TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 •About S.K.P. international services limited •Introduction to site work •Site safety precautions •Site layout considerations CHAPTER 2 •Construction terms and techniques •Electrical engineering •Mechanical engineering CHAPTER 3 •Site meetings . international services limited .P.CHAPTER 4 •Conclusion CHAPTER 1: About S.K. . Safety is based on knowledge. and site engineers in charge of the on-going project who further exposed me to proper site work.Thus safety factors includes all the measures carried out to protect both the worker. project manager. skill. extra safety is of crucial importance and should be everyone's primary concern because construction of buildings at great heights such as the OPIC building in Abeokuta can be a dangerous activity. contractors and all persons present on the site at every given time from fatalities and injuries. and an attitude of care and concern . the contractor. consultants. This safety measures can also be applied to the safety of the building and building materials from damage of any kind. and as well as minimize or eliminate all possible construction hazards.INTRODUCTION TO SITE WORK I was introduced by my supervisor to the construction site. . SAFETY FACTORS: Safety is an important consideration at any construction site. Site work involves the entire process involved in the construction of a building and onsite the following factors must be considered and applied for effectiveness. but I was made to understand that on a site with a high rise building. 6. Loose clothing is dangerous for workers around power tools and equipment. 1. Wear clothes that are smart and appropriate for the site work and weather conditions. All scaffolding that is elevated 10 feet or more must be equipped with a safety railing. Sandals or other types of inappropriate footwear are hazardous on construction site.Safety precaution guide lines for workers and persons present on a construction site. Suspension belts are of crucial importance for site workers working at very high levels. and should have non-slip soles. All exposed areas or parts of a building must be adequately protected with temporary rail or supports and staircases must be protected with temporary balustrades. 5. Proper clothing is as essential to safety. Footwear must be safety boots or work boots that are thick-soled shoes in order to protect the feet from falling objects or from penetration by nails. 4. 3. All scaffolds must be equipped with a toe board to eliminate the . Protective head gear (helmets or hard hats) must always be worn on a construction site by all persons for protection of the head from falling objects of any kind. 2. 10. not blocks. Never use damaged or defective equipment and avoid rusted parts since their strength is unknown. and remove defective or damaged planking. 8. Emergency medical care in form of first aid assistance (first aid kit) must be provided on the site and must be easily identifiable and nearby. Use adjusting screws. A scaffold must be designed to support four times the weight of the workers and the materials resting on it. 11.possibility that tools or debris will be kicked or pushed onto people below. when on an uneven grade. Inspect all scaffolding each day before using it. Use only properly graded and inspected lumber for planking. This refers to the neatness and good order of the construction site. They interfere with work and can constitute a hazard to both the worker and other persons on the site. etc. provide adequate sills for the scaffold posts and use base plates. 12. Inspect planking daily for splits and knots. Keep the site clear of danger as you work – remove nails from waste wood. 7. When erecting scaffolding. A clean work place is a safe work place. Make sure to plumb and level scaffolding and do not force end braces when constructing the scaffolding. 9. move trip hazards and obstacles. Any unsafe conditions or practices that is observed should IMMEDIATELY be reported to the site project manager. Be always aware and alert of your surroundings. . stores. stationary plants. toilets(conveniences) and materials are placed in the most strategic and convenient positions. vandals. Security provisions include: Adequate lighting at night and flood lighting which Lights up the construction site and the building structure. it was observed that certain site layout considerations were observed so that items such as temporary structures. and trespassers. Route to and from the site must be checked in other to select the best suitable for transporting equipment and materials to the site. Site security considerations The primary aim for security is to protect against theft.SITE LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS On the construction site. . These considerations are stated below: Access to and within the site Temporary access to the site requiring access both through and fro the site. Circulation on site for deliveries must be carefully considered. These terms could be referred to as technical terms or site terms or language being used by the site workers. Below are some site terms and definitions. .CHAPTER 2 CONSTRUCTION TERMS AND TECHNIQUES The Construction techniques and terms described in this report involves the various methods of construction carried out in the course of building construction for both structural and non-structural elements of the building. adequate knowledge of these terms must be paid attention to in order communicate effectively with the workers. certain terms were used during the construction.. While onsite. As an architect. BLOCKWORK This is the process of laying concrete masonry units to form either external walls as in-fills or lock wall which are load-bearing or non.load bearing or internal walls as partitions. . •The lead is built higher. •The first course of blocks for a lead is laid on the mortar. Sequence of laying of sand-crete block wall: •A bed of mortar is spread on the footing/floor. These masonry units are commonly hollow sand-crete blocks which are much economical per unit of wall area. Mortar is normally applied only to the face shells of the block and not to the webs. The mortar for the head joint is applied to the end of each block with the trowel before the block is laid. The standard sand-crete block wall is explained below. Plaster is a mixture of sand and cement at a ratio of 4:1 . its height is checked with either a folding rule or a story pole marked with the height of each course. •The last block to be installed in each course of infill blocks. run an uneven surface into a smooth level surface.