Skeleton From Iran Cave

The Human Skeletal Remains from Hotu Cave, IranAuthor(s): J. Lawrence Angel Source: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 96, No. 3 (Jun. 20, 1952), pp. 258-269 Published by: American Philosophical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143835 . Accessed: 06/12/2013 23:00 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. . American Philosophical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 67.115.155.19 on Fri, 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions hands. 1935: sample size about 40) more closely than their possible descendantsin northernIran. IRAN J. Straus are gratefully acknowledged. and Morant. Chouke.and to thank my colleagueDr.I wxishto thankDr. But the Hotu hunterswere certainlylarge-brained and of Homo sapiens. von Bonin. the farmingand copper-usingvillagersof 4th millennium B. V.that mnenor animals shiftedthe thighbones(and the lower shins with feet ?). was a deliberatesecondary burial placed as a bundle at the top of the 4th gravel layer. The positionsuggestscasual tumblingbackwards and down froma higherlevel close to the cave wall and does not negate the possibilityof accidentaldeath throughfall of rock disturbedby these or other food-gatherers. J. Reuben Goldbergof the University Museum. Jefferson MedicalCollege (Read November8. But theyare not a large enough sample for certaintythat they resembledtheirhuntingcousinsin Upper PalaeolithicEurope (Morant. LAWRENCE ANGEL AssociateProfessor ofAnatomyand PhysicalAnthropology.found lyingpartlysupinewithheads togetherand lower thantheirfootlesslegs at thebeginningof the 4th gravels just above the underlyingsandy layer. 1939. on the other hand. Miss JaneGoodalehelpedbothwith the original assembly of long bones and with coordinating therecordsas theyprogressed.numbers1 and 3. 3. Except for stronglyworn teeth and certain functional details of the skeletonthey could be duplicated individuallytodayhereor in the Near East.each axial in two possibleplaces). NO.115. It is easy now to separate thecompletebones of thesetwo skeletonsby their in morphologyand in color or patinadifferences tion. withconsiderableworkstillto be done on theless completecrania.Any possibility that the corpses could have been buried froma higherlevel is contradictedby the fact that the thighsof number2 had been disarticulated(without shiftingthe shins or pelvis) and moved over among the bones of number3. This content downloaded from 67. A. W. W. 1951) and Neolithic skeletonsfromBelt Cave can be completed. But withthe ingenioushelp of Mr. But the originalsortingout of small fragmentstookmorethanthreetimesthetimeneeded for a single skeleton (each long bone fragment had to be triedin fourpossiblelimbs. This could not have happenedif the bodies had been coveredby any greatamountof gravel. 0. The unusuallygood preservation 96.who also assisted withassemblyof the illustrations.and I am in his debtformanykeensuggestionsboth further PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Dr. K.THE HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE. skeletonfragment Dr.C. JUNE. and also to restorethe entire pelvisand vertebralcolumn. L. with some other skull fragments lying nearby. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . W.it has been possibleto complete the skull of number2. C. and that the ensuing burial was throughnaturaldepositionof glacial gravels beforedecompositionwas complete. Goff. Numbers2 and 3 are theearlierskeletons. 1951) THREE skeletons plus scraps of two other skulls excavated by ProfessorCarleton S. The burialtogetherof numbers 2 and 3 complicatedthe whole process of mendingtheskeletons. C. Batson. Coon has honoredme deeplyby givingme the task of describingthese remains. E. S. Dr. Most of the daylightphotographs of the remains (all the good ones) were takenby Mr.of the UniversityMuseum. 