suficiente fianza. (R. Gentleman's agreement. Cermane. P. Good faith and fair dealing. Regalo. valores de inversión y derechos de acción. Goods. Prestar fianza. Regla de ir y venir del trabajo. Afín. Cold clause. (1) Las partes debe actuar con buena fe y lealtad negocial en el comercio internacional.. por primera vez. General warranty. 17 (1962)). no son compensables. Going public. Aquélla que toma en cuenta la conveniencia del foro como factor importante para resolver un caso de conflicto de leyes. Pagos y otros incentivos económicos brindados a un alto ejecutivo que se retira. Presentar prueba. Going concern. Governmental interest doctrine. Acuerdo entre caballeros. Given under my hand and seal of office. normalmente cuando la empresa pasa a manos de otro grupo de personas.Graft reneral verdict. Truco. 49(b)). obsequio. conexo.. donación. Graft. A los fines de determinar la compensabilidad de un accidente bajo las disposiciones de la Ley de Compensaciones por Accidentes del Trabajo. Cláusula oro. Give evidence. "Mercancías" también incluye las crías no nacidas de animales. Gobierno. Buena fe y lealtad negocial. Significa toda cosa (incluyendo mercancías especialmente manufacturadas) que sean movibles al momento de identificación con el contrato de venta y que no sea el dinero en el cual el precio será pagado. Going and coming rule. sobornar (v). Indemnización pagada a un alto ejecutivo cuando se retira. Give and bequeath. Con. (2) Las partes no podrán excluir ni restringir la aplicación de este deber. 1. la doctrina conocida como la regla de ir y venir del trabajo es aquélla que sostiene que los accidentes del trabajo ocurridos mientras un obrero va de su casa al trabajo y del trabajo a su casa. La parte más importante de un argumento o de un tema. similar. Gobernador. estratagema. sec. Governor. Prin. art. que se rige por las mismas reglas. Las mercancías deben de existir y ser identificadas antes que cualquier interés en ellas pueda existir. Donar por acto entre vivos o de última voluntad. Es una defensa oponible por el demandado que en el hecho desencadenante del juicio actuó tratando de socorrer a otro. v. Cohecho. Good cause.C. la decisión de las cuales haya de ser necesaria para un veredicto. Período de gracia. plusvalía. Cotización de las acciones de una empresa. Teoría del buen samaritano. jugarreta. La corte nodrá someter al jurado. Globalización.P. soborno (s). Golden parachute.7). sec. (Unidroit. Prestar Golden handshake. (C. Dar aviso. Táctica de dividir distritos electorales en forma tal de asegurar el triunfo de ciertos candidatos. Corromper. Garantía general. 375 Inmunidad .U. (Gallart Admor. Cive warning. las cosechas en crecimiento y otras cosas identificadas unidas a bienes raíces. perjuicio. Legislación que controla el uso y la posesión de armas de fuego. Guarantee clause. Grant. Con. Grounding. aun cuando haya ejercido sumo cuidado para prevenirlo. Garantía. Guardian. Ley que determina la responsabilidad de un conductor por los accidentes de ruta en los que se lesione o muera su pasajero. como resultado del ascenso. Ground damage from aircraft. (Regla 6(a). sec. Torts. curador. por ejemplo bases jurisdiccionales. Guerrilla. Cinturón ecológico. sec. Gross disparity.art.). Guardianship. de Proc. Sin mérito.. Persona que transfiere algo a otra. guerrillero. Hurto por valor superior a cierta suma. 88). Grandfather clause. (Rstmnt. Culpa grave. Gratuitous. Tiene la facultad de ordenar la presentación de testigos. Green belt. Crim. Queja. Regla Fed. y es por ello que el fiscal puede preferir el procedimiento del indictment en vez de la Information.Grand jury Grand jury. petit jury. Guilty. Beneficiario. Guarantee. Ver guaranty. Si se oca-siona daño a un predio de terreno personas o a bienes muebles que estén en tierra firme. Grand jury. éste o alguna de sus cláusulas le otorga a la otra parte una ventaja excesiva. Prin. Grantee. Guardian. custodia. Gross negligence. Encalladura. Guerilla. beca (s). Grand larceny. Culpable. Grievance. Gun Control. Una promesa hecha para garantizar el cumplimiento de una obligación contractual es vinculante si la promesa se hace en forma escrita y es firmada por el promisor y establece una causa significativa. Groundless. Gratuito. Persona que recibe algo en propiedad. (Unidroit. Bases. por ejemplo cien dólares. (Intro al USA). Es tan sólo un aspecto del principio de irrectroac-tividad. Gran jurado. otorgante. o por la expulsión o caída de un objeto de la misma el operador de dicha aeronave será respon-sable por el daño. Guaranty. Guest Statute. En algunos estados la composición del grand jury puede llegar a 23 miembros. 3. 2nd. Sistema que permite que lo que ya funcionaba legalmente bajo una nueva ley sea tolerado durante la vigencia de una ley posterior más estricta. Conceder (v). Cesionista. Cualquiera de las partes puede dar por anulado un contrato o caulquiera de sus disposiciones si al momento de su celebración. (Rstmnt 2nd. Daño te-rrestre producido desde aeronaves. Concesión. protesta. 520 A). agravio. La corte ordenará que se convoque uno o más de un gran jurado siempre que lo requiera el interés publico. Desproporción excesiva. la que varía según las leyes de cada estado. Grantor. tutor. 376 . Cláusula de garantía. Grounds. descenso o vuelo de una aeronave. en comparación con los 12 del petit jury. curaduría.10). Tutela.. Harassment. 7.. effects.2. además. Hangman.4. Harm due in part to the aggrieved party. Medio hermano. Hazardous goods. Hang. brindando refugio. incluyendo el menoscabo a la capacidad sexual y por los gastos incurridos por el segundo cónyuge para proveer servicios médicos. Error no perjudicial. 6. (Unidroit. Daño.2). En caso de "excesiva onerosidad" (hardship). Mercaderías excesivamente peligrosas. Manipulación. Aquella persona que mediante su conducta torticera sea responsable ante un cónyuge por el daño corporal causado. Trabajos forzados. Second. Que sufre una discapacidad. Cuando el daño se deba en parte a un acto u omisión de la parte agraviada o a otro evento cuyo riesgo ella asumió. Protegiendo.). y. costumbre. Letra manuscrita. (Restatement. Daño por cuasidelito causado al cónyuge. Habitabilidad. Torts. Esposas. física y/o mental. 377 . Daño imputable parcialmente a la parte agraviada. Fed. Hand and seal. Hardship. adicción. Tal solicitud deberá formularla sin demora injustificada. Hazard. Ningún error ya fuera en la admisión o exclusión de evidencia y ningún error o defecto en cualquier decisión u orden o en cualquier cosa hecha o admitida por la corte o por cualesquiera de las partes será motivo para la concesión de un nuevo juicio o para anular un veredicto o para dejar sin efecto.2. Harmless error. Handwriting. sec. Habitability. Prin. o bien por una disminución del valor de la ejecución de la prestación a cargo de la otra. Excesiva onerosidad.Hábito. también será responsable al otro cónyuge por la pérdida de la compañía y los servicios del primer cónyuge. Ebrio habitual. Halfway house. Handling. Civ. Excesiva onerosidad. Subasta. Harm caused by tort against other spouse. hermanastro. Acosamiento. art. Handicapped. Habitual drunkard. con indicación de los fundamentos en los que se basa. Harm.. Harboring.7).. (R.3). Hammer sale. P. Se presenta un caso de "excesiva onerosidad" (hardship) cuando ocurren sucesos que alteran fundamentalmente el equilibrio del contrato. Droga alucinógena. 7(2)). Handcuffs. (Rstmnt. a fin de tomarle declaración y apreciar si la detención es debida o no. hermanastra. (Uni-droit. ya sea por el incremento en el costo de la prestación a cargo de una de las partes. Hallucinogenic drug. Orden judicial para que se haga comparecer a un detenido delante del tribunal. 61. Riesgo. Prin. 6. sec. Hard labor.H Habeas Corpus. ostigamiento. modificar o de otro modo alterar una sentencia u orden. Torts. 2nd. Hauling and transportation. Arrimo y arrastre. Verdugo. Medio hermana. sec. Half sister. Institución para la rehabilitación de los ex-presidiarios y para su reinserción social. efectos. peligro. cadenas. cuando dichos sucesos ocurren o son conocidos por la parte en desventaja luego de la celebración del contrato. tomando en consideración la conducta de cada una de las partes. Prin. Firma y sello. tramitación. Half brother. Es una pérdida o detrimento que sufre una persona resultante de cualquier causa. Hardship. (Unidroit. art.. remate. Habit. el monto de la indemnización se reducirá en la medida en que tales factores hayan contribuido al daño. 693(1)). Ahorcar. la parte en desventaja puede solicitar la renegociación del contrato. a menos que la negativa para dicha actuación pareciere a la corte ser incongruente con la justicia sustancial. Hit man. De ahora en adelante. 3-302. Heir. Avocarse el conocimiento de un caso. Hold harmless agreement. Highway robbery. Hereof. además de excluirse la evidencia irrelevante. Headed paper. Hereby. Hidden defect. Highest bidder. Heist. vista. Es una forma de expresar la teoría de las manos limpias. Audiencia. Una consecuencia particular de la institución del jurado es que. Secuestro de aeronaves y otros medios de transporte. Hereinafter. Accidente automovilístico en el que un conductor huye con su vehículo. Hereditary. de Evidencia). sec. Un tenedor legítimo es un tenedor que toma el instrumento a) por causa onerosa. Hearsay exceptions. Hasta ahora. a ésto. 3-205). 378 Heresy. Hire. Heraldry. Tabardillo. Prueba de referencia no será admisible. Alta mar. Hereto. Holder in due course. emocional o física entonces existente 4) Declaraciones para propósitos de diagnóstico o tratamiento médico 5) Escrito para refrescar memoria 6) Récords de actividad conducida con regularidad. Holder. Acuerdo por el cual una parte promete a otra que la indemnizará en forma tal que. Asesino profesional. Hijacking. Prueba de referencia. y c) sin aviso de que está vencido o de que no se ha hecho honor o de cualquier defensa o reclamación contra éste de parte de cualquier persona. De ahora en más. Herederos y sucesores. Significa que el tribunal no brinda amparo a quienes se han comportado con falta de equidad. Acaparador. Excepciones a la prueba de referencia. aparte de la hecha por el declarante al testificar en el juicio o vista. hay riesgo considerable de que sean sobrevaluadas por el jurado.He who seeks equity must do equitty He who seeks equity must do equity. Celebrar una reunión. Postor más alto. Alta traición. Holder not in due course. 1) Percepción contemporánea 2) Declaración por excitación 3) Condición mental. High seas. Heredero. Heiress. Emplear a alguien. Robo a mano armada. High treason. a partir de ahora. Tenedor. Heredera. Herencia. De lo cual. Por la presente. 802. Hold. Hearing. Heredero aparente. se adjunta co ésto. (Reglas 803. (Intro al USA). Heritge. Tenedor legítimo. Hearsay rule. si el hecho temido se cumple. Hermenéutica. Asalto en carreteras. De ésto. Tenedor que no es de buena fe. principios de interpretación. (C. (Regla 801(c). El nivel de cuidado más elevado. Altas partes contratantes. Heir apparent. Emoción violenta. Heráldica. Evid. Afirmar o mantener una opinión. Hire purchase. Papel con membrete. Herejía. Reglas de Fed. Quien solicita equidad debe haberla dispensado. Heat of passion. Hear a case. Con la presente. Patrimonio común. siendo su valor escaso. Hermeneutics. Henceforth. Highest degree of care. Defecto o vicio oculto. R. . Hitherto. Fed. Prueba de referencia es una declaración. la primera quede en igual posición económica que si tal hecho no hubiese tenido lugar. que se ofrece en evidencia para probar la verdad de la materia aseverada. Hereditario. Hit and run accident. Piratería aerea. Alquilar un bien mueble. Testimonio referido.C. Hearsay. Heirs and assigns. Tener. también existen reglas que excluye evidencias relevantes si se considera que. Herewith. Heatstroke. poseer. High contracting parties. Hoarder. Locación con opción de compra. sesión.U.). y b) de buena fe. sec. social y civil. Feriado. Hológrafo. Principio que favorece la autonomía de las autoridades municipales en materias respecto de las cuales la autoridad central no tiene un interés directo ni superior. Hostile. 373(e)). Homestead. Homework. Honorarios. Arresto domiciliario. Hot pursuit. Persecución de un delincuente inmediatamente después de cometido el delito. Mesonero. graduado del Harvard College y la Harvard Law School. Fue durante un breve período profesor de leyes en Harvard. cónyuge. Home. Su trabajo más famoso es The Common Law (1881). Hornbook. En 1902 fue nombrado juez asociado de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos.Husbandry Holding and dictum. Holding company. basado en una serie de conferencias. Huelga de hambre. Hogar es el lugar donde una persona vive y es el centro de su vida doméstica. Hostel keeper. fue. licencia. (29 LPRA sec. Jurado que no puede reunir los suficientes votos en un sentido para pronunciarse válidamente. 12). Holmes." Renunció por motivos de salud en 1932. y luego. vivienda. (Intro al USA). Homosexualiiy. Presidente de la misma. Conflict. Homicidio.Asalto. ológrafo. vacaciones. Homicide. Hung jury. Cámara de representantes. hogar seguro. Testamento ológrafo. 379 . El Holding es la regla de Derecho necesario para resolver el caso. (Intro al USA). Testigo adverso. Ratio deádendiy obtter ¿ictum. Homosexualidad. Honorarium. Holdup. Hogar. durante veinte años. Honorary cónsul. House arrest. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1841-1935). Cónsul honorario. Holographic will. Hull of the vessel. Holiday. Ama de casa. primero juez de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Massachuttes y luego. Oliver. Housewife. casa. Casco del buque. Toda persona que se ocupe en un domicilio en la manufactura de artículos o materiales para un patrono. Rehén. Hostage. Husbandry. 2nd. Cámara de Diputados. Hostil. Hostile witness. Cualquier otra cosa que hayan afirmado los jueces pero que fuese innecesaria para su decisión constituye el dictum. Libro básico para aprender materias de derecho. House of representatives. Home rule. Marido. Husband. donde la calidad de sus opiniones en disidencia le valieron el título de "Gran Disidente. Bien de familia. Home VíOrker. Holograph. Trabajador a domicilio. un representante contratista o un subcontratista. esposo. Hunger sírike. (Rstmnt. Empresa controlante. practicó leyes en Boston. Labranza. Trabajo a domicilio. (Rstmnt. Inmunidad. Acción criminal ejercida contra un funcionario ante un tribunal distinto de los ordinarios. Impartial. §2. presumida por la ley.U sec. Implícate. Illicit. Servidumbre legal. I have hereunto set my hand. Immigrant. sec. Enfermedad. IIlegal. (b) las prácticas establecidas entre las partes y los usos. 3-606). Torts. no podrá reivindicarse por el daño que sufra. Impair. (C. Asunción Immune from prosecution. Que no puede ser demandado. 5. Firmo la presente. Impanel a juror. Implied contract.C. prohibido. protesto o aviso de que no se ha hecho honor es eficaz o innecesario. Elegir un jurado. Illiteracy. ilegal. Imparcial. Immoral. Implied by law. Inmigrante. excepto que la falta o demora al 380 implícita del riesgo. Implicar.O. Ilícito. Pen. Ignorancia o error.2). Mod. Documento de identidad. (c) la buena fe y la lealtad negocial. I owe you.I I. Immovable property. Lo que la ley presume o infiere. Menoscabo del derecho a reclamar o de colateral. Ignorancia o error como cuestión de hecho o derecho será defensa si la ignorancia o error contrarrestan propósito. Ilegítimo. Consentimiento tácito o implícito. Atentar. Inmigración. Ignorance or mistake. Inmoral. Para todos los efectos prácticos es como un contrato expresamente firmado por las partes. Implied easement. protesto o aviso de que no se ha hecho honor con respecto a cualquiera de dichas personas no liberará a parte alguna para quien la presentación.04(1)). tiene derecho a reclamar o pacta suspender el derecho de hacer cumplir con respecto a dicha persona el instrumento o la colateral o de otro modo libera a dicha persona. Imminent peril. 496 (c)). (Cód. Impairment of recouse or of collateral. art. Analfabetismo. Inmaterial. Analfabeto. Reconocimiento escrito de una deuda. Obligaciones implícitas.D. Acto de atraer al proceso al un tercero como demandado. Immigration. Propiedad inmueble. y voluntariamente entra o permanece o permite que sus cosas entren o permanezcan dentro del área de riesgo.U. Implied consent. Contrato inferido por la ley. Peligro inminente.. El demandante que entiende cabalmente el riesgo del daño que puede sufrir tanto en su persona como en sus cosas como consecuencia de la conducta del demandado o por la condición en que se encuentran las tierras o los bienes muebles del demandado. Illegal origin.. El tenedor liberará a cualquiera parte responsable en el instrumento hasta donde sin el consentimiento de ella el tenedor sin expresar reserva de derecho libera o pacta no demandar a cualquier persona contra quien la parte según conocimiento del tenedor. liliterate. Implied obligations. Peligro inminente. (d) el sentido común. conocimiento. (Unidroit. bajo circunstancias que manifiestan su aceptación. Procedencia ilegítima. impeachment. comprometer. ilegal. Implied assumption of risk. Prin. Juicio político. Las obligaciones implícitas emanan de: (a) la naturaleza y finalidad del contrato. creencia. Immunity. Irnminent danger. Illness. temeridad o negligencia necesarias para establecer uno de los elementos de delitos. efectuar cualquiera presentación. Impleader. I. 2nd. . ¡inmaterial. Una amenaza es impropia si: a) se amenaza con cometer un crimen o un daño o la amenaza por sí sola sería un crimen o un cuasidelito si resultara en la obtención de propiedad. En fe de lo cual. Existente. En consideración de la muerte de alguien. Derogación tácita. oficio o negocio. 2nd. 2) alegación de nolo contendere. vigente. que surge de una sentencia estando tal sentencia sujeta a apelación u a 381 . In his (her) own name. Comenzado pero no terminado. mejoramiento. Inchoate. In parí delicio (L). In testimony whereof. Inalienable rights. Inadvertencia. discapacidad. Empero. In effect. Impotency.. Impostor. Incapacity. Imputed. In writing. poner en prisión. con exclusión del público y del jurado. Improper. descuido. Tácita reconducción. evidencia de lo siguiente. incompetencia.Inchoate lien Implied renewal. Imprisonment. Impropio. Mejora. In forma pauperis (L). In camera inspection. A nombre propio.. El embargo u otra medida precautoria. no será admisible contra el acusado que hizo la alegación o participó en las discusiones de la alegación: 1) alegación de culpabilidad posteriormente retirada. In being. toda persona tiene conocimiento de las cualidades buenas o malas de las cosas que fabrica en el ejercicio de su arte. Tasa de importación. incorrecto. Imputación de pagos. Inchoate lien. no en la sala de audiencias pero en su oficina. Imputado. Imperfecto. (Reglas 410. Se usa.). In parí materia (L). Impossibility. en especie. En vigor. In faith whereof.12). plea discussions and related statements. Incapaz. Impostor. Evid. Con. Improper use. perfeccionamiento. Recluir. Inadmisibilidad de alegaciones. Importación (s). Impotencia Impound. En blanco. Import duty. Importar (v). Imposibilidad. Excepto cuando otra cosa se disponga en esta regla. Inadmissibility of pleas. (Unidroit. In contemplation of death. depositar bienes por orden judicial. Inavertence. el pago ha de imputarse en primer lugar a cualquier gasto. Uso impropio. (Rstmnt. Fed. luego a los intereses vencidos y finalmente al pago del capital. Improper threat. Por ejemplo. sec. Incapable. In cash. 176). Improvement. Implied warranty. reparación. Confiscar. Según esta doctrina. Incesto. In blank. Garantía implícita. Por escrito. b) lo que se amenaza es un enjuiciamiento criminal. Pertenecientes a la misma materia o con un objetivo común. Inapplicable. Amenaza indebida. art. Encarcelamiento. Inhabilidad. c) lo que se amenaza es el uso del proceso civil y la amenaza se hace de mala fe. Derechos inalienables. En testimonio de lo cual. Con el mismo grado de criminalidad o de falta. Incest. por ejemplo. insuscep-tible. Impunity. R. Inaplicable. en cualquier procedimiento civil o criminal. Irnport. 6. Con beneficio de pobreza. Imprison. La mayoría de las veces se usa este procedimiento para que el juez decida si una prueba específica puede ser mencionada o presentada al jurado. Prin. El deudor de varias obligaciones de dinero a favor del mismo acreedor puede indicar al momento de pagar a cuál de ellas se imputará su pago.1. discusiones de alegaciones y declaraciones relacionadas. (Morales Lebrón). En efectivo. Imputation of payments. Impunidad. incapacidad. indecente. los copartícipes en una acción criminal. no susceptible. Se usa la frase hablando de la interpretación armónica de dos textos legales. Diligencia probatoria dirigida por el juez. beneficio de litigar sin gastos. Implied repeal. d) la amenaza es el incumplimiento del deber de buena fe y trato justo en un contrato con la otra parte amenazada. si el juez quiere interrogar a un menor de edad protegiéndolo de la publicidad. índices adecuados del registro de pleitos y procedimientos y de todas las sentencias y órdenes civiles. 79(c)). Crear una sociedad anónima. Incitar.Incident otro ataque. índices. calendarios. La acusación formal. Industrial accident. pero que no está controlada ni sujeta a que el otro tenga derecho de controlar su conducta física (la del contratista independiente) durante la realización de la encomienda o empresa. Un contratista independiente es la persona quien contrata con otra para que haga algo por él. Indecencia. Indorser. sin hacer una transcripción literal. Individual. 2(3)). sec. Incompatibilidad. Incontestable. Income. Indorsee. El indiciamiento podrá determinarse únicamente con la concurrencia de 12 o más jurados.C. information. Incorporar. (Intro al USA). Agency. sec. Fed. Escritura sobre un derecho inmobiliario. indices. P.. o acusación del fiscal. Incurrir. Accidente laboral. Contratista independiente. Incopatibilidad. Acusación fiscal. Indictment. Indemnification. Infamia. Inconsistency. calendars. (Rstmnt. Inculpate. Infamous. Endoso. niño. Incorporation by reference. Indorsement. Un instrumento pagadero a la orden y endosado en blanco se convertirá en pagadero al portador y podrá negociarse por la simple entrega hasta que sea especialmente endosado. Rédito. que tiene la función de informar al acusado de los cargos. Indemnificación. El indiciamiento se presentaré por el gran jurado a un magistrado federal en corte abierta. determinación y formulación. puede tener la forma de indictment o information.U. deficiente. (R. (Regla 7(a)(c). adeudado. Indorsement especial and in blank. de un texto en otro pero solamente por referencia. Valores industriales y mercantiles. Que puede ser acusado penalmente. Inconsistente. Endosante. Todo delito que pueda ser sancionado con la pena de muerte requiere indiciamiento por el gran jurado Todo delito que pueda ser sancionado cori la pena de reclusión por un término que exceda de un año o trabajos forzados requiere indiciamiento por el gran jurado pero en caso de renuncia a ese derecho podrá ser procesado mediante indiciamiento del gran jurado. Diseño industrial. Menor. Que no puede ser derrotado. sec. Incriminar. el embargo o la medida precautoria siguen la misma suerte. finding and return. Inconsistent. Deuda. Industrial design. Indiciamiento. Indubitable. Incorporate. Individuo. Endoso especial y en blanco. Indictment. es decir. Crim. Incorporación 382 . bajo la supervisión de la corte. 2nd. de Proc. Indebtedness. Infamy. 3-204). contrasentido. Se llevará por el secretario. ingreso de dinero. Incompetent. Indenture. Incriminate. Indictable. Crim. Mortalidad infantil. Reglas Fed. Infant mortality. Independent contractor. El término indenture significa una escritura en la que dos o más personas se conceden derecho mutuamente o se obligan reciprocamente o convienen ambas cosas y en su sentido más amplio implica una transacción (conveyance). Incur. Inculpar. Incontestable. Incite. Civ. Industrial espionage. Incompetente. Espionaje industrial.). Infant. Incidente. contradicción. Indecency. (C. Individual. (Regla 6. reparación. Incident. Un endoso especial especificará la persona a quien o a cuya orden ha de pagarse el instrumento. Industrial and commercial securities. Proc. Indubitable.). Indictment. Endosatario. Incongruencia. Infame. según los estados. Indefeasible. Reglas Fed. Si tal sentencia cae. Indiciamiento. indignidad. 51). Insanity defense. Consiste la figura en utilizar tal información en provecho propio o de terceros. Inland. Installment contract. inuendo. penal y civilmente castigado. Innocent. 383 . Injunction. Sin efecto. Fondista. Daño. (C. Infringimiento. Insider trading. Comprador de buena fe. Inoperative. Entrada y salida. Torts. Ingress and egress. Injunctive relief. 99 D.Instructions to the jury infanticide. autoridad aparente ni impedimento. (C. Agency. quiebra. Ingratitude. Ingratitud. sec. picó Vidal. Es el acto. Falsedad injuriosa. Confinado. locura. 708 (1970)). sino solamente de la relación de mandato que existe para la protección de personas afectadas por. Insinuación. A los efectos de la Ley de Evidencia. Insolvency. (Rstmnt. demente. Insolvent. Insert. Lincoln. Poder de mandato inherente es el término usado en el restatement de este tema para indicar el poder de un mandatario que se deriva no de autoridad. sec. P. Injurious falsehood. Information and belief. Innocent purchaser. Civ. (Rstmnt. Es "insolvente" una persona si ha dejado de pagar sus deudas en el curso ordinario de negocio o no puede pagarlas cuando se hacen exigibles o si es insolvente a tenor con la ley federal de quiebra. presidiario. fijar. (R. Infracción. En su leal saber y entender. Un "contrato de entrega parcial" es uno que requiere o autoriza la entrega de mercancías en lotes por separado para que sean aceptados separadamente. Inns of Court. El juez instruye al jurado sobre la forma en la cual deben decidir las preguntas que finalmente se les someten.C. Innuendo. será responsable por la pérdida económica que sufra ese otro si la intención de la publicación de esa declaración es ocasionar daño al otro en cuanto a sus intereses con valor pecuniario o reconoce o debería reconocer que tal actuación produciría ese resultado. Inflación. Infidelidad. En Inglaterra. 2nd. Defensa de demencia. infidelity. 2-612). Inherent agency power. Interdicto prohibitorio. ciudadano. Infraction. sec.P.. Es la invasión de un derecho legalmente protegido.C. Instrucciones al jurado. 8A). prisionero. Inflation. Injury (tort). Infringement. de quienes en razón de su trabajo tienen información confidencial sobre maniobras empresariales a cumplirse que afectan el valor de las acciones respectivas. sec. Insane. por ejemplo. Una persona que publique una declaración falsa que perjudique los intereses de otro. incumplimiento. Del país.U. Inmate. perjuicio. Instructions to the jury. Inherente. Insanity. insano. Inherent. Herencia. aunque el contrato contenga una cláusula "cada entrega es un contrato por separado" o su equivalente. Protección otorgada por el tribunal basada en poderes de equidad. demencia. a fin de que puedan tenerlas en cuenta en sus alegatos. inferencia es la deducción que de los hechos probados hace en su discernimiento el juez o jurado. Insolvente.U. Poder de mandato inherente. inoperante. 623 A). Injustice. Insania. comprando las acciones destinadas a subir y/o vendiendo aquellas destinadas a bajar. Inocente. Loco. sin que al efecto medie mandato expreso de la ley. Inheritance. Infanticidio. 2nd. Insert. Inner Temple y Middle Temple. sec. Innkeeper. 1201(23)). ambas partes pueden proponer al juez las instrucciones que consideran que deben impartirse al jurado y el juez les comunica las que tiene intención de impartir.R. sec. Antes de presentar sus alegatos finales. Inference. Inferencia. Insolvencia. Habitante. Injusticia. Fed. 2nd. las cuatro asociaciones profesionales de abogados: Gray. Torts. violación. 7(1)). (Rstmnt. (Pueblo v. preso. Contrato de entregas parciales. Inhabitant. o en negociaciones con un empleado u otro mandatario. Intangible property. (26 LPRAsec. usurpación de bienes. Pueblo v. o sea. (1) El contrato debe interpretarse conforme a la intención común de las partes. Instrumentos de delito. (Intro al USA). "Instrumento de delito" significa cualquier cosa especialmente hecha o adaptada para uso criminal. Valores intangibles.Instrumentality Instrumentality. Intención de ocasionar la muerte de un semejante Manifiéstase la intención de ocasionar la muerte de un semejante en un caso de asesinato. Máquinas vendedoras de seguros. Intercambio. Mod. Insurance contract. Insular. Instruments of crime. propósito. explícito y definido de matar. Insular. Intelligible. sec. Instrumentalidad. Intended beneficiary. será responsable por el daño físico sufrido por éste. Asegurado. 74:913. Un contrato integrado es uno en forma escrita. Insurable interest. Interchange.P. Prin. Insurer. sec. 4.R. Insure effectiveness of a judgment. Circunstancias en la que el actor desea causar las consecuencias de su acto o tiene la creencia de que ciertamente ocurrirían esas consecuencias de su acto (Rstmnt. Insurance.. 102). Una persona comete un delito menos grave si posee algún "instrumento de delito" con el propósito de emplearlo criminalmente. Seguro. 100 D. A menos que se pacte lo contrario. necesaria para prevenir que otro sufra daño corporal. Intentionally preventing assistance. Contract. b) con la intención de realizar un acto o de producir grave daño corporal cuya consecuencia probable sea la muerte de una persona. Accidente intercu-rrente. detención arbitraria e intrusión. San Juan Racing Assoc. Integrated agreement. Pen. El término seguro incluye reaseguro. "Seguro" es el contrato mediante el cual una persona se obliga a indemnizar a otra o a pagarle o a proveerle un beneficio específico o determinable al producirse un suceso incierto previsto en el mismo. v. 559(1961)). 326). Beneficiario directo. considerada como equivalente al deseo y propósito directo. Intent. A los fines de la Ley de Compensaciones por Accidentes del Trabajo.. (Réstate -ment. se firmó. Aquella persona que intencionalmente impida que un tercero brinde ayuda. (Unidroit. a saber: a) la intención específica de matar. (Mary-land Cas'y Co. Intención. Second. (2) Si dicha intención no puede establecerse. Méndez. Insurance vending machine. art. Intention of the parties. del derecho inglés: agresión. a través de uno de los dos siguientes elementos. (Rstmnt. colocadas en las mismas circunstancias. Asegurar la efectividad de una sentencia. Intercurrent accident. Reyes Lara. Espíritu. § 5. Ayuda impedida intencionalmente.06(1)). 676(1971)). sec. un 384 . Asegurador.R.1).P. 2nd. el contrato se interpretará conforme al sentido que le habrían dado personas sensatas de la misma condición que las partes. Intención de las partes. vías de derecho. Doctrina que sostiene que un contrato de seguros se rige por la ley del Estado que tiene más contacto con la cosa objeto del contrato y no las leyes del Estado en que dicho contrato se solicitó. doctrina del centro de gravedad. point of contact doctrine. Intendment. precisamente formulado con el objetivo directo de matar. o. Inteligible. Los delitos intencionales que causan daños a las personas o a los bienes incluyen los delitos clásicos que previenen. cualquiera de los cuales es suficiente para determinar la existencia de malicia premeditada. el beneficiario de una promesa será un beneficiario directo. (Pueblo v. Cuasidelitos intencionales.. seguido. 209(1)). 83 D. con pocos cambios. Intentional torts. Intent to kill a fellow creature. Interés asegurable. (Cód. Insured. que constituye la expresión final de uno o más términos del contrato. Torts. conducto. Contrato integrado. Propiedad intangible. si el reconocimiento de su derecho al cumplimiento se considera apropiado para lograr la intención de las partes. Contrato de seguro. Inc. Torts. Intangibles. 2nd. y se pagó la prima correspondiente al primer año de vigencia de dicho contrato. 8). 22(1)). sec. (Unidroit.1. Interpretación. Si el deudor no paga una suma de dinero cuando corresponde.E. Dicho accidente intercurrente es compensable bajo las disposiciones de dicho estatuto. A menos que se convenga otra cosa. impidiendo que el otro cumpla con el contrato u ocasionando que el cumplimiento resulte más costoso u oneroso.9). 354). (Rstmnt. 766B). art. 7.. sec. Interpretation of statements and other conduct.P. 2nd. 766). art. 766 A). Alguien quien intencionalmente e impropiamente interfiera con el cumplimiento de un contrato (excepto un contrato matrimonial) entre otro y una tercera persona. Interlineations. Civ. Con. (Unidroit. sec. mora-torios. Todas las personas que tuvieran reclamaciones contra el demandante podrán ser acumuladas como demandadas y ser requeridas para que litiguen entre sí cuando sus reclamaciones fueren de tal naturaleza que el demandante quedare o pudiere quedar expuesto a una responsabilidad doble o múltiple. Interpretation. Ninguna de las partes podrá valerse del incumplimiento de la otra cuando dicho incumplimiento fue causado por actos u omisiones suyas o por cualquier otro evento cuyo riesgo ella asumió. Torts. explicación. 100 D. Interpretación de declaraciones y otras conductas. Interlocutory. 7. Internal-Revenue Stamp.. Intereses sobre el monto de la indemnización. (Unidroit.4. Control entrelazado. del Proc. 2nd.. Interpleader. Torts. Intereses de mora. Interlocutorio. Interference by the other party. 7. (Rstmnt. Interest as damages. los intereses sobre el monto de la indemnización correspondiente al incumplimiento de obligaciones no dinerarias comenzarán a devengarse desde el momento del incumplimiento. se podrá reclamar intereses desde el momento pactado para el cumplimiento sobre la cantidad adeudada menos todas las deducciones a las cuales la parte incumplidora tenga derecho. Interference with prospective contractual relation. el acreedor tiene derecho a cobrar intereses sobre dicha suma durante el tiempo que transcurre entre el vencimiento de la obligación hasta el momento del pago. Interest on damages. interlineado. art. 2nd. F. Interferencia con herencia o donación. sea ésta una agravación de otra anterior o una lesión distinta. Las declaraciones y demás conducta de cada una de las partes se inter385 . induciendo a dicha tercera persona a que no cumpla con el contrato. 363 (1971)). Torts. 2nd.4. Prin. Interpolación.. (Rstmnt. sec. será responsable al otro por la pérdida pecuniaria que resulte. Intereses compuestos. Interest on interest. (Reglas Fed. Intereses con cumplimiento contractual por un tercero. Comisión Industrial. Interlocking control. Prin. (Rstmnt. Interference with performance of con-tract by third person Interferencia Interest for failure to pay money. consista dicha interferencia de que se induzca o cause que una tercera persona no entre o no continúe en la relación contractual prospectiva. será responsable al otro por la pérdida pecuniaria resultante como consecuencia de que la tercera persona no cumpliera con el contrato. Interest on delay. Si el incumplimiento consiste en el no pagar una suma de dinero definida o realizar algún cumplimiento con un valor monetario fijo o calculable.. entre líneas. v.Interpretation of statements and other conduct accidente intercurrente significa una lesión subsiguiente de un obrero. Alguien quien intencional e impropiamente interfiera con el cumplimiento de un contrato (excepto un contrato matrimonial) entre otro y una tercera persona. sea o no excusable la falta de pago. (Admor. Procedimiento para obligar a reclamantes adversos a litigar entre sí. por incumplimiento de obligaciones dine-rarias.R.S. sec. Interferencia de la otra parte. Prin. Sello de rentas. Interference with inheritance or gift. Interferencia con relación contractual prospectiva. Alguien quien intencional e impropiamente interfiera con la relación contractual prospectiva de otro (excepto un contrato matrimonial) está sujeto a responder al otro por el daño pecuniario resultante de la pérdida de los beneficios de la relación contractual. Indemnización con intereses.10).2). Invalidez. Valores de inversión. (Unidroit. Intestacy. La consideración que reciben se aparta de la vieja ley al permitir el traspaso y negociación de valores corporativos sin poner las trabas y restricciones legales que para su negociación existían bajo la Negotiabk Instruments Law. Interrogatorio. Una sentencia dictada en un estado y usada como base para una reclamación o defensa para una acción subsiguiente en otro Estado. siempre que la otra la haya conocido o no la haya podido ignorar. 2nd. será sujeto a responsabilidad por una invasión a la privacidad de ese otro si la intrusión resulta altamente ofensiva a una persona razonable. Situación en la que se encuentra quien no hubiese redactado un testamento válido.. a discreción de la corte. Fed. R. (Reglas Fed. 81). quien suministrará la información que estuviere disponible para la parte. Ataque a la privacidad. Civ. Inure. y que ejerza dicha jurisdición notificando adecuadamente a las partes. 652 B). Intruso. puede ser atacada en el transcurso de la acción subsiguiente.Interpreter. compensación.. Comercio interestatal. El tercer desprendimiento de la Negotiabk Instruments Law se refiere a los valores corporativos que fornan el Artículo 8 del Código de Comercio Uniforme. Invasión of privacy. coerción. art. Intervenor. Intimidation. coacción. alegando que dicha sentencia se dictó en incumplimiento con los requisitos que exigen que el tribunal sentenciador tenga jurisdicción territorial.. Beneficiar. 2) evitar el consumo innecesario de tiempo. a menos que el derecho del peticionario estuviera adecuadamente representado por las partes apersonadas. Invalidity. Intrusion upon seclusion. jurisdicción sobre la cosa en controversia. 33(a)). Prin. Las nuevas disposiciones retienen el derecho del comprador de buena fe por valor o causa onerosa de adquirir sin sujeción a las 386 . Invalid judgment. Intervención como cuestión de derecho. sec. sec.2). (Rstmnt. 4. (R. Una persona que intencionalmente se interponga o se inmiscuya. (Rstmnt. Judg. Interrogation. Sentencia inválida.). compensation pretarán conforme a su intención. Interpreter. Mediante la oportuna solicitud se permitirá a cualquier persona intervenir en un pleito: 1) cuando una ley de los Estados Unidos confiera un derecho incondicional a intervenir. Ab intestato. Intoxicating. Embriagante.. intoxicante. P. Investment securities. 2nd. Intervening cause. Fed. Investiture. 24(a)). (Regla 611(a). Torts sec. Investidura. Civ. La compensación será pagada de los fondos provistos por ley o por una o más partes según lo dispusiera la corte o podrá imponerse en última instancia como costas. Interrogatories to parties. compelimiento. bienes o trabajo. Cualquier parte podrá notificar a cualquiera otra parte interrogatorios por escrito para ser contestados por la parte notificada o. si la parte notificada fuere una corporación pública o privada o una sociedad o asociación o agencia gubernamental. y 3) proteger a los testigos contra hostigamiento o situación embarazosa excesiva. sec. 2) cuando el solicitante reclame un derecho en relación con los bienes o acto objetos del pleito y se encuentre en tal situación que la adjudicación del pleito pudiera como cuestión práctica perjudicar o dificultar su capacidad para proteger tal derecho. P. ya sea físicamente o de cualquier otra forma en la soledad o aislamiento de otro o en sus asuntos privados. Violación de privacidad. (R. Causa interveniente. Interstate commerce. La corte ejercitará un control razonable sobre el modo y el orden del interrogatorio de los testigos y la presentación de evidencia a fin de 1) hacer el interrogatorio y la presentación efectivos para el esclarecimiento de la verdad. Intruder. del Proc. Inversión de dinero. Fed. Intérprete. Investment. Intimidación.. por cualquier funcionario o agente. Intervention of right. La corte podrá nombrar intérpretes de su propia selección y podrá fijar su compensación razonable. compensation. Evid. Parte interveniente. a la vida privada. 43). Interrogatorios a las partes. Civ. sec. Internal Revenue Service. Homicidio involuntario. Invitado. o sin la debida prudencia o circunspección. 93 D.P.Itinerant worker posibles reclamaciones contra su cedente. Detalle de las partidas de la cuenta. 2nd. Trabajador itinerante.U. Second. 3). tema. Inversor. mandar. P. Irresponsable. Torts. un demandado podrá pedir mediante moción que se desestime el pleito o cualquier reclamación contra el mismo. Issuance. Involuntary dismissal. inmune. o al realizarse un acto legal que pudiera ocasionar muerte en forma ilegal. Irregularidad. item. final y firme se resuelve una controversia de hecho o de derecho que fue litigada apropiadamente y la resolución de la controversia fuere esencial para la sentencia. (Pueblo v. emisión. Emisor. Notificación defectuosa. ya sea por la misma reclamación o por una diferente. Irrevocable. Itemized statement of the account. emitir. item.R. Irrecoverable. Investor. (Rstmnt. Issue. Fed. Imposible de recuperar. una promesa de no retirar la oferta no se considera efectiva si no media contraprestación. sec. Preclusión de una cuestión. [Ver: consideration. Expedición. Civ. 332). las irregularidades en el contenido o procedimiento con que se efectuó dicha notificación no anularán su efecto ni la convertirán en defectuosa o inadecuada. Issuer.. Irrevocable. Desestimación involuntaria. Irregular notice. Inviolable. Matos Pretto. Comete el delito de homicidio involuntario aquél que dé muerte ilegal a un ser humano sin que medie malicia. El concepto del invitado abarca tanto al invitado público como a un visitante de negocios.] IRS. (C.C. Si se ha efectuado notificación real sobre la pendencia de una acción. Inviolable. Prefacio). Involuntary manslaughter. 2nd. Irregularity. Expedir. (R. (Intro al USA). Judgments.. Cuestión. Por dejar el demandante de proseguir el pleito o de cumplir con estas reglas o cualquier orden de la corte. 41(b)). La regla tradicional en los Estados Unidos es que el oferente puede retirar la oferta en cualquier momento anterior a que sea aceptada. Irrefutable. Issue preclusion. Cuando mediante sentencia válida. Oferta irrevocable. cuando ocurre al realizarse un acto legal que no constituyere delito grave. 387 . emisión de documentos (s). (Restatement. número o concepto dentro de una lista. sec.. Invitee. Judg. enviar. Irrefutable. Dirección Recaudadora de Impuestos. sec. Invoice or manifest of the cargo. Itinerant worker. (Rstmnt. Principio e impedimento de controversias. Irrevocable offer. remitir (v). Irresponsible. sec. 27). Conocimiento o guía de la carga. la resolución de dicha sentencia será concluyente en una acción posterior entre las partes. 