SIGNS IN MEDICINE---IMP LIST(A) - Aaron’s sign seen in appendicitis. On firm pressure over the McBurney’s point the patient with appendicitis will feel distress in the epigastrium or precordial region. - Abadie’sign -– This is the test of Muscle sense .Compress or squeeze big muscle bellies (calf,` triceps or biceps)and note whether the patient complains of pain (Abadie’sign ).This is the test of pressure sense too. - Adler’s sign- Is seen in Ectopic pregnancy .The abdominal tenderness is fixed ,even when the patient is turned from side to side. - Albright sign-Metacarpels are shortened in pseudohypoparathyroidism , nevoid basal cell carcinoma ,turner and Larsen .In the presence of short fourth metacarpal ,there will be a dimple at the metacarpophalangeal joint. - Alfred Demusset sign- Bobbing of the head with each heart beat. The rapid blood flow in the carotids will push the head with each beat, thus leading to movement of head up and down with each heart beat. - Allis sign- is seen in developmental dysplasia. - Arm drop sign- sign suggestive of complete tear of the rotator cuff. - Antenna sign- seen in Keratosis pilaris - Anterior drawer sign-(Bon bruise sign) for anterior cruciate ligament tear. It is used to diagnose rupture of the cruciate ligaments .The knee should be flexed at a right angle and the upper part of the tibia is pulled forward and pushed backward. Increased anterior and posterior movements will indicate the rupture of cruciate ligaments. - Asboe Hansen sign- (Bulla spread sign) – seen in Pemphigus - Auenbrugger’s sign-In pericardial effusion ,an epigastric prominence is seen. - Auspitz’s sign-When the scales of Psoriasis are removed ,pin point bleeding spots will be seen . (B) - Babinski’s sign- By stroking the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot. There is contraction of tibialis anterior, hamstrings, and tensor fascia lata. - Baccelli’s sign-Good conduction of whisper in non purulent pleural effusion. - Ball’s sign- is seen in fetal death .There will be hyperflexion of the spine. Global institute of medical sciences . www.gims-org.com
[email protected] Ph : 0091 9052887722 , - Ballance sign-The dullness can be elicited on both sides in rupture of spleen .On the right side there will be shift of the dullness ,but it is constant on the left side. - Ballentyne-Runge sign - Decrease in the abdominal circumference late in pregnancy due to placental insufficiency - Banana sign –the frontal lobes will be concave .This is due to neural tube defects - Barber’s chair sign in multiple sclerosis. An electric shock like sensation which radiates in to the arms., down the back to the legs, when the patient flexes the head.. - .Barlow’s sign- Von Rosen’s sign In congenital instability of the hip joint the hips are held flexed and abducted , A click can be heard when the femoral head leaves the acetabulum - Bastedo’s sign seen in chronic appendicitis. On inflation of the colon with air ,pain and tenderness will be present in the right iliac fossa. - Battle’s sign-blood pigment stain behind the ear over the mastoid due to basal skull fracture (Sphenoid bone ) - Beak sign - in patients with Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. ,abrupt cut of the barium column in the pylorus. - Beak sign in renal arteriogram-Renal cyst. - Becker's sign - Pulsations seen in the retinal artery. - Beevor’s sign-in patients with paralysis of lower part of rectus abdominis the umbilicus will move upwards when the rising test is performed. The umbilicus will move downwards in paralysis of upper part of rectus abdominis - Beheaded scottish terrior sign- Spondylolisthesis.(In oblique view) - Belly dancer’s sign- It is seen in unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis .During inspiration the umbilicus shifts upward and toward the side of the paralysed diaphragm - Benda’s sign- This is of importance in tuberculous meningitis. Here the child has spasm of the trapezius muscle with the result that the shoulder on affected side is raised up and at times also brought forward. The sign is elicited by turning the head and chin to one side and if there is upward and forward lifting of the shoulder the sign is positive. It may be positive on one or both sides. - Bergara –Warten Berg sign-Loss of vibration on elevation of the closed upper eyelid. It is the earliest sign of facial nerve paralysis. -Bergman sign (Chalice sign)-is a finding in renal imaging studies where there is dilatation of ureter distal to a neoplasm. Such dilatation will be absent in calculus or thrombus. - Bing sign – Pricking the dorsum of foot by a pin produces extensor response. Global institute of medical sciences . www.gims-org.com
[email protected] Ph : 0091 9052887722 , -Blue berry muffin sign- is seen in dermal metastases of Neuroblastoma .There will be raised purple skin lesions. - Blue dot sign-is seen in torsion of appendix testis .The appendix that has undergone torsion may be visible through the scrotal skin. - Blumberg’s sign – Rebound tenderness. It is seen in acute appendicitis. - Boas sign- is helpful in differentiating acute cholecystitis from other conditions. In acute cholecystitis there is a referred pain to the right scapula. There is an area of hyperaesthesia between the ninth and the eleventh ribs posteriorly on the right side.. - Bow’s sign-Seen in septicemia in infants. The right side of the mediastinal shadow resembles a bow. - Bow string sign-is used in lumbar disc herniation. It is a variation of straight leg raising test. When the leg is raised pain will occur. At the point of pain, the knee will be flexed which will reduce the pain. - Branham’s sign- (see Nicoladoni’s sign) is seen in aretrio venous fistula .The swelling due to arteriovenous fistula disappears on applying pressure on the artery proximal to the fistula, thrill and bruit will decrease and the pulse rate fall .the pulse pressure will return to normal. - Brim sign- is seen in Paget’s disease. - Braxton –Hick’s sign-Intermittent uterine contractions can be detected by palpation after 16 weeks of gestation in pregnancy. - Brudzinski’s sign is seen in meningitis Flexion of one lower limb causes flexion of opposite limb immediately. It is the leg sign. Flexion of neck produces flexion of hips and knees. This is the neck sign. (Brudzinski’s neck Sign-Both the lower limbs should be in extended position, with full flexion of the neck, the child flexes both his lower limbs, at the hips as well as knees. This is a common sign of meningitis in infancy. There may be minimum flexion of the lower limbs when the child has paraplegia or quadriplegia; there is unilateral flexion of the unaffected limb. This not only helps in the diagnosis of meningitis but also in the diagnosis of hemi paresis. Brudzinski’s leg sign- Here one of the lower limbs is flexed to 45º at the hip and 90-120º at knee. While trying to extend the lower limbs there is flexion of the opposite limb at the hip and knee. This is a positive Brudzinski’s leg sign. In children who are constantly moving the lower limbs, particularly in the first 2-3 years of life, the test should be carried out 3 to 4 times before it is concluded as positive. If a child has weakness or paralysis of the opposite limb there may be minimum flexion at the hip and knee.) - Brun’s sign- Excruciating headache , vertiginous episodes , coma and death due to sudden movement of the head ,if the cysts are present in the fourth ventricle . - Bryant’s sign-in shoulder dislocation .Abnormal position of axillary folds. Global institute of medical sciences . www.gims-org.com