•As each new course is started on the lead. PLASTERING Plastering is the most common treatment for external and internal walls to help withstand weather conditions. Plasters are used to render. •The course between the leads are laid rapidly by aligning each block with the stretched line. •A line is stretched between the leads on line blocks. the closer must be inserted between blocks that have already been laid then the block is lowered carefully into position. Most importantly. 8/6 head pans to1 bag of cement). floating is carried out on wall surfaces to fill up all uneven areas on a wall surface and may be applied on the internal or external surface of walls. SCAFFOLD .P after cement plastering was done.e. Plastering is also used to correct mistakes and to provide a smooth surface area for other finishing types like painting.O.or 3:1(i.P) that provides a true or smooth surface for the final finishing coat on a wall after plastering has been carried out on a wall surface. all the internal walls were floated with P. On majority of the sites I went to. FLOATING Floating is the backing coat that is usually made of plaster such as Plaster of Paris(P. and also on ceilings.O. Erecting of scaffolds Back on site. All scaffolds must be equipped with a toe board to eliminate the possibility that tools or debris will be kicked or pushed onto people below. It is usually a modular system of metal pipes. scaffolds were erected round the structure as seen in the picture to enable works to be carried out at various parts of the building and at various heights. . although it can be made out of other materials. A scaffold must be designed to support four times the weight of the workers and the materials resting on it.A Scaffold is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. piccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccttttttttttttttttttttttuuuuuuuuuuuuuuurrrrrrrrrrrrrree eeeee FORMWORK Concrete must be given form by casting it in a mould. The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe place of work with safe access suitable for the work being done. These moulds are known as ‘’formwork’ or ‘’shuttering’’. abeokuta (UNAAB).the toilet walls were laid with ceramic tiles. Erection of the shutters are usually orderly. simple and all the units are of sizes that can be easily handled. They are flat metal panels made of steel which are assembled together to make the complete formwork and are specially used to cast concrete columns in high rise reinforced concrete frame structures. They are usually tight enough to prevent the loss of fine materials. the female hostel porter’s lodge at university of agriculture. It gives the column a smooth face. For example. We have floor tiling and wall tilling (both external and internal walls). TILING Tiling in general terms can be defined as the cladding of a surface. Shutters are another type of formwork made of steel metal also known as shutters panels. .A Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent mould into whichconcrete or similar materials are poured. The floor was tiled with vitrified ceramic tiles. e. density and material. and plastics. They are mainly used for external walls and floors. etc. the subsequent layers have the same texture. when wearing occurs. •Ceramic tiles: these tiles are made with clay and laminated surfaces. . clay. Surface finish for tiles are either glazed or unglazed and the material used for making the tiles include stones. they are usually used for toilets and kitchen tilling. i.piiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiicccccccccccccccccccccccccccccctttttttttttttttttttttttuuuuu uuuuuuurrrrreee Illustrates floor tilling with vitrified tiles. Tiles come in two forms namely: •Vitrified tiles: these are tiles with the same properties all through. but rather transfer the horizontal loads applied to it. and provide an architecturally pleasing façade of a building. They carry no dead-load the building other than its own dead load. They are factory made and designed in units and assembled unit by unit on site. CURTAIN WALL FRAMES Curtain wall frames are made of extruded aluminium frames known as aluminium extrusions.CURTAIN WALL Curtain walls are glass walls typically designed to span multiple floors and allow the penetration of day light into the building envelope. . These loads are transferred to the main building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. resist air and water infiltration. It is usually of reinforced concrete and cast-insitu. ROOF GUTTER Roof gutter is the drainage path created on a flat roof slab to channel accumulated rain water for the roofing sheet into the drainage pipes on the roof slab. a parapet wall was constructed to a height of 1. PARAPET WALL A parapet wall is a protective wall constructed on the perimeter edge/area of a roof slab to protect rain water accumulation on the gutter /drainage of the roof slab from draining down the sides of a building.0m.FIXING OF CURTAIN WALL FRAMES When fixing curtain wall frames. the frames are screwed to the floor slab made of mass concrete with an electrical power drill and also screwed to the top which is the soffit of the floor slab. On site. . FELTING Felting of a roof slab involves the protection of the exposed concrete surface of the roof from water penetration and infiltration... ...... ……..... They are made of PVC plastic pipes and are100mm in diameter width. They are channelled through the roof beams and connected to the exterior columns which are then sent down to the inspection chamber... It is hot –mopped with asphalt to create a strong damp proof membrane......DRAINAGE PIPES Drainage pipes are pipes installed on the roof slab to drain rain/storm water on roof slab.................. and all forms of damp and moist actions by laying a thick damp proof membrane on the roof slab.................. One of the most common felts applied on roof slab sis the bituminous felt.... BUILDING SERVICES In the construction of any building. I was able to learn how all these are applied. These services are divided into two main branches namely: •Electrical engineering services •Mechanical engineering services ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SERVICES The involvement of electrical engineering services is to supply electricity. During the 3-months period on site. telephone. They also determine the best suited for generators. there are two main services