113(1966)). (Intro al USA). La responsabilidad primaria en la administración de las leyes encabezado por el Commissioner of Internal Revenue (Comisionado de Recaudaciones Internas) bajo la supervisión de la Secretaría del Tesoro. codeudor. Civ sec 18(a)). aprisionar. Acreedor solidario. Cuando concurren los siguientes hechos: a) aportación (contribution) de dinero. Mandar a la cárcel. Jeopardize. Jettison. peligro. podrá acumular. Podrá hacerse parte de una reconvención o demanda contra coparte a personas que no fueren partes en el pleito original. Fed. cuantas reclamaciones de ley. Joint creditor. Empresa común. Jactancia. propiedad. no de un doctorado. como reclamaciones independientes o alternativas. Acumulación de acciones o de partes. Job. Carcelero. John Doe. Inclusión de partes adicionales. Joint debtor. Ictericia. Responsabilidad solidaria. Obligación . Alijo. exponer. Joinder. mancomunada. son de la misma o similar naturaleza o están basados en el mismo acto u operación o en dos o más actos u operaciones relacionados entre sí o que constituyen partes de un designio o plan común. echazón (s). echar mercancías al mar para salvar el resto de la carga. Jaundice. Se trata de un título de abogado solamente. solidario. NN. si dichos delitos imputados. Preso en una cárcel que entiende de cuestiones jurídicas aplicables a sus compañeros de reclusión. Coparticipante en la comisión de un cuasidelito. Jeopardy. reconvención. poner en peligro. Joinder of claims. NN. Juris Doctor. Acumulación de reclamaciones. tarea. Joint. de Proc. sec. El título no faculta a ejercer el derecho. Jail. Deudor solidario.J. por el medio en vez de hacerlo por las esquinas. Nombre de varón ficticio. Empleo. para lo cual debe aprobarse un largo y complicado examen llamado el bar exam. Reglas Fed. c) participación en las ganancias. Acumulación de acusados. sin que sea ello cierto. Acumulación de delitos. Jactitation. Toda parte que expusiere una reclamación de remedio como demanda original. Riesgo. de Proc Civ. Dos o más delitos podrán imputarse en el mismo indiciamiento o acusación en cargos separados para cada delito. Ver Jane Doe. prisión. de equidad o marítimas tuviera contra la parte adversa. Resolución conjunta. a quienes aconseja. Título otorgado a los estudiantes que se reciben de abogados en facultades de derecho estadounidenses. celador. Jaywalker. 13(h)). Crim. recluir (v). Crim. Ver John Doe. Joint resolution. fulano de tal.). Join. Joinder of defendants. Joint liability. Joinder of additional parties. Reglas Fed. fulana de tal.. Alijar. (Regla 8(b). Se aplica típicamente al que dice ser cónyuge de cierta persona o heredero de otra. Jane Doe. Dos o más acusados podrán ser incluidos en el mismo indiciamiento o acusación si se les imputare haber participado en el mismo acto u operación o en la misma serie de actos u operaciones que constituyan un delito o delitos. y aunque no haya participación Joint and several obligation. P. Acumular. Comprometer. Joint tortfeasor. ya fueran delitos graves o delitos menos graves o ambos. aparte de cualquier retribución recibida en concepto de sueldo. (R. de Proc.). Jailer.D. Peatón que cruza una calle en forma ilegal. Conjunto. Cárcel. calabozo (s). Joinder of offenses. (Regla 8(a). Joint venture. (Reglas Fed. tiempo o destreza en un empeño común (common undertaking) b) un interés propietario conjunto y un manejo mutuo del negocio. demanda contra 388 J coparte o demanda contra tercero. trabajo. Nombre de mujer ficticio. arriesgar. Jailhouse lawyer. Judgment non obstante veredicto, directed judgment en las pérdidas. (Suárez Fuentes v. Srio. de Hacienda, 85 D.P.R. 388 (1962)). en especie ni excederá la cuantía de lo pedido en la demanda. (R. Fed. P. Civ., sec. 54(c)). journeyman. Bracero. Judge. Juez. Los jueces provienen del foro practicante mucho más a menudo que de la docencia o de la función pública. No hay en los Estados Unidos una carrera judicial como en otros países; no hay ninguna ruta trazada para el abogado recién recibido que aspira a llegar a juez. (Intro al USA). Juez, magistrado (s). Sentenciar, fallar, decidir (v). Judge, election. Juez, elección. Los jueces estaduales habitualmente son electos, en la mayor parte de los casos por voto popular, en otros por la legislatura del estado. (Intro al USA). Judgment. Sentencia. "Sentencia," incluirá resoluciones y cualesquiera órdenes que puedan apelarse. La sentencia no contendrá relación de alegaciones, informes de comisionados o autos de procedimientos anteriores. Judgment based on mistake. Sentencia basada en error. Sujeto a algunas limitaciones se puede evitar una sentencia dictada en una acción contenciosa si dicha sentencia fue el resultado de un error de derecho o de hecho. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 71). Judgment determining interests in things. Judgment based upon another one that is subsequently reversed. Sentencia basada en otra que luego es anulada. Una sentencia basada en otra que se dictó previamente no se anulará automáticamente por razón de que la sentencia previa fue revocada en apelación de alguna otra manera anulada. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 16). Judgment book. Libro de sentencias, registro de sentencias. Judgment by confession. Sentencia por confesión. Desígnase como sentencia por confesión el procedimiento sumario por convenio consagrado por el Common Law y autorizado por nuestro código procesal, mediante el cual una parte confiesa que adeuda a otra determinada cantidad y acepta que un tribunal le dicte sentencia en su contra, sin más. (E.L.A. v. Isla Verde Inv. Corp., 98 D.P.R. 255(1970)). Judgment by default. Sentencia en rebeldía. Una sentencia en rebeldía no será distinta Sentencia que determina derechos reales. Cuando se dicta sentencia válida, final y firme en una acción basada solamente en jurisdicción para adjudicar los intereses sobre una cosa: La sentencia tendrá carácter concluyeme con respecto a los intereses sobre la cosa en cuanto a todas las personas si ése es el propósito de la sentencia (tradi-cionalmente descrito como in rem), o en cuanto a las partes en la acción, si ése es el propósito de la sentencia tradicionalmente descrito como quasi in rem. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 30). Judgment for defendant, rule of bar. Sentencia para el demandado, preclusión de la acción. Una sentencia válida, final y firme, dictada a favor de la persona del demandado, prohibe al demandante radicar cualquier otra acción basada en la misma reclamación. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 19). Judgment for plaintiff, merger rule. Sentencia para el demandante, consolidación de la acción. Cuando se dicta sentencia válida, final y firme a favor de un demandante: El demandante no podrá subsiguientemente sostener su reclamación original, ni parte de la misma, en ningún tipo de acción, con excepción de acciones basadas en la sentencia. (Rstmnt, 2nd Judg., sec. 18). Judgment for specific acts. Sentencia para ejecutar actos específicos. Si una sentencia ordenara a una parte que otorgue un traspaso de terreno o que entregue escrituras u otros documentos o que ejecute cualquier otro acto específico y la parte dejara de cumplir dentro del plazo especificado, la corte podrá ordenar que se ejecute el acto a expensas de la parte desobediente por cualquier otra parte nombrada por la corte, y cuando se ejecutare el acto éste tendrá el mismo efecto que si hubiera sido ejecutado por la parte obligada. (R. Fed. P. Civ., sec. 70). Judgment non obstante veredicto, directed judgment. La parte perdedora puede presentar una moción de sentencia a pesar del veredicto (non obstante veredicto) que permite al juez dictar sentencia a su 389 Judgment roll favor, yendo al fondo de la cuestión, cuando antes no tuvo éxito en una moción de veredicto dirigido en su favor. (Intro al USA). Judgment roll. Legajo de la sentencia. Judicial. Judicial. Judicial action. Acción judicial, causa, litigio, pleito. Judicial notice. Conocimiento judicial. Un hecho del cual podrá tomarse conocimiento judicial habrá de ser uno que no esté sujeto a una controversia razonable porque sea generalmente conocido dentro de la jurisdicción territorial de la corte. (Regla 201(b)(c),(d),R. Fed. Evid.). petencia se está desarrollando en los Estados Unidos; ella es la quasi in rem. No existe nada comparado a la competencia quasi in rem en la mayoría de los otros países. (Cari). Jurisdiction, doing business in state. Jurisdicción, actos de negociación en el territorio. Un Estado tiene el poder de ejercer su jurisdicción sobre una corporación extranjera que haya hecho o causado un acto, respecto al cual pueda surgir una causa de acción por daños y perjuicios. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Conflict, sec. 49(1)). Jurisdiction in personam. Competencia sobre la persona. Existen cinco alternativas de base para la competencia in personam en los Estados Unidos. Ellas son: 1) domicilio o residencia del demandado en el Estado, 2) consentimiento, 3) comparecencia, 4) presencia física del demandado y entrega de la notificación o citación en ese Estado y 5) realización de ciertos actos en el estado, como los de llevar a cabo negocios o realizar contratos. Si cualquiera de estas alternativas pueden ser satisfechas, entonces la corte tiene competencia personal. (Cari). Judicial notice, instructing the jury. Conocimiento judicial, instrucciones al jurado. En una acción o procedimiento civil, la corte instruirá al jurado para que acepte como concluyente cualquier hecho del que se tomó conocimiento judicial. (Regla 201(g),R. Fed. Evid.). Judicial officer. Funcionario judicial. Judicial orders. Diligencias. Judicial penalty. Pena judicial. La orden de un tribunal de ejecutar la prestación puede agregar la prevención de que si la parte no cumple, pagará una pena. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 7.2.4). Judicial process. Diligencias judiciales. Judicial review. Control judicial. La revisión judicial, tal como el término es usado en el derecho constitucional norteamericano, se refiere al poder de un tribunal de decidir sobre la constitucionalidad de la legislación, y de negar vigencia a aquella legislación que decida que es inválida por motivos constitucionales. (Intro al USA). Judiciary, judicature. Poder judicial. Judicatura. Juridical. Jurídico. Juridical person. Persona de existencia moral, persona jurídica. Jurisdiction. Competencia judicial, jurisdicción. En los Estados Unidos, existen tres métodos básicos para asegurar la competencia. Existe la competencia in personam y la competencia in rem; estos términos significan prácticamente lo mismo en el derecho norteamericano que en el derecho civil Napoleónico. Una tercera base de la com- Jurisdiction over litigants concerning related claims. Jurisdicción sobre litigantes respecto de acciones conexas. Un tribunal podrá ejercer jurisdicción sobre una persona que sea parte en una acción pendiente en ése o en cualquier otro tribunal del mismo estado cuando la reclamación objeto de la acción surja como producto de la transacción objeto de la acción pendiente, o sea otra acción que en el ejercicio de la justicia pueda ser ventilada simultánea o concurrentemente. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 9). Jurisdiction, physical presence and noti-fication. Competencia, presencia física y notificación. El método más común utilizado en los Estados Unidos para obtener competencia es sencillamente encontrar al demandado en el Estado y entregar la notificación y la demanda a él. En la jurisprudencia norteamericana este acto tiene un doble propósito: 1) le otorga la competencia a la corte y 2) le informa al demandado sobre la demanda. Debido a lo frecuente de este método, los expertos norteamericanos en materia legal tienden a combinar "competencia" y "notificación" en una sola idea, 390 Juvenile en vez de separarla en dos problemas diferentes. (Cari). jurisdictional grounds. Bases de competencia. Si el procedimiento seguido para notificar y para dar una oportunidad de defensa no cumple con los criterios de razonabili-dad y de equidad y justicia que la Corte Suprema ha fijado para el cumplimiento de la cláusula, la sentencia es inválida. (Intro al USA). Juror. Miembro del jurado. Jury. Jurado. Sus miembros son elegidos por azar entre un conjunto de ciudadanos respetable y representativos de la comunidad que ha sido convocado a estos efectos. Los jurados de common law eran doce, pero ahora en muchos estados el número es menor (seis como mínimo). (Intro al USA). Jury trial. Juicio por jurado. El derecho ajuicio por jurado declarado por la Enmienda Séptima de la Constitución o conferido por una ley de los Estados Unidos se preservará inviolado para las partes. (Regla Fed. de Proc. Civ.,sec. 38(a)(b)). Jus tertii (L). Derechos de un tercero. Just. Justo, equitativo. Just cause. Justa causa. Just cause for discharge. Justa causa para el despido. Se entenderá por justa causa para el despido de un empleado de un establecimiento: a) que el obrero siga un patrón de conducta impropia o desordenada, b) la actitud del empleado de no rendir su trabajo en forma eficiente o de hacerlo tardía y negligentemente o en violación de las normas de calidad del producto que se produce o maneja por el establecimiento. (29 LPRA sec. 185(b)). Justice. Justicia. Juez. Justiciable. Controversia que puede ser objeto de una acción judicial. Justifiable. Justificado, justificable. Juvenile. Juvenil. 391 K K.B. Ver King's BeNch. K.C. Ver King's Counsel. Kangaroo court. Tribunal parcial que conduce el proceso como una mera formalidad y que ya tiene decidido el caso de antemano. Keelage. Derechos de amarre de una nave. Keep. Continuar con una acción o acto, guardar, llevar, mantener, retener. Keep books. Mantener los papeles y documentos en orden, llevar la contabilidad, realizar anotaciones sistemáticas y descriptivas en una actividad comercial. Keep the peace. Mantener el orden. Key. Llave, clave, muelle. Keyage. Derecho de amarre, derecho de carga y descarga (mar). Kickback. Especie de comisión pagada a un funcionario público o a alguien que trabaja para el comprador a fin de realizar la transacción. Normalmente una conducta ilegal. Kidnapping. Secuestro, rapto. Kill. Matar, asesinar. Killer. Homicida, asesino. Kin, kindred. Pariente, emparentado, relacionado por vínculo de sangre. Kind, in. En especie. King. Rey, majestad, monarca, soberano. King can do no wrong. Literalmente, el Soberano no puede hacer nada mal o nada ilegal. Se utiliza la expresión para denotar aquellos sistemas en los que las acciones contra el Estado por actos ilícitos se encuentran prohibidas o severamente restringidas. King regent. Rey regente. King's Bench. Tribunal superior del sistema judicial inglés. King's Counsel. Cuerpo colegiado de abogados que asesora a la Corona. En tiempos en que gobierna una reina, la institución se llama Queen's Counsel, o Q.C. Los abogados pertenecientes a este grupo colocan ya sea K.C. o Q.C, según el caso, detrás de sus nombres, junto con sus calificaciones profesionales. Kiting. Usar cheques cuando el respectivo depósito todavía no ha sido acreditado especulando con que sí lo esté al momento de la presentación. Kleptomania. Cleptomanía. Knight. Orden nobiliaria, caballero. Knock and announce rule. Obligación de la fuerza pública de anunciar su arribo y la razón del mismo antes de ingresar a una morada. Know all men by these presents. Sépase por la presente. Forma antigua de comenzar un documento dando a entender su carácter público. Knowingly. A sabiendas, concientemente. Knowledge. Conocimiento sobre algún asunto. Knowledge and belief. Leal saber y entender. Knowledge and notíce. Conocimiento y notificación. Una persona tiene notificación de un hecho si la persona conoce del hecho, tiene razón para conocer del hecho, debería conocer del hecho o ha sido notificada del mismo. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Agency, sec. 9(1)). Known. Sabido, conocido. Known heirs. Herederos conocidos. Known to me. De mi conocimiento. 392 L L.C Ver Lord Chancellor. LL.B. J-D LL.M, J.S.D. A pesar del carácter de postgrado de los estudios, la mayor parte de las escuelas de leyes otorgaba el título de Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) en lugar de un doctorado hasta 1970 aproximadamente, en que se comenzó a reemplazar por el Juris Doctor (J.D.). Algunas instituciones ofrecen además los títulos de Master of Law (J.S.D. o S.J.D.), que requieren estudios adicionales. (Intro al USA). LL.D. Doctor of Laws, título de Doctor en Derecho otorgado por univesidades inglesas y estadounidenses. LTD. Iniciales de limited, denotando un tipo específico de sociedad comercial. Labor. Trabajo, actividad laboral (s). Trabajar (v). Labor accident. Accidente de trabajo. Labor contract. Contrato de trabajo. "Contrato de trabajo" significa todo convenio verbal o escrito mediante el cual se obliga el empleado a ejecutar una obra, realizar una labor o prestar un servicio para el patrono por un salario o cualquier otra retribución pecuniaria. (29 LPRA). Labor dispute. Disputa obrera, de trabajo. El término disputa obrera incluye cualquier controversia relativa a término o condiciones de empleo o relativa a la asociación o representación de personas al negociar, fijar, mantener, cambiar o tratar de llegar a un acuerdo sobre términos o condiciones de empleo, aunque las partes se encuentren o no en la relación inmediata de patrono y empleado. (29 LPRA sec. 109(c)). Labor, in. Etapa final del proceso de dar a luz. Labor law, branches. Derecho laboral, ramas. La primera rama se ocupe del bienestar de los trabajadores como individuos. Esta rama incluye las leyes estaduales que instituyen compensaciones por accidente de trabajo, las que establecen normas sobre honorarios y salarios, las que prohiben el trabajo infantil insalubre, o las que proscriben la discriminación por motivos raciales, religiosos o de nacionalidad. (Intro al USA). Labor law, definition. Derecho laboral, definición. El derecho laboral, en su sentido más amplio, es aquel que afecta a los trabajadores en virtud de su relación con un empleador, que en los Estrados Unidos es de ordinario privado. (Intro al USA). Labor-management controversy. Controversia obrero patronal. Labor unión. Uniones, sindicatos. Laborer. Asalariado, trabajador, obrero. Laches. Defensa de incuria. Para que esta defensa prospere la dilación en el ejercicio de un derecho debe haber causado algún daño al demandado. Se trata de una defensa basada en razones de equidad. (Morales Lebrón). Lack. Carencia de, falta de. Lack of evidence. Falta de prueba. Lack of inventory. Falta de existencia. Lack of jurisdiction. Incompetencia. Lame duck. Funcionario cuyo mandato está próximo a expirar y que no puede ser reelecto o ha perdido la reelección. Land. Tierras. Landlord. Arrendador de un inmueble. Lapse. Lapso, fenecimiento, caducidad (s). Caducar, fenecer (v). Lapsing of an action. Caducidad o peren-ción de instancia. Larceny. Hurto. Last clear chance. Teoría de la última oportunidad. Aquélla que da por sentado la existencia de una situación peligrosa creada por la negligencia tanto del demandante como del demandado, pero supone que hubo un momento después de ocurrir tal negligencia en que el demandado podía, y el demandante no podía, mediante el uso de los medios disponibles, evitar el accidente. (Morales Lebrón). 393 Last clear chance, helpless plaintiff Last clear chance, helpless plaintiff. Última oportunidad efectiva, demandante imposibilitado. Un demandante que negligentemente se ha sometido a un riesgo de sufrir daño como consecuencia de la negligencia subsiguiente del demandado, puede recobrar por el daño si inmediatamente antes de sufrir tal daño: el demandante estaba imposibilitado de poder evitarlo mediante el ejercicio de un cuidado razonable. (Restatemente, Second, Torts, sec. 479). Late acceptance. Delay in transmission. Aceptación tardía. Demora en la transmisión. No obstante, la aceptación tardía producirá efectos si el oferente informa inmediatamente de ello al destinatario o le envía una comunicación en tal sentido. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 2.9). Laudemio, Laudemio. Laughing heir statute. Ley que establece un límite de parentesco mínimo para la sucesión intestada. Law. Ley, derecho. La palabra law se usa en inglés, tanto, para referirse a la suma de todas las normas legales (por lo tanto, equivalente a las siguientes de otros idiomas: ius, droit, diritto, Recht, derecho) como a la norma expresa establecida por una autoridad legislativa (lex, loi, legge, Gesetz, ley). (IntroalUSA). Abogacía, carrera de abogado. Law and equity. Derecho y equidad. La historia de esta distinción comienza con el sistema jurídico que se desarrollo con posterioridad a la conquista de Inglaterra pollos normandos. Un litigante que deseaba que su demanda fuese vista en los tribunales reales y no en los locales debía comprar en la oficina del chancellor un writu orden real acorde con la demanda, que ordenaba la presentación del demandado ante el tribunal. (IntroalUSA). Law clerk. Oficial jurídico. Empleado en un bufete de abogados. mentación en una segunda apelación interpuesta en el mismo caso. (Morales Lebrón)" Law office. Bufete, estudio, despacho jurídico, oficina de abogados. Law-office failure. Error cometido por un despacho jurídico en la tramitación de un pleito. Law professor. Profesor de derecho. En los Estados Unidos los profesores de leyes como los jueces, no necesitan cumplir un período como aprendices antes de ser nombrados y muy a menudo provienen directamente del ejercicio activo de la profesión (IntroalUSA). Law reviews. Revistas jurídicas. Las más prestigiosas son las publicaciones universitarias-hoy existe más de doscientas. (Intro al USA) Law, study. Derecho, estudio. Durante los tres años de entrenamiento profesional intensivo, el estudiante es sometido al método de enseñanza peculiarmente norteamericano conocido como case method (método de análisis de casos). (Intro al USA). Lawful. Lícito, legal. Lawless. Ilícito, ilegal. Laws, federal. Leyes federales. Además de enumerar ciertas facultades legislativas especificas del Congreso, la Constitución le otorga la atribución de "hacer todas las leyes que sean necesario y apropiadas para el ejercicio" de aquellos poderes que son otorgados expresamente a cualquier departamento o división de la administración federal. (Intro al USA). Laws, state. Leyes estatales. Las leyes aprobadas por las legislaturas estaduales, aunque supeditadas a la legislación federal valida y a las Constituciones estaduales, son de importancia fundamental en las numerosas áreas del Derecho que han quedado en la esfera estadual. De acuerdo con la Décima Enmienda de la Constitución, "los poderes no delegados a los Estados Unidos por la Constitución, y que ella no prohibe a los estados, quedan reservados a los respectivos estados o al pueblo." (Intro al USA). Lay off. Cesantía. Lay witness. Testigo que no depone como experto o perito en alguna materia. Layman. Seglar, lego, secular. Law of the case. Ley del caso. Es un principio bien sentado que las cuestiones discutidas y resueltas en una apelación constituyen la ley del caso (law of the case), y no pueden ser objeto de nueva argu- 394 Letter of marque Lead to error. Inducir a error. Leading case. Caso que determina el derecho y, como tal, seguido por los jueces. Caso guía. Leading question. Pregunta sugestiva o capciosa. De ordinario no se permitirán preguntas sugestivas en el contrainterrogatorio. Cuando una parte llame a un testigo hostil, a una parte adversa o a un testigo identificado con una parte adversa, el interrogatorio podrá hacerse mediante preguntas sugestivas. (Regla611(c), Reglas Fed. en Evidencia). Léase. Arrendamiento, aparcería, arriendo, alquiler, locación. Léase for partnership of arable lands. Aparcería de tierras de labor. Leasehold. Propiedad sujeta a locación. Leaseholder. Arrendatario. Leases, uniform commercial code. Locación, código de comercio uniforme. El nuevo Artículo 2A—agregado en 1987— representa un acontecimiento importante en el derecho comercial al referirse a un tipo de transacción comercial, el alquiler de propiedad personal, que ha existido desde hace mucho. (C.C.U., Prefacio). Leave. Permiso, autorización, licencia, permiso. Leaving no blank space. Sin blancos. Lecturer. Profesor universitario. Conferencista. Legacy. Legado. Legal. Legal, lícito. Legal aid. Defensoría de pobres. Uno de lo objetivos de muchas de las asociaciones de abogados es el de poner los servicios jurídicos al alcance de más personas, en especial de las de menos recursos. (Intro al USA). Patrocinio jurídico gratuito a indigentes. Legal impossibility. Imposibilidad legal. Si el cumplimiento de un deber se hace imposible por tener que cumplir con una norma u orden gubernamental doméstica o extranjera, tal norma u orden es un evento cuya no-ocurrencia es un presupuesto básico sobre el cual se hizo el contrato. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Con., sec. 264). Legal opinion. Opinión legal emitida por un funcionario dentro del área de su competencia o por un experto en la materia. Legal owner. Dueño directo. Legal reserve. Reserva legal. Se entiende por "reserva legal" la cantidad mínima que todo banco sujeto estará obligado a tener siempre disponible. (7 LPRA sec. 3). Legal tender. Curso legal, moneda de curso forzoso. Legalistic. Forma de expresar que una cuestión jurídica es excesivamente técnica o innecesariamente complicada. Legatee. Legatario. Legator. Testador. Legislative. Legislativo. Legislative immunity. Inmunidad parlamentaria. Legislative power. Poder legislativo. Congreso. Legislature. Congreso, Asamblea Nacional, Parlamento. Legitimacy. Legitimidad. Legitimate. Legítimo. Lend. Prestar, otorgar. Lender. Prestamista. Lender on bottomry. Prestador a la gruesa. Lending rate. Porcentual de interés al que se realiza un préstamo. Lessee. Arrendatario, inquilino, locatario. Lessor. Arrendador, arrendante, locador. Let. Arrendar o alquilar un bien inmueble. Lethal injection. Inyección con la que se ejecuta la pena de muerte. Letter of advice of international sight draft. Carta de aviso de giro internacional a la vista. Una "carta de aviso" es la comunicación del librador al librado de que el giro descrito ha sido librado. (C.C.U. sec. 3-701). Letter of intent. Carta de intención. Documento que describe cual es la intención de las partes para facilitar la prueba que even-tualmente se pudiese necesitar. Generalmente no es un instrumento obligatorio como lo es un contrato. Letter of marque. Patente de corso. 395 Letters of credit, uniform commercial code Letters of credit, uniform commercial code. Cartas de crédito, código de comercio uniforme. Salvo pacto en contrario el término "carta de crédito" o "crédito bancario" en un contrato de venta significa un crédito irrevocable expedido por una agencia de finan-ciamiento de buena reputación y, cuando el embarque sea para ultramar, por una agencia de buena reputación internacional. La falta del comprador de entregar oportunamente una carta de crédito convenida será una violación al contrato de venta. (C.C.U. sec. 325). Letters rogatory. Exhorto, carta rogatoria. Letters testamentary. Cartas testamentarias. Declaratoria de herederos cuando no hay un testamento. Leverage. El control que se ejerce con una parte menor del capital, o de una inversión, sobre el resto. Levy. Embargo, exacción, incautación, gravamen (s). Gravar con un impuesto o cargo (v). Lex fori (L). Ley del foro o del tribunal. Ley local. Liability. Pasivo, deudas. Responsabilidad, culpa, culpabilidad. Liability of independent contractor's employer. Responsabilidad del empleador de un contratista independiente. Con ciertas excepciones el que emplea un contratista independiente no será responsable por los daños corporales causados a otro individuo por un acto u omisión del contratista a quienes le sirvan a éste. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 409). Liability of supplier of dangerous chattel. Responsabilidad del proveedor de cosa mueble peligrosa. Quien supla, directamente o a través de un tercero, un bien mueble a otro individuo, será responsable ante las personas quienes se espera que utilicen el bien mueble con el consentimiento de ese otro individuo o ante quienes peligran por su uso, por los daños físicos que se ocasionen por el uso de dicho bien mueble. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 388). vendedor de tierras por peligro no revelado. 1) Un vende- Liability of vendor of land for undisclosed danger. Responsabilidad del dor de tierras que oculta u omite comunicar a su comprador cualquier condición, ya sea natural o artificial, que envuelva un riesgo irrazonable a las personas que ocupen un terreno, será responsable ante el comprador y las demás personas con el consentimiento del comprador o subcomprador por los daños corporales causados por dicha condición, después que el comprador haya tomado posesión. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec 353). Liaíson. Enlace, unión. Libel. Libelo, calumnia, difamación (s). Difamar, injuriar (v). El libelo consiste de una publicación de material difamatorio, ya sea mediante palabras escritas o impresas, contenidas en un documento o cualquier otra forma de comunicación que tenga las mismas cualidades potencialmente dañinas de las palabras escritas o impresas. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 568(1)). Libel per quod. Libelo per quod. Los elementos esenciales de la modalidad del libelo denominada libelo per quod son la malicia y los daños provenientes de los alegados errores de la publicación, elementos que no se probaron en este caso. (Sanfiorenzo Acosta v. El Mundo, Inc. 87 D.P.R. 281 (1963)). Libelous. Difamatorio, injurioso. Liberty. Libertad. Liberty of conscience. Libertad de conciencia. License. Licencia, permiso, autorización (s). Licenciar (v). License to use a patent. Licencia para usar una patente. Constituye una mera licencia para usar una patente cualquier cesión o traspaso de ésta que no sea: a) la cesión, venta o traspaso de la patente completa; b) la cesión, venta o traspaso de parte de la patente; y c) la cesión, venta o traspaso de la patente para hacer, vender o usar el producto o proceso patentado dentro de un área especifica de los Estados Unidos. (González Chemical v. Srio. de Hacienda, 86 D.RR. 72 (1962)). Licensee. Licenciatario, concesionario, per-misionario, autorizado. Un concesionario es aquella persona a quien se le ha concedido el privilegio de entrar o permanecer en un pre- 396 Livelihood dio de terreno mediante el consentimiento del poseedor. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 330). Líe. Mentir. Mentira. Corresponder o resultar apropiado (en el caso de una acción jurídica). Líen. Anotación de la litis. Embargo. Nexo. Restricción al dominio, gravamen. Líen creditor. Acreedor con gravamen. Un "acreedor con gravamen" (Lien creditor) significa un acreedor que hubiere adquirido un gravamen sobre propiedad afectada por embargo, gravamen o cosa similar e incluye a un cesionario para beneficio de acreedores desde la fecha de la cesión, y a un trustee de quiebra desde la fecha de la radicación de la petición o a un administrador en equidad (receiver in equity) desde la fecha del nombramiento. Salvo que todos los acreedores representados tuviesen conocimiento del interés garantizado de tal representante. (C.C.U. sec. 9-301(3)). Lieutenant. Teniente, lugar teniente, representante. Life estáte. Derechos propietarios (en el sentido del common law, no del derecho romanista) que una persona tiene en forma vitalicia. Life expectancy. Expectativa de vida. Life imprisonment. Cadena perpetua. Life insurance. Seguro de vida. "Seguro de vida" es el seguro sobre vidas humanas o seguro correspondiente a las mismas o relacionadas con éstas. Para los fines de este título el negocio de seguros de vida incluye la concesión de rentas anuales y beneficios dótales, beneficios adicionales en caso de muerte o mutilación por accidente o medios accidentales, beneficios adicionales en caso de incapacidad total o permanente del asegurado, métodos opcionales para la liquidación de réditos. (26 LPRA sec. 402). Life member. Miembro o socio vitalicio. Life peerage. Título nobiliario vitalicio. Life sentence. Cadena perpetua. Limited admissibility. Admisibilidad limitada. Cuando determinada evidencia sea admisible en cuanto a una parte o para un propósito, pero inadmisible en cuanto a otra parte, o se admite para otro propósito, la corte, previa solicitud, limitará la evidencia a su alcance apropiado e instruirá al jurado de conformidad. (Regla 105, R. Fed. Evid.). Limited jurisdiction. Competencia limitada, por ejemplo sobre los bienes existentes dentro de la competencia territorial del juzgado. La competencia limitada sobre ciertos bienes no necesariamente acarrea competencia sobre la persona del demandado. Lineup. Rueda de sospechosos. Linguistic discrepancies. Discrepancias idiomáticas. En caso de discrepancia entre varias versiones idiomáticas del mismo contrato, todas con la misma jerarquía, se preferirá la interpretación acorde con la versión en el idioma en el cual el contrato fue redactado originalmente. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 4.7). Lion's share. Porción leonina. Liquid assets. Dinero o bienes de venta inmediata. Liquídate. Liquidar, pagar. Liquidated damages. Cláusula penal. La indemnización a ser recibida por razón de incumplimiento por cualquiera de la partes podrá ser acordada en el contrato sólo si constituye una cantidad razonable a la luz de la pérdida anticipada o real causada por el incumplimiento y de la dificultad de probar la pérdida. Por razones de orden publico no se harán cumplir cláusulas penales que impongan indemnizaciones excesivas e irrazonables como penalidad. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Con., sec. 356(1)). Liquidity. Liquidez. Lis pendens (L). Excepción de litis pendencia. Listed securities. Valores que se cotizan en bolsa. Literary property. Propiedad literaria. Litigant. Litigante, parte en un juicio. Litigator. Abogado especializado en tramitar juicios. Procesalista. Litigious. Litigioso. Littering. Arrojar basura en forma ilegal. Littoral. Litoral. Live together as husband and wife. Vivir juntos, como marido y mujer. Livelihood. Trabajo con el cual uno se gana la vida. 397 Living trust Living trust. Fideicomiso activo o constituido para suplantar un testamento y para evitar las complicaciones e incertidumbres de un proceso sucesorio. Living will. Disposición testamentaria que comienza a tener vigencia durante la vida del testador. Normalmente incluye instrucciones que el paciente o su representante da a un médico o al hospital sobre si desea o no que lo mantengan viviendo artificialmente. Loan for fixed time. Préstamo con vencimiento fijo. Loan secured by collateral. Préstamo con garantía. Lobby. Grupo de presión para obtener una legislación determinad (s). Tratar de influir sobre los legisladores (v). Lockout. Lockout, cierre forzoso. Log book. Libro diario de navegación. Lodge a complaint. Presentar un reclamo o una queja. Lodger. Inquilino, pensionista, locatario. Lodging house. Casa de pensión. Lodgings. Cuarto o cuartos arrendados como vivienda. Long-arm statute. Ley que atribuye competencia judicial a un Estado cuando ciertos actos, o sus efectos, tienen lugar en tal Estado, aunque el demandado se domicilie en otra parte. Longhand. Escrito de puño y letra. Longshoreman. Estibador. Loophole. Parte de una ley en la que, por imprevisión de legislador, se permite la realización de actos que, de haber sido mejor redactada tal ley, se hubiesen prohibido o se hubiesen penado. Lord Chancellor. Persona en la cúspide del poder judicial inglés. Lord Chief Justice. El juez de mayor jerarquía en materia penal del sistema judicial inglés. Losing party. Parte vencida, derrotada, perdidosa. Loss. Pérdida, daño. Loss of the right to avoid. Adaptación del contrato en caso de error. Si una de las partes se encuentra facultada para dar por anulado el contrato por causa de error, pero la otra parte declara quererlo ejecutar o cumple el contrato tal como lo previo la parte facultada para darlo por anulado, el contrato se considerará celebrado en dichos términos. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 3.13). Losses and damages. Daños y perjuicios. Lost, destroyed or stolen instruments. Instrumentos perdidos, destruidos o robados. El dueño de un instrumento que se ha perdido por destrucción, robo o de cualquier otra forma, podrá iniciar una acción a su nombre y cobrar de cualquier parte obligada en el instrumento mediante la debida prueba de su condición de dueño, de los hechos que le impiden exhibir el instrumento y de los términos de éste. (C.C.U. sec. 3-804). Lost or destroyed stock certificates. Certificados de acciones extraviados o destruidos. Toda corporación organizada podrá expedir un nuevo certificado de acciones del capital en sustitución de cualquier certificado de éstas anteriormente emitido y alegadamente extraviado o destruido. (HLPRAsec. 1516). Lottery. Lotería. Lower tenement. Predio inferior. Loyalty oath. Juramento de fidelidad. Lucid interval. Intervalo lúcido. Lucrative title. A título oneroso. Lump sum. Suma global. Lynch. Linchar. 398 Madness. virgen. manufacturado. mantenimiento. Sede. desfigurar o inutilizar un miembro del cuerpo humano —a los fines del delito de mutilación—es lesionar dicho miembro de modo tal que no pueda usarse.S. Realizar una petición o un reclamo. juicios con jurado o sin jurado. Magistrados. Majority. Magistrates.M M. Hecho. Mayoría. Cuando fuere especialmente designado para actuar a tenor con la ley local o una orden de la corte de distrito y cuando todas las partes lo consintieren. Un magistrado designado sin consentimiento de las partes para ver una cuestión antes del juicio dispositiva de una reclamación o defensa de una parte o la solicitud de un recluso objetando las condiciones del confinamiento tramitará inmediatamente los procedimientos que fueren necesarios. médico. hecho saber. Pro. Recibirse con un grado académico (v). Made. Opinión de la mayoría. Main office. Señorita.. que el demandado conoce los términos de la demanda luego de haber sido legalmente notificado. 15 U. Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act. Medical Doctor. Madman. trial by consent. voz cantante. Magistrados cuestiones no dispositivas antes del juicio. un magistrado podrá tramitar cualesquiera y todos los procedimientos incluso 399 . Carta Magna. Magistrate. Civ.P.R. Alimentos. Literalmente. sec. Majority rule. Locura. sección 2301 y siguientes. Majesty.A. Mail contract. Mail fraud. Rios Rivera. nondispositive matters. Firmar un contrato. 72(a)). Majestad. Magistrates. juicio por consentimiento. Mail box. sostén económico. Conocimiento oficial que la ley infiere. fabricado. doctor en medicina. preparación de un ardid o treta con intención aviesa. Oficina principal. Mutilar. por ejemplo. Contrato por correspondencia. Maim. 72(b)). que establece la obligación de presentar la garantía acordada a productos de consumo en forma escrita y claramente visible. Magna Charta. 165 (1963)). Maquinación. pretrial dispositive matters. realizado. corrientes y prácticos de la vida. Magazine.. (Pueblo v. Mayor. juez. Make a contract. demencia. Make a deal. El magistrado a quien se le asignare para su vista y determinación una cuestión antes del juicio no dispositiva de la reclamación o defensa de una parte.D. Buzón. Doctrina por la cual el contrato por correspondencia se perfecciona al depositarse en el correo la aceptación de la oferta. Make a claim. disfigure or disable a member of the human body. mujer soltera. Maintenance. importante. Fraude realizado mediante el uso del servicio de correos.. Machination. en un caso civil. Civ. Magistrados cuestiones dispositivas antes del juicio. grave. Major. Insano. Maiden. inmediatamente tramitará los procedimientos que fueren requeridos y cuando fuere pertinente registrará en los autos una orden escrita exponiendo la disposición del asunto. loco. Almacén. (Reglas Fed. soberano. Magistrates pretrial. Dicha inutilización ha de ser de carácter permanente según se entendía en el derecho común. Mail-box rule. Acordar un negocio. sec. Made known. Magistrado. 88 D. sino para todos los fines ordinarios. (Reglas Fed. mayoría de edad. Gobierno de la mayoría. Majority opinión. no ya sólo en el combate.C. Proc. Ley federal. Un mandato del Tri-bunal Supremo es el medio oficial de que se vale dicho Tribunal para comunicar al tri-bunal de instancia la disposición que ha hecho de la sentencia objeto de revisión y de ordenarle el cumplimiento con los términos de la actuación del Tribunal Supremo (Pueblo v. Manifestación de consentimiento.19). ya sea en forma oral o escrita. Normas imperativas Ninguno de estos Principios tendrá por efecto restringir la aplicación de normas imperativas. especialmente para no trabajar. sec. Hombre. . Mandato de la Corte Suprema. grillos. B. 18. (Unidroit. que resulten aplicables conforme a las normas pertinentes de derecho internacional privado. Make whole. El homicidio cometido sin malicia y en el calor de la pasión.P. Manacles. Compensar. difamar. administrador. la riña provocada con propósito de matar. Make a payment. Malpractice. Manual delivery. Normalmente se usa como recurso de apelación para obtener la revisión de una sentencia interlocutoria. Solamente algunos actos se consideran suficientemente provocativos al respecto: la agresión del ofendido. Objetar. encargado. ejecutivo. Maníaco. Torts. Obligatorio. Esposas. La manifestación de mutuo consentimiento para un intercambio requiere que cada parte haga una promesa o realice una conducta. Manslaughter. Malign. (Rstmnt. sec. Manager. Emitir una declaración. Managing partner. 97 D. Otorgante. Manhood. Temeridad y malicia. abuso de proceso penal. Con. Mandatory. Man of straw. Persona que finje una incapacidad. sean ellas de origen nacional internacional o supranacional. se consideró manslaughter en el common law. mayoría de edad. gerente... Maligner. mediando provocación adecuada de la víctima. Making a port in distress.4). Manipulación. Varón.R 241 (1969)). Acto doloso o criminal encaminado a causar un daño y que carece de justificativo. Manifestation of assent. Tribunal de Distrito. Maniobra. Homicidio simple. Tener una pérdida. ganarse la vida con. patente. o a través de otros actos o de una abstención de actuar.Make a living Make a living. humanidad. Make aloss. hombre. Maltreatment. Manifest. exigido por la ley Mandatory rules. Mandamus. hombre de paja. Man. disponiendo que se cumpla o que cese un acto en particular. Make an objection.(Rstmnt. Entrega manual. Malicia. Socio gerente. Mangrover. Malicia premeditada. Male. será responsable ante ese otro por una acusación maliciosa. La distinción con murder (homicidio deliberado) radica en la provocación causante del estado pasional. Malice aforethought. Gestor. Make a statement. Mal desempeño profesional que causa un daño al cliente o paciente quien puede demandar al profesional. Hablar mal de alguien injustificadamente. Maker. Testaferro. Manglar. Realizar un pago. Manic. Malice. Orden judicial dirigida a un funcionario público—incluso a un juez de menor rango—o a una persona jurídica. oficio. calumniar. Malicious prosecution. 1. Manipulation. Malos tratos. La manifestación del consentimiento puede hacerse total o parcialmente. 653). macho. Trabajar de. Manifiesto. persona. Arribada forzosa. Malos servicios profesionales brindados por un médico a su paciente. prestanombre. art. la tentativa de detener ilegalmente al reo. Prin. Realizar una ganancia. 400 Mandate of the Supreme Court. indemnizar. Una persona privada que inicie o procure la institución de un proceso criminal contra otro que no es culpable del delito imputado. 2nd. Maneuver. Stuchiner). 2nd. (T. cadenas. Humanidad. el sorprender a la mujer en adulterio. Make a prof it. Malfeasance. Mandamiento. Mankind. Hombría. Mark up. trasbordo. casamiento. Marca. Marriage. Manufacturar (v). Mark down. pertenecientes a dichos riesgos o peligros o en relación con los mismos. Marketable title. Marital deduction.Margen. compresados. grava con menores impuestos las donaciones entre cónyuges. incluyendo riesgos marítimos del constructor y todo riesgo de bienes muebles flotantes. Vender o poner en venta (v). Marital agreement. que derivan del matrimonio. medida preventiva trabada contra los bienes de demandados extranjeros en casos de incumplimiento contractual. Informal. Marcar. Con mercado. la Corte Suprema se rehusó a convalidar una sección de una ley federal. Convención o contrato nupcial. relativo a los cónyuges. Matrimonio. Partida de Matrimonio. automóviles y vehículos de todas clases. o similarmente preparados para embarque. efectos. Inmunidad procesal que autoriza a no prestar declaraciones contra el cónyuge. saquear. Deducción marital. Valor comercial. coches. y cualquier otra clase de propiedad e interés en la misma. Esto es el seguro contra pérdida o daños sufridos por buques. Derecho marítimo. puestos en cajas. Mark. También llamado com-mon law marriage. económicos. Mareva injunction. Mercado. Marketable. Marriage settlement. Marsh. Margin. dinero que se entrega para la compra de acciones sin pagar la suma total. Convención o contrato nupcial. Alguacil. Market. Marriage certificate. 