[email protected] Ph : 0091 9052887722 , .Champagne flute sign-due to portal air in NNEC.Coleman’s sign. the posterior acetabular margin will cut across the medial corner of the metaphysis.Cerebriform tongue sign-is seen in Pemphigus vegetans .Chandelier’s sign-is seen in Gonorrhoea in women .Chaddock’s sign –seen in pyramidal tract lesion.com gims.Circumflex`sign-the metaphysis have some flaring and may appear V-shaped in achondroplasia.is seen in slipped epiphysis . . . .A radiological finding seen in malignant gastric ulcer.. ala of the nose and the blinking of the eyelids.gims-org.Hematoma over the floor of the mouth in fracture of body of mandible.is seen in Neurofibromatosis (C) . Extensor response is seen after striking the skin around the lateral malleolus in a circular fashion.Coin test-is found in tense Pneumothorax. Meniscus shaped gastric ulcer with the concavity pointed towards the gastric lumen .Normally. Apply gentle pressure first on the medial side of the joint when the patient is lying with the quadriceps relaxed.Carman’s Meniscus sign.Cardarelli’s sign.is seen in Discoid Lupus Erythematosis (DLE) . Watch for the bulge on the lateral side. .Carvallo’s sign. . Listen at the same time from the back with the diaphragm of a stethoscope. the tricuspid murmur is maximal at the lower sternal edge and increases in intensity during inspiration .Chvostek’s sign -The facial nerve is tapped at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen.Small effusion in the knee joint.Bulge sign.transverse pulsation in the laryngotracheal tube in aneurysms and dilatation of the aortic arch. In early stages thin whitish patches are seen on the gums and buccal mucous membranes. This leads to brief twitching of the facial muscles.Elevation of the corner of mouth may b e seen. Global institute of medical sciences . . .live@gmail. In this condition the entire metaphysis will remain lateral to the posterior acetabular margin. . Place a metallic coin on the upper part of the affected chest.Strangulation of incompletely obstructed loop of small bowel. and percuss over the coin with another coin.Comby’s sign-is seen in measles. A high pitched tympanitic bell-like metallic sound can be heard in the presence of Pneumothorax.Carpet tack’s sign. -Button hole sign.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . . www.In cases with ASD.Capener’s sign. .Coffee bean sign. .Dancing carotids in aortic regurgitation..Curtsy sign is seen in Sham or Urge syndrome . .Crescent sign-In hydronephrosis.seen in scurvy. . Caput medusa due to portocaval anastomosis. The lesions tend to become red.the patient cannot count more than 10 in one breath.Crack –pot sign.Cooper’s sign.Dagger sign-is due to ossification of supraspinous and interspinous ligaments in Ankylosing spondylitis .Darier sign.com gims. there is paradoxical retraction.Cruveilhier s sign-is seen in portal hypertension.Crowe’s sign –In neurofibromatosis .Dance sign.Dalrymple sign-(Lid retraction) Staring appearance due to abnormal widening of palpebral fissures in hyperthyroidism Global institute of medical sciences . . .Corrigan's sign .Counting sign-in diaphragmatic paralysis . . . www.Urticaria pigmentosa. the tenderness is elicited in the left lateral position. A groove will be present just above the zone of provisional calcification. crescents of contrast medium seen with in the enlarged renal
[email protected] Ph : 0091 9052887722 .groin and perineal region will be present .In acute appendicitis.Commando’s sign-in spastic cerebral palsy the child drags the feet like a rudder. .Corner’s sign. .see Macewen sign . .. axillary freckling and speckled hyperpigmentation over the upper chest . On frontal radiograph a single radio dense line will be seen.Coup’d’ongue sign. . itchy and urticarial if they are rubbed.Czerny’s sign-The abdomen normally bulges at the beginning of inspiration. .Cullen sign-A bluish discoloration seen around the umbilicus in patients with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis. .Tinea versicolor. But in patients with chorea. The right lower quadrant may feel empty to palpation in intussusception.in intussusception.gims-org. ..Courvoisier sign. (D) .Gall bladder will be palpable in patients with carcinoma head of the pancreas. This is due to the contrast medium circulating in the collecting ducts compressed by the dilated calyces. . .com gims.Cart-Wheel pattern of fibroblast seen in Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.Dock’s sign.com Ph : 0091 9052887722
[email protected] density of this zone will be similar to that of the soft tissues. . The usual zone of reduced density visible around the head of relatively mature fetus before delivery appears to be separated from the cranium .Demusset sign-See Alfred Demusset sign .Duroziez’s sign. Annular pancreas.diastolic murmur heard on the femoral artery on distal compression.Dawson’s sign-Palmar erythema in cirrhosis of liver .De Dance sign-The Signe de Dance – A feeling of emptiness in the right iliac fossa in acute intussusception.Drooping lily sign.Delbet’s sign-in aneurysm of limb’s main artery .Carcinoma pancreas .Dog’s ear sign-in ascites .Double bubble sign-is seen in the following conditions Duodenal atresia. www. . .is seen in renal pelvis with duplicated collecting system.see Anterior drawer sign-(Bon bruise sign) . .D Espine’s sign-A large mediastinal node or a mass in Bronchogenic carcinoma may transmit the tracheal sound . .Dawbarn’s sign. Duodenal stenosis .This can result in bronchial breath sound. .The pain in this condition will disappear on abduction of the arm.Dimple sign(Fitzpatrick sign) in Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.Radiodensity superior and lateral to the bladder .Double duct sign in ERCP. .Rib notching in corctation of aorta. whispering pectoriloquy and rarely egophony in the inter scapular region. This can be demonstrated radiologically within 3 days after the death of fetus.(Below D4) . .Dimple sign. The patient will not be able to put the hand to the opposite shoulder with the elbow close to the body .Short little finger in congenital syphilis.This is x-ray finding in intrauterine death.Drawer sign.Duga’s sign-is seen in fresh shoulder dislocation . .seen in subacromial bursitis . ..Dubois sign. (E) Global institute of medical sciences . .Dressler’s sign-Dull note in the lower part of sternum in pericardial effusion.Deuel’s halo sign.gims-org. www.. Increased distance (>2 cm) between the properitoneal fat stripe and the right colon.Ewart’s sign.Floating membrane sign..live@gmail. Pressing the tragus will induce jerk nystagmus.In normal persons the parietal pericardium is separated from the epicardial fat by about 1-2 mm.Eye-of-the –tiger appearance. .Football sign-In NNEC. . .Ewing sign.Floating teeth sign. tubular breath sounds.Hydatid cyst .Falling fragment sign-Solitary bone cyst. . and bronchial breathing are seen in cardiac tamponade due to pericardial effusion.gims-org. Muscular contractions can be produced by application of subthreshold electrical stimulation.or McCort sign-in ascites. .. As the nutrition improves the pigmentation of the hair will be normal.in eosinophilic Granuloma. . In partial systolic closure of the pulmonary valves there will be flying W sign . There will be dullness on percussion. .is a MRI finding in Hallevorden-Spatz disease .is seen in yellow fever. . The hair will be alternately normal and depigmented. .any intrathoracic mass touching the heart . Relative bradycardia is present from the second day of the illness.Flank stripe sign.Erb’s sign-seen in latent tetany. the free air over the liver with outlining of the falciform ligament indicates perforation and needs surgical treatment.Faget’s sign. .Fat pad sign-is seen in pericardial effusion .Felson ‘s silhouette sign. giving the appearance of a flag .(Pneumoperitoneum) Global institute of medical sciences . . This is increased in pericardial effusion.Fistula sign.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Flying’ W’ sign.Flag sign may be seen in Kwashiorkor.(Pin’s sign) Is seen in compression collapse of the basal segments due to large pericardial effusion.Fitzpatrick sign-in dermatofibroma . Hence the hair will be alternately normally pigmented and hypopigmented.There will be dimpling when the mass is squeezed on both sides.aorta or diaphragm will obliterate that border on the chest X ray. The hair in cases of severe malnutrition will be hypopigmented.Flag sign.Emptying sign in straw berry angioma .the posterior mitral leaflet movement resembles the letter W.Pressure changes can be transmitted to the membranous labyrinth if there is a fistula in the bony labyrinth.pericardial sign (F) . increased vocal resonance. . increased vocal resonance.com gims. Forscheimer sign.there will be flexion at the hips.Halo sign in breast tumour .gims-org.. . crunching and churning sounds heard over the precordium in pneumomediastinum.Groove sign. .Goodell’s sign –Softening of cervix and vagina is a sign of pregnancy. .com gims. there will be abnormal movements of the hands on the same side of hemiparesis. There will be lowering of the knee on the affected side when the child lies prone with hip flexed and knee flexed. rapid ‘Y’descent in pericardial effusion. www. The so-called “Buddha position” is also indicative of hydrops fetalis ..Forester’s sign-In hypotonic or Atonic cerebral palsy.Griesinger’s sign. .is a check for apparent thigh length on both sides.Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) The enlarged lymph nodes are seen both above and below the inguinal ligament. .Gonda sign – Extensor response is elicited after forceful stretching or snapping of distal phalanx of either of the 2nd or 4th toe.Hamman’s crunch sign -crackling . .Frederick’s sign-Increased jugular venous pulse with sharp diastolic collapse.. .Severe erythroblastosis with hydrops fetalis is demonstrable by extensive edema. . (G ) . In patients with ulnar nerve palsy the terminal phalanx of the thumb will be flexed.. when the child is lifted by holding at the axilla .a narrow radiolucent ring surrounding a benign breat