that must be provided in the building in order to create a comfortable and habitable internal building environment for the building occupants. data outlets and provide lighting and power points in the building. ELECTRICAL TERMINOLOGIES . As illustrated here>>>>> the conduit pipes have already been laid prior to the floor screeding.Electrical 1st.fix: This term is used to describe the fixing of PVC pipes of 13mm diameter called ‘Conduit Pipes’ and circular boxes before casting of the floor slab is done. The circular boxes are outlets for the lighting points while the wires are passed through the conduit pipes. Trunking This is a term used to denote a protective casing for wires. . There are two common types. room air is drawn in from various parts of the building through Return-air ducts: This air is pulled through a filter where airborne particles such as dust and lint are removed. When the air handling unit turns on. The filtered air is routed to air supply ductwork that carries it back to rooms. or uses pipes to distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than one room. and which is not plugged into a standard electrical outlet.•Cable tray •Cable basket MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SERVICES Ventilation systems/Air conditioning systems: Central air conditioning is an air conditioning system which uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or dehumidified air to more than one room. Sophisticated filters may remove microscopic pollutants as well. . Whenever the air conditioner is running. this cycle repeats continually because the central air conditioning unit is located outside the office spaces. it offers a lower level of indoor noise than a free-standing air conditioning unit. Central air conditioning performs like a regular air conditioner but has several added benefits. The wet system consists of reducers and sprinkler heads. •Wet system •Dry system.FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM Basically two fire-fighting systems were used during my stay on site. WET SYSTEM. . The expansion joints were created right from the foundation up to the roof level of the building. They are created to accommodate structural movements. Concrete mixes/ratio: . CONCRETE Concrete is a mixture of coarse and fine aggregates. Coarse aggregate used on site is normally gravel and Fine aggregate is sand. cement and water which is allowed to harden.EXPANSION JOINT Expansion joints are structural joints in a building that are created to allow for the thermal expansion and contraction of a building that occurs in concrete when loaded. In the construction of fence that I witnessed. the expansion joints were created uniquely for this purpose. 16mm 18mm. Freshly mixed concrete is an unstable mixture of solids and liquids. it is essential that the concrete must be moist until its required strength is achieved. it is likely to segregate. Maximum strength for concrete is attained after 28days(4 weeks) of curing. . REINFORCEMENT BARS Concrete has no useful tensile strength and is limited in its structural uses. before any concrete is cast into the formwork or mould. The result is concrete of non-uniform and with unsatisfactory properties. which means that the coarse aggregate work sits way to the bottom of the form and the water and cement paste rise to the top. Thus.Concrete ‘’slump test’’: On site. and dropped from a height. Reinforcement bars have various diameter sizes. If it is vibrated excessively. ‘’Curing of concrete’’ Concrete cures by hydration and not by drying. the strength of the cured concrete will be reduced and its surface hardness and durability are likely to be adversely affected. Steel reinforcement bars are used in concrete columns beams. 20mm 24mm 30mm and 32mmdiameter sizes. If it is allowed to dry at any point during this timeframe. and slabs. a slump test is always carried out on it to test for its consistency and quality check to determine the desired degree of workability. They come in 12mm. •The concrete is then poured. Casting a concrete wall •Vertical reinforcing bars are first wired to the dowels that project from the foundation footing and horizontal bars are wired to the vertical bars as seen in the illustration below. Sheets of plywood form the face of the concrete and are supported by wooden studs. . •The formwork is erected. The studs are supported against the pressure of the wet concrete by horizontal supports.CASTING Casting is the process of pouring concrete mix into a mould or form laid with reinforcement bars to form a solid mass structure. compacted and cured. After a few site meetings. everyone is presented with their copy of the minute and is expected to file them afterwards. my supervisor handed over the task of writing the minutes of the meeting to me. site meetings were held every two weeks on a Tuesday. . During the meeting. During the meetings. The essence of the site meetings is dissipating instructions to the contractors and to assess the progress of the project.CHAPTER 3 SITE MEETINGS During my training. The site meeting is chaired by the project architect who gives out all instructions. The site meeting for the building project is expected to be held till the project is completed and handed over to the clients. This i did until my last site meeting on the site. all the consultants are expected to be present in order to obtain an update of a weekly report on each of their jurisdictions as regards the building project from the contractors. Issues from what material should be used to the ordering of materials and expenses made are discussed in full length and all issues or problems encountered are presented to the architect for instructions. as a student of architecture.CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION In conclusion.Finally. Furthermore. i have been able to obtain the most relevant and effective practical industrial training and experience in a duration of three months(3months) having been exposed to practical on-site situations and activities. I would like to state that the SIWES programme is a very relevant and necessary programme for all students that must be taken advantage of by every student for each student’s professional development prior to graduation . an awareness of the general workplace has been developed in me and I have acquired important behaviour and interpersonal skills with the opportunity giving me to get a feel of the work environment and exposure as a student to the architects responsibilities and ethics .