405). (Intro al USA). Market price. que puede venderse fácilmente. Derecho de pago preferencial de la tripulación de una nave. Maraud. así como toda clase de géneros. aeronaves. El matrimonio es en los Estados Unidos fundamentalmente en relación creada por mutuo consentimiento de los cónyuges. o mientras fueren armados. o reembarque incidental al mismo. open. tribunal marítimo. Documento que autoriza la celebración oficial de un matrimonio una vez que todas las formalidades son satisfechas. algunos requieren una ceremonia formal durante la cual se afirme solemnemente el consentimiento frente a un representante del clero o un funcionario público.Marshall Manufacture. Dominio sin restricciones. Marital. mercancías. Usase también para denotar los derecho. Manufactura (s). Tribunal de almirantazgo. En este caso de 1803. aquél que la ley acuerda sin formalidades públicas. almacenaje. o durante cualquier retraso. cargas. Marital privilege. matrimonio con-sensual. Maritime court. señal. Por esta decisión quedó establecido firmemente que la legislación federal estaba sujeta a la revisión judicial por parte de los tribunales federales. Aumentar el precio. o mientras espera reembarque. Madison. Todos los estados tienen leyes que prevén la emisión de licencias de matrimonio. funcionario a cargo de cada distrito judicial encargado de hacer 401 . título perfecto. con respecto a cualquier y todos los riesgos de guerra sobre cualesquiera mares u otras aguas o bajo éstos. (Intro al USA). Marriage. Maritime law. Reducir el precio. Marisma. Mercado no controlado por el Estado. embarcaciones. Marshall. Market. Seguro contra siniestros marítimos y de transportación. flete. v. desembolsos. Marriage license. plaza (s). Merodear. Marital. Mariner's lien. (26 LPRA sec. Marbury v. aquélla autorizada por leyes impositivas que Marine and transportation insurance. sobre la base de que el Congreso al aprobarla se había excedido de los poderes otorgados por la Constitución. en el cual la oferta y la demanda actúan libremente. diferencia. embalados. empacados. señalar. precio de mercado.g. En Inglaterra. en tierra o en el aire. convicta 402 . examinadores y asesores. John Marshall (1755-1835) fue el cuarto Presidente de la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos. Agency. sec. John. sec. McNaghten test. expiración. ampliación. Un patrono empleador es un mandante quien emplea a un mandatario para realizar un servicio relacionado con los asuntos del primero y quien controla o tiene el derecho de controlar la conducta física del mandatario durante la realización del servicio. Mutilación. Angustia mental. Martial law. Mujer casada o de cierta edad Administradora de un hospital. se basa en el criterio de si tal persona puede distinguir entre lo justo o injusto. Dirigir (v). Con. Mediación. 88 D. Cuestión de derecho. auditores. Mayhem. La medida o test usado en la mayor parte de los Estados para determinar la capacidad de la persona para entender la criminalidad de un acto. 2nd. Vencimiento. Comisionados. Nota. casa o edificio. (29LPRAsec. 53(a)(b)(c)). Mental cruelty. Measure of damages. Maturity. Fed. John cumplir las órdenes de los tribunales federales (s). casamiento.Marshall. Matter of fact. Master of vessel. sec. Medicaid. desde 1801 hasta 1835. 2nd. Medio de prueba. Means of proof. Mentalidad delictuosa.. Matrimonial. Mayor. Master. fin de plazo. 186). Master and servant. Material breach. Ley marcial. Asistencia médica gratuita o subvencionada por el Estado. Mens rea (L). (Rstmnt. Dolo sustancial. Maternity. conservación o reparación de cualquier obra. Masters. o si el que incurre en un acto doloso conoce que tal acto será capaz de inducir a la otra parte a expresar consentimiento.. Mental anguish. (R. La corte ante la cual estuviere pendiente cualquier pleito podrá nombrar un comisionado para el mismo. Mental disease. Alcalde. memorándum. Subcomandante de un barco mercante (s). Matrimonial. 2(1)). Memorandum of agreement. Matrimony. Member of cabinet. Enfermedad mental. Mechanical means.P. Cuestión de hecho. Gravamen por labor de operarios.R. apunte. (Rstmnt. 165 (1963)). Patrón de buque. Mate. Marshall. Secretario de despacho. (Pueblo v. Determinación de daños. ministro. Maternidad. (Stuchiner). Memorandum. Generar cría entre animales (v). Patrón y empleado. Derecho de pago pre-ferencial en favor de quien ha suministrado los materiales.. el importe total de los salarios que devengare por razón de su trabajo constituirá un gravamen sobre dicha propiedad. 241). Tal como se usa en estas reglas la palabra "comisionados" incluirá arbitros. Incumplimiento substancial. Matrimonio. Ríos Rivera. Crueldad mental. Matter of law. El dolo es sustancial si es capaz de inducir a una persona razonable a manifestar su consentimiento. empleador. Con. Se comete el delito de mutilación cuando se priva a un ser humano de un miembro de sus cuerpo o se mutila desfigura o inutiliza dicho miembro. miembro de gabinete. Siempre que un obrero o empleado trabajare en la construcción. b) hasta qué punto la parte perjudicada puede ser compensada adecuadamente por la parte de ese beneficio del cual se le privará. sec. Medio mecánico. Intención de cometer un delito. 162(2)). Minuta del convenio. Al determinar si el incumplimiento es substancial. Civ. Ninguna persona quien como resultado de enfermedad o defecto mental carezca de capacidad suficiente para comprender los procedimientos en su contra o para ayudar a su propia defensa será enjuiciada. Patrón. Mediation. Materialman's lien. (Rstmnt. (Intro al USA). Material misrepresentation. P. las siguientes circunstancias son significativas: a) hasta qué punto se privará a la parte perjudicada del beneficio que razonablemente esperó. Mechanic's Lien. también conocido como alternative dispute resolution o ADR. 2nd. intendente. Matron. sin clemencia. Merchantable. ganar por razones sustantivas. Tribunal Superior. Mente. 204 (1971)). tener algo en cuenta (v). §2. Middleman. Será una defensa afirmativa que el autor. capaz de convencer al tribunal. Misadventure. Military orders. mentalidad. Ordenes militares. Todo contrato que contenga una cláusula indicativa de que lo allí escrito cubre completamente lo acordado. contravención.04). Misjoinder and nonjoinder parties. Hito. Como regla general. Mojones y límites de una propiedad. Ley militar. Cruel.R. Merchant. (Unidroit. Mineral. Pen. Infracción. Mind.. El common law divide a los delitos enfelonies (los más graves) y misde-meanors (los menos graves). Midwife. Aborto. Miscarriage. Miscegenation. Meritorious defense. Accidente. Salario mínimo. Mischief. Misfeasance. Merits. 100 D. Escritura que transfiere derechos sobre el subsuelo. Mercy killing. tales declaraciones o acuerdos podrán utilizarse para interpretar lo escrito. Military Law. derechos de subsuelo. Mínimum wage. Cláusulas de restricción probatoria. son misdemeanors los delitos que no llevan pena de muerte ni de reclusión. Merciless. La indebida acumulación de partes no será motivo para desestimar un pleito. Preocuparse por algo. Podrán eliminarse o adicionarse partes por 403 . Menor. apodera-ción indebida. Partera. Tribunal marcial o militar. vendedor al por menor. que haya incurrido en la conducta imputada y constitutiva de delito. diciendo que son todos aquellos delitos que no constituyen felonies. Mérito. (Cód. Minoría. To win on the merits. Misconduct. Defensa efectiva.g. v. relativo a minas. MIlitary court. (Cód. Minority. Mero. efectos. Mercancía. Mere. Mercy. Fusión. art. No obstante. Derechos mineros. no puede ser contradicho o complementado mediante prueba de declaraciones o de acuerdos anteriores. Acto de matar por piedad. Mercader. mercadería. Aplicación indebida.P. (Casablanca v. Daño. deslinde. Mezcla de razas. Auto interlocutorio. Malversar fondos. de mercado. Miller Act. reparación o alteración de un edificio u obra pública federal. Mineral deed.§4. Acumulación indebida o no acumulación de partes. Mineral right. Mesne process. Misdemeanor. clemencia.10). Intermediario. Military. razones sustantivas—no procesales—por las que se gana o pierde un pleito. Arriendo minero. delito o cuasidelito contra la propiedad ajena usada en provecho propio. Ley Miller. 2. Prin. Ministry. Milestone. Minor. Metes and bounds. Los misde-meanors se definen por exclusión. De calidad comercializable. no hace más que ejecutar una orden de su superior en las fuerzas armadas la cual desconoce que sea ilegal. Mala conducta. Mod.Misjoinder and nonjoinder parties o sentenciada por la comisión de una ofensa. Ministerio. Merger clauses. comerciante. estado de conciencia (s). Militar. falta. Merchandise. agravio.. contrato de exploración y explotación minera. Desígnase como la Ley Miller el estatuto federal de carácter general que requiere la prestación de fianzas en todo contrato para la construcción. Misappropiate. quebrantamiento. Mod. Militia. matrimonio interracial. Milicia. mientras dure tal incapacidad.17).. Área de concentración menor en estudios universitarios. Gracia. paga mínima. Mineral. Pen. Mineral lease. Travesura. Misapplication. eutanasia. mojón. catástrofe. Merger. infortunio. Fed. Medidas tomadas para mitigar los daños y evitar que se generen pérdidas mayores de las necesarias. Pen. Mixed nuisance. Un error es una creencia que no concuerda con los hechos. el contrato es anulable por la parte adversamente afectada a menos que haya el riesgo del error. Código Penal Modelo. Modif ied acceptance. Aceptación disconforme. (R. Misprision. 2nd. Cód. Misprision of felony. la cual debió existir al tiempo de la celebración del contrato. La respuesta a una oferta hecha en términos de aceptación. Model Penal Code. (Intro al USA). (Unidroit. Término aplicado informalmente a una organización delictiva. sinónimo de mafia. Se definen cuatro tipos de culpabilidad: intencionalidad. Circunstancias atenuantes. 159). (Intro al USA). Cuando ambas partes incurren en un error al momento de realizar el contrato en torno a un supuesto básico del mismo y este error tiene un efecto material en el intercambio de las prestaciones. Juicio determinado de antemano pero que continúa aparentando imparcialidad.4). 3. sec. sec. atenuante. Matrimonio interracial. Normalmente es el acreedor de la obligación incumplida quien está en posición v también obligado por ley—a atenuar las pérdidas que le cause el incumplimiento contractual de su contraparte. implican una aceptación. 151). amante. Modo de aceptación. Model Penal Code. El error consiste en una concepción equivocada sobre los hechos o sobre el derecho. Se usa en los casos muy importantes para probar la fuerza de convicción que tienen los argumentos a favor y en contra. sec. Pen. Ni el silencio ni la conducta omisiva. sec. Mixed marriage. Con. Mezclado. Tener conocimiento de la comisión de un delito grave (felony) y no dar parte a las autoridades. Mistake by both parties. 2nd. Pen. parte especial. Constituirá una aceptación toda declaración o cualquier otro acto del destinatario que indique su asentimiento a una oferta. 2. limitaciones u otras modificaciones. Con.. Mode of acceptance. Leyes que a la vez se refieren a las personas y a los objetos. Juicio fingido. Mistrial.. combinado. 152). y negligencia. Mob. Dolo civil. que conduce a un resultado falso o equivocado a sabiendas. maestra. Mod. 404 Mitigatíon of damages. Con. homicidio impremeditado y homicidio por negligencia. special part. (Rstmnt. 21). Mock trial. Acción que es simultáneamente por molestia pública y por molestia particular.6). se considerará como un rechazo de la oferta y .Misleading orden de la corte o a moción de cualquier parte o a su propia iniciativa en cualquier estado del pleito y bajo las condiciones que estimare justas. Distingue tres categorías de homicidio: asesinato. pero con adiciones. El más importante de los adelantos introducidos por el Cód. es el análisis de los criterios de culpabilidad. 2nd. Error. art. Anulación de un proceso debido a un vicio procesal con el consiguiente resultado de tener que comenzar otro nuevamente. negligencia por parte de funcionarios públicos. Mistake. Misrepresentation. Civ. Mixed laws. (Rstmnt. Error de una sola parte.. Con. Cuando una sola parte comete un error en cuanto a un supuesto básico del contrato y este error tiene un efecto material sobre el intercambio de las prestaciones acordada que le resulta adverso. Prin. el contrato es anulable por esta parte si no ha asumido el riesgo del error. sec.. conocimiento. Prin. Mistake by only one part. (Rstmnt. Acto de rebelión o de insubordinación. Engañoso. Error de ambas partes. 153).. art. imprudencia. Muchedumbre descontrolada que comete desórdenes. Mistress. que confunde. Misleading. Confundir (v).. Ama de casa. Mitigating circumstances. por sí solos. podemos citar la sección referida al homicidio. Como ejemplo de la parte especial del Cód. Mixed. El dolo civil es una afirmación que no concuerda con los hechos. Mod.. (Unidroit. P. Mod. 2nd. (Rstmnt. Mother country. Moción para solicitar una exposición más definida. A menos que las condiciones locales lo hicieran imprac- verdict. Hipotecario. (Intro al USA). Moción antes de someterse el caso al jurado. Moratorium. Civ. Sentencia que obliga al pago de una suma de dinero. Hipoteca.). La orden de la corte por la cual se declare con lugar una moción para veredicto ordenado por la corte surtirá efecto sin asentimiento alguno del jurado. Money order. (Unidroit. Tribunal simulado. 1201 (24)). Fed. Mortgagor. Una parte. Día para mociones. Moral turpitude.C. Prin. Crim. Todas las decisiones judiciales que no sean un fallo que resuelve el caso. Moral. Contraprestación sin valor comercial. Motion and order. art. 405 . Motion for judgment notwithstanding the Motion before submission to jury. Cualquier medio de intercambio autorizado por un gobierno nacional o extranjero como parte de su moneda circulante. (R. Cuestión que no se halla resuelta por la ley o por la jurisprudencia. sec. Orden de pago. P. Anclaje. Fed. 2.. Dinero. Fed. Motion for order compelling discovery. Petición y ordenanza. Modo de operar. utilizado en escuelas de derecho con fines educativos. (Regla 29(a). Modus operandí (L). Moción para veredicto ordenado por la corte. 12(c)). Morgue.11). Moral consíderation. Motion for directed verdict. Deudor hipotecario. sec. sino sólo simbólica. SEC. Motion docket. P. Moot. éstas podrán solicitar mediante moción una exposición más definida antes de presentar sus alegaciones respondientes. Civ. ticable. Reglas Fed. Motion day. en los cuales podrán verse y decidirse mociones que requieran notificación y vista. P. Civ. Money. sec. (C. (Vloiety. Si las alegaciones contra las cuáles se permitan alegaciones respondientes fueren tan vagas o ambiguas que nos sería razonable exigirle a cualquiera de las partes formular una alegación respondiente. relacionado con la ética. 50(a)). la parte que hubiere solicitado mediante moción el veredicto ordenado por la corte podrá solicitar que el veredicto y cualquier sentencia dictada a tenor con el mismo sean dejados sin efecto o que se dicte sentencia de acuerdo con su moción para veredicto ordenado por la corte. de Proc. 12(e)). P. sec. Moonshine. Fabricación ilegal y privada de bebidas alcohólicas. sec. Obligación moral. Motion for a more definite statement. Moral obligation. Mitad hereditaria. (R. Toda moción para veredicto ordenado por la corte especificará los fundamentos del mismo. Las mociones para que se ordene un veredicto quedan abolidas y en su lugar se usarán las mociones para fallo absolutorio. 50(b)). Cuestión irrelevante o de importancia tan sólo académica. a intervalos suficientemente frecuentes para el pronto despacho de asuntos. Después de concluida la fase de alegaciones. en este caso una ordenanza de rechazo del caso. (R. Moción para obligar al descubrimiento.. toman al forma de ordenanzas. Moot question. Sería contravención de las obligaciones morales y éticas.. Una moción es una solicitud de que el tribunal tome cierta decisión. Moral. 78). Mooring. Fed. Money judgment. (R. Moratoria. con razonable notificación a las otras partes y a todas las personas afectadas. Libro de mociones. (Reglas Fede.Motion for order compelling discovery constituirá una contraoferta. cada corte de distrito establecerá fechas y lugares ordinarios.. Metrópolis. Moción para que se dicte sentencia por las alegaciones. Nunca después de 10 días siguientes al registro de la sentencia. Civ.. pero dentro de un plazo que no demore el juicio. Mortgage. Motion for judgment on the pleadings. Morgue.. Civ. cualquier parte podrá solicitar que se le pronuncie sentencia pollas alegaciones.U. Mortgagee. Moción para sentencia no obstante el veredicto. de Proc. atraque de una embarcación. Moot court. Motion to alter or amend a judgment podrá solicitar una orden que obligue al descubrimiento. móvil para cometer un acto o para abstenerse del mismo. ésta podrá ordenar que se elimine de cualquier alegación cualquier defensa insuficiente o cualquier materia redundante. impertinente o escandalosa. Homicidio deliberado.. a menos que fueren hechas durante una vista o juicio. Las normas municipales. y se consignará el remedio u orden que se interesa. Fed. Luto. (R. También puede haber organismos administrativos locales que promulgan reglamentaciones. recíproco. rebelión contra autoridades militares o navales. 406 . duelo. en las cuales se especificarán en detalle los fundamentos de las mismas. Moving expenses.. sec. Motive. por oposición al homicidio simple (manslaughter). Moving party. Mutual mistake. si estas reglas no permitieren una alegación respondiente. Mutual. Fed. Mutiny. Mourning. (Intro al USA) Municipality. sec 7(b)(l)). (Stuchiner). Motion to alter or amend a judgment. Civ. Gastos de mudanza. o a iniciativa de la propia corte en cualquier momento. P. Muniment of title. Legislación comunal. Grupo de inversión. A moción de parte antes de contestar a una alegación o. Error recíproco. Motín. (R. su homologación (probate) y un inventario detallando los bienes heredados. Título hereditario que se obtiene mediante el testamento. superflua. Motions and other papers. Motion to Strike. P.. a moción de parte presentada dentro de los 20 días siguientes a la notificación a la misma de dicha alegación. Las mociones para modificar o enmendar la sentencia tendrán que ser notificadas a más tardar 10 días después del registro de la sentencia. Civ. Mutuo. P. Mutual f und. Moción para modificar o enmendar la sentencia. 12(f)). Parte solicitante. Fed. Municipal Iaw. Las solicitudes a la corte para que expida órdenes se harán mediante mociones por escrito. Civ. tienen por lo común solo interés local. Mociones y otros escritos. P. Mutual consideration. bien—en este último caso—por existir propósito de causar lesiones o por cometer un acto cuyo resultado natural sería la muerte o por cometer el homicidio durante la ejecución de otro delito grave (felony). (R. habitualmente llamadas ordenanzas. Se trata de un homicidio calificado. Fed. Esta malicia puede ser expresa o implícita. sec. Moción eliminatoria. Peticionante. Municipio. Testamentos recíprocos o conjuntos. intención. El requisito de que sean por escrito quedará cumplido si las mociones se hicieren constar en la notificación escrita para la vista sobre las mismas. Motivo. (R. Murder. sec. Civ. Consentimiento recíproco. Mutual wills. 59(e)). 37(a)). Se caracteriza como la muerte ilícita producida con malicia deliberada. Movant. Mutual agreement. Contraprestación recíproca. Navigable. Negligence claim. Negligencia. Naked promise.S. Asociación de corredores de bolsa. Almirantazgo. Nativo. Nationality. culpa. aquellos gastos básicos que pueden ser cobrados a otros miembros de la familia. Navegación. Muerte natural. Navegable. falta de atención debida. Derecho natural. Narcotic. (Intro al USA). Adquisición de nacionalidad para quien no es nativo del Estado en cuestión. National Aeronautics and Space Administrarían. Negligence. lo que justifica un cambio en la guarda o en la patria potestad. N. Naturalización. Natíon. menesteroso. Natural resources.Y. Natural obligation. Neglected child. Marina. Origen nacional. Neglect. Agencia estadounidense responsi-ble por la conquista y la investigación espacial. Recursos naturales. New York Stock Exchange. Naturalization. Indigente. o b) por no ejecutar un acto que era necesario para proteger o asistir a otro individuo. el demandado condujo con negligencia un vehículo automotor lanzándolo contra el querellante que cruzaba en esos momentos la mencionada arteria.N NASA. Habitantes naturales. Naval law. le impidió continuar con sus actividades. cuando era deber 407 . En derecho de familia. Nationalization. Natural death. NASD. Rios y mares navegables. Persona que habla un idioma como lengua materna. Mercado de valores de Nueva York. Nación. en una vía pública de Boston (Mas-sachusetts). Navigation. Navigable waters. Nacional. Narrative evidence. indolencia.E. Native. Prueba en la que el deponente se expresa con libertad—en forma narrada—sobre los hechos que dice conocer. Promesa unilateral o gratuita. 3) La caída consecuente le provoco la rotura de una pierna y otras heridas. Nombre y apellido (s). basada en la equidad. Needy. Nacionalización. Por todo lo cual el querellante reclama una reparación de 10000 dólares más las costas. Nombre. Necessaries. imprudencia. Navigate. le causo grave sufrimiento corporal y mental. Ñame. National. Un ejemplo de demanda por negligencia se encuentra en el formulario 9 de las Federal Rules of Civil Procedure: 1) Funda-mentación de competencia. Conducta negligente (cuasidelito). Narcótico. Niño abandonado o sujeto a males tratos. National origin. Navigation certifícate. Natural law. Patente de navegación. llamada Boylston Street. país. negligencia. Navegar. Named insured. Descuido. descuido. Nombrar (v). sumamente pobre. Demanda por negligencia. 2) El 1 de junio de 1936. Negligent conduct (tort). y lo obligo a gastos por atención médica y internación que ascendieron a 1000 dólares. National Association of Securities Deal-ers. Persona designada como el asegurado en la póliza. Derecho marítimo. Navy. Nacionalidad. Native inhabitants. Native speaker. La conducta negligente puede darse: a) mediante un acto donde el actor debió reconocer que existía un riesgo irrazonable de causar la invasión de un derecho de otro individuo. Obligación natural. Con el sistema del fact pleading la demanda habría sido más detallada y contendría mayor cantidad de parágrafos. Negligent performance of services del actor el así hacerlo. (Restatement, Sec-ond Torts, sec. 284). Negligent performance of services. Negligencia en la prestación de servicios. Aquella persona que, gratuitamente o por remuneración, rinde servicios que estima necesarios para la protección de otra persona o sus pertenencias, será responsable a esa otra persona por el daño sufrido cuando no ejerza el debido cuidado en sus funciones. (Restatement, Second, Torts, sec. 323). Negligent tort. Cuasidelito por negligencia. Negligencia es una conducta que no cae dentro de las normas establecidas por ley, para así proteger a los demás contra el riesgo de sufrir daño. (Restatement, Second, Torts, sec. 282). Negligently preventing assistance. Ayuda impedida negligentemente. Aquella persona que sabe, o tiene motivos para creer que un tercero está asistiendo o está en la disposición de asistir a otro individuo para prevenir que éste sufra daño corporal, e impida u obstaculice dicha ayuda en forma negligente, será responsable por los daños físicos causados a ese otro individuo por la falta de la ayuda ofrecida por el tercero. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 327). Negotiability. Negociabilidad. Negotiable instrument. Documento negociable, valor, efecto de comercio. Negotiated plea. En derecho penal, acusación entrada de común acuerdo entre el fiscal y el acusado. Negotiations in bad faith. Negociaciones con mala fe. Cada cual es libre de entrar en negociaciones y no incurre en responsabilidad en el evento de que las negociaciones no culminen en un acuerdo. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 2.15). Net. Neto. Net income. Ingresos netos. Net worth. Patrimonio. Valor del activo una vez deducido el pasivo. Neutrality. Neutralidad. New trial. Nuevo juicio. La corte, a moción del acusado, podrá concederle nuevo juicio si lo requiriere el interés de la justicia. (Regla 33, Reglas Fed. de Proc.Crim.). Next of kin. Paciente más cercano. 408 No arrival, no sale. No arribo no venta. Bajo el término "no arribo, no venta" o término'; de significado parecido, salvo pacto en contrario:—el vendedor embarcará debidamente las mercancías conformes y si éstas llegaren por cualquier medio las ofrecerá formalmente a su arribo, pero no asumirá la obligación de que las mercancías llegarán salvo que él hubiere causado el no arribo (C.C.U. sec. 2-324). No-fault liability. Responsabilidad sin culpa. La responsabilidad sin culpa—excepción a la básica relación causal culpa-daño-responsabilidad es también denominada responsabilidad absoluta y responsabilidad objetiva. (Rivera v. Caribbean Home Const. Corp 100 D.P.R. 106(1971)). No par value stock. Acciones sin valor a la par. De tiempo en tiempo, podrá emitirse por la corporación acciones del capital corporativo que no tengan valor a la par, sean éstas comunes, preferidas o especiales, al precio de venta que de tiempo en tiempo fije la junta de directores, a menos que en el certificado de incorporación se haya reservado a los accionistas la facultad para fijar el precio. (14 LPRA sec. 1503). No-par stock. Acciones sin valor par. Nolle prosequi (L). Declaración formal del fiscal en el sentido que la acción penal no será continuada en el caso de marras. También se aplica la expresión a acciones civiles, pero no tan frecuentemente. Nolo contendere plea (L). Alegación de nolo contendere. Un acusado podrá hacer alegación de nolo contendere únicamente con consentimiento de la corte. Dicha alegación será aceptada por la corte únicamente después de debida consideración de los puntos de vista de las partes y del interés público en la administración efectiva de la justicia. (Regla ll(b)(d), Reglas Fed. de Proc. Crim.). Nominal. Nominal. Nominal damages. Indemnización simbólica. Nominal shares. Acciones nominativas. Non-delegable duties of master. Deberes no delegables del empleador. Las palabras "deber no delegable" no implican que sean deberes cuya obligación no pueda ser Notification cumplida nombrando a otros para que las realicen. Esas palabras describen deberes cuyo cumplimiento puede ser propiamente delegado a otra persona, pero sujeto a la condición de que surgirá responsabilidad si la persona a quien se delega el cumplimiento actúa impropiamente. (Rstmnt, 2nd, A°ency, Introductory note to Title C, Ch. 14. sec. 492). Non-disclosure. No revelación. La no revelación de un hecho conocido por una persona es equivalente a una afirmación de que ese hecho no existe sólo en los casos siguientes cuando esta persona conoce que la revelación del hecho es necesaria para evitar que una afirmación previa se considere como dolo civil, fraudulento, o material. (Rstmnt, 2nd,Con., sec. 161). Non obstante veredicto (L). Se aplica esta frase al fallo que el juez emite contradiciendo lo que el jurado ha decidido. Nonprof it association. Asociación con fines no pecuniarios, o sin fines de lucro. Non qualif ied. Inhábil. Noncompliance. Incumplimiento, inobservancia, quebrantamiento, rompimiento. Nonfeasance. Omisión de realizar un acto obligatorio. Nonmember. No socio. Nonnegotiable. No negociable. Nonpayment. Falta de paro, mora. Nonperformance. Incumplimiento. Incumplimiento es la falta de ejecución por una de las partes de cualquiera de sus obligaciones contractuales, e incluye tanto el cumplimiento defectuoso como el cumplimiento tardío. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 7.1.1). Falta de cumplimiento, mora. Nonprivileged matter. Materia no privilegiada. Nonprobate assets. Bienes que se transfieren automáticamente por causa de muerte, sin intervención judicial. Tales son: seguros de vida, co-propiedad con derechos para el copropietario sobrevivinte y fideicomisos que continúan luego de fallecido el creador de los mismos. Notary public. Notario público, escribano. En el sistema estadounidense el notario no es un profesional de carrera. Para ser notario sólo hace falta ser mayor de edad, no tener condenas penales y pagar un modesto arancel. Los notarios estadounidenses no llevan protocolo. (Intro al USA). Notation credit. Anotación de crédito. "Crédito anotable" será aquél que especifica que cualquier persona que comprase o pagare giros librados o demandas de pago hechas bajo éste deberá anotar el importe del giro o demanda en la carta o aviso de crédito. (C.C.U. sec. 5-108). Notation on margin. Anotación marginal. Note. Nota, pagaré (s). Anotar, darse cuenta (v). Notice. Comunicación. (1) Cuando sea necesaria una comunicación, ésta se hará por cualquier medio apropiado según las circunstancias. (2) La comunicación surtirá efectos efectos cuando llegue a la persona a quien vaya dirigida. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 1.9). Notice of orders or judgments. Notificación de órdenes o sentencias. Inmediatamente después del archivo de una orden o sentencia el secretario diligenciará notificación de archivo por correo a cada una de las partes no rebeldes por falta de comparecencia, y anotará el envío por correo en el registro de actuaciones. (R. Fed. P. Civ., sec. 77(d)). Notice, to be on notice. Conocimiento, tener conocimiento. Una persona tiene "aviso" o "conocimiento" de un hecho cuando a) tiene conocimiento real de éste; o b) ha recibido un aviso o notificación de éste; o c) de todos los hechos y circunstancias que le son conocidos en la fecha en cuestión tiene razón de saber que éste existe. (C.C.U. sec. 1201 (25)-(27)). Notif ication. Notificación. Una persona es notificada por otra de un hecho si la última: a) le informa del hecho por medios adecuados o acordados, o de otros hechos de los cuales razonablemente se puede o podría inferir conocimiento; o b) realiza un acto el cual, bajo las reglas aplicables a la transacción, tiene el mismo efecto en la relación legal de las partes que el adquirir conocimiento o inferir la adquisición del mismo. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Agency, sec. 9(2), (3)). 409 Notwithstanding Notwithstanding. Aun cuando, sin perjuicio de. Novation. Novación. La novación es un contrato sustituto que incluye como parte a quien no era ni el deudor ni el acreedor de la obligación original. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Con., sec. 280). Now, therefore, be it resolved. Por lo tanto resuélvase. Nuisance. Perturbación, disturbio, turbación Nuil and void. Nulo y sin valor. Nullity. Nulidad. Nuncupative will. Testamento abierto. 410 o O.A.S. Organizarían of American States; OEA, Organización de Estados Americanos. O.S.H.A. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Agencia federal que contraía cuestiones de higiene y de seguridad laboral. Oath. Juramento prestado con todas las foma-lidades de ley. Oath of allegiance. Juramento de lealtad, v.g. a la bandera. Oath of office. Juramento que prestan los funcionarios al ser puestos en posesión de sus cargos. Obedience. Obediencia. Obedience, due. Obediencia debida. Obedience to military orders. Obediencia a órdenes militares. Un miembro de las fuerzas armadas de los Estados Unidos o de cualesquiera de los Estados está facultado para infligir daño o de cualquier modo invadir algún derecho ajeno, si tal invasión es razonablemente necesaria para ejecutar un mandato emitido por un superior, si tal mandato: a) es legal, o b) el actor cree que es legal y tal mandato no es manifiestamente ilegal, de modo que cualquier hombre razonable pueda reconocer su ilegalidad. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 146). Obiter dicta (L). Son las consideraciones expresadas en el fallo que no son estrictamente esenciales para llegar al resultado. Se podría decir que son las consideraciones generales. Ver ratio decidendi. Object. Objeto (s). Oponerse (v). En derecho procesal, oponerse a una petición de la contraparte o a la admisión de alguna medida probatoria. Objection. Objeción. Frase que emplea un abogado para oponerse a algo validado por el abogado adverso durante una audiencia. También se usa esta palabra en mociones por escrito. Objectionable. Objetable, discutible. Objector. Persona que objeta, protesta o disiente. Obligate. Obligar, imponer una obligación. Obligation to protect others. Obligación de proteger a otros. 1) Un porteador público tiene el deber para con sus pasajeros de tomar una acción razonable: a) para protegerlos de un riesgo irrazonable de sufrir daño corporal, y b) darles los primeros auxilios cuando sepa o tiene motivos para creer que los pasajeros están enfermos o heridos y de cuidarlos hasta tanto dejarlos al cuidado de otros. 2) Un hospedero tiene un deber similar para con sus huéspedes. 3) El poseedor de un terreno abierto al público, tiene un deber similar hacia el público que entre al terreno mediante invitación suya. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Torts, sec. 314A). Obligee. Acreedor de una obligación. Obligor. Deudor de una obligación. Oblitérate. Eliminar, borrar. Oblivion. Olvido, perdón. Obscene. Obsceno, lascivo. Obscenity. Obscenidad. Obsolescence. Obsolescencia, vetustez, deuso. Obsolete. Obsoleto, caído en desuso. Obstruct. Obstruir. Obstructing an officer. Impidiendo o restringiendo la labor de un funcionario público. Obstructing justice. Entorpecimiento de la justicia, acción encaminada a desviar el curso natural de un proceso judicial con intención de influir en el resultado, todo ello mediante actos aviesos e ilegales. Obstruction. Obstrucción, presentación de una oposición o resistencia indebidas. Occasion. Ocasión, evento, circunstancia (s). Ocasionar, originar (v). Occupancy. Ocupación, tenencia o posesión de un inmueble. Occupant. Ocupante, persona que detenta la posesión o tenencia. 411 Occupation Occupation. Ocupación, tenencia, posesión, trabajo, medio por el cual se gana uno la vida, profesión. Occupational disease. Enfermedad ocupa-cioNal, profesional, de trabajo. Occupational hazard. Riesgo de la profesión. Occupational safety and health standard. Norma de seguridad y salud ocupacional. Aquélla que requiere condiciones, o la adopción o uso de una o más prácticas, medios, métodos, operaciones, procesos, artefacto, salvaguardias o equipo de protección personal, razonablemente necesarios o apropiados para proveer empleos y sitios de empleos seguros y saludables. (29 LPRA sec. 361b(h)). Occupier. Ver occupant. Occupy. Ocupar, emplear para un trabajo, estar en posesión de un inmueble. Occur. Ocurrir, acontecer. Ocean. Océano, mar abierto, aguas marítimas internacionales. Ocean f loor. Suelo marítimo. Odd lot. Número de acciones que no es múltiplo de diez como es lo usual y que, por lo tanto, causa dificultades en su comercialización. Of counsel. Abogado asesor de un bufete, pero que no participa en el desarrollo cotidiano del mismo. Abogado consultor. Of course. Por derecho, que corresponde inalienablemente, sin que la contraparte pueda oponerse validamente. Of its own motion. Por propia iniciativa. Off the record. Evento que no queda registrado en ninguna parte. Offender. Perpetrador de un delito o de un cuasidelito. Offense. Ofensa. Delito, crimen, infracción, violación de una norma jurídica, especialmente penal. En Derecho anglo-americano se conserva la voz offence para designar genéricamente el delito o infracción penal, clasificándose éste con arreglo a criterios de gravedad y de enjuiciamiento: a) Indictable offences, las más graves; y b) non indictable offences, todas las demás. (T. B. Stuchiner). Offer. Oferta. Toda propuesta de celebrar un contrato constituye una oferta, si es sufi-cientemente precisa e indica la intención del oferente de quedar vinculado en caso de aceptación. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 2.2) Una oferta es la manifestación de la voluntad de iniciar un negocio, hecha con el fin de indicar a otra persona que su consentimiento a tal negocio es solicitado y lo concluirá. (Restatement, Second, Contracts sec. 24). Ofrecer (v). Offer in (to) evidence. Ofrecimiento de prueba. Offer of judgment. Oferta de sentencia. En cualquier momento antes de los 10 días precedentes al comienzo del juicio, la parte demandada podrá notificar a la parte contraria una oferta para consentir que se dicte sentencia en su contra por la cantidad de dinero o bienes o los efectos especificados en su oferta, con las costas devengadas hasta ese momento. (R. Fed. P. Civ., sec. 68). Offer of proof. Oferta de prueba. Offer to compromise. Oferta de transacción. Offeree. Ofrecido. Sujeto pasivo de una oferta. Offeror. Oferente. Sujeto activo de una oferta. Office. Escritorio, agencia, despacho, estudio, gabinete, oficina. Official of the chamber. Oficial de sala. Officious manager. Gestor oficioso. Offset. Compensación, reconvención (s). Interponer la defensa de compensación, reconvenir (v). Offshore banking. Servicios bancarios que son prestados desde otro país. Offshore company. Sociedad comercial constituida y que funciona en el extranjero. Offspring. Descendencia directa, hijos. Olograph testament. Testamento ológrafo. Omitted counterclaim. Reconvención omitida. Cuando los peticionarios dejaren de formular reconvenciones por descuido, inadvertencia o negligencia excusable, o cuando lo requiera la justicia, podrán, con la venia de la corte, formularlas mediante enmienda. (Regla Fed. de Proc. Civ., sec. 13(f)). 412 Order Omnibus clause. Cláusula ómnibus. En una póliza de seguros, denomínase ómnibus clause la cláusula de dicho contrato que define el término "asegurado." (Velez v. Garda Commercial, 100 D.P.R. 645 (1971)). On behalf of. En representación de. On business. Por razón de oficio, durante o en ocasión del trabajo. On demand. A petición. Requerido, solicitado. On file. Archivado, que consta en autos. On motion. A instancia de parte. On or about. En o aproximadamente tal fecha. Onerous title. Título oneroso, lo contrario de gratuito. Open account. Cuenta corriente. Opinion on ultimate issue. Opinión sobre cuestión última. El testimonio en forma de opinión o inferencia que fuere admisible no será objetable por el hecho de que incluya una cuestión última a ser decidida por el juzgador de los hechos. (Regla 704, R. Fed. Evid) Opinion testimony by lay witness. Testimonio de opinión por testigos no peritos. Si el testigo no estuviere declarando como perito, su declaración en forma de opiniones o inferencias se limitará a aquellas opiniones o inferencias que estén a) racionalmente basadas en la percepción del testigo y b) que ayuden al claro entendimiento de su declaración o a la determinación de un hecho en controversia. (Regla 701, R. Fed. Evid.). Opposition. Oposición, confrontación, resistencia. Oppression. Opresión, abuso de autoridad pública. Option contracts. Contratos de opción. Un contrato de opción es una promesa que reúne los requisitos para la formación de un contrato y limita la potestad del promisor para revocar su oferta. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Con., sec. 25). Option to accelerate at will. Opción para anticipar a discreción. Un término disponiendo que una parte o su causahabiente en derecho pueda anticipar el pago o cumplimiento o requerir colateral o colateral adicional "a discreción" o "cuando ésta se siente insegura" o en palabras de significado similar se interpretará como que tendrá poder para hacerlo sólo si de buena fe cree que la perspectiva de pago o cumplimiento está en peligro. El peso de probar la falta de buena fe recae en la parte contra quien el poder se ha ejercitado. (C.C.U. sec. 1-208). Optional. Potestativo, facultativo, optativo. Oral agreement. Acuerdo oral, verbal. Oral evidence. Prueba oral, no escrita. Open court and orders in chamber. Corte abierta y órdenes en cámara. Todos los juicios sobre los méritos se celebrarán en corte abierta siempre que fuere conveniente, en una sala del Tribunal. Todos los demás procedimientos o actuaciones podrán ejecutarse o llevarse a cabo por el juez en cámara. (Regla Fed. de Proc. Civ., sec. 77(b)). Open price term. Cláusula sobre precio abierto. Las partes si así lo desean pueden llevar a cabo el contrato de venta aunque el precio no se hubiera acordado. En tal caso el precio será uno razonable a la fecha de la entrega. (C.C.U. sec. 2-305). Open seas. Mar abierto, alta mar. Open season. Temporada de caza. Operation of law, by. Automáticamente, ipso jure. Opinión. Fundamentos del fallo. Los fundamentos pueden tener una extensión de una a veinte páginas, pero lo más común es que oscilen en torno a las cinco páginas. Aunque los fundamentos son opinión del tribunal, en general están redactados por uno de los jueces, cuyo nombre figura al comienzo. Este juez habitualmente resume los hechos y la historia procesal del caso, y desarrolla una exposición detallada y completa de las razones de la decisión tomada, citando leyes, precedentes y otras autoridades. (Intro al USA). [Ver: decisión on appeal.] Opinión, dictamen, creencia. Ordained priest and other ministers of the gospel. Sacerdotes y otros ministros del evangelio. Ordeal. Ordalía. Order. Orden, decreto, instrucción, mandamiento, providencia (s). Ordenar, mandar (v). 413 Order, agreed Order, agreed. Sentencia consentida y propuesta al tribunal por ambas partes. Order for proceeding. Providencia de sustanciación. Order, interlocutory. Sentencia interlocutoria. Order, money. Giro de dinero, orden de pago. Order of performance. Secuencia en el cumplimiento. En la medida de lo posible, las partes cumplirán simultáneamente sus obligaciones, a menos que las circunstancias indiquen otro modo de cumplimiento. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 6.1.4). Order of the Coif. Distinción académica para estudiantes en escuelas de derecho. Order, restraining. Interdicto, orden judicial de no interferir con los derechos de la otra parte. Order to show cause. Orden judicial para indicar la razón de un acto. Orders by clerk. Ordenes por el secretario. Todas las mociones y solicitudes en secretaría para la expedición de mandamientos intermedios y mandamientos definitivos para hacer cumplir y ejecutar sentencias, para anotar rebeldías o dictar sentencias en rebeldía y para otros procedimientos que no requieran permiso u orden de la corte serán otorgadas usualmente por el secretario; pero su actuación podrá ser suspendida, alterada o dejada sin efecto por la corte por causa justificada. (R. Fed. P. Civ. sec. 77(c)). Ordinance. Ordenanza, decreto, orden. Ordinary course of business. Curso ordinario de los negocios. Ordinary negligence. Culpa simple. Organic act. Ley del congreso otorgando poderes políticos sobre cierto territorio. Organic law. Constitución, carta orgánica, ley fundamental. Original jurisdiction. Competencia original. Orphan. Huérfano, sin progenitores vivos. Ostensible. Ostensible, aparente. Other. Otro distinto, diferente de, por añadidura a lo que ya se tiene. Ounce. Onza, unidad de peso doce veces menor que una libra (pound). Ouster. Juicio de lanzamiento, evicción. 