[email protected]’s sign-in ulnar nerve paresis . .Frostberg’s inverted 3 sign-Carcinoma head of pancreas. The arms will come slightly in front. (H) -“Halo sign”.When a patient with hemiplegia walk on heels.. Climbing upon his own body while getting up from sitting posture. There will be inability to keep the fingers stretched and together.Pulsations over the spleen in aortic regurgitation.Galeazzi sign. . Ask the patient to grasp a book firmly between the thumb and the other fingers .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . .Grasset’s sign in hemiplegia . which elevates fat layers beneath the skin to produce a “halo sign”.In normal persons the thumb will be straight while holding the book .Gower’s sign.Grey Turner’s sign-A bluish discoloration seen in the flanks in patients with acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis.Enanthem in rubella.Gerhardt's sign . .is seen in Duchenne muscular dystrophy . with elbow bent and not taking part in co movements. . The thrombus may extend and result in indurated tender area over the upper part of the internal jugular vein and mastoid region.It is better heard during the Global institute of medical sciences . .is seen in lateral sinus thrombosis.It will be evident by 3 years of age and will be fully expressed by 5-6 years of age. . . The hand to be pronated.Higoumenaki’s sign-Enlargement of the medial end of the clavicle which is a late feature of syphilis.Now ask the patient to raise the normal leg against resistance . . . . of liver and the abdominal wall.is done to differentiate between paralysis and Pseudoparalysis of one leg .20-40 mm of Hg.Hick’s sign-is seen in pregnancy. . .The patient is asked to lie down. Children with poliomyelitis are unable to lift the head or bring it along the trunk.systole in left lateral position in expiration.>60 mm of Hg. Radiolucent shadow between the lateral walls.Hip sign .The lower limbs of a preterm baby can be abducted for more than 160 degrees .Hertoghe’s sign.Severe Aortic Regurgitation .Loss of lateral third of eyebrow in atopic dermatitis .There will be decreased chest movements on the affected side in pleural effusion.Acromegaly .The examiner’s hand is placed under the heel of the paralysed leg .Hoover’s sign(for unilateral weakness or paralysis of one leg ). The severity of the aortic regurgitation can be assessed by measuring this difference. Global institute of medical sciences .Hellmen sign-in ascites.Moderate Aortic Regurgitation .In normal individuals the examiner can feel the pressure by the normal leg . . www.com gims.Hegar ‘s sign-Softening of the isthmus or the lower segment of the uterus This can be seen at 6 -12 weeks of gestation.Hook sign-In acute fulminating tenosynovitis there will be flexion of finger with pain on extension. Sharp flickering movement of terminal phalanx will produce adduction and flexion of the thumb and flexion of the other fingers.Homan’s sign-is positive in venous thrombosis.Hoffman’s sign –is significant of pyramidal
[email protected] pad sign. There is light.Mild Aortic Regurgitation . and this is known as head lag.Head drop sign .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Head light sign. . .gims-org. .Hoover’s sign –is seen in pleural effusion . . The terminal phalanx of middle finger to be grasped by the examiner. .The systolic pressure in the lower limb is more than that of the upper limb .Normally this pressure difference will be less than 20 mm of Hg. Tenderness can be elicited indirectly by forcible dorsiflexion of the foot with the knee extended. Usually the head also will raise but in this case the head lag will occur.Hill's sign-is seen in Aortic Regurgitation .This will be absent if the leg is weak or paralysed. .perinasal and periorbital pallor in atopic dermatitis . . painless irregular uterine contractions which increase in frequency and intensity as the pregnancy advances. .40 -60 mm of Hg. The shoulders are raised off the bed. is seen in optic atrophy.Knuckle sign.Joffroy’s sign-Absence of wrinkling on the forehead on looking upwards in thyrotoxocisis.In infection of ulnar bursa .live@gmail. www. staring look in Thyrotoxicosis. (L) Global institute of medical sciences .The hip is flexed and the knee is extended passively. constrictive pericarditis. .Ask the child to sit and kiss the knee. In the presence of Nuchal rigidity.is seen in vessel occlusion due to thrombosis .the eye also will.Inverted mustache sign. be involved.seen in x -ray chest in congestive cardiac failure.there is an abrupt tapering of the vessel distal to the occlusion.Kernig’s sign-The patient lies supine .The pain is mediated through the afferent fibres of the Phrenic nerve. .Kiss –the-knee sign. the child cannot kiss the knee without bending the knee.. This is because both the area are supplied by nasociliary nerve.Kiloh-Nevin sign-Ask the patient to form a ‘O’ with the tip of the finger and the index finger In patients with anterior interosseous syndrome.Kussmaul’s sign. when the tip of the nose is involved . However. (I) . it is a very useful sign in older children.Kestenbaum’s sign. fine pinch posture is abnormal. In patients with meningitis there will be pain and spasm of hamstrings.gims-org. It is relatively less important in infancy and early childhood as it may be negative in spite of meningeal involvement.Inspiratory prominence of jugular veins in pericardial effusion. .Jacquemier’s sign-(Chadwick’s sign) bluish discoloration of the vagina will be seen by about 4-8 weeks of pregnancy. . . .Kanavel’s sign.Kocher’s sign-Frightened.Hutchinson’s sign. It is positive in meningeal irritation and sub arachnoid haemorrhage..The pain is due to the contact of blood in the under surface of diaphragm .com gims.Hyperpigmented lid in hyperthyroidism .Jellinek sign.Hyppocratic sign.Kritchley’s sign (Cortical thumb) in pyramidal tract lesion.there will be tenderness over the part of the ulnar bursa lying in between the transverse palmar creases. . The number of capillaries that cross the disc margin is reduced from a normal of 10 to 7 or less. (K) .Succussion splash present in pyopneumothorax. (J) .Kehr’s sign-pain referred to the left shoulder in rupture of spleen .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . . . restrictive cardiomyopathy. . . .In Herpes Zoster ophthalmicus. Leser-Trelat sign. .electric shock like sensation radiates down the trunk . There will be absence of normal flexion of the elbow on passive flexion of the hand at wrist on the affected side.cervical spondylotic myelopathy. .a ‘cracked-pot’ sound on percussion of the skull. A sharp tap with the middle finger is given on the parietal region on each side.alternate flushing.It is present in sciatica. It is also simulated in many normal infants..Landolfi's sign .Leri’s
[email protected]’s sign (alcohol poisoning ) pupillary sign.-seen in advanced glaucoma.Lassigue sign-A positive leg rising test . .A normal person can extend up to 90 degrees.gims-org. sub acute combined degeneration of the cord. The test is positive if the movement is restricted. www. . .is seen in hemiplegia.Lhermitte’s sign.Small ascending aorta seen in hypoplastic left heart syndrome .Lemon sign. There is softening of the medial anterior surface of the body of uterus just above the body and cervix. . . Global institute of medical sciences . With the patient lying supine. .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . may be present with hydrocephalus.in diaphragmatic palsy . .it indicates cervical cord lesion .constriction and dilatation of pupils with the heart beats and not related to light reflex. afferent conduction defect. prolapsed intervertebral disc.Marcus Gunn pupil sign.when the trunk is flexed .Ludloff’s sign – is seen in avulsion fracture of the lesser trochanter.. prechiasmatic.See banana sign –the frontal lobes will be concave . .This is due to neural tube defects. It is due to separation of sutures in a child having increased intracranial tension. .Lambda sign. There will be sudden appearance of large number of keratosis.Light house sign in acute Suppurative otitis media.is seen in the patients with asymmetric.Laminar dot sign.Litten’s sign. radiation myelopathy .Macewen’s sign (Crack – pot resonance) . when the patient is seated. increased intracranial pressure and sutural separation.is seen in internal malignancy.There is absence of indrawing of subcostal margin during inspiration. a pulsating discharge will reflect the light intermittently.com gims. To elicit this sign the child’s head should be lifted up from the bed and supported by putting the examiner’s hand under the neck In children who can sit up this can be done in the sitting position.Light house sign . (M) . There will be inability to flex the stretched leg. ask him to elevate the extended leg .Macewen’s sign (in pericardial effusion ) . and blanching of the forehead in Aortic Regurgitation .Ladin’s sign-is seen in pregnancy. . .Mc Burney’s sign-In acute
