Sindhiي--- Native to Sindh, Pakistan and Kutch, India. Also immigrant communities in India, Hong Kong, Oman, Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore, UAE, UK, USA, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka Region South Asia Native speakers 25 million (2007) [1] Language family Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern Zone Sindhi languages Sindhi Writing system Arabic, Devanagari, Khudabadi alphabet, Laṇḍā, Gurmukhi [2] Official status Official language in Pakistan (Sindh) India Regulated by Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan), National Council For Promotion Of Sindhi Language (http://www.ncpsl.gov.in/) (India) Language codes ISO 639-1 sd ISO 639-2 snd ISO 639-3 Variously: snd (http://www.sil.org/iso639-3 /documentation.asp?id=snd) – Sindhi lss (http://www.sil.org/iso639-3 /documentation.asp?id=lss) – Lasi sbn (http://www.sil.org/iso639-3 /documentation.asp?id=sbn) – Sindhi Bhil Sindhi language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Sindhi /ˈsɪndi/ [3] (ي--- / Îस7धी / ) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is the language of the historical Sindh region, spoken by the Sindhi people. It is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh. [4][5][6] In India, Sindhi is one of the scheduled languages officially recognized by the federal government. It has influences from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan. Most Sindhi speakers are concentrated in the Sindh province and in Kutch, Gujarat, India where the Kutchi dialect is a local language. The remaining speakers in India are composed of the Hindu Sindhis who migrated from Sindh, which became a part of Pakistan and settled in India after partition and the Sindhi diaspora worldwide. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Significance 3 History 4 Classification and related languages 5 Geographical distribution 6 Dialects and varieties 7 Phonology 7.1 Consonants 7.2 Vowels 8 Grammar 9 Vocabulary 9.1 Example extract 10 Writing system 10.1 Laṇḍā scripts 10.2 Khudabadi 10.3 Khojiki 10.4 Gurmukhi 10.5 Arabic script 10.6 Devanagari script Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 1 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM 10.7 Gujarati script 11 See also 12 References 13 Sources 14 External links Etymology Sindhi means 'of the Sindhu'. Sindhu was the proper name of the Indus River. [7] In Indo-Iranian languages, 'S' is observed to transform to 'H' as one moves eastwards through the region. For example the word "haft" and "sapt" both mean seven, in the Persian and Sanskrit, respectively. Thus, though the modern languages are distinct, the word Sindhi is simply the eastern variant of the word Hindi, both meaning 'of the Indus', or 'Indian'. Significance See also Sindhi literature and Sindhi poetry. Sindhi has a vast vocabulary and a very old literary tradition. This trend has made it a favourite of many writers and consequently a vast volume of literature and poetry have been written in Sindhi. At the time of partition, both Bengali and Sindhi were official languages in their respective provinces. Both languages had a cherished history and a treasure trove of literature. Both languages were not only lingua franca of their provinces but were also in vogue for revenue, court, education and other official business. When Sindh was occupied by British army and was annexed with Bombay, governor of the province Sir George Clerk ordered to make Sindhi the official language in the province in 1848. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued orders on August 29, 1857 advising civil servants in Sindh to qualify examination in Sindhi. He also ordered Sindhi to be used in all official communication. Seven-grade education system commonly known as Sindhi-Final was introduced in Sindh. Sindhi Final was made a prerequisite for employment in revenue, police and education departments. [8] History The origin of the Sindhi language can be traced to an Old Indo-Aryan dialect, or primary Prakrit, that was spoken in the region of Sindh at the time of compilation of the Vedas (1500–1200 bce) or perhaps some centuries before that. Glimpses of that dialect can be seen to some extent in the literary language of the hymns of the Rigveda. Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth, and it entered the New Indo-Aryan stage around the 10th century ce. [9] The immediate predecessor of Sindhi was an Apabhramsha Prakrit named Vrachada. Arab and Persian travellers, specifically Abu-Rayhan Biruni in his book 'Tahqiq ma lil-Hind', had declared that even before the advent of Islam in Sindh (711 A.D.), the language was prevalent in the region. It was not only widely spoken but written in three different scripts – Ardhanagari, Saindhu and Malwari. Biruni has described many Sindhi words leading to the conclusion that the Sindhi language was widely spoken and rich in vocabulary in his Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 2 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in the Khudabadi script The earliest Arabic manuscripts written during the Abbasid Era. time. Over the course of centuries, Sindhi culture absorbed Arabic and Persian words. Sindhi became a popular literary