414 Ouster of jurisdiction. Pérdida de la com-petencia judicial inicial, v.g. si las partes fir-man una cláusula arbitral. Out. Fuera, afuera, fuera de. Out of court. Fuera del tribunal o fuera del control directo del juez. Out of wedlock. Extramatrimonial, fuera del matrimonio. Outbid. Desplazar a un rival mediante una postura más alta en un remate, o menor en una licitación. Outgo. Gastos. Outlaw. Históricamente un muerto civil. Bandido, fugitivo, proscripto (s). Proscribir, prohibir (v). Outright. Irrestricto, directo, completo. Outstanding. Sobresaliente, pendiente de pago. Outstanding debt. Deuda impaga. Over. Sobre, por sobre, más que. Overbreadth doctrine. Teoría que invalida una ley si es susceptible de ser aplicada para punir a individuos que ejercen el derecho constitucional de libertad de palabra o de otros derechos constitucionalmente protegidos. Overcharge. Parte de un precio que sobrepasa lo normal, sobreprecio (s). Cobrar de más (v). Overdraft. Giro en descubierto. Overdraw. Girar en descubierto. Overdue. Algo cuyo plazo de realización, v.g. pago, ya ha vencido hace algún tiempo. Overextension. Esfuerzo extraordinario. Overf low. Exceso de algo v.g. over flow capital, exceso de capital. Overf lowed lands. Tierras inundadas. Overhead. Gastos necesarios para operar, costos administrativos, v.g. alquiler del local, sueldo de empleados, etc. Overload. Sobrecarga (s). Sobrecargar (v). Overrule. Desestimar, denegar, rechazar, rehusar. Overseas. En el extranjero. Overtime. Tiempo extra, trabajo adicional. Overthrow. Derrocar, por ejemplo, un gobierno. Overturn. Anular. Ozone layer Overt act. Acto ulterior. Un acto ulterior (overt act)—cuando es necesario alegarlo y probarlo para establecer el delito de conspiración—es algo aparte e independiente de la conspiración; es un acto realizado para llevar a cabo el convenio. (Pueblo v. Vélez Rivera, 93 D.P.R. 649 (1966)). Owe. Deber dinero u otra prestación. Own. Poseer en propiedad, ser dueño de algo. Owner. Dueño, propietario. Owner in common. Comunero. Ownership. Propiedad, derecho de propiedad. Oyez. Expresión arcaica inglesa, de origen francés, que significa "oid" y es usada por el ujier para anunciar que se acerca el magistrado y el comienzo de las audiencias del día. Ozone layer. Capa de ozono. 415 p P.A. Abreviatura de Asociación Profesional (Professional Association). PIN. Número de identificación personal (personal Identification number). P.M. Pasado el medio día. Entre el medio día y la media noche. P.O.D. Abreviatura de "pay on delivery," pago contra entrega. Package. Bulto, paquete, lote. Pact. Pacto, acuerdo, arreglo, contrato convenio. Paid. Pagado. Pain and suffering. Dolor y sufrimineto. Una de las categorías por las cuales se puede reclamar indemnización. Palimony. Pensión pagada a la persona con quien uno ha convivido pero sin que haya mediado un matrimonio formal. La expresión viene de "alimony" alimentos y de "pal" que significa amigo/a. Panel. Miembros del jurado. Paper. Papel, documento, periódico. Paper money. Papel moneda, billetes. Paper work. Burocracia, documentación. Par. A la par, paridad. Paragraph. Párrafo. Paralegal. Asistente jurídico. Pardon. Perdón, absolución, amnistía, gracia, indulto, remisión (s). Perdonar, indultar (v). Parent. Progenitor, padre o madre. Parent company. Sociedad matriz. Parental rights. Patria potestad. Parí passu (L). Sin privilegios ni preferencia, normalmente aplicable a acciones y otros títulos de crédito. Parliament. Congreso. Parliamentary privilege. Inmunidad parlamentaria. Parol evidence rule. Primacía de un contrato completo y posterior sobre otros acuerdos. Un contrato integrado vinculante descarta contratos previos en la medida en que éstos sean inconsistentes con el primero. Un contrato integrado completamente vinculante descarta contratos previos en la medida en que éstos estén dentro de su alcance (Rstmnt, 2nd, Con., sec. 213). Parole, on. En libertad condicional. Parolee. Persona en libertad condicional. Parricide. Parricidio. Partial avoidance. Anulación parcial. Si la causal de anulación afecta sólo algunas cláusulas del contrato, el efecto de la anulación se limitará a dichas cláusulas, a menos que, en consideración de las circunstancias no sea razonable conservar la validez del resto del contrato. (Unidroit, Prin., art 3.16). Partial performance. Cumplimiento parcial. El acreedor podrá rechazar la oferta de un cumplimiento parcial que se le haga en la oportunidad en que deba cumplirse la obligación, independientemente de si el deudor garantiza o no el cumplimiento del resto de la obligación, a menos que el acreedor carezca de interés legítimo para el rechazo. (Unidroit, Prin., art. 6.1.3). Partially disclosed principal. Mandante parcialmente manifiesto. Si una de las partes en una transacción tiene conocimiento de que el mandatario está o podría estar trabajando para un mandante, pero no conoce la identidad de dicho mandante, el mandante para quien el mandatario trabaja se conoce como un mandante parcialmente manifiesto. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Agency, sec. 4(2)). Participant-informer. Confidente-participe. Un "confidente-partícipe" (participant-informer) es una persona que participa, que toma parte en la transacción delictiva y luego ofrece información a las autoridades sobre el delito cometido. (Pueblo v. López Rivera, 91 D.P.R. 693 (1965)). Parties aligned on the same side. Partes con un interés similar. Partes en un pleito entre ellos y un tercero, partes que de las alegaciones resulta que no son adversarios entre ellos, están obligados por, y tienen derecho a los beneficios del principio de 416 Paternity test impedimento de controversias (issue pre-clusion"), con respecto a controversias que se litiguen completa y justamente entre ellos siendo adversarios y que resulten esenciales a la sentencia que se dicta. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 38). Partíes to an action. Partes en un pleito. Cualquier persona nombrada como parte en un pleito y sujeta a la jurisdicción del tribunal, se considera como una parte en el pleito. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 34). Partly paid shares. Acciones parcialmente pagadas. Toda corporación podrá emitir la totalidad o cualquier parte de sus acciones como acciones parcialmente pagadas y obligadas por el balance del precio que haya de pagarse por ella. (14 LPRA sec. 1507). Partner. Socio, asociado, miembro. Partner in a law f irm. Socio de un bufete jurídico. Hoy en día se pueden encontrar en muchas ciudades firmas jurídicas con más de cien abogados, de los que algunos son socios, y muchos más son empleados de la firma. Si bien cada cliente trata por lo común con un único socio, hay socios que se especializan en ciertos campos como impuestos, corporaciones, leyes antimonopó-licas, régimen inmobiliario, o litigios. (Intro al USA). Partnership. Sociedad colectiva, asociación. Partnership agreement. Contrato social, acta constitutiva de una sociedad colectiva o de una sociedad de responsabilidad limitada. Partnership assets. Bienes pertenecientes a una sociedad. Partnership debt. Deuda perteneciente a una sociedad. Partnership property. Activo de una sociedad. Party. Parte en un juicio o en un contrato. Partido. Party appearing in different capacities. Parte que comparece en otro carácter. Una parte comparece en su carácter individual a menos que, cuando se le nombró parte o mediante otra manifestación, resulta evidente que comparece en otro carácter. (Rstmnt, 2nd, Judg., sec. 36). Party wall. Medianera, pared divisora. Pass legislation. Promulgar una ley. Passage of a law. Aprobación de una ley. Passage of bilis. Aprobación de proyectos de legislación. Passing of title. Traspaso de título. El título sobre mercancías no podrá adquirirse bajo un contrato de venta antes de la identificación de éstas al contrato y, salvo pacto expreso en contrario, el comprador adquirirá mediante la identificación de éstas una propiedad especial del vendedor del título (propiedad) en mercancías embarcadas o entregadas al comprador está limitada en sus efectos legales a una reserva de un interés garantizado. (C.C.U. sec. 2-401). Passing off. Imitación y/o falsificación de un producto, una patente, etc. Passion. Pasión, emoción violenta. Passive. Pasivo. Passive assets. Activo intangible. Passive debt. Deuda que no devenga intereses. Passive use. Uso permisivo. Passport. Pasaporte. Past due. Inpago, exigible, en mora. Pasturage in common. Comunidad de pastos. Patent. Patente, patente de invención (s). Patentar, registrar una patente (v). Patent ambiguity. Ambigüedad manifiesta. Patent attorney. Abogado especializado en derecho de patentes. Patent defect. Defecto evidente. Patent inf ringement. Violación de derechos conferidos por una patente. Patent license. Licencia para explotar una patente. Patent suit. Juicio por violación de un derecho de patente. Patentable. Patentable. Patentee. Beneficiario de una patente. Patentee pooling. Acuerdo para intercambiar patentes con otros miembros de un grupo. Paternity. Paternidad. Paternity test. Examen médico para determinar la paternidad. 417 Peer. sec. Parricidio. Payable on demand. Pago mediante transferencia de fondos. código criminal. 3-111). El pago puede efectuarse en cualquier forma utilizada en el curso ordinario de los negocios en el lugar del pago. Pagadero al portador. o c) "efectivo" o a la orden de "efectivo. Pagar (v). lista de pago. prosapia. genealogía. (C. Pedophilia. art. Pension. a menos que hubiera indicado una cuenta específicamente para ello. representación legal. Penal action. Casa de empeño. criminal. Patrol. producto o mercancía o material publicitario. Pattern. sin recursos financieros. Pago a su debido tiempo. Prin. Penalty. Oficial encargado de mantener la tranquilidad pública. Pay. solicitud. Tomador. art. renta. (29 LPRA sec. Payable to order. Pendent jurisdiction. Peninsular. Pauper. Pago (s). Penalidad. (C. Interventor en el pago. colección o distribución de cualquier artículo." o cualquiera otra indicación que no signifique que se designa un tomador determinado.U. Pago con cheque u otro instrumento. pobre. Privilegio que tienen los médicos para no revelar datos de sus pacientes a no ser que éstos brinden su consentimiento. Teoría que permite a un tribunal federal la adjudicación de una cuestión estatal si las partes están ante el tribunal federal por una cuestión propiamente federal. 418 Payment by funds transfer.8). El pago podrá efectuarse mediante una transferencia a cualquier institución financiera en la que el acreedor haya hecho saber que mantiene una cuenta. Día de pago. Penal clause. sanción. . Payee. Penal code. Pending. Vendedor ambulante. Un instrumento será pagadero a la orden cuando de acuerdo a sus términos es pagadero a la orden o a los causahabientes de cualquier persona especificada en él con razonable certeza. Payment by check or other instruments. Payment in due course. sin que el patrono ejerza control sobre sus horas de trabajo para realizar tales actividades fuera del establecimiento del patrono. Tipo de conducta que se repite y que es predecible. Cliente de un establecimiento comercial. Payroll. Pawn shop. Cláusula penal. 6. Penitentiary. Payer for honor. Pagadero a la orden. Penalty clause. devolver dinero. retiro (s). Peón. Código penal. Pagadero a la vista. Pensión.Patient-physician privilege Patient-physician privilege. 6. Patricide. Patronage. Patrulla (s). Payable to bearer. Reembolsar. o a ella o a su orden. ofrecimiento para la venta. o b) una persona específica o al portador. Persona que brinda apoyo a una causa. Payment for honor. Pendiente. Patrimony. en la calle. Peddler. Un instrumento será pagadero al portador cuando por sus términos es pagadero a a) el portador o a la orden del portador. Nómina de pago. malversación de fondos.1.C. Peculado.U. 3-110).1. Pawn.7). Clausula penal.C. Penal. Payback. Patrocinio. (Unidroit. Patrullar (v). montepío. en cualquier sitio público o de casa en casa.. Acción penal. Penal. Payday. Patrimonio. Pedigree. Peaceable assembly. Patron. Empeñar objetos para recibir un préstamo de dinero. Penitenciario. Peculation. Peninsular. "Vendedores ambulantes" son aquellos empleados que se dedican a la venta. Par del reino. Indigente. cárcel. Pedofilia. Reunión pacífica. Peace official. Linaje.. Acordar la jubilación (v). (Unidroit. o cuando esté evidentemente designado en el texto como "a cambio" o cosa semejante y nombra un tomador. 288). Intervención en el pago. sec. con título de nobleza. descendencia. Prin. jubilación. autorización. se usa cuando sólo se anuncia el sentido en el que se falla pero sin expresión de motivos. Period. Si el delito imputado fuera sancionable con la pena de muerte. (Unidroit. Cumplimiento en cuotas. Garantía que prestan. Por día. 7. Perjurio. sobre lo adecuado de los trabajos que realizan. (Regla 24(b). Cumplimiento de obligación dinerada. Con. Per stirpes. dotación. Perentorio. Si el deudor no cumple con una obligación dineraria. Expresión que indica que la sentencia fue redactada por todo el tribunal. el acreedor puede exigir su cumplimiento.1). el deudor debe cumplir sus obligaciones instantáneamente. Plazo. a menos que: (a) el cumplimiento sea jurídica o físicamente imposible. en oposición a aquélla redactada por un juez en particular. cumplimiento. art. Periodicity.U. Dietas. Cualquiera de las partes puede dar por terminado el contrato si pese a que 419 . y la totalidad del cumplimiento de una parte se puede efectuar en un mismo momento. Por estirpes. el gobierno tendrá derecho a 6 recusaciones perentorias y el acusado o acusados conjuntamente a 10 recusaciones perentorias. Reglas Fed. Cuando el cumplimiento de cada parte se da bajo un intercambio de promesas. a diario.C. Con. a menos que el lenguaje o las circunstancias indiquen lo contrario. art. (Unidroit. También se usa para indicar que la sentencia le pertenece al presidente del tribunal. art. sec. Perjury. a menos que el lenguaje o las circunstancias indiquen lo contrario. Peremptory. (C. delito de falso testimonio. el acreedor podrá exigir su pago. Peremptory challenge. Performance in installments. sea excesivamente gravoso y oneroso. Performance or acceptance under reser-vation of rights. duración. Permission. cada parte tendrá derecho a 20 recusaciones perentorias. Performance. Por el tribunal. Una parte que con reserva explícita de derechos realiza o promete realizar o consiente cumplir en la forma demandada u ofrecida por la otra parte no perjudica por ello los derechos reservados.2. initial impossibility. En los casos de contratos con término. Por semana. Performance at one time. si el cumplimiento de la otra parte puede ser distinguido o prorrateado de modo que haya una porción equiparable que pueda ser rendida en ese momento. Si el delito imputado fuera sancionable con la pena de reclusión por más de un año. Performance of non-monetary obligation.. Peremptory challenges. Permiso. Cumplimiento de obligaciones no-dinerarias. Cumplimiento o aceptación bajo reserva de derechos.). Impugnación sin causa a un miembro del jurado. Prestación. Performance. 1-207).2).. 233(1)).1. diariamente.. 3. en tal momento torna exigible. 7. siempre que tal cumplimiento sea susceptible de cumplimiento instantáneo y que las circunstancias no indiquen otro modo de cumplimiento. art. emolumento. Cumplimiento único. (Rstmnt. Cumplimiento.. Per díem (L). 6. Prin. en su caso. semanalmente. Performance of monetary obligation.Permission neither granted ñor refused Per curiam (L). Permission neither granted nor refused.2). la ejecución forzada. Performance bond. Recusaciones perentorias del jurado. Per day. se entenderá que tal porción está vencida también. fecha.2. Crim. normalmente empresas constructoras. Prin. licencia. (b) el cumplimiento o. sec. sec. (Unidroit. Periodicidad. Per week. o "bajo protesta" o semejantes son suficientes. Cuando sólo se ha efectuado una porción del cumplimiento de una de las partes contratantes al momento de su vencimiento. Performance at one time or in installments.3). 2nd. 2nd. Cumplimiento instantáneo o en etapas. (Unidroit. o dentro de un plazo razonable. de Proc. (Rstmnt. Autorización que no ha sido otorgada ni denegada. Palabras tales como "sin perjuicio". Si el deudor no cumple con una obligación distinta de la de pagar una suma de dinero. 233(2)). imposibilidad inicial. No afectará la validez del contrato el mero hecho de que al momento de su celebración no sea posible la ejecución de la obligación contraída. término. Finalmente. económicas y de otra índole. Pettifogger. Físico. Petitioner. Person in the position of a seller. Delito menor. Litisconsorcio facultativo. Intervención permisible. Perpetuating testimony. Escucha telefónica. Testimonio obtenido anticipadamente. Pen. Petty officer. Necesidad imprescindible. resulte razonable conservar el resto del contrato. Se distingue así del grana. (Cód.g. jury. Permissive counterclaim. Physical violence. Permissive joinder. Perpetuity. normalmente redimible con multa. o 2) cuando la demanda o la defensa del solicitante y el pleito principal impliquen una cuestión de derecho o de hecho en común. Petty cash. sec. Una persona que no es parte en un pleito. P.. Una "persona con carácter de vendedor" incluye con respecto 420 al comitente a un comisionista que ha pagado o que es responsable por el precio de las mercancías a nombre de su comitente o cualquier persona que de otra manera tenga un interés garantizado u otro derecho en mercancías similar a ése del vendedor (C. Personal bond. Picapleitos. Caución personal. Bienes muebles. 6. demanda. 2-707). Discapacitación física. (Unidroit. Civ. siempre y cuando. (R. chicanero. y tiene derecho a. Personalty. o. atinente al cuerpo. Petition. Petit jury. Si la denegación únicamente involucra la validez de alguna o algunas de las cláusulas del contrato. Petty. Personal surety. Parte actora. está obligada por. sec. los beneficios de la sentencia que se dicte. art. Hurto menor. secundario. Personal effects. 13(b)).04 (3)). Permiso.16). Personal expenses.C. apelante. seguro médico para el resto de las familia. Petty offense. Bienes muebles. Personal action. Judg sec 41). Permissive intervention. Physical.g. requi-rente. la autorización no es otorgada ni rechazada dentro del plazo convenido. Hurto. Personal property. Mod.. Reconvención permisible. que vienen aparejados con cierto cargo. Civ.1. (Unidroit. menor. como si dicha persona fuera parte. Petty larceny. Fuerza física. tan sólo estas serán nulas. Jurado ordinario. Petty misdemeanor. Person represented by a party. Perquisites.U sec. Permission refused. Delito menor. v.1. Las alegaciones podrán incluir por vía de reconvención contra parte adversa cualquier reclamación que no surgiere del evento o serie de eventos a que se contrae la reclamación de la parte adversa. Fed. Physical force. súplica. 6. teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias. petición.Permission refused la parte obligada a obtener la autorización tomó todas las medidas requeridas al efecto. § 1. Autorización denegada. Caja chica. dentro de un plazo prudencial a partir de la celebración del contrato. pero que está representada por una parte.. Permit. La denegación de una autorización indispensable para la validez del contrato comporta la nulidad del mismo. (Regla Fed. Perpetrador. v. Garantía personal.. Solicitud. Violencia física. Prin. Suboficial de marina. en el caso de no haberse fijado plazo alguno. Efectos personales. de Proc. . Physical disabilty. Acción personal. Physical necessity. autor de un delito u otra acción ilegal.. antes. 24(b)).17). art. Gastos particulares. Pequeño. Perpetrator. Persona con carácter de vendedor. Mediante la oportuna solicitud se podrá permitir a cualquier persona intervenir en un pleito: 1) cuando una ley de los Estados Unidos confiera un derecho incondicional a intervenir. Incapacidad física. Perpetuidad. 2nd. Permitir (v). (Rstmnt. Un delito es menos grave si así está designado en este Código o en otro estatuto que se promulgue posteriormente. Ventajas. autorización (s). Phone-tapping. Persona representada por una parte. Prin. solicitante. ofrecer en prenda o hipoteca. Plaintiff. Hurtar en pequeñas cantidades.Plea bargaining. Piquete (s). o no dejar pasar a quienes quieren ingresar (v).. si: a) la falsa impresión o imagen creada resulta altamente ofensiva a una persona razonable. la corte no dictará sentencia basada en dicha alegación sin hacer las investigaciones que la convenzan de que existe una verdadera base para la alegación. Plainclothes man. (b) en su propio establecimiento. Perforando el velo corporativo. saquear (v). Actor. Pilfer. En caso de que el contrato no determine el lugar de cumplimiento. Colocar a interés. Plea bargaining. Alegar (v). alegato. Placing a person in false light. (f) Reglas Fed. Place of performance. Error evidente. persona que interpone una demanda. Pioneer patent. Proxeneta. de Proc.). Pillage. acceptance. Piercing the corporate veil. cuando se trate de cualquier otra obligación. Plea bargaining. sec. Pilotear (v). el proceso tendrá lugar en el distrito en que se cometió el delito. Prin. será sujeto a responsabilidad por una invasión a la privacidad de ese otro. el deudor habrá de cumplir: (a) en el establecimiento del acreedor cuando se trate de obligaciones de dinero. Crim. Si el acusado se negase a alegar o si una corporación acusada dejare de comparecer. Policía secreto. podrán celebrar discusiones con vista a llegar a un acuerdo acerca de que si el acusado hiciere alegación de culpable o nolo contendere por el delito imputado o un delito menor o relacionado. (Rstmnt. Crear una falsa impresión sobre alguien. Todo acusado podrá hacer alegación de no culpable. saqueo (s). creando una falsa impresión de éste. y b) el actor tenía conocimiento de. Salvo que la ley o estas reglas permitieren otra cosa. acuerdo sobre la alegación. Trabajo por pieza. o convenir no oponerse a la solicitud del acusado de una sentencia específica 421 . Alegación preacordada. Pickpocket. accionante. Crim.). doctor. Crim. Alegación preacordada. Place of prosecution.). robo en pequeñas cantidades. práctico (s). (Regla 11(e)(3). Robo hormiga. Pilot. de Proc. o actuó con menosprecio temerario con relación a la falsedad del asunto publicado y la falsa impresión creada. picket. Plain error. Piratería. Típicamente la sanción consiste en imponer responsabilidad solidaria a los dirigentes responsables del abuso. Pillaje. Congregarse frente a un establecimiento para ejecer presión. Pungista. 652 E). Lugar del proceso. Pilfering. plea agreement physician. Pimp. 6. La corte fijará el lugar para el juicio dentro del distrito con debida consideración de la conveniencia del acusado y los testigos y la rápida administración de justicia. el fiscal hará cualquiera de los siguientes: a) solicitar el sobreseimiento de otros cargos. 2nd. demandante. Alegación. Una persona que le dé publicidad a un asunto concer- niente a otro. art. Médico. de otra manera la brindaría el derecho societario. Pignorar. ni este pueda determinarse con base a aquél. Lugar de cumplimiento. carterista.6). El fiscal y el abogado defensor. o b) recomendar. Pignorate. (Regla 18. Pillory. o el acusado cuando estuviera actuando por sí mismo. aceptación. policía vestido de civil. Si la corte aceptara la alegación preacordada informará al acusado que la disposición correspondiente sobre la misma será incorporada al fallo y la sentencia. Picota. Realidad empresarial. Crim. instrumento de tortura. Piracy. Place upon interest. Errores o defectos obvios que afecten derechos sustanciales podrán ser advertidos aunque no se hubiera llamado la atención de la corte sobre los mismos. (Regla 11 (a) (12). Piloto. Pillar. de Proc. culpable o nolo contendere. Reglas Fed.). Reglas Fed. No obstante la aceptación de la alegación de culpable. (Unidroit. Plea. Ganzúa. picklock. Piecework. Reglas de Proc. Patente primaria o básica.1. Torts. (Regla 52(b). Teoría que castiga los abusos de una empresa privandola de ciertos beneficios que. plea agreement. la corte registrará alegación de no culpable. Alegaciones. sec. ya fuere en una reclamación o defensa o en reclamaciones o defensas se paradas cuando se hicieren dos o más exposiciones en la alternativa y una de ellas si se hiciere independientemente. content. Alegar. el número de radicación y la denominación. Las partes no representadas por abogado firmarán sus alegaciones. Veneno (s). Civ. Crim. Alegación prea-cordada. form. Plenipotenciario. contenido. Plunderage (Mar. Deudor prendario. Civ. Alegaciones. advertirá al acusado personalmente en corte abierta o.. Toda alegación tendrá un encabezamiento en el que se consignará el nombre de la corte el título del pleito. P. Plea bargaining. Pignoración. fuerza pública (s). Pleading.). pero en las otras alegaciones será suficiente exponer el nombre del primer litigante de cada parte con una referencia apropiada a las otras partes. Moción de orden. (Regla ll(e)(4). (R. rogar. Declararse culpable/no culpable. concisas y directas. Pluralidad. contestaciones a demandas contra coparte. Policía. Plebiscito.). rejection. Pleadings. Point of order. Pledgor. se utiliza en el procedimiento civil solamente para estos documentos que se presentan antes del juicio. expresándose su dirección. Habrá demandas y contestaciones. 10). si las personas que originalmente no fueron partes fueren emplazadas. Ejercer vigilancia o control (v). No se requerirán fórmulas técnicas para las alegaciones o mociones. Fed. En las demandas el título del pleito incluirá los nombres de todas las partes. previa demostración por el acusado de que existe razón adecuada y justa para ello. Plead. Reglas Fed. Si la corte rechazare la alegación preacordada. Hurto de mercadería cargada en una nave. mociones o escritos de otra clase y expresarán su dirección. Las partes podrán formular dos o más partes exposiciones de una reclamación o defensa. y no incluye la argumentación que hace el abogado durante el juicio. R Civ. Alegaciones. (Intro al USA). de Proc. Cazar en forma clandestina.. urdir (v). Poderes plenos. lo informará así a las partes. Escrito. forma. mociones y escritos de otra clase de partes representadas por abogado serán firmados por lo menos por un abogado de autos en su propio nombre. (R. la corte podrá permitir que se retire dicha alegación. y contestaciones de tercero. si se diligenciaren tales demandas. la alegación no se considerará insuficiente por insuficiencia de una o más de las exposiciones alternativas. sec 11). por causa justificada. de Proc. Alegaciones. Pledge. parcela de tierra (s). Reglas Fed. Police.. Plebiscite. Point blank. Plot. Poach. demandas contra tercero. signature. Complot. que la corte no viene obligada por el acuerdo sobre alegación. Plenipotentiary. rechazo. Fed P Civ sec. La corte no participará en ninguna de dichas discusiones. Plead guilty/not guilty. Fed.Plea bargaining. Envenenar (v). A quemarropa. Fed.). Plurality. firma. rejection bajo el entendimiento de que tal recomendación o solicitud no obligará a la corte. conjura. Pleadings. alternativa o hipotética- mente. Pledgee. pignorar (v). Crim. Complotar. Si antes de dictarse la sentencia se radicare una moción para retirar una alegación de culpable o no lo contendere. Pleadings. Acreedor prendario. Todas las alegaciones. (Regla 32(d).8(e)(f)). P. réplicas o reconvenciones así denominadas. Pleadings. Poison. concederá al acusado la oportunidad para retirar entonces su alegación. (Regla ll(e)(l). o c) convenir que una sentencia específica constituye la disposición pertinente de la causa. sec. Crim. tramar. fuere suficiente. 7(a)). (R. Retiro de alegación. Reglas Fed. Las aseveraciones en una alegación serán sencillas. (R. si las contestaciones contuvieran tales demandas. 422 . caución. Plea withdrawal. en cámara. En los Estados Unidos el término pleading. Plenary powers.). Prendar. prenda (s). con constancia en el récord. de Proc. Correo. Crim. tribunal municipal. Port of destination. posesión adversa. Conjunto de acciones y demás títulos en cartera. aplazar. Pobreza. (Regla 30(d). Power of attorney. Positive. línea de conducta establecida oficialmente.P. Police state. actual. Pornográfico. constructive. Postpone. Poder de policía. relegar.S. open. Prayer. 6). escrito. Preguntas al jurado. Súplica.S. Precedent. El concepto custodia policíaca—a los efectos de la doctrina elaborada en Escobedo v. Pornographic. incluye las decisiones de tribunales más altos de la misma jurisdicción y las del mismo tribunal. Possession. Policy. Posesión material. (Pueblo v. Posesión ficta. Reglas Fed. 436 (1966)—. Aplazamiento. sino también cualquier otra detención—aunque no sea por la comisión del delito de que se le sospecha y por el cual posteriormente se procesa—incluyendo la detención en el propio hogar del acusado. Custodia policial. Postponement. 478 (1964). Port of cali. Mandato o poder irrevocable. 384 U. Estado autoritario y despótico. mandatory. y Miranda v. Power coupled with an interest. mandato. que puede ser revocado en cualquier momento.Precedent. Pacto nupcial celebrado luego del matrimonio. Atribuciones. (Rstmnt. Cuestión política que escapa a las atribuciones del tribunal y queda reservada a la discreción de los gobernantes. Poder. de Proc. Power of attorney. (Intro al USA). persuasive. La jurisprudencia imperativa. Possession. ejercer el derecho. Portfolio. Tribunal de faltas. Mandato. Precario. autoridad. Poverty. Precedente obligatorio. 2nd. Poli of jury. petición. el jurado será escrutado a solicitud de cualquier parte o a instancias de la propia corte. Poligamy. Tribunal Superior. Ejemplo de juris423 . a la que si se aplica la doctrina del precedente. Power. Practice law. Un poder es la habilidad de parte de una persona para producir un cambio en una relación legal dada. realizando o dejando de realizar un acto en particular. Si como resultado del escrutinio se demuestra que no hay una concurrencia unánime. Positive law. Puerto de escala. atributos. Postumo. La jurisprudencia suele dividirse en persuasiva e imperativa. poder general. Cuando el jurado hubiere rendido un veredicto y antes de que éste fuere registrado. Possession is nine-tenths of the law. Possession.). Prueba directa.R. Prescripción. sec. Póliza. Posesión pública y notoria. Positivo. Literalmente: la posesión equivale a las nueve décimas del derecho. Precarious. Frase que destaca el gran valor práctico de detentar la posesión material cuando se reclama la propiedad de la cosa. Puerto al que se llega por una emergencia. 378 U. Illinois. Possession. se podrá ordenar al jurado que se retire para deliberaciones adicionales o podrá ser disuelto. Precedente persuasivo. Postpone. 199 (1969)). Posesión. Detector de mentiras. police custody. Ejercer como abogado. Positive evidence. solicitud. Mandato unido a un derecho que el mandatario ya disponía sobre la cosa. Police power. falta de recursos económicos. meramente tolerado. Política. facultades. Derecho positivo. Political question. se define para incluir no sólo la detención en el cuartel del sospechoso. Bienes. Police record. explícito. Post office. Antecedentes policiales. Post nuptial agreement. irrevocable. al interrogársele mientras éste se encuentra incomunicado. Possess. Agency. Puerto de destino. adverse. Poseer. Possession. Atizona. poder de representación. Poligamia. Precedent. 97 D. Polygraph. Port of distress. Posthumous. persuasive police court. wrongfully. el banco colector no estará obligado a presentarlo hasta que a su juicio transcurriere un tiempo razonable para el arribo de las mercancías. (C. anterior. intentionally.C. Embarazo. impedir. alevosía. Preference of credits. Precondition.R 676(1971)). Prejudicial error. Acreedores privilegiados. El grado de persuasividad de la decisión dependerá en gran medida de la solidez del razonamiento que la fundamenta y de la aparente corrección del resultado. tales como otros tribunales de apelación del mismo estado u otros tribunales de apelación federales. (Intro al USA). (C. Pre-existent. Teoría que acuerda prioridad al derecho federal por tratarse de temas en los que la nación tiene un interés claro y fuerte. sin embargo. o b) a través de una cámara de compensación. inteligencia y verdad. Hacer una introducción (v). Preponderancia de evidencia. Precious metais. amonedados . sec. A los efectos de una acusación por asesinato en segundo grado los términos "con intención legal. Prefacio. los testigos son de igual honradez.U. retener. Condición previa. Teoría que acuerda prioridad al derecho federal por tratarse de temas en los que la nación tiene un interés claro y fuerte. Preliminary hearing. Error procesal que conlleva una desventaja tan grande a la parte que sufre sus consecuencias que justifica la anulación del proceso y el comienzo de uno nuevo. introducción (s). Preface. Conservación. aceptante. 3-504). unlawfully. Precepto. Preferred creditiors. Presentación al pago. Preclude. Pre-emption. Conservar. propensidad. Precept. Preserve. Si. Pre-emption. o c) en el lugar de aceptación o pago especificado en el instrumento y si no hubiere ninguno en el lugar de negocio o residencia de la persona que debe aceptar o pagar. Precedente. Tal término no significa la mera superioridad numérica de testigos. Precluir. Presentment of "on arrival" draft. entonces el mayor número determina la preponderancia. librado u otro obligado al pago por el tenedor o a su nombre. ilegal e intencionalmente"—"willfully. Presentment for payment. Interdicto preliminar. La presentación es una demanda de aceptación o de pago hecha al deudor. 100 D. Prefación de créditos. antecedente. Predisposición. Propósito premeditado. Preliminary. Gastos de conservación. preñez. (Pueblo v. Distrito administrativo. and 424 feloniously"—tiene un significado similar al termino propósito premeditado usado en el estatuto." "cuando las mercancías se reciban" o cosa similar.Precendent prudencia persuasiva son las decisiones de los tribunales de otras jurisdicciones o de tribunales del mismo nivel en la misma jurisdicción. Preserve and enforce. sino el peso. normalmente policial. Preliminary injunction. Preparatory proceedings. Metales preciosos. candor.C. Preservation. o en pasta.P. dejar sin efecto.U. Reyes Lara. 4-502). Presentación de giros "a su recibo. Preliminar. gravidez. voluntaria. norma. La presentación podrá hacerse: a) por correo. Preservation expenses. sujeto a las resultas de la causa. Preexistente. Pregnancy. Preponderarce of the evidence. Diligencias preliminares. crédito y valor de la totalidad de la evidencia aportada por cada una de las partes. Mantener y asegurar. (Morales Lebrón). y están igualmente corroborados en otros extremos de sus declaraciones e igualmente libres de interés en el pleito. Precendent. either coined or in bul-lion." Cuando un giro o las instrucciones pertinentes requieren la presentación "a su recibo. Precinct. bloquear. Predisposition. Premeditated design. en cuyo caso la fecha de presentación se determina por la fecha del recibo del correo. sec. Audiencia tendiente a determinar si puede o no dictársele auto de procesamiento al reo. (R. Las mociones podrán ser por escrito u orales a 425 . Civ. 2) la necesidad o deseabilidad de enmiendas a las alegaciones. Guardar secreto. Intención presunta.. En todos los procedimientos y acciones civiles.Pretrial motions preserve secrecy. el pretrial discovery es un sistema probatorio anterior al juicio. presumptions in civil proceedings. P. Pretrial discovery. sec. Presumptive heir. Presunciones en acciones civiles. Cualquier defensa. Fed. de Proc. y 3) para concluir el descubrimiento. scope.1. (Regla 17. pero normalmente posterior al intercambio depleadings y siempre relacionado con el litigio que se está intentando. Reglas Fed. Para el jurista del com-mon law.). Presunción de muerte. del Proc. Cónyuge que contrae matrimonio con posterioridad al testamento del otro cónyuge. o el magistrado autorizado por regla de la corte deberá dictar orden aprobando un programa que limite los términos: 1) para acumular otras partes y enmendar las alegaciones. (Texas Probate Code. 16(b)). Pretrial conference. sec. que permanecerá durante todo el juicio sobre la parte a la cual le fue impuesto originalmente. podrá ordenar una o más conferen- juicio.).. 2) para presentar mociones y celebrar vistas sobre las mismas. Pretrial motions. pero no trasladará a tal parte el peso de la prueba en el sentido del riesgo de no persuadir al juzgador. Pretrial conference. estipulaciones con respecto a la autenticidad de documentos y decisiones por anticipado de la corte sobre la admisibilidad de evidencia. Presunción. Conferencia con antelación al juicio. cias para discutir las cuestiones que puedan procurar un juicio justo y rápido. Presumption. Los participantes del cualquier conferencia a tenor con esta regla podrán discutir y tomar medidas con respecto a: 1) la formulación y simplificación de los hechos controvertidos. Pretrial conference. a menos que otra cosa se disponga por ley del Congreso o por estas reglas. y 5) facilitar la transacción del caso. Presumption of death. Evid. objeción o solicitud susceptible de una determinación sin pronunciamiento en los méritos podrá presentarse antes del juicio mediante moción. lleven a cabo procedimientos probatorios. Pretermitted spouse. sec. 16(c)). Presumed intent. En todo pleito la corte podrá a su discreción ordenar a los abogados de las partes y a las partes no representadas por abogado que comparezcan ante la misma para una o varias conferencias con antelación al juicio con los siguientes propósitos: 1) acelerar la resolución del pleito. Crim. (Regla 301. Mediante esta ley se reconocen a tales hijos —aun adoptivos—derechos sucesorios ab intestato aunque no figuren en el testamento. probabilidad. Pretrial conference. Conferencia con antelación. criminal. Fed. (Regla Fed. (R. Ley sobre hijos nacidos luego de haber testado los padres. P. 3) la posibilidad de obtener admisiones de hechos y documentos que evitarán pruebas innecesarias. Civ. indicio. 4) evitar pruebas innecesarias y evidencia acumulativa. 3) desalentar cualesquiera actuaciones inútiles anteriores al juicio. Heredero presunto. Mociones antes del juicio. A la conclusión de toda conferencia la corte preparará y registrará un memorándum sobre las materias acordadas en la misma. 4) mejorar la calidad del juicio por medio de una preparación más cabal. En cualquier momento después de la presentación del indiciamiento o la acusación la corte. conjetura. 2) establecer un control inicial y continuo sobre el caso de manera que no se prolongue por falta de dirección. conferencia final con antelación al juicio. scheduling and plan-ning. Conferencia con antelación al juicio. El juez. y 5) cualesquiera otros asuntos pertinentes a las circunstancias del caso. a moción de cualquier parte o a su propia iniciativa. Fed. civil. una presunción impondrá a la parte contra la cual se establece el peso de producir evidencia para rebatir o destruir la presunción. 16(a)). y el juicio. 67). Pero también puede darse el caso de que las partes ya sea para preparar su demanda o temerosas de que la hubiere.. incluso la eliminación de reclamaciones o defensas frivolas. R. Conferencia con antelación al Pretermitted child statute. sec. Civ. El programa también podrá incluir: 4) la fecha o fechas para conferencias con antelación al juicio. Prívate international law. 16(e)). para su control. Prisión. bajo circunstancias particulares no se le impone tal responsabilidad. Si el contrato no fija el precio ni prevé su determinación. Orden dictada luego de la conferencia con antelación al juicio. Dictamen de la autoridad impositiva emitido a petición del interesado directo y para evacuar una consulta formulada por él mismo. fundación privada. art. se dictará una orden en que se expondrá todo lo acordado. Principal. b) razonablemente necesario en vista del deber de protección. Después de cualquier conferencia celebrada a tenor con esta regla. Prevailing party.. sec. Prioridad. Prívate of fering. preferencia. 821 D). Determinación del Private funds. Prevaricar. 890). pirata. estorbar. prevenir. Litigante victorioso. Fondos particulares. Derecho internacional privado. en circunstancias semejantes dentro del respectivo ramo comercial. . sec. Prison. Prívate law. solamente. individual. 5. Corsario. Molestia privada.. Privilegio para disciplinar a los niños. goza del privilegio de utilizar la fuerza o coerción contra ese individuo siempre que: a) sea razonable con relación al daño a infligirse. 2nd. Privateer. Preventive detention. Prevarícate. Private police. Mandante. Privilege. Arresto preventivo. pero a un grupo reducido de personas con las que se tiene una relación especial. La expresión se opone a public offering u oferta pública. Institución benéfica privada. conflicto de leyes. Denota el hecho de que una conducta que bajo circunstancias ordinarias conllevaría la imposición de responsabilidad al actor. (Rstmnt. (Regla 12(b). Capa. o pequeño grupo de individuos. se entenderá que las partes se remitieron a un precio razonable. (Rstmnt.7). prelación. íntimo. Fed. El padre o madre están facultados o gozan del privilegio de ejercer una fuerza razonable o imponer una detención razonable sobre sus hijos. sec. soldado. Prisoner of war. Prevail. (Rstmnt. precio. Prevent. mandator. fuera del dominio público. Derecho privado. Privilegio. Alguien que de otra manera incurrirá en responsabilidad extracontractual no responderá por daños causados si actúa al amparo. Propiedad privada. evitar. principal. Civ. Una molestia privada es la invasión o transgresión no-física del interés de una persona en el uso y disfrute privado de la tierra (Rstmnt. trabar. Privado. Reglas Fed. Privilegio derivado del deber de protección. no al público en general. Quien tiene a su cargo proteger a un tercero. prevalecer. 2nd. Primogeniture. se entenderá que las partes se remitieron al precio generalmente cobrado por tales prestaciones al momento de celebrarse el contrato. sus bienes muebles e inmuebles. Torts. 156). Policía o fuerza de seguridad privada. (Rstmnt. Torts. Oferta de venta de acciones en una sociedad anónima hecha. 2nd. Prívate (letter) ruling. 2nd. Impedir. y dentro de los límites. 426 Price determination. Ley especial que se dirije a un individuo. Price fixing. 10). Prior law.Pretrial order discreción del juez.). de un privilegio propio. mandante. (Unidroit. sec. Torts. penitenciaría. Principal. de Proc. Privilege ancillary to duty of protection. comitente. o de un privilegio de otra persona que le fue debidamente asignado. 2nd. cárcel. poderdante. Prin. Primage. Ley anterior. sec. Torts. contra los actos de otro individuo. De no poder establecerse el precio de esta manera. Prívate nuisance. Prisionero de guerra. sec. Torts. ofrecer pruebas falsas para ocultar la verdad de los hechos. Puesta de acuerdo con la competencia para controlar los precios. Primogenitura. entrenamiento o educación. 147). Priority. Prívate act. Crim. (R. P. a falta de cualquiera indicación en contrario. Pretrial order. Prívate. Prívate property. precedencia. Prívate foundation. filibustero. por oposición al derecho público. Privilege to discipline children. Predominar. Comitente. obstaculizar. El derecho substantivo provee altas compensaciones a través del pago de daños morales. Probate. daños como castigo (puni-tive damages) y otras compensaciones que no se otorgan usualmente en los sistemas de derecho civil. dicho juez también tiene un control intenso sobre el procedimiento. Probe. (Pueblo v. juicio sucesorio. 427 .R. Procesal. Como las reglas del procedimiento están escritas a menudo en un lenguaje amplio y sólo ponen límites modestos a las facultades del tribunal o a su creatividad. (Constitución de USA. privileged information la información cuya revelación no puede ser ordenada por un tribunal como lo sería el secreto profesional de los abogados. el magistrado federal lo detendrá inmediatamente para que responda ante la corte de distrito. sec. Probation. determinó que fueran flexibles las reglas de las peticiones. Pro hac vice (L). Estos factores. en forma distinta.). libertad condicional. v. Al mismo tiempo. Tribunal Superior. art. los abogados y los terceros. Causa probable. US system Privileged. Procedural law. privileges and immunities. Probable cause. El procedimiento civil norteamericano evolucionó con el sistema de jurado. El discovery ha jugado un papel predominante en los procedimientos legales estadounidenses. Procedural. Procedural law. el juez norteamericano tiene una discreción considerable en sus decisiones. corren quienes son solamente terceros o terceros interesados. Libertad bajo fianza. Reglas Fed. Que goza de un privilegio. Código de procedimiento. a menudo en los casos de altas compensaciones por daños. Si de la prueba apareciere que existe causa probable para creer que se ha cometido un delito y que el acusado lo cometió. Se usa la expresión para contrastar la suerte que. Los jueces con frecuencia crean una política pública importante y por medio de precedentes regulan aspectos sociales con las sentencias privadas litigiosas. Los ciudadanos de cada Estado disfrutarán de todos los privilegios e inmunidades de los ciudadanos de otros Estados. Determinación de causa probable.g. 91 D. 19 (1964)). El procedimiento civil norteamericano—aunque también su derecho substantivo—es una técnica para resolver específicas controversias legales. Si los hechos aparentes que se desprenden de una declaración jurada ofrecida como base para la expedición de una orden autorizando un registro son de tal naturaleza que una persona prudente y razonable pudiera creer que se ha cometido la ofensa imputada. Sucesorio. Probable cause finding. el cual necesariamente interfiere por ser un elemento no profesional en la administración de justicia y en consecuencia en un cierto grado no es predecible. pero también puede resultar una carga y un procedimiento caro en casos complejos.Procedural law. Investigar. Aunque el juez juega un papel central en el sistema legal norteamericano. Privilegios e inmunidades. Relación entre dos personas que las coloca en una situación jurídica determinada. Procedural code. los efectos de un sistema de jurado deben también ser considerados para entender sus técnicas procesales.1(a). un discovery generoso permite una aplicación estricta de las reglas para terminar el caso. las partes. IV. Derecho procesal. (Regla 5. El Poder Judicial norteamericano tiene un amplio papel social y político.P. Funciona dentro de un sistema extremadamente práctico y dirigido a los hechos y es necesariamente muy flexible y complejo. Sistema estadounidense de procedimiento civil. Privity. 2). Investigación. de Proc. Además. Sin embargo. el discovery tiene doble filo: facilita encontrar la verdad. La audiencia final con el jurado también exige una extensa preparación previa para evitar la sorpresa y la dilación en la audiencia. hay causa probable que justifica la expedición de dicha orden. a su vez. entre otros. Se llama asi la petición que hace un abogado al tribunal requiriendo autorización para intervenir a pesar de no estar matriculado en tal jurisdicción. Crim. La división estructural del procedimiento entre la fase previa a la audiencia y ésta (trial) permitió el desarrollo del sistema previo de apertura de pruebas (discovery) el que. US system. Desde un punto de vista comparado. Proclama. Process in behalf of and against persons not parties. . Proceedings to avoid litigation. Cuando se dictare una orden a favor de una persona que no fuere parte en el pleito. Procedimiento a favor y en contra de personas que no fueren parte. pero también genera problemas éticos y estimula más litigios. Actos para evitar un proceso. pactos de quota litis y la regla general norteamericana que prohibe no cobrarlos (con importantes excepciones en la ley en litigios de interés público) ha provocado el surgimiento de una "barra empresarial. al lado de altas compensaciones al jurado.—ponerle "pagado" u otro cuño. rédito. Proceeds. 65. Su responsabilidad podrá hacerse efectiva mediante moción sin necesidad de un pleito independiente. (R. (C. el sistema en su conjunto está notablemente orientado a favorecer al demandante.C. P. recaudación. gráficos. pues los actores no necesitan gastar los costos asociados con el procedimiento para lograr hacer una gran recuperación. Production of documents and things. P. sec. fotografías. —corregir o anular un asiento o acción errónea con respecto al efecto. v. proclamar. pero la amenaza de una responsabilidad puede conducir a una exagerada vigilancia de actividades útiles socialmente.—anotar un cargo o asiento a la cuenta del cliente. Esta perspectiva contribuye a un clima legal flexible sin las dilaciones legislativas. Proceedings against sureties. Process. generalmente por hora y/o con una proporción alta del monto del éxito. inspeccionar y copiar cualquier documento determinado (incluso escritos. Notificador de órdenes judiciales que trabaja en forma privada. intentos de conciliación. Proceedings to declare heirship. Los abogados norteamericanos están muy bien pagados. este tipo de litigio. bolsa de comercio. diagramas.. ésta estará sujeta al mismo procedimiento para hacer cumplir la orden como si fuera parte. Las audiencias finales pueden ser dramáticas. Proceso de anotación. Producción de documentos y objetos. pero la realidad es que en la mayoría de los casos hay un arreglo. Finalmente. Process. Beneficios. Proclaim. El "proceso de anotación" significa el procedimiento usual seguido por un banco pagador para efectuar el pago de un efecto y registrarlo incluyendo uno o más de los siguientes u otros pasos según lo determine el banco: —verificación de cualquier forma. Proclamation. Publicar. ésta podrá exigir el cumplimiento de la orden por el mismo procedimiento como si fuera parte. sec.Proceedings explican en parte la litigiocidad norteamericana. due. (R. la cultura política norteamericana ha apoyado fuertemente. Procedimiento. dibujos.g. Procedimiento contra fiadores. (Antonio Gidi). y cuando el cumplimiento de una orden pudiere ser exigido legalmente contra una persona que no fuere parte. Process of posting. Fed. Fed. —confirmación de que existen suficientes fondos disponibles. Cualquier parte podrá notificar a cualquier otra una solicitud para producir y permitir a la parte que presentare la solicitud. como una forma positiva de regular la sociedad y cambiar el status quo. Proceso. o a alguien en su nombre. Declaratoria de herederos. 71). frutos ganancia. Produce exchange. La estimación de la prueba en las acciones civiles es "la preponderancia de la evidencia. Cada fiador se someterá a la jurisdicción de la corte e irrevocablemente nombrará al secretario de la corte como su agente a quien le podrán ser notificados todos los escritos que afectasen su responsabilidad en la fianza o garantía.U. Lonja. 4-109)." Esta práctica aumenta el acceso a la justicia para algunos tipos de reclamaciones. Pródigo. acción. Prodigal. Proceedings. Debido processo.. Civ. Altos honorarios a los abogados. sec. utilidad. Civ." lo que hace comparativamente más fácil para los actores satisfacer la carga de la prueba que en los sistemas de derecho civil. actuaciones. Process server.1). Prometer (v). (Unidroit. (R. Civ. sec. Promesa contra la libertad de matrimonio. Promesa es la manifestación de una intención de actuar o de abstenerse de actuar en forma determinada. Prueba de récords oficiales. 44(a)(l). o (ii) de cualquier funcionario extranjero cuya certificación de la autencidad de la firma y del cargo oficial se refiera a la autencidad o fuera parte de una cadena de certificaciones de autenticidad de la firma y del cargo oficial relacionados con la autenticación. Profession. domestic. sec. Una declaración por escrito en el sentido de que después de una búsqueda diligente no pudo encontrarse que existiera un récord o inscripción de un tenor especificado en los registros señalados por la declaración. cuando fueren admisibles para cualquier propósito. Profesión. Determinación del daño por referencia a precio corriente. (Rstmnt. Si la parte agraviada que dio por terminado el contrato no efectuó una operación sucedánea. (Rstmnt. de acuerdo a la norma establecida en protección del demandante. hecha de modo que justifique en el tenedor de la promesa la creencia de que se ha hecho un compromiso. distrito.Proper discos o grabaciones fonográficos y otras compilaciones de datos de los que el demandado pudiera obtener información). arte u oficio. 328A). Principio jurídico sobre la imposibilidad de no honrar una promesa que ha sido tomada seriamente por otra perona. Fed. sec. falta de récord. Promesa. podrán aprobarse mediante publicación oficial de los mismos o mediante su copia. o en cualquier Estado. Products liability. Los récords oficiales extranjeros. Promisorio. Apropiado. (R.. La parte agraviada que dio por terminado el contrato y efectuó una operación sucedánea dentro del término y de una manera razonables.. Con. nacionales. 2nd. sec. Civ. sec. comunidad. Proof of off icial records.5). Promotion. 2nd. Los récords oficiales llevados en Estados Unidos. Pagaré.. Pueba. foreign. correcto. Promise in restraint of marriage. P. En una acción por negligencia. acertado. y acompañada de una certificación de que dicho funcionario tiene la custodia. así como el resarcimiento de cualquier daño adicional. P. 44(b)). Proof of off icial records. Fed.4. podrá recobrar la diferencia entre el precio del con- . territorio o posesión insular del mismo. pero la prestación contractual tiene un precio corriente. lack of record. 2nd. (Rstmnt. Proof of negligence. Proof. trato y el precio de la operación sucedánea. 44(a)(2)).. evidencia. (Unidroit. sec.. y acompañada por una certificación definitiva al respecto de la autencidad de la firma y del cargo oficial (i) de la persona que auténtica. Prueba de récords oficiales. podrán probarse mediante publicación oficial de los mismos mediante copia autenticada por un funcionario que tuviere la custodia legal del récord. así como el resarcimiento de otro daño adicional. cuando fueren admisibles para cualquier propósito. P. Promise. extranjeros. Prueba del daño en caso de una operación sucedánea. Torts. Promissory. art. que contiene una promesa. o una inscripción en los mismos. 2(1). Con. 189)... Promissory estoppel. Una promesa no se puede ejecutar en términos de política pública si atenta irrazonablemente contra la libertad de matrimonio. Una promesa puede ser hecha tanto en forma oral como escrita o puede inferirse total o parcialmente de la conducta. Prueba de negligencia. o por su delegado. Civ. vale. (R. Ascenso. Prin. Promissory note.4. Prueba de récords oficiales. el demandante tiene la carga de probar hechos que demuestren la existencia de un deber legal de parte del demandado. 429 Proof of harm in case of replacement transaction. 7. art. Proof of official records. será admisible como evidencia de que los registros no contienen tal récord o inscripción. Responsabilidad objetiva por defecto de las mercaderías o servicios que se producen o que se comercian. dicha parte podrá recuperar la diferencia entre el precio del contrato y el precio corriente al tiempo de la terminación del contrato. 4). Fed. Proper.6). autenticada por una persona autorizada para ello. 7. Prin. Proof of harm by current price. Property insurance Property insurance. Derecho de propiedad. de exclusividad. Podrá hacerse después que dicha persona se considere satisfactoriamente informada. Un protesto es un certificado de que no se ha hecho honor a un instrumento hecho bajo la dirección y sello de un cónsul o vicecónsul de los Estados Unidos o de un notario público o de otra persona autorizada para certificar que no se ha hecho honor a tenor con las leyes del lugar en donde ocurre el deshonor. Prosecute. perturbación. con excepción de protección de seguro de responsabilidad que pueda incluirse en la misma. Protesto. podrá dictar cualquier orden que se requiera en justicia para proteger a las partes o personas contra hostigamiento. y contra pérdida como consecuencia de tales pérdidas o daños.R. Saltari. Orden protectora. Provocación al acusado de asesinato por el occiso. "Seguro de propiedad" es el seguro de toda clase de bienes raíces o muebles. y por justa causa justificada. Provocation of the accused of murder by 430 .Fed. Derechos propietarios. Derechos reales. Protestar (v). P. 83 D.C. Causa desencadenante. el juicio y la sentencia final. Estos últimos se subdividen en possesory estafes que confieren un derecho de posesión en el presente.P. la corte ante al cual el pleito estuviere pendiente o alternativamente. e interés sobre los mismos. Prosecution. marcario. the deceased. u future estates. A moción de parte o de la persona de quien se solicita el descubrimiento. Property law. Bajo la condición de. sin la debida reflexión y sin formar un determinado propósito (Pueblo v. El complejo sistema de propiedad que caracterizaba el derecho de tierras inglés en la época de la Revolución fue adoptado casi en su totalidad en los Estados Unidos. contra pérdida o daños por cualquier riesgo o causa. Proprietary interest. sec. Seguro de propiedad también incluirá seguros misceláneos. Protesta (s). e incluye una serie de procedimientos desde el momento en que se hace la acusación formal al jurarse un mandamiento. Proviso. Protesto por falta de pago. 486 (1961)).R. En primer lugar se distinguen los derechos que restringen la facultad de otros al uso de la tierra (por ejemplo: servidumbres y privilegios) de los que conferir derecho real de posesión. artículo. agente fiscal. Para reducir el delito de asesinato a homicidio voluntario. orden. Proprietary. Protest for nonpayment. Protocolo. Fiscal. disposición. (C. Provisions and munitions of war. Precepto.sec. etc. Provision. Civ. la presentación de una acusación por el gran jurado (indictment) o por el fiscal "(nformation). Mercadería sobre la cual se tiene algún derecho adicional como ser. matrícula. Proprietary article. 3-509). (Intro al USA). cuyo tenedor se convertirá o podrá convertirse en poseedor en el futuro. la provocación del acusado de asesinato por el occiso tiene que ser aquélla de naturaleza tal que haga perder el dominio de sí mismo a un hombre de temperamento corriente obligándolo a actuar por el impulso producido por notable provocación. que no sea una responsabilidad legal no contractual por tales pérdidas o daños. Proprietary right. opresión o carga o gastos indebidos (R. Prosecuting witness. Acción penal. registro. Vélez López. Comenzar y continuar una acción judicial.P. 26(c)). Denunciante en un proceso penal. El protesto deberá describir al instrumento y certificar que se hizo debida presentación a la razón por la cual es innecesaria y que no se ha hecho honor al instrumento por falta de aceptación o de pago. 100 D. Protest. Protocol.. Propietario. (Pueblo v. dispositivo. Seguro de propiedad. en materias relacionadas con una deposición la corte del distrito en que se tome la deposición. (26 LPRA sec. El término "pros-ecution" se ha definido como el medio adoptado para traer a un supuesto criminal a la justicia y castigarlo. 703(1971)).U. siguiendo el debido curso de la ley. Protective order. Municiones de boca y guerra. Proximate cause. 404). Prosecutor. derechos reales o personales sobre la cosa. Torts. Public domain. Punitive damages. Publicación de evento privado. public. Funcionario o empleado público. "Es a menudo conveniente caracterizar una demanda en particular como apoyada en derechos públicos o privados. Public record. Apercibir. Cargo oficial. No se recibirá indemnización punitiva por incumplimiento de contrato a menos que la conducta constitutiva del incumplimiento sea también un daño que conlleva la responsabilidad civil extracontractual por el cual se pueda recibir indemnización punitiva. Put on notice. intención. conjunto de personas que. Indemnización punitiva. 821 B). 2nd. Seguridad pública. Public contract. de fiesta. Público. y sin duda esta clasificación de cómodo. Public documenta. sec.g. sec. finalidad. que pertenece al Estado. Como no existen tribunales que se ocupen de temas de derecho público hay pocas ocasiones en que la distinción tenga importancia práctica. Dominio público. será sujeta a responsabilidad ante el otro por una invasión a su privacidad si el asunto publicado: a) es de tal naturaleza que resulte altamente ofensivo a una persona razonable. propaganda. Public holidays. Puberty. Public notice. 431 . Entidad de derecho público. Delegación de poderes o facultades. (Intro al USA). 2nd. Public office. Punish. de cierto rango. Terrenos fiscales. Como ha afirmado la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos. Una persona que le dé publicidad a algún asunto concerniente a la vida privada de otro.Pyromania Proxy. Pubertad. Public and prívate law. Aviso al público en general. colectivamente.. Public official. Public Corporation. Public easement. Pero por lo común la importancia real y las consecuencias jurídicas de ambos términos dependerá del contexto y de la naturaleza de los intereses en virtud de los cuales se los invoca". una empresa estatal o una circunscripción municipal. Pyromania. Interés público. Uso público. gozan de ciertos derechos (s). Public lands. v. Publicity given to prívate life. Putativo. Publicidad. Public auction. Propósito. ánimo. 355). 2nd. Public nuisance. Torts. Contrato público. Derecho público y privado. Empleado estatal. Pursuant to. realizado con fondos públicos. Una molestia pública es la interferencia irrazonable con un derecho común del público en general. Público. Piromanía. Public international law. que pertenece a todos. Con arreglo a. (Rstmnt. 652 D). La división del Derecho sustantivo en derecho público y derecho privado es frecuente. Purpose. Public policy. Derecho internacional público. Public use. Castigar. con facultades para realizar actos que sobrepasan la mera administración o trámite. fin. sec. acordemente con. Molestia pública. aunque su utilidad es menos evidente que la de la distinción entre sustancia y procedimiento. Public safety. Servidumbre de uso público. penalizar. Política perseguida por el estado. y b) no constituye un interés o una injusticia legítima del público. Con. (Rstmnt. Putative. Public interest. remate. (Rstmnt. Publicity. Subasta pública. El conjunto de habitantes de una nación o de una jurisdicción. Derecho público. Public law. Interés estatal. puesto electivo. Public servant. Documentos públicos. es valida para ciertos fines. Días feriados. Documento público que puede ser consultado por cualquier persona y que ha sido creado por disposición de la ley. cuestionar (v). Questionnaire. Quiet title.. llamado también King's Bench. cuarto (s). Cuestionario. facultad. Quitam action (L). Quantum meruit (L). Cotización. el actor ha realizado trabajos para el demandado basándose en un contrato. Quare clausum fregit (L). cl.Q Q. Quitclaim deed. si el monarca es un rey. Forma de causar efecto de cosa juzgada sobre derechos propietarios demandando a quien pretende mejores derechos.fr. Goce pacífico. Instrumento de venta de un inmueble que no acuerda al comprador recurso alguno contra el vendedor. Quotation. calidad. Suele hallarse también bajo forma abreviada como qu. Quarantine. Quasipublic. con esta modalidad el vendedor no responde por vicio redhibitorio alguno ni tampoco si no resulta ser el verdadero dueño. Acción de jactancia. Desmembrar (v). Suponiendo que el contrato adolece de serios defectos y no puede sustentar una acción. Cuestión de hecho. con lo que se lo obliga a probar un mejor derecho o. que le compete al Estado en su función protectora de los derechos de los ciudadanos.B. Trimestre. a no cuestionar nunca más el derecho que alega el actor. Questionary. Es un procedimiento. Quo warranto (L). Revocar un fallo. Por ejemplo.. contrariamente. 432 .c. Acción jurídica residual que se usa a falta de otra teoria aplicable al caso. o K. Tipo de acción entablada por un individuo en favor propio y también del Estado.f. Cualidad. Question of fact. tribuna] ingles. o Queen's Bench Division. Literalmente significa "cuanto merece". Cuestión de derecho. Expresión usada en la acción por violación a la propiedad (trespass). Quorum. Cuarentena. o q. calificación. Por lo que penetró en un lugar cerrado. el actor puede apoyar su demanda en la teoria de quantum meruit. Quiet enjoyment. o acción. Question. Quash. Por ejemplo. Queen's Bench. Cuestionario. ¿Con qué derecho? ¿Con qué autoridad? Procedimiento que se seguía contra la persona que había usurpado un derecho o una atribución propia del rey. Cuasipúblico. Poner en duda. Quarter. Quorum. Preguntar (s).B. Question of law. Qualification. Siempre que esta ley requiera hacer alguna cosa dentro de un término razonable. La conducta de un actor se considera inobservancia temeraria de la seguridad de los demás si ejecuta un acto o si intencionalmente incurre en una omisión con relación a un deber que tiene frente a otro individuo. Torts. tipo de cambio de moneda extranjera. Cambio en la estructura de distritos electorales como consecuencia de una suba o baja en la población. Rapist.. Todo pleito se tramitará a nombre de la parte realmente interesada. intervalo.I. Reciprocidad.C. Reciprocity.O. Racket. (Rstmnt. recreo. Recordar. tierras. Abogado que consigue los clientes en un bufete jurídico. Oponer una defensa. Redada. Receso. Reasonable man standard. Rescate. inmueble. Ready for trial. Reapportionment. Raise capital. ya sea por su buen trabajo jurídico. que puede ser más o menos grave según el caso. Recess.R R. Reciprocal wills. 2nd. Es el motivo expreso y directo por el cual el juez fallo de la forma en que lo hizo. Acción sistemática ilegal. Solicitar y obtener contribuciones de capital. Reciprocar. sino tam- 433 . 11). Recisión. La conducta que es dable esperar de una persona razonable. Rescatar. Violación o abuso sexual. Tipo de descuento. Ratio decidendi (L). Correr. Receiver. Rango. Reciprocally. Raza. Aguas pluviales. Relatado. que no sólo su conducta crea un riesgo irrazonable de que otro individuo sufra daño corporal. Recapture. Razón para decidir. Represamiento. Rate. Parte interesada razonable. Ratif ¡catión. sec. 17(a)). Listo para todas las etapas del juicio. Receivership. Rate of discount. Persona que recibe algo oficialmente en nombre de otra. son de tal naturaleza. Tasa de interés (s). Recital. Tiempo Real party in interest. sec. Cree razonablemente. Ratificación. Sindicatura. ya sea por sus buenas relaciones públicas. (R. Bien raíz. Violación. Receipt. Racista. Civ. Reasonable time. Ver obiter dicta. como lo haría un hombre razonable. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. Obedece al imperativo de igualdad de representación establecido por el Artículo 1. Inobservancia temeraria de la seguridad. Reckless disregard of safety. (C. cuando sabe o tiene motivos fundados para creer. Raise a defense. reasonabiy. Carrera. considerandos. Violador. Race. propiamente dicha. Es la creencia del actor de que existe un hecho particular o una combinación de hechos. mutuamente. numeral 2 de la Constitución americana. relación. Reasonabiy believes. Fed. Recited. mediante la oferta pública de acciones. Devolución solicitada por el fabricante o por el vendedor de un producto por haberse descubierto que es peligroso o que está fallado. Ley para combater los delitos económicos perpetrados en forma organizada. que llevan a un hombre razonable a sostener tal creencia o convencimiento. v. Raid. Síndico.g. Testamentos recíprocos. Ransom.C. Real estáte. Evaluar (v). Racist. Recission. y que las circunstancias que éste conoce o debe conocer. Lanzar una redada. Rape. Relato. Recall. P.U. sec. cualquier término que no fuere manifiestamente irrazonable podrá pactarse. Rainmaker. oportunamente. 1204). Ravishment. Recibo. Rain water. Solicitar la devolución de algo. (Rstmnt. Refutation. Record.5). Redress. Regicidio. papeleo. Circuntancias relevantes. Redemption. sec. Reembolsar. (20 LPRAsec. Redhibitory vice. Reinstatement. Referee. Registrar. Reinsurance. Recurrencia. Reduction. actas (s). Related. Prin. Denegación. Registro. Referendum. Relation. rebaja. Recurso. (Unidroit. Relevant circumstances. Reimburse.. incluso: (a) las negociaciones previas entre las partes. Redemption of a mortgage. Terreno saneado. Vicio redhibitorio. Rejection of offer. 500). temeridad.272). Atenuación del daño. La parte incumplidora no es responsable del daño sufrido por la parte agraviada en cuanto éste podía haberlo reducido adoptando medidas razonables que no adoptó. Rechazo de la oferta. negación. (d) la naturaleza y finalidad del contrato. Con. (Rstmnt. Expediente de apelación. Register. Refutación. indicando que una prestación debida al otorgante es liberada inmediatamente. Reembolso. Ello será así en lo concerniente a las partes involucradas en forma inmediata y a la causa de acción. Release. Matrícula. 7. Autos. Cancelación de una hipoteca. Restituir. Relacionado. Registrar un título. Regencia. Regency. indemnificar. Registration. réplica. Regicide. obtener. Reduction of harm. 434 . Registrar una marca. registrar (v). Conflict. será reconocido en los Estados Unidos. Duplica. Reembolsar. Documento escrito. restablecimiento. Registrar. Reaseguro. Torts. Prin. Refund. Prin. Regular hours. luego de un juicio válido con un procedimiento equitativo. Reduction and extension. Burocracia.. Reparar. Quita y espera. negativa rechazo. Anotar. compensar. Empresa vinculada. Una sentencia válida emitida en una nación extranjera. Register a trademark. Escribano de actuaciones. Reinstate. inscribir. Refugiado. Recording clerk. Redención. Records and files. Disminución.3). (c) la conducta observada por las partes luego de celebrarse el contrato. Recuperar. Refugee. reposición. Arbitrar. cobrar. Record of attachment. Registration number. art. matriculación. Rejoinder. rehabilitar. Referendum. Vínculo familiar. prueba escrita. Redundante. rechazamiento. desempeño. reducción. Imprudencia. (Unidroit. devolver. (b) las prácticas que ellas hayan establecido entre sí. Caja registradora. Reclaimed land. Related company. inscripción. La oferta se extingue cuando la comunicación de su rechazo llega al oferente. sec. Reinstalación. Reformatory. Red tape. Reconocimiento de sentencia extranjera. vicio oculto. Redundant. Recording. Regente. Reformatorio. Recognition of foreign nation judgments. Arbitro. 284(1)). Registrador. legajos. inscripción. 4. Regent.. Register a title. terreno ganado a las aguas. Liberación. art. (Rstmnt.Recklessness bien que tal riesgo es sustancialmente mayor que el creado por una conducta negligente.4. Horas regulares. Son horas regulares de trabajo ocho horas durante cualquier período de 24 horas consecutivas y 40 horas durante cualquier semana. Record on appeal. Registro. Recourse. Recover.8). Recurrence. matricu-lación. 98). Deberán tomarse en consideración todas las circunstancias. innecesario. Refusal.. rehabilitación. Actuaciones. resarcir. reintegrar. o al cumplimiento de una condición. Anotación de embargo. art. sec. rescate. Relación. 2nd. Recklessness. expediente judicial. (Unidroit. Protocolización. registro. 2. 2nd. 2nd. 2nd. una parte contraria podrá requerirla en ese momento para que someta cualquier otra parte u otro escrito u otra declaración que en justicia deban ser considerados coetáneamente con los mismos. Judg. Si el juez juzga que las reparaciones acordadas por el jurado son irrazonablemente altas. Relief from a judgment in the course of a subsequent action. conveniente o apropiado mediante otro procedimiento. abdicar. (Rstmnt. Cualquiera de las partes podrá dar por anulado un contrato. desorientación del jurado. Judg. Derechos y acciones por incumplimiento. Si se desea atacar una sentencia. pérdida de tiempo o innecesaria presentación o prueba acumulativa. Evidencia pertinente significa aquélla que tiende a hacer la existencia de cualquier hecho que es de importancia para la decisión de la acción más probable o menos probable de lo que sería sin la evidencia. sin entusiasmo. abandonar. Relinquish. Remedy. o por consideraciones de demoras indebidas. Aunque pertinente. (Regla 401. Remedio legal. dimitir.. declarar la sentencia inefectiva. (Unidroit. confusión de los hechos. sec. Devolver un caso al tribunal inferior para que éste dicte una nueva sentencia concordante con la opinión expresada por el tribunal de alzada.. R. (Unidroit. Evidencia pertinente excluida.). se puede atacar dicha sentencia presentando las alegaciones y prueba apropiadas en la acción subsiguiente si el solicitante no tiene disponibles otros medios para atacar la sentencia. Evid. Fed. Fed. art. Remainder. 2nd. Relief from judgment by motion. Ataque contra una sentencia mediante acción independiente.). no habría contratado o lo habría hecho en términos sustancialmente diferentes en caso de haber conocido la realidad de las cosas. 3. o si se favorece la administración conveniente de la justicia decidiendo sobre la cuestión del remedio en la acción subsiguiente o posterior. Remisión. (Regla 106. sec. Reubicación. 80). Resto de escrito o declaraciones. si los hechos en los que basa su pretensión le otorgan o le podrían haber otorgado derechos y acciones por incumplimiento del contrato.sec. Cuando un escrito o declaración grabada o parte de los mismos sean sometidos como evidencia por una parte. 78). (Regla 403. Ataque contra una sentencia mediante petición. Evid. puede disminuirlas por medio de un procedimiento denominado remittitur y disponer un nuevo juicio si las Relief from judgment by independent action. Judg. Renunciar. Error relevante.5). 2nd. Lo que resta de los derechos reales luego de haberse dispuesto específicamente sobre algunos. reinstalación. Prin. Relocation. Reacio. (Rstmnt. solamente si al momento de su celebración el error fue de tal magnitud que una persona razonable y colocada en la misma situación. la evidencia podrá ser excluida si su valor probatorio pesa sustancialmente menos que el peligro de causar un perjuicio indebido. Fed. Remittitur (L).. deberá hacerse mediante una petición a tales fines ante el tribunal que dictó sentencia. Relevant mistake. R. desganadamente. 79). 3. Relevant evidence excluded. Evidencia pertinente..). Reluctant. o 435 4 3 5 . Remainder of related writings or recorded statements. Si una alegación o defensa dentro de una acción subsiguiente están basadas en una sentencia previa. art. Ataque contra una sentencia durante una acción subsiguiente. Prin. Evid. renuncia. Remand. a menos que se pueda obtener algún remedio más completo. perdón. Remanente. R. dejar. Si no resulta conveniente atacar una sentencia mediante petición en la acción original. (Rstmnt. La parte equivocada no puede dar por anulado el contrato invocando error. Remedies for nonperformance.Remittitur Relevant evidence. Remission. basándose en error. 402. dicha sentencia se puede atacar mediante una acción que tenga como efecto dejar de hacer cumplir la sentencia. Reliante. Conducta seguida en contemplación de lo expresado por la otra parte..7). quita. algún otro remedio similar. Reorganization. Suspensión de una pena o de un castigo. Reprieve. (Unidroit. Conflict. (Rstmnt. Representative.2. Derogación de leyes. Replication. Reparación y reemplazo de cumplimiento defectuoso. Literalmente. Requerir. cesantía. Requirement. Réplica. Representación en casos penales. Réplica. por ejemplo inmediatemente luego de un accidente. exigencia. retaliación. Report. cuando haya lugar a ello.Remittitur damma partes no aceptan la modificación. Lo espontaneo de tal declaración. cosas hechas. Renuncia. Res gestae (L). rent. exceptuándose de la prohibición del testimonio referido. Removal. Renew. Reply. Request for admissions. Representation. 8). Pliego para absolver posiciones. información oral o escrita. Destitución. recompensa. bajo circunstancias trágicas. Repudio. reporte. (Intro-ducciónal Sistema Legal de USA). según se ha informado. Ello dará al tenedor de una obligación una reclamación de daños por incumplimiento total. Repeal of laws. Remote. solicitud. Repatriation. Request. como la conducta del . Rental. (Rstmnt. La cosa habla por sí misma. Un abogado particular puede aceptar o negarse a hacerse cargo de un caso independientemente de su opinión acerca de la inocencia del acusado. Alegar nuevamente. remoción. Solicitud de confesión o de admission. 250). Replevin. 7. Reorganización. prorrogar. indicando que el obligado cometerá incumplimiento. Representatíon in criminal cases. Repatriación.. Entregar. Render. despido. Repealing clause. El derecho de exigir el cumplimiento incluye. Reprender. Representar. Repeat offender. le daría valor probatorio mayor. Reprimand. Se trata de algo dicho en un estado de exaltación. Representante. Podrá inferirse que el daño sufrido por el demandante es causado por la negligencia del demandado cuando: a) el acto o evento es uno que de ordinario no ocurre en ausencia de negligencia. Recuperar la posesión. Respuesta. Solicitar. Reprimenda. Se usa para justificar la excepción que admite el testimonio por referencia. el derecho de exigir la reparación. Prin. Reo con antecedentes penales. El repudio es una declaración del obligado al tenedor de una obligación. El acusado esta representado de ordinario por un abogado. paga. Solicitud. Cláusula derogatoria. 2nd. Remoto. Requisition. Requerimiento. Reparaciones. abandono. Remuneración. Requisito. Con. Repairs. Repair and replacement of defective performance. Remittitur damna (L). Reenvío. Renta. retorsión. extender. Renvoi. Renunciation. tomar algo para su uso público en tiempo de emergencia. Un foro aplica la ley local del otro Estado cuando se rige por su propia regla de conflicto de leyes para aplicar la ley del otro Estado.. 436 Reportedly. Repayment. Acción para recobrar propiedad mueble. Arrendar (v). sec. Reprisal. Repeal by implication. Replead. (Intro al USA). Recursos renovables. Reputable.3). producer. De buena reputación. Derogación tácita. diputado. Represent. recidivista. Represalia. Removal of actions. reintegro. Informar. alquiler. Res ipsa loquitur (L). Repossess. arriendo (s). b) la defensa de causas interventoras. 2nd. Traslado de pleitos. art. Repudiation. Renewable resources. Representación. Supuestamente. sec. el reemplazo u otra purga del cumplimiento defectuoso. Renovar. eliminación. compensación. Informe. Remuneration. Devolución de dinero. Declaración del actor en el sentido de haber recibido pago de parte de la indemnización que la sentencia le ha acordado. lejano. repudiación. Se entiende por "fondo de reserva" un fondo formado o aumentado bien por derrame entre los accionistas. pero también queda obligada la empresa para la cual trabaja tal conductor. si choca el conductor de un medio de transporte. Atentado contra la libertad de comercio. Rescición. Una promesa no se puede ejecutar en términos de política pública si atenta contra la libertad de comercio en forma irrazonable. Interponer un recurso o un argumento. contratos. sec. 328 D). Residencia.6). Residence. Significa que los subordinados generan responsabilidad civil. limitar. acordada. Restraint of trade. para propósitos de evitar confusión. edicto. 7. y por el total de las primas obtenidas en la venta de acciones. bando. Demandado. hacia sus superiores. Restituciones. Prohibición a la que el vendedor sujeta al comprador de un inmueble de no venderlo durante cierto período o de cierta forma. Por ejemplo. Rescisorio. y c) la alegada negligencia está dentro del ámbito del deber del demandado hacia el demandante. propiedad." profesores de leyes eminentes que fueron asistidos por un grupo de asesores en el que se contaban profesores. cualquiera que sea mayor. Judgments. Literalmente significa "responde el superior. Reserve fund. Rest the case.3. de aproximarse al cónyuge que radicó demanda de divorcio. Responsibility. siempre y cuando restituya concurrentemente lo que recibió. Con. 3). Restringir. dentro del área de sus funciones. Residual value. Resort. Decreto. Valor residual. Res judicata (L). Por ejemplo.. (Rstmnt. auto. instancia. etc. de enajenar ciertos bienes. hechos ilícitos y fideicomisos. Reventa. (Unidroit. sec. parte contra la cual se apela. prohibir. ni tampoco podrá utilizarse para el pago de dividendos si tal pago reduce el fondo de reserva a menos del diez por ciento (10%) del total de los depósitos. contener. 437 . 2nd. sec. "sentencia final y firme" incluye cualquier adjudicación previa de alguna controversia en otra acción que demuestra ser lo suficientemente firme como para tener efectos concluyentes. bien por transferencias de los beneficios líquidos o de los beneficios sin distribuir del banco. Residuary estate.. Restraint on alienation. Restatement of the Law. Responsible. cuyo fondo no podrá utilizarse para enjugar las pérdidas de operación del banco mientras haya algún saldo disponible en la cuenta de beneficios sin distribuir.Restraint on alienation propio demandante y terceras personas. Remanente de los bienes. Restraining order. (7 LPRA sec." Respondent. Rescind. No obstante. del Derecho en que la jurisprudencia predominada y la aplicación de leyes estaduales divergentes es mínima: el mandato. (Rstmnt. Este documento abarca aquellos campos Rescissory. Resale. art. Responsabilidad. Interdicto de realizar ciertos actos. abogados practicantes y jueces. se proverá una compensación en dinero. Restitution. 2nd. De no ser posible o apropiada la restitución en especie. no pueden sostenerse con la evidencia presentada. fallos. Se usa esta expresión en el área de responsabilidad extracon-tractual. Restrain. resolución. (Cari). Recurso. Cosa juzgada. Torts. restitución de bienes. Rescission. Second. no sólo puede el mismo quedar obligado personalmente a reparar los danos. Respondeat superior (L). Conclusión del alegato final. Prin. (Restatement. 13). Investigar. Resolution. Las reglas de res judicata se aplican sólo cuando un tribunal dicta sentencia que adviene final y firme. Investigación. Rescindir. o al total del capital del banco. Cualquiera de las partes puede reclamar a la otra a la terminación del contrato la restitución de todo lo que haya entregado en razón de dicho contrato. Research. siempre que sea razonable. El Restatement en cada uno de estos campos fue elaborado por uno o mas "redactores. conflicto de leyes. Responsable. 186). Fondo de reserva. ingreso Reverse discrimination. Vender al por menor. retornar. Restrictive endorsement. (1) Revenue. dar a conocer. Planilla (s)..C. o c) incluya las palabras "para cobrar. Copropiedad con derechos de propiedad absoluta para el copropietario sobreviviente. Reveal. Retractable.. Derecho. potestad. Derecho a adecuada garantía de cumplimiento. 438 Retroactive effect of avoidance. vuelta. Revocation of of fer.Restrictive covenant Restrictive covenant. Sistema de retiro. castigo. Efecto retroactivo de la anulación. (R. prerrogativa. Reversion. Revival of debt. sec. 2-608). Correcto. Retroactive effect." o términos similares que indiquen el propósito de depósito o cobranza. retirarse. Cuando surjan motivos razonables de inseguridad con respecto al cumplimiento de cualquiera de las partes la otra podrá demandar por escrito la garantía adecuada del cumplimiento debido y hasta que reciba tal seguridad podrá. Retribution. documento adicional.U." "pagúese a cualquier banco. Rider. Retorsión. volver (v). Discriminación realizada contra un miembre de la raza dominante o mayoritaria. Minoreo. Retener.g. Civ. Retail. Revocación total o parcial de aceptación. Efecto retroactivo. Retribución. Retainer fee. Retorsion. (2) La anulación del contrato habilita a cada parte para pedir la restitución de lo entregado conforme al contrato o a las cláusulas que sean anuladas. Deuda revivida. Trabajador jubilado. Right. Cualquier oferta puede ser revocada hasta que el contrato se celebre. revaluación. retirar. Right of survivorship. Un endoso es restrictivo ya a) sea condicional." "para depositar. P. revocar. siempre que proceda concurrentemente a restituir lo recibido conforme al contrato o a dichas cláusulas. Endoso restrictivo.4). (Unidroit. Entrada de dinero o bienes. descubrir. Retain. sec. la de trabajar para la competencia. Anexo. Sevidumbre de paso.3-206). Retractar. Revaluation. y. 2.U. o d) exprese de otro modo que es para el beneficio o uso del endosante o de otra persona. 4(g)). Reverter. Retirement system. La persona que diligencie el emplazamiento presentará sin demora en la corte la prueba de tal diligenciamiento. v. Revelar. pensionado. Right of way. Reversión de derechos reales al enajenante. Retracción. art. (C. 205. suspender cual- . Retired worker. art. si fuere co-mercialmente razonable.C. a más tardar. Retraction. Retract.17). si la comunicación de su revocación llega al destinatario antes de que éste haya enviado la aceptación. Prin. Prueba del diligenciamiento. Derecho de tanteo. o b) tenga la intención de prohibir el traspaso posterior del instrumento. Return. Prin. Acuerdo que restringe una libertad. Retire. Reversión. Jubilarse. El comprador podrá revocar su aceptación de un lote o unidad comercial cuya no-conformidad sustancialmente menoscababa el valor de éste o ésta en su perjuicio si ya ha aceptado:—en el supuesto razonable de que la no-conformidad fuese subsanada y no la ha sido oportunamente-o—sin descubrir dicha no-conformidad si su aceptación estuvo razonablemente inducida por la dificultad del descubrimiento antes de la aceptación o por las afirmaciones del vendedor. (Unidroit. Revocation of acceptance in whole or in part.. (C. rectificación. sec. anulable. dentro del plazo durante el cual la persona emplazada habrá de responder al emplazamiento. Retractable. Right to adequate assurance of performance. Revocación de la oferta. La anulación tendrá efectos retroactivos. Se configura al contrato de venta imponer una obligación en cada una de las partes de que la probabilidad de la otra parte de recibir el cumplimiento adecuado no se perjudicará. Fed. exponer. Right of preemption. Pago anticipado de honorarios de abogado. Revalúo. 3. Devolver. Rigging Aparejo. divulgar. La regla de proximidad—la que extiende la aplicabilidad de la regla en la propiedad del patrono—hace compensable bajo la Ley de Compensaciones por Accidentes del Trabajo las lesiones sufridas por un obrero en un accidente que le ocurrió en la proximidad de la propiedad del patrono. Realeza. Riparian nations. Cauce. (C.U. River bed.R. que expone a dicho obrero a riesgos especiales.U. pero—si no se requiere que la entregue en un lugar de destino determinado y las mercancías fueren allí formalmente ofrecidas mientras estuvieren en posesión del porteador.). el riesgo de pérdida pasará al comprador cuando las mercancías sean entregadas debidamente al porteador aunque el embarque sea bajo reserva. lusto. 843). cuando la ruta a seguir por el obrero lesionado es la única disponible o una conveniente. Lista. y el estado está obligado a proveerlo. Proximidad.C. 94 D. (C. sec. regla de la. Roadstead. Royalty. Rito. Gobernar. Risk of loss in the absence of breach. Roman law. Reglas Fed. Tierra ribereña. (Rstmnt. Regalía. (Valentín Nadal v. 2nd. como por ejemplo. A partir del caso Gideon v. Derecho a designar abogado. Regla. Aguas vivas. 659 (1967)). Crim. Robbery.P. legal. Rule. Estado de desarrollo en el que se haya una cuestión litigiosa que hace oportuna la intervención del tribunal de alzada. (Intro al USA). Rural and town property. Roster. Rogatory letter. lista. Hiparían land. sea o no parte del lecho o fondo de la vía de agua o lago. exhorto. la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos ha sostenido que los acusados indigentes (salvo en el caso de delitos menores) tienen derecho a un defensor de acuerdo a la Constitución tanto en el ámbito de los tribunales federales como en el de los estaduales. Decisión o sentencia interlocutoria. Derecho a asistencia jurídica. 2-509. Derecho romano. Comisión Industrial. pero el tribunal superior interviene una sola vez al final. Naciones riparias. Riesgo de pérdida en ausencia de infracción. a menos que renunciare al derecho a tal designación. 439 . Ripeness. Fincas rústicas y urbanas. Registro. Torts. norma a seguir (s).C. asalto. formalidad. Robo. documento. mandar (v). Roll. 335 (1963). Rightful.S. Rule of proximity. de Proc.Rural and town property quier cumplimiento por el cual no haya recibido la contraprestación acordada. Ensenada. Normalmente la apelación en Estados Unidos se acuerda a medida que se vayan atacando las diversas resoluciones inter-locutorias. canon. Todo acusado imposibilitado de obtener abogado tendrá derecho a que se le designe abogado que lo represente en todos los trámites del proceso desde su comparecencia inicial ante el magistrado federal o la corte hasta la apelación. 2-609). Right to legal counsel. Running water. tradición jurídica romana o continental. sec. Cuando el contrato requiere o autoriza al vendedor a embarcar las mercancías por medio de un porteador:—si no se requiere de él que las entregue en un lugar determinado. Rite. (Regla 44(a). legajo. Estados con una frontera fluvial común. Right to assign counsel. 2-510). Carta rogatoria. Ruling. El término "tierra ribereña" se refiere a un pedazo de tierra que constituye la orilla de una vía de agua o lago. Wain-wright. 372 U. sec. el riesgo de pérdida pasará al comprador cuando las mercancías fueren ofrecidas allí en tal forma que permita al comprador recibir la entrega. un cruce de ferrocarril. Ahorrar. Caja fuerte. Esquizofrenia. Violación de normas de seguridad. Schedule. Sadismo. Sales. Seguridad. Cuentas de ahorro. Schism. las mercancías recibidas a venta o devolución mientras se encuentren en posesión del comprador. Saquear. 2nd. sec. Venta o devolución. (C. Sale for a fixed price. Fórmula Schmutz. Safety at sea. rescatar. Salable. Sanctuary. código de comercio uniforme. las mercancías recibidas a prueba no estarán sujetas a reclamaciones de los acreedores del comprador hasta que sean aceptadas. Se entiende por "cuenta de ahorro" aquéllas en que.C. Satisfactiun of judgment. Una persona que ilegalmente venda o supla a un cónyuge una droga adictiva. avise al banco a tal efecto con más de treinta (30) días de antelación. 696). Venta por precio alzado. uniform commercial code. estarán sujetas a reclamaciones de los acreedores del comprador.C. Planear. Safe box. Sancionar (v). si el comprador puede devolver las mercancías aunque éstas estén de acuerdo con el contrato. Sale on approval. Sabotaje (s). de acuerdo con el Reglamento del Banco. Savings account.C. programar algún evento en el tiempo. Sadism. Establecer una entrevista. Escasez. a sabiendas de que su uso causará daño a cualesquiera de los intereses maritales legalmente protegidos del otro cónyuge. Salary. aunque contiene reglas para el traspaso.Sabotage. lista. Sanction. Venta a un cónyuge de drogas adictivas. En el campo de expropiación forzosa desígnase como fórmula Schmutz aquella formula . Despedir del trabajo. programa. Salvamento. Safety. sueldo. será sujeto a responsabilidad por el daño causado por la droga 440 s a aquellos intereses. Save. la transacción será: una "venta o devolución" si las mercancías se entregan principalmente para reventa. desabastecimiento. Cisma. Salvar. Santuario. sec. Sack. Seguridad en el mar. (7 LPRA sec. Scheme. Excepto lo dispuesto subsiguientemente. La modificación principal es eliminar el énfasis en el traspaso del título o dominio. 2-326). Venta a prueba. Sabotear (v). Salvo pacto en contrario. la transacción será una "venta a prueba" si las mercancías se entregan principalmente para su uso. Sacrilege. Con respecto ala Uniform Sales Act y Negotiable Instruments Law el Artículo 2 del Código Uniforme simplemente pone al día esta materia adiciona algunas nuevas reglas de importancia que se extrajeron de casos prácticos y usos de comercio. Prefacio). Sanción (s).U. Sale to spouse of habit-forming drug. Schízophrenia. Schmutz formula. Saving clause. Plan. recuperar. 2-326). a salvo. Torts. Sale on return. Safety violation. Cláusula de salvedad. Scarcity. a menos que el otro cónyuge consienta a la adquisición o uso de esa droga. sec. horario. si el comprador puede devolver las mercancías aunque éstas estén de acuerdo con el contrato. Salario. éste tiene la facultad de exigir al depositante que antes de efectuar cualquier retiro de fondos de dicha cuenta. (Rstmnt. Cumplimiento de sentencia. Caja fuerte. (C. Safe. Seguro.U. Salvar. Apéndice. Sacrilegio.U. (C. Ventas. Salvage. remedios para las partes contratantes y detalla los riesgos entre ellas mediante reglas especiales basadas en general en la manera en que se verifican las operaciones. Salvo pacto en contrario. Vendible. 3). el campor de cobertura. Seaman. 100 D. c) se realiza. 100 D. Un sello es una manifestación en forma tangible y convencional de la intención de que un documento sea sellado. Seasonable. Escritor. 844 (1971)). v. Scienter (L). Lecho maritime. por lo menos en parte. Scope of employment. Despreciar. sec. Sello del juzgado. Registros e incautaciones. 147(1971)). Con. 2nd. (Intro al USA). Sello. Récords sellados. 228). Entonces el secretario sellará el indiciamiento del gran jurado. Persona encargada de redactar documentos. timbre (s). Scrivener. Podrá expedirse una orden a tenor de esta regla para registrar e incautarse de cualesquiera 1) bienes que constituyan evidencia de la comisión de un delito. En el derecho de seguros. Indiciamiento sellado. Búsqueda. Con conocimiento de lo que se hace. Seat of government. En ocasión del trabajo. tener una muy baja opinión. (Rstmnt. mandamiento en el cual se nombrarán o describirán con particularidad la persona o el lugar a ser registrado y las cosas a ocuparse. Denomínase orden del allanamiento o registro un mandamiento firmado por un magistrado. (E. de Proa Crim. Seabed. d) si el empleado utiliza la fuerza contra otra persona. (Regla 6(e)(6). sec. (Regla 6(e) (94). y nadie podrá revelar su contenido salvo cuando fuera necesario para la expedición y ejecución de una orden de arresto o citación.. Empresa de transporte marino. Scope. Buscar. o 2) contrabando. Reglas Fed. Scire facías (L). Scrutiny. Beca. de Proa Crim. registro (s). Secured party. Sociedad Protectora. ministro de economía. escriba. Gran desprecio. Secretario de hacienda.R. El magistrado federal ante quien se presente un indiciamiento de gran jurado podrá ordenar que el mismo se mantenga en secreto hasta que el acusado se encuentre detenido o hubiera sido puesto en libertad pendiente juicio. Mar. Seal. lacre. Ambito. Search. Search warrant. Search and seizure. ordenando buscar y ocupar determinada propiedad mueble. Regla Federal de Procedimiento Criminal).R. Seal of the court. marino. o casas poseídas de cualquier modo ilegalmente. Autos para mostrar causa. Escrutinio. 2nd. órdenes y citaciones relacionados con el procedimiento ante el gran jurado se mantendrán bajo sellos por todo el tiempo que fuera necesario para evitar la revelación de los asuntos tratados ante el mismo. alcance. Marinero. Los récords. Sealed records. (Regla 41 (b). Scholarship.). Secretary of the treasury. tal uso de fuerza no resulta inesperado para el patrono. Scope Of coverage. con el propósito de servir al patrón. La expresión "fuentes de autoridad secundaria" se aplica a los tratados. Sea. La conducta de un empleado se considera en ocasión del trabajo si: a) es del tipo de actividad para la que fue contratado. una oblea u otra sustancia adhesiva al documento o una impresión hecha en el documento. (Pueblo v. Parte contratante garantizada. Scorn. los frutos del crimen.A. En tiempo útil.L. Sellar (v). Secretary. Reglas Fe. Sealed indictment. b) ocurre sustancialmente dentro del tiempo y del área autorizados. Costoso Caballero. Estudio profundo. plataforma marítima.Secured party desarrollada para determinar la compensación a ser pagada a un arrendatario de un inmueble parcialmente expropiado.P. registrar (v). (Rstmnt. Secretaria/o.). Orden de allanamiento o registro.P. las revistas jurídicas. Estampilla. Un sello puede tomar la forma de un pedazo de cera. las enciclopedias y todo otro documento auxiliar que contribuya a determinar o interpretar las "fuentes de autoridad primaria" tales como las leyes o la jurisprudencia. Secondary authority. Fuentes secundarias. Sea carrier. "Parte contratante garantizada" (Secured 441 . Saber científico. 96). Asiento o sede de gobierno. Agency. Autoincriminación. Sentence. Seize. Self-serving. commer-cial code. Sentencia. tomar para sí. valores mobiliarios o derechos contractuales. no con la intención de causar la muerte o daño físico. Seducción. Senador. La retención o reserva del título por un vendedor de mercancías a pesar del embarque o entrega al comprador se limita en su efecto a una reserva de "interés garantizado. ya sea el acusado o cualquier otro testigo. El hecho de prestar declaración. Seducir.U. uniform commercial code party) significa un prestamista. Vender a plazos. derechos contractuales o valores mobiliarios. Un actor tiene el privilegio de usar una fuerza razonable.U. Self-dealing. Evid. Seduction. Self-authentication. fallo (s).. Torts. Seduce. Intereses garantizados. Sentenciar. o de cualquier otro daño físico que él razonablemente crea que otro individuo intencionalmente le va a causar. valores. o si no hubiere ninguna a cualquier dirección razonable bajo las circunstancias. En beneficio propio. Send.U. títulos. todos los remedios para la detención de una persona o el embargo de bienes con el objeto de asegurar la efectividad de la sentencia que en definitiva habrá de dictarse en el pleito estarán accequibles. Autenticación prima facie.sec. apropiarse. 9-105(i)). Sedicious speech. Senate. Vender al fiado. R. Comprende las cesiones de cuentas. 1201 (37)). Secured transactíons. (Rstmnt. (C. sec. Fed. código uniforme de comercio. El más original e importante de los Artículos del Código Uniforme es el 9 que trata de las transacciones garantizadas. Sedición. de Pro. (Regla 902. (C. Sedition. pero sí para defenderse contra un contacto dañino u ofensivo. Interés garantizado. Son prima facie auténticos los siguientes: 1) Documentos públicos nacionales bajo sello 2) Documentos públicos nacionales no bajo sello 3) Documentos públicos extranjeros 4) Copias certificadas de récords públicos 5) Publicaciones oficiales 6) Periódicos y revistas 7) Inscripciones comerciales y similares 8) Documentos reconocidos 9) Instrumentos comerciales y otros documentos 10) Presunciones a tenor con leyes del congreso.C. sec. 64).U. Al inicio o durante el curso de un pleito. "Interés garantizado" significa un derecho en bienes muebles o muebles adheridos a un inmueble que garantiza el pago o cumplimiento de una obligación. derechos contractuales y valores mobiliarios y una gran variedad de transacciones en las que las deudas quedan garantizadas con bienes muebles. 2nd. (C. sec. tangibles e intangibles. Self-incrimination. Negocios personales realizados por un miembre del directorio o funcionario con la misma empresa. R. sec. "Enviar" en conexión con un escrito o aviso significa echar en el correo o entregar para su remisión por cualquier otro medio usual de comunicación con franqueo o costo de remisión provisto y debidamente dirigido y en el caso de un instrumento a una dirección especificada en éste o pactada de cualquier otra manera. uniform Seizure of person or property. Self-defense by forcé." El término también incluye cualquier derecho de un comprador de cuentas. (Reglas Fed. no funcionará como una renuncia al derecho contra la autoincriminación mientras sean interrogados respecto de materias relacionadas únicamente con la credibilidad. Sell on time. Senator. Senado. vendedor u otra persona en cuyo favor se constituye un interés garantizado.Secured transactíons. Detención de personas o embargo de bienes. (Regla 608(b). embargar. condenar (v)..C.C. Security interest. (C. Apresar. Prefacio). Evid. Sell on credit. Arenga o discurso sedicioso. 1201 (38)).).C. Civ. 63). 442 . No es un interés garantizado el interés especial en la propiedad de un comprador de mercancías en la identificación de tales mercancías a un contrato de venta. incluyendo una persona a quien hubiesen sido cedidas cuentas. Auto defensa mediante fuerza. Acciones. Securities.). Enviar. Fed. Setoff. Transigir. Shipment by seller. demanda contra coparte. oferta de sentencia. cuando el emplazamiento en cualesquiera de dichos casos tuviere el propósito razonable de realizar una citación eficaz. podrá ordenar juicio por separado para cualquier reclamación. Jurado que permanece secuestrado. Emplazamiento en país extranjero.. valor. para detectar las posibles reacciones del jurado verdadero. Acción. Separación de poderes. Civ. Sever. Escasez. por razones de conveniencia o para evitar perjuicios. P. toda moción por escrito. Remate judicial. deberán ser notificados a cada una de las partes. lograr un acuerdo extraju-dicial o judicial. Shipment. entonces. Severable. Hostigamiento sexual. Civ. demanda. embarcación. toda alegación subsiguiente a la demanda original a menos que la corte ordenara otra cosa debido al gran número de demandados. Nave. pagado por uno de los abogados. Servient estate. carga. Servitude. Notificación de la demanda. embarque. (Rstmnt. será suficiente que el dili-genciamiento del emplazamiento y de la demanda se haga a) en forma prescrita por la ley del país extranjero para el emplazamiento en dicho país en un pleito ante cualesquiera de sus cortes de jurisdicción general. (R. transacción. Settlement. Several liability. Service in a foreign country. Costa. Sharecropper. Oficial del juzgado. Sherif f. comparecencia. La corte. reconvención o demanda contra tercero. Fed. Empleado dependiente. Esclavitud. sec. Divisible. Agency. deberá poner las mercancías en posesión de un porteador y contratar su transportación en forma razonable teniendo en cuenta la naturaleza de las mercancías y otras circunstancias del caso. sec. Fundo sirviente. sec. Servidumbre. Sexual harassment. Cargador. 2nd. Prestar ayuda. Deudor solidario. 5(a)(b)). Settle. Several debtor. a no ser que pueda ser vista ex parte y todo aviso por escrito. Cuando la ley federal o estatal mencionada en el inciso (e) de esta regla autorizare el emplazamiento de una parte no residente del Estado o que se encontrare fuera de aquél en que funcione la corte de distrito. Ship. Fed. 4(h)(i)(l)). Convenio. Service of process. Sergeant-at arms. parte que a uno le toca (s). Remesa. Sequestered jury. Separación de cargos o de acusados. Separar. hasta que llegue a un fallo. 3(1)). Compartir (v). desabastecimiento. o está sujeta al derecho a ser controlada por el patrón. Settler. (R. Notificación de alegaciones y otros escritos. o cuando los juicios por separado condujeren al aceleramiento y economía. Separation of powers. Civ. Aparcero. 42 (b)). Shipper. Sesión. (C. P. o b) según lo que dispusiere la autoridad extranjera en respuesta a una carta rogatoria. Shortage. envío. salvo pacto en contrario.. Shore. Jurado privado. Servant. Fed. Cuando el vendedor estuviere obligado o autorizado a enviar las mercancías al comprador y el contrato no lo obliga a entregarlas en un lugar determinado. Share. 2-504). Compensación. por orden el juez. designación de autos en apelación y escritos similares. Macero. Agente de policía. Juicios por separado. Session. toda orden que de acuerdo con sus términos deba ser notificada.C. Colono. P. Título. Severance of charges or defendants. sec. Shadow jury. Sherif f's sale. Necesidad. Excepto cuando estas reglas dispusieren otra cosa. aparcero. Un empleado o dependiente es un mandatario empleado por un patrón para realizar un servicio relacionado con los asuntos del primero cuya conducta física en la realización de dicho servicio es controlada.Shortage Separate triais. Responsabilidad solidaria. Embarque por el vendedor.. 443 .U. sec. (R. Service of pleadings and other papers. todo escrito relacionado con descubrimiento de prueba que deba ser notificado a una parte a menos que la corte ordenara otra cosa. hundirse. hermanos. v. (Rstmnt. Socio comanditario. R. Una persona que publique una calumnia. Una persona que publique una calumnia que impute a otro una seria conducta irregular de naturaleza sexual. será responsable ante ese otro. (C. Silent partner. Licencia por enfermedad. Slanderous imputations of sexual mis-conduct. trade. aun sin probarse un daño específico. Siblings on the maternal side. 573). gestos transitorios o cualquier otra forma de comunicación no escrita. sec. sec. Shyster. profesión o cargo.C. Zozobrar. si la ofensa imputada es de tal naturaleza. sec. (Rstmnt. Calumnia. (Rstmnt. Casualty Co. cesionario. 2nd. Single interest endorsement. 98 D. 574).S. Endoso "single interest. Smuggler. correspondiendo al cedente o endosante cualquier remanente del valor del vehículo. naufragar.—tiene derecho a que se le satisfaga por la compañía de seguros hasta el balance insoluto de su crédito. mediante palabras pronunciadas. So help me God. picapleitos. que imputa a otro conducta que constituya una ofensa criminal. será responsable a ese otro. Co. Sick leave. 444 Slanderous imputations affecting .U. Firma de un documento comercial. de ocurrir una pérdida. (Rstmnt. 2nd. Contrabandista. sec. Torts. Recalada. Signature by procuration. (Rstmnt. industria. (U. Contrabando. características. Slander. Signature of a commercial paper. Siblings on the paternal side. 3-401/04). Sniper. será sujeta a responsabilidad sin tener que probarse un daño específico. el endosatario—acreedor hipotecario o pren-datario. P.Show cause Show cause. 2nd. 571). 568(2)). profession or office. Toda firma será un endoso. La calumnia o denigración consiste en la publicación de material difamatorio. Imputaciones calumniosas que afectan el negocio. at. que si se cometiera en el lugar de la publicación: a) sería castigada con pena de reclusión en una institución estatal o federal. Sight. Sighting land. Hermanos consanguíneos. 2nd. Nadie será responsable de un instrumento salvo que su firma aparezca en él.R. será responsable ante ese otro. Firma por poder. medios business. medios hermanos. Torts. A la vista. Hermanos de doble vínculo. ya sea en forma honoraria o por lucro. 572). Siblings of full blood. o una condición. Una persona que publique una calumnia que impute a otro. sin tener que probarse un daño específico. una enfermedad venérea u otra enfermedad nauseabunda y trasmisible. Torts. aun sin probarse un daño específico. 2nd.. Smuggling. Slanderous imputations of loathsome disease. Imputaciones calumniosas de conducta criminal. denigración. Torts. industria o profesión. o por cualquier palabra o marca empleada en sustitución de una firma escrita. Sink. & A. 489(1970)). Francotirador. Slanderous imputations of criminal con-duct. que afecte adversamente su aptitud o capacidad para llevar a cabo su negocio. sec.P. Imputaciones calumniosas de una enfermedad nauseabunda. o b) es considerada por la opinión pública como una depravación moral. Ins. inclusive cualquier razón social o nombre ficticio en un instrumento. Torts. Demostrar razones suficientes para que el tribunal falle en un sentido determinado. Se firma un instrumento mediante el empleo de cualquier nombre. Abogado deshonesto. sec. Remuneración recibida durante una licencia por enfermedad. Sick pay. salvo que el instrumento claramente indique que se firmó con carácter distinto. Imputaciones calumniosas sobre la mala conducta sexual. etc. Hermanos uterinos. o el cargo público o privado que desempeñe. Forma solemne de terminar un juramento invocando la protección de Dios." En el campo de seguros desígnase como un endoso "single interest"—en una póliza de las denominadas de riesgos combinados de automóviles—aquel endoso mediante el cual. Una persona que publique una calumnia que atribuya a otro conducta. o courts of common pleas. Con.).§ 5. Con. Se suspenderá una sentencia de pena de reclusión si se interpusiere una apelación y el acusado fuere puesto en libertad mientras se resuelva dicha 445 Specially preferred creditors. State a claim. Exposición de motivos. Cumplimiento específico. Estado o nación. Mod. Statute of f rauds. y por lo general tienen competencia sobre todos los casos civiles o penales que no estén asignados a tribunales o divisiones especiales. Fondo de seguro del Estado. Un mandatario especial es un mandatario autorizado a realizar una transacción especifica o una serie de transacciones que no conlleva la continuidad de un servicio.02(1)). death. (R. Incitación. Hijo.sec. Un Estado no ejercerá su jurisdicción sobre un individuo que comparezca a la acción judicial. sec. Statement of legislativa intent. 49(a)). Acreedores singularmente privilegiados.. Sovereignty. el contrato. Suspensión de ejecución. a saber. Procuración u ofrecimiento de un negocio. sec. esposo/a. Incoar una acción. contratos de garantías y contratos con términos mayores de un año. Fed. de Proc. Special appearance. El cumplimiento específico de una obligación contractual será impuesto (otorgado) a discreción del tribunal contra la parte que incumpla. Manantiales. Suspensión de ejecución. Prudente arbitrio. Solvency. Spend the night. físico o mental en el que alguien se halla. Solvencia. Formalidad escrita. (Cód. Crim. (Rstmnt. Sound discretion. 2nd. niño. o establecería su complicidad en su comisión o tentativa. Juicio rápido y público. Speedy and public trial. 2nd. State courts. Reglas Fed. Specific performance. Tribunales estatales. Special verdict. HO(D). 3(2)). Soberanía. reclusión. (Intro al USA). Cónyuge. pudiendo haber o no jurado. Veredicto especial. . 357(1)). Comparecencia al solo efecto de alegar incompetencia. Statement. declaración. P. State insurance f und. aplazamiento. (Regla 38(a). imprisonment Sodomy. sec. imprisonment. Ciertos tipos de contrato especificados son ejecutables sólo si están comprobados por un documento escrito. Civ. Expresar algo. sec. enunciación. Conflict. En cada estado hay tribunales de competencia general.. Los contratos más comunes regidos por estas leyes son los contratos para venta de bienes o de tierras. estimula. de distrito o de circuito. Stare decisis (L). Personería para demandar o para ser demandado. Statutory law. Acto sexual realizado por personas del mismo sexo o por una persona con un animal. Principio del common law que torna obligatorio el precedente judicial. Agency. State. Relación. 2nd. Stay of execution. solamente con el propósito de objetar la jurisdicción sobre su persona.. Son. Estado. incita o pide a otra que incurra en conducta específica que constituiría ese delito o una tentativa de cometer ese delito. cese. Stay. Springs. muerte. Pernoctar. o amenace con incumplir. Spouse... exposición. Son presididos por un único juez. Una persona es culpable de incitación para cometer un delito si con el propósito de promover o facilitar su comisión ordena. Viz. 2nd. (Rstmnt. Mandatario especial. Pen. Special agent. 81). Prescripción liberatoria. Stay of execution. Standing. (Rstmnt. (Rstmnt. La corte podrá requerir que el jurado rinda únicamente un veredicto especial en forma de determinación especial por escrito de cada una de las cuestiones en controversia. Solicitation. Statute of limitations. Leyes escritas emanados del Congreso o de otra fuente legislativa. Ss. Suspensión. que reciben nombres tales como tribunales superiores. Se suspenderá una sentencia de pena de muerte si se interpusiere una apelación.Stay of execution. Jurisdicción en razón de materia. será responsable por los daños físicos causados al consumidor último o su propiedad. Porción por estirpe. Stay of proceedings. Resposabilidad absoluta u objetiva. (Rstmnt. 1708). Un submanda-tario es la persona nombrada por un mandatario con la capacidad para hacer tal nombramiento. Stock certif ¡cates. Corriente. Talón. Sua sponte (L). arrumaje. Siempre que la declaración de un testigo en juicio o vista de la cual se hubieren tomado notas taquigráficas fuere admisible en evidencia en un juicio posterior. . El libro original del registro de acciones del capital. Stenographic transcript. Steal. Pertrecho. sin culpa. (Rstmnt. Fed. Subagent. Stenographer. (Rstmnt. Strict scrutiny. o partidor. Ciudadano. (14 LPRA sec. (Regla 38(b). probation. Toda sentencia que ponga al acusado en libertad a prueba podrá suspenderse si se interpusiere una apelación. lock or slicegate. sec. subdito. Strict liability. Stop. Talonario. (14 LPRA sec. Stop and frisk. Stopping place. para realizar funciones respecto a las cuales el mandatario se comprometió con el mandante. Stay of execution. o el duplicado de tal libro. libertad a prueba. donde 446 reorganizó el curriculum y revitalizó la escuela.). 80(c)). Subarrendador. De oficio. Story. reteniendo su lugar en la Corte. Escala.UU. 402A). Certificados de acciones. Subarrendar. Joseph. Hurto. Submandatario. Stub. Stores. En 1829. P. la misma podrá ser probada mediante su transcripción debidamente certificada por la persona que tomó notas de la declaración. Huelga laboral. (Intro al USA). (R. Torts. material. Strike. Subcontract. Estipulación. Subject-matter jurisdiction. Joseph Story (1779-1845) fue nombrado en la Corte Suprema de los EE. Agency. Hurtar. Stirpital share. Estiba. Reglas Fed. Stípulation. Stockholder. 2nd. Todo tenedor de acciones en la corporación tendrá derecho a un certificado o certificados que representen el número de acciones que posea. comenzó a dictar cátedra de leyes en la Harvard Law School. robo (s). sec. Accionista. Detención y cacheo. (Regla 38(d). Subcontratar. la corte fijara los términos de la suspensión. Stub book. Civ.Crim. cuestión. 2nd. El mandatario acuerda con el mandante que la responsabilidad principal sobre la conducta del submandatario recaerá en el mandatario. Eliminación de ciertas mociones por orden del juez. Subject. Si la sentencia se suspendiere. 11). Someter. Stowage.. probation apelación. de Proa Crim. en 1811. Street-risk doctrine. Doctrina de los riesgos de la calle. sec. Reglas Fed. Sublease. 1508). Judg. constituirán la única evidencia en cuanto a quiénes son los accionistas con derecho a examinar la relación requerida o a examinar los libros y las cuentas de la corporación. robar (v). Parada. Transcripción taquigráfica. de Proc.Stay of execution. El procedimiento de dictar sentencia contra una parte será apropiado sólo si el tribunal sentenciador tiene la autoridad para adjudicar el tipo de controversia objeto de la acción.). Suspensión de procedimientos. La persona que venda cualquier producto en unas condiciones defectuosas que constituyan un peligro irrazonable para el consumidor o su propiedad. Taquígrafo. Control constitucional estricto que deben pasar ciertas leyes que son sospechosas de infringir derechos constitucionales básicos. Sujeto. o a votar directamente o por poder en cualquiera de las elecciones a que se refiere tal sección. Subarriendo. Libro de registro de accionistas. Responsabilidad objetiva. sec. 2nd.. 5(1)). Sublessor. Stream. Stock ledger. Suspensión de ejecución. Sus nueve comentarios se desarrollaron a partir de sus conferencias sobre temas que van de la Constitución hasta leyes incompatibles. Subcontrato. certificados por un oficial de la corporación como correctos. Si la forma o medios pactados de pago fallan por causa de reglamentos domésticos o extranjeros. desacato. Un contrato . Subsidiary. 278(1)).. 279). Las citaciones también podrán requerir a la persona a quien fuere dirigidas que produzca los libros. 45). P. (R. Cumplimiento sustituto. Substituted performance. death Sublet. muerte. Cuando un abogado decide tomar la deposition de la parte adversa (en el proceso americano se puede ser testigo y parte a la vez) o de un tercero. Subsidy. sec. contribución. Citación. Subempleado. para realizar funciones respecto a las cuales el empleado se comprometió con el patrón. Fed. Citación para concurrir a testificar. (R. 2nd. Fed. entregar. 45(a)). auxilio. la corte podrá ordenar la sustitución por las partes pertinentes. Substitution of parties. Subpoena. Subpoena. (Rstmnt. Contrato sustituto. Substitution of parties. diligencia-miento. proponer. dicha sustitución deberá ser ofrecida formalmente y aceptada.R. sec. 2nd. service. Subltlit. la libertad y la propiedad sin restricciones arbitrarias.. expresará el nombre de la corte y el título del pleito. P. death. Subpoena. Si una parte falleciere y la reclamación no quedare por ello extinguida. y requerirá a cada persona a quien fuere dirigida que comparezca a prestar declaración en la fecha y en el lugar especificados en la misma.. sec. Una disposición testamentaria en cuya virtud se encarga a un heredero que conserve y trasmita a un tercero el todo o parte de la herencia se denomina una sustitución fideicomisaria. por su delegado o por cualquiera otra persona que no sea parte en el pleito y no sea menor de 18 años de edad. carga o descarga de mercancías fallan o una clase pactada de porteador no puede utilizarse o la forma de entrega acordada se hace imposible desde un punto de vista comercial. 2nd.. Subpoena. el vendedor podrá retener o detener la entrega a menos que el comprador provea un medio o manera de pago que comercialmente sea un equivalente sustancial. Subsidiario. fuera de la presencia del tribunal. Civ. 834 (1962)). documentos o cosas tangibles señalados en la misma. 45(b)).P. subvención. contempt. Subpoena duces tecum (L). Fed. puede requerir que el futuro deponente traiga consigo documentos o materiales relevantes. Civ. novación. Cuando sin culpa de ninguna de las partes las facilidades para atraque. sec. Citación. Sustitución de partes. P. (Díaz Lamoutte v. Citación. Sucursal. sustituto es uno que se acepta por el acreedor en lugar de una obligación anterior del deudor. El incumplimiento sin excusa adecuada por cualquier persona de una citación notificándole podrá ser considerado como desacato a la corte que expidió la citación. Someter. 85 D. Civ. Toda citación será expedida por el secretario bajo el sello de la corte. (R. 45 (c)). pero se dispone de una sustitución razonable. Un subempleado es una persona nombrada por un empleado con la capacidad para hacer tal nombramiento. En tal caso el abogado requirente solicita—bajo apercibimiento de sanciones por desacato—la presencia del testigo con la obligación que el mismo traiga consigo los documentos que el abogado describa en la citación. Sustitución fideicomisaria. Substantive due process. para comparecencia de testigos. (R. Luciano. sec. Con. Agency. (Rstmnt. Sustitución de partes. Subpoena ad testificandum (L). Derecho a gozar de la vida. sec. ayuda. y sujeta al control de su conducta física tanto por el patrón como por el empleado. La solicitud de sustitución podrá ser hecha por cualquier 447 Substituted contract. sec. Cualquier citación podrá ser diligenciada por el marshal. for attendance of witnesses. escritos.. P. Substitution in trust. Civ. Subservant. for production of documen-tary evidence. Con.Substitution of parties. para producción de prueba documental. Fed. Subarrendar. Submission.. 5(2)). Citación. Para entender el contenido de esta expresión hace falta saber que las depositions son verdaderos testimonios pero administrados directamente por los abogados intervinientes. Subsidio. (Rstmnt. Sumisión. Summary. Sufrimiento. Civ. bastante. podrá permitir que continúe el pleito por o contra su representante.481 (1963)). Sentencia sumaria. 25(a)(l)). sec. Sufragio. for claimant. La doctrina de la emergencia súbita (sudden emergency or imminentperil)—la cual exime a un demandado en un caso de daños y perjuicios de responsabilidad civil—enuncia que el hecho de que una persona se haya confrontado con una emergencia súbita. solicitando sentencia sumaria a su favor sobre la totalidad o cualquier parte de la reclamación. Sustitución de partes. si lo hubiere o de lo contrario la dirección del demandante y el plazo dentro del cual estas reglas requieren que el demandado comparezca y se defienda y le apercibirá de que de no hacerlo así podrá dictarse sentencia en rebeldía en su contra concediendo el remedio solicitado en la demanda. Sustitución de partes. aun cuando hubiere 448 . Suffering. se dirigirá al demandado. contendrá el nombre de la corte y los nombres de las partes. en cualquier momento después del vencimiento de 20 días a partir del inicio del pleito o después de la notificación de una moción para sentencia sumaria por la parte contraria. sec. Sucesión. sec. junto con el señalamiento para vista. entablar demanda. (R. Demandar. reconvención o demanda contra coparte o de obtener una sentencia declaratoria podrá.U. forma. la cual no fue ocasionada por su culpa y la cual requirió acción rápida. Presentada la demanda el secretario Substitution of parties. La suma pagadera se considerará cierta. de Proc. la corte a moción notificada a tenor con lo dispuesto en casos de sustitución de partes por muerte. (Banchs v. sec. (C. incoar una acción. o b) con diferentes tipos de interés señalados para antes y después del incumplimiento o a una fecha específica. Civ.. expedición. Succession. y podrán ser diligenciadas en cualquier distrito judicial. Fed. Emplazamiento. R Civ. Subtenant. Substitution incompetency. Si una parte se incapacitare. Sue. Summary judgment. Juicio. con declaraciones juradas que la fundamenten o sin ellos.. Summation. Suit. (R. incapacidad.. sec. Emplazamiento. sec. R Civ. Suma cierta. 89D. Tolerancia. transfer of inter-est. Summons. Successor in interest. Resumen. Sentencia sumaria. of parties. reconvención o demanda contra coparte o de sentencia declaratoria podrá. pleito. (R. 25(b)). Summons. sec. (R. Fed. issuance. podrá continuarse el pleito por o contra la parte original. aceptación. de pagarse a) con intereses señalados o a plazos señalados.C. con declaraciones juradas que la fundamenten o sin ellos. 3-106). Summary judgment. es un factor a considerarse al determinar si el curso de acción tomado por esa persona fue razonable.RR. llevará el sello de la corte. Suf icient. radicar moción. Sucesor en derechos. al menos que la corte a moción dispusiera que la persona a quien se transfiere el interés fuere sustituida en el pleito o acumulada a la parte original. solicitando sentencia sumaria a su favor sobre la totalidad o cualquier parte de la reclamación. Fed. Suffrage. a favor del demandante.. Fed. Alegato final dirigido al jurado. adecuado. Sudden emergency doctrine. será notificada a todas las partes en la forma dispuesta para el diligen-ciamiento de un emplazamiento. fuerella. El emplazamiento será firmado por el secretario. Fed. 56(b)). form. Sufferance. R Civ. consentimiento. (Regla Fed. Cualquier parte contra quien se hubiere formulado demanda. 25(c)). Doctrina de la emergencia súbita. for defendant. o c) con tipo de descuento o recargo señalado si se paga antes o después de la fecha fijada para el pago. 56(a)). radicar moción. RCiv. Colon. incompetency parte o por los sucesores o representantes de la parte fallecida y.Substitution of parties.. especificará el nombre y la dirección del abogado del demandante. Sum certain. P. voto. a favor del demandado. en cualquier momento. Toda parte que trate de obtener un remedio mediante demanda. 4(b)). cesión del interés. Suficiente. Subarrendatario. En caso de cualquier cesión del interés. (R.. . (R. Crim. (R. mediante la notificación del emplazamiento con entrega de copia de la demanda en la forma dispuesta por la ley del Estado en que se hiciere el emplazamiento para el diligenciamiento de emplazamiento u otros procedimientos similares en relación con cualesquiera de dichos demandados en un pleito establecido en las cortes de jurisdicción general de dicho Estado. 4(a)). Civ. sec. Civ. Summons through the mail. Summons. 4(c)(l)(2)). (Regla Fed. Summons upon complaint. en el caso de que fuere hecho a persona autorizada por ley para recibir el emplazamiento y la ley lo exigiere. y mediante el envío de una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda por correo registrado o certificado al Secretario de Justicia de los Estados 449 . (c)(l). dirigido al remitente. A los Estados Unidos.. Summons upon an individual. Emplazamiento a los Estados Unidos. Fed. Emplazamiento por correo. (Reda 4(a). Citación a base de denuncia. P. Todo diligenciamiento. diligenciamiento. mediante la entrega de una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda al fiscal de los Estados Unidos para el distrito en que se interpusiere el pleito o a un fiscal auxiliar de los Estados Unidos o a un empleado de oficina designado por el fiscal de los Estados Unidos en un escrito presentado al secretario de la corte. Reglas Fed. Si el acuse de recibo del emplazamiento hecho a tenor con el presente inciso de esta regla no fuera recibido por el remitente dentro de los 20 días siguientes a la fecha de envío por correo. junto con dos copias de un aviso y acuse de recibo y un sobre de vuelta de correo. Civ. Emplazamiento.)Summons upon the United States.. Summons upon an enterprise.. (R. P.expedirá inmediatamente un emplazamiento y lo entregará al demandante o a su abogado quien será responsable de su rápido diligenciamiento junto con una copia de la demanda. Si el acusado dejare de comparecer en respuesta a la citación. mediante la entrega de una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda a un funcionario. o entregando una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda a un apoderado o a una persona autorizada por ley para recibir emplazamiento. Civ. A una corporación nacional o extranjera o a una sociedad u otra asociación no incorporada sujeta a ser demandada bajo un nombre común. porte pagado. (Regla Fed. se expedirá una orden de arresto. Civ. sec 4(d)(3)). P. (Regla Fed. o por una persona especialmente nombrada para ese fin.. A un funcionario o agencia de los Estados Unidos. Emplazamiento a una empresa. sec. Emplazamiento a un menor o a un incapaz. Fed. Summons upon an infant or an incompe-tent person. Summons upon an officer or an agency of the United States. remitiendo además por correo una copia al demandado. del Proc. a excepción del de una citación o un emplazamiento con entrega de copia de la demanda. Civ. Un emplazamiento con entrega de copia de la demanda podrá ser diligenciado: Mediante el envío por correo de una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda (por correo de primera clase y porte pagado) a la persona a ser emplazada. A solicitud del fiscal del gobierno podrá expedirse una citación en lugar de una orden de arresto. 4(d)(2)). de Proc. A un menor de edad o persona incapacitada. Civ. sec. gerente o agente general. sec.4(d)(5)). sec. Fed. (R. o a cualquier otro apoderado o persona autorizada por la ley para recibir emplazamientos y.. Emplazamiento a un individuo. será realizado por un marshall de los Estados Unidos o un delegado del mismo. mediante el emplazamiento de los Estados Unidos y mediante el envío de una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda por correo registrado o certificado a dicho funcionario o agencia. o dejando Summons upon the United States copias de los mismos en su casa o lugar de residencia habitual con una persona de edad y discreción adecuadas que resida allí. 4(d)(l)). Emplazamiento a un funcionario o agencia de los Estados Unidos. de Proc.. de Proc. service. A requerimiento del demandante se expedirán emplazamientos por separado o adicionales contra cualesquiera otros demandados. Fed. A una persona que no fuere menor de edad o incapacitado entregándole personalmente copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda. P. 4(c)(2)(C) (C)(ii)).sec. Fuente supletoria. sin subdividirse. Vigilar. Corte Suprema. poderes de revisión sobre las decisiones de los tribunales estaduales. además. Ley mediante la cual las reparticiones estatales deben justificar la necesidad de su existencia de tiempo en tiempo frente al Congreso. La suspensión surtirá efecto cuando la fianza para auto de suspensión sea aprobada por la corte. es baja la proporción de los procesos que llegan a esta instancia de revisión. sin embargo. se considerará integrada al contrato aquella disposición que resulte más apropiada a las circunstancias. Supplementary source.8). (Restatement. P. 261). Celebrado un contrato. (Intro al USA). Cuando el cumplimiento de una parte se hace imposible sin su culpa. (Unidroit. sec. Supplying an omitted term. 450 Supplement. Supervening impracticability. Supersede.Sundry Unidos en Washington. (R. De acuerdo con la Constitución. (Intro al USA). Con. 2nd. debido a un evento cuya no ocurrencia era un presupuesto básico sobre el cual se formó el contrato. Integración del contrato. Varios. 4. Civ. Ley mediante la cual las actuaciones de una entidad estatal deben ser públicas y transparentes. superintendente. tal parte queda liberado del resto de sus obligaciones a menos que el contrato o las circunstancias indiquen lo contrario.. La revisión de las decisiones de los tribunales de apelación está en manos de la Corte Suprema. también se puede apelar ante la Corte Suprema una decisión de un tribunal inferior. Sobreviniente. sec. Fianza para auto de suspensión. sec. Sunshíne law. Supremacy clause. por la ocurrencia de un evento cuya no ocurrencia era un presupuesto básico del contrato. Imposibilidad sobreviniente. El número de sus integrantes es fijado por el Congreso. Corte Suprema. Distrito de Colum-bia y. Cuando las partes no se hayan puesto de acuerdo acerca de una disposición importante para la determinación de sus derechos y obligaciones. a pesar de haber sostenido una de las partes que esta en contradicción o con la ley federal. Civ. Suplemento aditivo. Superintend. la Corte Suprema tiene jurisdicción de primera instancia para algunas clases de casos. Second. cuando el propósito principal de una parte queda frustrado sustancialmente sin su culpa. En ambos casos. remitiendo una copia del emplazamiento y de la demanda por correo registrado o certificado a tal funcionario o agencia. supervisar. Se puede apelar una sentencia de un tribunal estadual de última instancia que establece que una ley estadual es valida. Cláusula de la Constitución de USA estableciendo la supremacía de la Constitución frente a otras fuentes jurídicas. Fed. Corte Suprema. sec. (Rstmnt. Superintendent. apelación. 4(d)(4)). Sundry. Supersedeas bond.. el cumplimiento queda liberado a menos que el contrato o las circunstancias indiquen lo contrario. Supreme Court. appeal. Reemplazar. Supervening. (Regla Fed. Frustración sobreviniente. de Proc. Contracts. Sunset law. 62(d)). Supreme Court.. en cualquier pleito en que se atacare la validez de una orden de un funcionario o agencia de los Estados Unidos que no fuere parte. o que—aunque ésto es poco frecuente —juzga que no es valida una ley federal o un tratado.. Cuando se formalice una apelación el apelante mediante la prestación de fianza para auto de suspensión podrá obtener una suspensión. Desde 1869 consta de nueve juices—un presidente (chief justice) y ocho jueces asociados—que actúan como cuerpo único. original jurisdiction. No es sólo el tribunal de ultima instancia del sistema federal. Tales juicios son presididos por un oficial de la Corte con el nombre de special master de- . los más usuales son las disputas entre estados o entre un estado y el tribunal federal. controlar. 265). art. Prin. adicional extra. jurisdicción originaria. sino que además tiene en cierto grado. Supervening frustration. Mayordomo. En situaciones excepcionales. Supreme Court. el número y cuantía de otras garantías para fianzas suscritas por el mismo y que se encuentren en vigor. caución. ni aun en el caso que sean requeridas por el Presidente o el Congreso. Sorpresa. Fiador. salvo que dicha parte la acepte expresamente. Surveillance. 69 S. garantía. Williams. Suspensión de pagos. suplemento. mantener. Crim. Sustained. superávit. guarda. 409).). Estafador. scope. Surrender. Syllabus. Corte Suprema. 