[email protected]’s sign-seen in benign prostatic enlargement.In pulmonary embolism with infarction .Moulage sign-is seen in Malabsorption syndrome .The consolidation regresses from periphery to the centre.Feel for the uniformity in the force of contraction by the patient.gims-org. At the height of inspiration the breath is arrested with a gasp as the Global institute of medical sciences . .is acute cholecystitis. when a mobile mass is present in the pulmonary cavity due to aspergillus fungal ball . .Moyniham’s sign. Ask the patient to hold the fingers of opposite hand and compare with the other side. . .Meniscus sign.It is due to flocculation and segmentation of barium and mucosal thickening.(index and middle fingers can be placed together).Maxwell-Lyons sign-is seen in vernal conjunctivitis. pain can be elicited by squeezing the calf muscles. . pain can be elicited at the Mcburney’s point by pressing with a finger .. .Milian’s ear sign. .com gims. . There will be bulging of the lower eye lid when the patient looks down.McMurray’s sign-In meniscus injury a painful click can be demonstrated if the flexed tibia is rotated upon the femur. the kidney does not descend down in erect posture .Moebius sign –Lack of convergence of the eye ball in thyrotoxocisis.Erysipelas can spread in to the pinna (cellulitis cannot spread as there is no areolar tissue ) .is seen in keratoconus.In coma the pupil is constricted and dilates on painful stimuli.Munson’s sign.as like milking of a cow. www.Milk maid sign-Ask the patient to hold the examiner's hand. a characteristic dark shape will be seen in the X ray .In normal persons the kidney will descend in erect posture .Moses sign-In venous thrombosis. .seen in X-ray . . .Moniz sign – Extensor response is seen after forceful passive plantar flexion of ankle .Pulsations seen in the uvula.Melting sign.Muller's sign . .McEwan sign.Mathe’s sign-In patients with perinephric abscess. . In the affected side there will be alternating forces (contractions and relaxations). A fibrinous pseudomembrane may be seen.Murphy’s Sign: Ask the patient to breathe in deeply and palpate for gall bladder.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . in aortic regurgitation.Mercedes Benz sign (Seagull sign) When gas is present in the gall stones. Ortolani’s sign-Ortalani’s sign of jerk is the earliest sign of congenital dislocation of hip.The eye balls can be seen protruding out of this plane if proptosis is present.Oppenheim’s sign – Heavy pressure is applied by the thumb and index finger from above downwards over the anterior surface of tibia (to its medial side). .Panda’ sign. . www. .Pastia’s sign-is seen in scarlet fever . (N) .Alkaptonuria (P ) . porphyria. Staphylococcal scalded syndrome. This is known as tracheal tug. . A downward traction can be felt on the trachea.Nicoladonis sign. .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . . .see -Branham’s sign . The papule is tender .It is an electrocardiogram finding in myocardial infarction.Pardee’s sign.In psoriasis .(eversion of foot ) Global institute of medical sciences . The extensor response usually occurs towards the end of the stimulation.Osiander’s sign will be seen in pregnancy due to -increased vaginal pulsations .Nicolsky’s sign-Separation of the epidermis on giving pressure over the skin.Napkin ring sign-Annular carcinoma of colon. Tapping the peroneal nerve at the neck of the fibula will produce dorsiflexion and abduction of the foot.Oil drop sign. Pemphigus vulgaris.is seen in secondary syphilis. .Nashe’s sign.mass is felt. .gims-org. By holding the limbs with the hip and knees flexed . .Osler’s sign.abduct the hip joint.Naunyn’s sign-See Murphy’s sign .Olliver’s sign-Upward and down ward movement of the trachea can be seen in patients with COPD.Naffziger’s sign-Stand behind the patient and look vertically downwards in the plane of super ciliary ridges . A few hours after the infarction there will be a Q wave and S-T segment is elevated. . .Ollendorf sign.Placea finger over the greater trochanter.com gims.Residual petechial lesions in the antecubital fossa.Peroneal sign-Seen in latent tetany.there is discolouration of nail bed. The chin should be raised and upward pressure should be applied over the trachea.live@gmail. TEN –Toxic Epidermal necrolysis.A click can be felt as the femoral head slips in to the acetabulum. This is the sign of acute cholecystitis.bilateral periorbital haematoma in a patient with a fracture of the anterior cranial fossa.Increased pulmonary blood flow in moderate and severe VSD. Stevenson Johnson’s syndrome. (O) . Penetrating sign-A radiological finding in benign gastric ulcer. The patient will not be able to hold it in same position. . . .is seen in Ulcerative colitis. on lifting the upper limbs .when it is pressed firmly and quickly. .the signs and symptoms will increase on flexion of the wrist .Pronator sign-Ask the child to hold the hands above the head with the palm facing each other for some time. .com gims.Pseudo-babinski's sign The plantar extensor response may be seen in the absence of pyramidal tract lesions in the following conditions 1) Voluntary withdrawal 2) In plantar hyperaesthesia 3) Strong or painful stimulus.is seen in scurvy. .Phelp’s sign is seen in Glomus jugulare.Prehn’s sign.hairs on the pillow on getting up in netherton’s syndrome.is seen in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The effusion delays the patellar tapping against the femur.Pen Britton sign-In retrosternal thyroid.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Pipe stem sign. .Loss of contraction on eversion of lower eyelid or retraction of angles of mouth.is seen in knee joint effusion.On straightening these will improve. www.Pelken’s sign.and the quadriceps relaxed . The hand on the affected side will be pronated and the palm will face outwards . .is seen in epididymo -orchitis .. the interphalangeal joint to 180 degree or limited joint mobility of interphalangeal joints of at least one finger bilaterally.On elevation of the testis the pain increases in torsion and in epididymo-orchitis the pain decreases. Thickened zone of provisional calcification protruding beyond the border of the shaft. due to the pressure by the thyroid on the SVC .Patellar apprehension sign-apply lateral pressure to the patella with the knee extended to 30 degrees . .Platysma sign of Babinski. when there is prosthetic loosening of the femoral stem . The ulcer crater should project from the contrast filled lumen and erode in to the stomach wall rather than in to the mass in the stomach wall. 4) In extrapyramidal lesions Global institute of medical sciences .live@gmail. This is also known as Wrist flexion test.Phalen’s sign-In carpel tunnel syndrome .Prayer sign-Is seen in diabetes.Pedestal sign.gims-org. . . .The patient fears that the patella may be dislocated and extends the knee thereby relocating the patella to the normal position.Pillow sign.. It is due to limited joint mobility (Cheiroarthropathy) There is inability to extend.Patellar tap sign.the face is suffused. .. Rosenbach’s sign . .Rib notching sign is seen in coarctation of aorta. (Q ) .The bowel wall will be outlined by air inside and
