shubham

Shaheed Udham Singh College of Engineering & Technology, Tangori, MohaliDepartment of computer science FCPIT lab file SUBMITTED TO: Er. Sonika Gosain CSE Department SUBMITTED BY: SHIVAM SRIVASTAVA ROLL NO. 1154561 (2nd sem.) FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 1: FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE COMPUTER Computer:A Computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations in accordance with the set of instructions called program. Data : It is a collection of facts and numbers. Data can be converted into information. Information: It is organized, arranged and processed data. It can also be converted into data. Input unit: This unit helps to get the data from external environment and converts to computer understandable form and transfer to computer system for further processing. Output unit: It interface the output part to human understandable form and transfer the converted form to output device. Memory unit: Basic function of memory unit is to sore data and instruction that operate on the data. This contains ROM, RAM and secondary storage . ALU: (Arithmetic and logic unit) This unit of computer system performs all the arithmetic and logic units. Control unit: This unit has to control and instruct all the other 4 units. It directs all the operations inside the computer. Computer system: computer system contains hardware component and software components. Hardware, equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and storage. Software on the other hand, is the set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a word-processing program or a video game. These programs are usually stored and transferred via the computer's hardware to and from the CPU. 2 FCPIT Lab File BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM : The main parts of a computer that we'll be focusing on are :• • Outside view and ports on the front and rear Inside view 1154535 OUTSIDE VIEW OF A COMPUTER: The outside view of a computer system has many parts that make up its input unit,processing unit and output unit.It may be somewhat as shown in the figure. 3 FCPIT Lab File PORTS AND PANELS ON THE FRONT AND REAR SIDE PANELS: Drives are housed in drive bays ,which are accessed in the front of the front of the case different panels are shown in the figure. 1154535 COMPUTER PORTS: (Rear view) Different types of ports are:• Parallel Ports :- It transfers data serially a bit at a time.As a result serial port needs • • • • • only one wire to transfer 8 bytes. Serial Ports :- It can send a byte(8 bit) at a time.These 8 bits are transmitted parallel to each other. USB(Universal Serial Bus) ports :- It gives us a single, standardized, easy-to use way to connect a variety of devices to a computer. AGP Ports :- It is used to connect graphic card. Infrared ports :- It sends or receives infrared signals from other devices. Bluetooth :- It is a telecommunication industry specification that describes how mobile phones, computers and PDAs can be easily interconnected using a short ranged wireless connection. 4 FCPIT Lab File PS-2 Ports :- It is an electronic receptable or plug found on used to plug in a keyboard or mouse. 1154535 computers. It is most often INSIDE VIEW: The ouside view refers to the components or the parts that we see when we open the system unit of a computer.The system unit ,main part of the desktop computer includes the motherboard,CPU,RAM etc. POWER SUPPLY: The power supply is vital to the computer as it is the source of p o w e r . T h e p o w e r s u p p l y i s usually a small metal box in the top corner of a case (tower). Access slots or expansion slots are openings in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted o a d d n e w c a p a b i l i t i e s t o t h e c o m p u t e r . E x a m p l e s o f d r i v e s t h a t m a y g o h e r e w o u l d b e modems, USB drives, networking cards, video adapters, and sound cards. These expansions are easy to install along with being very useful to your computer to allow you to do new things, such as network computers together. CPU: The CPU, or processor, is the heart of your computer no matter what type (PC, Server, and L a p t o p ) . T h e r e a r e m a n y b r a n d s f o r p r o c e s s o r s s u c h a s I n t e l a n d A t h l o n a l l w i t h d i f f e r e n t processors for your computer. The CPU processes everything that your computer does, therefore the better the processor, the faster the computer. MOTHERBOARD: 5 RAM is considered "random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you know the row and column that intersect at that cell.T h e s e h a r d d i s k s d o o n e t h i n g w e l l . and the more applications you'll be able to run without loosing speed. Each circuit card performs a unique function in thecomputer and gets its power from the socket.The motherboard contains many circuits and slots. When an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. but let's focus on some of the important ones.The motherboard is home to the processor (CPU) along with the access slots and RAM. RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 The motherboard contains various circuit cards performing various functions all plug into manysimilar sockets on a common circuit board. The more RAM you have the faster your computer will be. When you close the application the information is deleted from the RAM. HARD DRIVE: Nearly every desktop computer and server in use today contains one or more hard-disk drives. This is why you need certain amounts of RAM to run applications.t h e y s t o r e 6 . The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you'rea b l e t o s t o r e . write to. FLOPPY DRIVE A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. These arebecoming more and more popular although you still need a CD-Rom to read them. compact and great for storing information.Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and use them more like a floppy disk. T o d a y ' s a v e r a g e h a r d d r i v e i s 4 0 G B a l t h o u gh s l o w l y 8 0 G B h a r d d r i v e s a r e becoming used more . They give computers the ability to remember things when the power goes out. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. In the future you'll be able to read more advanced articles and have an understanding of the parts of a P 7 . Now you have a basic knowledge of the parts of your own PC. and write over information stored on a floppy disk. Floppy disk are easy to use. The revolution of CD's is that they hold much more data than a floppy disk.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 c h a n g i n g d i g i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n a r e l a t i v e l y permanent form. rewritable. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read.although are not as flexible when it comes to rewriting and storing personal data.A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM(which is temporary). CD-ROM: The CD-Rom is quite simple. it reads CD's. Other new features: on ActiveX objects and scripting. Controlling the computer is possible without Windows Explorer running (for example. or simply “Explorer”. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file systems. controlled the way the Windows Explorer displayed the contents of the folder. explorer. the File | Run command in Task Manager on NTderived versions of Windows will function without it. This feature proved to have security vulnerabilities due to its reliance 8 . It is also the component of the operating system that presents many user interface items on the monitor such as the taskbar and desktop. it is sometimes referred to as the Windows Shell. as will commands typed in a command prompt window).exe.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 2: NAVIGATING WITH WINDOWS EXPLORER Windows Explorer is a file manager application that is included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows 95onwards. and was removed with the introduction of Windows XP. Located in the C:\Windows directory. which made it possible to turn the desktop background itself into a web page. which a user could type in directory paths directly. as well as Internet Explorer’s Favorites menu.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Another feature that was based on Internet Explorer technology was customized folders. It also operated as arrows (back and forward) for moving between recently visited directories. Single-click activation of icons in Windows Explorer. and be taken to that folder. Desktop Channels. adhering to a web page paradigm. At the time these changes raised antitrust concerns about the incorporation The ability to add other toolbars to the task bar. Such folders contained a hidden web page that An address bar was also added to Windows Explorer. • • • “HTML Desktop”. • 9 . the most visible of these being Quick Launch. reachable by clicking at Start -> Control panel command provides us a visual way of modifying our system while working with Windows. then go to control panel and select clock language and region folder.Each option that we can change is represented by an icon in control panel windows.these are stored in the initialization files of Windows XP so that they remain in effect nowonwards. set date and time.When we change some settings after clicking at an option in Control Panel. 10 . • To work with date and time: go to start menu.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 3: WORKING WITH CONTROL PANEL The control panel of Windows . To manage security profile: go to start menu. then go to control panel and select add or remove user accounts folder. then go to control panel and select user account and safety folder. profile will become safe.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 To create new user accounts: go to start menu. select your own profile and insert a security password. create your own account. 11 . Select reginal and language options. select control panel from there.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 • To install new software or remove existing installed software: Right click on the software set up and click install to install new software. Now you are facilitated to change the language according to your wish. • To change language: go to start menu. To remove an existing software go to Control panel. click on Uninstall a program and choose the desired software then click uninstall. 12 . This can be done either by clicking at the shortcut of MS-Word on the desktop . Creating a document involves typing by using 13 . if available or by choosing Microsoft Word application from All Programs menu pad of Start menu.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 5: WORKING WITH MICROSOFT WORD Before creating or opening a document in MS-Word. first we will have to load / open MSWord in memory. WHAT IS WORD-PROCESSING? Word Processor is a Software package that enables you to create. print and save documents for future retrieval and reference. edit. which are used in formatting the documents. The following are the main features of a Word Processor -Text is typing into the computer. -Spelling can be checked and modified through the spell check facility. amended or deleted. if any. (c) Some Common Word Processing Packages The followings are examples of some popular word processor available Soft word . IMPORTANT FEATURES OF MS-WORD: 14 .FCPIT Lab File 1154535 a keyboard and saving it. (b) Features of Word Processing Most Word Processor available today allows more than just creating and editing documents. deleting or moving words sentences or paragraphs. -Paragraphs or text can be copied /moved throughout the document.Word perfect. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes. (a) Advantages of Word Processing One of the main advantages of a word processor over a conventional typewriter is that a word processor enables you to make changes to a document without retyping the entire document. They have wide range of other tools and functions.Microsoft word.Word Star. -Multiple copies of letters can be generated with different addresses through the mailmerge facility. -Margins and page length can be adjusted as desired. which allows alterations to be made easily. -Multiple document/files can be merged. -Words and sentences can be inserted. Title Bar The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. At any point of time any tool bar can be made ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View Menu. Like other WINDOWS applications. (c) Ruler Bar 15 . These two toolbars are displayed just below the title bar.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Let us discuss the important components of the screen. Tool Bars Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease. Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. it can be used to alter the size and location of the word window. To merge a row. the column and line number of the cursor position and so on. (d) Status Bar 1154535 The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document.FCPIT Lab File The Ruler Bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document. column or cell: Select the row. go to insert option and choose insert row and/or column at desired place. column or cells to be merged. This includes the page number that you are working. right click on it then choose font option and choose desired effects. right on it and choose 16 . • To edit a document and resave it: Click on Save option from file menu. • To create headers and footers: Click on insert option then choose header and footer to create headers and footers respectively. • To use various formatting options: Select the font to be formatted. To create a table with specified rows and columns: Click on insert table option from insert menu • To insert a new row and/or a column: Right click on the table. right click on it and choose delete option. 17 .FCPIT Lab File 1154535 • To delete a row and/or column: Select the row or column to be deleted. FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 6: WORKING WITH MS PowerPoint 1 14 4 3 5 2 6 13 7 8 12 11 10 9 18 . Clicking on displays the next slide and clicking on displays the previous slide. Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands in PowerPoint. Displays information about the active presentation. Enables the ability to scroll through slides or text in a presentation. 5. toolbar 12. View buttons 13. 11. Provides space to type commentary or any information to be shared with the audience. saving. buttons that 4. 10. Serves as a guide for the placement and measurement of objects on slides and setting tabs and indents. and closing the PowerPoint window. Displays the names of available command menus. 2. Displays presentation text in an outline format that facilitates organization of the presentation. Serves as a guide for the placement and measurement of objects on slides and the setting of indents and tabs. toolbar Formatting toolbar Horizontal ruler Slide pane Vertical scroll bar Slide buttons Notes pane Status bar Drawing Contains buttons that allow quick access to frequently used commands for changing the appearance of text and graphic objects. 19 . 8. Contains Standard allow quick access to frequently used commands such as opening. Displays individual presentation styles. Title Bar Vertical ruler 1154535 Displays the name of the active application and buttons for minimizing. maximizing/restoring. 9. 6. and 3.FCPIT Lab File 1. Outline pane 14. Menu bar Creating a new presentation Option 1: Open PowerPoint and a blank presentation will be displayed with additional options. 7. Provide shortcuts to PowerPoint’s view and to starting a slide show. click File. in the Standard toolbar for a new blank 20 . Figure 10.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Figure 10. New.3: Option1 Option 2: After PowerPoint is open.4: Option2 Option 3: After PowerPoint is open. click presentation. and then choose the type of new presentation. 5: Option3 SAVING A PRESENTATION 1. then click Save.6: Saving a Presentation 21 . 2. Figure 10.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Figure 10. Choose a destination for the file. Save. Click on the Standard toolbar or click File. 22 . Figure 10. Choose a destination for the file. Click File.7: Saving a Presentation using save as INSERTING NEW SLIDES Option 1: Click on the Formatting toolbar. NOTE: Changes made to the new file will not affect the original.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Using Save As Save As will allow a file to be opened and saved as another name without changing the original. 1. Open an existing presentation 2. Save As… 3. then click Save. New Slide.10: Inserting New Slide 23 .FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Figure 10.9:Opening a New Slide Option 2: Click Insert. Figure 10. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office. histograms and charts. it can display data as line graphs. Visual Basic for Applications.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 7: MICROSOFT EXCEL Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation. and it has almost completely replaced Lotus 1-2-3 as the industry standard for spreadsheets. In addition. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors from different perspectives (using pivot tables and the scenario manager). graphing tools. and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a very widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms. And it has a programming aspect. using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. 