3) Garantizar el cumplimiento de contratos Surplusage rule. Una de las limitaciones más importantes a la actividad de la Corte. Recargo.System signado para el caso y cuyas conclusiones son elevadas a la Corte. demasía. Suspect classification. Surcharge. Lo opuesto es over-ruled (no ha lugar). (Unidroit. aumento. ceder. Intercambiar. fianza. Seguro de garantía. justificaron Fiadores. Causa de acción subsistirá. Estafar. Jurar. obligaciones y contratos de fianza. remitir. Regla de lo excedente.3d. suscripto. Maldecir. ni siquiera sobre cuestiones constituciones. mediante la cual el material impreso no indispensable para la validez de un testamento ológrafo no invalida tal testamento. a excepción de una compañía de fianzas aprobada a tenor con lo dispuesto en la ley. garante. sobretasa. es que su jurisdicción solo abarca casos y controversias. Ha lugar. Survivorship of action. Este tipo de casos es poco común. prestar juramento. ámbito. y sus decisiones en estas cuestiones son concluyentes. Surprise. Los tribunales estaduales son los arbitos finales del Derecho estadual. como también de los tribunales inferiores.. No da opiniones de asesoramiento. Todo fiador. Sureties. justificación. 2. Sumame. Suscribing. Carecerá de eficacia toda estipulación incorporada en cláusulas estándar cuyo contenido. Lista de títulos o materias. art. Sistema. Firmante. 2) Seguro de fidelidad que garantiza la probidad de personas que ocupan puestos públicos o privados de confianza. Swindle. y garantizar y otorgar fianzas. (Regla 46(d). justificará mediante afidávit. Sobreviviente. Es decir. Vigilancia supervisación. Prin. Supreme Court. renunciar. Reglas Fed. Plan de curso. Suspicious. Surety. Cambio. (26 LPRA sec. En ningún caso la Corte revisa decisiones de tribunales estaduales referidas a cuestiones de Derecho estadual. Swap. redacción o presentación no fuere razonablemente previsible por la otra parte. Entregar. Sworn declaration. Estafa. 451 . Apellido. Surety insurance. (Maul v.20). plus. traspasar. Sostener. infrascrito. Sustain. que solo resuelve juicios entre litigantes que tengan intereses reales en juego en un asunto controvertido. System. suministrar. Excedente. sobrante. y podrá ser requerido a que describa en el mismo los bienes inmuebles que ofrece para garantía y los gravámenes sobre los mismos. 408(9) de este título. No se aprobará fianza alguna a menos que conste que la garantía cumple con todos los requisitos. "Seguro de garantía" incluye: 1) Seguro de crédito como se define en la sec. 1107). Expresión que usa el juez para indicar que una objeción hecha por un abogado es aceptada. Surplus. (Intro al USA). Surprising terms. Surviving. El Congreso ha establecido dos formas principales en que un caso puede llegar a la Corte Suprema para su revisión: la apelación y el writ ofcer-tiorari. Suspensión of payment. Sospechoso. Swear. Declaración jurada.W. (Intro al USA). y todas sus demás obligaciones. de Proc. Estipulaciones sorpresivas. Otra restricción es que una federal question debe ser sustancial para que la Corte Suprema tenga jurisdicción en virtud de ella. exceso. Swindler. Clasificación sospechosa. Tenancy. Adquirir o ganar control de una empresa (v). subastar. Propiedad . Objetivo. v. Destruir u ocultar pruebas. sec. Inventariar. Prestar juramento. temporario. Taking. finca. Tacking. Tender offer. 452 Technical terms and phrases. Premisa. Poner en la mira. Tariff. las Reglas Federales de Evidencia u otras reglas adoptadas por la Corte Suprema. inclinación. secuestrar (v).. Temporary restraining order. Oferta hecha por una sociedad a los accionistas de otra sociedad para comprarles sus acciones. predio. proclividad. (R. Locación de un inmueble que puede ser rescindida en cualquier momento. Tenancy in common. Tendency. propuesta (s). sec. Civ. ofrecer (v). La imposibilidad del cumplimiento o la frustración temporera del propósito sólo suspende las obligaciones del deudor mientras tal imposibilidad o frustración temporera subsista. Imponer un gravamen fiscal (v). Consolidación de dos o más elementos del mismo género en uno solo. realizar un inventario.. Take bids. apuntar. fundo. Con. provisorio. Taking of testimony.g. pérdidas o daños inmediatos e irreparables al solicitante antes de que la parte contraria o su abogado pudiera ser oída en contra. Tamper with evidence. Influenciar indebidamente a los testigos. Take an inventory. Impuesto. La suma de dos o más períodos posesorios. Tenencia. P. Condominio. Licitar. Declaraciones de testigos. inmueble. Exención contributiva o impositiva. 269). confiscar. blanco. Tácito. Target. Tender of payment. Temporary. 65(b)). Tendencia. Imposibilidad o frustración temporera. Tenement. Arancel. a menos que otra cosa estuviera dispuesta por una Ley del Congreso o por las Reglas Federales de Procedimiento Civil. Tax. Inquilino. derecho aduanero. tasa. En todos los juicios la declaración de los testigos se tomará oralmente en corte abierta. Acción de escuchar comunicaciones telefónicas en forma clandestina. que sólo puede transmitirse con el consentimiento de los co-propietarios. Heredad. Tenancy by the entirities. Toma de posesión de bienes. Fed. Tampering with a witness. Take an oath. apoderarse. Entregar. Tender. sec. 43(a)). inmueble en co-propiedad. tomar. Ofrecimiento de pago. Take over.. Parte que a uno le toca (s). propósito de una acción o de una estrategia. Tabla de concordancia. Licitación. Tapping. Tacit. Tax exemption. tomar ofertas. bien raíz. Tenet. Podrá concederse orden de entredicho provisional sin notificación escrita u oral a la parte contraria o a su abogado únicamente si apareciera claramente de hechos específicos justificados mediante afidávit o demanda jurada que se causarían perjuicios. tarifa. Tenant. Fed. Sujeto contribuyente. Taxpayer. Orden de entredicho provisional. meta. Tenancy at will. P. tributo (s). lista de precios. Incautar. 2nd. Temporary impracticability or f rustration. Temporero. por distintos poseedores. Palabras y frases técnicas. para alcanzar el término requerido para obtener prescripción adquisitiva.T Table showing the correspondente. Take. (Rstmnt. contribución. (R. Adquisición o control de una empresa (s). Civ. o d) muerte o incapacidad del requerido u oferente. Responsabilidad de terceros. Término. 14(a). Teoría jurídica sobre la cual se basa la acción en un caso dado. Thing bestowed. Termination of contract. (Rstmnt. Civ. Threatened strike. Threaten. (b)). (29 LPRA sec. Term of office. La oferta deberá ser aceptada dentro del plazo fijado por el oferente o. Después. Ofrecer inamovildad en un cargo (v). dar testimonio. Terminación del contrato. Finalización del poder de aceptación. A su "terminación" todas las obligaciones que hubieren de ser cumplidas por ambas partes son canceladas. Duración del cargo. La facultad para aceptar una oferta puede terminar por: a) rechazo o contraoferta del requerido. podrán obtener que se emplace con entrega de demanda a una persona que no fuere parte en el pleito y que le sea. Therein. Termination of a job. Cesantía. Testify. Cosa donada. sec. Comprobar. 2nd. (Unidroit. Fed. 7. Tercero. Testament. art. o b) vencimiento del tiempo.. Threat. Tenured faculty. Testadora. art. extinguir.9).Time of acceptance Tentative. o c) revocación por el oferente. terminat.. 36). Cualquier parte podrá solicitar que se desestime la reclamación contra tercero o su separación para tramitar el juicio por separado. 3. dentro del que sea razonable. Testamento. (Unidroit. 2-106(3)). Third party. Thereof. fuerza o intimidación. de prueba. término (s). plazo. de los cuales.. En cualquier momento después de iniciado el pleito las partes demandadas como demandantes contra tercero. 7. Tenure. Amenazar. (Unidroit.. fue tan inminente y grave que no le dejó otra alternativa razonable. prueba. finalización de un empleo. effects. Hurto. Termination. Theory of the case.3. Territorial. La "terminación" tiene lugar cuando cualquiera de las partes de acuerdo con un poder creado mediante pacto o ley. Time of acceptance. Prin. Amenaza. teniendo en cuenta las 453 .5). Termination of power of acceptance. o una situación en que hay claros indicios de que ha habido una ruptura en la negociación colectiva y existe una amenaza de huelga patentemente evidenciada por actos concretos dirigidos o encauzados a dar comienzo a un movimiento huelgario. 91). Testator. Cuándo produce efectos la aceptación. Significa una situación en que una organización obrera comunica al patrono que en determinada fecha irá a la huelga.3. Terminación del contrato. Term. pero cualquier derecho basado en un incumplimiento o cumplimiento anterior subsiste. (C. Testador. Territorial. examen (s). Test. (R. Third party possessor. si no se hubiere fijado plazo. Tercero poseedor. Prin. Testificar.. Third party liability. la cual. de otro modo que no sea por el incumplimiento de éste. Thereon. responsable por toda o parte de la reclamación del demandante. P. Test. Permanencia. Finiquitar. Cualquiera de las partes puede dar por anulado un contrato cuando fue inducida a celebrarlo mediante una amenaza injustificada de la otra parte. tomando en consideración las circunstancias del caso. Testimonio. sec. Termínate. De lo cual. Así. La terminación del contrato releva a las partes hacia el futuro de la obligación de ejecutar y aceptar las prestaciones respectivas. art. Testimony. sec.C. Allí incluido.U. inamovilidad. effectos. Thus. examinar (v). Profesores con inamovilidad. Terminación. delito contra la propiedad. o pueda serle. Amenaza de huelga. Terceros procesales. Testatrix.1) Termination of contract. Prin. Theft. Cualquiera de las partes podrá dar por terminado el contrato cuando la falta de cumplimiento de una obligación por la otra constituya un incumplimiento esencial. robo. Third party practice. termina el contrato de venta. Con. período. Tentativo. Fórmula sacramental medioeval que producía la transferencia de la propiedad inmueble. 895 F). Tort immunity. Título denobleza. "Seguro de título" es el seguro de dueños de propiedad inmueble u otros que tengan interés o gravámenes o cargas sobre la misma. (c) en los demás casos. 410). art. Quien oficia la ceremonia pregunta a un participante si acepta al otro como cónyuge to have and to hold. Responsabilidad extracontractual basada en "estoppel". (Unidroit. que incluyen la velocidad de los medios de comunicación empleados por el oferente. a sabiendas de que el segundo actuará de conformidad con el error y subsiguientemente .Time of performance circunstancias. Tort liability based on estoppel. 6. 895 G). Prisión de alta seguridad. Estudio de títulos para detectar embargos y demás restricciones al dominio To bearer. Inmunidad por cuasidelitos. 2. husband and wife. Hoy en día se sigue usando al oficiarse matrimonios. Time of presentment of a commercial paper. b) cuando un instrumento sea pagadero a la vista deberá ser presentado para su aceptación o negociado dentro de un plazo razonable de tiempo después de las fechas o expedición cualquira de las dos que sea la última. sec. (C. los Estados Unidos... Tonelaje. Torts. Oportunidad de cumplimiento. Top secret. Impuesto o contribución equivalente a la décima parte de los ingresos de una persona. To order. 2nd. Inmunidad por cuasidelitos. art.1).C. Dar propina (v). Cada parte debe cumplir sus obligaciones: (a) en el momento estipulado en el contrato o determinable según éste. Excepto en la medida en que los Estados Unidos presten consentimiento a ser demandados en acciones por responsabilidad extracontractual.7). Propina (s). Tonnage.U. Peaje. Salvo que se exprese una fecha distinta en el instrumento la fecha para cualquier presentación se determinará como sigue: a) cuando un instrumento sea pagadero en una fecha señalada o a un plazo fijo después de una fecha señalada cualquier presentación a la aceptación será en o antes de la fecha en que sea pagadero. Title of nobility. (Rstmnt. Un cónyuge no es inmune a incurrir en responsabilidad extracontractual frente al otro por virtud de la relación misma. the United States. Tippee. Toll. Torts. 454 Title search. Una oferta verbal tendrá que aceptarse inmediatamente. Prin. sec. tanto la nación como sus agentes son inmunes a responsabilidad. 2nd. Prin. títulos defectuosos o invalidez o reclamación adversa al título y los servicios correspondientes. marido y mujer. sec. Tort immunity. (26 L.1.A. A la orden. dentro de un plazo razonable luego de celebrado el contrato. To nave and to hold. Padres o hijos no serán inmunes a incurrir en responsabilidad extracontractual entre ellos sólo por razón de su relación familiar. 3-503). parent and child. (Rstmnt. 2nd. 895 A). Al portador. Dejar en suspenso. sec. Fecha de presentación de un documento comercial. Top security prison. Tip. Time of performance.R. La renuncia a inmunidad general por responsabilidad extracontractual no genera responsabilidad por un acto u omisión que. a menos que las circunstancias indiquen que a la otra parte le corresponde escoger el momento del cumplimiento. Tolerate. a menos que las circunstancias indiquen otra cosa. Tithe. contra pérdida por gravamen. (b) en cualquier momento dentro del término estipulado en el contrato o determinable según este. progenitor e hijo. Alto secreto. (Uni-droit. Seguro de título. (Rstmnt. Inmunidad por cuasidelitos. Torts. Persona que recibe una información empresarial confidencial y que la usa para obtener una ganancia ilegal en la bolsa de valores.sec. Tort immunity. por virtud de la relación padre-hijo no esté privilegiado o exento de responsabilidad extracontractual. Tolerar. Title insurance. Si una persona coacciona a otra para que ésta de hecho cometa un error con respecto al título o disposición de tierra. Perpetrador de un cuasidelito. profesión (s). Las leyes federales permiten en general que se le exija afiliarse después de ser contratado (unión shop). Cuasidelictivo. según conste en el certificado que las representa. Conducta cuasidelictiva. Traducción. (HLPRAsec. Transmissible. Traidor. Transporte fluvial. Negocio. Transactions on exchange. 288). Treasure trove. (Rstmnt. en virtud de leyes federales que disponen expresamente que una ley estadual más estricta prevalece sobre una ley federal en este aspecto. Trade law. aprendizaje. Traición. o a favor de persona determinada por el dueño de las acciones. clasificación. 872). classification. dado que el segundo confió a tal grado en el error cuando actuó y se afectó tanto al así hacerlo. Torts. Gremio. Operaciones de bolsa. ceder o traspasar el certificado o las acciones que representa. cuasidelito. Afiliación gremial. Agente viajero. intervenga o no personalmente en la distribución o entrega del producto. hacienda. Transferee. (Intro al USA). de estudios o de una sentencia. Transactional attorney. comercio. la sesión o el poder podrán ser en blanco o a favor de personas determinadas. La conducta cuasidelictiva la constituye aquel acto u omisión de tal naturaleza que conlleva responsabilidad de parte del actor. servicio o de cualesquiera otros bienes tangibles e intangibles a nombre de un patrono. Tratados. Torts. v. Cuasidelitos. Tract. Derecho comercial. copia oficial de un certificado. servicios o bienes. entrenamiento. Cedente. Ayuntamiento. 6). (Rstmnt. Se opone el término a triol attorney. y están supeditadas 455 Treaty . Trasmisible. pero en un grupo minoritario de estados existen leyes que lo prohiben (right-to-work laws).g. Tesoro hallado. operación. Transacción. Treason. Podrá traspasarse el título de propiedad del certificado y de las acciones que éste representa. Trademark (TM). Tesorería. cesionista. "Agentes viajeros" significan aquellos empleados que ejercen las funciones de viajeros vendedores y cuya labor consiste en llevar a cabo transacciones de ventas de productos.Treaties el primero realiza o deja de realizar un acto que constituiría responsabilidad extracon-tractual si el engaño hubiese sido realidad y no eso. Trade union. según conste en el certificado que las representa. Parcela de tierra. Copia de los autos. Está prohibido que se exija a un trabajador estar afiliado al sindicato para obtener un empleo {closed shop). Travel agent. generador de responsabilidad civil. que sería injusto no conceder una acción contra el primero por su acción u omisión al inducir al otro a error. (Intro al USA). contagioso. Tortfeasor. negociación. Translation. Trade union membership. únicamente:—por entrega del certificado endosado en blanco. permutar (v). La mayoría de los delitos y cuasidelitos puede agruparse en tres categorías según que la responsabilidad se base en la intencionalidad. Cesionario. 2nd. Adiestramiento. Los tratados firmados por los Estados Unidos tienen igual jerarquía que las leyes federales. lote. (29 LPRA sec. marca registrada (MR). Comerciar. Torts. Township. Comercio. Tortious conduct. o sea absoluta o estricta sin mediar intencionalidad ni negligencia. sec. Transfer of shares. ocupación.—por entrega del certificado y de documento aparte en que conste la cesión del certificado o un poder para vender. Treaties. 2nd. Tesoro. 1601). al culpa o negligencia. asunto. Trade. municipalidad. Treachery. Marca comercial. transacción. Treasury. Transcript. Tortious. Transaction. inmueble. Transferor. sindicato laboral. sec. incluyendo cualquier trabajo o servicio incidental o relacionado con la actividad principal de venta. Traspaso de acciones. Traitor. Transaction. o abogado procesalista. tesorero. Training. documento que será firmado por el dueño de las acciones. Abogado especializado en la negociación de contratos. Traición. Transportation by river. intrusión inten. Los tribunales han establecido que estos acuerdos. El Presidente tiene también las facultades limitadas de firmar acuerdos ejecutivos con países extranjeros sin aprobación del Congreso. Torts. 329). no obstante la omisión de una parte de solicitar jurado en un pleito en el cual tal solicitud hubiera podido hacerse como cuestión de derecho. la del tercero. Trial. incurre en responsabilidad sólo si su presencia. (Morales Lebrón). Perturbación. El objetivo no es recuperar la posesión del mueble ni reivindicarlo. (Intro al USA).desconocida en el sistema civilista. si no. o b) utiliza las cosas al entremezclarlas con un bien mueble que está bajo la posesión de otro. (Rstmnt. tución de derecho angloamericano. Trespasser. Viveros de árboles. Las cuestiones para las cuales no se exija juicio por jurado serán enjuiciadas por la corte. Translimitación o transgresión de ganado. abnormally dangerous activities. Second. 39(b)). Trough. Tribunal. o c) no remueve alguna cosa de la propiedad cuando tiene el deber de así hacerlo. Si es un tratado de aplicación automática. o como resultado de una actividad particularmente peligrosa. (Regla Fed. Treaty. sec. sec. aun en el caso de estar dispuesto a devolverlo. juicio oral. o causa daño a alguna cosa o una tercera persona a cuyo seguridad el poseedor tiene un derecho legalmente protegido. o la de la cosa causa daño a la propiedad o a su poseedor. si una para que dispersona intencionalmente: a) entre en la propiedadde otra persona. 165). Second. Torts. Triplicación del resarcimiento como medida ejemplar o punitoria. Fideicomiso. 2nd. 2nd. actividades de alto riesgo. El cional. Treble damages. sec. La transgresión o translimitación de un bien mueble la comete quien intencionalmente: a) despoja a otro del bien mueble. (Restamente.. Trespass on latid. la corte a su discreción a virtud de moción. Los tratados son firmados por el Presidente con el consentimiento del Senado por mayoría de dos tercios de los votos. Second. Torts. sec. El poseedor de ganado que se ha introducido en un terreno perteneciente a otra persona. Trespass. 217). convenio. pacto. Tree nurseries. irrespecti. Torts. Juicio por la corte. 504). intentional intrusion. (que por otra parte han sido más numerosos que los tratados). Acción que el derecho angloamericano concede al titular de una cosa mueble cuando ha sido ¡legalmente privado de su dominio o uso. infringimiento. o causa que un tercero lo haga. Trial by the court. Abrevadero. El fideicomiso es una instiTrespass on land. será responsable de tal intrusión aunque haya ejercido sumo cuidado de que no ocurriese dicha intrusión. (Rstmnt. (Restatemente. violador de propiedad. Transgresor. 158).solamente a la Constitución. acuerdo. Apoderamiento indebido de bienes muebles. Incurrirá en responsabilidad por fideicomiso es un mandato irrevocable a transgresión o translimitación. Trover and conversion. Un transgresor o violador es aquella persona que entra o permanece en un predio de terreno cuya posesión pertenece a otra persona sin un privilegio que se lo permita y sin el consentimiento del poseedor. corte. Trust. Civ. debe ser imple-mentado por una ley federal. adquiere vigencia en cuanto es ratificado.virtud del cual se transmiten determinados vamente de que cause daño a un derecho bienes a una persona llamada fiduciario legalmente protegido de otro. Trespass by livestock. 456 . Torts. Trespass to chattel. Una persona que temeraria o negligentemente. Tribunal. Tratado. Violación de propiedad. True and faithful record. En caso de conflicto entre un tratado y una ley tiene primacía el texto más reciente. violación. sec. entra en una propiedad poseída por otro u ocasiona que un tercero o alguna cosa entre en la propiedad. b) permanece en esa propiedad. de Proc. sino obligar al detentador ilegítimo a pagar su valor íntegro. (Restatemente. sin embargo. tienen igual validez que estos. Registro fiel y exacto. Violación de propiedad. Juicio. podrá ordenar un juicio por jurado de cualesquiera o todas las cuestiones. presentes o futuros. set up. por tiempo determinado o durante la vida del fideicomitente. Fideicomiso. (31 LPRA sec. (31 LPRA sec. 2548-54). 4) Por renuncia del fideicomisario. fue capaz de asegurar el cumplimiento de los derechos del trust por medio de penas como multa o prisión. constituent. El término "compañía de fideicomisos. EL concepto nació a partir de la operación siguiente: el propietario de un bien (settlor) lo entrega a otra persona (trustee) que lo custodiara en beneficio de tercero (beneficiar)')." significa una corporación del país formada con el objetivo de tomar.Trust. origen. o por su muerte. fideicomitente. 2563-65). 457 . Fideicomiso. 2541). 5) Por destrucción de la cosa sobre la cual está constituido. aceptar y cumplir o ejecutar los fideicomisos que legalmente se le confíen. set up ponga de ellos conforme lo ordene la que los tramite. 2) Por imposibilidad de su cumplimiento. destitución o muerte y puede encomendar al propio fiduciario o a un tercero el nombramiento de sustituto. Trust.—si malversa o fraudulenta o negligentemente administra los bienes fideicomitidos. El fideicomiso se extingue: 1) Por cumplimiento de los fines para los cuales se constituyó. El fideicomisario puede ser persona natural o jurídica. Para que la operación tuviera éxito. Trust. Trust indenture. 2560. El fideicomiso puede constituirse por testamento. Por orden del tribunal con jurisdicción competente se destituirá de su cargo al fiduciario:—si sus intereses personales son incompatibles con los del fideicomisario. Trust. (31 LPRA sec. creación. end. (31 LPRA sec. 6) Por resolución del derecho del fideicomitente sobre los derechos fideicomitidos. settlor. sin dejar de reconocerle por ello un derecho de propiedad legal: al reconocer al beneficiario de derechos. recibiendo depósitos de dinero y de otra propiedad mueble. Trust. Documento que contiene las cláusulas que crean el fideicomiso. Trust. 302). removal of trustee. o por acto inter vivos. 2574). Fideicomiso. comienzo. El sistema equity. así como emitiendo documentos por los mismos y prestando dinero con garantías reales o personales. La vida legal de un fideicomiso comienza desde que el fiduciario acepta el mandato. remoción del fiduciario. Fideicomiso. Trust company. 2546. (31 LPRA sec. cestui que trust. Trust. a día cierto. finalización. El fideicomiso inter vivos debe constituirse por escritura pública. constitución. beginning.—si se incapacita o inhabilita. del fiduciario o del fideicomisario. (7 LPRA sec. 3) Por falta absoluta de la condición dentro del término señalado. En el caso de fideicomisos no pecuniarios. Los fideicomisos para fines no pecuniarios podrán constituirse por tiempo indeterminados. Fideicomiso. en equity se genero la distinción entre propiedad legal y propiedad. para que tenga efecto después de la muerte del fideicomitente. corporales o incorporales. Fideicomisos. 2575). actuando. (Intro al USA). con lo cual se hace irrevocable. 7) Por confusión del carácter del único fideicomisario con el del único fiduciario. Fideicomiso. llamada fideicomitente. El fideicomitente puede designar uno o más sustitutos del fiduciario para que lo reemplacen en caso de incapacidad. 2575-77). Toda condición de la cual dependa la ejecución de un fideicomiso y cuyo cumplimiento tarda cada 30 años. origin. puro o condicional. a beneficio de este mismo o de un tercero llamado fideicomisario (cestui que trust). benef iciary. Compañía de fideicomisos. (31 LPRA sec. 2556-57). al permitir acciones legales sobre los individuos. Puede constituirse el fideicomiso sobre toda clase de bienes muebles e inmuebles. como fiduciaria en los casos prescritos por la ley. nacidas o por nacer. fue necesario encontrar los medios para obligar al trustee a cumplir con las obligaciones que el trustee imponía. contados desde la aceptación del cargo por el fiduciario se tendrá por prescrita. Esta disposición no será aplicables a los fideicomisos para fines no pecuniarios. El fideicomiso puede ser particular o universal. Fideicomiso. fideicomisario. el fideicomisario puede ser una clase de personas indeterminadas. Trust. Trust. siempre que no tenga sustitutos. duración. (31 LPRA sec. duration. 8) Por convenio expreso y personal de todas las partes. para los fines antedichos. 2558. trustee's rights and duties. Por la Tucker Act de 1887 (Ley Tucker) y sus enmiendas (una de las leyes federales más importantes en el tema) el gobierno de los Estados Unidos ha renunciado a su inmunidad total en la materia. El fiduciario tendrá derecho a recibir y recibirá los mismos honorarios que la ley señala a los tutores salvo pacto en contrario. Síndicos o administradores judiciales de corporaciones. Try. y para realizar todos los demás actos que la corporación realizaría si existiere. Servir como guía o maestro a alguien (v). (31 LPRA sec. Turn key operation. trustee. Trust. si son personales naturales. Venta ligada. El fiduciario quedará encargado de la ejecución del fideicomiso desde el instante en que lo acepte y no será responsable de ninguna equivocación de criterio. y tendrán asimismo facultades para nombrar agentes bajo sus órdenes. 2542-45. Podrán prorrogarse las facultades de los síndicos o administradores judiciales por el tiempo necesario y mediante las órdenes necesarias a juicio del Tribunal. y que sean necesarios para la liquidación final de los asuntos corporativos pendientes.Trust. Para un sólo fideicomiso puede haber uno o más fiduciarios. 2566). trustee El fideicomiso constituido sobre bienes inmuebles debe constar en escritura pública. someter a la decisión de un tribunal y/o de un jurado (v). a excepción de su propio descuido voluntario o negligencia manifiesta. . consintiendo a litigar en los tribunales federales. curador (s).2562). Tutor. (Intro al USA). fiduciario. derechos y obligaciones del fiduciario. (31 LPRA sec. de ningún error de ellos o de derecho. Tucker Act. Todo fideicomiso se entiende remunerado. deberán tener todos los requisitos y condiciones que la ley exige a los tutores. El fiduciario puede ser persona natural o jurídica. Substanciar. Operación llave en mano. 2569-73). y sólo perjudicará a terceros desde la fecha de su inscripción en un registro público. El fiduciario y sus sustitutos. Los síndicos y administradores judiciales tendrán facultad para representar judicialmente a la corporación o actuar de otro modo con respecto a todos los pleitos que fueren necesarios o propios a los fines ante- dichos. Tying arrangement. juzgar. Tying of goods. esfuerzo (s). Completar un juicio hasta su etapa final. Es el que involucra la venta o arriendo de un producto con la condición de que se compre conjuntamente un segundo producto. Try a case. Intento. (31 LPRA sec. (14 LPRA sec. Acción monopolística consistente en forzar la venta de dos productos cuando el consumidor sólo quiere comprar uno. Y puede haber uno o más sustituto para un fiduciario de este título. Fideicomiso. Trust. la cual habrá de inscribirse. Trustees or receivers for dissolved cor-porations. 2007). Fideicomiso . conocer. Tutor. (Intro al USA). ni de ningún acto u omisión. no ganado. Sin merma ni reducción de ninguna clase. Formalidad contractual ya casi no usada. restrinja. sec. Unanimity. Unavoidable accident. Under oath. Incontestable. No contencioso. subterráneo. Uncollectible account. 2nd. Torts. Subsuelo. irrecuperable. o puede limitar la aplicación de cualquier término leonino para evitar así un resultado irrazonable. sec. Undertake. Bajo sello. Unfair labor practice by employer. Indemnización especulativa. Contrato no ejecutable es aquél que al incumplirse no acuerda acción por daños ni por cumplimiento específico.. que no admite réplica. No devengado. sec. Sin cumplimentar. Undue inf luence. exento. Apercibido. Unaswerable. 208). Uncertainty. (Rstmnt. irrefutable. Con abuso de función pública. Circunstancia en la que el daño causado no es producido por un acto torticero de otra persona.. Unconstitutional. Influencia indebida. incumplido. Unattached. Cuenta incobrable. 2nd. Libre de gravamen. Unauthorized practice of law. Unappealable. que represente un riesgo irrazonable a las personas que ocupen el terreno. Unexecuted. u Under the surface. injusto. o puede ejecutar la parte restante del contrato sin el término leonino. Undisbursed income. Unduly. injustificado.Unabated. Uncollectible. será responsable ante su locatario y los demás con el consentimiento del locatario o el sublo-catario. (Rstmnt. Unfair. injustas. prácticas desleales. Uncontested. ejerza coerción o intente intervenir. Sin fecha. Undue. pero al que se le asigna un deber de cumplimiento moral aunque no haya mediado ratificación. Indebidamente. 2nd. Procedimiento voluntario. Undisclosed dangerous condition known to lessor. Unconscionable contract. Unfair activities. Bajo juramento solemne. Contrato leonino. sec. un tribunal puede rehusar ejecutar el contrato. Incobrable.. Con. final. Inapelable. o puede ejecutar el contrato. 362). Accidente inevitable. una adopción o un divorcio cuando ambas partes estan de acuerdo. sin razón de ser. Under warning. por el daño corporal causado por la condición luego de que el locatario haya tomado posesión. Práctica ilícita de trabajo por el patrono. Uncertain damages. Unenforceable contract. v. Condición peligrosa oculta conocida por el locador. (Rstmnt. restringir o ejercer coerción con sus empleados en el 459 . Incertidumbre. Under seal. Actividades. Torts. Con. Undated. El locador de un predio de terreno que oculte u omita alguna condición a su locatario ya fuese natural o artificial. Ejercicio ilegal de la profesión de abogado. Originalmente esta formalidad daba fuerza legal a aquellos contratos que carecían de consideration o contraprestación. (Rstmnt. Ingresos no distribui-dos. 8). no comprometido. (Rstmnt. Unencumbered. 2nd. Contrato no ejecutable. Emprender. Unearned. Libre de embargos. Indebido. Con. Under color of law. Parcial. No se podrá recibir indemnización por una pérdida mayor a la establecida con certeza razonable por la evidencia admitida. actuando individualmente o concertadamente con otros intervenga. 8). Unanimidad.g. 1) Será práctica ilícita de trabajo el que un patrono. Inconstitucional. Si un contrato o término es leonino al momento que se realiza el contrato. 2nd. 352). sec. . Usos y costumbres del transacción puede comprender un contrato de comercio. Upon notice. organización obrera. la transacción pudo efectuarse en virtud de Usages and practices. C. Fuerza ilegal. Prefacio). arbitraje. evicción. lanzamiento ilegal. Desahucio. 2nd. Se abrevia como U. Uso. (C. el cual Uniforme. 1. Unión. United States Code. Con. Previa define y describe la terminología que emplea. de almacenes de depósitos o ambos. Ininteligible. por cualquier práctica que hayan establecido entre ellas. Unitary action. (Rstmnt.C. 69). Uniform Commercial Code. Código de Comercio fuerza. general Unlawful force. El uso y costumbre del venta. ilícitas. Recopilación official Será práctica ilícita de trabajo el que una de leyes federales de los Estados Unidos. giro o letra por parte del comercio es aquél que se observa con precio y la aceptación de alguna forma de tal regularidad en un lugar. aunque las amparado por una carta de porte o reglas particulares cambien de tiempo conocimiento de embarque. define 46 términos y expresiones legales con precisión y claridad en el lenguaje. El Código Unworthiness.S. Uso de la fuerza para toma posesión sobre inmuebles. sec. 2nd. Prin.disposiciones generales.8). 219). Unfaithful spouse. Si respecto a un acuerdo en particular. U. a pesar de costumbre. Usage. (Uni-droit. Cónyuge infiel. Con. Situaciónprecaria. El Artículo es empleado sin el consentimiento de 1 está totalmente dedicado a las disposiciones la persona contra la cual va dirigido y el de carácter general y tal cosa es sin duda una empleo de lo cual constituye una contribución sustancial al Derecho mercantil. (29 LPRA sec..C. Fundándose Uniform Commercial Code.§ 3. Las partes quedarán obligadas por (C. Código de en los autos y legajos. esté o no dicho acuerdo incluido en los Unlawful agreements. cualquier uso que hayan convenido y Union. El uso de la fuerza contra otro individuo para poder entrar en posesión de ... Comercio Uniforme.C. Un sólo acto o Usage of trade. Fuero de atracción. Uniforme probablemente ha ido más allá que Unworthy heir. Unfair labor practice by labor union. United Nations Organization (UNO... establecen principios generales y reglas de Unseemly criticism.Unfair labor practice by labor union ejercicio de los derechos garantizados por la ley. confuso. art. Indignidad. Estas son aplicables a todos los Artículos y Unnavigable. notificación. un cheque. Sindicato. Convenciones términos de un convenio colectivo. Usos y prácticas. (Cód. A propio tiempo este Artículo Unsound condition. un convenio colectivo. (Rstmnt. zona o garantía por el precio aplazado. Pen Mod. Prefacio).C. incluyendo un acuerdo en Unknown owners. sus diversas facetas. La idea central del Código Uniforme es que el acto de comercio o costumbre. UN) Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU. actuando individualmente o concertadamente con otros viole los términos de Unitelligible. Significa provisions.C. las mercancías son transportadas o Puede incluir un sistema de reglas que almacenadas el objeto de la venta estará se observan regularmente.sec. 69). o un resguardo en tiempo. Uso es la práctica habitual o transacción comercial es uno solo. Dueños el que se comprometa a aceptar un laudo de desconocidos. ofensa. O tal vez 222(1)).U. (29 LPRA sec. Use of force to take possession of land.C.NU). Heredero excluido por cualquier legislación en el cuidado con que razónde indignidad. una carta de crédito nacional o extranjera. incluyendo confinamiento. El cheque y el comercio de modo que justifica la giro o letra pueden negociarse y finalmente expectativa de que se observará con pasar por uno o más bancos para su cobro.U.U. Upon the record and files. No navegable. interpretación. Práctica ilícita de trabajo por una organización obrera. Unlawful detainer.11(1)). Crítica injuriosa. Exclamación.Uxoricide un inmueble no es de naturaleza privilegiada a menos que ese individuo haya despojado en forma torticera al acto o predecesor de su títulos: (i) sin haber reclamado un derecho. Usufructuary. 461 . Usury. o mediante coacción o fraude. asesinato de la esposa propia. Usura. Utterance. (Rstmnt. Uxoricidio. sec. UtMost care. 89). Torts. declaración. Uxoricide. Usurpar. Usurpador. Uterine. Usurario. Usurper. 2nd. Usurp. Usufructuario. o irrumpiendo en la propiedad. ha utilizado la fuerza contra el actor. Usurious. o (ii) si reclamando un derecho. Uterino. manifestación. Cuidado máximo. V V.A. Vacancy. Veredicto. o 2) Se ha notificado adecuadamente a la parte contra la cual se dictará sentencia de la acción en su contra y el tribunal tiene jurisdicción territorial sobre la acción. Venal. decisión del jurado. 1201 (144)). Sentencia válida. 92).A. Variance. Causa onerosa. Anulación de la sentencia. Vacation of judgment. El veredicio puede ser genérico. Vagueness. Vasallo. Vehicle insurance. y: 1) la parte contra la cual se dictará sentencia se ha sometido a la jurisdicción del tribunal. 2nd. conservación. revocar. sec. Vaguedad. Validez. a titulo oneroso. Competencia en razón de territorio. (26 LPRA sec. requisites. feria. y contra cualquier pérdida. Vassal. Venire facías (L). Vandalism. finding of the jury. Vagrancy. Value. y se le provee a las personas afectadas de una oportunidad razonable para ser oídas. Vagabundo. 2nd. resultante de la posesión. (Intro al USA). Vagancia. Usado especialmente en la expresión venire fascias. .407). feriado. Judg. Vacate. el presidente del jurado firma un veredicto escrito que es leído en la audiencia. Una sentencia es válida si: a) El Estado donde se emittió tiene jurisdicción para actuar en ese caso. Un tribunal tiene autoridad para dictar sentencia en una acción cuando dicho tribunal tiene jurisdicción en razón de materia sobre la cuestión en litigio. sobornable.V. decidiendo a favor de una de las partes y fijando una suma reparatoria. vago. Verdict. Salvo lo dispuesto en contrario con respecto a instrumentos negociables y cobranzas bancarias una persona entrega valor a cambio de derecho si los adquiere a cambio de un compromiso obligatorio de extender crédito o para concesión de crédito inmediatamente disponible aunque no se gire contra él y aunque se pacte un nuevo cargo (charge-back) para 462 el caso de dificultades en el cobro. (Rstmnt. o uso de cualquiera de dichos vehículos. Valuable consideration. Impreciso. Vandalismo. desacuerdo.C. o incidentales a los mismos. Veredicto. Comparecer ante el tribunal.T. Vendee. Valid. sec. Título lucrativo. Validity. Venue. 1). Vendor. b) se utiliza un método razonable de notificación. o puede requerirse que el jurado decida una serie de cuestiones de hecho específicas que el juez le plantea. Estados vasallos. efectividad. Incongruencia. Vacations. Conflict. Valor o causa onerosa. En otros. Verdict. Vacaciones. Valid judgment requirements. "Seguro de vehículos" es el seguro contra péridida o los daños causados a un vehículo terrestre o aeronave o cualquier animal de tiro o de montura. Validez. aeronaves o animales. contradicción. Comprador. Valid judgment. Vendedor. Sentencia válida. Impuesto al valor agregado. Dejar sin efecto. vago. Vague. anular. o cargándose en los mismos o descargándose de ellos. u orden requiriendo la presencia de un jurado. sec. requisitos. enajenante. Venire (L). Vassal States. Vagrant. o los daños causados a personas o la propiedad. Seguro de vehículos. o de propiedad mientras estuviere en los mismos o sobre los mismos. gasto o responsabilidad por la pérdida.U. Venal. asueto.. En algunos lugares el veredictos se emite oralmente. oneroso. Orden emitida por el tribunal para que se convoque al jurado. Vacante. I. (C. (Rstmnt. por cualquier riesgo o causa. ante to cual el jurado da asentimiento en forma oral. confuso. requisitos. for value. la corte permitirá a las partes o a sus abogados complementar el examen mediante las investigaciones adicionales que considere pertinentes o podrá someter a los jurados en perspectiva las preguntas adicionales de las partes o de sus abogados que estimare pertinentes. y dicha sentencia tendrá el mismo efecto que un traspaso ejecutado en debida forma legal. cualquiera que ocurra primero. 1702). traspasándolo a otras. 463 .. Vulnerable. con el fin de otorgar a tal persona o personas o corporación o corpo-ractiones. Derecho al voto de los accionistas.41(a) (1)). Voto. La corte podrá permitir a las partes o a sus abogados llevar a cabo el examen de los jurados en per-spetiva o podrá ella misma llevado a cabo. Violencia. Nulo (s). Selección de jurados. Desistimiento voluntario. recibo. P. Voluntary dismissal. En este último caso. pero no podrá emitirse voto alguno por poder después del año de haberse otorgado el poder. téminos y condiciones que se consignen en el convenio. Alegato con firma certificada. Un pletto podrá ser desistido por el demandante sin orden de la corte mediante la presentación de un aviso de desistimiento en cualquier fecha antes de la notificación por la parte contraria de una contesiación o de una moción solicitando sentencia sumaria. la facultad de emitir. sec. Verif ied pleading. depositar acciones de capital de emisión original o traspasar acciones de capital a cualquier persona o personas o corporación o corporaciones autorizadas para actuar en calidad de fiduciarios. Autentificación de firma. Votar. R Civ. Voto en fideicomiso. la corte en lugar de ordenar el traspaso de los mismos podrá dictar sentencia despojando del titulo a cualquier parte. a menos que en éste se disponga un plazo mayor. 1706). Todo accionista tendrá. Voting trust. Anular (v). Violence. Vetar (v). Comprobante. Derecho adquirido. en cada junta de accionista y a menos que se disponga otra cosa en el certificado de incorporación. (14 LPRA sec. Un accionista o cualquier número de ellos podrá. Vesting of title. un 1) voto por cada acción del capital corporativo que posea. (R. el derecho a votar que corresponda a las acciones por el tiempo (no más de diez (10) años). (R. Copia con una firma que autentica su validez. Manera de vivir conocida. Vote. (14 LPRA sec. Civ. Si hubiera bienes inmuebles o muebles en el distrito. normalmente aqullos acordados a los progenitores en juicios de divorcio. Veto. Fed. 70). (R. Voluntario. Verificación. Verif ied copy. P. A continuación. sec. Visitation rights. Vested right. Volunteer. Ofrecerse como voluntario. Vulnerable. Vil. escrutinio (s). Voting rights of stockholders.Vulnerable Verification. Civ. sec. oposición (s). sufragar (v). mediante convenio escrito. Void. Voir dire. personalmente o mediante apoderado. Fed. Derechos de visita. Investidura de titulo. que podrán ser designadas fiduciarias del voto. Visible means of support. Fed.. 47(a)). Veto. Voucher.. 2nd. Apostar. (Rstmnt. Welfare. depósito. menor a cargo. A requerimiento del fiscal la corte expedirá orden de arresto para cada acusado nombrado en la acusación fundada en la existencia de causa probable bajo juramento. Capital demasiado pequeño para la envergadura del objeto social. Whereas. Muelle. Un animal salvaje es uno que por costumbre no es dedicado al servicio del hombre. de Proc. 464 . abandono de una causa por la parte actora. sabiendo que con ello se causa un daño o sin que a uno le importe si el daño se causa o no. Un acto es negligente si se ejecuta sin la debida competencia o capacidad de parte del actor. Advertencia. asegurar (v). 2nd. Wharton's rule. En relación con el delito de conspiración. Warranty. Waive. 506(1)). o en el indiciamiento a requerimiento del fiscal se podrá expedir una citación en lugar de orden de arresto. Documento o comprobante de constatación (s). sec. Wharf. Want of prosecution. custodia.). Wedlock. cuando debió reconocer como hombre razonable. Vínculo matrimonial. Wherefore premises considered. La consecuencia de esta situación es la posible responsabilidad personal y solidaria de los directivos de la empresa por las deudas sociales impagas. (Rstmnt. Warehouse receipts. Want of reasonable care. Wild animal. Vélez Rivera. Tutela. Uniform Commercial Code. Prefacio). Garantía. Crim. w Warning. Excedente.U.R.. White-collar crime. Renuncia a un derecho. Torts. Pupilo. Bienestar. Cantidad u objeto que se apuesta. Lenguage formal con el que suele comenzarse el exordio o la súplica en un escrito. Garantizar.Wager. Delito económico. En consideración de lo arriba expuesto. como un acto necesario para evitar el riesgo de ocasionar daño a otro. (Rstmnt. Regla de Wharton.C. Este artículo constituye una refundición y revisión de la Uniform Warehouse Receipts Acty de la Uniform Bills of Lading Acty com Sales Act relativas a la negociación de documentos de resguardo. Reglas Fed. en el cual incorpora sin modificaciones esenciales de concepto las vigentes Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act y Uniform Bills of Lading Act. (Pueblo v. El Código Uniforme trata éstos en el Artículo 7. (C. sec. 649 (1966)). Falta de competencia. Sueldos. Fenecimiento. Warehouse. 