[email protected] indicates a completion of growth. .it is due to infection through the conjunctiva. It is special test to find out the Co-ordination of the lower limbs. There is acute angulation between the chin and larynx due to weakness of the Hyoid muscles.appearance of gas shadow in the heart and great vessels by 12 hours of fetal death .there will be unilateral painless oedema of the periorbital tissues .gims-org. . . .. (This is equivalent of Hoffman’s sign of the upper limbs) . . he begins to sway or may even fall.Rim sign-In severe hydronephrosis some times only a thin rim of the contrast will be seen outlining the kidney.. There will be no worsening of Scoliosis. . .Romberg’s sign-It is a test to find out the loss of position sense.Puddle’s sign -To diagnose minimal ascites.Percuss the abdomen towards the umbilicus to elicit the dullness.Reversed 3 sign in barium x ray.Plantar surface of the Great toe is tapped with a hammer or flick the distal phalanges of the toes into extension and then allow them to fall back to their normal position.Robert’s sign. In pyramidal tract lesions.Congenital smooth muscle hamartoma .com gims. Bilateral ecchymosis and swelling of the upper eye lids will be present. If Romberg’s sign is present as soon as the patient closes his eye. This is due to the contrast medium circulating in the capillaries compressed by the dilated calyces. .Rigler sign. . .Flat note in the cardio hepatic angle on the right side in Global institute of medical sciences .Rotch’s sign.Raccoon eye sign-is seen in fracture of the base of the skull.Pulsations of the liver in aortic regurgitation.Romana’s sign..Rossolimo’s Sign. The patient is put in knee chest position . This sign is seen in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.Pseudo Darrier sign. .in Chaga’s disease . in Pneumoperitoneum. there will be plantar flexion of all the other toes including the Great toe.Reisser’s sign-iliac apophysis fuses with the iliac bone at maturity .Coarctation of aorta. The patient is asked to stand with his feet close together with both his eyes opened and closed.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . (R) .Rope sign.due to constriction of hypopharynx in poliomyelitis. www. It signifies sensory ataxia.Red dot sign-Abdominal wall is discolored with focal or diffuse erythema reflects underlying peritonitis.Quinke's sign – (In aortic regurgitation) There will be alternate flushing and blanching in the nail bed. .The elbow will cross the midline in preterm babies. .when the patella is compressed manually against the femur during quadriceps Global institute of medical sciences .Sea gull sign. This is due to anomalous pulmonary vein draining in to the inferior vena cava. www. In hydrocephalus . ..with the concavity of the sickle directed towards the fixation point.in simple glaucoma
[email protected] when the thumbs are placed in close approximation to each other so that the nails are facing each other a quadrangular space can be seen in between the thumbs.In normal new born babies this may be visible transiently.. The defect is in the pars interarticularis.Mesenteric adenopathy.is seen in Avascular necrosis of femoral head.Crescentic shadow (Curved Turkish sword shaped shadow) of vascular density along the right border of the cardiac silhouette.there will be erythema over the upper back and shoulders. .gims-org.In dermatomyosistis . . .Seidel’s sign.Keep the head in the midline pull the hand across the chest .Sickle shaped extension of the blind spot above or below .This is seen in clubbing .Sandwich sign.Sectoral sign.com gims. In kernicterus and hydrocephalus it will be persistent .Shoulder sign-The hypertrophied pyloric muscle will cause an indentation of the barium filled antrum in patients with Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. This is called Shamroth sign. when the abdomen is pressed on the left iliac region .but will be grossly restricted with the hip flexed. In clubbing (Grade II or more) of the fingers this space will be obliterated.or both .is seen in Otosclerosis.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .is seen in spondylolysis.The sail shaped shadow of the thymus in the upper mediastinal shadow. eyes deviate downward because of the impingement of the dilated suprarenal recess on the tectum.Scottish dog sign.Rovsing’s sign-In appendicitis.Sail sign.The elbow crosses the midline when the arm is crossed across the chest .pericardial effusion .See Mercedes Benz sign . . .Scimitar sign. This is due to the stretching of the inflamed peritoneum on the right side. .Schamroth’s sign .Shrug sign is seen in patello-femoral osteoarthritis.Normally the sclera above the upper limbus will not be visible. .Usually seen in hydrocephalus .Setting sun eye sign . The internal rotation of the hip will be full with hip extended . (S) . . A pink tinge may be seen due to otospongiotic mass (Flamingo’s tint) . This sign is seen in field defects . .Schwartz sign.There will be pain .Shawl sign. .Scarf sign. It appears like a scottish dog wearing a collar .there will be pain in the right side. ( Thumb sign) -In Marfan’s syndrome .Steinberg sign.contraction.Step sign seen in . Global institute of medical sciences . . . .String sign-is seen in Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. spasm of the child will be aggravated.on physical examination .when flexed across the palm.Spalding’s sign. www. tandem walking.in barium meal study..live@gmail. when the child’s mouth is pressed with a spatula.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .( Dinner fork deformity) .-Crohn’s disease is due to the marked narrowing of the affected bowel. foot taps. small bubbles of gas may be trapped between the valvular conniventes .String of beads sign-in dilated small bowel filled with fluid. These are present in normal children at some stage of their development like .Spatula sign. This resembles a dinner fork.Sulcus sign –a radiological sign in inferior dislocation of shoulder .Protrusion of the thumb beyond the ulnar border of the hand .Silk sign.Steeple sign – in croup. Some times it will be seen as a double line.Spondylolisthesis. The affected arm will be flexed at the wrist and extended at the metacarpophalangeal joints.Acromio clavicular dislocation.This is a radiological feature of intrauterine death overlapping of the skull bones at the sutural lines and shrinkage of the skull contents in fetal death.Soft neurological signs –is a particular form of deviant performance on a motor or sensory test in a neurological examination that is abnormal for a particular age. .Sore thumb sign-Acute Epiglottitis . Ask the patient to stretch the arms forward and hold them parallel to the floor with the palms facing each other. . hopping. . . . . .Spooning sign – is seen in chorea.It is elicited by palpating the spermatic cor d at the pubic tubercle.Signet –ring sign-seen in the x-ray of a patient with scurvy. . .on right ventricular pressure tracing in constrictive pericarditis.In tetanus.where the head of the humerus lies below the glenoid.String sign of Kantor.Square root sign.repetitive and successive finger movements. . .gims-org. . .Stellwag sign-(Staring look ) Infrequent blinking in Thyrotoxicosis.com gims. thickening of the spermatic cord in children with inguinal hernia. . In barium meal study the elongated pyloric canal will be seen as a single line of barium. Undue prominence of clavicular head of sternomastoid muscle on one side is indicative of tracheal displacement to that side .Tram track sign-Double track of barium will be seen outlining the Hypertrophic mucosa in the elongated pyloric canal in Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.the vaginal fornix on that side will be deep like a tent.Jejunal atresia.Tear drop sign.is positive in slipped femoral epiphysis.gims-org.Scapholunate dislocation .Terry Thomas sign.Thurston-Holland sign -Intra articular fracture . www.Blow out fracture . It is seen in Marfan’s syndrome. . .Tram track sign-is also seen in Sturge Weber syndrome.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Trethowan’s sign.In ovarian cyst . .Tram track sign-is also seen in membranous glomerulonephritis.Target sign –Thick pylorus in the ultrasonogram in pyloric stenosis . . . . . Normally the line drawn along the superior surface of the neck passes bisecting the head of femur. .com gims. .Traube's sign .in ankle-Ankle effusion .Triple bubble sign.Pistol shot sound in the femoral artery in aortic regurgitation ..Trager’s sign This is a sign of fetal death in utero.in orbits. .Trail sign. Global institute of medical sciences
[email protected] sign. Ask the patient to stand on one leg and note the position of the pelvis.Sun setting sign-See setting sun eye sign. Loss of fetal attitude or posture is a result of decreased muscle tone . . In this condition this line` passes superior to the head.due to the abnormal posture of the patient in COPD.Thinker’s sign.If the test is positive the pelvis will drop on the unsupported side.Suzman's sign-In Coarctation of aorta collaterals are formed in the back and will cause pulsations over the back. . If the test is negative the pelvis will be raised on the unsupported side .Tear drop sign. The pulsations are prominent over the scapula and is best visualized with the patient bending forwards.Thumb sign-See Steinberg sign.Trendelenburg sign-in congenital dislocation of hip. The fetal attitude in a X-ray will be with marked curvature or collapse of spine.the line going through the plate and through the part of the metaphysis. (T ) .Tinel’s sign-When a regenerating nerve is tapped at the level of regeneration there will be a tingling sensation .. . Trousseau's sign-Ischemia of the upper limb is caused by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff above the arterial pressure for not more than 2-3 minutes .. (V) .Victor Horsley’s sign-The temperature will be 1-2 degree more on the paralysed side.Hydatid cyst. . Enlargement of the nerve root seconday to edema.Vallecular sign-Retention of barium in hypopharynx in patients with carcinoma of larynx.