24 . especially since version 5 in 1993. engineering and financial needs. pivot tables. The current versions are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X. Basic operation Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets[. and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. a vocabulary identifying spreadsheet objects. or in general. VBA was removed from Mac Excel 2008. and a set of supplied functions ormethods that enable reading and writing to the spreadsheet and interaction with its users (for example. User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder. or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. via a custom-designed user interface. which includes a window for writing code. a stock analyzer.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 allowing the user to employ a wide variety of numerical methods. and e-mail these presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants.The Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. for solving differential equations of mathematical physics. The actions in the macro can be executed from these trigger types or from the generic toolbar options. Advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts VBA programming The Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsoft's Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). debugging code. Programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor (VBE). VBA code interacts with the spreadsheet through the Excel Object Model. which is a dialect of Visual Basic. A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder. as the developers did not believe that a timely release would allow porting the VBA engine natively to Mac OS X. an Excel application can automatically poll external databases and measuring instruments using an update schedule. and some graphical display items. and code module organization environment. a command button or a graphic. but must be entered into the VBA module directly by the programmer. and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. but are more flexible and efficient 25 . In a more elaborate realization. for example. cannot be recorded. Finally. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro. VBA was restored in the next version. it has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can completely hide the spreadsheet from the user. Mac Excel 2011. make a Word report or Power Point slide show. for example.analyze the results. The macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts. or decision support system (DSS). Certain features such as loop functions and screen prompts by their own properties. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE. so the spreadsheet presents itself as a socalled application. through custom toolbars or command bars and message boxes). The user can implement numerical methods as well as automating tasks such as formatting or data organization in VBA and guide the calculation using any desired intermediate results reported back to the spreadsheet. as a design tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. 26 . the curves describing the design change shape. then. For example. The named variables x & y are identified in the Name Manager. or added as a separate object. The function sq is introduced using the Visual Basic editor supplied with Excel. Subroutine in Excel calculates the square of named column variable x read from the spreadsheet. assisting the selection of the best design. graphs or histograms generated from specified groups of cells.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Use of a user-defined function sq(x) in Microsoft Excel. These displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change. suppose that the important design requirements are displayed visually. in response to a user's change in trial values for parameters. and writes it into the named column variable y Charts Excel supports charts. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet. and their points of intersection shift. officially refer to it as "the protocol from hell". Excel files themselves may be updated using a Microsoft supplied ODBC driver. OLE Object Linking and Embedding: allows a Windows application to control another to enable it to format or calculate data.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Graph made using Microsoft Excel Using other windows applications Windows applications such as Microsoft Access and Microsoft Word. it allows applications to supply data to others for calculation and display. which allow it to communicate with many data sources such as Bloomberg and Reuters.odc connections built with the Office Data Connection file format. It is very common in financial markets. with official MS publications referring to it as "the protocol from hell".In  27 . The most common are Dynamic Data Exchange: although strongly deprecated by Microsoft. as well as Excel as can communicate with each other and use each others' capabilities. this is a common method to send data between applications running on Windows. Although it is easy for users to create such links. the creators of the system. This may take on the form of "embedding" where an application uses another to handle as task that it is more suited to. Excel can accept data in real time through several programming interfaces. As the name suggests. DDE : "Dynamic Data Exchange" uses the message passing mechanism in Windows to allow data to flow between Excel and other applications. Using external data Excel users can access external data sources via Microsoft Office features such as (for example) . programming such links reliably is so difficult that Microsoft. for example a Powerpoint presentation may be embedded in an Excel spreadsheet or vice versa. being used to connect to important financial data services such as Bloomberg and Reuters. menus related to graphs and graph formatting have been changed. This legacy has later been carried over into Office Open XML file format. Date problems Excel includes January 0. it is not surprising that in Vista. and when first released was neither adequately documented nor supported by the major data vendors. Some common activities in using graphs are less transparent than previously.