1926.19 on Fri.and longbones of thissame person. fullydevelopedrepresentatives They show no visibleNeanderthaltraits. Number 1. 1929. M. Healey of the Baugh Instituteof Anatomyof the Jefferson Medical Collegeforexcellentradiographsoftheskulland postcranial skeletons. Henriques of the PhiladelphiaCenter for Research in Child Growthfor carefullyoriented x-rayphotographs of skulland teeth. It suggeststhatthe bodies largelydecomposedwhile lightlycovered thoughweightedwith a few rocks. 1938: about 27 skulls available). Coon of the UniversityMuseum last spring fromthe 4th glacial gravel layer about 30 feet below the presentsurfaceof Hotu Cave are a big haul for theirUpper Palaeolithicdate. Suggestionsof Dr. Krogmanand his colleagueDr. M. to take endocranialand externalcasts of it. W. Krogman.155. 1952 258 VOL. whose connectionswill be furtherclarifiedwhen study of the Mesolithic (Coon. Reconstruction of the remainsis stillin process.Dr. as to restorationand interpretation. Sialk and Hasan (Vallois. AlbertJehle.and Dr. measured externally(Washburn. perhapsfromcarryingchildren. The deep gluteal fossae adjacent to markedcrests. NO.or modernAmericanwomen. Medieval Norwegian.a featureunexpectedwith a pelvic brim tilt as near verticalas 68 degrees (57 degrees norm).which were in any case both softand broken.the extra degreeof femoral neck torsionshould be linked with postural dynamics ratherthan statics. Though these are not far fromlanky modernmale dimensionsand the skull makes a male firstimpressionthe pelvis is clearlyfemale. The cerebellararea bulgesdownward.in the same sense that Morant (1929) and von Bonin (1935) have groupedUpper PalaeolithicEuropeans. The femoraare distinctlyplatymericor in the upper shaftas if to thickenedtransversely take stress fromstrongabductorand lateral rotator muscles.and is long and high withmarkedpostcoronal depression and concave and sinuous temporalplanes.9 showinga bone with slender shaft. The hands are long and narrow (ca.3) combineswitha tiltedsacrum (33 degrees for the upper 5 vertebraecompared to modernnorm of 46 degrees). The presacralvertebratemeasureabout 570 mm. the shouldersprobablynotbroad (clavicle 142? and scapula breadth94). 96. modern average in capacity.3. Number2 was a personabout 5' 6" tall (167. Though the depth of the pelvis would tend to place the acetabula in front of the line of gravity. thestressedoriginareas forgastrocnemius. Fibulae are deeply fluted. Pubic symphysis is earlyPhase V. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .and theendocranialcast stresses this vertical developmentand a somewhat ill- This content downloaded from 67. pelvis.155. 1948). with an additional138 anteriorarc forthe 6-vertebrae sacrum. 259 1.19 on Fri. FIG. and sub-pubic angle 88 degrees). The pentagonoidskull vault is 75 to 100 cc. But theextremely deep and sharp-bordered pre-auricular sulciand theroughenedligamentand rectusabdominisand aponeurosisattachments on the symphysial area of pubic bones suggeststress.1) and wide open outlet(area 106. Hotu No. The upper surfaces of the tibiae are tiltedmore than usual and the laterallycompressedshaftsof the shinboneshave a diamond-shape crosssection. and the hips narrow (256 bi-iliac). larger than the 1. The sacro-sciaticnotches are large (37 x 61 with posteriorsegment23 by Letterman'stechnique).interspinous breadth 104?. Pubic and ischial lengthsof 77 and 86. A sharp lumbarcurve (index 94.VOL. 3.stronger.and slenderer than average of ancient Greek. 2. includingestimatesfor intervertebral disks.taller. 19521 HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE of the bony tissue is probablya result of their remainingcontinuouslywet down to the time of excavation:any extremealternationof dryingand wettingwouldhave leachedaway thebones. staturereconstruction)with a muscularbut slenderbuild indicatedby robustbonyridgesplus a femoralrobusticity indexof 11. with deep "anthropoid"inlet (area 113. Thus this woman of about twenty-seven years was a real Amazon. are just on the borderlineof the female categoryfor the white race.115.the strongadductortubercles. But the femoral necksare also directedforward(29 degrees) more thanusual (13 degrees). 187 x 69?)..as if the infantilesharp curve of the parietalbone had not been fullycorrectedby laterperipheralremodelling.325 cc.4 cm. Thoughprobablyseparatedin timeby a number of generationsall theHotu remainscan be treated as one populationsample. In both cases identification of actual huntingbands has not been possible except to the extent that as also at Hotu single cave groups may represent breedingunitstied to one localityformanygenerations. and on the tibiae the increased origin area for deep musclessupportingthe arches of the feetconfirm the suggestionthat muscles involved in roughcountrytravel were well-developed.lateral radiograph. 2. And we need not expectto findin eitherPalaeolithicor Chalcolithic seen North Iranians the degree of heterogeneity in the Bronze Age and later in the Aegean area (Angel.155.). Number 4 is a left maxillaryfragmentof a female ( ?) of about fifteenor sixteen. arthritis appearsin of number2. Thus the Hotu sample does show sharp variafound tion.probably witha widepalate and widernose and moreprognathismthannumber2. broad. pelvic joints. overworkedwoman. The lower toothrow is wider than the upper. (10 degrees) orbits.J. ovoid. Hotu No.9 symphysis cm. The facehas wide cheeks. 176 x 78). 2. The olecranonfossa of the humerus is perforated. This contrast between linearityand large surface relative to mass in desertenvironments and the oppositein cold climates though proven only for animals This content downloaded from 67. These linearvault featuresare typicalof peoples foundacross the desertzone of Africaand the Near East.wide nose.forearmbones are bowed and wider set than number2's. LAWRENCE ANGEL 260 FIG. Number 5 is a vault fragmentperhaps like number3. skeleton of a Number 1 is the fragmentary massivemale.19 on Fri. verymuscularand tall: over5' 9" (175. sloping-jawed.And the with fifth leftmetacarpaldistalshaftwas fractured littledisplacementin healingbut markedflanging of ligamentattachments. PHIL. The skull has strongand sharplycut browridges. rectangular. von Bonin. supero-medial filledappearance.sloping forehead. But a sharp contrastis suggested at Hotu betweena desert body built as seen in number2 and a temperateor cold climate stockybuild as seen in number3. AMER. It is possible that this skull fits directlybetween the modes of Upper PalaeolithicEurope and ChalcolithicIran.). Both greater multangular-metacarpal worn jointsshowmarkedexostosesand eburnation by excessive use of thumbsfor motionsof oppositionratherthan extension-flexion. about thirty-seven(pubic Phase VII).) and approachingthe "squarehead" minorityamong Upper Palaeolithic and laterEuropeans.thesmallnose. The bones seem slightlythinner in cortexand less heavilytrabeculatedthanthose [PROC.and exceedinglyheavymouth(palate 59 x 64. aspectof leftmaxilla.and thealmost horizontalchewingplane (2 degrees) combined withsquare jaw angles and markedprotrusionof chin are Cro-Magnon-likeand quite unlike the deep.7 cm. stocky. and a protrudingchin. and thepelvisprobably small and broad. and about 5' 2" tall (156. In body build he was probablythe male matchof number2. and probably resemblednumber2.arched nose profile. Otherwiseshe shows the same featuresof muscle dynamicsas number2. Morantfindsthe formerless variablethan seventeenth centuryinhabitantsof London (1929: 135) in spite of the slightsplitbetweenlinearand lateralskullformtendencies (cf. P)robal)lyequalling the heterogeneity eitheramongEuropeanUpper Palaeolithichunters or metalage Iraniansas wholes. Number 3 is the skeletonof a small. But the broad skull base (bi-auricular116).115.1935). the hands are stubby(ca. beaky. betweenthirtyand fortyyears old.and narrow laterIranianface. Molar teethare nottaurodont. convex. the relativelywide and squat face (height105 withoutallowanceforteeth but drooping wear). and hands. She has relativelythickand bowedfemora. The skullhas a strikingly capaciousvault (14201460 cc. and hypertrophic the lumbar vertebralbodies. chin35) withthe usual prominentHotu chinand square-profiled jaw angles. well-filledwith wide-set base (129 mm. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .flat temporalregion. the notablylow. 1951). SOC.based on radius lengthof 261). and extra stresson the intertrochanteric line and insertionof the ilio-tibialband on the tibiae. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . fromsmall. Vallois. 261 3.as seen in almost all prehistoricand manyprimitivepeoples. top viewof lowerjaw. The Hotupeople seem to have been adequately nourished (tall statureand deep pelvis). We could then eliminatethe measconfusionof arbitrary presentcontradictory urements. To test how much the facial patternis geneticand will respondto genic loss and selectionand how far This content downloaded from 67. Huxley (1942: 40-44). NO.the Iranian full cerebellum.isolated details of form. 1952] HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE (Bergmann's and Allen's rules examined by Rensch. and Birdsell (1950: 36-45) have greatlyextendedthistheorybeyondthesuggestions of Geyer (1932). Martin. Dobzhansky (1941.155. I hope that the Hotu data and comparisonsin the lightof these theoriesof populationchange deal the coup de grace to the outmodedhypothesis ofracialoriginswhichsought sources for later racial types (often imaginary) FIG. 96. and 7 of Coon (1939: 251-279): Europeans as a whole are more massive and less dolichocephalicthan inhabitantsof thewholedesertstripsouthof the Mediterranean. and others clearly apply here.1926. and vague types. likelyto be geneticthan environmental On the otherhand such featuresas the Hotu mouth and chin combination. the chewingplane.as at Hotu. 1929 vs.and plausibly "inbreeding. The theoriesworked out and tested by Wright (1931.1939: 162-166. "pure" inbredgroups in the distant past.1928: 237-241). To make any list of such units. Coon. slope forward sharplyaway fromthe Frankfortplane as also in Neanderthalman and the Eskimo. but have flattened shaftsof long bones and extra ridgesto increase surfacefor muscle origins. The changes and connectionsimplied by these comparisons would be a necessaryresultof geneticdriftplus mixtureplus climaticselectionin a more or less continuous chain of occasionally mixing small breedinggroups. This situation plus the double resemblances of the Hotu skeletonsto massive CroMagnons and to linear Iranians (cf.115. 6. But where." One would expect a small and inbred population to show just such disin contrastto the continuitiesand uniformities "blended" variationof a large pan-mixedpopulation. 1947).VOL. Garn. and probably also the anteriorskull base. 2. The experimentsof Ogle (1934) and of MacArthurand Chiasson (1945) show how boththe directeffectof climateand strongselection can produce through heterogonymarked changes in adult body build. Hotu No. von Bonin. 1935 and Morant.however. 1939 and Morant. 1938) shows the kind of evolutionary plasticityexpectedat thisdate in a peri-glaciallocality. 1948). In this cursoryanalysis I am using functional unitslike the constrictedskullvault of the desert zone or theunstressednasalia seen wherepalate is horizontaland chewingthrustalmost verticalin may turn the hope thattheirgeneticdeterminants out to be simple. 3.19 on Fri. we need not only a deeper knowledgeof human genetics but also to know betterhow far one mechanicallydominantregionof the body affects adjacent regionsand how plastic the body is in adaptingto all kindsof stressduringgrowth. with their buttressingnoses. 1936) fits roughlythe body build differencesseen in maps 5.in relationto the anteriorskull base: in Hotu number2 both the anteriorskull base and the occlusal plane come closer than usual to paralleling the Frankfort plane whereas in the later Iranians. And I have tried to show (1949: 443) the probabilitythat Upper PalaeolithicEuropeanswereactuallyverymassivepeople as suggested in exaggerated form by various figurines(Burkitt. These sourcesjust do not exist. 101 and 102) fromthe late Upper Palaeolithic at Chou Kou Tien (Weidenreich.the Cro-Magnonlike low orbits. There is even a possible resemblanceto the old man and the large woman (Nos. 1939). we are dealingwitha singlepopulationwe are more may assume thatbody build differences in origin.and perhapstrendstowardsacralhiatusand firstmolar abscesspointto a certaingeneticunity. In the presentinstancemost of the multipleIranian versus Cro-Magnonfacial contrastseems to depend directlyon verticalgrowthat nose-forehead junction versus jaw condyle. . .: '^..d' ... - ' .7. This content downloaded from 67.I l Iil - Wark_ . _d ( I W 000 0OFFIG. . '. PHIL.'. '' ' I ..- ! ' ' ' . right profile. AMER.. HotuNo.19 on Fri. . . . LAWRENCE ANGEL [PROC..' ' ! .... 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions en7 . R ..155. _l.. SOC..4. ' t '' ... ' .115.' .' ' I_ ^ t ...262 J. - t.. andbackviewsofskull.. 2. .. as 0'. front. Hotu No. 1952] HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE FIG. 5.and topviewsof skull. 3. 96. NO. This content downloaded from 67.VOL. leftprofile. basal.155.115.19 on Fri. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 263 . 2. letpoie * akadtpvesofsulbfr [PROC.RENCE ANGEL 264 FIG06.155. AMER.19 on Fri. SOC. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . HouN .I aersoain This content downloaded from 67. PHIL. fP.J. LAW..115. 3. VOL. Femoral necktorsion. 1952] HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE 265 FIG.below the infraorbital foramenafterthewall ofthemaxillary sinus had been thickenedto 1. Hotu No. This is clearlyseen on the leftside of the palate of number2.amountingto about 1 mm. before furtherrestoration. upper and lower jaws with teeth. Dietary conditionsmust have been trulyeskimoidto produce such abscesses mechanicallyratherthan throughtoothdecay. every five years in the molar region of number2.155. Furtherspeculationsin the social biologyof the Hotu group are interesting.5 mm. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .Though some inherited factoraffectingdentine reaction may be partly responsible.tibialhead tilting. 96. 1.19 on Fri. NO.gluteal This content downloaded from 67.All threeyoungish adults describedhave sufferedfrom peri-apical abscesses of the upper firstmolar alveolae extensive enough to invade the maxillary sinus. in whoma secondarydrainagepathway openedin the caninefossa 11 mm. by the inflamedmucoperiosteum. 7. muscle use is environmentaland only weakly responsiveto selection demands animal experiments. 3.115.this abscess formationis chieflya resultof excessiveteethwear. index Upper face ht.9 67..8 121.4 31.7 54. No.0 24....6? 50..1 138.3 129..2 127...6 97..9 69..5 Cranial length (gl.3 49.4 112... should be added to the auricular height (OH) of Chalcolithic Iranians and almost 1..3 96.8) 11 * 12 * * 7 * M 1. Cranio-facial br.4 56..2 67.. Figures in parenthesesare estimatesand not reliable forstatisticalpurposes..5? 26? (23) 40? 31+? 53-? 63? (65) 30 116... 5 mm.5) 29..8 96.) 8 3 6 4 4 3 186 (104) (139) 120 135 116+ 116? 116 93+ 129? 99+? 184 (95) (138) 120143 128+ 123?? 118 97 138?? (99) 179...9 8 10 4 4 84. (na.2 60.J...5 129.8 119.. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .8 7 12 6 10 5 4 4 5 74..0 113.. Upper Palaeolithic Chalcolithicand Copper Age Upper Palaeolithic Medieval Hotu Sialk...6 N 326 538 495 536 561 567 544 179.4 13 13 5 (34 ca. 3: the amount of compensatoryalveolar growthis not determinable.. added to the auricular-bregmaheightsof the European series to equate the porion-vertexdimension used for Hotu...0 123. PHIL..2? 58.6 572 479 489 500 555 496 109 434 546 284 97 110..0 372. Morant V.1? 69.293 502.3 84..5 129. index Orbital index (dacryon) 72.-br. and No.7 94.5 124..... 3 1. Authorities .5 49..1 48.9 53. 1 MEASUREMENTS OF HOTU FEMALE SKULLS COMPARED WITH MEANS OF OTHER GROUPS Area..7 30.440? 520 505 309 309 388 382 127 135 137 129 114 118 M 1..2 3 10 10 5 4 Face height (total) Chin height Upper face ht.0 39.9+ 135...0 114.7 77.5 + 132.8 68.) 65.5 126...6 122.7 (narrow) 113.......1 53.-pr.5) 66..374 524....3 N (calc.. Hasan West and Central Oslo.5 mm..) Nose height Nose breadth Interorbitalbreadth Orbit breadth (dacryon) Orbit height Palate length (external) Palate breadth (external) Ramus heightjaw Least ramus breadth 105 34 65 4621+ 20 38 28 56 62 65? 35 (103) 33?? 61? 44.2 108....2 1ll l 1 281 211 75.2 (wide) 12 9 9 5 13 117..9 95.2 111.9 125..) Basion-bregma height Auricular-vertexht..6 306.... Norway Coon and Angel Vallois....... 2 Cranial capacity (seed) Horizontal circumference Transverse arc Sagittal arc (total) Frontal arc Parietal arc Occipital arc Europe No.302..) Bicondylar breadth jaw Maximum frontalbreadth Minimum frontalbreadth Face breadth (bizygomatic) Jowl breadth (bigonial) Cranial 1-br.115...7 73.7 95. Maximum vault breadth Base breadth (bi-auric......4 12 3 3 6 12 M 1.9 48.4) 33.8 93.5 20..-nas.6 2 2 5 4 4 2 5 5 Jaw angle Facial profileangle Nasal bones profile 110 88 (65) (112) 88? 110.5 94. ht. Morant Schreiner Site.0) 553 * 531 276 262 302 338 Note: Presumably 1 mm.0 113.8 69. SOC.5?? 44.5? 74......) 11 7 10 13 14 10 185....155.5 32.0 71.4? 45..1 (87..0 92.6 506...-occ.2? 70.0 91.6 7 8 10 (40..6 109 101 325 335 311 326 345 346 254 248 113 113 121.3 93.. An attempt has been made to correctthe European series orbital breadths to equate dacryon-ectoconchion....3 (73.8 23.. 2..3 125.....index Mean auric.1 132..5 (34.6 74..7 73. Bonin.2 48...2 372.3 58.4+ 70.. index Nasal ht......9 82...7 84.3 301. LAWRENCE ANGEL 266 TABLE [PROC...9 114...4? 77..6 50.) Base length (bas.4 50...5 25. index Frontal-parietal br.0 N (calc.7 121.-br.6 100..0 360. 1.2 296.404cc..19 on Fri.3 18. Iran Cultureperiod. This content downloaded from 67.9 116. AMER. have probablybeen lost fromtotal facial height throughincisor teeth wear of Hotu No.6 (38..2 90. 5 116.5 31 (297?) 21 14 58 208 233 (44) 396391+ 40.. M N 100 310. length Ulna.5 25.1 12.6 25. midshaftthickness Bi-epicondylar br. Max. and Wagner the Norwegians.115.4 417.7 101.0 99. Pelvic brim tilt Sacral height Sacral breadth Lumbar Vertebrae Hts.1 499 499 338.9 100 12.. 3..4 28 28 417.1 251.5 20 20 20 122.7 62. Max.3 270.2 493 415 497 498 26.4 130.6 103..... 120 at S5 125 104? 77? (82) 86? 79? 61 55 37 33 23 24= 68 118.2 312 498 499 161. Europe M NorwayMed.6 16 females 155 ca... 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions .5 Midshaft A-post. Distal epiphysis br.3 Humerus. Max.9 64. Radius.9 500 96...4 379 77.8 28 28 25. 156.9 27.5 20..5 77.6 57.2 102..6 101.. Hotu No.3 51..8 100 233.5 22. Nutr fo..5 500 500 500 500 500 100 100 106 106 106 500 25 25 139? 133? 72..2 312 312 312 217. NO. This content downloaded from 67... L. (72) ca..3 12. Pal....5 26 24 73 31 (305?) 33. Inlet Transv.0 157.7? 66.7 79.8 117. Letterman.. Todd and Pyle.7 109. 3 M N 320.2 43 males 167.. head fA-post.Washburn.. 96.1 437 544 7.3 770 81. Anteriorheights Posterior heights Indices Humeral flatness Platymeric (femur) Pilastric (femur) Robusticity (femur) Cnemic (tibia) Pelvic inlet Vertical lumbar (curve) Stature reconstructed (Dupertuis' general formula) 207 154 256 189 (136) 121 119 109. segt. diam.. rAnt.5 Inlet of true pelvis fA-post.8 11. 2 U. length Nt for. 5 * Note: Authoritiesfor the composite series of modern white female data include: Dupertuis and Hadden..7 79. Modern No. Subtrochanter )~Transv.155.2 171 133 422.5 21 10.0 16 8 64.7 82..... midshaftthickness Min.9 161...1 28 101.9 78..7 95.0 108.4 42..VOL.S. Young and Ince.c.6 119. length Max.level{A-post.-post.7 333.5 21 13. 108 for5 (111) U.4 cm. length Forearm max.5 28. Outlet of true pelvis Intertuberous Interspinous Pubic length Ischial length Sciatic notch breadth Sciatic notch height Sciatic notch post. Neck torsion angle Tibia.A.0 * 202. lTransv. Retroversionangle Pelvis Innominate height Innominate breadth Bi-iliac breadth 27. 93. Hrdlicka.19 on Fri...9 30..5 ca. breadth Femur. length Bicondylar length Max. 1952] HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE TABLE 267 2 MEASUREMENTS OF HOTU FEMALE SKELETONS COMPARED WITH MEANS OF OTHER GROUPS Site. lvelTransv.5 74 29 (358?) 32.9 16. (315) 22 16 53238 260 42 461 455 43...7 28 12.7 80..6 24.6 100 23.0 100 N both sexes 74. Von Bonin recordsthe Upper Palaeolithic indices.4 25.5 26..0 29. Max..9 29. 1950. and not a posture. pressures.where strangersmightbe admitted. 8. Univ. Allen & Unwin. womenshow enoughbone reactionat ligamentattachmentsand insertionof the abdominal wall DUPERTUIS. carrying. ii. Press. Evolution.. Genetics and the origin of specializedthan diggingfor roots: flint-chipping. . Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quant. 1935. A study of the problems of race formation littlefingerof number3 suggestpossiblefighting in man..and of NorthAmericaduring theretreatofthelastglaciation. Bull. Thomas. Biol. S. G. d. 1941.19 on Fri.28: 99-116. E. tions with the game supply. This appliesto use ofthelegs flexibly. The injuriesto the thumb-wrist joints and COON.C. AMER. 1941. S. A study of Palaeolithic times.wherephysicalexuberancewas admired. Columbia Univ.. net-making. 15: 343-351. VON. Physical anthropologyof the Lenape pittingin number2 as evidencesof a barelyadeor Delawares. butmoreplausiblyhardmanualworkperhapsmore DOBZIIANSKY. and stressed extensor and rotatormuscle insertions ANGEL. Macmillan. The pelves of the two 1-16. 2nd ed. 7: 433-458.1951. and J. where every one worked at top capacity.. S. SOC.. lack ofparietalremodelling and a traceofoccipital HRDLICKA. PHIL. if one follows the indicationthat the two Hotu womenwere killed by a rock fall. plaiting baskets.268 J.niversityMuseum.Ill.platycnernia. and lower and upper lumbar areas Palaeolithic.A4mer. braced legs (as pullingon a fishnet) as well as . Wagner. A.HUXLEY. Hotu No. and how rightthumbadded. Constitution in female obesity.C.. and where accident rather than disease might cause death.thoughone mightimaginethe Mitt. 62. Ezvolution1: wiferyor shamanism.. 2 (right) with leftfifth disastrous were migrationsof our huntinganmetacarpalsubstituted. J. European races of the Upper iliac crest.Phys. N. M. From the social standpointthis gives a picture of a small band of gathererswith littleleisure. C. The modern synthesis London. GARN. BONIN. Philadelphia. and J. B.or possibly mid.115. 1942. cestors? How important was individualinitiative 3 at head of fifth metacarpaland firstmetacarpal-greaterin such groups? How old and how selected is multangular joint.. Anmer. forma complex (cf. bone growthoccur. (possibleherniationof lowestnucleuspulposusin BURKITT. 1916. M. HADDEN. LAWRENCE ANGEL [PROC. species. and valued'. Perhaps it was a diet more than adequate in toto but undergoingmarkedfluctua. Human Biology 7: 196-221.Joker. 1951. 1947. Adaptive changes induced by natural selection in wild populations of Drosophila. quate diet. JR. s. A.. The old stone age. The races of Europe. Ges. 9: 15-53. Die anthropologischenErgebnisse der and withoutrest period. ging. Population size and microevolutionin called the bent-kneegait. to hint that pregnancymay have been frequent GEYER. But life was certainlyhazardous. The greater sciatic notch in expectancymay not have been less than in NeoAmerican whites and negroes. fed as regularlyas possible. likea skier. C.n. Wien 62: 163-209. No lines of arrested mit Uiiterstutzungder Akademie der Wissenschafteni in Wien veranstaltetenLapplandexpedition 1913/14. Cave explorations in Iran 1949. This content downloaded from 67. lithictimes in spite of these physicaland social Anthrop. S.England. Tii. Y. Greece. G. 1951. Ethnol. Press.platymeria. Museum muchclimbingin roughcountry. often misinterpreted. Anthrop. s. Stress on the ilio-tibialband. 1926: 115-117) Amer Jour Phys. Winthrop. WV. modernman?" REFERENCES crest development. Radiographs of hands. Races.of China. Springfield. Anthr. On the reconstructionof stature from long bones.Note pathologicchangesin No.Phys. The U. L. J. 1933. Hotu No. and of the eastern Indians in general Bur. Amer. how rapid. and digMonographs. From thebiologicalstandpointtheHotu sample places modernman definitely on the edge of the steppezone as well as in the caves and ambushes of Europe. N. number2) suggestsfurther thatthe Hotu women may have done some standingand workingwith COON. Y. BIRDSELL.155. 1949. 3 (left) with questions: 'How wide. This raisesthree FIG. muscles(rectusand externalobliqueaponeucosis) Joztr. 1939. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . Cambridge. At any rate life LETTERMAN.where childrenwere treated well. 1932. 36. In R.. Climatic influenceon the growth of the male albino mouse. Skr. and S. K. I. M. G. I. This content downloaded from 67. 1936.J. 1948. Evolution in mendelian populations. CHIASSON. f. 1945. Louvre Dept. W. NO. Anzer. V. PYLE.19 on Fri. INCE. f. 1938. I. 6 Dec 2013 23:00:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions . F. MORANT. B. 96. C. RENSCH. A radiographic comparison of the male and female pelvis. P. 1952] HUMAN SKELETAL REMAINS FROM HOTU CAVE MAcARTHUR. A biometric study of the Upper Palaeolithic skulls of Europe and of their relationshipsto earlier and later types. 1939. Lehrbuch der anthropologie. . s. K.. 1926. Jour. WEIDENREICH. Ghirshman. 1948. MatNaturv.Fouilles de Sialk 1933. Anat. Paris. T. S. Crania Norvegica. Biometrika 30: 130-133. YOUNG. 74: 374-385. 1928. 3. WASHBURN. 1937. and L. Jena. Physiol. K. Les ossements humains de Sialk. Evolution 2: 279-294. 13: 163-174 (part 3). I. E. des Antiquitcs Orientales Serie Archtologique 5: 113-192. Annals of Eugenics 4: 109-214. Amer. 107: 635- 640. Hist. 1940.Ser.. I. 1934. Relative growth in races of mice produced by selection. 6: 199-208. 1929. MARTIN. 3 v. A quantitative study of the vertebral column by direct and roentgenographic methods.VOL. A description of nine human skulls from Iran excavated by Sir Aurel Stein. 5: 317-363. Oslo. W. Skrifter Norske Videnskapsakademi i Oslo. 1934. Growth9: 303-315. Kulturf. S. VALLOIS..Jour. R. Jour. II. Archiv f.155. 1928. B. C. Anthrop. WRIGHT. On the earliest representatives of modernmankindrecoveredon the soil of East Asia.. and J. 2 (7). Inst. On the roles of direct and random changes in frequencyin the genetics of populations. Ki.n. SCHREINER. G. Mittelalter-Knochen aus Oslo. n. 269 TODD.H. Anmer. Studies of Palaeolithic man. 1926. M.115. Studies of Palaeolithic man. Sammenl. WAGNER. Annals of Eugenics 1: 257-276. Genetics 16: 97-159. Peking Nat. 1939. 12: 321-338. Phys. IV. G. L. Fischer. Phys. 1939. The Chancelade skull and its relation to the modern Eskimo skull.. Studien uber klimatische Paralleitat der Merkmalsauspragung bei V6geln und Siugern. Jour. 1931. Bull. Naturgesch. OGLE. E. . Anthrop. H. Sex differencesin the pubic bone. 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