[email protected] seen in anterior dislocation of the hip joint. On stretching the legs the meninges are stretched which aggravates the pain.Verumonten sign. A pull in the opposite direction should be applied .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . www. A click can be heard when the femoral head leaves the acetabulum .Trousseau’s sign-Phlebo thrombosis of superficial veins.is seen in intervertebral disc herniation.Vascular sign of Narath. . -Trumbling bullet sign –is seen in post-traumatic bone cyst. This will precipitate the carpopedal spasm. so that the fingers of each other pull against other's resistance. The prostate will be floating in per rectal examination. The femorals are easily felt in Scarpa’s triangle. Lag of the upper lid on downward gaze. . The child sits with the knees flexed and both the hands placed behind him supporting on the back as if in the tripod position. .Trolley track sign -Signs in Ankylosing spondylitis Three vertical linerar lines with increased density will be seen.-The fingers of the hand to be examined should be flexed and interlocked to the examiners flexed fingers.Trumpet sign. .Throgmorton’s sign-Extension of the suspensory ligament of the penis prior to micturition in newborn infants.is seen in vertebra plana.Troisier’s sign enlarged left supraclavicular node (Virchow’s node)due the gastric malignancy. In the presence of cortical lesions the thumb adducts and flexes.Watenberg 's sign.is seen in complete rupture of urethra.in Thyrotoxicosis.Vacuum cleft sign. . Normally the thumb extends. . By assuming the tripod position the stretching of the meninges is avoided thereby the pain is reduced.Tripod sign is seen in poliomyelitis.Von Rosen’s sign (Barlow’s sign ) In congenital instability of the hip joint the hips are held flexed and abducted . .Water Lily sign.com gims. .Von Graefe’s sign. . (W) . Global institute of medical sciences . .gims-org. .. . Double bubble sign.The regional nodes enlarge in the posterior cervical triangle. There will be overlapping of the fingers. This causes a rapid filling of the peripheral blood vessels and rapid emptying of these vessels.aspergillus fungal ball. It will be seen in congenital syphilis .3 sign on paramediastinal shadow in x ray-i n Coarctation of aorta. . .Tibia vara due to retarded growth of medial half of the proximal tibial epiphysis (Blount’s disease) ..pulse. .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .com gims. .is seen in persistent anteversion of the femoral neck . a) Demusset sign b) Light house sign . RADIOLOGICAL SIGNS Coffee bean sign (Bird’s beak deformity or ace of spade deformity is seen in sigmoid volvulus. temperature. and blanching of the forehead.‘W’ sitting. Mercedes Benz sign (Sea gull sign) – radiolucent gall stone with gas in it Triple bubble sign. OTHER
[email protected] sit between their feet with the hips fully internally rotated.Acute Epiglottitis .Sign of ridge-seen in dehydration .Thumb sign.Jejunal atresia Floating membrane sign-Hydatid cyst SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS CLINICAL CONDITIONS(A) 1) Signs in Ankylosing spondylitis Dagger sign Trolley track sign Bamboo spine appearance Squaring of vertebra Anderson fracture (disco vertebral fracture) 2) AORTIC REGURGITATION -PERIPHERAL SIGNS The volume output from the left ventricle is high and also there is a diastolic run off. This is the cause for the peripheral signs of the aortic regurgitation.is seen in a stillborn baby.Winter bottom sign.is seen in Trypanosoma brucei infection African trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness).alternate flushing.scurvy .Deep lateral femoral notch sign. Gelatinous material more or less completely fills the external auditory meatus.Pneumomediastinum + Pneumothorax (Boorhaeve’s syndrome) .Duodenal atresia. Meniscus sign in chest X ray.Wreden’s sign.Wrist sign-It is seen in Marfan’s syndrome. Ask the patient to grasp the wrist with the thumb and the little finger. .. Global institute of medical sciences .gims-org. respiration. Double stomach appearance – Atresia and stenosis of duodenum.V sign of Naclerio.Vital signs. www. .Wimberger’s sign—X-ray knee bilateral erosion in upper medial end of tibia. Jug-handle appearance in ASD .constriction and dilatation of pupils with the heart beats and not related to light reflex.Pulsations over the spleen.Light house sign . www. the tenderness is elicited in the left lateral position.Pistol shot sound in the femoral artery.Hilar dance – On fluoroscopy there is conspicuous pulsation of the pulmonary arteries. Diastolic murmur.Dancing carotids. 4) SIGNS OF ASCITES Flank stripe sign. This will be associated with tachycardia in gallop rhythm.Increased distance (>2 cm )between the properitoneal fat stripe and the right colon. h) Water hammer pulse-(Collapsing pulse) i) Quinke's sign -There will be alternate flushing and blanching in the nail bed. l) Gerhardt's sign . and pulmonary arteries with less prominent aortic knuckle) .) 3) Signs in appendicitis a) Aaron’s sign b) Bastedo’s sign c) Rovsing’ s sign d) Dieulafoy’s triad e) Blumberg’s sign f) Cooper’s sign. Features of right ventricular failure Cardinal signs of right ventricular failure are a) Elevated jugular venous pulsations Global institute of medical sciences .or McCort sign. ventricle.Pulsations seen in the uvula. Hellmen sign.live@gmail. m) Traube's sign .Radiolucent shadow between the lateral wall of liver and the abdominal wall. n) Duroziez murmur .c) Becker's sign . (dilated right atrium. with the arm in a semi flexed position. . b) Pulsus alternans c) Fine crepitations at the base of the lungs. d) Landolfi's sign .Pulsations seen in the retinal artery.This is called triple rhythm. (C ) 1) SIGNS IN CARDIAC FAILUREFeatures of left ventricular failure Cardinal signs of left ventricular failure are a) Gallop rhythm-S3 will be heard along with S1 and S2 . (4 D’s Duroziez's murmur. Dog’s ear sign-Radiodensity superior and lateral to the bladder 5) Signs in ASOM.Pulsations of the liver. Distal compression. f) Corrigan's sign . e) Muller's sign . j) Hill's signk) Rosen Bach’s sign . Diaphragm.a diastolic murmur is heard over the femoral artery with the diaphragm of the stethoscope when the femoral artery is compressed distally.In acute appendicitis .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .gims-org.Nipple sign 6) Signs in ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT . g) Locomotor brachi -The pulsations in the brachial artery is seen prominently in the medial aspect of the arm.com gims. standing etc(occurs in vermis lesion) b) Titubation c) Dyssynergia. may be pulsatile c) Oedema of dependant parts. This is called hung up reflex and occurs in the affected side.brief . Hepatojugular reflex will be present. 2) CARDIOMYOPATHY Signs of restrictive cardiomyopathy are Edema.b) Hepatomegaly-soft. In cases with posterior column lesions where the position sensation is
[email protected]. c) Pronator sign d) Milk maid sign-(Milking sign) e) Hung up reflex. b) Jack in box tongue. This is because the patient adapts to the loss of position sensation by the visual assessment of the positions. www.Past pointing d) Intention tremor e) Dysmetria f) Dysdiadochokinesia g) Rebound phenomenon h) Ataxic gait i) Speech –Dysarthria. Ascites. Enlarged pulsatile liver Increased JVP Kussumaul’s sign Third and fourth heart sounds. Global institute of medical sciences . the patient will fall on the side of the lesion when the eyes are closed.With the patient sitting on the bed with the legs hanging freely the knee jerk is elicited. When the eyes are closed or in the dark this adaptation will be lost and the patient tends to fall down 4) SIGNS IN ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS Cystic duct sign Rim sign 5) SIGNS IN CHOREAChorea-are semi-purposive . tender.Involuntary protrusion and retraction of the tongue.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .-Pedal oedema in patients who are standing and sacral oedema in recumbent patients.First the patient is asked to stand with the eyes open and then with the eyes closed. j) Nystagmus k) Pendular knee jerk l) Hypotonia Tandem walking-(Heel-toe )The patient is asked to walk in a straight line with the heel of the foot placed near the tip of the toes of the other leg . The extension at the knee joint will be maintained for some time before the leg comes down. . 3) CEREBELLAR SIGNS a) Ataxia (In co-ordination of movements) Truncal ataxia -difficulty in sitting. The patient is asked to stand straight with both the feet close to each other . Romberg test.com gims. irregular a) Hypotonia.This will be abnormal in patients with cerebellar lesions and posterior column lesions. Discrimination (Two-Point).gims-org.com gims.Spider angiomata 7) SIGNS IN COARCTATION OF AORTA. Memory affected Neonatal Reflexes Orofacial Apraxia. Alexia. Acalculia Blindness (Cortical) Cortical Thumb.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Suzman’s sign 8) SIGNS OF VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS. Intelligence decreased Jerks -Exaggerated.Trantas spots at the limbus. Palmomental Reflex. .Sign of ridge-when the skin is pinched and released the ridge formed will disappear very slowly. (E) Global institute of medical sciences .f) Spooning signg) Emotional lability h) Czerny’s sign 6) SIGNS IN CIRRHOSIS LIVER – .Terry nails (leuconychia ) white nails seen in thumb and index fingers .Dock’s sign .Skin turgor.Dawson’s sign . Perseveration Snout Reflex.where the head of the humerus lies below the glenoid. . Judgement impaired Mentation. Orientation.Glabellar Reflex Hypertonia..Clubbing .Cobble stone appearance .Maxwell-Lyons sign. . 9)CORTICAL SIGNS Astearognosis. 2) SIGNS OF DISLOCATION Sulcus sign –a radiological sign in inferior dislocation of shoulder .decreased .Affected. . Sucking Reflex CORTICAL SYMPTOMS Aphasia Bladder disturbances Convulsions (D) 1) SIGNS OF SEVERE DEHYDRATION. Dysarthria Extensor (Plantar Reflex) Fundal Changes Growth Retardation(-In Infantile Hemiplegia).Dry tongue. .Depressed fontanella . Apraxia.Sunken