language between the 14th and 18th centuries. This is when mystics or Sufis such as Shah Abdul Latif, Sachal Sarmast, Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (as well as numerous others) narrated their theosophical poetry depicting the relationship between humans and Allah. In the year 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi, with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. [10] According to Islamic Sindhi tradition, the first translation of the Quran into Sindhi was completed in the year 883 CE / 270 AH in Mansura, Sindh. The first extensive Sindhi translation was done by Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824 CE / 1160–1240 AH). Classification and related languages Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It has influences from a local version of spoken form of Sanskrit and from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan. Geographical distribution Sindhi is spoken in Sindh and Balochistan in Pakistan. Sindhi is taught as a first language in the Pakistani province of Sindh, including in the provincial capital Karachi. It is taught as a second language in many government schools of Karachi and Balochistan in Pakistan. It is also spoken by Sindhi tribes living in Kutch. Karachi is the largest Sindhi-speaking city with 3–4 million Sindhis. Hyderabad ranks second with 1 million Sindhi speakers, and Larkana ranks third with almost a half a million Sindhis. Sindhi is also spoken in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. It is also spoken in Ulhasnagar near Mumbai which is the largest Sindhi enclave in India. [11] Dialects and varieties Sindhi Saraiki, a form of Saraiki language regarded as a dialect of Sindhi; spoken mainly in Upper Sindh. Shown in orange. Vicholi, in Vicholo, Central Sindh. Shown in yellow. Vicholi is the basis for standardised Sindhi. Lari, in Laru (Lower Sindh). Shown in grey. Lasi, in Lasbelo, a part of Kohistan in Baluchistan and the western part of Sindh. Shown in green. Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 3 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM Dialects of Sindhi Thari or Thareli, also known as Dhatki in Tharu, the desert region on the southeast border of Sindh and a part of the Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan. Shown in purple. Kachhi or Kutchi, in the Kutch region and in a part of Kathiawar in Gujarat, in southern Sindh. Shown in blue. Phonology Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other languages. Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 16 vowels. The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for world's languages at 2.8. [12] All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap and the lateral approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four implosives. Consonants Consonants of Sindhi [13] Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Post-alveolar /Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m mʱ n nʱ ɳ ɳʱ ɲ ŋ Plosive/ affricate p pʰ b bʱ t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ ʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ t̠ɕ t̠ɕʰ d̠ ʑ d̠ ʑʱ k kʰ ɡ ɡʱ Implosive ɓ ɗ ʄ ~ jˀ ɠ Fricative f s z ʂ x ɣ h Rhotic r ɽ ɽʱ Approximant ʋ l̪ l̪ʱ j The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar, as they are throughout northern India, and so could be transcribed /t̠, t̠ʰ, d̠ , d̠ ʱ n̠ n̠ ʱ s̠ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ ʱ/. The dental implosive is sometimes realized as retroflex [ɗ̠ ]~[q] The affricates /t̠ɕ, t̠ɕʰ, d̠ ʑ, d̠ ʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or truly palatal. [14] /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation occurs, but is not common, except before a stop. Vowels The vowels are modal length /i e æ o : o u/ and short /ɪ o r /. (Note /æ o r / are imprecisely transcribed as /c a e/ in the chart.) Consonants following short vowels are lengthened: [pr to] 'leaf' vs. [poto] 'worn'. Grammar Ernest Trumpp authored the first Sindhi grammar entitled Sindhi Alphabet and Grammar. [15] Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 4 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a vowel chart Vocabulary Historically, the Sindh region suffered frequent invasions. Arabs under Mohammad bin Qasim conquered parts of Sindh and the region was Islamized gradually under the Sultanate of Delhi and later under the Mughal Empire until the British conquest in 1843. Hence, the Sindhi language borrowed many Arabic and Persian words. In spite of this, the basic vocabulary and grammatical structure of Sindhi has remained mostly unchanged. [16] In addition, Sindhi has borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in Pakistan is heavily influenced by Urdu, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in India is influenced by Hindi, with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements. [17][18] Example extract The following extract is from the Sindhi Wikipedia about the Sindhi language and is written in the 52-letter Sindhi-Arabic script, Devanagari and transliterated to Latin. Sindhi-Arabic script: ¸'÷»' ي¸,'¸- ª+== ¸- ¸+-= ·¸»' ¸',, ¸-',¸' ¸--´¸ ¸'·- ¸'- ¸'--'= ¸¸¸,, ,--' ¸',, ي--- ¸¸ .