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 spite of its many issues DDE remains the most common way for data to reach traders in financial markets.  Alternatively. Excel MOD function error Excel has issues with modulo operations. Microsoft has announced some of these issues are addressed in Excel 2010. as only selectively updating calculations on a spreadsheet when some cell values are changed. Microsoft Query provides ODBC-based browsing within Microsoft Excel. since it requires non-trivial programming skills. Network DDE Extended the protocol to allow spreadsheets on different computers to exchange data. Graphing In the Microsoft Excel 2007. one can right click on the graph and choose "select data" from the drop-down menu. has been slow to gain acceptance. incorrectly treating 1900 as a leap year. to add a curve to a graph. Filenames 28 . Given the view above. Statistical functions The accuracy and convenience of statistical tools in Excel has been criticized. as returning incorrect values due to inept handling of round-off and large numbers. The bug originated from Lotus 1-2-3. In the case of excessively large results. and as having a limited set of statistical tools.  Real Time Data : RTD although in many ways technically superior to DDE. That facet of the menu system must be "discovered" by the user. when there are other drop-down menus open. Microsoft no longer supports the facility. For example. this menu doesn't appear and the "select data" option is grayed out (unavailable) from the toolbar. Excel will return the error warning #NUM! instead of an answer. as mishandling missing data. 1900. or use the "chart tools/design" tab. and was purposely implemented in Excel for the purpose of backward compatibility. However. 1900 and February 29. Despite the use of 15-figure precision.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Microsoft Excel will not open two documents with the same name and instead will display the following error: A document with the name '%s' is already open. Numeric precision Main article: Numeric precision in Microsoft Excel Excel maintains 15 figures in its numbers. the number one is added to the fraction. The reason is for calculation ambiguity with linked cells. the error in Excel's answer is not just round-off error. for example. Excel works with a modified 1985 version of the IEEE 754 specification. Excel can display many more figures (up to thirty) upon user request. To open the second document. Thus. However. Excel displays only the leading 15 figures. using the Excel If function). one is subtracted from the sum using Excel. as equality of two numbers can be unpredictable. there is no way to tell which one the user means. But the displayed figures are not those actually used in its computations. Although such departures are usually beyond the 15th decimal. You cannot open two documents with the same name. the difference of two numbers may differ from the difference of their displayed values. either close the document that is currently open. the numbers Excel calculates with to obtain the third line are not the numbers that it displays in the first two lines. and again Excel displays only 15 figures. even if the documents are in different folders. In the third line. Moreover. and so. and there are two books named "Book1" open. or rename one of the documents. Because the sum in the second line has only eleven 1's after the decimal. but they are not always accurate: the bottom line should be the same as the top line. especially for very large or very small numbers. leading to accuracy that sometimes is better than one would 29 . Excel's implementation involves an amalgam of truncations and conversions between binary and decimal representations. the difference when 1 is subtracted from this displayed value is three 0's followed by a string of eleven 1's. If there is a cell ='[Book1. Although this number has a decimal representation that is an infinite string of ones.xlsx]Sheet1'!$G$33. In the figure the fraction 1/9000 is displayed in Excel. In the second line. exceptions do occur. the difference reported by Excel in the third line is three 0's followed by a string of thirteen 1's and two extra erroneous digits. Serious errors can occur if decisions are made based upon automated comparisons of numbers (for example. Besides accuracy in user computations. As many calculations in Excel are executed using VBA. which varies with variable type and user-requested precision. and sometimes much worse. the question of accuracy in Excel-provided functions may be raised. an additional issue is the accuracy of VBA.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 expect from simple fifteen digit precision. 30 . Excel has been criticized for sacrificing accuracy for speed of calculation. Particularly in the arena of statistical functions. See the main article for details. To open a command prompt : click Start click Programs click Accessories Command Prompt(see fig below) It will bring the Command Prompt window where we can run window and DOS commands by trying their names(see fig below) 31 .FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 8: Miscellaneous Features Command Prompt: Command Prompt is the DOS like prompt where you can issue commands by typing as done in DOS. or web). What can I do on the Internet? The web contains a vast amount of information—far more than even the world's largest libraries. you are taken to a different page. you can read news stories and movie 32 . few people had heard of the Internet. The web is so popular that people often use the terms Internet and web to mean the same thing. you'll probably wonder how you lived without it. text. You don't have to connect your computer to the Internet.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 9: Exploring the Internet The Internet is a network that links millions of computers around the world. the Internet has revolutionized how people use computers. Not so long ago. such as e-mail. You can send an e-mail message or participate in a newsgroup without using the web. visually appealing format. But the Internet also includes other services. The web displays information in a colorful. which can be text or images. The web contains millions of websites and billions of web pages! Example of a webpage (Microsoft Game Studios) Web pages are connected to each other with hyperlinks (usually just called links). Headlines. Today. newsgroups. Going from page to page using links is sometimes called surfing the web. What is the web? The part of the Internet that most people are familiar with is the World Wide Web (usually called the Web. A website (or site) is a collection of interconnected web pages. For example. and file sharing. but once you do. and pictures can be combined on a single webpage (or page)—much like a page in a magazine —along with sounds and animation. Many people depend on it daily to communicate with others and to get the information they need. When you click a link on a page. music. government agencies. You can send an e-mail message to anyone with an e-mail address. nonprofit organizations. electronics. Newsgroups and web-based forums allow you to participate in text-based discussions with a community of other people who are interested in the same topic. When you type and send an instant message. or research a health condition. or collections. the message is immediately visible to all participants. often against other players—no matter where they are in the world. and libraries have websites with information about their products. Invited friends and family members can then visit the website to view your photo albums. get the weather forecast for your city. you could post a question in a discussion group for users of that program. Shop. clothing. The web is the world's biggest shopping mall. toys. Unlike e-mail. Play. check airline schedules. You can also buy and sell used items through websites that use auction-style bidding. Reference sources. You can play games of every type on the web. videos. and you can download others for a fee. Most companies. are widely available. and it will arrive almost instantly in the recipient's e-mail inbox—even if he or she lives halfway around the world. as are historical documents and classic literature. Many individuals publish websites with personal journals called blogs (short for web logs) about their hobbies and interests. see street maps. and download or purchase music. all participants have to be online (connected to the Internet) and in front of their computers at the same time. 33 . watch movie clips. Share. E-mail is one of the most popular uses of the Internet. For example. and much more—at the websites of major retailers (usually a credit card is required). museums. You can also listen to Internet radio stations.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 reviews. and even some TV shows. Instant messaging (IM) allows you to have a real-time conversation with another person or a group of people. if you are having trouble using a program. such as dictionaries and encyclopedias. You can browse and purchase products—books. services. Many games are free. You can upload (copy) pictures from your digital camera to a photo-sharing website. Communicate. To find an ISP in your area. Many computers come with a dial-up modem already installed. By default. A dial-up connection uses a dial-up modem to connect your computer to the Internet through a standard telephone line. These require a DSL or cable modem. which is often provided by your ISP. you can access the web using Internet Explorer. try looking in your telephone directory under "Internet Service Providers. clicking Set up a connection or network. Open the Connect to the Internet wizard by clicking the Start button . The Connect to the Internet wizard will guide you through the steps.com. you can choose any page (or a blank page) as your home page. click the Home button in Internet Explorer. A broadband connection is a high-speed Internet connection. An ISP provides access to the Internet. the home page is set to MSN. and in some areas might be the only option for Internet access. a Microsoft website with links to a variety of information and services. dial-up is less expensive than broadband. dial-up is slower and requires you to establish a new connection each time you want to use the Internet. Two common broadband technologies are Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable technology. (Your computer manufacturer might have set up a different home page."Different ISPs offer different connection types and speeds. When you start Internet Explorer. and then clicking Internet Explorer.) However. Once you have an ISP and a modem. To start Internet Explorer ● Open Internet Explorer by clicking the Start button . and then clicking Connect to the Internet. clickingControl Panel. However. See . You sign up for an account with an ISP just as you do for telephone service or utilities. it opens whatever webpage is set as the home page. Dial-up.FCPIT Lab File Connecting to the Internet 1154535 To connect your computer to the Internet. you're ready to connect to the Internet. In contrast to broadband. you are connected to the Internet at all times and can view webpages and download files very rapidly. you must first sign up with an Internet service provider (ISP). 34 . • Getting on the web Once you've established an Internet connection. You can also use any other web browser installed on your computer. There are two basic types of connections: Broadband. clicking Network and Sharing Center. clicking Network and Internet. a web browser included with Windows. usually for a monthly fee. With a broadband connection. To get back to your home page at any time. type the URL. • To quickly enter a URL ending in ". To test whether something is a link or not. images. Text links often appear as colored and underlined. In the Address box. That address is called the URL. type the part between "www. the URL for the Microsoft main website is http://www. but link styles vary among websites. point to it. Most webpages have dozens or even hundreds of links." and ". Links can be text. However.com.FCPIT Lab File Entering a web address 1154535 Just as every residence has a unique street address. To get from one page to another. Click the Go button or press ENTER to go to the website.com" and then press CTRL+ENTER. you can type it directly into Internet Explorer: 1. If it's a link.microsoft.microsoft. two things happen: • • The mouse pointer changes to a hand with a pointing finger. every webpage has its own web address. A URL appears in the status bar of your web browser. 35 . 2. click any link. or a combination of both. Basic navigation Using links. If you know the URL for a page. figuring out which things on a page are links isn't always easy.com and Internet Explorer will fill in the rest. This shows the website you'll go to if you click the link. For example. For example. you can typewww.com". Use the Address box to type URLs • You don't have to type http://. there's another way. Major web search engines include Google. Click theBack button several times to retrace your steps even further. AOL Search. After you've clicked the Back button. Searching the web With billions of web pages out there. Internet Explorer keeps track of your trail. but want to avoid repeatedly clicking the Back or Forward buttons. click the Back button. shown here: Search box 36 . You can use a search engine to find the pages that are most relevant to words or phrases that you specify. you can use the Search box in Internet Explorer. Or. MSN Search. you can click the Forward button to go forward in the trail. and then select a page from the list. Fortunately. As you go from page to page. and Ask. You can search the web directly from any search engine's site. use the Recent Pages menu. to save the step of navigating to the search site first. Click the arrow next to the Forward button.com. If you want to get back to a page you've visited in your current session. Yahoo! Search.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Pointing to a link changes the mouse pointer and displays the webpage's URL in the status bar Using the Back and Forward buttons. finding the information you need would be impossible if you had to browse through each one. Back button (left). To get back to the previous page. Forward button (right) Using the Recent Pages menu. In the Favorites list. 2. To open a favorite in Internet Explorer 8 1. click the Favorites button. 3.) In the Search box. save it as a favorite in Internet Explorer. or try a new search. click Next at the bottom of the page to see more results. Press ENTER or click the Search button . 2. To open a favorite in Internet Explorer 7 In Internet Explorer 7. That way. 2.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Before you use the Search box for the first time. Saving favorite webpages When you discover a website that you'd like to return to regularly. In the Favorites list. type a name for the webpage. 3. click the Favorites Center button Click the Favorites button if it's not already selected. "chocolate cake recipe. 2. A page of search results appears." Be as specific as you can. without having to remember or type its web address. type a name for the webpage. . Click the Favorites button. Bing is used. and then click Add. choose a default search provider—the search engine Internet Explorer uses each time you search. To save a webpage as a favorite in Internet Explorer 7 1. click the webpage that you want to open. click the webpage that you want to open. 3. go to the webpage you want to save as a favorite. type a few words or a phrase about a topic that interests you—for example. you can click it in your Favorites list. 1. and then click Add to Favorites. If you don't choose a search provider. In the Name box. In the Name box. To save a webpage as a favorite in Internet Explorer 8 1. when you want to return to the website. In Internet Explorer 7. and then click Add. Click the Favorites tab if it's not already selected. Click one of the results to go to that website. go to the webpage you want to save as a favorite. In Internet Explorer 8. In Internet Explorer 8. (Your computer manufacturer might have set up a different default search provider. If you don't see what you're looking for. 1. Click the Add to Favorites button . 37 . and then click Add to Favorites. 3. and then click a website name. click a day or week. click a day or week. To meet this need. you can use the History list: 1. Click the webpage that you want to open. 3. Internet Explorer lets you create a tab for each new page you want to open. 3. Opening multiple webpages At some point. 