[email protected]’s contracture . www.White ropy discharge . Clonus. www. Tender Osler’s nodes. 2) Signs of Avascular necrosis of femoral head a) Positive Trendelenberg ‘s sign b) Sectoral sign 3) Signs of fetal deathRobert’s sign Spalding sign Ball’s sign Duel’s or halo’s sign Trager sign 4) Signs of fracture a) Crepitus b) Deformity c) Local bony tenderness d) Abnormal mobility e) Shortening of a segment of limb 5) Basilar skull fracture Four classical signs of basilar skull fracture a) Racoon eyes. . hemorrhagic lesions in palms and soles Splinter hemorrhages-beneath the nails Petechiae Tender splenomegaly Microscopic hematuria Roth spots (F) 1) False localizing signsIncreased intracranial tension will result in lateral rectus palsy due to the stretching of the abducent nerve.-acute.is seen in malignant gastric ulcer.gims-org.Periorbital ecchymosis in anterior basilar fracture. (Fracture cribrifirm plate ) (G) SIGNS IN GASTRIC ULCERa) Carman’s sign.1) SUB ACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS Anemia Clubbing. 2) Signs of hydronephrosis- Global institute of medical sciences . small erythematous.Painful. (H ) 1) Signs of congenital dysplasia of hip joint . Pea sized intradermal nodes In the Pads of fingers and toes Janeway lesions-painless. b) Battle’s sign c) Hemotympanum (Fracture of the petrous ridge ) d) CSF otorrhoea /
[email protected] sign Galeazzi signTrendelenburg’s sign. Meniscus shaped gastric ulcer with the concavity pointed towards the gastric lumen b) Penetrating sign-The ulcer crater should project from the contrast filled lumen and erode in to the stomach wall rather than in to the mass in the stomach wall.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .com gims. Pruritis Global institute of medical sciences .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Jaundice . . Mottled skin.White brittle nails . (I ) 1) INTUSSUSCEPTION Signs of intussusception are a) Claw sign b) Pitch fork sign in barium enema c) oiled spring deformity (K) 1) EARLY SIGNS OF KERNICTERUSPoor feeding Lethargy Altered cry Altered behaviour 2) SIGNS OF KNEE JOINT EFFUSION a) Patellar tap signb) Bulge sign (L ) 1) Lateralizing signs In coma it will be difficult to recognize the focal neurological signs . Hypothermia. a) Target sign b) Tram track signc) String sign d) Beak sign e) Shoulder sign 4) SIGNS OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISMa) Trousseau's signb) Chvostek’s sign 5) EARLY SIGNS OF HYPOTHYROIDISMProlonged physiological jaundice. www.Parotid swelling . spider nevi. Hypotonia.. 2) SIGNS IN LIVER FAILURE. .The following features wil indicate the side of the lesion a) Menace reflex (Asymmetric hemianopia) b) Facial weakness c) Abnormal tone d) Response to painful stimuli e) Asymmetry in plantar response f) Asymmetry in tendon reflexes g) Asymmetry in decerebrate and decorticate
[email protected] loss (loss of pubic and axillary hair) .Abdominal distention .com gims.Paper money skin.Ecchymoses .Rim sign 3) SIGNS IN HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS.gims-org. Asterixis (M ) 1) SIGNS IN MARFAN’S SYNDROME a) Arachnodactyly-long and slender fingers and toes .Ascites .paresis . b) Simian or Ape like hand (Ape thumb deformity)The thumb lies in the plane of the hand due to paralysis of the opponens and the short flexor muscles.Paralysis of serratus anterior (Nerve of Bell-Nerve to serratus anterior) 2) SIGNS OF NECK RIGIDITY a) Kernig's sign b) Brudzinski sign Neck sign Leg sign c) Lassigue sign d) Lhermitte 's sign e) Tripod sign-in poliomyelitis 3) NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS Pneumatosis intestinalis Foot ball sign..gims-org. thumb drop. . Median nerve is paralysed in Carpel tunnel syndrome a) Pointing index-Ask the patient to close the fist .Testicular atrophy .Foetor Hepaticus . c) Wrist sign(N ) 1) SIGNS OF NERVE PARESIS Ulnar nerve paresis a) Froment’s sign b) Paper test for interosseous muscles c) Claw hand Median nerve.Gynaecomastia .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Gastrointestinal bleeds.The index finger will be pointing.Palmar erythema. . Radial nerve.paresis a) Saturday night palsy b) Wrist drop.
[email protected] medusa . c) Inability ot flex the interphalangeal joints due to paralysis of flexor Pollicis Longus.if Pneumoperitoneum is present.Duputryen’s contracture .com gims.Neurological signs. Winging of scapula. (O) 1) OPTIC ATROPHY Global institute of medical sciences . c) Finger drop.Haematemesis . b) Steinberg’s sign or thumb sign -The thumb may be adducted across the narrow palm.Oedema . Dressler’s sign .central conduction is slowed by increase in the body temperature (P ) 1)PANCREAS SIGNS IN ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC PANCREATITIS.Worsening of vision during fever in hot weather or after exercise .Gerhard’s dullness.Rotch’s sign-Dullness over the right sternal border.Head drop sign. 6) SIGNS IN PREGNANCY a) Hegar’s sign – softening of cervix in pregnancy b) Osiander’s sign (Vaginal sign) increased pulsations through lateral fornices .Telltale triangle 5) SIGNS IN POLIOMYELITIS .Dullness over the second left intercostal space. .Signs of Optic atrophy Uthoff’s phenomenon.Rigler sign . .
[email protected] gims.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Ewing sign 3) SIGNS IN PLEURAL EFFUSION . .Tripod sign . www.Pulsus paradoxus . c) Goodell’s sign (Cervical sign) Softening of the cervix with bluish discoloration by 6 weeks of gestation d) Jacquemier’s sign (Ghadwick’s sign) dusky hue of the vestibule and the anterior vaginal wall occurs by 8 weeks of gestation e) Placental sign.the child cannot kiss the knee without bending the knee. f) Braxton –Hick’s signg) Ladin’s sign Global institute of medical sciences .Friedreich’s sign-Rapid ’y’ descent .Ewart’s sign .Phantom hernia-Bulge seen in the abdominal wall due weakness of abdominal muscles. a) Cullen sign b) Grey turner sign CARCINOMA HEAD OF PANCREAS a) Frostberg’s inverted 3 sign b) Rose thorning of duodenum c) Scrambled egg appearance d) Double duct sign 2) SIGNS IN PERICARDIAL EFFUSION .Kussmaul’s sign . In the presence of Nuchal rigidity .Cyclical bleeding occurs up to 12 weeks of pregnancy.this occurs by 8 weeks of gestation.Kiss –the-knee sign.Ewart’s sign 4) Signs of PNEUMOPERITONIUM .Rope sign.Ask the child to sit and kiss the knee.Football sign .gims-org. b) Hip sign .of the L5 vertebral body.This indicates a completion of growth.Hyperpigmented lid skin h) Kocher’s sign. 4) TUBERCULOSIS Sign in ileocecal tuberculosis a) Fleischner sign.gims-org.com gims.live@gmail. c) Peroneal signd) Erb’s sign e) Hyperventilation will precipitate latent tetany. 2) THALASSEMIA Hair on end appearance in X-ray skull 3) SIGNS OF THYROTOXICOSISa) Von Graefe sign.7) SIGNS IN A PRETERMa) Scarf sign –The elbow crosses the midline when the arm is crossed across the chest.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . b) Chvostek's sign-The facial nerve is tapped at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen. 3) SIGNS IN SPONDYLOLISTHESISBeheaded scottish terrior signScotty dog with collar sign Incomplete ring sign Inverted Napoleon hat sign is seen in Spondylolisthesis.Lag of the upper lid on downward gaze. 4) SYPHILIS Signs of congenital syphilis Wimberger sign—X-ray knee bilateral erosion in upper medial end of tibia (T ) 1) SIGNS OF LATENT TETANY. www. .It can be elicited by the following signs a) Trousseau's sign-Ischemia of the upper limb is caused by inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff above the arterial pressure. This will precipitate the carpopedal spasm. b) Stellwag sign-Infrequent blinking c) Dalrymple sign-(Lid retraction) Staring appearance d) Joffroy’s sign-Absence of wrinkling on the forehead on looking upwards e) Moebius sign –Lack of convergence of the eye ball f) Widening of palpebral fissures g) Jellinek sign.Inverted umbrella defect due to a wide gap between the thickened patulous ileicecal valve and narrowed ulcerated terminal Global institute of medical sciences . This leads to brief twitching of the facial muscles.Frightened .staring look.The lower limb can be abducted for more than 160 degrees (S ) 1) THE SIGNS OF RECENT SCARLET FEVER a) Desquamation of palms and soles b) Pastia’s sign2) Signs in scoliosis Reisser’ s sign-iliac apophysis fuses with the iliac bone at maturity . Scrotum.Riboflavin deficiency