¸»' ¸'-¸ ي¸-·- ¸ ¸',, -- ¸= --- ¸',, ي--- -·, ¸» .¸»' -,=,- Devanagari script: Îस7धी ॿोल| इÞडो यूरपी ख़ा7दान सां ता~लुक़ु रख7दड़ आया ई ॿोल| आ[ , ÍHं[न त 4 ु $ gाÍñड़ी 3[ ु HाÞ पÞ H|Hूद आÍ[Îन. Í[न ñ4तु Îस7धी ॿोल| Îस7ध Hी Hुख 4ोल| 9ं द9तर| H4ान आ[ . Transliteration (IAST): sindhï b¸ olï iṇḍo yürapï ||āndāna sā talluqu rakhandar āryāï b¸ olï āhe, jinhã te kujha drāvirï uhuñāṇa paṇa maujüda āhini. hina vaqtu sindhï b¸ olï sindha jï mukha b¸ olï ãi daftarï zabānā āhe. Writing system Written Sindhi is mentioned in the 8th century, when references to a Sindhi version of the Mahabharata appear. However, the earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century. [19] Before the standardisation of Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of the Devanagari and Lunda (Laṇḍā) scripts were used for trading. For literary and religious purposes, an Arabo-Persian alphabet known as Ab-ul- Hassan Sindhi and Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were reforms of the Landa script. [20] During British rule in the late 19th century, a Persian alphabet was decreed standard over Devanagari. [21] Medieval Sindhi devotional literature (1500–1843) comprises Sufi poetry and Advaita Vedanta poetry. Sindhi literature flourished during the modern period (since 1843), although the language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from Persian and Arabic vocabulary, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi. [22] Laṇḍā scripts Laṇḍā- based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki and the Khudabadi script were used historically to write Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 5 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM Sindhi. Khudabadi The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used alongside the Arabic script by the Hindu community until the colonial era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes was legislated. The script continued to be used in a smaller scale by the trader community until the Partition of India in 1947. [23] Khojiki Khojiki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature for a few secret Shia Muslim sects. [24] Gurmukhi The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in the North of Sindh, and also by Hindu women. [25][23] Arabic script Historically, different versions of the Arabic script were used by the Hindu and Muslim communities. [26] During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (= = = ¸ - _ _ - - - ; ¸ _ ¸ - - - _) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi. ڄ ج پ ث ٺ ٽ ٿ ت ڀ ٻ ب ا jʱ ʄ j p s t̪ʰ t̪ tʰ t bʱ ɓ b * ڙ ﺭ ذ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ﺩ خ ﺡ ڇ چ ڃ ɽ r ð ɖʱ ɖ ɗ dʱ d x h cʰ c ɲ ق ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * +ڙ k pʰ f ɣ ∅ ¸ ʈ z ʂ J s z ɽʱ , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 * h * ɳ n m l ŋ ɡʱ ɠ ɡ kʰ k Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 6 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM Devanagari script In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi. A modern version was introduced by the government of India in 1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India a person may write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in either script [1] (http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=201). Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form other additional consonants. अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ e a ɪ i o u: e c o : क ख ख़ ग ॻ ग़ घ ङ k kʰ x ɡ ɠ ɣ ɡʱ ŋ च छ ज ॼ ज़ झ ञ c cʰ j ʄ z jʱ ɲ ट ठ ड ॾ ड़ ढ ! ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳ " # $ % & t tʰ d dʱ n ' ( ) * + , - p pʰ f b ɓ bʱ m . / 0 1 j r l ʋ 2 3 4 5 J ʂ s h Gujarati script The Gujarati script is used to write the Kutchi dialect in India. [27] See also Institute of Sindhology Languages of India Languages of Pakistan Languages with official status in India List of Sindhi-language films Provincial languages of Pakistan Sindhi literature Sindhi poetry Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 7 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM References ^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007 1. ^ "Script" (https://www.ethnologue.com/language/snd). Sindhilanguage.com. 2. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh 3. ^ Gulshan Majeed. "Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan" (http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal /pols/Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf). Journal of Political Studies. Retrieved December 27, 2013. 4. ^ "Sindhi" (http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html). The Languages Gulper. Retrieved December 27, 2013. 5. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language). Sindhi Language. Retrieved December 29, 2013. 6. ^ "Sindhi" (http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html). The Languages Gulper. Retrieved January 29, 2013. 7. ^ Naseer Memon (April 13, 2014). "The language link" (http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages- as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ). The News on Sunday. Retrieved April 13, 2014. 8. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language). Retrieved May 11, 2013. 