4. You can use the tabs to switch quickly between pages. click the Favorites button. The History list in Internet Explorer 8 Using the History list in Internet Explorer 7 To see any webpage you've visited in the last 20 days. In Internet Explorer 8. 2. The list expands to show individual webpages that you've visited on the website. click the Favorites Center button. In the History list. In the History list. Click the History button if it's not already selected. Click the webpage that you want to open.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 Using the History list in Internet Explorer 8 To see any webpage you've visited in the last 20 days. The list expands to show individual web pages that you've visited on the website. you can use the History list: 1. and you can even view all of your pages at once. 38 . and then click a website name. you'll find yourself wanting to open a second (or third or fourth) webpage without closing the first one. 4. In Internet Explorer 7. 2. Click the History tab if it's not already selected. Once you have multiple pages open.FCPIT Lab File To open a webpage on a new tab. click the Quick Tabs button miniature version of each webpage. click the tabs to switch between pages. Click one to switch to that page. To see all of your open webpages at once. 39 . or choosing from your Favorites list or History list. A blank page on a new tab Now you can open any webpage by typing a URL. 1154535 New Tab button After you click the button. click the Close‌ button on the right side of the tab. . using the search box. a blank page opens on a new tab. click the New Tab button. You'll see a Use Quick Tabs to see all of your open webpages To close a tab. cout<<”b=”. cout<<a<<”+”<<b<<”=”<<sum. //declaring variable a & b // main function 40 .h> #include<conio. int a. cin>>a. getch().FCPIT Lab File 1154535 PRACTICAL 10: C++ Programmings AIM:-WAP to add two numbers and print the sum #include<iostream. cin>>b. cout<<”Enter cout<<”a=”. int sum=a+b.b. } OUTPUT: // printing the sum // taking input of b // taking input of a the values: \n”.h> void main() { clrscr(). cout<<”Values after swapping: \n”. cout<<”a=”. b=c. //taking input b //swapping //taking input a // main function 41 .FCPIT Lab File 1154535 AIM:. cin>>b. cout<<”b=”. cout <<”Enter the values: \n”.a) WAP to swap numbers using a third variable #include<iostream. cout<<”a=”<<a. cin>>a.b.h> void main() { clrscr(). nt a.h> #include<conio. a=b. getch(). int c=a. cout<<”b=”<<b. cout<<"a=". cout<<"a="<<a<<endl.b) WAP to swap numbers without using third variable #include<iostream. cout<<"b=". cout<<"b="<<b<<endl. // printing result // swapping // taking input // main function 42 .h> void main() { clrscr(). a=a+b.h> #include<conio. cin>>b. cout<<"enter the two numbers: \n". getch(). cout<<"After swapping: \n".FCPIT Lab File } OUTPUT: 1154535 AIM:. int a. a=a-b.b. cin>>a. b=a-b. cout<<”c=”. getch(). cout<<”a=”. cin>>a. cin>>c.c.FCPIT Lab File } OUTPUT: 1154535 AIM:-WAP to print the average of three numbers #include<iostream. float avg.h> #include<conio. cout<<”enter the values: \n”.b. avg=(a+b+c)/3. cout<<”average=”<<avg.h> void main() { clrscr(). cin>>b. float a. cout<<”b=”. } OUTPUT: // calculating average // taking input a // taking input a // main function 43 . } else { cout<<”Number is ODD”.h> #include<conio. if(a%2==0) { cout<<”Number is EVEN”. } getch().FCPIT Lab File 1154535 AIM:-WAP to check whether a number is even or odd #include<iostream.h> void main() { clrscr(). } Output 1: // taking input a number in a // main function 44 . cin>>a. int a. cout<<”Enter the number to be checked: \n”. h> #include<conio. cout<<”enter the values to be calculated: \n”. float result=0.0.-. switch(c) { //taking input second number cout<<”enter the operation (+./) #include<iostream.*. cout<<”a=”. float a. //taking input first number // main function 45 .*. cout<<”b=”. cin>>b. cin>>a.h> void main() { clrscr().FCPIT Lab File 1154535 AIM:-WAP to perform operations (+. char c.b.-./) \n”. cin>>c. case ‘*’: result=a*b. break. break. break.FCPIT Lab File case ’+’: result=a+b. } 1154535 // printing the result OUTPUT 2: 46 . } cout<<”result=”<<result. getch(). break. default: cout<<”invalid operator”. case ‘ /’: result=a/b. case ‘-’: result=a-b. 1. s=t. ”<<s.21… #include<iostream. int f=0. cin>>n.13.3. cout<<”Enter the number of terms: \n”. cout<<”Fibonacci series is: \n”.s=1.8.5. for(int i=1.i++) // taking input number of terms // main function 47 . cout<<” f=s.1. int n. ”<<t.h> void main() { clrscr().i<=n.2. cout<<f<<” { t=f+s.h> #include<conio.FCPIT Lab File 1154535 AIM:-WAP to print fibonacci series upto n terms : 0. c :”. float r1. int d=b*b . if(d>0) // calculating discriminent // condition for real and distinct roots // main function 48 . b :”.4*a*c.ir.FCPIT Lab File } getch().h> #include<math.h> void main() { clrscr().h> #include<conio. a :”. cout<<”enter the coeff.r2. cout<<”enter the coeff. cin>>b. cin>>c. } Output: 1154535 AIM:-WAP to find nature of roots and also values of roots #include<iostream. int a. cin>>a. cout<<”enter the coeff.b.c. FCPIT Lab File { cout<<”roots are real and distinct: \n”. r2= (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a). } else { cout<<”roots are real and equal: \n”. cout<<”root 1=”<<r1<<”.i”<<ir. } getch(). r=-b/(2*a). r1=-b/(2*a). cout<<”root 2=”<<r2. cout<<”root 1=”<<r1<<”+ i”<<ir. cout<<endl. ir=sqrt(-d)/(2*a). } OUTPUT 1: 1154535 // condition for imaginary roots // condition for equal roots 49 . cout<<”root =”<<r. r1= (-b+sqrt(d))/(2*a). cout<<”root 1=”<<r1. } else if(d<0) { cout<<”roots are imaginary: \n”. FCPIT Lab File 1154535 OUTPUT 2: AIM:-WAP to print the pattern : 1 22 333 4444 55555 #include<iostream.h> #include<conio. // main function 50 .h> void main() { clrscr(). i++) { for(int j=1.j++) { cout<<i.j<=i. } getch(). } cout<<endl. } Output: 1154535 // loop for number of lines // loop for printing numbers 51 .i<=5.FCPIT Lab File for(int i=1.