[email protected] .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . www. Craniotabes X ray signs in Rickets – X-ray wrists . (V) 1) SIGNS IN DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS a) Moses’ sign-On pressing the calf muscles directly . purpura d) Signs of Vitamin E deficiency-Anemia (hemolytic) e) Signs of Vitamin B deficiency Angular stomatitis.genu valgus. b) Stierlin’s sign.Angular blepharitis. neuritis –Dry Beri beri Dermatitis –Niacin-Casal necklace Glossitis Jerks. d) Phlegmasia alba dolens-Painful white leg.cheilosis-Pellagra Beri Beri-Thiamine. Genu recurvatum Hot cross bun appearance of skull.Cupping and fraying .Th e terminal ileum empties in to the stenotic ascending colon with non-opacification of the fibrotic and contracted caecum.tenderness will be present b) Pratt’s sign-Calf tenderness on squeezing the calf from the sides.com gims.swollen)-Niacin deficiency Bald tongue. Vascularisation of cornea . c) Wimberger’s sign Global institute of medical sciences . Edema-Wet beri beri. c) Homan’s sign-Calf tenderness on forced ankle dorsiflexion. b) Pelken’s sign-Pelken spur. woody leg SIGNS IN SCURVY-Bony changes are more around the knee joint a) Corner sign –Projection of the white line laterally away from the limit of the shaft will lead to formation of spur or marginal cleft. double malleoli.gims-org. f) Signs of Vitamin C deficiency-Bleeding gums. Harrison sulcus. . genu varum .Ankle jerk (Vitamin B12 ) Tongue –Magenta red tongue-in riboflavin deficiency Beefy red tongue(Red . widening of wrists.due to fracture of the Metaphyseal corner.saucer like epiphyseal end c) Signs of Vitamin K deficiency-Petechiae. Keratitis Seborrhoeic dermatitis -Face . e) Phlegmasia cerula dolens-Painful blue leg 2) SIGNS OF VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES a) Signs of Vitamin A deficiency Bitot’s spots Xerosis (Corneal & conjunctival) Keratomalacia Toad skin-Phrynoderma b) Signs of Vitamin D deficiency-Rickets-Bossing of skull. Angular stomatitis . Rachitic rosary.Vitamin B 12 deficiency.ileum . Signet ring appearance of epiphysis. 2) Conditions associated with cherry red spotSphingolipidoses (Tay sach’s disease –GM 2 type 1.d) White line of Frenkel Thickened provisional zone (The zone of provisional calcification at the epiphyseal ends of long bones. e) Pseudoparalysis of parrot f) Signet –ring sign. 3) Tension signs in lumbar disc herniation Lasegue’s test Bow string sign Sitting root test 4) Babinski’s sign .By stroking the lateral aspect of the dorsum of the foot Positive response
[email protected] is contraction of Tibialis anterior. hamstrings. .com 4) Flexion of the Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Buttoning cloths. b) Gordon’s reflex – Squeezing or applying deep pressure to calf muscles or tendo-achilles produce extensor plantar response. h) Ground glass appearance of the shaft (Due to rarefaction) i) Pencil cortex-Thinning of the cortex MISCELLANEOUS1) Soft neurological signs . Global institute of medical sciences . Sandhoff variant) Niemann-Pick disease Metachromatic leucodystrophy Mucolipidoses. movements of hands. www. g) Trummer feld zone (fragmented metaphysis). a) Oppenheim’s sign – Heavy pressure is applied by the thumb and index finger from above downwards to anterior surface of tibia (to its medial side). there is an increase in the reflexogenic area. Hence the reflex may be elicited even by stroking the skin high above in the leg.com gims. ( Ring like epiphysis ) The rarefied epiphyseal centres may be sharply outlined which is termed signet ring. and tensor fascia lata.gims-org.In pyramidal tract lesions. tying shoes. The extensor response usually occurs towards the end of the stimulation. Components 1) Dorsiflexion of great toe 2) Extension and fanning of other toes 3) Dorsiflexion of their ankle knee 5) Flexion of the hip The other methods of eliciting plantar extensor reflex . d) Bing sign – Pricking the dorsum of foot by a pin produces extensor response.Trummefeld zone is rarefaction proximal to the white line.) White line of Frenkel is due to increased density at the ends of long bones. c) Chadock’s sign – Extensor response is seen after striking the skin around the lateral malleolus in a circular fashion. e) Moniz sign – Extensor response is seen after forceful passive plantar flexion of ankle. In pyramidal tract lesions.Sting of beads –Segmental irregularity of medium and small sized arteries in fibromuscular dysplasia.is seen in pleural effusion .when an intracavitary body is surrounded by a crescent of air. the pleural fluid may extend over the entire posterior costophrenic recess behind the liver.gims-org.Nicoladoni’s or Branham’s sign.(In fungal ball aspergilloma ) . PYELOGRAM- Global institute of medical sciences .The peritoneal ligament prevents ascitic fluid from extending over the entire posterior surface of the liver. ?he distance from the posterior aspect of the inferior vena cava to the posterior border of the heart horizontally at a level 2 cm above the intersection of diaphragm and inferior vena cava. Deep sella turcica . . Sharp flickering movement of terminal phalanx will produce adduction and flexion of the thumb and flexion of the other fingers signifies pyramidal lesion.interface between the spleen and the pleural fluid will be less sharp than that of between the liver spleen and ascites.Struge –Weber syndrome .Duodenal atresia .f) Gonda sign – Extensor response is elicited after forceful stretching or snapping of distal phalanx of either of the 2nd or 4th toe.Westermark’s sign .com Ph : 0091 9052887722 . . .an area of pulmonary under perfusion in acute massive pulmonary embolism. The hand to be pronated.com gims. .live@gmail. b) Rossolimo’s Sign-Plantar surface of the Great toe is tapped with a hammer or flick the distal phalanges of the toes into extension and then allow them to fall back to their normal position. where as in pleural space. (This is equivalent of Hoffman’s sign of the upper limbs) X-RAY SIGNS The X-ray changes (in the skull) in increased intracranial tension Widened sutures Erosion of posterior glenoids Silver beaten appearance. PSEUDO-BABINSKI'S SIGN The plantar extensor response may be seen in the absence of pyramidal tract lesions inn the following conditions 1) Voluntary withdrawal 2) In plantar hyperaesthesia 3) Strong or painful stimulus.Air crescent (Meniscus) sign. ANGIOGRAPHY .pencil in cup deformity -Psoriatic arthritis-X ray shows pencil in cup deformity of distal inter phalangeal joints.Double decidual sign-in normal intrauterine pregnancy . . g) Brissaud’s reflex – In patients with absent toe or amputated toe the plantar extensor response cannot be seen by observing the great toe since such cases look for the contraction of the tensor fascia lata. There is focal oligemia in the embolised zone.is seen in pleural effusion . .Rail road calcification.Double bubble sign.in proximal AV fistula. 4) In extrapyramidal lesions 5) Release reflexes a) Hoffman’s sign –The terminal phalanx of middle finger to be grasped by the examiner. .Interface sign.Golden’s sign-hilar mass with collapse.Bare area sign. there will be plantar flexion of all the other toes including the Great toe.Hoffman Rigler’s sign-to assess the left ventricular enlargement in a lateral film . www. .Early sign in scurvy is seen around the knees The following are some conditions with their early signs. DEFINITE SIGN Osteomyelitis-Periosteal new bone formation.Ectropion..Retrolental fibroplasia.Ptosis .gims-org. BARIUM MEAL . c) Earliest clinical sign of Volkman ischemic contracture –Passive stretch pain.in carcinoma head of pancreas ERCP .Siderosis.Field defect .com gims.Frostberg’s inverted 3 sign.Sympathetic ophthalmitis. FIRST SIGNS 1) First sign of puberty in males –Testicular growth EARLIEST SIGNS a) Earliest radiological sign of rickets is widening of epiphysis b) Earliest clinical sign of rickets in 6 months old child is Craniotabes.presence of a deformity in a long bone after injury Global institute of medical sciences .Basal cell carcinoma.Ortalani’s sign of jerk is the earliest sign of congenital dislocation of hip.New vessel formation . BARIUM ENEMAClaw sign (Pitch fork sign) in intussusception.Myositis ossificans.Ring of blind spot .increased fluctuation of the nail bed. firm lump in front of the elbow.Glaucoma.Ring sign.Keratic precipitates .live@gmail. www. (loss of normal onychodermal angle is a reliable sign) .Earliest sign of clubbing.(appears by the end of second week ) Fracture.com Ph : 0091 9052887722 .Radial opacities in the lens ..Double duct sign in carcinoma head of pancreas.Limitation of movement. .Visible punctum .Encephalitis lethargica. .papillary necrosis.