2nd. Warrant. Watered stock. Wages. Apuesta. sec. Renunciar a un derecho. Ward. resaca. Animal salvaje. Wardship. Waste. u omission de realizar un acto. Waiver. Ejecución conciente de un acto. Weights and measures. 298). Visto lo cual. Warrant or summons upon indictment or information. Pesas y medidas. que tal capacidad o competencia era necesaria para evitar el riesgo de ocasionar daño a otro. con su conocimiento y competencia. 299).P. Falta de cuidado razonable. Guerra. (Regla 9(a). 93 D. Almacén. Torts. War. Código de Comercio Uniforme. aviso. Orden de negligente se debe a que no se actuó con el debido cuidado. Want of competence. Torts. la doctrina denominada Wharton's Rule establece que un acuerdo para cometer un delito que sólo puede ser realizado por la acción concertada de dos personas no constituye conspiración. Cuando el acto arresto o citación basada en indiciamiento o de acusación. Documentos de resguardo. Wantonness. el cuidado que se le requiere al actor es aquél que observaría un hombre razonable en la misma posición. impeachment. R. (Unidroit. R.). (Regla 608(a). Witness. Testigo. Cuando las partes han de cumplir simulatáneamente. knowledge. specific instances of conduct. Evid. Prin. Fed. evidencia de opinión y reputación. Widow. 96 D.P. Prostituta. Testigo.). Ganar. excepto convicción por delito cubierta 465 . evidence of opinion and repu-tation. la palabra "wilfully" voluntariamente. oath or affirmation. 491 (1968)). (2) Cualquier oferta.). (Regla 603. Witness. Evid. Fed. calling and interrogation by court. inclusive la parte que lo llama. Con premeditación. Testigo.. Testigo.3). (Regla 615. A los fines del Código Penal. Evid. (Unidroit. religious belief or opinions. Fed. A petición de una parte la corte ordenará la exclusion de testigos de manera que no puedan oir el testimonio de otros testigos y podrá dictar la orden por iniciativa propia. La credibilidad de un testigo podrá ser atacada por cualquier parte. cada cual puede aplazar el cumplimiento de su prestación hasta que la otra ofrezca cumplir. R. Intercepción de comunicaciones telefónicas. Evid. Testigo. Fed. mediante juramento o afirmación prestados en forma ideada para despertar su conciencia y llevar a su mente su obligación de así hacerlo. With prejudice. Fed. (Regla 610. Testigo. R. Con previo aviso. a iniciativa propia o a petición de una parte. R. Victoria. 2. a los fines de impugnar o sostener su credibilidad. todo testigo será requerido para que declare que testificará la verdad.1. Whore. Witness.). (Regla 609. art. La corte podrá. Fed. Bajo la propiedad y control total. Evidencia de creencias u opiniones de un testigo en materia de religión no será admisible a los fines de demostrar que por razón de su naturaleza su credibilidad está menoscabada o aumentada. Witness. art. Wiretapping.). Con impedimento de plantear la misma acción nuevamente. Evid. (Pueblo v..3). Retiro de la oferta. La credibilidad de un testigo podrá ser impugnada o sostenida mediante evidencia en forma de opinión o reputación. Evid. Withdrawal of offer. Sánchez Lugo.). Prin.R. Witness. Retiro de la aceptación. llamada e interrogatorio por la corte. With malice aforethought. Viuda. Casos específicos de conducta de un testigo. Wilfully. conviction of a crime. (Regla 614.10). Fed. juramento o afirmación. (1) La oferta surte efectos cuando le llega al destinatario. Evid. (Regla 602. With notice. Witness. evidencia de que ha sido convicto de delito será admitida si ha sido obtenida del propio testigo o ha sido establecida mediante récord público durante el contrainterrogatorio. A los fines de impugnar la credibilidad de un testigo. Witness. Without prejudice. Witness.Witness. (Regla 607. Testigo. Withdrawal of acceptance. Evid. al por mayor. casos específicos de conducta. creencias u opiniones religiosas. R. Withholding performance. implica simplemente propósito o voluntad de cometer el acto o de incurrir en la comisión a que se refiere. Testigo. aplicada a la intención con que se ejecuta un acto.). exclusión. aun cuando sea irrevocable. exclusion. Con la facultad de intentar la misma acción nuevamente. art. R. impugnación. R. puede ser retirada siempre que la comunicación de su retiro llegue al destinatario al mismo tiempo o antes que la oferta. 2. convicción por un delito. Win. Witness.). conocimiento. La aceptación puede ser retirada siempre que la comunicación de su retiro llegue al oferente antes que la aceptación o simultáneamente con ella. specific instances of conduct Wholesale. (Unidroit. Antes de testificar. Un testigo no podrá testificar sobre una materia a menos que se presente evidencia suficiente para sostener la determinación de que el mismo tiene conocimiento personal de la materia. Aplazamiento del cumplimiento. Testigo. Wholly owned. o se incurre en una omisión. llamar testigos y todas las partes tendrán derecho a con-trainterrogar a los testigos así llamados. Voluntariamente. Fed. Mayoreo. 7. se ha impugnado una ley estadual en virtud de normas federales. y no dar opiniones. R. asalariado. art. Ley de accidentes laborales. Cláusulas que exigen que la modificación o extinción del contrato sea por escrito. Fed. Teoría que acordaba un bien sucesorio al heredero más próximo entre dos herederos testamentarios cuando tal manda testamentaria era idéntica y no podía repartirse entre los dos beneficiarios. Worker. El heredero más próximo entre estos dos se reputaba con mejor derecho. También puede emitirse para revisar la decisión de un tribunal estadual de ultima instancia cuando. Si un escrito que pretende constituirse en una confirmación del contrato fuere enviado dentro de un término razonable con posterioridad a su celebración y contiene estipulaciones adicionales o diferentes.Witnesses and expert witnesses por la Regla 609. a discreción de la corte. Writ of prohibition. a interrogar al testigo sobre el mismo y a presentar en evidencia aquellas porciones relacionadas con la declaración del testigo. o a un funcionario ordenando que se proceda de un modo determinado. En la práctica se conoce también como worker's comp. Written evidence. o de ser utilizados como prueba. y a los fines de probar veracidad o mendacidad. Evid. a inspeccionarlo. Confirmación por escrito. podrán investigarse en el contrainterrogatorio del testigo 1) respecto de su carácter en cuanto a veracidad o mendacidad. En todos los casos el que se emita esta orden queda a discreción de la Corte. bien: 1) mientras esté declarando. Writ of mandamus.). prueba escrita. Fed. o 2) antes de la declaración. Puede acordarse ante la solicitud de una de las partes de cualquier caso que 466 este ante un tribunal federal de apelaciones. mandamiento. Mandamiento de embargo. Orden emitida a un juez inferior. y no se considera tal el hecho de que la decisión de nivel inferior sea errónea. requiriendo del tribunal federal inferior o del tribunal estadual de ultima instancia que certifique y envíe el expediente del caso. (Intro al USA). En la mayor parte de los casos sólo se obtiene que la Corte revise un caso solo a través de un writ of certiorari. conviction of a crime) no podrá ser probada mediante evidencia extrínseca. R. no . Evid) Writings in confirmation. Worthier title. Esta regla (que en los últimos años se ha hecho menos rígida) no se aplica a los expertos. Teoría que proteje los documentos elaborados por el abogado de ser leídos. o 2) respecto del carácter en cuanto a veracidad o mendacidad de otro testigo respecto de cuyo carácter el testigo con-trainterrogado haya declarado. ley escrita. (Regla 608(b). Witnesses and expert witnesses. Writ of certiorari. o cuando se reclama un derecho asegurado por la Constitución o por un ley federal. providencia. Orden de un tribunal de alzada prohibiendo al juez inferior a extender su competencia sobre un caso en particular a cuestiones que pertenecen a otro tribunal. Writ of certiorari. Written modification clauses. o sea describir lo que observaron. Genéricamente. Prin. Trabajador. toda orden judicial. (Intro al USA). Work product. (Regla 612. Writing used to refresh memory. Writ. Trabajo.12). Writ of attachment. (Ver witness. una parte adversa tendrá derecho a que el escrito sea exhibido en la vista. por los abogados de la contraparte. estas pasarán a integrar el contrato. que es una orden emitida por la Corte Suprema. Sin embargo.. obrero. Written law. Derecho codificado. El jurado sacará sus propias conclusiones. Prueba documental. Pero el certiorari se otorga sólo por razones especiales e importantes. Auto. si la corte en su discreción determina que es necesario en el interés de la justicia. por ejemplo. Trabajar. orden. Si un testigo utiliza un escrito para refrescar su memoria a fin de declarar. 2. a menos que lo alteren sustancialmente o que el destinatario objete tal discrepancia sin demora injustificada. Todo contrato escrito con cláusula que exija que toda modificación o extinción sea por escrito. Workmens' Compensation. Work. Los testigos legos deben (dentro de los límites de lo razonable) limitarse a enunciar hechos. (Unidroit. Testigos y peritos. Escrito para refrescar la memoria. 18). Wrongdoer. 467 . continuación o incoación de procesos civiles contra otro.. Wrongful act. Causar un daño (v). 2nd. Wrong. abuso de proceso civil. art. Acción ilegal. Torts. Cuasidelito. Aquella persona que tome parte activa en la iniciación. daño (s). (Rstmnt. Parte que ha sufrido un daño. será responsable ante ese otro por un proceso civil dañoso si actúa sin mediar causa probable y con otro propósito que no es el de asegurar la justa adjudicación de la reclamación sobre la cual se basa el proceso. Prin. sec. Wronged party. 2. Perpetrador de un delito civil o de un delito penal. 674). Temeridad y malicia. (Unidroit. Wrongful civil proceedings.Wrongful civil proceedings podrá ser modificado ni extinguido sino por ese medio. Grabado en odio o antipatía hacia los extranjeros. Xylographer.X X-ray. Xylograph. diografiar (v). Xenofobia. Grabador en madera. RaXmas. Rayo X. Xenophobia. Christmas. catódico o Roentgen (s). 468 . madera. Yield. opresión. Interés o rédito devengado por una inversión o por un cultivo (s). 469 . Producir. Yoke. Año del Señor.Y Yea. Expresión arcaica. Yugo. en el sentido económico (v). Se usa particularmente para expresar un voto oral. todavía usada contemporáneamente para votar afirmativamente. Year of Our Lord. Zona. Zealous. en especial. diligente. obsesivo. Zealot. aquélla que goza de ventajas aduaneras. . z Zoning laws. cuidadoso.Zeal. esfuerzo. Activo. perseveración. Zone. Apasionado. Zona de libre comercio. Conjunto de leyes y normas que regulan las características arquitectónicas de una zona determinada y. fanático. Zone. región. área. Determinación. determinan en qué lugares pueden abrirse tiendas de acceso público. Código de edificación. exagerado. free trade. but related to the word before the bar. The breakdown by subject matter allows the reader to focus in the area of interest. The asterisk (*) shows that there are many entries that begin with the word(s) mentioned. The bar (/) means that the words that follow are independent entries. Administrative Law (Derecho Administrative) Derecho administrative) a Composicion Contenciosoadministrativo Bankruptcy Law (Quiebras) Convenio del quebrado Juicio universal o general Quiebra* Suspension de pagos Business Law (Derecho Comercial) Acciones Acto de comercio Afianzamiento Agentes* Arbitraje* Arbitro.Table of Key Words The following list is a guide to help the reader find a word or a concept when the reader does not have a precise idea of what he is looking for. the list is incomplete and many more words have been left out than have been included. Consequently. nombramiento Bancos* Bolsa de comercio* Cartas-ordenes de credito Cheques* CIF CIP Comerciantes Comision* Compafiia(s)* Compraventa* Corporacion. Only the words or expressions with an encyclopedic definition have been included. This is just an alternative to the alphabetical search that a dictionary normally presupposes. making it easier to find something helpful. Also left out are entries so generic that they could not be placed under only one category. capacidad Corredores de comercio Costo en el punto de origen CPT Cuenta en participacion DAF DDP DDU Derecho de los socios examinar cuentas DES Documento negociable Documento pagadero / a la orden / al portador Endoso en bianco EXW FAS FCA Fiador solidario Fianza* FOB Funcionarios que no pueden ejercer el comercio Impedido 471 . Table of Key Words Inversión extranjera. operador inmobiliario Patente Poder de representación* Seguro industrial Sistema de acumulación Sociedad* Valor de mercado Civil and Criminal Procedural Law (Derecho Procesal Civil y Penal) A quo Acción* Aclaración de sentencia Acumulación Admisión(es) Amigable componedor Amnistía Antejuicio Apelación* Artículos de previo pronunciamiento Asesores de jueces municipales Auto de entrada y registro en domicilio particular Auto inicial Bajo libertad condicional Beneficio de litigar sin gastos Caducidad de instancia Cédula de notificación Citación Comparecencia Competencia* Confesión* Confiscación Contestación* Cooperación judicial Correcciones disciplinarias Cosa juzgada Costas* Cotejo de letras. prueba Duda razonable Ejecutoria* Ejecución de sentencias* Ejercicio de acciones penales Embargo Emplazamiento Escritos de conclusión Evidencia circunstancial Excepciones de previo y especial pronunciamiento Excepciones dilatorias Exhorto* Extradición. Código Bustamante Forum non conveniens* Generales de la ley Guardián ad litem Habilitación para comparecer en juicio Hábito Horas hábiles Incidente Incompetencia de oficio Inferencia Información sumaria Informaciones para perpetuar memoria Informe pericial Inhibición* Inhibitoria Inspección ocular / personal del juez 472 . tecnología Laudo no ejecutable Letra de cambio* Libranzas. vales y pagarés a la orden Libro mayor Libros comerciales* Libros y contabilidad del comerciante Maquiladora Mediador Nacionalidad* Negociante en bienes raices. de escritura Declaración exculpatoria Declinatoria Defensa de pobres Demanda* Derecho a asistencia de abogado Derecho de fondo y de forma Derecho procesal internacional* Desistimiento Dictamen de peritos Diligencia de reconocimiento Diligenciamiento* Dispensa de ser testigo Documento privado / prueba / auténtico Documento público. aplicabilidad Derecho penal. dolo Magistrado ponente Mandamiento Medidas preventivas* Medios de prueba Muerte del procesado Multa penal* Notificación* Notificación de demanda Observancia de normas procesales Oficio Parte* Particular querellante Pérdida de competencia Perdón del ofendido Perención Plazos procesales Policía judicial Práctica profesional prevaleciente en la comunidad Preguntas capciosas Prescripción* Presunción* Primeras diligencias Privilegio* Procedimiento criminal* Procedimiento de apremio Procurador Prórroga* Prueba* Publicidad de los debates Querella Rebelde Recibimiento a prueba Reconocimiento* Recurso* Recusación* Registro* Renuncia* Repartimiento de negocios Representación de indigentes Resoluciones judiciales Responsabilidad civil de jueces y magistrados Revisión judicial Secuestro* Sentencia* Sobreseimiento* Solución de disputas Ss Subasta* Sumario Sumisión* Suplicatorio. exhorto. carta-orden Tachas de los testigos Tasación de costas Tercería / Terceros Testigos* Testimonio Transacción Votó en la sala y no pudo firmar Y/o Conflict of Laws (Derecho Internacional Privado) Aplicación del derecho extranjero Arbitraje Autonomía de la voluntad. aplicación territorial Doctrina de los contactos dominantes Documentos extranjeros Ejecución de sentencias extranjeras Ejecutoria Exequatur 473 . Venezuela Código Bustamante Competencia internacional* Conflicto entre tribunales eclesiásticos y seculares Derecho aplicable Derecho extranjero* Derecho internacional privado* Derecho local.Table of Key Words Interdicción* Interrogatorio bajo custodia Intervención adhesiva Juicio de desahucio Juicio ejecutivo Juicio en rebeldía Juicio ordinario posterior Juramento decisorio o indecisorio Jurisdicción* Justicia gratuita Laguna* Lealtad y probidad Litisconsorcio necesario Litispendencia Mala fe. Argentina No aplicabilidad del derecho extranjero Prueba del derecho extranjero Retroactividad de las leyes Sentencias extranjeras* Tratados de Montevideo Constitutional Law (Derecho Constitucional) Acción popular* Amparo Centralismo Centralización . del poder Constitución Constitucionalism o Corte suprema* Decreto-ley Derechos constitucionales Derechos individuales* Estructura legal. Código Bustamante Certeza del daño Circunstancias relevantes Citación en garantía | Cláusulas* Cobro de lo indebido Comunicación Confirmación* Conflicto entre formularios Confusión* Consentimiento* Conservación de artículos y bienes Consignación en pago Constitución en mora Contratación con cláusulas estandard. Contrato* Contratos* Cooperación entre las partes Costumbre Criterios para determinar el tipo de obligación Cuasicontrato Cuasicontratos. Torts (Obligaciones y Contratos) Abuso de derecho Aceptación* Acto auténtico / bajo signo privado Amenaza.Table of Key Words Exhorto internacional Exhortos. jurídicos y de hecho Delegación de cumplimiento Demora en el pago del precio Depositario Depósito* DEQ Derecho de retracto Derecho litigioso Derechos y acciones por incumplimiento Desproporción excesiva Determinación* 474 .. México Federalismo* Garantías individuales Habeas corpus Igualdad Libertad* Ministerio del Interior Régimen presidencial Revisión judicial* Sistema federal.. Chile Culpa* Cumplimiento* Custodia de una cosa Dación en pago Daño / daños* Deber de confidencialidad Defecto o vicios ocultos. Chile Cuasidelito Cuasidelitos. Colombia Jurisdicción extranjera Locus regit actum (L). fuerza o intimidación Anulación parcial Apariencia jurídica Aplazamiento del cumplimiento Apoderado constituido Arredador y arrendatario Atenuación del daño Autorización* Buena fe Buena fe y lealtad procesal Cambio de pretensión Capacidad* Caso fortuito* Causa* Causalidad Censo. México Contracts. anticipo Simulación* Solicitud de autorización pública Subrogación* Tanteo y retracto Tercero beneficiado Terminación* Tiempo de la aceptación Todo daño debe indemnizars e Transacción 475 . rechazo o aceptación Rechazo de la oferta Reembolso de gastos médicos Remisión de deuda Renta vitalicia Renuncia* Reparación integral Rescisión Responsabilidad* Restituciones Retiro de la aceptación / oferta Retracto* Revocación* Revocación de la oferta Saneamiento* Secuencia en el cumplimiento Seña.Table of Key Words Discrepancias idiomáticas Disolución contractual Dolo Donación* Efecto retroactivo de la anulación Efecto vinculante del contrato Enriquecimiento ilegítimo Enriquecimiento indebido. sin causa Error* Error sobre la causa Estipulaciones sorpresiva s Evicción en saneamiento Evitar el abuso de derecho Excesiva onerosidad* Fondos suficientes Fraude Frutos* Fuerza Fuerza mayor Garantía adecuada de mantenimiento Gestión de negocios ajenos Imposibilidad de cumplimiento Imprudente Imputación de pago Incumplimiento* Indemnización* Integración del contrato Intención de las partes Intereses* Interferencia de la otra parte Interpretación* Juego y apuesta Lesión* Libertad de contratación Lucro cesante* Lugar de cumplimiento Mandato* Modo de aceptación Moneda* Mora Negociaciones con mala fe Negocio jurídico disimulado Normas imperativas Novación* Nulidad* Obligación de resultados y de medios Obligación(es) * Oferta* Opción de compra Oportunidad de cumplimiento Pago* Pena judicial Pérdida* Permuta* Persona interpuesta* Plazo adicional para el cumplimiento Préstamo* Preveer / Previsibilidad / Previsión Previsibilidad del daño Principio de legalidad Prueba del daño en caso de una operación sucedánea Purga del incumplimiento Ratificación Recepción de la revocación. quebrantamiento Justificación* Libertad* Malicia* Medidas de seguridad* Muerte violenta Negligencia criminal Obediencia debida Palo. quebrantamiento Environmental Law (Derecho Ambiental) Agua* Contaminante* Desequilibrio ecológico Emergencia ecológica Equilibrio ecológico Fauna silvestre Flora silvestre Legislación Material peligroso Residuos peligrosos Sustancia* Tierras mojadas Family Law (Derecho de Familia) Acción negatoria de paternidad Acta de defunción Acuerdo pre-nupcial Adopción* Alimentos* Ausencia Ausente Compañero/a de vida Curador* Deber de alimentos Deberes filiales División de bienes matrimoniales Divorcio* 476 . intimidación* Voluntad / voluntariedad Criminal Law (Derecho Penal) Apropiación temporaria Autor de un delito Auxilio necesario o indispensable Careo de testigos y procesados Coacción Códigos penales Comiso de instrumentos delictivos Cómplice Comunicabilidad de circunstancias Concurso* Condena* Conversión de sanciones penales Convicto Cuerpo del delito Culpa* Culpabilidad Defensa propia Delincuente* Delito(s)* Denuncia* Depravación moral Derecho de defensa penal Derecho penal. aplicación* Detención Dolo Entrada y registro Entrampamiento Error invencible Error no punible Error punible Extradición Fianza Hacer funcionar un vehículo Hecho falso Inmutabilidad* Identificación del cuerp o Indulto Inhabilitación* Inmoralidad Internación Intimación. garrote Pena(s)* Prevención de un mal mayor Prisión* Quiebra fraudulenta Rehabilitación* Reparación por delitos* Tentativa Vigilancia.Table of Key Words Transacciones fraudulentas Transferencia de créditos no endosables Transmisión de créditos y demás derechos incorporales Usos y prácticas Vicio oculto Vicios* Violencia Violencia. notification Familia Gananciales Guardian ad litem Habilitacion para comparecer en juicio Hijos* Impedimentos matrimoniales. Mexico Domicilio* Edificio Escribano Estudiantes de derecho Formalismo Fuentes de derecho Interpretation de normas procesales Juez de Registro Civil Legalismo Ley* Mayoria de edad Notario publico Paternalismo Personalidad* Personas* Personas juridicas* Profesores de derecho Programa de estudios Publication de casos..Table of Key Words Donation matrimonial Donaciones matrimoniales Dote Emancipacion * Estado civil.. 477 . Mexico Derecho civil. Mexico Tacito Labor Law (Derecho del Trabajo) Abandono de servicio Accidente* Aguinaldo Ajustes por modernization Aplicacion de leyes laborales Asociacion sindical voluntaria Codigos laborales Condiciones de trabajo Contrato* Derecho colectivo* Derecho laboral* Derecho laboral federal Derechos laborales minimos Descanso Despido ilegal Disputas de trabajo Embarazo . derecho romano Derecho de fondo y de forma Derogation de leyes Derogation por revision Dias habiles Disponiendose Doctrina. Mexico Codigos procesales. declaration Nuevo matrimonio Nino* Parentesco* Patria potestad Perdida de la patria potestad Portion marital Presuncion de paternidad Recien nacido abandonado Reconocimiento de progenitura Regimen de separation de bienes Regimen matrimonial Registro civil Separacion de bienes Sociedad de gananciales Tutela* Tutor International Law (Derecho International) Organization de Estados Americanos (OEA) Derecho penal. aplicacion territorial Nacionalidad* Introduction to Law (Introduction al Derecho) Codification / codigo comercial* Codigo civil* Codigo Civil. Mexico Codigos. modification Fallecimiento. extranjeros Legitimation* Legitimidad. Mexico Publication de leyes. presuncion Matrimonio* Nacimiento. . como consecuencia del empleo Grupos empresarios Horas extra Huelga* Incapacidad total Intermediario Invenciones de los trabajadore s Jornada* Juicios civiles Labor Ley federal del trabajo Locación de servicios Medidas disciplinarías Participación en las ganancias Patrón* Reglamento interior . porción legítima Mandas y legados Obligación hereditable .Table of Key Words Empleado permanente / probatorio Empresa En curso del empleo En ocasión del trabajo. desarrollo Derecho procesal. compilaciones Derechoespañol. Relación de trabajo Renuncia* Rescisión / causa justificada Responsabilidad patrona l Riesgo* Riesgos de trabajo Salario Seguridad* Servicio doméstico Sindicato* Sirvientes domésticos Supervisación laboral Suspensión* Terminación. orígenes Derechoportugés . 478 Tiempo indeterminado Trabajador* Trabajadores. registro Heredero y legatario Herencia* Indignidad* Interpretación de testamentos Juicio universal o general Legado* Legítima. orígenes Derecho romano. influencia Fuero juzgo Idealismo y religión Leyes de Toro Nueva Recopilación de las Leyes de España Ordenamiento de Alcalá Virreinato sMaritim e Law (Derecho Marítim) Abordaje Arribada forzosa Avería* Buques* Echazón Naufragio Navegación a flote común o a tercio Naves. atención médica Trabajo* Vacaciones Legal History (Historia del Derecho) Alfonso el Sabio Burocracia colonial Codificación visigótica Codificaciones latinoamericanas Consejo de Indias Derecho colonial. nacionalidad Préstamo a la gruesa o préstamo a riesgo marítimo Recalar Sobrecargos Zona marítimo-terrestre Probate (Sucesiones) Abintestato Albacea(zgo) Colación* Curador* Deducción hereditaria Desheredación* Disposición inoficiosa Disposición testamentaria Documento de la sucesión hereditaria.... Table of Key Words Partición hereditaria Porción marital Representación hereditaria Revocación por testamento posterior Sucesión* Sucesor (es)* Término de deliberación Testamentaría Testamento* Tutela testamentaria Property Law (Derechos Reales) A non domino Accesión* Aguas* Aluvión Anticresis Apropiación por el gobierno Asiento Bienes* Calificación de documentos Censo* Comodato* Comunidad de bienes Copropiedad Cosa(s)* Derecho de superficie Derecho de uso Derecho hipotecario Deslinde y amojonamiento División de la cosa común Doble inmatriculación Dominio público de la nación y dominio particular del estado Edificios ruinosos y árboles que amenazan ruina Enajenación de un inmueble Error de concepto Estado de buena fe civil Expropiación Habitación Hipoteca* Hipoteca y prenda Inmatriculación por el estado Inmuebles* Inscripción* Interdicto* Juicio de desahucio Marisma Matrimonio* Mejoras* Mención Muebles* Negociante en bienes raices. minería Cartografía minera Concesión minera Derecho minero* Derechos mineros Ejido* Exploración Hacienda Minería* Unidad minera 479 . operador inmobiliario Nota marginal Notario público Obligación real* Ocupación* Patrimonio familiar Porción marital Poseedor de buena fe Posesión* Prenda Prescripción* Prescripción positiva Presunción de propiedad sobre muebles Privilegio* Propiedad* Quasi posesión Rectificación de cabida Régimen de separación de bienes Régimen matrimonial Registro* Renuncia* Reserva de prioridad Segregación Separación de bienes Servidumbre* Signo aparente Sociedad de gananciales Tercer hipotecario Título(s)* Tradición* Uso* Usufructo* Vicios de la posesión Rural and Mining Law (Derecho Agrario y Minero) Beneficio. . Por ello. Habiéndose dividido la lista por materia. El asterisco (*) indica que existen varias frases que comienzan con la palabra o palabras mencionadas. También se han dejado fuera aquellas voces tan genéricas que no podían incluirse en sólo una de las clasificaciones. Internal Revenue Service Municipal law Zoning laws Derecho Comercial (Business Law) Acceptance of a draft Accommodation maker / paper / part Account debtor / stated Act of bankruptcy Administrative law* Administrative regulations Derecho (Law) Accredited law school Attorney* Bachelor Bar Boilerplate Case* Cases* Chief justice Civil law Common law Continuing legal education Federal judge Federal law reporting Holding and dictum ludge* 481 .Tabla de Palabras Clave La siguiente lista se brindan como simple guía para ayudar al lector a ubicar una palabra o concepto cuando no tenga idea precisa de lo que está buscando. puede el lector revisar las palabras bajo el título de su interés y encontrar algo que le ayude. La barra (/) significa que las palabras que siguen forman entradas independientes. Se trata simplemente de brindar una alternativa a la búsqueda alfabética que un diccionario normalmente presupone. la lista es incompleta y son muchas más las palabras no incorporadas a ella que las que se han incluido. pero relacionadas con la primer palabra antes de la barra. Solamente se han incluido palabras o expresiones con definiciones de tipo enciclopédico. Law* Law professor Law reviews Notary Partner in a law firm Precedent* Public and prívate law Restatement of the Law Secondary authority Derecho Administrativo (Administrative Law) Administrative law* Administrative regulations Capehart project Executive orders Federal tax IRS. Cash basis system Casualty insurance Certificate of incorporation Certified security Chattel paper Claims adjustor Commercial paper* Confirming bank Conspicuous Corporate duty Corporate stock Corporations* Course of dealing and usage of trade Cover Credit union Cumulative voting Customer's right to stop payment D. Uniform Commercial Code Lien creditor Life insurance Lost.D. Declaration of dividends Definite time to pay a commercial paper Deposit certificate Derivative action Derivatory action by shareholders Disability insurance Dishonor of a commercial paper Document of title E.S.U. RCA.R D. destroyed or stolen instruments Lost or destroyed stock certificate s Marine and transportation insurance Municipal law No arrival.F.A.A. D.Tabla de Palabras Clave Antitrust legislation Bank* Bill of lading Binder Bonded warehouses Bulk sales / transfers Business enterprises Business law Buyer in ordinary course of business Bylaws C.I. reasonably Reserve funds Restrictive endorsement Right to adequate assurances of performance Risk of loss in the absence of breach Sale* Savings account Secured party Secured transactions 482 . no sale No par value stock j Notation credit Omnibus clause Partially disclosed principal Partly paid shares Payable to bearer Payable to order Peddler Person in the position of a seller Piercing the corporate veil Presentment* . Federal tax Financing agency Foreign banks Fungible General agent Goods Guaranty Holder in due course Impairment of recourse or of collateral Indorsement. especial and in blank Insider trading Insolvent Insurance* Investment securities IRS.Q.E. CLP.R D.S. RO. &R C. Executive orders F.E. D. CRT. Internal Revenue Service Letters of credit.D.X. Private offering Property insurance Protest Reasonable time.B.W. . Madison Privileges and immunities Right to legal counsel Tucker Act Derecho Contractual (Contract law) Acceptance by silence Acceptance of an offer Acceptance of goods Acceptance within a fixed period of time Accord and satisfaction Act of God Additional period for performance Adequate assurance of due performance Agency* Agreed payment for non-performance Agreement* Alternative* Anticipatory* Anticipatory nonperformance Apparent authority Application for public permission Assignment* Authority* Bargain Battle of forms Bearing the risk of mistake Binding character of a contract Breach* Capacity to contract Certainty of harm Change of remedy Concealment Condition Confirmation Consent Consideration* Contra proferente rule Contract* Contract law* Contract(s)* Contracting under standard terms Contractual* Cooperation between parties Costs of performance Counter-offer Cure by non-performing party Currency* Damages* Delegation of duty Determination .Tabla de Palabras Clave Security interest Send Shipment by seller Signature of a commercial paper Single interest endorsement Special agent Stock certificates Stock ledger Subagent Sum certain Surety insurance Termination Time of presentment of a commercial paper Title insurance Tying arrangement Uniform Commercial Code* Value. for value Vehicle insurance Voting rights of shareholders Voting trust Warehouse receipt Zoning laws Derecho Constitucional (Constitutional Law) Bill of attainder Bill of Rights Commercial clause Congress Constitution* Constitutional law / review Due process Expectations of privacy constitutionally justifiable Fifth Amendment Freedom of speech Full faith and credit Judicial review Marbury v.. duty / quality of performance Duress by physical compulsion Duty of confidentiality Duty to achieve a specific result and duty of best efforts Earlier performance 483 . Uniform Commercial Code Legal impossibility Linguistic discrepancies Liquidated damages Loss of the right to avoid Mandatory rules Manifestation of assent Material breach Material misrepresentati on Merger clauses Mistake* Mitigation of damages Mode of acceptance Modified acceptance Negotiations in bad faith Non disclosure Non-performance Notice Novation Offer Open price term Option contracts Option to accelerate at will Order of performance Partial avoidance Partial performance Payment* Performance* Permission* Place of performance Power Price determination Promise* Proof of harm* Punitive damages Reduction of harm Rejection of offer Release Relevant circumstances Relevant mistake Remedies for nonperformance Repair and replacement of defective performance Repudiation Restitution Restraint of trade Retroactive effect of avoidance Revocation of acceptance. Delay in transmission Leases. in whole or in part Revocation of offer Seal Specific performance Statute of frauds Substituted contract Substituted performance Supervening frustration Supervening impracticality Supplying an omitted term Surprising terms Temporary impracticability or frustration Termination* Termination of power of acceptan ce Threat 484 .Tabla de Palabras Clave Election among remedies Emotional disturbance Entrusting Error in expression or transmission Exemption clauses Failure to comply with licensing requirement Force majeure Foreseeability of harm Formal contracts Fraud Fraud in the inducement Freedom of contract Full compensation General damages Good faith and fair dealing Gross disparity Hardship* Harm due in part to the aggrieved party Implied obligations Implied warranty Improper threat Imputation of payments Inherent agency power Installment contract Integrated agreement Intended beneficiary Intention of the parties Interest* Interference by the other party Interpretation of statements and other conduct Irrevocable offer Joint venture Judicial penalty Knowledge and notice Late acceptance. Tabla de Palabras Clave Time of acceptance Time of performance Uncertain damages Unconscionable contract Usage of trade Usages and practices Withdrawal of offer / Acceptance Withholding performance Writings in confirmation Written modification clauses Derecho de Familia (Family Law) Adoption by estoppel Alienation of spouse's affection Alimony Divorce* Marital deduction Marriage Derecho del Trabajo (Labor Law) Arising out and in the course of employment Black list to prevent employment Collateral negligence Conduct within scope of employment Discrimination* Dual purpose rule Extra hours Fellow servant* Going and coming rule Home worker Independent contractor Just cause for discharge Labor contract Labor dispute Labor law* Liability of independent contractor's employer Master Mechanic's lien Miller Act Non-delegable duties of master Occupational safety and health standard Rule of proximity Scope of employment Subservant Threatened strike Trade union membership Travelling agent Unfair labor practice* Derecho Internacional (International Law) Treaties Derecho Internacional Privado (Conflict of Laws) Applicable law* Characterization Choice of law* Conflict of laws Contractual choice of law Domicile(e)* Enforcement of foreign judgments Foreign law. punishment Criminal forfeiture 485 . determination Forum non conveniens Full faith and credit Government interest doctrine Home Jurisdictional grounds Recognition of foreign nation judgments Renvoi Service in a foreign country Special appearance Valid judgment requirements Derecho Penal (Criminal Law) Accessory after the fact Accessory before the fact Accomplice / liability Accusatory procedure Attempt Clear and present danger Complicity Confinement as protective force Consent Conspiracy Cooling period Correction of sentence for changed conditions Crime. disfigure or disable a member of the human body Manslaughter Mayhem McNaghten rest Mental disease Military orders Misdemeanor Model Penal Code* Murder Offense Overt act Participant-informer Petty misdemeanor Police custody Premeditated design Prosecution Provocation of the accused of murder by the deceased Solicitation Unlawful force Wharton's rule Wilfully Derecho Procesal.Tabla de Palabras Clave Criminal law De minimis infractions Deadly force Double jeopardy Duress Dwelling Entrapment Felony Ignorance or mistake Instruments of crime Intent to kill a fellow creature Involuntary manslaughter Kickback Maim. Civil and Criminal) Abstention doctrine Abuse of process Act of State Action for negligence Action in rem I quasi in rem Action to quiet title Admissions* Adversary process Advisory jury and trial by consent Advisory opinion Affidavit* Affirmation in lieu of oath Affirmative action / defenses Agreed judgment / statement of appeal Allocution Alternate jurors Amendments* Appeal Appellate procedure Argumentative question Arraignment Arrest* Attachment Authentication or identification of evidence Bases for judicial jurisdiction over individuals Best evidence rule Capacity to sue or be sued Changed conditions as grounds to modify a judgment Character evidence Choate lien doctrine Civil and Criminal Civil docket Civil judgment and orders Claim for relief Claims court Class action* Clean hands Closed hearing Closing argument Collateral estoppel* Collateral impediment Complaint Concurrent jurisdiction Conditional plea Consolidation* Compulsory counterclai m Costs Counterclaim* Court of appeals for the circuit Criminal proceeding Cross-claim against co-party Cross-examination Default* Defendant's prior record Defense in law or in fact Defense of alibi Defense of insanity Defenses and denials Deposition* 486 . Civil y Penal (Procedural Law. calendars Indictment* Indictment. information Inference Instructions to jury Interpleader Interpreter. plea discussion and related statements Indices. compensation Interrogation* Intervention of right Invalid judgment Involuntary dismissal Irregular notice Issue preclusion Joinder* Judgment* Judgment non obstante veredicto Judicial notice* Jurisdiction* Jury / Grand jury. to be on notice Notification Offer of judgment Omitted counterclaim Open court and orders in chamber Opinion Opinion on ultimate issue Opinion testimony by lay witness Orders by clerk Ouster of jurisdiction Oyez Parole evidence rule Parties aligned on the same side Parties to an action Party appearing in different capacities Peremptory challenges Permissive counterclaim Permissive intervention Person represented by a party Plain error Plea* Pleading Pleadings * 487 . objections Excuse from default Expert testimony* Experts.Tabla de Palabras Clave Deposit in court Direct and cross examination Discharge of defendant Discharge of judgment against or of several co-obligors Discovery* Dismissal* District courts Duty not to obstruct compliance with judgment Effective date of final judgment Effects of personal judgments Enforcement of foreign judgments Enforcement of judgments Enlargement* Entry of judgment Estoppel by judgment Evidence* Exceptions. petit jury Jury trial Leading question Legal aid Limited admissibility Long-arm statute Magistrates* Mandamus Mandate of the Supreme Supreme Court Marital privilege Masters Misjoinder and nonjoinder parties Mock trial Motion* Motion and order New trial Nolo contendere plea Notice of orders or judgments Notice. appointment Federal* Filing Final pretrial conference Final state court conviction Finding by the court Forum non conveniens Fraud upon the court Fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine Garnishment General verdict Grand jury Harmless error Hearsay* Hearsay rule In camera inspection Inadmissibility of pleas. justification Taking of testimony Temporary restraining order Third party practice Trial by the court Valid judgment requisites Verdict Voir dire Voluntary dismissal Witness* Witnesses and expert witnesses Writ* Writing used to refresh memory Yeoman Derecho Sucesorio (Probate Law) Abintestate Exoneration of liens Facts of independent significance Living will Muniment of title Nonprobate assets Pretermitted* Surplusage rule Derechos Reales (Property Law) Passing of title Possession* Riparian land Schmutz formula Vesting of title Cuasidelitos (Torts) Abnormally dangerous activities Absolute liability Activities dangerous to invitees Activities dangerous to known trespassers Activities dangerous to licensees Appropriation of nameand likeness Assault* Assumption of risk Battery* Causation.Tabla de Palabras Clave Poll of jury Pre-trial discovery Preponderance of the evidence Presumptions in civil proceedings Pretrial conference* Pretrial motions Pretrial order Probable cause* Proceeding against sureties Process in behalf of and against persons not parties Process of posting Production of documents and things ProoP Protective order Real party in interest Relevant evidence* Relief from judgment* Remainder of related writings or recorded statements Remittitur Representation in criminal cases Res judicata Return Right to assign counsel Sealed indictment Sealed records Search and seizure Search warrant Seizure of person or property Self-authenticatio n Self-incrimination Separate trials Sequestered jury Service of pleadings and other papers Special appearance Special verdict State courts Stay of execution* Stenographic transcript Subject-matter jurisdiction Subpoena* Substitution of parties* Summary judgment* Summons* Supersedeas bond Supreme court* Sureties. legal cause Chattel dangerous for intended use Civil liability Comparative fault Consent for a torContributing tortfeasors 488 . James Langdell. classification Trespass* Trespasser Trover and conversion Unavoidable accident Undisclosed dangerous condition known to lessor Use of force to take possession of land Want of competence Want of reasonable care Warrant or summons upon indictment or information Wild animal Wrongful civil proceedings Fideicomisos (Trusts) Constructive trust Cypres Living trust Self-dealing Spendthrift Substitution in trust Trust. Christopher 489 . origin Voting trust Filososfia del Derecho (Jurisprudence) Cardozo. Oliver Kent.Tabla de Palabras Clave Contribution among tortfeasors Contributory negligence* Conversion* Criminal conversation with a spouse Damages* Defamation* Defense of possession by force Disparaging statement Duty to act for the protection of others Duty to control conduct of third persons Emotional distress* False imprisonment Forcible taking of chattels Fraudule nt misrepresentation Good Samaritan doctrine Ground damage from aircraft Harm* Implied assumption of risk Injurious falsehood Intent Intentional torts Intentionally preventing assistance Interference with inheritance or gift Interference with performance of contract by third person Interference with prospective contractual relations Intrusion upon seclusion Invitee Last clear chance* Liability of supplier of dangerous chattel Liability of vendor of land for undisclosed danger Libel* Licensee Malicious prosecution Negligence claim Negligent* Negligently preventing assistance No-fault liability Obedience to military orders Obligation to protect others Placing a person in false light Private nuisance Privilege* Public nuisance Publicity given to private life Reasonably believes Reckless disregard of safety Res ipsa loquitur Self-defense by force Slander Slanderous* Strict liability Sudden emergency doctrine Tort immunity* Tort liability based on estoppel Tortious conduct Torts. Benjamin Holmes. Joseph Teoría Jurídica (Legal Theory) Civil law Common law Equity Federal system of the USA Law of the case Notary public Restatements Trust* Trustees or receivers for dissolved corporations 490 . John Story.Tabla de Palabras Clave Marshall.