9. ^ "Sindhi alphabets, pronunciation and language" (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm). Omniglot.com. 10. ^ The Sindhu World (http://www.thesindhuworld.com) 11. ^ Nihalani, Paroo. (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association (Sindhi). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 12. ^ Paroo Nihalani (December 1, 1995). "Illustration of the IPA - Sindhi" (http://journals.cambridge.org/action /displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1799728). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Retrieved April 19, 2014. 13. ^ The IPA Handbook uses the symbols c, cʰ, ɟ, ɟʱ, but makes it clear this is simply tradition and that these are neither palatal nor stops, but "laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release". Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:83) confirm a transcription of [t̠ ɕ, t̠ ɕʰ, d̠ ʑ, d̠ ʑʱ] and further remarks that "/ʄ/ is often a slightly creaky voiced palatal approximant" (caption of table 3.19). 14. ^ Ernest Trumpp (1872). "Grammar of the Sindhi Language" (http://books.google.co.in /books?id=-Kp5NQAACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Ernest+Trumpp%22&hl=en& sa=X&ei=VB5KU7iXBYXetAa0g4GoDA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ). Google Books. Retrieved April 13, 2014. 15. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language). Retrieved May 11, 2013. 16. ^ Cole (2001:652–653) 17. ^ Khubchandani (2003:624–625) 18. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language). Retrieved May 11, 2013. 19. ^ Khubchandani (2003:633) 20. ^ Cole (2001:648) 21. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language). Retrieved May 11, 2013. 22. ^ a b "Sindhi Language: Script" (http://sindhilanguage.com/script.html). Retrieved 15 May 2012. 23. ^ http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3978.pdf 24. ^ http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n3871.pdf 25. Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 8 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM ^ p.14 Proposal to Encode the Sindhi Script in ISO/IEC 10646 (http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs /n3871.pdf) 26. ^ http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gujarati.htm 27. Sources Addleton and Brown (2010). Sindhi: An Introductory Course for English Speakers (http://doorlightpubs.com/Doorlight/Sindhi.html). South Hadley: Doorlight Publications. Bughio, M. Qasim (January–June 2006). "The Diachronic Sociolinguistic Situation in Sindh" (http://www.webjournal.unior.it). In Maniscalco, Fabio Maniscalco. Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony 1. Cole, Jennifer S (2001). "Sindhi". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl. Facts About the World's Languages. H W Wilson. pp. 647–653. ISBN 0-8242-0970-2. International Phonetic Association. 1999. ISBN 0-521-63751-1. Khubchandani, Lachman M (2003). "Sindhi" (http://books.google.com/?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC& pg=PA581&dq=indo-aryan+languages). In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. pp. 622–658. ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5. Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. Trumpp, P (1872). Grammar of the Sindhi Language (http://books.google.com /?id=XKUIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=sindhi+language&q=). London: Trübner and Co. ISBN 81-206-0100-9. For further reading: Chopra, R. M., The Rise, Growth And Decline of Indo-Persian Literature, 2012, Iran Culture House, New Delhi, Chapter on"Persian in Sindh". External links Sindhi Dictionary (http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/) Type in Sindhi online (http://www.bhurgri.com/bhurgri/sd_editor.php) Information and pronunciation of Sindhi alphabet (recordings) (http://www.oursindh.com/sindhi- language/) All about Sindhi language and culture (http://www.sindhilanguage.com) Wals.info (http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_sdh) Sindhi computing resources at world's first Sindhi website by Majid Bhurgri (Arabic script) (http://www.bhurgri.com) Sindhi computing resources at TDIL (Arabic script) (http://www.ildc.in/Sindhip/Siindex.aspx) Sindhi computing resources at TDIL (Devanagari script) (http://www.ildc.in/Sindhid/Siindex.aspx) First and only 24 hour international Sindhi radio station online (http://www.RadioSindhi.com) Sindhi newspapers gasping for breath in India (http://www.anindianmuslim.com/2011/08/sindhi- Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 9 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM language-newspapers-gasping-for.html) Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhi_language&oldid=607737706" Categories: Languages with ISO 639-2 code Languages with ISO 639-1 code Sindhi language Languages of Pakistan Languages of Sindh Official languages of India Indo-Aryan languages Subject–object–verb languages This page was last modified on 9 May 2014 at 06:13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Sindhi language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 10 of 10 5/14/2014 1:07 PM
Report "Sindhi Language - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia"