Sanjeev Kumar Thesis

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION 1.1 I.T. and medical information: Libraries preserve all literature, documents and records of medical science subjects by the application of automatic in medical college libraries. The library is a centre of knowledge and always forward to aware the medical scientists about new publishing documents in two at least cost three are various forms of medical science collection and involves three major components: (a) Collection of knowledge produced in the form of print or eprint version. (b) Medical data relating to the specialized problems of medical literature. (c) Research and laboratory literature. Since the invention of printing press the knowledge documents were in printed forms and it was very difficult to retrieve, transmit and processed and almost impossible to correlate and cross analysis of the information regarding medical treatment and research. The provision of micro-comports and computer terminal can expend his medical information handling facilities. Word-processing facilities enable the medical users to access their information: moreover the library internet system has community with telephone of doctors, commuted to an interactive computer system. 1.1.1 Impact of internet: Computers, communication and information access technologies have made revolutionary changes in the process of retrieval, storage and dissemination of information. Internet is network of more than 32000 networks (2006). They are also called as cybercafé, information superhighway, the net and it has enabled 1 inter-connectivity at global level. Internet is tool for sharing research data and information and reached to the hights of global communication and now placed as a per computer communication infrastructure of the world. Internet is a continuous access tool and growing at rapid pace in 1991 and in reach to 98countries. 100 countries accessed in 1993 and reached to 194 countries in 1994.Now it has reached to all courtiers of the world. Than number of users have more than 3 times. It has a user basso 50 millions and 7 millions host computers. There is mouthed growth 10-15 y. for computer hosts. There has been a the members growth in the area of trans mission speeds at which information data files are transmitted over the net. Internet covers a variety of subject fields and areas like business, commerce, education, culture, finance, recreation science and technology including medical science. Libraries are repeating internet unlimited and endless. Internet provides access to variety of resources print and E-print which include bibliographical and full teal databases, table of contents of primary journals; electronic and online journals, books and newsletters, OPAC, graphic databases, multimedia, catalogues and campus information service etc. Internet also help in the services like document delivery service, electronic publishing publicity and marketing of product and service. It also contribute to integrated access to local and external information. It is further helpful to access many variety of information, i.e. development of open source software by research organization. The technology on internet are changing rapidly and introduced many other tools to access information, such as E-mail, telnet and FTP and consumer oriented homepage of www (World Wide Wave) which is a largest information resource of easy accessing information. All information sources around the world are getting interlinked through webpage and web servers spread around the world. The web is subset of the internet using high level protocol (HTTP) and support text, graphics, 2 audio, video and multimedia. The web is one of the best way of advertising to make the world know about the individual and the library. Internet and OCLC OCLC has been an important agency for providing access to online journals over Internet OCLC offers peer-reviewed journals online through its Ejo service over internet. OCLC started electronic publication programmed in July 1992 with the introduction of The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trails in association with the American Association for the Advancement in Science. This is the first scholarly peer-reviewed journal made available in the online environment. First Search Information System of OCLC is www how available on Internet. Using Web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator through. The member libraries of OCLC are rapidly increasing their use of Internet and the WWW. Approximately 85 percent of First Search usage is on Internet. Subscribers can browse the contents of the online journals or search the entire collection by a variety of indexes, Boolean operators and proximity indicators. The Windows-based software Guerdon of OCLC provides both color and graphical images and equations along with the text. Scholarly publishing is increasing rapidly on www and internet. Though very insignificant portion of the world’s publicly available data is contained in the Web and Internet (a fraction of one per cent), it is estimated that in the next five to six years it would be increasing thousand fold and may hold about 80 percent of the publicly available data. Institute of scientific Information. Publishing industry is already exploiting the Internet by way of offering online journals, table of contents of journals, and catalogues of books and products over Internet. Well-known bookstores around the world are offering their holdings over Internet. It is possible to order 3 a book from, say, Blackwell (http://www.blackwell.co.uk/bookshops), which maintains a database of over 150,000 active titles. Book wire (http://www.bookshops.com) has links to 150 booksellers and over 200publishers to select publication and to order. Of particular importance is the Acqweb, a Web site interested for library acquisitions. 1.2.7 INDIA AND INTERNET The ‘Internet fever’ has been spreading best in India also. Access to Internet is provided by a few networks which include ERNET, NICNET, VSNL, NICNET, CMC, and I-NET from public sector and SPRINT/RPG, BI Infptech, Datapro, UUNET, etc from private sector. ERNET, funded by UNDP, is facing an uncertain future. At present NICNET is a prime agency providing Internet services. NIC purposes to provide access to about 15,000 medical, academic,R&D institutions and organizations. NICNET established the first WWW server in India allowing users access to browsing tools like Mosaic and Cello, searching, display, publishing, Telnet, FTP, WAIS. The National Informatics Centre has established 40 Web servers all over India by 2005. Another example of electronic communication. MED-MAIL, is now being provided for doctors in the USA, This service offers immediate communication and message storage facilities within the medical community, a facility for ordering documents, and electronic bulletin boards and opportunities for continuing medical education. MED-MAIL is only part of the services offered in the GTE Telnet Medical Information Network which is produced in association with American Medical Association. Other facilities include Net databases on Drug Information, Disease Information and Socio- Economic Information. There are few changes emerged except perhaps for some changes in the way that secondary material (and primary, for that matter) is stored. Several new mass storage devices are now coming on to the market and the most significant of these is probably the optical disc. Interest in mass storage has grown because of the great 4 information packing density that is available, lack of errors generated in use, a reasonable degree of permanency, and potential cheapness of copies once a master has been produced. A great advantage of the video disk is that it enable the easy storage of illustration and graphics which are not easily stored in straight magnetic form. For instance, an average photograph has an information content of about 5 million bits if in full colour. This is a particularly important consideration in such disciplines as medicine where photographic illustrations are often extremely important. It it possible on one disc to offer a mixture of text, illustrations, moving pictures and sound. A recent interesting application of optical disc is the Medical Information Retrieval Service (MIRS) produced by Bibliographic Retrieval Services. This consists of a video disc coupled with a microcomputer to allow users to carry outfull searches of relevant material and then link these searches to the pictorial material stores on the video disc. At present, the system contains the contents of a number of standard works and the users are envisaged as being practitioners or surgeons. 1.1.2 Electronic publication New storage devices and integrated multi-media presentation leads to the possibility of full electronic publication which is currently exercising the minds of both publishers and librarians. In spite of the great interest in this, the full concept of paperless publication (where material is input, processed and displayed only in electronic form) is not at all a new one. For several years many secondary information services have been available only in machine-readable form, and even the databases available in MEDLARS on-line differ in many respects from the printed version Index Medic us. It is, however, on the primary journal in electronic form that much recent interest has been focused. Electronic publication here has many potential advantages. Processing electronically offers more rapid input to the 5 but hardly so when it presented as sequential frame on a visual display unit and this is an area of difficulty in which substitution are supporting current research. however. more rapid publication. Elsevier are also involved in another experiment closely related to electronic publishing. This is the certain of Elsevier Science Publishers Library (ESPL) consisting of a full-text database of biomedical journals. out of print) stock and indeed. how will the casual user of a journal obtain his articles? Will the publishers accept responsibility for keeping the files of obsolescent (i. combined with fast printing methods. One could visualized a direct author to reader connection. The major problems said to be in the techno political area if electronic journals becomes widespread. The file is restricted to full-text only and contains no illustrations. There are some drawbacks to this form of publication. This experiment is creating a very powerful database for research into the electronic publishing concept. especially authors. It would not take up as much room as the conventional printed version and. then it could call into question the established relationship between various group.e. will it be economically viable for them to do so over a long period of time? The answers to problems 6 . it would offer the most attractive potential of on-demand publishing. hopefully through the medium of a controlling body responsible for refereeing standards at least as high as at present. The structure of the journal article is perfect for scanning when it is presented in journal format. have easy access to the necessary equipment to use the material. printers and librarians.system. A further problem is that not all medical staff. more rapid refereeing and. publishers. booksellers. ultimately. The primary literature would be in a form which can be both rapidly scanned in full-text and efficiently retrieved. graphic or tables. The position of the booksellers and librarians. Is important if libraries are not part of the chain. or indeed their information colleagues. provide free access to their stock . 4 It can provide direct financial support for technical developments and other commercial activities.1. The majority of libraries. 1. especially medical libraries.depend upon the policy of the publishers in making the material available and. 2 It is the largest information handling organization in the country and a major information supplier. for example: 1 Conventional literature such as journals 2 Commercial and business data 3 The media 4 Copyright depositories 5 Consultancies 6 Education and caming-including publishing 7 Entertainment-video. The concept of freedom of access to information is a very important me.1. both for national purpose. view data and cable television. on-line databases. on the pricing policies adopted. Not all categories of information fall into the tradable information sector but emphasize those which do. What is important is how users gain access to the electronically stored information. more importantly perhaps. 1. No information is free whether traditionally packaged in books or journals.4 Government responsibility: There are four principles which are listed: 1 It establishes the legal and regulatory framework. 3 It can act as a national focus. or based on electronic storage media.3 Types of information: The four areas concentrates on are: types of information: information in the economy .The introduction of on-line retrieval or view data system has to be carefully considered given their long-term financial 7 . Internet developments related to the publishing of scholarly journals and L&ICs include the increase in publishing of electronic and online journals and other primary sources of information like preprints and technical reports. There are two types of bulletin boards. Discussion group and forums like PACS-L which discusses the applications of computers in libraries and LIS-FORUM (of llSc) which discusses the topics of interest to the librarian have been set up on the bulletin board service.8). ELECTRONIC/ONLINE JOURNALS An electronic journal is defined as any serial produced. The first BBS Well (Whole Earth Lectronic Link) was set up in mid 1980 s by a group of enthusiasts. Electronic journal is different from online journal. 3 The commercial factor is a part of information. Some ethics suggested: 1 Freedom of access was considered a 2 It was recognized that it will be necessary to fulfill the need in a democratic society the information to be made widely and openly a available as possible.1. 1. The views and critical comments are ‘posted’ (appended) to the bulletin board which in turn will be seen by the moderator of the bulletin board server and other professionals. for further comments. if any. 1.implication. published and distributed nationally or internationally via electronic networks. Now this service disseminates professional information in an open bulletin board which will be read and commented by users in the field.5 BULLETIN BOARD SERVICES The Bulletin Board Service (BBS) is essentially a many-to-many e-mail system. Several journals are 8 . Thus contesting the view that information stored in great public institutions should be subject to fees if made available electronically (part2. and access to table of contents of journals and by full document delivery. moderated and unmoderated.2. This ‘free back’ enabled editors to analyse and feel the pulse of the readers’ interest to revise content. Services like ‘Uncover’ of Blackwell and ‘Contents First’ of OCLC offers Internet access to table of contents of several thousand journals.already available on the Net. Elsevier Science Publishers maintain a table of contents (called ESTOC-Elsevier Science Table Of Contents) of about 900 journals published by them. and Current Clinical Trials are available only on the Net. particularly journal subscriptions. Elsevier also provides this service free of charge on email (on Internet only) two to three weeks in advance for browsing. 9 . For example. mathematics and medical service in the academic community around the world. McGraw-Hill is offering electronic version of its Business Week on America Online which has resulted in attracting new readers. Blackwell Scientific. Electronic Letters Online Journal of Knowledge Synthesis in Nursing. It receives over half a million clicks on its pages every week and each ‘click’ generates revenue. There is a well-established system for distributing and providing access to abstracts and full texts of preprints and technical reports in the areas of physics. The contents pages appear on the Web at the same time as the printed issue is released. Many publishers maintain the contents pages of their journals on Internet/WWW. Some journals like the journal of Universal Computer Science. Institutions have begun to take such services into account while planning their acquisitions. followed by online ordering of papers. teachers. 10 . medical libraries continue to be on top of the wave of change in library services and technologies. students. Academic libraries will be able to use their organization’s program guide and course listings to develop the foundation for their e-resources collection. and researchers. medical school students. Medical e-resources support the information needs of medical school students. nurses. and researchers. and library users have taken full advantage of efficient information delivery made possible through Web communications tools and electronic formats. physicians. The phrase “medical professionals. and health care consumers. students. and researches as well as physician. The real value in Web access to medical information is for the medical professional and for the health care consumer because it is available at the desktop computer or on the wearable computing devices that many medical professionals carry with them. students. and researchers also fall under this umbrella phrase. students. Online continuing medical education opportunities have developed rapidly. and biomedical researchers. medical researchers. The Web has proven to be a convenient way to deliver medical information to medical professionals. and researches” is used to refer to the larger group of nursing and allied health professionals. and allied health or veterinary students. Just as medical databases and related documents delivery services were among the first to be successful in libraries.3 COLLECTION PLAN MEDICAL E-RESOURCES Medical educators. librarians. veterinary. and allied health programs. Medical researchers will also find valuable e-resources that assist in the dissemination and accumulation of medical research knowledge. allied health professionals. University specifically to support the medical. as well as health care consumers. Veterinary professionals. An e-library developed for a medical school library might support medical education for physicians.1. Public libraries may also choose to collect for medical professionals. and researchers. students. students. depending on the needs of their community. for a. medical reference text users are able to successfully use e-journals. and researchers or health care consumers. Although e-journals have not done well among other subject area library users due to many technical and legal difficulties in actually using them. and evidence-based medical research information for medical professionals. and blogs for patient and family support. will find plenty of high quality medical ejournals. wellness issues. whether serving medical professionals. and support information about diseases. Most medical e-resources take forms that can be described for convenience. and varying levels of information about pharmaceuticals for health care consumers. students. E-journals for medical professionals. TYPES OF E-RESOURCES. however. in terms of traditional reference source like. Hospital libraries may choose to serve the needs of local medical professionals. both free and fee based. Web forums. Not only pod casts and vodcasts but also e-journals are popular among medical professionals. will need medical dictionaries and frequent referral to a medical professional for clarification of some of the content that requires a higher level of education and knowledge. injuries. treatment. and blogs for almost every possible disease or medical specialty.Hospital and clinic libraries. clinical guidelines. students and researchers may overlap with those intended for health care consumers. Medical e-resources range from basic diagnostic. Some public libraries serve semiofficially as their local hospital’s resource library. There are medical subject-specific discussion lists. There are also literally thousands of discussions. Health care consumers. and researchers. The safest 11 . and researchers or health care consumers. A real-life reference question was asked by a library user regarding situation with family member who has a history of depression and has been taking antidepressants for a long time. This e-journal is used by many librarians in reviewing medical Web sites for inclusion in their e-library collection or to use for reference service. It concept was the origin of Gutenberg. and researchers. for example. Computer technology has contributed in general are the tools of new information environment. The question related to the news that the relative was pregnant and the library user was looking for background and supporting information to help her in helping her relative. Choose one of the organization Web sites that Medline Plus links to and look through the organization site for information about patient support discussions. or other problem in which the library user is interested. Web forums. students. Library is social institution. These days libraries have developed their infrastructure and every college library of any size and type are adopting digital collection: but still there are libraries which offer both 12 . for a.strategy to use in locating patient support discussions is to search Medline Plus for the disease. There are a peer-reviewed e-journal. The library user didn’t know what drugs the relative was taking. It is free and provides full-text access on the Web. she might be taking antipsychotic as well as antidepressant drugs. Searching Medline Plus for “depression pregnancy support” and also for “psychiatric drugs pregnancy support” retrieves about a dozen organizations that provide information and host support discussion lists. and blogs for patients and families as well as for medical professionals. This strategy works well for medical professional discussions. The society is realizing the importance of information technology. or blogs. or blogs on specific topics as well. for a. injury. indexed by Medline that publishes reviews and articles about the quality and use of medical e-resources. the library community as a whole is realizing that apart from the immediate practical advantages. form and size of the interest of the users. Even through the library is not open physically. Moreover. print and no print and making efforts to continue with digital resources for years to couce The college libraries giving more preference to acquire digital collection and levelalings various systems of purchase of journals. magazines and services like indexing and abstracting services and due weight age given towards digital books (e-books) etc. cybercafé and hostels. New purchases and purchases of journals. magazines. The access may be made by users at library. while digital books (ebooks) are only the beginning to become a presence in library collections. and abstracting and indexing services are heavily weighted toward digital. Thomas Carlyle has said true that true library is that which have large collection but it is not true in modern time of electronic age where technical college libraries have collection of various type. E-resources has many advantages for which libraries encourage user to use e-books. But the collection is not limited to digital journals which can be linked with abstracting and inleving databases. Mr. computers and information technology (IT) in general are the tools of new information era which was started with Gutenberg. Libraries of all sizes and types are embracing digital collection. it is easy to maintain the e-resources and its maintenance and process and space cost is low than the print collection. All this change and transition from print to e-print collection has an impact an library users in technical college.type of collection. or dormitory whether or not the physical library is open. the library can get usage 13 . home. The library can maintain statistics of the usage which is not possible in case print version. although most libraries still continue and will continue to offer both print and digital collections for many years to come. Today. charts. The library is sometimes called as the memory of human race According to pierce Butler2. “Library is a social organization necessary unit in the social fabric effectively planned and utilized for transmitting the accumulated experience of society to individual’s members of the society through the instrumentality of books and other graphic accounting and holistic materials. Such a dramatic switch from print collections to e-resources collections has an impact on library users and user’s perceptions of the technical college. 14 . Medical college promotes the objectives of higher medical education. An medical is a part of the colleges system and thereby it aims to fulfill the objectives of its parent organizations. when total processing and space costs are taken into account.maps. microfilms. equipping the people with necessary proportion of accumulated knowledge and preparing them for cooperative social life The duty of making them assessable to those who acquire the use of them and the task of converting every person on its neighborhood in a habitual library and reader of book. store and disseminate information and also performs the laboratory function by making its resources to be used by the academic community in the learning process. access can be from the user’s home. the type of libraries whether academic or special library national library and contact libraries. and e-resources collection are relatively easy to maintain. but not limited to digital journals which can be linked from and to indexing and abstracting database. The medical college are special academic institution and plays an indispensable role in the dissemination of information and knowledge they collect. By accumulation and organization of books. library s.statistics that are not available for print collection Libraries prefer e-resource collections for many reasons. phone records. electronic collection may also result in some overall reductions in library costs. etc. depending upon the nature of clientele and services.  To guide scholars and provide them the resource useful for enhancement of research projects.manuscripts. The fundamental role the library as a dynamic instrument of medical education is:  To acquire process. to seek support and financial assistance. in a development country like India. The main objective of the medical colleges is to meet the reading and informational requirements concerning teaching. journals. The modern college with a large faculty. Thus. research and other academic programmed of the college. research and extension programmed of the college. 15 . tremendous enrollment and huge resources is in a position to make significant contribution to different areas of knowledge. However medical colleges have become complex organization. learning process.  To keep the faculty members informed of the latest amount of resources through in their fields of specialization. and  To keep to authorities informed of the achievement and library output of the college. an active forces in teaching. and knowledge in different formats the technical colleges serves for the conservation of the knowledge and ideas.  To adopt Information computer technology to provide purposeful service in minimizing possible time .  To establish a information centre in library and render readers advisory service for the maximum use of library resources. a model medical colleges aim to function as dynamic institution of medical education. there are expectation is that colleges should produce who are committed to the development of the social medical patrons. Organize and make available varied types of reading materials for meeting the needs of different levels of user. photocopying services.  Literature search service  Current awareness services and SDI services to keep the readers aware with up to data with the current advances in the subject field by providing monthly list of articles or contents pages of journals recently received. support of translation and communication channels like teltfacsimile.e. The information society demands the following technologies. new accessions lists. i.Information technology has revolutionized the information handling activities in the technical colleges during the past few years. i.  Reference service both short range.  Document delivery services i. complex queries. 16 .  Translation services i.e.e.. etc. In this direction the automation of individual technical colleges is a first step rather a pre-requisite for the development of such an integrated technical colleges and information system. repackaging and retrieval be merged so as to evolve an integrated system.. libraries or individuals who possess the involved in information processing consolidation. capable of providing diversified services. delivery the physical document to be user either from the library collection or from other sources. in house abstracting and indexing services etc. either to obtain the required translation copies of the foreign language documents from the translation pools or translation banks.  Referral services to the scholars by directing them to the most like institution. and long range providing specific pieces of information and also by searching for current and retrospective literature. Inter library loan online ordering.e. when asked to evaluate and technical libraries. in this connection a computerized online catalogue may prove more useful.g.  Users awareness of the existence of resources available at different locations.2 Levels of Evaluation: There are two levels of evaluations i. There are the ingredients through which the library services can be evaluated on the basis of gathering data from the users.3.1.  The library hours of opening must be convenient of the users. Many users. Such a study measures how cost efficiently the system is satisfying its objectives. effectiveness. conducted by gathering opinions via questionnaire or interviews) objective (e.  Union catalogue of the total resources should be created along with local catalogue.1 Suitable collection and its collection building is a process of prime importance for technical libraries. it will expose the staff efficiency and their credit facility in satisfying the user’s needs4.e. 1. meeting the needs of its user.e.1.g.  Co-ordination between different levels. i. Such an evaluation can be subjective (e. and cost-benefit.  Information sources are made available and accessible to every user in the system. The effectiveness should be measured in terms of how well a service satisfies the demands placed upon by its users. and  All barriers to access resources must be removed or decreased. or a combination of the two.1Collection Development 1. will list the strength of the collection high on the major 17 . the measurement of success in quantitative terms). Cost-effectiveness is concerned with is internal operating efficiency. Separate section for e-resources 8 38. while only 38% colleges have separate eresources section.09% 2. no Particulars Institutes Percentage 1. No separate section for e-resources 13 61. Under the circumstances. Science and technology collection are not the easiest ones to develop successfully in view of the complexity of the subjects and cost involved. particularly when there are limited funds available a system must be evolved to maximize the benefits on low cost without hampering the work of scientific research and development due to non-availability of the required information.0% Table-1 medical colleges Table 1shows the status of e-resources section 61% of the technical colleges have no separate section of e-resources. No doubt there have been separate section established in few technical colleges but these sections are known as computer sections and only basic appliances have been 18 . The output of medical literature grows so rapidly that it would be neither feasible nor indeed reasonable for medical college libraries to acquire and stock all the medical literature throughout the world. It is almost impossible for any medical colleges in India to build the collection to satisfy fully since the amount of literature published as seen above is so enormous and costly. This problem faced by the medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh also. the large numbers of choice to make because of the sizeable quantity of book and journals from which to select and the difficulty certain grey area publications such as technical project and reports. S.criteria.91% Total 21 100. This could be achieved by a policy for coordinating the acquisition of scientific and technical publications and their distribution among different medical college libraries because of the following benefits-(1) the libraries nay avoid unnecessary work. film loops. reprints. Naturally. Materials acquired by a technical college should have some relevance with the parent organization and the potential need of its users. Due to the increasing costs of printing materials and technology. periodicals.2 Scientific and medical Journals It is apparent that scientific and technical journals are of prime important for scientific and technical libraries. The local libraries should house such material to weet. In the present day 19 . microfiches. The main library collections for communication and information services in most of the medical colleges are books including. charts. etc.housed for user’s service.P. Serials are the key sources despite many problems involved in selecting. the cost of the medical publication has been raising tremendously5. films. who has no computer section and running their libraries on traditional methods. microfilms. maps. due emphasis is being given for the procurement of those materials. 1. handling and storing such literature moreover periodicals are the key source of information for the majority of users and specialties. The networking is a important media to solve the problem to a greater extent as it is based on centralized control system interlinking various local regional networks of different geographical areas in country i. can be avoided and (3) The available funds for the purchase of scientific and technical publications can be utilized for acquiring maximum number of publication. There is not a single medical college in U. (2) Under duplication of material among libraries. slides.e. the requirements of their users. patents. tapes. standards.2. trade literatures. The major problem faced by medical libraries is the non-availability of selection tools for acquisition of medical publications published in India and the world. 20 . books render only the fundamental primary information. it becomes imperative to acquire relevant periodicals. the books and periodicals collection should be of a reasonable size so as to serve as a base for any research and development work in particular fields of their interest. Periodicals are much more important books so far as latest knowledge is concerned. This system involves four stages: (a) Obtaining proforma invoice from the publishers for particular materials. Moreover. therefore.where specialization has become the order of the day. 1.2. in India which prefer to produce periodicals directly from the publishers. the information contained therein becomes source of basic nature. Libraries attached to the institutions of higher technical study and research-work cannot therefore complete in collection without periodicals. (c) Remitting the foreign exchange along with order to the publishers in the shape of the bank draft. proceedings. transactions. There is also a tremendous upsurge in the inflow of literature and it is extremely difficult even for the research library and medical colleges to procure all the relevant materials. At present it would be neither possible nor feasible to acquire all the technical and scientific literature when limited funds are available as the growth of technical literature is enormous.1 Procurement System There are many technical libraries. (b) Submission of proforma invoices along with completed application form to the Bank for release of foreign exchange. In developing countries like India.4. etc. reports. The specialists/researchers. In modern era document as large material can be stored in a small space and the pilferage may be minimized in this form. By the time books are published. great responsibilities on specialists to keep themselves abreast of the latest developments on their fields of interest. saving some foreign exchange of the nation. 1. say less budged for e-resources are procured out of the budged allotted to books. periodicals or the equipments. (c) It the supply is not received it takes long correspondence to take refund.2Through Agency Collection development through agents is facilities: (a) The agent concerned consolidates the requirement and places centralized orders on behalf of individual parties. Since last years. as: (a) It involves more file work for individual correspondence with each publisher at all stages.4.2. (b) It is difficult to ascertain about the delivery against payment. The use of CD-ROM database is fast becoming popular in the technical college libraries. (c) The savings of national foreign exchange: as payment is made in local currency the agents are getting some discount from the publisher. not free from disadvantage. In medical colleges there is insufficient budget. (d) Publishers generally do not take that much interest for the supply of materials to the individual party as they take for the agents. communication technology and information (literature) explosion all together have forced the libraries & information centers to go in for the changes in the information services. The advancements in information technology. a few Technical College libraries are using the on-line information 21 . (b) Easy recoveries from the agent who fails to supply the materials. (d) Certain Indian agents are now supplying the materials by registered post without any additional cost thereby avoiding any missing of materials and (e) Some Indian agents have now started air-speeded delivery of some their agency periodicals. thereby.The system is however. literature surveys. The glossary meaning of information service is “A service provided by. The printing and publishing of abstracting journals takes some more time. The abstracting service which is an important area of information service is likely to have changes in its basic structure. for example.2Information Services The information services include the current awareness services and S. service. reading lists. Thus the basic information is available.retrieval for rendering the information services. there is a delay of about six months. There is a delay in the preparation of abstracts. some private and government agencies etc. a special library which draws attention to information possessed in the library or information department in anticipation of demand. particulars of articles in current periodicals. Thus computer based searching of a database (on-line or CD-ROM) can provide an answer. etc which it is anticipated will be of interest to potential users of the service”. these services no more are restricted to special libraries. These services are now rendered by the libraries of higher and professional educational institutions. professional societies. “The print equivalents of some of the CD-ROM product are available in the developing countries. or it might 22 . However the on-line services and the CD-ROM products often contain more sources than available in the corresponding print product. In the 21st century many libraries are likely to use the on-line information retrieval facility for the services. abstracts.D. Although the glossary meaning of the information services gives an idea that these rendered by the special libraries.I. By the time the abstracting journals are received by the users. that night not be found in a search of a printed index. Bourne observes that. 1. At present the abstracts are being prepared and published in the form of abstracting journal by libraries. because of a particular index access point like report number is not provide in the printed index. or for. this is done by preparing and circulating news sheets. it is easy to render the information services. It is expected that many such publications from internationals agencies/organizations will be the form of CD-Rom database. The standardization is required more now than earlier. The libraries functioned as almost independent units earlier. Same is true of information service. There are different information/library networks being set-up in the country like INFLIBENT etc. is now available on CD-ROM. if the library/information centers starts functioning as a centre of the library/information network. if the database is created in the standardized format. 1.3 Objective of the study The proposed study high light the policies and practices of development and management of e-journals in medical college libraries and examine the various criteria for selection and evaluation of e-resources. 1.4 Standardization of Service The standardization in thing/information service is always advantageous. to increase the maximum productivity. This is a great way to increase the productivity of a limited number of skilled professionals. The standardization in future will be of great use. The users of information services find it difficult to use the information products which are not standardized. which was so far available only in the print form.provide an answer in minutes to a topic. Keeping in mind the objectives may be as follows: 23 . The UNESCO publication which is meant to inform about the availability of the translations i.4. This is the example of the highly used publication from the international agencies like UNESCO publishing the information on the CD-ROM. replace the paper edition. “ The use of CD-ROM databases and the on-line information retrieval are expected to help a lot. that would take hours to search a equivalent printed index.e. for information services in India. which is very essential. It is important to note that this CDROM.’ Index Translational’. 3. technology.1.6Core Professional Competencies for Librarians Counting Professional Development is an essential part of the medical service library information professional’s successful career planning & prospects. information access. Professional competences enable librarians to respond effectively and efficiently to the constant development of new technologies. To trace the present status of e-journals in the technical colleges libraries. 1. Some of the unique competencies of the LIS Professionals are discussed in the following sections. Application of new ICT in to the libraries immediately requires improvement of different kinds of skill and knowledge is essential to learn. To explore the current practices of selection and evaluation of e-journals.) Technical Skills 24 . customized information services that cannot be easily duplicated by others. improve and develop various kinds of professional skill. and the ability to use these areas of knowledge as a basis for providing library and information services. Professional competencies can be thought of as flexible knowledge and skills that allow the librarian to function in a variety of environments and to produce continuum of value-added. They relate to the librarian’s knowledge in the areas of information resources. professional and technological competencies have great opportunities and bright future in the modern libraries. (a. management and research. 2. There is an urgent necessity to learn a great variety of professional competencies to accomplish the role of professional librarian in the constantly changing challenging web environment. To find out collection development policies of e-journals adopted by the medical colleges libraries and evaluate such policies and practices. The LIS professionals with better person. knowledge and competencies. and troubleshoot any other technology problems they may be having. or just a good healthy knowledge of emerging technologies. way beyond basic catalog and database searching (which sure isn’t easy either). The key is just being able to have a decision-tree in your head of what to ask or try when there is a problem. then we will need to learn how to troubleshoot those. As we get new computers. Networking. They need to help parrots set up e-mail and teach basic Internet skills. etc. printers. Librarians have to be able to use search engines and use them well. to learn what problems commonly come up. Most of the time when you are working in library our user facing problem I using the scanner. at least to the extent where they can figure out if the problem is on the library’s side or the user’s side. (c) Ability to troubleshoot new technologies: It is just a part of the good user service provided in medical service libraries. Many librarians cannot troubleshoot this stuff. (d) Ability to easily learn new technologies: There are so many new technological things at the library that they can’t keep up. scanners. because it is often our responsibility to fix them. Librarians should be able to play with the technologies in the library. the ability to deal with the back-end of the OPAC. (b) Online medium: LIS Professional of medical service libraries need to do much online these days. They need to be able to find quality online resources. In the current scenario library professional must have the knowledge of HTML. the ability to troubleshoot basic computer and printer problems. Where we intimated to use new gadget in library we always asked to IT team of that organization to send an expert to the library 25 . They need to be able to trouble shoot problems users are having accessing online library resources. the ability to translate library services into the on-line medium. fix the printer. scripting languages.It has become increasingly important that librarians keep up with technology and have certain basic skills. and to fix them if necessary. students of the college and its research programmed. There is a change in attitude of users and adopting e-resources in place of traditional resources. The library resources meows the documents acquired by the college whether connectional or non-conventional documents and new instruct vial aids. (2)To study the library resources acquired for various services in medical colleges. 1. (3) To evaluate the library resources. (5) To study Transit from print journals to e-journals. Learning about new technology is definitely a skill. which is responsible for the spread of medical education. Reading’s habits changed and techniques changed and thus the nature and type of resources changed. The best way to play with that technology. (4) To study the change in attitude of the users in medical college libraries. People need to learn how to learn about new technologies without having to ask other people for help all the time. 26 . Its basic function is to assist the medical college to carry out its programmed and serve the need of the faculty. A medical college library is expected to support the ejectives of the medical college. The followings objectives are: (1) To find out availability of interest service in medical sieve educated. There is oriented based “teacher class meow “approach and library is a student resource centre.7 Objectives of the study: Medical college libraries constitute an important segment of the social institutor. College have better opportunities to share the young generation due to constant increase in the member of students.to teach library professional how to use it. (6) To find out library services. 1. It is hard to learn to use first time that when a user asking you to use it.6 Need for the study: Medical college libraries played important part in medical society and serves its special patrons. All medical college libraries become computerized. 1. Hypothesis: Too following are the hypothesis: 1. Moradabad (TMUMCM) 3. Change in attitude of users towards E-journals. table. Subharti medical college.mearut. While data are collection a mathematical device is used applying statistical techniques. There are several techniques for collections data like (a) Questionnaire method (b) Interview method (c) Diary method.(7) To evaluate the services and user’s satisfaction in medical college libraries.e. For this study the investigator used questionnaire. observation and interview method for collecting necessary data. TMU medical college & Hospital. Libraries have sufficient e-journals 3.9. 2. I. muzaffarnagar (MNMCMN) 27 . Concept and acquisition of resources. User’s services are satisfactory. The categorization of proposed investigation into a certain type of survey. out of which 20 medical colleges are such having standing for more than 3 to 5 years.8Methodology. Kanpur (RAMMCK) 4. (SUBMCM) 2. 1. 4. a corresponding method deranged for it and appropriate techniques for collection and analyzing data are together known as methodology. Scope of the study: There are more than 30 medical college libraries. Rama Medical College. Muzaffarnagar Medical college. charts and diagrams. The study will include 20 medical colleges which are listed below: 1. Ghaziabad (SANMCG) 9. Era Medical college. Chhatuapati Sahuji Maharaj medical college. (CHMCK) 10. Bareilly (RAMMCB). Noida (SHAMC Gr) References: 28 . 7. Gr. Lucknow (ERAMCL) 8. Sautosh Medical college.Hevid Institute of medical science. Lucknow. Barabanki (HINIMB) 11.5. Hapur (SARMCH) 6. Saraswati Medical college. Rawmurti Medical college.Sharda Medical college. 24.” RQJre. 15. Eds. and Janes. Penny. 1997. 2006.11.Innovative E-Learning with E-Resource. 1995.” ASnapshat of early adopters of E-journals: changes to the library: college and Research libraries.”Information Literacy and the Internet Generation.” Subject Librarians: Engaging with the Learning and Teaching Environment. Petel. (2001).bournemouth.515-526. Print.uk/eds/eres/index. Perspective. T. Print. “The Electronic age.” Professional Engagement-the Subject Specialist in Higher Education. “Personalized E-Learning System with Self-Regulated Learning Assisted Mechanisms for Promoting Learning Performance. Vol.M.Print.20043. Web.Feduroke.” Expert Systems with Applications36 (2009): 8816-29. (1997). documenting electronic collection decries. J.63.121-141. And Lani Draper.” Serial libraries.2002. Rosenfeld. Bergstow.(2004). and third. Penny Date. 14 May 2009.(1995). 86-90. Vol. IFLA Tournal. N.ac. “The internet compendium. Chen. Chin-Ming.” Journal of Library Administration 15. “Blogging it into Them: Web log in Information Literacy Institution.” 2008. pp. “Free labour for costly journals? Jre. Man Holland and Marian Mau hews. Godwin. Vol. Vol. Kuny. and Claveland.1. (1998). J.” Library and information Update6. Bournemouth University.2. pp. pp 107-113. 46. Coulter.York: Neal scbumau.j. “eRes. (2002). pp.of Eco.e. Print. “The digital library: Mytrs and challenges”. 1998. Guildford: Ash gate.232-238.s. M.c. 29 . 36. T.1-2 (2006): 101-15. Dale. Vol. pp. “How electronic journals are changing pattern of use.3 (2007):36-39. Brennam. Priscilla. G.html).D>D and being. (http://www. Boyce. Secker.a.Therese. Print. (http:// open learn. Thomas (: Reeves.2 (2006): 126-32.a. Open.Shonrock.c uk/). Kamel Boulos. Jan. Jane .2008. 11 May 2009 (http://www. and stece Wheeler. Joyeee.e uk. and Rom Oliver. “Clickers in College Classrooms: Fostering Learning with Questioning Methods in Large Lecture Classes.Herrington.” 2009 . “Faculty-Librarian Collection to Achieve Integration of Information Literacy.” Health Information and Libraries Journal 23. Print.1 (2007) : 2-23.and Caroline 1. Print. 15 September 2009. Print Rowe-Jones.”Introducting Blended Learning into a Biomechanics Unit:Case Study 12. Barbara.2 (2006: 23317.” Reference and user Services Quanlerly 16.eds eres documents erescasestudy 12pdl). “Libraries. 30 . Open University. “Health Information on the Internet 62 (2008): 6-8. Print. Print. Task and Technology. Newland.” eRes. And Linda Gardner.6 (2007): 322-26.Kate.” Nurse Education Perspectives 28.” Distance Education 27. and Diana D.” Competence in nursing Informatics Amongst Nursing Students and Staff at a Nursing Institute in Sweden. Web.0 Social Software: An Enabling Suite of sociable Technologies in Health and Heath Care Education. Print. “Students Perception of the Learning Experience in a Large Class Environment. “The Emerging Web 2. “Open learn. Social Software and Distance Learners: The Adventures of Lassie.lovd.2008.1 (2006: 18-23. Maged N. “Authentic Task Online: A Synergy among Learner. Eindstrom.” Health Information and Libraries Journal 2. Richard E.” eRes. Ragneskog.Web. Bournemouth University. bournemouth.etal. Hans. Leufer. Print. “Eres: Innovative E-Learning with E-resource. Mayer. etal.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 13 (2009): 51-57. Print.Stanley . Alison. Acuk / eres / edes / document / erescaststudy8. bournemouth. (http: / / www. 2008 Web. and andrea altice. Ac. Deborah mirror. Web 14 May 2009. Sallv. “The Unreel Us babyFriendly Initiative – Exploring the sharing the Evidence: Case study 8.Kirsty. (http:// www. Bournemouth.” eRes 2008 . pdf). pdf). “Collaborative Learning in a First-Year Occupational Therapy Skill Unit: Case Study 5. Taylor. “ Clicker ‘ “Technology promotes Intractive in an Underground Nutrition course. “journals of nutrition Education and Behavion : 12. 11 May 2009. “ eRes . Uk/ eds/ eres / documents/ ere cast study8.3 (2009) : 227-28. Weerts. 31 . processing retrieval and transmission. mass storage devices and various types of computer likes to provide fast and efficient information storage. national and international network for health services. It is a Govt.Chapter 2 Review of literature Darlington. B. there are facilities like wordprocessors. (1985) stated that ALA (American Library Association) has established professional ethics and code of professional conduct and discussed with particular 32 . Linda (1984) stated that information technology penal report is concurred with library and information science. (1984). Janne (1995) Stated that A professional has some code of thesis as a classic mark. The first survey aimed to idently the user and non-users of the library and to assess therale of fulfilled by library as multidisciplinary information needs of the medical staff and students the second survey was for the use of library facilities and its analysis to establish priority for the future development of library services. EAHIL has recently drafted a code for curapeaw health librarian.B. Talor. R. Freedom.J. Library is a social institution and under the investigated it was found that the library cannot satisfy the majority of the users growth and need for information with out network whether it is regional. document and focuses on use of information technology. The MEDLARS database was one of the very first to become machine readable-and searchable. Mc seav. It was the first database available online. By new information technology. Its professional institute. The report comprises high technology for academic ciaos and recognize the activities regarding provision of online technology. Hadarsa (1985) made a survey and questionnaire sent about the library use by the staff and students of a large teaching hospital and investigated. This paper explain the back which has been practiced in field of medicine and library and information work. Perry. Teny and Tsafrir. computers. Moserthy. He finally discussed the role of internet in commercial publishing. He further go through some reasons and its consequences also its cure for the general malaise of professional stagnation in libraries. He also take practical solution for pasture achai. Sridhan. scholarly publishing and electronic journals on the internet. He explained the present peculiar circumstances and backgrounds of documents acquisition transition in libraries . technical reports. The to microforms. (1995). Webb. Medical Library Association form a task force on knowledge and skills to identify the changes required during 21 st century. (1995) described that health science libraries are specific libraries for special services. He further discussed the process of policy of collection development and highlights the importance of the policy collection development manually. He further discussed library network and the internet in India. The article focused education policy and initiatives taken by medical science libraries. definition. E. He discussed library environment in digital era and the contribution of internet. A. He pointed out many problems concerning to section of documents and procurement process of documents. Liz. Discussed about moti vatai among professional staff and the librarian as manager of the library as he manage the library in current context of library work.S. Chapman. He further discussed various types of vendor-controlled order plans and also their merits and demerits.reference to the responsibility of librarians who are working without the context of medical health service. (1995). 33 . Lakshman and Karisidappa (1996). The problems are fairly receipt which draw attention. The author briefly discussed about various facilities available over internet. its scope. M. He recognized the changes in the attitude and change in health science librarianship. Reneta. He debt briefly the assessing web-based information. Describes various factors which effect collection development. order plans and general subscription. Kerver and Mackay. He was of opinion that learning is not a fun but a tool of discipline and handwork. Discussed various aspects of world wide web and health information services which has accepted the challenge in creating world wide web in information era. Hedges. He gave an account of expected future developments. Jane and Richardson Armando (1998). Information is power giving latest knowledge and librarian is a powerful source of service. Gave a second thought about information computer technology. Moreover. He discussed the question values and future of digital world and the challenges before the libraries of Medical Science. Discussed specific issues relating to world wide web and health information service. since than working for professional development. he stressed on the development of efficient network system for the advancement of communication and information among he established for cooperation with medical and health science libraries in east and central Europe. The author described few aims of EAHIL and consolidated some of important aims. He gave an example of HEBSWEB and its site in health education for Scotland. Farmer. Husen. He complained of the back of cynicism. MacKay. He asked 34 . He also presented the out come of the project and its possible future in accessing information by users. It also improved the cooperation efforts and exchange of experience among its members. He explained the achievements REAHIL and the activities done. He also explained the practical change and discussed with particular reference to HEBS web site of Health Education Board of Scotland the further presented the outcome of the project. He refused six aims and suggested in its conference. Conducted a survey in Oct-Dec. 1996 and a questionnaire was fulfilled by the Library Association Health libraries. The author described the cooperation between European libraries. Donald (1997).Donaldson. EAHIL was established in 1987. Donald and Donaldson Kerr (1997). Alisabeth (1998).Mark (1997). T. Classification has its new role to play in designing. Medical Science libraries provides technical services since their evolution. He further discussed information technology environment and the matching role of the librarian in 21 st century. Technical services are also necessary to help libraries to accomplish their nausea of connecting users with the required information.T. Discussed about technical services which and provided with the help of skills and professional efficiency to provide users services in libraries. He advised to make practical so what of the problem and encourage greater understandings and working relationship and to achieve the benefits of academic practitional and librarian liaison. He further tried to know their opinion about library and information science education. searching and managing electronic databases. to provide better service and defense library services. Sumit (1999). From the survey it was found that student faced library facilities due to lack of time and resources. New technology provide special opportunities extensively and improve gnalitative library services to users. OPAC is a searching capability and capacity and versatile mechanism. a specialized library of DRDO. The author discuss and cited Electronic version of devxy to illustrate the role of information technology in editing and publishing classification schedule. The case study gives complete view and status of impact of I. on defense service library. Satija.T. 35 . He discussed in detail the role of information technology in social environment.P. (1999). Sharma. M. Technical services home evalned making use of available technology of the present era. It further discussed various library activities and service defense science library and effective use of I. The author discussed the outlines and feathers of information technology and its impact on the society.the information of health care sector and enquired their views about what they consider education and research need of the profession. has been used for a specific purpose. Articles in electronic form on online series are used and known as wax technology. The deposit serial issues is still rising. It includes E-books which has been accessed in National Electronic Library for health. Described Los Almos National Laboratory where E-print is an reparatory for electronic various of papers in physics and mathematics. However. and remote document supply and statistics. Romany and Ads head. A post of public Health librarian evolved and service was described.The author describe the development of 57 Georges Hospital medical school library public Health information service. Final (2001. Ejournals are purchased for many reasons. The LIS model was provisional for effective and efficient way of maxi missing resources and delivering a service to a specialized user group spread across a wide geographical area. A public health information model was provisional which made best use of available funds.Chuistine (2001) described that British libraries are adopting technology for all activities and use of e-journals. The librarian 15 lab as part of the public Health network was also discussed. Burden. The author concluder that NeLH will need to provide direct and customized support to information providers. A project was started in 1997 started training programmed. Rook.Anaguostelis. The E-print or XIV worked as part of its 36 . Betsy (2000) stated that there has been increase of information in electronic format. A code of practice for the voluntary deposit of non-print publication in between publishers and legal deposit libraries covering offline electronic media. It is an rapid and convenient way for scientists. There are real changes facing by British libraries in use of licensing issues for legal deposit of e-materials. like reading room reference. Luce. Richard E (2001). there are many issues arise. while connecting print format in electronic format. The author suggest possible model for change which will enable information provider to achieve such a transformation to optimum effect. B.and Dorseh.library with out walls. In this study they found a great deal of first time and exploratory use of Internet in Gulbarga city. They receive through many sources including the print. (2001). Sandra L. Josephine L. De Grootr. In his research study determined the impact of online journals on the use of print journals and Inter Library Loan. Increased availability of information in digital format and high costs of journal subscription compels the libraries to work together.. resource sharing is critical for effective functioning of libraries. Maheshwarappa. If data collection is improved more accurate reason can be taken up and provide a basis of study of the growth of electronic access of the journals and expected reduction in print access to journals. Technical 37 . Manjunatha and Shivalingaiah (2003) revealed that in the age of digital evaluation escalating price of electronic information. But there are difficulty in using online journals which are only available cure while selecting the journals based on quality and convenience of availability.S. The anther again traces the development of or XIV and its application in libraries. K. Emmanuel (2003) studied on the use of internet resources and services in Gulbarga University. Serial solution inc. The reason behind the decrease in demand use of print journal was the change in attitude of the patrons |users prefer to access journals online. But no research was undertaker to know the actual status of increase in number of journals and compared the position with the total number of journals. suggested an analysis to compare the e-journals a library is tracing in comparison with number of print or microfilm titles they have. Further study is required to see if patterns of use change as a function of time and user satisfaction increase.journals emerged | published in large number to access electronically. The author present a comprehensive analysis about the journals of various types of libraries are accessed electronically rather than in print. Peter (2003) discussed that during past two decades E. Mc Gracker. and Ebnazar C. advancements provide a platform for digital resource sharing and offer many opportunities for librarians to become more technical and professional.P. preservation and conservation and computerized information system and services.N. (2003) stated that electronic information sources are the prime attraction of readers in today’s networked environment. Internet. one should be very critical of any information found on web. Policies and programmers relating to collection development should be in the context of current information environment. S. Narayan. how to evaluate CD-ROMs and online reference sources. (2003) emphasizes the need of knowing. enumerates the important characteristics of reference sources and finally describes various criteria in detail which can be used for evaluation of eResources. It is equally evident that it is difficult to know what information exists.R. Vohra. CD-ROMs etc. Electronic information resources have brought in new system of storage. what format it is available and where to look for it. especially development of digital libraries. She also stated that for evaluating e-Resources. Poornima and I. Creation of one’s own library website plays a significant role in providing single point access to e-Resources created with in and also available elsewhere free or against subscription on internet. His work also attempted to identify the needs and factors influencing the electronic resource sharing and presented requirements and strategies for effective resource sharing in university libraries. Singh. directories and virtual libraries facilitate retrieving information required from web sources. Ranjana (2003) that in the current electronic information environment emphasis is towards excellent collection than large collection and development effective means of gaining access to remote databases. and it should be carefully examined most important 38 . The paper examined the impact of the information technology on libraries. retrieval. electronic publications. Many search engine. Today Internet has established itself as the store house of all worlds’ resources in the electronic form. Work – flow processes. This article made the outline. A. Allison and Myers. and library organization websites. He also suggested some points to the 39 .thing about internet sources is to know links given to other web pages are current as well as the qualitative in nature. The librarians. T. (2003) discussed in their paper that the challenges posed by the accelerating pace of change in the world of information especially in developing countries and stresses the importance of managing the change by focusing on collection development (inclusive of electronic resources). Sarah (2003) observed that activities to users are an important and on going component of every library. creations. development and implementation of web accessible collection development tools. web resources. instructions and other information for selectors and library staffs as well as information for library patrons. S. With intranets and web authoring tools. Nyamboga. Inamdar (2004) stated that the conventional libraries are now in transforming phase. training and development skills of the information professional and also library users.D. N. policies. Level. Constantine M. These tools integrate procedures. It also examined and provided general views on how libraries and information centers should approach the situation in order to accomplish and acquire at least simple electronic resources while talking into consideration the library and information policy. therefore. An attempt has been made to draw a strategic plan for electronic information handling for library professionals. Dr. have to get acquainted with the new trends of fruitful training on library automation and electronic information handling which they are lacking. A coordinated website may consist of online tools. digitizing the collection development workflow enables libraries to have an increase level efficiency and accessibility. The techniques of accumulation gathering of information. and Kemparaju. processing it and way of disseminating it among the readers have also drastically been changed. forms. There are used as per need to solve the problems of medical information. patient records and development in electronic publication. utilize computer software that enables the librarians for information competence and develop a workbook and checklist to assist the subordinates for information competence. Since then during 25 years there have several hundreds databases out of which more than 500are available in Indian system of medico. develop a model list of information competence skills for readers. Perry. (2004).librarian for information handling technology strategy are undertake a systematic assessment of readers information competence to develop a bench mark. retrieval and transmission processing. Bedi. Diana (2006) stated that web based electronic library may be most useful. For example computers. word processors.S. Informatics technology is a new technology emerged powerfully for the last two decade. The librarian has to play an important role in planning and developing a web based elibrary in all types of libraries. He further discussed about some practical strategies. B. The author discussed the developing and implementing a collection plan in Tuesday web based e-library. guidelines to find out. If electronic publishing and developed projects has made an important place in product marketing. develop pilot information competence programs course. Medlars introduced in1984 and was the first database to become machine readable and machine readable and machine searchable and also available online. Kovacs. He focused on web based 40 .J. storage device and other many more kinds of communication links to provide fast and efficient information storage. Discussed the electronic publishing and their application in scientific research and contribution in scientific publishing he highlights technologies.Geeta (2005). and Vats. identily evaluate and be lection of proper web based information resources. It is necessary for a collection plan to assess the functions and need of information and the society it serves. D. He further consolidated the emerging brands in the field of electronic publishing. It is also a book to medical education. Pod cast has a wide topics and qualities. He outlived the professional skills and new technology needed for the professionals and managers of library service. The libraries of medical colleges have been a source of information for gaining knowledge and conducting research. J. It has been developed by newsletters. There is another sources available on internet is pod cast which is an important source of access current information in the field of medical and health and medical professionals. There is a communication gap between librarian and medical fraternity is another reason. He represented the views of the working of health librarian in the University sector. Craft (2007) Stated that interest is a prime source of medical science information. minutes and reports of the events organized by UHSL. It also developed professional development through newsletters and networking opportunities. Publisher are creating pod casts for audio purpose to the printed teet. All famous companies and organizations are offering for continuing medical education programmed and patient education programmed. The author found more silvinarity than differences.Pod casts is also used by professional organization to broadcast news to members. or other data based. Ahmed. All medical college libraries are using the pod cast as educational tools and study did to students. Asha. But their are-few reasons for hampering research in India like non-availability of adequate journals. The author concluded through this survey that librarians should come forward to aware the 41 .information resources rather electronic information resources suches CD-ROM. R. and Halini. Wakham. Maurice (2008) the author traces the course of health librarianship in United Kingdom. (2009) discusses the importance of medical college libraries as source of information. Parvez (2009) discussed the core competence of library and information science professionals as leader or manager of the organization. Cavalery. 42 .students visit to medical college library and an effective policy should be framed for the better and proper access of the journals. to move from print to e-print for such research material which is not easily available or very costly. a online journal (2004) by European Association. While examining the position of medical librarian. comparator and out come.A. R. He eited the example if European Journal of comparative Economics. intervention. characteristics in wide evaluation frame work. Discussed a collaborative project to identify interactive on hence mew to conventional print journals and their articles and evaluate their contribution to patrons for their learning and satisfaction. He further suggested that the development within health research aimed to evaluate complex intervention. He said that open access journals could provide increase competition in the market product. Andrew. (2010). They contribute to acquisition of knowledge and for the enhancement to the original article and would increase user’s acceptance. Booth (2010).B. Two major subsets of the resources (online) have been succeeded to a very significant extent and it was found that most of the research libraries have a collection of e-journals and e-reference sources available but it rises significant problems like price problems etc. He further discussed about scientific publication and market trend in rising power of the subscription price of scientific output. Discussed about clinical librarian in medical and health libraries these librarians have been in existence for over 40 years. Siegal. He hypotheses that the articles of journals would yield more knowledge than the original article. Reported the experiments about the publishing an open access journal and learn out of it about large field of open access publishing. Piero (2009).Elliot and Donald. Anderson. Rick (2010) stated the position of research libraries and its increasing position. it page a challenge to rigorous evaluation about their population. He discussed the conditions prevailed in India regarding collection development. David (2010) discussed the scholarly behavior about the use of electronic journals. Internet and online resources provide access to various types of information. E-journals have specific comity. There are mixed findings about fate of print journals. Deveyndr. He further discussed online information seeking behavior of library users. There are barriers in using e-journals such as (a) Non-purchase of titles by the library (b) year (c) volumes which are not available electronically. Rarashuram S. (2011). alerts and other ways to find literature. There are difficult information sources of online accessibility. Kattirmani. Pall.William.Discussed Internet as a source of information. (2010). It was resulted to huge rise in availability of e-journals. Hence users are expected to adopt different approach to access and use of online resources. But the authenticity and value of online information remain questionable. The value of ejournals has been shown gaining new height and insists. He also discussed various issues of collection development and policy applied. He identified the changes to integrate the issues of collection development and management of electronic resources. The author gave more emphasis on quality consciousness regarding online information resources and the library patrons and the internet use. style and arrangement from traditional resources. It needs users a value-added information. There are increasing patter of electronic medium and communication technology in developing counters. Peter and Nicholas. cost. format. There is a need of quality awareness. E-literature is accessed keyboard searching with subject gateways and search engines and all other used by publishers platforms. It also help in teaching in measure of time. He examined the use and impact of the availability of journals. 43 . Discussed various features of collection development policies and selection catered of library materials in changing environment. The information available on internet are verities from primary to tertiary sources. 1996.1995.1. Asso.J. Webb. Vol.” Health Lib. Hodges. Vol. pp.pp. Vol.” Health Lib.177-180. 44 . (1995). vol.12.1995.Review. Tabor. Luida (1984). A summary of ITAP Report and commits of Lib. (1996). Review. Vol. “A survey of the use of Whittington Hospital Medical library. Maorthy. Review. Vol.1995.12.1997 pp.44-55.Review.S.B.2.12. Donald and Donaldson.Mark(1997). Kerr (1997).”The application of new technology to medical information. As so. pp65-69.No1.173-180. “The Information frontier. report on 196 th annual meeting of the medical library association.” Health Lib.Hadassa (1985). Vol. M.(1984) .(1985).B.1-7. Freedmam. Response to the professional development challenge. the Insit of Inf. Donaldson.pp.DRTC.pp.21-27.2. “smk or swim 2 motivating library staff in a time of career stagnation. C.R.” Health Lib.” Health Lib. Vol.” Health Lib.1.14.References: Dorrington. Vol. T.”Health Lib.” CLIS observe.1997.14. Mackey. Kerr and Mackey. the British Library and ASLIB. 70-71. Chapman. Review. “Plateform for change: The medical Lib. pp69-78.”Information makes the 65 headlines.” Health Lib. “Problems of collection development in special libraries. (1995).1985. “Ethics of information giving 105: The librarians view.Review. Perry. Bangalore. Review.1997. liz (1995). Vol.14.pp.R. Science. pp. A Lakshman and Karisiddappa.14-21. pp.31-37. “HEBS Well creating a world wide web health information service. “HEBS web creating www health information service. Rev. Donald (1997). Reneta E.Review.”Internet and its impact on library and information centers.” Health lib. Sridhar.105-107.” DESIDOE WORKSHOP.pp. Bangalore. of Inf.” DRTC Seminar. Betry (2000). 201pp.134141.2001.” The electronic Library.2000. vol.” DESIDOE.No.No. Elisabeth (1998). vol. Szu-eraLo.33. “E-journals at the British library. No.Review. 15. 2001.19. And Inf5e.6.2.vol.(2001) “select a web sources on medical science. “Workshop feb26-28.service &use.M. 1999. “electronic resources and document tarry consortia’s survey of French selectific institution .pp. Glislani (2001.2001. Rao. (2001).and Ambuja.28. Augnastelis.1999.1998. Satija.Chtistin (2001).pp. Vol.pp86-92.17-30. Chartron.2.pp. vol. V. “Attitude of LIS education and academic practitioner liason: resulte of a survey of member of the library Asso. Mahabaleswara and mad bal.pp.”Jre. Review. “DESIOC Bell.117-121.JX of Lib. “The development of E-journals in Taiwan: status report on the continuous study of access issues. (2000) “collection development in electronic era.pp.15-21.3. March1-3.17. Vol. Seetharama.of Lib.P. Health Libraries Group. Burden.s. 45 .9 Inf.(1999). Vol.pp.Farmer.” Health Lib Library Review. R.” Health Lib.209-214. Hursem. Vol. “Information online.june 2001. Tech vol.NO. from selection to access.” Health Lib.8597.” DESIDOCBULL of Inf.” Inf. “Information Looperation and the European Assoter Health Information and lib review.pp.1998. 2000. “Tool for assignees subject to e-documents: a steps towards organizing internet resources.3.21-27. smith (2001.97-109. Jane (1998). Vironment. Tech.19. SuisJila. Techno. “Technical services in the electronic information environment.No.15.21. pp. Rechard (2001.pp.vol.” Collection building vol.237-41. [///G:/parul/parrl2] DeGroote Sandra. “A comparison of print and electronic journals holding in academic and public libraries.D.“The application of new technology to medical information. S. 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Singh.” IASLIB Bulletin. Chicago: University of ill raise.Roor Rose mary and Rashead.42003. Mngt.4Dec. “E-print intersect the digital library: India theLos Almos or xiv.2.No. Nyaubaga. Luce. “ Health Info: and libraries journal. Mashes warappa.pp.2003.” Annals of lib.(2001). Vohra. (2003). 46 .vol.Tech:vol.3sept.L.18.C.No. 2001.(2003).2Inf.” SRELS Jre.2001.23. vol.2002. Level Ellison and Myeus. “ Use of internet resources and services in Goldberg city an explanatory service. T.162-166. and Kauparaja.pp409-421.pp. Perry. B.vol.vol.40. Fiama (2001.V. 89-97. Diane K. Geeta (2005). Cavalery.2009. “ Publishing an e-journal on a shoe string: Is it a sustainable project 2.” Inf. And Lib Jrl.of Acad. R.” New rev. “Integrating and promoting medical padcasts into the library collection.133-141. “collection development in cyberspace.25.&Inf. Williams.and spl. Elliot and Donald. Service and use.84-90.lib.270-277.of lib. D. 47 .2010.pp. Andrew. (2006).Bedi.pp. Anderson.3.pp.2009. S.” Jrl.vol.1.vol.1.” Health Inf. Rick (2009).10.vol.2009.vol4.vol. Of Aced.Librship.No. Jrl. Wakeham.2009.192-207.16. T. Asha. Lib.vol.th.2005.and Lib.17-30.30. A. Booth (2010).pp. David (2010).31-34.pp. (2010).” Eco. Vats. Craft.2.pp.4.B. “ Using evidence in practice.service&uses.Peter and Nichals. “ Defiring the not generation journal: The NLM.2006.29.31-47. Parvez Ahwed (2009).” Inf. “ Electronic information resources and e-teching in medical colleges of Andhra Pradesh A study “ ICAL.23. building on electronic library collection.18. “Electronic publishing Emerging trends. “ Quality awarness of quline informatic resources: A study.2010.” Med.Maurice(2008).vol.pp.No.30. Kattimani.” Health Inf.1-7.Se.Jrl.pp21-27. (2009).Elsevier interactive publication experiment.2007.vol.Reb service Qrly. “Librarian and publishers in the eyes of the format-migration form.pp.2008. Piero (2009).pp. and Nalini.march2010.122. Kovacs.” Electro.26.S.1. (2010).Tech. Vol.vol. Siegel.Analysis&policy.” Joit. “From UHSL to UHMLG: The evolution of a group for health librarians in higher education. Mechelle (2007).2010.pp. “The role of library and information science professional as managers: A comparatine analysis. Parashuram. vol.R.21-34. Dilyendr (2010).pp.1-11. Dissenination and . “ collection development and selection criteria for electronic materials: Indian perspections.No. technology.2011. Inf.” Inter. 48 Jrl.2.Paul.vol1. The early 1990 saw the arrival of local area networks (LANs) to replace standalone workstations. knowledge on the-resources is essential to those who are in information handling profession. By the late 1990s many OPACs and CD-ROM based databases became available in Web-based system. and Orbit. The mid 1990s brought the latest changes. These are increasingly acquired in libraries. E-Resources: Why Many developments have been noticed over the years with respect to the electronic resources publishing. Hence. particularly those are available in web enabled medium. right management and archiving. 49 . Publishers are interested in the issues such as publishing costs. changing user expectations. changing readership. online public accesses catalogue (OPACs) to replace the card catalogue and databases on CD-ROMs. Windows and the Internet. became standard sources. Several types of electronic resources have been noticed with the advantages over traditional resources. In the 1970s OCLC and third party online database vendors. And many services became available via remote access to patrons outside the library. such as Dialog. The introduction of electronic resources can be traced to the 1960s with the development of machine readable files such as ERIC and an early version of the National Library of Medicine online database. BRS. The 1980s saw the arrival of personal computers.Chapter 3 Electronic ResourcesElectronic Resources The electronic resources of information are proliferating at an alarming proposition in the last decade. housed on standalone workstations. The increased reliance on electronic resources was accelerated by decisions to cancel subscriptions to the print versions of sources that became available electronically and the increase of technical to access them. ensuring completeness. and to implement reference linking and other value-added services. Bachmann Moorthy and Karisidappa opined that the impact of electronic publishing in general and e-journals in particular are four fold. Initially it was started with secondary databases and gradually accepted for primary resources are available only in electronic forms. Abstracting and Indexing services have started to manage the impact of electronic publishing on their printoriented practices. rights management and archiving. Often. These offer a variety of capabilities to enhance the quality of services offered by library and information centers. a relatively new industry. savings in storage and maintenance. rather than being an end in themselves. The electronic resources on magnetic and optional media have a vast impact on the collections of Engineering College libraries. and rights management and archiving. these are electronic versions of existing print indexes.” The types of Electronic Resources include:  Bibliographic Indexes: These files contain information that leads the user to other material. including easy access to full text and reference linking. providing reference linking not just within their own service but to other content providers.Authors and corporate institutions are now resorting for self-publishing. rights management and archiving. Engineering College libraries have the challenges of keeping up with the flood of new content and new options. new models for scholarly publishing. providing their users with easy access to information wherever it may happen to reside. etc. have the problem of managing content from multiple sources. providing information access is cheaper to acquiring information resources. 50 . These are more useful due to inherent capabilities for manipulation and searching. In universities researchers prefer to have easy access to complex information space. Aggregators. quality assurance. e-books can be read with a variety of devices. Several reports by consultants have predicted that the most successful e-books ventures are those offer a relevant interactive experience. and educational games. reduction of papers and physical space. multimedia long-term preservation of the material. instant access.  Application Software: This includes all other types of electronic resources including computer assisted instruction. Today. They may be delivered via Web or a hand-held device. they have the disadvantages. annotation. Examples include Hyper Studio and the Oregon Trail series. dedicated e-book readers or. includes online dictionary and link to other sites. readers can add several chapters form several books (e. multiples titles in single book. course reserves). inadequate screen resolutions. non-availability of titles in the right format etc. old titles cannot go out-of-print. of 51 .6 The potential advantages of e-books have been described in comprehensive: importability.g. linking.  Electronic Book E-Books The term ‘e-books’ is defined broadly to include electronic reference works. including handheld readers (mainly used for diaries. lower publishing and distribution costs. such as JSTOR. update textbooks with minimal cost to user. e-books offer some unique advantage over printed equivalents.  Journals: This includes those available directly through the publisher or an electronic aggregator. Often they will be a combined bibliographic and primary index. these files contain most of the material references. monographs and textbooks. User studies seem to indicate that the technology may not be sufficiently mature and still developments are reported in the e-book world . Full text and primary indexes: Unlike bibliographic indexes. search-ability. So too. Examples include Lexis Nexis and Periodical Abstracts. the expense of technology. interactive multimedia. note-taking and e-mail). Preservation E-books is the natural priority of libraries for preservation. There is a great range of reading devices on the market. different weights and memory/storage capacities. A number of surveys of e-book standards and formats are available in the public domain. Both adobe and Microsoft have been working too produce a more comfortable reading experience by producing software that smoothes out the jagged edges of characters and makes text appear sharper. by desktop access i.e. E-Book Software An ideal screen technology for e-books should display 200-300 pixels per inch before quality matches paper. Representatives of the Open e-Book Forum and the Electronic Book Exchange Working Group have developed a plan to combine the efforts of both organizations. Some can support images and technical materials. While the OEB provides a specification for the content of e-books. Adobe. Microsoft has an equivalent using Clear Type technology. Current e-book devices offer only just offer 100 pixel per inch. the preservation 52 . Onix The Onix (Online Information Exchange) System is now widely adopted as a standard defining how to describe e-books for the book trade. EBX focuses on rights management. It is a technical specification for the copyright protection and distribution of e-books. As information professionals are interested in developing an ideal e-book collection. a personal computer or notebook. Besides the major e-book producers have their own software and they are essential when users go for their publications. Versa ware and others. EBX The Electronic Book Exchange System is supported by the ALA.course. The adobe e-book Reader software features the Cool Type font-technology and two-page layout. There are varying screen sizes. Although there has not been any specific study on the use of these features. Medical databases and document delivery service were successful in medical science libraries. 3. medical science libraries have developed its resources and accepting the challenge of the wave of change in library to be convenient way to deliver medical information to medical professionals. The act of keeping a copy such a back up is not permitted as per copyright and many ways of preserving digital content is not applicable or ebooks. physicians. note-taking. Medical E-journals support the information needs of medical school students.2 Collection plan for Medical E-journals Medical educators. Losing the ebook due to system factors may not lead to get another copy of them. Digital Preservation Coalition. a group of ten organizations committed to the development of a UK digital preservation etc. Smartly. Web access has real value for medical information to medical professional because it is available on desktop computer or on wearable computing devices and many medical professionals carry with them. The global effort to have better preservation of e-books is addressed and discussed by many bodies such as JISC Preservation Strategy. medical researchers and health professionals (Residents). Many aggregators at present offer study tools alongside their e-book material. Medical education is rapidly developing online. Medical E-journals cover various aspects of 53 . It will take time for teachers to work out how to integrate e-books into their teaching and how to exploit the medium’s capabilities.generates more debate. The medical science libraries are being developed as E-library supporting the medical education. librarians and library users have taken full advantage of efficient information delivery made possible through communication tools and electronic formats. Student many also need time to work out how e-books are advantageous. the students in the major. students and researchers as well as health care costumer. Digital content is fragile and prone to have many other problems. such as highlighting. DNER. 1 E-journals from selection to access Christine Burden a . Electronic journals are also acquired for document supply. A formal collection development policy should be formed as under active discussion and should be published for specialist. Where a work is to be acquired 54 . the issue of continuing ownership of electronic material is under review. However. The Library is increasing taking advantage of publisher offers of free or reduced price access to electronic versions where print titles are already held. Andrea Reid a . Selectors use existing curatorial expertise to select suitable resources the traditional policies as to scope content and level and the identification of new electronic resources has become an integral part of selectors’ jobs. in common with many libraries.medical sciences. Most medical E-resources take forms in tires of medical reference sources like abstracts and indexes.2. Richard Bennett b Andrew Braid b and the medical college libraries is currently integrating electronic publications into its general collection strategy. John Sweeney a. 3. The change in emphasis away from acquiring physical material for the collection to licensing access to information is an acknowledged part of the process and is reflected in current expenditure patterns. A wide variety of material is selected (full text. Heavy-used scientific and medical journals for which agreement has been reached with the publisher are often acquired in both formats. It is not currently Library policy to rely on electronic copies for archival purposes. abstracts. bibliographies. patents and images in addition to journals) and free material of value to scholars is also actively identified and publicized to users. databases. With are its limited budget the Library does not duplicate print and electronic versions un less there is a pressing reason. indexes. For reasons of preservation and ownership the library still prefers to acquire print rather than electronic versions where the two are nearly identical. their varying level of information. table of contents service including those with full text of the medical journals. right to male coppice of the item or its parts under normal fair use terms most license permits the such activities if the library does not approach the product clarify the issues before purchase. The renewal is made under existing licorices the existing system draw had as but the choice of library users is above all. It is attention with the allocated budget allotted for acquisition of electronic material. Medical libraries are developing serial registers which will provide a title base database ultimately improving access for users inside the library and remotely by collating under are empty and also for holding information for all formats of a title and indicating where in the library collation the title is held. the Library’s preference is for online access rather than acquisition of CD-ROM if the functionality and content is identical. Title are reviewed each year/ annually before renewal of the journals. This can creates problem regarding licensing as there are publishers not allow the library to use his license other there the particular library or other libraries outside premises. There are number of publishing lewted that individual publishing have choice in selecting which particular terms and conditions agreed and assured the overall content of the agreement. There are multistic networking course problems. The need for license of medical colleges is different from other libraries for e-material acquired in library. Many medical college libraries has setup their access database to provide additional in house information on the range of the format available (i) license conditions (2) relation ship to exhausting holdings (3) cost and (4) access requirement.e.in electronic format. Its refection is world wide and on several sites and its range of document delivery services offered worldwide where electronic products are used the user should be able to access them under the same condition that apply to print media i. libraries home 55 . There are medical college libraries keen to use document delivery service. Medical service library acquire electronic material either direct by from the publishers or through the vender. Most are normally like to use copying the product. The users reword is measured by the use of electronic access workstation as well as comments and requests received. and by web page for online titles. The terms of license are offered to medical college libraries suitable to the users to access online journals. This collection is placed on library wide network but some license specify the networking based on geographical sites only. Publisher’s licenses are often dramas up with academic libraries references to staff and students.corporate nature and its collection is shared between possible sites. Access is by icons grouped into subject menus for CD-ROMs. by alphabetical and subject lists. The Library has also developed an extensive dual use e-journals system following negonations with publishers to allow both reading room use and remote document supply. In general e-journals are not at present listed in the library’s OPAC although this process has begun with certain medical sources titles. In medical college libraries e-journals are not listed in library OPAC although in process has been begin with certain medical science titles. Sometimes negotiates are necessary to ensure multisided networking is permitted. Many of the e-journals are made available to readers by licensing access to collections such as JSTOR. And a clarification is necessary to ensure to cover the library operations. Printed leaflets list many of the titles available in individual reading rooms and details are also available on the website. (For full details see under Document supply below) Information Service & Use 29(2009) 133-141 56 . Project Muse or Emerald. ESTAR (the Electronic Storage and Retrieval System) makes use of the Science Server search interface which allows reading room users to search and browse through the full text. The library provides a range of workstation offering access to CD/DVD ROM and web based resources. The continuing increasing efforts the libraries are preparing a significant increase directed to acquisition of electronic titles. 1 Issues confronting libraries (a) Shrinking budgets. obsolete. individual library’s book collection will become. but threatens to intensify it exponentially: when the proposed settlement between Google and authors is approved (as it almost inevitably will. has not merely exacerbated the problem. The Google Books program.4. and more ubiquitous as WiFi. and search engines have increased in sophistication. the money required to absorb massive e-journal price increases have been taken from book budgets.but it does not matter at all to the future of libraries. and those budgets are now under exceptionally severe pressure. following some refinement). Its relevance to the print-to-online transition.3Librarians and publishers 4. for many purpose. (b) Emerging alternatives to traditional library services Libraries have now been struggling for nearly years to complete with the convenience and richness of free online resources. Those resources have only become richer.3233/ISU-2010-0605 IOS Press 3. however. What matters to the future of libraries is whether our patrons believe that they are a good substitute for 57 . It may ultimately matter very much to the common good whether these alternatives are inferior or superior or superior to library services. more convenient.DOT 10. rising prices The “ serials pricing crisis” is old news: its parameters are familiar to all and need not be belabored here. is significant: in past year. And none of this is to mention Wikipedia which has become (for better or for worse world’s preferred sources for answers to ready-reference questions.equipped laptop computers and notebooks have gained market share. which already makes it possible for anyone to search the full text of many millions of books from the world’s top research libraries and to read or print many of them. smart phones have become more and more popular and function-rich. This paradox arises in part from the Big.library services. many libraries are nevertheless making quantum leaps in the amount of content they are now able to offer their patrons. Thus. the quantity of available information continues to grow. which is itself made feasible by the economies of scale publishers can only realize in the online realm. Which make it possible to buy far more content than can easily be cared for by a staff that is scaled to the more modest requirements of print management? While prices are rising at manifestly unsustainable rates. And which makes it possible for libraries to add enormous amounts of new content at marginally tiny price increases. the management of online resources remains an enormous challenge in libraries. the actual amount of money spent still increases. (e) Inertia of traditional practice 58 . studies. but will inevitably lead funding agencies to question the cost/benefit balance of support for traditional library structures and services. None of this addresses the additional management burdens placed on remaining staff members when budget cuts lead to layoffs. The real-world problem is that while the price increase may be tiny in professional terms and inevitably result in a massive decrease in per-article cost.) These alternatives not only divert patrons increasingly scare time and attention from library resources. and continues to increase at an invariably unsustainable rate. and those tasked with managing e-resources are stuck between the rock of content growth and the hard place of shrinking staff. which are not discrete information products so much as ongoing services comprised of hugely various component parts. training programs and standards. (And the fact in many cases they really are. even as budgets tighten. (d) E-resource management Despite a constant proliferation of tools. Even an artificially imposed inflation cap of 4% or 5% will outstrip most libraries budget increases from year to year. and party from the economics of online information. The challenges lie partly in the complexity of online resources. “Demonstrating value” does not mean repeating the old pieties that characterize the library as the “heart of campus” or a “cornerstone of democracy” –such talk or merely an assertion of value. In order to compete effectively in a drastically straitened budget 59 . In most cases. While libraries are often politically progressive. despite recognizing intellectually the radically different environment in which we now work and our patrons completely different expectations and work patterns. and continues to make it so. All of us talk about the necessity of rethinking traditional practices and perhaps even leaving old ones behind entirely but few of us have the courage actually to stop doing things that have seemed essential for so long. (e) Demonstrating value As of this writing the United States economy appears to be starting slowly to recover from a disastrous 2009. funding for the period that began in that year was cut significantly and many are expecting further cuts for the following year. new tasks have simply been added on top of old ones: serials clerks still manage traditional check-in and subscription management duties while also fixing ejournal access problems: collection development departments negotiate license agreements while still managing approval plans. for many (if not most) research libraries. However.In this environment. the need for libraries to demonstrate their value becomes increasingly urgent. acquisitions staff order and receive print books while also setting up access to e-book packages.Despite the fact that the research library has changed in truly radical ways over the past twenty years. as a profession we are exceptionally reactionary. and the fact those changes have led to a large array of new and unprecedented tasks and responsibilities for library staff. It is a rare library that has actually redirected staff time in a wholesale way from old duties to new ones.and it is no one’s fault but our own. and tend to respond with hysterical touchiness to any suggestion that our traditional practices and standards may be outmoded this fact has made our transition into the new information realm bitterly difficult. Even quantifiable value-classroom refurbishments.4. The difficult y in doing so is tremendous it is very easy to count circulations. Many are doing so. But for books that are used primarily as searchable databases rather than for extended reading – and make no mistake. this describes most of the use of the 60 . and other service provides feel they have a stake in the survival of the traditional library. book publishers have been slower to move into the online environment. Libraries do not have to survive the current storm. or managed by IT departments. or handled by clerks rather than Librarians.for better or for worse. It is in their interest to work cooperatively with libraries to build sustainable acquisition and management models and to help them demonstrate the value of their services. in ways both obvious and innovative. in research libraries at least. The challengers enumerated above are serious. For a variety of reasons. but in a steadily worsening budget environment administrator have no choice but to become more and more amenable to less-thanideal solution. at least not in a form that most librarians recognize. much of what most stakeholders want their libraries to do could.libraries must be able to point to concrete outputs that benefit their constituencies in significant and measurable ways. To the degree that publishers. especially journal publishers. recognize this and made dramatic moves in this direction long ago. vendors. (a) Moving content online It should go without saying that. 3. it is almost always better to provide content online whenever possible.environment with campus project that provide clearly demonstrable. The outcome of such radical changes might not be ideal. But very difficult to measure the actual impact of circulation on patrons. staffing for grants administration. Role of Publishers and Venders. laboratory upgrades. Most publishers.be outsourced. and in the case of some libraries may actually be existential. and from anywhere in the world can make a powerful value argument to their funding authorities. Publishers and vendors help libraries to the degree that they offer products that can be used without special training. for reasons discussion of which is beyond the scope of this article. that do not require the download and installation of third-party application. in a fullysearchable format. (The deeper reality is more complex than this. (d)Providing sustainable Open Access models and opinions Open Access models help libraries in an obvious and direct way by providing content to them free of charge. (c) Providing content and services in an intuitive and user-friendly way A research product that is awkward or difficult to use offers little real value. and that work sea messily with link resolves. However. regardless of the relevance. (b) Offering flexible pricing and pricing structures It also goes without saying that publishers who raise prices relentlessly at annual rates that completely outstrip increases in budget allocations are setting themselves – and their library customers. Many do so regardless.majority of their collections available to patrons around the clock. Vendors that understand this both make life easier for their customers and make it easier for libraries to demonstrate value.) Indirectly. that do not place unnecessary restrictions on remote access. working in a spirit of cooperation with both individual libraries and consortia to build ongoing pricing models that are more sustainable in the long run. others are responding more sensitively to the current fiscal crisis. When it comes to interfaces and end-user functionality. what count greatly are ease of use and quality of content. of course. timeliness or quality of its content. but that too is a topic for a separate discussion. innovation counts for very little. they help libraries help their institutions by easing the way to the establishment and 61 . and their library customers patrons – up for ultimate disappointment. In the past. To the degree that publishers and vendors engage (or fail to engage ) in the following practices. Almost invariably. and no one – least of all library users – is happy about it. (e) Failing to respond to funding crises with reasonable price flexibility The “ serials crisis” about which librarians have been warning for decades |7| was always inevitable. many publishers have been able to console themselves (however irrationally ) by ignoring projections and looking instead at a solid history of sustained demand. But libraries do not typically cancel journal subscriptions because they see that at current inflation rates. usually. but its arrival has been hastened greatly by the global economic meltdown. and thus more viable – and therefore a more reliable and stable customer to publishers. These are functions that arguably make the library more critical to its host institution’s mission. publishers have ignored them.population of local repositories. they will not be able to afford the journal in ten years: instead. they hold into their subscriptions for as long as they can. on library patrons as well – tends to be negative. there are publishers and vendors who (whether actively or passively ) make it more difficult for libraries to do so. In addition to those who actively work to help libraries address the challengers that face them in the current environment. their impact on the library sector – and therefore. Now the cancellations are happening. while warning publishers that such cancellations are inevitable. 62 . and more will happen next year. when faced with trend lines indicating an inexorable crash course between inflation rates and funding patterns. but also in showcasing local scholars accomplishments and making both final documents and data sets available for data mining and repurposing by others. Institutional repositories play an increasingly important role not only in archiving the organizations scholarly products. Researchers are poorly served by formats that are not searchable. The active approach will require energy. To the degree that scholarly and professional book publishers depend on research library sales. Some express this opinion openly: others resist more passively. even more exciting. they need to have an online strategy – and not as an after through. To anticipate (with demonstrably limited success and at great expense) the desires of patrons are ripe for questioning. Print-on-demand services are. Again. but it is a terrible format for research. Ink on paper is still (for now) the “killer app” for extended reading. no less so for the fact that they represent a partial reversion to the traditional print environment. many situations where that kind of searching is not only impossible but actually ill-advised.(f) Being unwilling to offer content online Hard as it may be to imagine there are scholarly publishers who remain convinced that their future will be largely or even entirely print-based. (g) How are libraries’ and vendors’ role changing – and how should they change? Libraries. it is important to remember that there are two general ways in which books are used: for extended reading and for interrogation. and are frankly difficult to defend. publishers and vendors do not have the option of continuing with business as usual – business as usual no longer exists. if anything. Until very 63 . and there are many. Some publishers are shocked to hear from librarians that their offerings would be welcome in online for mats: others simply refuse to believe that such is the case. There is no way to search the full text of a printed book without reading it entirely. vision and a higher tolerance for risk either librarians or publishers have historically been willing to develop. We do have a choice between actively participating in the definition of our future roles and waiting for others to define them for us. Five recent or current developments in particular require urgent attention on the part of all participants in the scholarly information chain. and libraries utilized it primarily as a delivery mechanism for journal articles. changes are good that most of your subscribers will continue. 3. the need to reinvent their services in a more fundamental way becomes much clearer. and still others out of either skepticism or fear about the future. The problem with such reluctance is not that it reflect an old-fashioned mindset. Once publishers come to terms with that reality. but real-time printing of books was not yet a widely distributed service. Publishers had begun exploring on-demand printing of backlist titles. not the purely artificial designations of volume and issue number. others because they are very old and conservative companies. in the online environment the idea of a journal issue no longer makes sense – why bundle articles together when they could be published individually as soon as they are ready? What matter are the journal brand and the date of publication. Many have been at least partially protected from the consequences of their recalcitrance by the cushion of monopoly: if you publish the core journal in theoretical physics and choose to continue publishing in print rather online. patron-driven acquisition of print materials was practically possible only for relatively brief documents. to buy the print.recently. 64 .5 Change to E-print Libraries have been slow and reluctant to recognize a radically changed information environment and adapt themselves to it: publishers. With the emergence of the Express Book Machine. if unhappy. but rather that it ignores the obvious fact that print is a poor delivery mechanism for scholarly articles. the game changed suddenly and fundamentally. For example. as a whole have been just as recalcitrant – some because they are publicly traded and therefore have shareholders who are likely to raise eyebrows at too much risk-tasking. There are three possible factors contributing to this: (1) despite increasing emphasis of theoretical concepts in nursing (e. criticism of the library’s resources must be regarded seriously if the library is to continue to make an impact on its present readership and attract further clientele.3. 3.6 Medical S. It may be that: 1. There is a lack of concern with library use as a feature of the nursing profession. trainee nurses hardly enter the library. Comments such as ‘my job is practical’ and ‘there are books available on the wards’ themselves. For a large number of nurses use of the library was simply ‘not necessary’ or ‘inconvenient’. The library should launch a special publicity exercise in relation to the importance of current information to nurses. a matter which would require corroboration with evidence from other studies and should be raised with nurse educators. (2) the School of Nursing has its own library which is off the hospital site but is convenient when attending the School for lectures. 65 . (3) first year pupil nurses are not permitted to borrow books and this initial bar may have a more permanent effect on subsequent years. training is mainly practical. This was reflected in their poor response rate to the questionnaire.g. the nursing process).C. Users The nurses are the only professional group in the hospital to underused the library. 2. Level of resources Whistle it is recognized that no library can cater for all demands single-handed. The surveys have highlighted a problem area which requires further exploration. The library is failing to provide sufficient stock of interest and relevance to trained and trainee nurses. In market contrast to the other student groups. 55% of respondents were contents with the book collection but 37% expressed dissatisfaction with it.7 Resource-sharing The library holds the University’s periodicals list but. Again the regular staff users of the second survey were the most dissatisfied group. 68% indicated satisfaction with the collection and 25% registered some dissatisfaction. In a sense the above findings act as a back-handed compliment to the Library. Financial cutbacks applied to the value of a good and appreciated service. They are the most familiar with the collection and are likely to make the most extensive demands on it. the Lack of up-to-date editions and the limited material available in any one subject. as with books. The dissatisfaction with the book stock covered all subject. the intensity of library use is likely to decline. use them intensively and as a first and often last resort. As yet there is no union list of periodicals held by the various hospital libraries in the North Western Region but it is hoped to begin this project soon. The students in both surveys were better satisfied with the book collection than the staff. If budgetary considerations prevent the library from responding to its critics. The problem is that of the multi-disciplinary hospital library balancing a tight rope between its user’s needs and the funds made available to it. The book stock could clearly benefit from expansion and updating. people must make their own arrangements to obtain a title from the University Library. They indicate that the library has built up a large body of users of a familiar with library resources. Student tend to work with standard texts and therefore make more limited demands on stock.The importance and usefulness of the journal collection were reiterated throughout the surveys. There were complaints about the number of copies of books available for loans. 3. The majorities of dissatisfied users were staff from the second survey who are research based or with specialist interests and expect to travel to the University Library to obtain journal articles. although without 66 . The problem of maintaining access to an adequate book and journal collection for the majority of users as well as catering for minority but important interests. The amount of time people spend on research. doctors. but the latter form a higher proportion of core users in relation to their total number in the population.P. Having checked local holdings as far as possible. It would give the impetus and direction needed for new schemes such as the development of a co-operative cataloguing network. Such a network would provide the forum for the exchange of materials. Within the general population of library users. resource sharing network of libraries in the U. the staff at WHML send off 30 requests for loans to the British Library Lending Division each week (the number is determined by the cost of the loan vouchers). making photocopies and occasional viewing of tape/slide programmed. It is clear from the above resume that resource sharing in the medical colleges is poorly developed. highlights the urgency of developing a professionally managed. There is no union catalogue of books held in the Region (an enormous project) and so there is virtually no interblending of books.the sanction of a regional library system. The students use the library for its collection of text books. A formal regional network would serve to maximize and exploit existing resources to the full with a careful and professional watch being kept on financial exigencies. Over all there are more staff users of medical colleges than student users. 67 . ideas and the further education of library staff. research and teaching staff and medical students make heaviest use of the library. teaching or study was found to be a better indicator of regular library use than time spent on clinical practice. laboratory work or administration. as a quiet place in which to study. WHML has the individual periodicals lists of hospitals in the Region and can obtain photocopies of articles on a reciprocal basis. they are only group to use Current Contents or attempt the complexities of Science Citation Index (a new acquisition to the library). etc) but may supplement this source with Index Medicos. It would seem that withdraw wing the facility to borrow a journal part would cause little hardship to readers and reduce the problem of missing issues. They are more adept at literature searching in general and more adventurous in their approach. Most library users make do with hearing of references by world of mouth (recommendations. Indeed Index Medicos is the only secondary source of reference which is used by the general readership. their familiarity with its resources and their readiness to go further a field for information. Borrowing books from the library and photocopying a journal article in the library are rated extremely highly by the readers. The facility to borrow journal parts (back issues only) from the library is not particularly well used or valued as most people seem happy to read the article in the library or take a photocopy away with them. 68 . As a group they make best use of the range of secondary literature sources available in the library. The questionnaire listed the major services provided by the library and asked respondents to indicate their level of interest in them (important/useful/not much use/nonuse) and how often they use the service (frequently/sometimes/rarely/never). Consulting books and journals in the library is of prime importance to all readers and constitutes the raison d’etre of the library. For example. This is shown by the intensity with which they use the library. Access to current journal issues and back issues is of equal importance to staff readers.The core group of staff users with their heavier emphasis on research and teaching pursuits are the most sophisticated group of library users. The students are more book-orientated than the staff both in terms of looking at books in the library and borrowing them. Demand is likely to grow as these teaching aids develop in medicine with implications for the equipment budget. This is to be expected when time is short and people have pressing commitments. Respondents were questioned on the importance to them of receiving guidance from library staff. It may be that some form of charge should be levied on reader requesting British Library loans to provide a better service. with the core group of library users the most self-sufficient in the library. especially students regard it as important or useful. The use of Index Medicos as an integral part of a medical library is welldocumented throughout the survey. Many request assistance from time to time but not regularly. The limited number of loans applied for each week imposes waiting times of up to six weeks on users. staff and students. Some interest was shown in library staff giving instruction on the use of Index Medicos. The interlibrary loans service is used intensively by a minority of core library users (21% of second survey staff use it frequently and 51% regard it as important) and occasionally by a wide selection of library users. There is no doubt that the present system requires development within the context of a regional network of interblending.The library possesses a small collection of tape/slide programmed for viewing in the library. These are a minority student interest. further research is required to gauge the full significance of the problem. Access to Index Medicos is regarded as important by the majority of users. Although some adverse comments were made about waiting times. It is used less frequently than might be expected from the high value placed on it (22% of the population use it frequently and 27% use it sometimes). noise level and the availability of space in the library. Within the constraints of the present system the library staff find that the service is used to the full. although titles hired from Audiovisual Library do arouse some wider interest in the hospital. This question might have provided an opportunity for people to express criticism of library staff but 69 . Most people (78%). In conclusion. The library staff give each new reader registering with the library a printed leaflet detailing library services and this seems to suit most purposes. The library staff provides session on the use of Index Medicos for the physiotherapy students. Organized programmers of library instructions are labor-intensive activities which require flair and organization. programmed of instruction in library use alongside an informal. Medical students with their long-term interest in libraries would benefit from such instruction as long it as carefully planned in relation to study and exams commitments. Publicity of library services and library instruction go hand in hand to the extent that they introduce people to the library and make their use of facilities more effective. helpful approach on the part of library staff are areas for further investigation. The layout of the journal collection is a problem for some. at least initially. The present system of handouts met with approval. Concern was expressed about the mechanical aspects of the audio-visual equipment and the photocopier and perhaps better guiding could be employed. The whole process could have a ‘snowball effect’ especially among the 70 . People expressed interest in particular forms of library instruction such as how to use Index Medicos or Science Citation Index rather than more general approaches such as guided tours.none was forthcoming! Answers to another question on useful ways of introducing people to the library indicated that guidance could be initiated by the library staff rather than the latter waiting to be approached by readers. This might require the more detailed and personalized attention of a reference librarian or information officer. although the library is not big and there is a plan on the notice board. Some people would like more direction in finding books and articles on their subject. This works well as the physiotherapy students and their tutors are confident in their handling of Index Medicos and the interlibrary loans system. Although value placed on all services out weights actual use made of them. any Comparators and the intended Outcomes.6They visit the library for a variety of purposes and all the services are appreciated to a greater or lesser degree. Ideally evaluation would look at how a clinical librarian service performed in relation to a ‘typical’ population of clinician. Potentially any clinical team is a potential beneficiary from such a service. 18% of users claimed to be disturbed by noise in the library. Typically however. whether around the photocopier. Library users require a ‘multi-functional library’ . Some element of selection bias( a senior manager may nominate a particular team as likely to benefit from the service) or volunteer bias is likely to be present. I found it helpful to revisit the PICO structure commonly used within evidence based practice. In examining the effectives of a clinical librarian programmed we can identify potential challenges within each of these four elements as well as within the overarching framework of evaluation. at the counter or sitting at the tables is the main source of irritation and the library staff must be vigilant in this regard. This requires that you define a question relating to the effectiveness of an intervention itself. Talking. The nature of 71 . an important consideration when financial cutbacks loom large.8 clerical Librarian: In organizing my thoughts around the challenge to evaluation faced by clinical librarianship. this only reflect on the commitment of busy people unable to devote as much time as they might wish to keeping up to date with the literature of their subject.group who under use the library. The library is highly valued as a quiet place in which to work. 3. Such positives action should serve to enhance the image of the library. the team selected for participation in such a service is not selected at random and so dues not represent clinicians in general. e. you would not choose to create an immediate threat to the efficient use of resources by recruiting a dysfunctional team with little prospect of improvement. how many hours a clinical librarian is able to assign to their role and the amount of direct contact time they have with the clinical team) and with the ‘site of administration (i. It is salutary to observe that the factors that make a particular team attractive to select for participation ( good pre-existing relationships with the library the charisma of a medical leader or the collective enthusiasm of the team) are the same ones most likely to lead to a successful evaluation. How do we define a medical librarian? Although the recent review identifies four main configurations3 the literature records an almost limitless variety of models ranging from those that support guidance creation to those providing on demand answers to individual clinical questions.the effectiveness of the service itself or the project team’s skills in identifying the population most likely to benefit from extra attention and human resources? Next we should examine the characteristics of the Intervention. Some clinical librarians deliver information skills training. in a case conference or in the 72 . What indeed are we evaluating.pilot studies or innovation means that you would not choose to select a team that was already practicing optimal clinical knowledge management. Furthermore if we use the analogy of drug interventions we have significant variation in dosage (i. Further-more. By constraining the evaluation framework in this way you seek to ensure a potentially demonstrable margin for improvement removed from the prospect of outright failure.e. to a clinician who decides to evaluate a drug and only prescribes it to those most likely to get better and certainly not to those whose chances of recovery are slim. Such a scenario is analogue. others supply lists of references or even full text articles. whether interactions take place at a ward round. In some cases clinicians select and appraise their own evidence in others the medical librarian selects and interprets the evidence for them. the holy grail if you like. The most common comparisons encountered in the literature are against the effects of a standard service or of no service at all. Clearly it is not sufficient to look simply at measures of clinician satisfaction. indeed positively encourage. Critical incident techniques which ask for examples of the successful use of information in clinical decision-making are vulnerable to. Similar complexities exit when it comes to defining Comparators. some will argue that a narrow focus on patient-related 73 . did not address the question or did not arrive in time? The true measure of success in a clinical decision-making context. selection bias. was in an unusable format. Furthermore. and not unexpectedly.Asking whether a medical librarian role is effective might be likened to asking ‘do patient get better after visiting a dispending chemist?’ – to which the unsatisfactory answer may be ‘most do. the trend will be reassuringly.library). At I have previously remarked satisfaction is meaningless if you are unable to measure people prior expectations. is surely improved patient care? The fact that we continually resort to name-checking the same handful of studies evaluating such outcomes says much about the limitations of the evidence base. but other die!’. for the first few months of a service at least. upwards. Just as a pharmaceutical company might select a comparison drug of limited efficacy to compete head-to-head with their new ‘wonder drug’ so too a clinical librarian service typically operates in ‘parts where other services cannot reach’. 7 High expectations are notoriously difficult to satisfy while for a service that is consistently met with low expectations the only way is up! Surrogate outcomes such as the number of clinical decisions for which information has been supplied by a clinical librarian are difficult to interpret and. I suspect few of us would be satisfied with the ringing endorsement ‘well at least you are better than nothing!’ Finally we shall consider Outcomes. What are we to make of a possible dozen of uncaptured instances where the information was unhelpful. Launching such a service. including those that are difficult both to articulate and quantify?” Beyond the narrow evaluation framework encouraged by the PICO formulation we encourager a range of their complexities. I have previously refused to the ‘myth of the hero innovator’. I succumb to the temptation to describe their services as a ‘placebo’! It is clear too that elements of cost should be factored into the equation with a ‘librarian on call’ at team meeting 74 . Colleagues across the globe will rise as one to protest should. Certainly claries kept by clinical librarians demonstrate that a large proportion of their time involves activities that have less obvious and tangible benefits.information episodes does scant justice to the potentially wider impact of a clinical librarian intervention. Are we in danger of simply evaluation whether extrovert librarians have more impact upon other human beings than those who are more introverted or reticent? Furthermore a new information initiative is potentially exciting and a recently appointed clinical librarian may easily sustain their energies and enthusiasm over the short term covered by a project time-frame. So returning to our PICO formulation what do we have? “In a self-selecting or deliberately skewed population of clinicians is a range of activities loosely grouped together under the label of ‘clinical librarian’ better than doing nothing when measured across a selection of favorable and non-objective outcome measures. is quite different from having to maintain such an impetus year after year within an ongoing service. What are we to make of the effect of the medical librarian’s personal characteristics as a feature of the intervention? Certainly there is some reason to believe that librarians who are more extroverts are more likely to gravitate to clinical librarians posts. like an oasis in an information desert. How good does a clinical librarian service have to be in order to be worth continuing? Certainly we have little data on the effectiveness of ‘traditional’ library based services against which to benchmark any medical librarian effects. and moving on to an exploratory and then a definitive evaluation. but perhaps ultimately inconclusive.or ward rounds being more limited in opportunities to fill any ‘downtime’ productively than one who remains with the library environs. then to test them using a carefully phased approach.8.e. The results should be disseminated as widely and persuasive very as possible. evaluations for the wider evidence base and providing a powerful and yet selective rhetoric to justify continuation of a service.’ Best practice is to develop interventions systematically. This last point reminds us to an inherent tension between generating rigorous. If we chose instead to adopt a risk minimization framework (i. or at least hold their own. I am reminded that one of the most favorable comparisons have used for a clinical librarian evaluation was of the cost of time spent searching the literature by a librarian compared with that by a consultant. within this wider domain of complex service evaluation? The cynic in me maintains that in the unlikely eventuality of an 75 . with further research to assist and monitor the process of implementation.)’ Will we witness the development of a new generation of evaluation methods that can compete. starting with a series of pilot studies targeted at each of the key uncertainties in the design.(p.then a clinical librarian post would be much easier to justify both politically and economically. Of course all the above assumes that our frame for evaluation is limited to ‘internal’ comparison between the clinical librarian’s role and different variants of health library services. This provides a notable tension whereby the reputation of an evaluator relies on their objectivity and rigor and yet their repeated employment on local evaluation project depends upon the success of their evaluation in securing the prolonged lifespan of both service and post-holder. Frequently evaluation teams are implicitly asked to operate more as consultants than researchers. using the best available evidence and appropriate theory. factored around the cost of ‘missing’ information and its likely adverse effects). the battle to demonstrate the value of our services to the wider community will already have been well and truly won: 76 .evaluation team securing the substantial funds required for such a rigorous and robust evaluation of a library-associated service. ” Medical Ref.” Washington D.33.C: spare Pub. Hemninger.of Acad. and Clemmons. Saudra (2008). A study of user perception. “Digital Reference Service: Trends in academic health science Libraries.M.29-59.vol.pp.pp.vol. Soe.2007. (2007). liv(2006).24.2005.1.24.4-13. Introduction to reference sources in the health sciences. “Print.vol.42.H. Adefinitional approach. Dec.” Inf.pp..26. “The growth of Electronic journals in libraries.4. Ref: service Qrly.3. “Exploring the future of academic libraries. New York: Neal Sehuman.35.2008.Inf.A. 77 . “serial spoken here.” Sciences & Technology Libraries.2007. Wood. W. Johuson. preferences and use.2008. Health a head in the print to electronic transmittal Zone.pp. Caandra (2007).” Information seeking behavior of academic scientists. “Shifting from print to electronic journals in ARL University libraries.M.14. Lyman (2009).2009.2005.vs-electronic resources.296-298.Raym (2006).vol. Miscro.3.pp. 2006.M. Senneyey. Prabha. Cheryl (2005).Libnship.pp. Zirning.C: Asso of Res.vol. Richard K.Se.1. (2007.&Tech.” Jrl. Lib.” Serial Rev.” serial review. and Luther. De sha zo. “Introduction to Health science librarianship. Nancy W.pp. Jo Anne (2008).References: Clerumous.ofAwer.19-27. Crow. service Qrly.2009. Huber. and Lu.58.vol.” Washington D. Susan L (2005) “Five years later: Medical reference in 21st century.1.” Med. kristira (2009).35.2205-2225. Vol.” New york: Routledse. The E-only tipping point of journals. Processing and might. and Norman.vol. Jeffrey. “Publishing cooperation: An alternation for society publisher.583-592.2006. B. Pongrez and Rass. and Broovman. Judy (2007).D.” Tre.pp252-259.2007.1-18.2007. Gerard M. Vakkari.2001.sc.[http:// information R.D. web May 6.B. 2009. Mur head.vol.131-142.pp.no.Nicolas.pp. “searching for electronic journal articles to support academic tasks. “E-journals: their use . Research vol.2009] Blair. University of Edinburgh.” Jrl.html] [may18.pp.S. Gordon.p.vol.123-135.”London. “Presentation skills “in Barrie management skills.of Inf. Rin|UCL.33.(2006).25.12.P.se.2010.4. and Talja.1993.2009.” Jre.RTN.2006.36. 2.net\in\12-1/paper 285. (1993). “Research’s E-journal use and information seeking behavior.D.Sc.98-101. strung the and value: a review article.(2009).vol. “Ethic.of Librship paud Inf.and William (2010). 78 .3.value and impact.1. “The role of the systems libraries in libraries in G. chaeme A. Moran (2001. (2009.” Inf.286.of Librarianship and Inf.” Jre. Traditionally the most used services involved diagnosis and treatment. However. people now seek these services more often. injury. Disease prevention is closely related to health promotion. and rehabilitation after illness. and a demanding health consumer taking an active role in healthcare decisions. such as managed care and other variations in access to healthcare. outcomes and satisfaction. predates civilization. and health promotion. disability. Modern medicine now also focuses on diseases prevention. probably before the medicine men of primitive tribes. as evidence by animals expressing attention 79 . These services are provide in a variety of ways and settings. Actually. disease prevention. and follow a healthy lifestyle. and health. evidence-based medicine. The aim is to promote un understanding of the risk of disease. The healthcare system is primarily final Medical Health. maintain optimal function. Health promotion services are deigned to help clients reduce the risk of illness.Chapter 4 Library Services Today medical is being reshaped by a number of elements. complementary and alternative methods of care. Networking and advancing electronic communication technology of services: diagnosis and treatment. costs. Usually people waited until they were ill to seek medical attention. Modern medicine promotes health literacy and behavior modification in order to eliminate the risks. of some sort. health concerns are not limited to humans. and health promotion. These advances have also increased the complexity and cost of healthcare. concerns with patient safety. rehabilitation. because recent technologic advances have greatly improved the capacity of the healthcare system to diagnose and treat illness. team a approach is becoming the norm. A team approach to healthcare means that health professionals. Now health care teams consist not only of physicians but also nurses. Today medical health system. The phenomenon of patients interacting with a single physician. mechanism for fighting diseases and repairing damaged cells. ritual. ies are making health information available to all sectors of society. therapists. nature has built into all living things. Ancient Greek medicine formed the information for modern Western medicine. medical health insurers. specialists. the invocation of supernatural powers and the use of magic potions had faded (although remnants still exist in the modern world).and sorrow to member their own species. These mechanism are a part of survival instinct. and a system-based. post genomic medical ethics. social counselors. and other healthcare providers. At a more fundamental level. In the early records from antiquity it appears that caregivers used a combination of superstition. for example. and it has always created societal issues that continually need to be addressed. that suffer from sickness or die. is a complex structure “ composed of multiple types of facilities. religion. and present day forces are reshaping traditional medical practice. We discuss some of these societal issues in this book. and lawyers. Since the beginning of the human race healthcare has been an integral part of life itself.. The twentieth century brought rapid changes in medical theory and practice. Medical Health has always been an integral part of society. and security. both plants and animals. and medicine began to be based on rational scientific methods. especially mates and offspring. in the United States and elsewhere. sub specialists. consumers. the government. privacy. and real medicine (Abdilhak er al. 2007). 80 . has given way to patients interacting with many physicians. and communities work together to improve care and clinical outcomes. At the same time these changes are bringing many concerns regarding. usually over a long period of time. By the time of the ancient Greeks. The healthcare system is a complex maze of subsystems. private means of either personal funds of health insurance plans. governments. improved services by furnishing funds for programs it wants to see developed and/or expanded. and support staff and receive a salary. preferring to develop new.2. a new type of physician has emerged: the “hospitalist” or inpatient specialist. where they maintain an office. sometimes overlapping. technical support personnel. and numerous staff at all levels.1 Service takers Hospital In recent years. These physicians are employed full time by a hospital. where information is needed. 4. It consists of a broad range of professionals. pharmaceutical and medical equipment manufacturers. equipment. including networking and advanced communication infrastructures.providers. Health information is based on an understanding of how the healthcare system is structured. 81 . payers. connected through people and technology. existing in a complex system of therapeutic. They generally come from the ranks of internal medicine. remedial. and preventive models. driven by information technology. Healthcare services are provided by hospitals. The federal government provides very few direct health services. and regulators as well as consumers who are demanding more and better health care. the federal government has no authority to provide direct. 4.2 4. volunteer agencies. clinics.1 Types of Services Many types of healthcare facilities and services are available to the population. With some exceptions. The healthcare system offers four broad types ced through nongovernmental. and the nature of the needed information.” The modern paradigm is system structured and managed. and private insurance companies. independent healthcare professionals. 2. Biomedical engineering is different from health informatics in that the biomedical engineer is basically concerned with machines and devices. there is the potential for lack of communication between the inpatient physician and the patient’s primary care provider. The advantage of this type of service is that patient care is immediately and consistently coordinated throughout the patient’s hospital stay.2.3 Chiropractors 82 . Proponents of the hospitalist model believe that it also improves quality of care and saves costs. 4. The distinguishing characteristic of hospitalist is that their primary focus is the general medical care of patients in a hospital. 4. More jobs are currently available in this area than in any other area of internal medicine. biomedical engineers develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems. In addition. The downside is that some patients don’t like being assigned a new physician during a critical time in their healthcare. and medical scientists. There have always been physicians who focused on inpatients. Their basic activities are patient care. together with life scientists. on the engineering aspects of the biological systems of humans and animals.It should be made clear that a hospitalist is a physician.2 Biomedical Engineers By combining biology and medicine with engineering. but in the past decade the number of doctors practicing as hospitalist has increased dramatically. but they also teach and do research. Many conduct research. all of which is related to hospital medicine. chemists. candidates must complete a program at a dental school accredited by the American Dental Association and pass an examination.Chiropractors diagnose and treat patients whose health problems involve the body’s muscular.2.5 Dentists Dentists diagnose and treat tooth and oral tissue problems. although more states are now requiring a full four years. especially the spine. They analyze body fluids. The basic education requirement for a medical or clinical laboratory technologist is a bachelor’s degree in medical technology or in one of the life sciences. Graduates receive a Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) or a Doctor of Dental Medicine (DDM). orthopedics) through postdoctoral training. Most states require at least two years of undergraduate education to enter a chiropractic program. Candidates must pass written and 83 . The education program is heavy in science and laboratory technical skills. rehabilitation. The chiropractic approach to healthcare is holistic. To be licensed as a dentist. An alternative is a program that combines course work. They also perform corrective surgery on gums and supporting bones to treat gum diseases. In addition.2. stressing the patient’s overall health and wellness. and onthe-job experience. All states require a Doctor of Chiropractic degree from an accredited four-year program. tissues. Dental school programs are usually four years long and consists of courses in the basic sciences and a clinical part in which students treat patients while under the supervision of licensed dentists.4 Clinical Laboratory Technologists Clinical laboratory technologists play a crucial role in the detection.g. and cells. specialized training. 4. most states require a four-part examination in order to be licensed. nervous. diagnosis.. and skeletal systems. Some chiropractic colleges offer specializations (e. 4. and treatment of disease. sports injuries. g. The written portion may be taken from the National Board Dental Examinations or from the a state dental board. the NP candidate must obtain a master’s degree and receive training in the diagnosis and management of common medical conditions.6 Nurse Practitioners A nurse practitioner (NP) is a special type of registered nurse who maintains a close relationship with physicians in patient care. After becoming a registered nurse. The training provides informationists with a unique perspective on the acquisition ursue postgraduate training that focuses on health informatics. NPs can also apply the national certification from the American nursing Association or other professional nursing boards such as the American Academy of nurse Practitioners. 4. Health Informationists The National Library of Medicine defines informationists as information specialists who have received graduate training and practical experience that provides them with a disciplinary background both in medical or biological sciences and in information sciences/informatics. NPs focus on individualized care. The state boards of nursing regulate NPs. hospitals..2. and sometimes serving as a patient’s regular healthcare provider. and nursing homes.2. Some NPs conduct research and are involved in patient advocacy. Postgraduate programs are available for those who want to specialize (e. community health centers.practical examinations. including some generally given by the physicians. home care agencies.7 Paramedics 84 . and each state has its own likening criteria. hospice centers. including physician offices. cosmetic dentistry). and the practical part is taken at the state level. providing a wide range of services. They work in widely diverse environments. 4. pharmacists are taking a more active role in counseling consumers about their medications. Pharmacists must understand the use. Classroom work is interspersed with work time in ambulances and/or emergency rooms. or in a hospital or clinic. These programs take up to two years end with an associate degree in applied sciences. Most pharmacists work in a community setting. includes their chemical. Most pharmacists keep confidential computerized records of patients’ drug therapies to ensure that harmful drug interactions do not occur.People’ lives often depend on the quick reaction and competent care of emergency medical technicians and paramedics. These specialists respond to medical emergencies and care for patients before the patients reach a health facility.7 Pharmacists Pharmacists dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use. including basic. fire departments. and side effects of medications. private businesses. 4. They also give advice about durable medical equipment and home healthcare supplies. such as a retail drug store. dosages. interactions. such as ambulance services. intermediate. and composition of drugs. These professionals play an essential role in consumer health education. biological. 85 . and industrial settings. clinical effects. Paramedics need both formal training and certification. Some states require this national registration. and they are becoming more actively involved as agents of change in community health.2. and higher levels. and other states have their own registration systems. Training is offered in tiers. They work in numerous settings that require quick medical responses. The training prepares the graduates to take the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians Exam and to become registered. They advise physicians and other healthcare providers on the selection. and physical prosperities. In general. they have tried to understand their existence and answer puzzling questions. In addition. administrative research addresses the operations of systems that deliver healthcare services. serve an internship. including curriculum and education delivery formats and methods. and that knowledge base is 86 . Government funding has been extensive for many years.3 MEDICAL RESEARCH Since humans became conscious of themselves as entities. All professions have a theoretical base. Also. Clinical research is costly and subject to rigid ethical controls. In recent years educational research has included patient education and how to make the patient more a part of the healthcare process. philosophy. Research builds on the existing knowledge base of a discipline.To be licensed. Pharmacists may do postgraduate work toward master’s and PhD degrees. Pharmacy programs typically require a minimum of six years of postsecondary study. humans created religion. 4. but also substantial monies come from the pharmaceutical industry and other businesses that have economic interests in healthcare. Scientists developed a variety of procedures for observations and analysis known collectively as the scientific method using the scientific method to learn new knowledge is called research. Funding comes primary form the government and industry. Information professionals are key players in all phases of research. graduates may take the licensure examination of a state board of pharmacy. pharmacists must graduate from an accredited college of pharmacy. organizations and philanthropic foundations provide funds. and pass a state examination. and eventually science. outcome evaluations. Educational research addresses the effectiveness of educating healthcare professionals. and cost. utilization of resources. including work flow efficiency. For this purpose. an extensive set of general principles and understandings that come from experience and from research. and graduates receive a Doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree. that is. After obtaining the degree. 87 . Recent changes in medical health include medical advances. but the concept embraces more than technology. the growing uninsured population. access to the professional/nonprofessional literature. the relationship between these advances and information technology. outpatient care. and the burgeoning use of the Internet and integrated medical information systems. including healthcare services.preserved in the literature. increased role of the patient. telemedicine and health commercial enterprises. Every facets of healthcare is affected. In other words. complementary and alternative medicine. commercial enterprises. health informatics experts are involved at the basic level. supporting staffs. is increasingly being structured around the “systems approach. and others are turning to the Internet. health management. It involves the entire infrastructure of the organization. patients. the Internet is becoming interwoven into the fabric of medical health. researchers. This is where the information professional steps to the forefront of the research process. preventive medicine. educators. The use of the Internet in the healthcare industry has exploded and continues to accelerate day by day. Another trend is the linkages among public health protocols. New trends in medicine include more group medical practices. which is being encouraged by the rise of genomic research and applications. Because information technology plays a major role in research. including people and all the resources engaged in the healthcare services. consumer information. from small clinics to the most complex health organizations. Furthermore. long-term care. managed care. government agencies. Clearly. 2006). the new goal is “wellness” in individuals and in the population (joiner. and the development of personalized medicine. and recognition of the critical role that information plays throughout the healthcare endeavor.” This approach usually involves some form of information technology. Healthcare professionals. insures. when.The concept of integrated medical information system has been around for a number of years. Finding evidence and mining the information are basic competencies required of these professionals. It deals with the total spectrum of health information from its creation to its final applications. These systems are designed around advanced telecommunication technology that allows linkage of patient information at all levels and interaction of all administrative and support systems in the organization (s). The informatics professional must know how to keep up with the growing body of medical knowledge. Some essential skills are prerequisite for clinician informatics professionals. and how to use it. and effectively distributed to those who need it. structured. including understanding the scientific process and interpreting the statistical-based research that is universal in medical research. and vastly enhance reporting and legal compliances. This movement raises issues of interoperability and standards for communication and data transmission. Technology is of little use without skilled humans who know where. being faster information access. but the rapid development of communications systems and other information technology has greatly increased the movement toward integrated medical information system. The informatics professional must be able to interpret uncertain clinical data and to detect inconsistencies and defects in methodology and procedures in research. in addition to medical knowledge. Integrated systems reduce duplication of work. Health informatics is the study of how health information is created. Major vendor systems on the market are integrated system. The common goal of most healthcare information systems today is to integrate all electronic systems throughout an organization and with other healthcare facilities as needed. Hence the general competencies and skills required in health informatics include not only the ability to analyze medical information but also the ability to communicate that information as medical knowledge. 88 . mostly from those dazzled by the power of IT. team and interpersonal skills. as the field of genetics and genomic medicine advance. especially in healthcare applications. (2) understanding of the principles of information organization. and data mining could be among tomorrow’s core competencies and knowledge requirements” (Huang. retrieval. the field of health informatics is diverse and the skills and knowledge required vary according to the job. that classification and cataloguing have become redundant in the days of computerized information retrieval and information networks.4 TECHNICAL SERVICES Library technical services can be defined as a mix of skilled and professional jobs (done as homework mostly behind the screen) to provide user services in libraries. but there are a number of broad requirements: (1) knowledge of information technology. Even today. not the contents of library services. presently there is a trend to “consumer informatics. catalogue is a 89 . both oral and written. 4. Use of information technology (IT) in libraries has indeed disturbed this distinction. These technophiles overtook the basic fact that IT is simply a tool. The skills and competencies needed in health informatics change with trends and developments in the healthcare field and in informatics practices. Also. 2007). It is like feeling and saying IT and computers constitute librarianship. though could be central to it. health informatics professionals will need to become proficient and knowledgeable about bioinformatics data and their applications to healthcare. measuring and improving quality in health. It has often been heard.Today. A tool does not define a profession. (3) understanding of the principles of system analysis and design. (4) in-depth understanding of the healthcare enterprise in all its guises. For example. Bibliographic control constitutes the essence of technical services. and use. Cataloguing and classification in turn form inner core of bibliographic control processes. and (5) excellent communication skills. should be able to display a great deal of resources on any subject and thus save time in allowing purposes browsing and searching for information. To provide the right information in right quantity at the right time in a costeffective way has been and will remain the function of libraries. However. the objectives set out by CA Cutter as far back as 1876 are still being attempted by librarians throughout the world. therefore. its outlook. but value and mission of library and information centers remain the same that is to provide timely information to those who need it. a complementary approach is essential for satisfactory revelation of the contents of the collection.tool central to library service and management. subject indexes with alternative subject approaches and reader’s advisory services in guiding the users through the collection. Computer is not the mission but a technological power to accomplish it. Physical plant. For total retrieval strategy. Rajesh Singh’s paper addresses such problems in cataloguing in two different technological contexts-printed card catalogue and online catalogue. Both the libraries and library users have been interested in the catalogue as an information retrieval tool irrespective of its form. shape of its wares may change. Any system. Mr. necessary from alternative means of accessing information. Support is. Indeed a computer catalogue is bit more than its outer form. such as catalogues. These help to expedite the fullest possible revelation of knowledge stored in a library collection. either manual or mechanical. bibliographies. The fundamental purpose of a library is to see that its resources are utilized for maximum help to information seekers. Classification and cataloguing are the two techniques designed to facilitate its use. The librarians in the automated environment are required to develop more effective methods of service to facilitate better access point and multidimension searches in the library holdings. 90 . Library is more of a process than a place. Dr Sewa Singh throws light on these areas in his article. computer copying Remote access. This is a tough job. In document classification. Feature Compact storage Tool Digital form.Although researches in this area have been going on for the last two decades. OPACs are compact. economic and powerful in bibliographic control. Through several attempts have been made at automatic technique the main barrier still remains the same.e. it is necessary to recognize the inter-relationship of terms and keywords. i. still there is no sign that automatic producers are sufficiently developed to replace manual procedures. With OPACs. the lack of complete theory of knowledge representation.has 13 Times more storage capacity than a CD-ROM) Ease of reproduction Scanners. removal of time Networks And space barriers Non. DVD ( Digital Video Disc. efficient. This is the area of research with great promise.linear. Then devise a mechanism in algorithm-design to compute similarities between keywords. multi-dimensional Multimedia and hypermedia Interactive texts In brief. Most of these findings lack theoretical justification. keyword searching has gained popularity. Another advantage 91 . CD-ROM. a whole library or a part of it could be classified both by the DDC and the CC. Ideally and Online catalogue should allow the retrieval of the set of headings and than permits all headings in that set to be changed in the preferred form. This will collocate information distributed in several different physical location and can also be made to indicate the status of the document. whether out on loan. or even-back-of-book index to the catalogue entry. Entries can be displayed in a strictly classified order. a standard feature now.g.is that many variant forms of a heading can be retrieved. Class number searching or shelf order browsing on the computer screen is now possible in all online systems. For example. or missing from the library or transferred to any other location. or still under process. simultaneously. and also as a alphabetic-classed catalogue.. e. Technology has an important role to play in determine what could be included in the catalogue record. ‘University Delhi’ and ‘Delhi University ‘both can be retrieved with two keywords ‘Delhi’ and ‘University’. An online catalogue works as a classified and a dictionary catalogue. OPACs allow enormously enhanced and economic access through multitudes of access points. viz. Above all. the subject headings in indirect form. an item can be assigned more than one class number. Simultaneous use of two systems on a given collection through bit costly could be quite useful in comparative 92 . or table of contents.g. Engineering-Civil Engineering-Bridges can be used with many advantages. and thus could be browsed on the screen in two ways. It has become. It is rightly sad with OPACs the libraries have regained some of the advantages of classified catalogues. In addition. There is no need to place restriction on the length of the entry or on the number of subject headings anymore. in fact.. or an entire collection may be classified by more than one classification system. e. It is now possible and viable to add extended annotation. These can be thus work as alphabetic-classed catalogues. enabling the computer to stimulate in part the negotiation of a search request carried out by reference librarians. classification can be used to improve recall and precision and to save the time of the users in keying in search terms. Such versatility is useful for SDI services and for downloading subjects from large or cumulative databases.classification and research. time or language. In other areas of knowledge. Classification schemes with hierarchical notation. such as DDC. e. form. Call number can be used effectively in retrieving large sets of related records on a particular topic. g.4.1 ONLINE DATABASE The various uses of classification in online system were listed long back by Elian Venomous:5 In areas of knowledge. Automatic classification can be used to collocate citation in ways not possible in manual system. Lois Mari Chan lists some additional uses of classification in computerized databases.g. perspective hierarchies can be used to contextualize the meaning of voyage search terms. by similarly of linguistics features. Built in 93 .. libraries in Finland and Switzerland have been using UDC with many advantages in their computerized catalogues. 4. Call number searches combined with verbal headings can locate data from many aspects and viewpoints. to achieve comparability of retrieval languages by serving as a mediating or switching language. Such a highly maneuvered searching may not be possible in traditional catalogues. e. Since long. In a faceted classification searches could be made by any of the facet. statistical data. Classification in online systems can be used to provide a structure for meaningful browsing. admitting of natural taxonomies. Classification can be used to provide a framework for the presentation and retrieval of non-bibliographic information. area. UDC and CC are designed for shelf arrangement as well as for subject retrieval. Easy reclassification of an existing library is another advantage. Again.4. Economically it is unviable to have new catalogue independent of these MARC records. have simply been transported to the OPAC environment. However. studies show that users are not faring well in subject searchers in OPACs. the development of poly-hierarchical and multidimensional classifications and post coordinate classifications appear promising.3 ACCESS TO INTERNET 94 . The tools.”9 4.4. refinement or even negotiating a search. according to Chain: “with computer capabilities particularly hypertext. etc. these tools provide a springboard augmenting searching. stacks. A second route is improvements to LCSH and the policies governing its use. We can construct virtual multi-dimensional classification. She suggests: 12 One road for such improvement is to load features of classification schemes into online catalogue to provide alternative routines to catalogue records to enhance vocabulary of the catalogue and to provide users with a map of how topics are inte-related. such as the DDC or the Sears list. The legacy of classification schemes and subject headings can be incrementally improved and adapted in the online environment.2 TOOLS Our traditional subject access tools. such as classification and subject headings lists were designed for manual catalogues. Hierarchy allows expansion. According to Chan.”8 CK Ramajah informs that a call number added to a hypermedia catalogue “helps the users in locating the information and also the physical locations of the books in different floors showing the pictures of those floor.hierarchy allows moving up and down the chain to move to precisely specific topics: to move from the bole to the newly sprouted leaf and vice-versa. 4.  Card catalogues are being frozen and discontinued. Some of the trends can be easily visualized: 15-18. a large number of libraries are through their first pangs of transition. Mostly one has to rely on automated tools for subject access. Librarians are at work to bring some order to the chaos of information available on this information super highway in order to improve subject access to it. But at the moment.4 CURRENT TRENDS In the West the technology is highly unstable. through virtual and print libraries will coexist. India is a country of great paradox. How can the traditional tools for subject retrieval in library catalogues – classification and subject headings-be used to control the great volume of information on the Web? 4. 95 . 13 There is no tradition of cataloging or classification for the Web document which is uncontrolled but exotically growing sources. There are libraries no better than a jumbled store house of books where accessioning is the only technical processing to the most advanced use of technology available anywhere in the world.4. especially the keywords access to full text documents. As in other matters so in library automation.  More and more libraries will get automated. 14 How can the subject retrieval tools found on the Web adapted for use in library catalogues? 1.The World Wide Web has emerged as a gold mine for subject access to information and documents on the Internet. Chan pointedly identifies the following two questions grouping for answers in the new matrix.  More libraries are using multimedia interactive catalogues for various purposes. Very little original cataloguing will be done locally relying mostly on copy cataloguing: large scale out-sourcing of technical services may also be resorted to.  Formatting of classification schedules is being improved to carry more information in the form of extended notes. and large amount of budgets earmarked for buying access to commercial databases on networks.  Navigation tools based on broader outlines of knowledge in libraries are being developed. and in the Third World countries libraries still struggling to have reliable telecommunication system and services. instructions and improved terminology. processes and experiences. 96 .  On the other hand traditional classifications will be adapted to organize and mine information on the Net.  Technology will be used to add class number and other unique numbers to digitized material and hypermedia.  CD-ROM or now DVD (Digital Video Disc) databases will become popular especially in small and remote libraries.  More regional area networks and subject networks are being established for pooling and sharing of resources.  More and more non-print materials are being acquired in libraries. Large percentage of acquisition budgets is getting spent on electronic media.  Hierarchical classifications and subject headings are being inter-linked to provide intersecting searches. administration and other technical processing have become easier and more quantum of work can be done in relaxed mood. then how to do it. there may be two subject access systems: one for the indexers/cataloguers. A linked question is the retrospective conversion of old record into machine readable format. and the other for the end users.5 Computer Technology and Users Libraries which were considered only as the storehouses of knowledge have got a new outlook in the modern Information Communication Technology era. 97 .  In OPACs more access points and less description will become the norm. Library organization.  Reclassification and switching over to a new system in on the increase.  Catalogues will be mounted on the Internet or on regional and national networks. It is indeed a formidable task for which local policies have to be formulated whether to do it or not. ICT. To do this. Automation provides a splendid opportunity to switch over to a better system without many hassles faced in the days of card catalogues (Title is retrieved from the database and the new class number is assigned on the computer screen. The activities which were carried out manually in libraries with so much of pain and strain are being carried out smoothly with the help of ICT with greater effectiveness.  A major problem confronting libraries to be faced in near future is how to integrate all the databases housed or accessible in a library into a single user friendly system with a single interface.4. which is the basis for the MBO. Later the spine level of the book is changed). Catalogues will be integrated with other databases in the library. If yes. cataloguing codes will have to be revised. 4. generates more results at a given time. In future. Some special libraries and organizations like the Indian institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Library. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. and databases from all areas in science and technology. National Centre for radio Astrophysics (NCRA) Library. as well as in social sciences and humanities.info net is an important portal for sharing print as well as electronic resources amongst Engineering College libraries. Consortia in Engineering College libraries of U. NISCAIR (formed by the merger of INSDOC and NISCOM) is developing a consortium for CSIR labs for accessing e-journals. In order to solve this problem. In a survey by UGC in 2001. The e-subscription initiative under UGC.6 Library Consortia India Due to a financial crunch and the rising costs of journals. Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Library. Department of Atomic Energy. To overcome this problem. INFLIBNET functions as a resource center with an aim to clear to the needs of its members for resources not accessible to them in electronic media or are available in print media. Tara institute of Fundamental research (TIFR) Library. review publications. a number of professional journals are available over UGC-INFONET to all universities. Today.4. many Indian University and college libraries cannot subscribe to all the required journals and databases. etc. UGC launched a major initiative called UGC-INFONET that provides high speed Internet connections so as to have electronic access to professional literature including research journals. have established consortia to share electronic access to journal literature.4. libraries are forming consortia. 98 . abstracts.P. it was noted that although 142 Engineering College libraries had computer and Internet facilities and were interlinked to INFLIBNET. are all still a new concept that requires proper guidelines and methodologies. they were subscribing to printed journals only. Purvanchal University has joined DELNET recently.funded/aided government institutions through the consortium. Under the present scenario of declining budgets and higher subscription costs of journals in India. it is becoming very difficult to meet the demands of library/information users. The primary objective of libraries is to organize and provide access to information. and 60 centrally. Other Universities are still to have connectivity. The ministry provides funds required for the subscription to electronic resources for 38 academic institutions.6. New technology has provided great opportunities for delivery of services within consortia. Indian Institute of Technology. including the Indian Institute of Sciences. Indian Institute of Managements. which of course requires a change in the attitudes. and policies to get the maximum benefit. practices.4. The not distant future homes 99 . Regional Engineering College.9 The only solution to the problem is the pooling and sharing of resources-print as well as electronic-by way of consortia. Gorakhpur has connectivity with ERNET. Engineering College libraries there are three universities sharing the resources and have consortia connectivity. Bundelkhand University is utilizing DELNET consortia while Deen Dayal Upadhyay Engineering Collegesary. and it remains the same although the format and methods have changed drastically.4. The INDEST consortium is the most ambitious initiative so far in the area of engineering and technology disciplines.1 INDEST Consortium The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has set up the “Indian National Digital Library in Science and Technology (INDEST) Consortium”. In U. More and more libraries must unite. The information technology progress is so penetrating and pervasive that it now possible to obtain basic information on any topic by accessing databases across the world within reasonable time and cost.P. It is clear that libraries will have to remain relevant by meeting the demands of patrons in the forthcoming information plenty era. and further correlate it with information to make new and useful synthesis. Such programs will find information no matter where it is stored and will match it to the needs of the users. libraries are required to balance the collection development of print.4.6. Libraries have no doubt made use of the advances in information technology right form a standalone computer system to computer networking to the Web and Internet and also modified the services accordingly. the routine work of libraries and librarians would be taken over by computer programs. The basic change this new technology has introduced is in reducing the physical material component of information while increasing the message part. and digital material and to redesign the services accordingly. non-print.tomorrow would have a minimum of a 100 computers embedded in all kinds of appliances and amenities.  Phase-I: handwritten manuscripts  Phase-II: Paper based books and journals  Phase-III: Non-print material like microfilms and audio-visual films 100 . it is noteworthy that each succeeding technology development has helped the preceding one to consolidate and that is how it would continue.2 Cyber infrastructure With the advent of digital technology. 4. The form of quantum of information that can be shared anywhere on the globe has naturally raised the issue traditionally perceived in the form of brick and mortar structure. In such a highly computer mediated society. The question is: where are spiral of technological development would lead? In this regard. The evolutionary role played by technology in the library in general is depicted in the figure. and knowledge constitute another layer. The cyber-infrastructure layer in the broadest sense constitutes the in-between layer of enabling hardware. Physical infrastructure that is embedded and hidden in our usage of high-speed networks and advanced computing forms one layer. algorithms. subject to requisite access. Phase-IV: Digital CD/DVDs and web pages. comprehensive knowledge environment to enable individuals to have access to quality information and facilities for discovery and learning. They would contribute to the universal education too by providing rich material resources. design processes. faculty. data. Digital resources. The coming decade would see further transformations as masses embrace a digitized cultural heritage in new and sophisticated ways. tools and networks have influenced not just the way scholars make sense of human cultures and societies. The arts. communication. and personnel. building. The significance of these disciplines is realized because they represent the human infrastructure that is necessary to drive the technology-based 101 . sharing experiences and expert mentoring to students. By integrating both these layers. The cyber infrastructure thus makes possible more ubiquitous. the cyber infrastructure layer develops and deploys applications that contribute to enhancing total quality of information processing. Intangibles like software. and extension workers located anywhere. software. humanities. but also the way these understandings are communicated to students and the general public by employing powerful information envisioning tools. and the social sciences have vital contributions to make in designing. institutions. and operation of such digital knowledge spheres.  Phase-V: Open access initiative and grid computing There are the glimpses of Phase-V depicted in figure that would be characterized by the Open Access Initiative (OAI) and Grid Computing. information. 3 Global Cyber infrastructure E-Research cannot reach its full potential without cyber infrastructure. and the arts. collaborative projects across disciplinary as well as geographical boundaries. 4. formulate and bring to practice. knowledge. 102 . More recently. Discussion on the cyber infrastructure would also be incomplete without thinking about structures of knowledge. tools and resources essential for the realization of any infrastructure. and technology being generated in real-time from all around the world is becoming more realistic. disciplines and educational levels. the term e-research and e-scholarship are also being used in recognition of similar technological and transformative shifts sweeping across the humanities. The routine ability to work with experts from all over the world. of the academy. policies. The conduct of science and research is a global enterprise that transcends geographic boundaries. It is the development and deployment of compatible cyber infrastructure linking together computers. There are three intertwined strands of a global cyber infrastructure: (i)Cyber environments: that provides researchers with the ability to access. automate. and observational equipment via networks and middleware that form the operative information technology backbone of international research teams. and to share and integrate different types of data. and of the society at large. integrate. to use resources distributed in space across international boundaries. the social sciences.4. While much early adoption of computation resources did come from the science and engineering disciplines – “e-science” was a shorthand term for changes related with information technology in the scientific disciplines.6. and manage complex. data stores.applications further Social scientists have therefore an important task of understanding the way human beings behave. In the web environment. and scientific instruments. omnipresent and iniquitous’ library that empowers access to and the understanding of. Garuda (eagle. and in Hindu mythology the mount of Vishnu. (iii) Cyber education: to ensure that the benefits of the national cyber infrastructure are made students throughout the world. In its Proof of Concept phase. more openly available abstracting and indexing services and electronic journals. The cyber infrastructure program offers an exciting opportunity to reformulate many information processes both at an individual and institutional levels. the breadth and depth of human culture and experience is thus envisioned. In the last decade or so. the common pattern of provision became multiple websites. GARUDA is India’s national grid initiative.(ii) Cyber-resources: that ensures that the most demanding scientific and engineering problems can be solved and that the solutions are obtained in a timely manner. Focus was on integrated library systems. Library and information services have always been seen as part of a wider provision of research and learning support. 103 . mass storage. and databases that were hidden behind these interfaces. A possibility for a ‘universal. the preserver of the universe) will connect 17 cities across the country to bring “Grid” networked computing to research labs and industries. infrastructure development to create system-wide efficiencies included creation of systems that brought together services and data holdings from different libraries. It is a collaboration of physical and natural science researchers and experimenters on a nationwide grid of computational nodes. An insight into the response by the libraries in modifying their services over the years and what role they would play in future needs consideration as given below. each with a standalone interface. Social networking through blogs. problems and work. on the other. library resources even to this day remain fragmented both within and across libraries. which allows a free flow of data from users. where by ‘on-web’ means being found on one of the major search engines. wikis. This follows from the fact that more and more applications are now web based. Library services and resources have failed to bring library content in workflows and on web (as RSS for example). making it impossible to track the status of an item easily. however. All this is leading to a creative renaissance where relationships between the humans and their webexperience are being enriched and extended by co-creation and on demand services and supplies. Libraries traditionally have provided themselves at nurturing relationships through registering the borrowing habits of users on the one hand and selective dissemination of information services and current awareness services for them. libraries have been successful in establishing a symbiotic relationship.11 In this milieu. when analog media are being replaced or overtaken by digital media. There is an increasing expectation by the web users and the younger generations in particular. by users. To this extent. an increasing number of users are finding the web more than just a form of creative expression. the links in discovery – locate – request – deliver of a library resource are still not clear. Organizations are using a central web-based application to create workflows that pivot around the web. People and organizations are sharing components. and IM (instant messaging) is increasing. For example. the long-term issue is how technology will influence the way library users behave and what they expert. The ecosystem of 104 . making them inaccessible or un-discoverable. by users.These efforts had always been on enhancing the effectiveness of technologies in libraries. on the country to the above web experience of a user. In contrast to the prevailing seamless information environment. to find resources of interest “on web”. This is also due to the stringent copyright controls enforced by content. A lot of information services are being bundled. integrate and disseminate the course materials over networks but to be intelligent enough to integrate it with a personal information space. It is providing the library community collaborative opportunities to bring learning resources via pod casts or multimedia web casts to a student’s personal web-home. The library requires playing a more active role in user environment for example. Digital libraries will store community knowledge. and uses information. it primary includes not only courses that are online and taught over a distance but those traditional classroom activities with electronic elements. though virtual reference services and the recent experiences with FRBR are an exception. can play an important role. need to build on services that save time. owners. by providing the necessary infrastructure to. not only mount. in ways that supports their learning and/or research objectives. are not flexible. Once synchronous with distance learning. Libraries with functional institutional repositories or OAL complaint services can enhance services and usefulness in such e-Learning programs. E-Learning is changing the way faculty and students’ access. Libraries.resources sharing amongst libraries that we see in shared cataloging platforms. The future of online information would be dominated by small collections maintained and indexed by small groups. remixed and pushed on networks. and the great mass of objects on the net will be stored in these 105 . Libraries need to investigate and implement new technologies that may enhance the library system’s practices is something that libraries need to understand and evolve practices around. creates. like an individual’s digital dairy. therefore. messaging and document delivery systems. The cyber infrastructure also. ever since the rise of the digital media. They do not allow the library data to be moved out of the library systems or to be placed in user-systems. and are built around user workflow. This has been the experiences of the Azim premji Foundation’s CLCs. tools that ensure that boundaries between private and public information remain intact might be needed. unless user groups continue to encounter novel content on each visit. Special programming and training efforts can be directed towards enabling segments of the local community to create their own digital media. and persistence – how log will an object last and how to make it last longer and vice-a-versa. Even if development funds are specially directed towards the creation of such content in the initial stage of this digital library project. are therefore needed. and began to prefer piratecopies of violent and ribald computer games. The JIVA foundation in faridabad. as the quantum of information increases in the cyberspace. informational. for instance. Digital Library Technologies (DLTs) focusing on authentication systems that not only measure the quality of information being discerned. for instance. Besides these. They have developed a software SOUL based on relation database management language.12 Besides quality the two most critical integrity issues with web-Resources Development. archiving as well as enabling online public access of resources. these are likely to be consumed quickly. and even leisure contents are not readily available in many India’s regional languages. and there will be a drop off in the interest and value of the library. New indexing techniques and federation across collections along with semantic interoperability would be a must. which is used for cataloging. but also measure the depth of its permeability from private to public domain based information are: provenance – where does an object come from and how has it changed (tampered with) over time. Information Services and Networking. which taught 106 . Interactive educational. where students soon mastered specially commissioned educational games in the local language.repositories. ran a highly successful project. agers how to make their own digital-movies.6 Use of resources E-resources An electronic resources is defined as a resources which requires computer access or any electronic product that delivers a collection of data. be it text referring to full text bases. and sometimes the electronic form is the only alternative. graphical or times based. The eresources on magnet and optical media have a vast impact on the collection of universities libraries. Online e-resources. Types of e-resources The e-resources are basically divided in two major types are: 1. image collections. via intermit and so on. namely electronic resources their collection development that the demands of users are better fulfilled. Over the past few years. which may include: -e-journal (Full text & bibliographic) -e-books 107 . electronic journals. dialogue and even basic computer literacy. from storyboarding and scripting to direction and post-production editing.local teen n eiting. libraries are shifting towards new media. on tape. providing information access is cheaper to acquiring information resources. These may be delivered on CD ROM. The example of the Hole-in-the-wall project reveals the extent to which unsupervised interaction among students around an interactive medium can induce learning. other multimedia products and numerical. savings in storage and maintenance etc. 4. These are more useful due to inherent capabilities for manipulation and searching. Hence to cope with the present situation. as a commercial available title that has been published with an aim to being marketed. a numbers of technique and related standards have been developed which allow documents to be created and distributed in electronic forms. Content: The e-resources can contain a vast amount of information. Other electronic resources may include: -CD ROM -Diskettes -Other portable computer databases Advantages of e-resources The reasons for actually embarking on the purchasing of electronic resources are generally accepted because of the ease of usability.e. unlimited capabilities. but more importantly the material can consist of mixed media i. and to integrate that information into other material and to crossresearch or reference between different publications. search ability and linking. to extract information from. audio animation which could not be replaced in print. Apart from the above some other advantages of e-resources may include: intemational reach. reduced cost. Video. readability. affordability and accessibility. usually 108 . 7 days a week) and to multiple simultaneous users.-on-line Databases -Web sites 2. Functionally: E-resources will allow the user to approach the publications to analyze its content in new ways by click of the mouse on search mode. The following are the advantages of e-resources over the print media. 4. 3. Indian Library Consortia Scenario for e-resources Library consortium is a group of two or more libraries which have agreed to co-operate with one another in order to fulfill certain similar needs. An electronic resource is lot quicker to browse or search. 1. convenience. image. Multi-access: A networked product can provide multiple points of access at multiple points in time (24 hours a day. Speed. 2. res.rguh.ac. 109 . Among the above all consortia.resource sharing. Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics (FORSA) http://www.iiap. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR e-journal consortium) http://www.niscair.Panlit.invindest. http://www.html. UGC-INFORMET E-Journal consortium. It usually. Inter University Centre (IUC-DAEF Consortia) (Atomic Energy) http://brahma. Co-ordination and collaboration between. Some of the successful library consortia setup so far in India are: 1. These revolutionary steps are providing scholarly resources including peer reviewed journals.in/-iuc_cc/iuc_loc. These two major initiatives have come to the rescue of academic libraries so that they can cater to the needs of academic depending upon them. Consortia are basically.iitd.in/hn/ne whell. http://www.iuc. UGC-INFONET and INDEST-AICTE Consortium are proving to be a boon for the academic users.res.in IMPACT IN SCHOLARLY RESEARCH: Apart from the mentioned consortia. Indian National digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) consortium.ugc.ac. ICSSR and other governmental agencies to provide and access to e-resources.html 6.res.in/new_intitatives/infonet. 3.html 2. evolving a form of cooperation among the libraries which come together to share resources electronically.ac. Health Science Library and Information Network (HELINET).invlibrary/forsa. ICMR. 4 . and amongst libraries for the purpose of sharing information. It has gained momentum even in developing countries like India.html 5. http://www. refers to co-operation. there have been efforts to setup similar kind of consortia by ICAR. browsing. and different methods of as sassing the literature (e. proceedings etc. although this paper restricts itself to an examination of that related to researchers and academics (or “faculty’). “chaining.g. notes. and is still rising at a substantial rate. which is where references in retrieved papers are followed Up. “print versus electronic” AND “information seeking behavior”) and limited to articles or review (thus excluding book review. This meant that significant literature before the original search parameter of 2005 was also consulted and is included in this review. leading to a revolution in the academic communications landscape. Citation searches were also carried out on a number of interesting papers and “chaining” was also used. 4. affect on print usage. letters.” or following references from discovered articles. Much of the research has been carried out with students. but looking also at literature from other countries. Searches were combined in various ways (e. in terms of the determinants. It then moves onto examining which services are used to access e-journals. These efforts will definitely boost the higher education system of our country. abstracts.1 Uses of E-Journals 110 .. changes in reading patterns. publishers’ platforms.databases.7. etc.g..) as related to specific tasks. and editorial material) and by publication date (20052010). Access to and use of full-text scholarly journals has risen exponentially over the last ten years. such as general or subject specific gateway sites. keyword searching. The review begins with an overview of research into the use of ejournals. The aims of the review are to examine the use and impact the availability of ejournals has had on the community of scholars. etc. and seamless movement among related resources. and “libraries have dramatically expanded access to e-journal titles”. full equivalence to print issues-in other words. Since the research for this article. eversions at the same or nearly the same time as print). which are key determinants people’s decisions to use them. a critical mass of journals online appears to have been reached. potential users will not search.1  Print usage declined dramatically between 1990-2001  Electronic journal usage accelerating rapidly (nearly tripling over the same period)  Journals published in both formats lost 30. many studies examining e-journal usage have discussed the fate of the print equivalent. It there are perceived to be too few available. and links from it to other articles-in other words. There are following characteristics of journals are key determinants in people’s decision to use e-journals:  Content: a “critical mass” if titles and issues is required. the availability of e-journals has increased very much.4% of their print are within approximately two years (the total loss for print only titles was 45. Thus. ease of navigation through to the full-text articles.  Functionally: good searching facilities.8% 111 . Clearly. titles which have electronic versions for all print copies-and timeliness of appearance (in other words. the rise in availability (and use) of journals in electronic format has implications for print use and. for example.Beginning with the characteristics of e-journals. with consequent massive increase in use. comparing print and electronic use of 270 matched journals in the context of a German academic medical sciences library using re-shelving statistics and online user metrics. Oliver Obst. . as readers choose the source. and method that meet their needs at the time they find and read scholarly articles” 4.4% of browsed readings) continues to be from print subscriptions. format.Searching (as opposed to browsing) and citations. greatly enhanced the total use of all titles. In a later paper Tenopir and colleagues concluded that “Electronic sources and formats have not replaced print on paper. . nor has the Web replaced library or personal subscriptions.Access to enlarged library electronic collections.7.Online searching capabilities . Electronic technologies have enhanced access to older articles [leading to] … a recent increase in reading of [these] 112 . The availability of electronic formats has. Sources and journals systems must accommodate a wide range of methods and formats.Access to other new sources such as author websites. The digital environment “has had a dramatic impact on information seeking and reading patterns in science”  Scientists have substantially increased their number of readings.Within two years of their introduction. electronic accesses were exceeding print uses for matched pairs of journals by a factor of nearly eight.Library -providing articles. in fact.  Scientist read from a much broader range of sources of articles due to: . that in 2005 over half of browsing (58. Tenopir and behavior. 2 Similarly.2 Reading Behavior The area of scientific scholarly behavior.  Age of articles read appears to be fairly stable over the years…. Most [of these] are form: . Well established form of “resource discovery services” (as the report termed the various platforms and services) were the most popular routes for respondents. 3 Only a fifth of respondents said they used an Abstracting/indexing service or bibliographic databases “very often” Local 113 . Nearly 60% (59. together with a number of small focus groups of postdoctoral researchers. followed by more in-depth interviews with postdoctoral researchers. keyword searching in journal… and reference… databases are used for this purpose” (unpainted) . Functions facilitating such as alerting.7. and dedicated web portals such as H-net and Intute.  Monitoring one’s own field: browsing journals was most strongly associated with this activity.  Searching literature for research purposes: all access methods were (closely) associated with this. examining the services and platform used by academic researchers to access scholarly literature. including bibliographic abstracting and indexing services such as chemical Abstract. “In particular.Other work on online behavior has also found a substantial shift in favor of directed online searching and away from browsing behaviors.7% using specialist search engine” such as Google Scholar or Scirus. A study commissioned by the research Information Network. and  Teaching: browsing journals was the most common method here. customizing and communications are seen to be dispensable for most users.3 Access to literature The prevalence of keyword searching raises the question as to where researchers begin to look for the literature. The researchers telephone-surveyed 450 research related personnel in UK universities across all disciplines. This has also been found by other researchers. 4. Google (conferred a category in itself!).7%) of all respondents said they used the General search engine “very often” with 37. participants were asked how often they used different types of information sources. libraries and librarians.4 The Value of E-Journals Read. teaching or both) (25%)  Changing focus (presumably of research) (17%) 4. The main ways in which such literature had been valuable were in several ways (itemized in the paper without further details):  Inspiring new thinking or ideas (33%)  Improving “results” (it is not clear whether these are of research. such as institutional library catalogues and portals. or that they had subscribed to alerts or listservs in the past but had cancelled them as they felt overwhelmed or the services proved of little value (Rightscom 2006: 8).services. “A significant minority of researchers” (38%) said that they avoid push services because their email is already too extensive. To identify researchers’ sources of information and how frequently they are used. These tools have gained popularity as the serials world has changed 114 . Responses were as follows (top five only). electronic resources management systems.7.8 Access to E-journals Managing electronic collections is a broad topic covering e-journal access systems. were said in the report to be “important resource discovery services”. and journal aggregators. with percentages given for those answering that they used the resource daily or weekly:  Journal 87%  Web page 70%  Online database 67%  Personal communication 52%  Book 24% 4. open URL linking. start and end dates. To further enhance the A-Z list. e-journal collection packages. the vendor organize their databases by publishers. staff taxes the library’s holdings using the vendor’s web-based management tools.  Efficiency in maintaining the A-Z list. Tagging is as simple as clicking a check box to indicate ownership of a title. or knowledge base.from print to electronic formats and as the volume of e-resources increases. Many of these management tools bypass the ILS allowing libraries to choose the products that provide the right balance of features and price for their needs. Identifying e-journals in a package is one check 115 . URLs. especially through consortia purchases.  Enhanced search functions. e-journals collections. The A-Z list vendor creates a comprehensive database. many libraries upload their print journal holdings to provide users with a single. This knowledgebase is the core of the A-Z list from which library staff selects the titles owned by the individual library. and embargoes. The A-Z list aggregates all the library’s e-journals into one alphabetical list with links to the full text content various providers or publishers. This is especially helpful for smaller libraries with more limited budgets. To create the A-Z list using one of the three major vendors. and  Usage reports. comprehensive list of serials to search. and titles. Since many ejournals are part of collections. There are several advantages to implementing an A-Z list instead of creating a local HTML list or database. Ine. of e-journal titles with information such as the publisher. Serials solution. The simplest type of e-journals access system is the A-Z list provided by vendors such as EBSCD Information services. These include:  Time saving and accuracy in setting up the A-Z list. library staff needs to be aware of this possible limitation when evaluating A-Z vendors. Since the vendors maintain and update the URLs from these diverse publishers. the vendors maintain coverage information such as the beginning or ending dates of a title and embargoes. The time-saving associated with this feature alone is considerable. Smaller libraries may find that the functionality of the A-Z list more than meets the needs of staff and users and may decide to forgo entering serials into the online catalog. Assigning notes is a great way to communicate special functions or service issues to library users. 116 . especially if the library does not bind or check-in journal issues. For example. For example. the vendors can also provide MARC records for batch loading to the online catalog. Since many health sciences libraries are under pressure to provide quick. library staff is freed from checking the accuracy of links and updating URLs as they change. articles published in the past twelve months are not free and require a paid subscription. if not immediate. If the library temporarily loses access to e-journals in a publisher’s package. it is important to note that some vendors have a 24-hour delay before updating the A-Z list with changes made by library staff. Before moving on. access to information. If a library wishes to catalog its e-journals in addition to using the A-Z list. All of these features.mark instead of searching for and tagging each individual in the package. plus more. Embargoes occur frequently for e-journals with some free content. which is usually based on the number of resources being managed or the hospital’s bed size. are covered by the annual subscription cost. In addition to providing accurate URLs. a one year embargo means that articles published more than one year ago are free. journals that do not available off campus. it is easy to assign a note to this effect at the package level that display for each title. or subjects searched. it is often just one click away. or downloaded for further manipulation in Excel. titles. Many libraries place a link to this service on the library’s home page for easy access. the A-Z list vendors provide management reports on changes made to the library’s holdings and an overlap analysis report. subject. These features may vary by vendor. publishers. Reports can be tailored by date. or subject.From the customers’ perspective. If this is the case. To search the A-Z list. users type the journal title or partial title and click the search button. ISSN. or e-journal provider. package. To complement the usage reports. If the search feature is not on the home page. Examples of some reports include:  Number and length of search sessions. filtered by IP address. especially if looking for e-journals in a certain subject.  Top 10keywords. so libraries need to select the features that are most important to staff and users. In addition to searching by title. the A-Z list is easy to use and understand. This diverse reporting structure provides collection management staff with multiple opportunities to analyze how e-journals are being used. Results can be limited to titles that begin with. A-Z list vendors provide reports to help library staff analyze e-journal Usage independent of COUNTER reports. contain. Must navigate and understand when using the online catalog and it is easy to see why they prefer searching an A-Z list. or are exact matches to the terms entered in the search box. users can usually browse by title. Sometimes users need to browse. or resources. users can often search by publisher. The overlap analysis helps collection development librarians optimize their e117 . and  Courts of the number of times users accessed journal titles. and Serials Solution’s 360Link. Their purpose is to link sources of information to targets using ANSI standard Z39. such as Ovid MEDILINE or EBSCO’s CINAHL. or references at the end of chapters in full-text databases such as McGraw-Hill’s Access Medicine or Up-To-Date. Given its considerable advantages. Pub Med provides its own linking services through the use of Link Out and Outside Tools.88. such as ILLiad  Search engines. 2010b) Link resolvers are available from many different vendors.1 URL Linking Open URL systems are usually called link resolvers. 4.8.journal selections and allocate their budget economically. Targets are the items that are being linked to and can include any of the following:  Electronic journals  Electronic books  Online catalogs  Interlibrary loan or document delivery forms. The Open URL Wikipedia article cited above provides a comprehensive list of these vendors with links to their specific products. ExLibris’ SFX. libraries of all sizes should seriously consider implementing this tool. Information sources are generally bibliographic citations from research data-bases. most are fee-based. such as Google Scholar (Wikipedia contributors. The most common application of Open URL is direct linking from a search results in a research database to the full text of the article. This section covers the use of conventional link resolvers first. followed by a discussion of Pub Med’s services in order to explain the differences between these products and to help staff select the best solutions for their libraries. but some are open source. There frequently used feebased products are EBSCO’s Link Source. After the full text is 118 . online catalog. The following scenario can serve as a guide to the process. such as MEDINE. or search engines. and search engines used by the library by working with the vendor’s respective support staffs. and Scopus. The vendor provides a base URL for the library and the link resolver creates a query using metadata from the citation. if the library has such a system.  The next step is to activate the library’s interlibrary loan/document delivery request system. Each system has its own requirements for setting up the link resolver and establishing the correct mapping algorithms. The link resolver interprets this string of data and connects directly to the full-text citation. This is where the flexibility of Open URL linking shines.retrieved. This process is commonly called Open URL mapping. the library’s online catalog. PsycINFO. The second step in implementing a link resolver is to activate this feature in the databases. interlibrary loan request forms. This gives immediate results to the library’s users by connecting them to the full-text article as they conduct their research. Web of science. This same concept applies when linking from database citations to ebooks. Once a library’s A-Z list is set up. CINAHL. interlibrary loan request system. This provides library users 119 . the user returns to the search session to continue reviewing the rest of their results. it is relatively simple to implement Open URL linking. Library staff can approach the implementation process in a step-wise fashion according to their staffing levels and time schedules. The Open URL link resolver builds on the A-Z list.  The first information resources to activate with Open URL are the most popular databases for health sciences libraries. such as page numbers. however Pub Med’s Link Out easily fills this gap. Once staff has the library’s user ID and password. Link Out is free and display library holdings of print and electronic journals when viewing Pub Med search results in the abstract view. epublications ahead of print. supplements. can update Link Out information. and issues with special numbering can cause the link to fail. Establishing links to the online catalog also serves as an alternate access point if the Open URL links fail. Even if the library already subscribes to a feebased link resolver. or that some information. This is especially true if the link resolver. Open URL link resolvers are accurate most of the time. This cost may be prohibitive for smaller libraries.with the opportunity to request an article or book that is not available in their own library’s collections. they can identify their e-journals by using the Library Submission Utility. Subscription costs for an Open URL link resolver are considerably more than the cost of the A-Z list. such as Serials Solutions 360Link.  The third step is to provide a link to the library’s online catalog from the link resolver so that users can see if the resource they want is available in the print collection. The reason for failure is that these types of publications may have alphabetic characters in the volume. library staff requests an account from Link Out/NCBI staff. issue. The mapping algorithm does not know how to interpret the citation when it encounters these exceptions to the usual data format. however. please refer to the Link Out 120 . staff should consider implementing Pub Med’s Link Out as a supplementary tool. library staff can set up Open URL in search engines and references in e-book collections.  Finally. is missing. or page numbers. To set up Link Out. For complete instructions. To identify the library’s holdings when searching Pub Med or other NCBI databases.nlm.ncbi. staff can upload a file of print holdings.Help documentation at their website (http://www. Tool. however the Outside Tool icon appears in every citation.gov/bookshelf/br. The full-text or print icon appears in abstracts view when users are reviewing search results. libraries that have a link resolver can register that link resolver using Pub Med’s Outside Tool.fcg?book=lib). numerous vendors now offer ERMS modules.fcgi?book==helplinkout).nih.nlm. For 121 . and Outside Tool at the following website under the section. In the authors’ opinion.gov/bookshelf/br. Pub Med provides a very helpful table that compares the features of Link Out. library doesn’t have customized icons. customers can browse their search results. Electronic resource management systems (ERMSs) are relatively new library technology. Since its introduction. “Before Registering” (http://www. Innovative Interfaces Inc. One-click access to full text streamlines the searching process and is important to busy professionals. Link Out Local. Library staff can set up print holdings to display in Pub Med by activating Link Out-SERHOLD. Link Out provides one-click access provides Using outside Tool. link to a full-text journal article to print or save. Last. but only if citation.nih. however. Each new click and window presents an opportunity for failure. requires multiple click that open several windows before the customer finally gets to the full-text. and then return to browsing the rest of their search results. generic ones are available from Link Out.ncbi. Libraries that subscribe to link resolvers debate whether it is necessary to implement Link Out if Outside Tool has been set up. either as a separate component of an ILS or as a stand-alone product. was the first vendor to introduce an ERMS in 2002. If a library has activated Outside. If a library doesn’t participate in SERHOLD. If Link Out is activated. publisher. maintaining contact information. ERMS vendors populate the system with a knowledgebase. usage. Additional features include mapping e-resource licenses. Breeding (2008b) shows how the ERMS manages staff work flows using the following timeline:  New e-resource to evaluate: the ERMS may have an existing record in the knowledge base that provides background information on the product. URL. and administrative information about e-resources in one location. provider. Collins (2008) reviews nine vendors of current ERMSs based on a survey she conducted and is an excellent starting point to examine ERMS functions and work flows.  Negotiations: Before discussing licensing and financial terms of a new resource. Vendors such as EBSCO and Serials Solutions use the library’s existing knowledgebase for their A-Z list or link resolves to populate the ERMS.  rTial: The ERMS record has fields to record the trial start and end date. Each e-resource has a separate record that includes information such as journal title or database name. Innovative’s ERMS is fully integrated into its ILS whereas EBSCO and Serials Solutions offer Web-based products that are integrated with the A-Z list. It is the bridge that collects ordering. and subject headings.example. Journal vendors such as EBSCO and Sweets can populate the knowledgebase with the library’s current subscriptions. type of resource. 122 . format. financial. content description. and storing usage data. Staff can also review the terms offered by similar products from other publishers and use this as a negotiating tool. library staff can check the ERMS to see what other products are already licensed from this publisher. Staff can then negotiate for similar or more favorable terms. plus fields for internal notes or messages that display for the library users. An ERMS is a library staff management tool that tracks the numerous processes or work flows involved in the lifecycle of electronic resources. which means that usage statistics for SUSHI complaint e-resources are automatically obtained from the publisher and stored in the ERMS. administrative login IDs and password. If the ERMS is integrated with ILS. Many can display the terms of the license to users as well as storing the entire license in the ERMS. the acquisitions work flow occurs in the acquisitions module. receiving. perpetual access. As mentioned above. In addition to cost/use for specific e-resources. Contact information for sales and Tec support are also linked to the ERMS record. the ordering. usage statistics for non-SUSHI complaint resources can usually be imported manually. Some vendors have system that support SUSHI. Licensing: One of the main features of an ERMS is to track licensing information for an e-resource such as the type of license. and accessibility off campus. some systems provide further 123 .  Renewal: Library staff record the start date and end date of each resources subscription.  Acquisition: Once the library decides to add a resource. Reports are an important component of the ERMS given the amount of money libraries spend on electronic resources today. inter-library loan terms. cost/use reports provide valuable data for ongoing collection management decisions. and the URL for usage statistics. If the ERMS supports SUSHI. Library staff can then generate cost/use reports automatically. The system supports tickler files that e-mail remainders about renewal and other upcoming events to library staff. registration and activation dates. ‘  Administration and management: Library staff store the administrative information about e-resources in the ERMS such as subscriber numbers. and payment details can be displayed in the ERMS. and MD Consult.analyses such as cost/use by subject or provider across time. Journal aggregators have been part of the e-journal landscape for many years. The library’s customer service representative handles most of 124 . Library staff set up administrative accounts so that the aggregator can email monthly usage statistics or alerts when subscriptions are about to expire. In an ILS. libraries would subscribe to just a fraction of the titles offered by the aggregator. and streamline access to the literature for users. The database subscription with full-text access is often much less expensive than providing full-text content directly from the publisher. staff refreshes data in the ERMS by uploading e-journal records from A-Z lists. Libraries should not rely on database aggregators to provide access to critical e-journals since the content is rarely as current or reliable as subscribing directly from the publisher (Watson. 2003). Without these databases. By utilizing their services. and lack of access to e-publications ahead of print. examples of database aggregators include EBSCO host. libraries save money. Journal vendors such as EBSCO and Swats also provide aggregation services by managing most of the electronic journal renewal process from beginning to end. Another type of aggregators provides full-text access as part of a database subscription. The aggregators typically centralize e-journal management functions such as maintaining institutional IP addresses and obtaining usage reports for the electronic journals they provide. embargoes. offer an expanded selection of e-journals. Title overlap analysis reports help staff compare e-journals from multiple publishers to eliminate unnecessary duplication. Pro Quest. The system generates reports that compare pre-existing content with the newly uploaded data to identify titles or resources that may require clean-up efforts from staff. The downside of database aggregators is the reliability of their content. Setting up the acquisitions module requires some forethought so that staff can generate financial reports to support future purchases. they frequently have a line item in their budget for each type of material: print books. Smaller libraries are not faced with such complexity. Acquisition staff creates these funds and aggign annual allocations so that collections specialist can track purchases over time. journals (online and print). and media. With these special funds. If orders need to go through Purchasing or Supply Chain Management. gathering licensing information. the principal remains untouched and selectors spend the interest generated by the account. acquisitions staff develops procedures to track purchases by format type. The most flexible ordering procedure is when the library acts as its own purchasing agent and bypasses the institution’s supply chain management department. Large libraries usually divide their collections budget into several funds according to subject or material format. Health sciences libraries of any size often have endowment or gift funds that can be used for special purposes to supplement the regular budget. electronic databases. This is where having an acquisitions component in the ILS is especially helpful. In addition to tracking funds.2 Order processes The library’s order process is generally determined by institutional polices regarding purchasing. 4. as is often the case in hospital libraries. staff can still choose to use an acquisitions module or can rely on spreadsheets or purchase orders to track materials on order. In these cases. and activating the e-journal at the publisher’s site. the library must follow the institution’s directives. 125 .the administrative details of an e-journal such as obtaining price quotes.8. In most systems. the encumbered amounts become expenses. whether decrease as items are ordered or encumbered. and fund allocations. cataloged. information. it is important that the ILS has a robust reporting feature. Other libraries choose to suppress this information until the items are received. Once the administrative functions. and ready for use. To further keep accurate funds balances. Innovative Interfaces Inc. Some ILSs can be integrated with the financial systems of the parent institution so that invoices are transferred electronically to accounts payable. such as fund codes format codes. For example. has cross tab reports showing the number of items in a library’s collection by both material type and 126 . Selectors track the balances in their accounts as they place orders throughout the year. The last step in acquisitions is processing the invoice and submitting it for payment. Acquisitions and cataloging staff work together on procedures to create the brief bibliographic record.Funds are a allocated at the beginning of the budget cycle. Once an item is received. Libraries differ on their on their policies regarding the display of items on order. cataloging staff imports a MARC record for the item that updates the brief bibliographic record. The ILS automatically updates fund balances as orders are placed and alerts library staff when the fund reaches a pre-defined minimum. staff creates reports to identify outstanding orders or cancelled titles for follow-up with the supplier. Some display the material on order in the online catalog and let users put holds on these items before they are even received. ISSN. As items are received. Given the complexity of acquisitions. the actual order process begins with library staff creating order records manually or importing order data from the supplier. Their goal is to spend the entire budget without going over budget. order records are tied to a brief bibliographic record consisting of title. have been determined. 127 .subject. The acquisitions reports track collection management decisions that will support future purchases and requests for funding increases. (2010). University. J.33. Vol. Vol. pp. Aperra amd Casey. and Dorsch. and William.315-320 Texar Digital library (2010) “open repositories”. Vol. “Improving access to information for nursing staff in remote area: The pate tail of the internet and other network information source”. preferences and use. Nicholas. (1997).4.36. Vol. 2009.3. 2001. Josephine L.23. Accessed Oct 8- http://openreporitaries. pp. “Print –vs. 2007. Bile (1995 using the internet. “ Imp.372-378. 1997 Eager. “Researchers E-journal use and information seeding behavior.172174. Borrie (1999).” Butt line of the Med. Richardson. “How electronic journals are changing pattern of use.” Serial Review. 128 . A render: R. Zambare. 3. 2004. 2010. Vol. G. Sandra L.(2001_). Farmer. Vol. Anna Marie (2009) Assuring access are library’s journey from print to electronic only subscription.of inf.pp.D.121-141. “Jre. W. Process and mugt. and king. Mindy M. services. “Understanding user’s needs and making collections choices. pp. Ziming (2006). Boyce.Chapter 6 References Macewem.pp. “serial librarian. D. (2007) “The importance of gathering print and electronic journal use data: Getting a clear picture. De Groote. A study of user preceptor.sc.35. “Online journals: Impact on print journal usage. 1999.585-592. Indian polis: Qua cooporatia. pp.70-74 Cooper. Lib Asso.89.org.. Serial Review. P.42.46. 2. (2004).Electronic resources. 4. 1994.47-56.vol. pp. A.” Library collection Acquisitions& Tech. 2006. Liu. (1990). Dev. “E-journals: this use. read the printed version. more likely. London: RIN. Potential advantage for e-books were identified as. 4. Where the method of reading was skimming. obtaining a book quickly. with only a very small number of factually members participating. Initial findings are that students far preferred the convenience and ease of use of the printed text. This study concluded that where a user was reading a significant portion of a book then she/he was unwilling to read it on screen and instead printed or. Students were by far the keenest users of e-books. browsing. Conclusions were that early e-books would need to look and behave like their printed equivalents.6. 4.9.28-33 4.9.1990.3 Web Based Digital Resources 129 .1.” INf.pp. Vol. The cohort rejected the idea of interfacing online with the text until technology is more mature. “The role of the information processional in development. Ositotea. The actual use of e-books was concentrated on heavy use of small share of titles.9.RIN/VCL (2009). then an online version was more likely to be acceptable. similar to traditional library usage patterns.1 Columbia study The biggest survey of the use of online books took place at Columbia University between 1995 and 1999. but valued the e-book as reference tool which could be searched and then printed as required. rather than in-depth. 2009. Pauline A.2 Butterworth-Canfield study Butterworth-Heinemann and canfield Universities have been co-operative in a publisher/library/factually joint project since April 2001 to access the use of an online textbook in marditing studies students. searching across a collections. value and impact.9 E-Resources Models 4. so the myriad journals can no longer be acquired. ftp or World Wide Web has the advantage of being. microfilm. The major challenge now is to identifying the relevant documents against a query or requirement perfectly and satisfactorily. continued printing of scientific article on paper is becoming less effective. The end-users expect of retrieve 130 .  Quick. since access to the printed journals will become more difficult.  Widely accessible to a broad level of internet community.In the last couple of years digital-born resources are published in Web that have no analog antecedent of my kin. Publishing via the Internet. Many of the traditional publishing and distribution processes we have relied so far are losing its significance as electronic publishing activity is proliferating.  Inexpensive to produce web resources. by ever tightening budgets. and not only because of the limitations of print in a multi-media world.  Easy and simple to produce in terms of effort. Web publishing of scholarly and non-scholarly information is changing forever the way we organize and seek material. Space in limited for continued storage of printed materials. While leading libraries have embarked on a variety of digitization efforts. as web mark tools are available feely in the net with desktop publishing technology. as we can communicate or publish instantly. whether by electronic mail or making information available through gopher. Libraries are hamstrung. whether paper.1 At the same time. or audiovisual. The result is that published papers will reach fewer readers.  Total control in publishing process is as different from traditional publishing methods and editorial practices. time and other factors. less attention has been given to how to incorporate Internet and other born-digital material into library collections and service. Many researchers are occupied undertaking research and policy work.10 Abstracting and Indexing Serial information that A&I services capture includes journals title. The perfect way of exploring the net will be achieved through finding the relevant information. It is just not as same as print information retrieval. Searching can be complex and requires the use of numbers of Internet indexes. and to search well takes a great deal of time. 2 One has to decide on a numbering scheme that ensures a unique article description. Many factors indicates that finding Internet information is at a very early stage of development. However these are not available for e-journals. title abbreviation (s). an information Centre or specialist searcher can provide a cost effective result (especially in terms of searching time). Which are important identifying an article uniquely decide what bibliographic elements will describe each article and make it obvious in the publications. ISSN. While many who have the Internet at their desktop will do their own searching. volume and issue numbering.as like that of pain. The location of information is thus as important issues to those publishing as well as information seekers. Libraries can expect as increase role as intermediaries in the search for information from the Internet. There are problems in accessing sites on the Internet. CODEN. and page ranges for articles. publisher. The indexes have no yet solved the problem of how to find quality information. The net information is evidently evolving as a major and significant medium of seeking information source. While the basic information software is becoming more sophisticated can still be difficult to use. both within the 131 . Indexes are the key to this process. cover date. There is a need for good researching. 4. as well as a degree of serendipity. However.10.Journal (e.g. Other do in different ways by not following the rule requirement of creating a separate cataloguing record for the electronic version. Embedded metadata may also hold some promise. Something similar might be possible if NSDP supplied descriptive metadata to publishers applying for NSDP’s. this is cumbersome when dealing with large numbers of titles.1 On-line Resources Cataloguing Libraries now must decide whether or not to catalogue electronic journals. 4. The company was funded through venture capital and grew from 8 employees to 500 in a two-years period. This is unsatisfactory when the electronic and print version differs substantially.2 Net Library Net library was one of the first aggregators of e-books. Keep elements and numbering consistent across the various formats of the publication ( e. 4. Some libraries have begun embedding metadata in HTML headers for their web pages so that software like CORC can use it to build catalog records automatically. it has attracted 132 . launching its first titles in 1998. Some libraries list e-journals on their web pages (portal pages) as an alternative to cataloguing them. HTML and printed). OCLC’S CORC (Cooperative Online Resource Cataloguing). Still there is no comprehensive A&I services exclusively for e-journal and there is no consensus on how to index and describe. and publishers included this on the home pages of their e-journals. project holds some potential for libraries to create cataloguing records for electronic resources more economically.10. by linking to the journal from the records for the print journal. article numbers and pagination) and universally. Some solutions are being tried. and does not provide good subject access. Even DC metadata is available it is not descriptive to apply for e-journals.g. However. distributing content via Person’s Learning Network site in the U.3 Ebrary Ebrary is the next major e-book producer. S.10. In April 2001 Net Library adopted the OEB standard. home or remote location using an internet browser. and perform full-text searches across hundred of book or within a specific book to speed research and reference project. Ebrary has recently announced that it is expanding distribution through vertical collections available through a variety of Internet portals. 4. E-Books are full-text electronic version of published books that library patrons can search. for example. read. and return via the Internet. Ebrary has taken a much more cautious approach to building its online library. users can access library resources any where. as well as hyperlinks from the table of contents and index. Added benefits include an embedded dictionary in each book with accompanying visual and verbal productions. E-Books are available for varying checkout periods and are automatically checked back into the library collection when the checked period expires. Ebrary uses Adobe’s PDF format to present documents in their original layout. I has been able to build on its partnership with the four publishers. office.insufficient revenue to maintain this level. peanut press. minimizing the need for investment in expensive conversion processes. any time. enabling it to reduce the resource dedicated to conversion process and publishers will either have to pay for conversion themselves or deliver material to Net Library in OEB format. 133 . These books can be viewed online from a library. reducing its staff by 200 and selling of its e-book software arm. At round only 3. With net Library e-books. elearning providers and other Web sites. borrow. in order to concluded on the library market.000 items in its current collection. Storage space for low use bound journals is a major expense. they are options for e-journals UGC has also initiated an ambitious project. To this end a web accessible directory developed containing 134 . electronic access to professional literature and the development of multimedia content to supplement conventional learning and teaching? Electronic journals are more cost effective on a per use basis. then pay’. Copy costs are determined by the publisher and Ebrary offers deposit accounts from which small purchases are deduced by use of an Ebrary debit card. Many readership surveys conducted in the recent past show that the library’s electronic collections is widely accepted and extensively used. particularly the web based journals. its model based one ‘read.Ebrary wants to recreate the browsing experience of being in a library or bookstore. The trend in the last ten years or so is the migration from print to electronic. Hence. Currently the entire journal population is available in web form. UGC Info net. The academic libraries have spurred their interest in this field due to delay experienced in communicating research results. This would result ultimately to all publications. Then read’. In the ten years many newsletters have also switched from the print to web publication. Thus. increased overhead costs stagnated budgets. rather than ‘pay. slowness in the flow of print media. “Which seeks to provide high speed Internet connection. the journal is of no exception. The expectation now is that the demise of print journals. With the advent of modern technologies there is an increase in the growth of electronic resources. 3 The goal of e-journals is to provide desktop access freely available electronic version e-journals. Ebrary claims that this model will allow publishers to recoup some of the revenue lost to the photocopying industry. even interactive remote operation of instruments. alternative readings. These web sites can be updated easily and new material added as often as one wants. Many databases were available in 1980s that was a switch from the expensive online databases. Now. videos of laboratory experiments.databases of journals.10.5 Archiving to CD 135 . 4. the users are required to visit the site and access the full text of articles. The usage of CDs now in India has gained popularity due to easy availability of CD-ROM titles and also due to depreciate cost of CD players. For using. built in calculations. The compact dices (CD) include the basic text recording to real time molecular modeling. simulations. java appeals to allow matching of items on an image with vocabulary. Two US based companies such as M/s Nuvo Media and M/s Soft Book Press have developed Rocket e-Book and Soft Book respectively which is small. link to relevant web sites. 4.4 CD-ROM Technology The CD-ROM technology has achieved popularity in 1980s. real time experiment using java. problem sets with worked outs answers.10. in other cases most is on the publisher’s web site. and all sort of aids like trial exams with extensive feedback. However due to the web publishing the CD-ROM technology has been loosing its charm. portable computer designed solely for reading and a noting the electronic text of books. CD-ROM technology has increased its popularity in 1990s to a large extent and the growth was exponential. In some database product most of the content is produced in CD. interactive calculations. several leading companies in the entire world have started to launch their products through electronic book form. This technology also extends an off-line alternative for search. Computers use the TCP/IP protocol suite to send e-mail messages in the form of packets. meaning Electronic mail.6 E-mail E-mail is shorthand term. hotmail and Lycos. A few products claim that they have a CD media that is projected to have a 100 year shelf life. E-mail client programs are software applications that reside and run on the hard disk of a home computer/network (for information on Client programs). When we create an account with a Internet Service Provider we are usually given an email address to send from and receive e-mails. Because they are client programs and e-mail client programs uses resources from a client server to be able to receive and send new messages. if we embrace the rate of change. documents may need to be stored for 100 years. Below are some of the most popular e-mail client programs. Therefore. If his isn’t the case we can create an emails address/ account at web sites such as yahoo. only that it is exchanged in a different way. The first think we need to send and receive e-mails is and e-mail address.CD offers an excellent means of relatively short-term archival storage that is for the period of few years. E-mail much the same as a letter.10. but no one expects CD media to last that long. 4. Compared to physical and even microfilm achieves. it may be difficult to maintain the drives themselves for such periods. Even if one can assure the CD is perfectly fine. we see the digitization of the information as the ultimate achieve technique. Digital documents can be easily migrated to each new generation of storage media as they are developed and attain widespread acceptance.  Eudora  Outlook Express  Network Messenger 136 . and information. E-mail spam is email messages that are unsolicited and usually automated. People wanting to join a discussion group would send a message to the sponsor. but used as a major way of developing elite scholarly knowledge transfer. one such bonus is the discussion lists also referred to as mailing lists. E-mail spam messages are usually trying to sell commercial products or are a “scam” of some sort. allowing Internet users around the world access to each others’ ideas. E-mail Spam This becoming a major problem for the Internet users with many governments trying to create new law to prosecute people who send e-mail spam. Thousands of these electronic forums already exist or are being created. or report) could be sent to many different addresses at one time. electronic journals and research projects. Luckily companies like Yahoo and Hotmail who provide free e-mail messages are now providing users with spam filters that stop unsolicited automated e-mail messages. information services. it becomes possible to deliver a piece of mail to unlimited number of email users.g. a letter.7 List Servers The internet has given many benefits to the information users. Mailing lists made it possible for an individual or organization to sponsor and maintain special interest discussion groups through electronic mail. Where a single document (e. These email discussion forums and list servers play crucial role in knowledge transfer. Through the extended e-mail systems that are server controller group communication. message. publications.10. The e-mail communication took a new turn in the sense that this medium is not merely an improved communication system. 4. who would then add the individual’s address to the group’s mailing 137 . The attraction is that the lists provide a relatively simple route to interactive communication via electronic mail. catering to a large of special interest groups. comments on pervious messages. These lists evolved into the next generation of community system. The sponsor would then forward the postings to the other members of the mailing list. Usenet is not a centrally planned and maintained network.000 users on more than 10. but a loose collection of computers running the unit TM operating system connected by a wide variety of physical transmission lines from high 250. Early users of electronic mail in the ARPANET (the first nationwide computer network widely available to the scientific community. ranging from comments about existing computers to technical science to popular culture to job positions to move reviews to cooking recipes. they would send their contributions to the sponsor. Netnews contains more than 650 boards across a wide variety of topics. Virtually all libraries. The list servers available are now in hundreds and thousands and no one can able to list all as we have too many even in narrow fields of knowledge. reading of selected boards. Similarly. and saving of selected messages. Standardized lists became established to distribute messages to people interested in a wide variety of topics.list. The software functionality has evolved to support streamlined posting to the appropriate boards. when users wanted to contribute an article or posting to the list.000 machines spread throughout the world. which distributes messages over Usenet. It is obvious that electronic technologies have already had considerable impact. the electronic bulletin board. at least in the most developed countries. Card catalogues have largely been replaced by online catalogues and theses are being expanded through the addition of materials 138 . are new members of networks that greatly facilitated the location of success of information and gaining of access to them. noted the convenience of being able to send items to many others on a distribution list.4 an illustrative current-day bulletin board system is Netnews. it is no longer seen as a tool bounded by the collection of a single library but one reveals the availability of resources in a network of libraries or even one that is essentially a gateway to a universe of information resources in printed. An EPSS is the electronic infrastructure that captures. 139 . 4. guidance. and assessment and monitoring systems to permit job performance with minimal support and intervention by others”. data. software. According to Gloria Gery. images. The performance support approach is rapidly spreading throughout the professional training community as an alternative approach to training. electronic or other forms. tools. stores and distributed individual and corporate knowledge assets throughout an organization to enables individual to achieve required levels of performance in the fastest possible time and with a minimum of support from other people. individualized online access to the full range of information.not previously included. adcice and assistance. and is offering a new set of interface design principles for professionals in the human computer interface design community. The whole idea of what a catalogue should be. is changing.7 Electronic Performance System (EPSS) Model Electronic Performance Support Systems are making inroads into office and manufacturing environments – hot no the heels of the computer revolution. Uses of terminals or work stations to access databases of various kinds is now routine for the libraries and add electronic resources to their collection in CD-ROM or other forms.10. Use of terminals or work stations to access databases of various kinds is now routine for the libraries and adds electronic resources to their collection in CD-ROM or other forms. an Electronic Performance Support System is “An integrated electronic environment that is available to and easily accessible by each employee and is structured to provide immediate. from a Word or PDF version of a printed theses.  Looks at the complete cycle including the capture process as well as the distribution process. to a truly digital publication that includes audio and visual material and may be organization quite differently 140 .EPSS (Electronic Performance Support Systems) are system that provides employees with the information.. image. advice and learning experiences they need to get up to speed as quickly as possible and with the minimum of support from other people.10.  Includes all the management of non-electric as well as electronic assets. Integrated knowledge assets into the interface of the software tools. video. An EPSS also provides the electronic infrastructure that captures stores and distributed knowledge throughout an organization to enable it to learn faster than it competitors. how.  Has the ability to work with the existing knowledge Based System (KBS).8 . By combining all the definitions we can say an EPSS:  Encompasses all the software needed to support the work of individuals. Electronic performance support systems are used to:  Task structuring support: help with how to do a task (procedures and processes). audio. rather than separating them as add-on components. text. e.  Alternate forms of knowledge representation (multiple repetitions of knowledge . Also we can call EPSS as an electronic system that directly supports a staffs performance when.g. UNESCO ETD Model Electronic theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in Indian Universities Electronic theses and Dissertation (ETD) can take a variety of forms. Access to knowledge bases (help user to find information needed). and where the support is needed. data) 4.  Conservation of paper. etc. is to develop and maintain substitution model of open access ETD repositories for users. The broader benefit. Per phases the greatest challenge for libraries today.  Professional development for researchers who learn the basic skills of scholarly publishing in an electronic format. of ETDs have been described as follows:  Broader exposure of engineering college research. library storage space..  New forms of creative scholarship through interactive elements. the elite science and technology institutions. hyperlink. with publication near the point of submission rather than three to four months later. The ETD initiatives started in India during late nineties and popularly of this concept is growing rapidly in the higher educational and research institutional to disseminate newly emerged knowledge and expertise.from a printed thesis. These has been a realization of the usefulness of the availability of online theses by higher institutional particularly. The digital libraries of electronic theses and dissertation (ETDs) are promising to be extremely advantages to scholar especially in developing countries. and many libraries have no access policy. Presently ETDs submitted in India universities in mainly in text formats.’  Theses or dissertation accessible to any reader at any time. and staff time.  Ability to hyperlink to the thesis/dissertation on homepages and electronic CVs. During the last few years more research and development institutions and universities are beginning to embrance the idea of creating and maintaining 141 . multimedia.  Faster access. One of the major barriers facing by scholars and researchers in India is lack of access to current literature in their field.8 ETDs consist of master or doctoral research work that submitted or archived electronically by an institution. It has a title page with the author’s name. Researchers often have difficulties in locating the relevant dissertations done by previous students as there is no uniform user interface to conduct a formal search for theses and dissertations. the official name of the technical college. additionally few universities/research institutions require the same version on a CD-ROM or submission online. 142 . and the names of the committee members.a repository of electronic theses and dissertations. It is expressed in a form simultaneously suitable for machine archives and worldwide retrieval. It has figures. The following sources/databases include information on accepted theses in India: There are numerous challenges which relate to the ability of organization to integrate the management of ETDs into their organizational structure. Universities in India oblige researchers to submit the print version of the theses to library. footnotes. and references. either on an internal network or on the web. the degree sought. According to UNESCO ETD Guide website “An ETD is a document that explains the research or scholarship of a researcher/student. tables. In spite of number of sporadic efforts there is no single authentic source available where one can locate accurate statistics about the theses produced in India. The following major issues are being faced in many developing countries: (1) Lack of Expertise/Awareness (2) Lack of support from Faculty/academic staff (3) Leadership problem-The lack of initiatives on the part of parent institutions and the absence of action plans or priorities. The ETD is similar to its paper predecessor. E-portal and interface-a good user interface is essential for visibility and maximizing access and act as a guide for the 143 . audio. In most institutions. there are a wide range of copyright and licensing issues that need to be taken into consideration. video. With the growing diversity of media and technologies for the production of theses and dissertations. A project for developing a complete national union catalogues of ETDs or amalgamation of existing bibliographic databases already in possession under INFLIBNET. databases. spreadsheets. DELNET or other library networks need to be initiated in order to avoid any duplication of work. ETDs is a new generation of theses and dissertations that can include color diagrams. to develop a nationwide digital library of theses and dissertations. Continuing the natural development of these isolated efforts of ETD digital libraries. animations. Further. effective handling of ETDs automatically requires some collaboration among the stakeholders in institutions. simulations. each of them have already developed infrastructure and can act as Zonal centre. Vidyanidhi and INDEST. and virtual reality worlds. such as INFLIBNET. The first and main focus at the moment is on setting up the infrastructure and getting the content into the institutional repositories. ultimately. libraries are one of the key role players in the management of these and dissertations. Greater collaboration is required to improve ETD sharing and. color images. there is the question of which organization should build cross institutional services. this seems less problematic in nations with organizations. hypertext links.(4) Lack of Funding/infrastructure (5) Access and security (6) Copyright and Intellectual Property Right IPR is one of the key issues and a significant barrier often confronted in institutions which have embarked on ETDs projects. It is further reported that more than 200 universities/institutions from all over India have contributed data/records in electronic format (ISO).9 INFLIBNET’s National online union catalogue of Doctoral theses Murthy mentioned “as per UGC-INFLIBNET Program. An Emerging development Methodology for Enabling Organizational Learning”. The portal provides users with a simple and intuitive interface for searching and browsing through a merged metadata collection of theses. Performance Improvement Quarterly. This online database has the provision to search from the following access points as Title. “Performance Support Engineering. Guide (s). Reference 1. and Boolean Search etc.stakeholders on IPR issues in particular. Barry.” A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is signed between universities and INFLIBNET in this regard.10. Types of Electronic Performance Support System: Their Characteristics and Range of Designs. It has been proposed that UGC Info net will have a data centre with large server capacity and e-theses can be maintained in this server.000 records of doctoral dissertations can be accessed as a single collection. 2. Department. University. postgraduate students and supervisors on ETD submission format. 4. subject(s). Place. Year. Deborah Alpert Sleight. 50. Raybould. 1993. The metadata of India PhD theses are available since 1905 and more than 1. metadata creation etc. 144 . 142 Universities are funded for creation of databases of doctoral theses…. 1995. Researcher. A comprehensive website (e-theses portal) need to be developed for providing guidance to researchers. 2005..K. In proceedings of the 9th International symposium on Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7. 4. “Institutional Digital Repositories / Ear chives: INFLIBNET’s Initiative in India”. 2004. 1998. Copeland. India. “Where RPSS will go from here”. Annual National. 6. EPSS Tomorrow. Edward. Proceedings of the7th MANLIBNET Convention.(3. March. TAV. “Electronic Theses and Dissertations: a sourcebook for Educators”. 9. and Murthy. 1999. Canada. Andres. Caplan P and Thomas C. Chaudhary S and Muller Eva. Malcolm. 9th International Symposium on Electronic these and Dissertations. 2004. Fox. Susan and Penman. Quebec City. May 5-7. Canada. June. 2006.. “DAITSS: Another Preservation Option for Electronic Theses & Dissertations”. June 7-10. “The Evolving Genre of Electronic Theses and Dissertations in Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences”.) Stanley E. Patel. 145 . 2006. Students and Librarians. Yatrik. 5. Quebec City. New York. “The Development and Promotion of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) within the UK. “Added values to E-theses: A preliminary version”. Vijay Kumar. J. 8. Calicut. the New Review of Information Networking. A. Marcel Dekker Inc. While the human eye can quickly see that variant title/ISSN combinations all intend to refer to the same serial.Inc. provides a challenge. With products in use in over 1600 libraries around the world. and therefore none has the ability to study this data as accurately as Serials Solutions. Aggregators may or may not include the population location. older titles. subtitles. or other pieces of addition information. accurate and authoritative data is a critical piece of the company’s growth. The result of all of this variation is that Serials Solutions must spend a great deal of time “normalizing” these data to a single. This database reflects holdings for all journals in all of the aggregated databases tracked. agreed-upon title for each journal. the computer cannot. a component of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging at the Library of Congress. none has anywhere close to as many clients as Serials Solutions. Aggregators may or may not include an ISSN. as set by CONSER. the titles contain misspellings.Chapter 5 Print and E-print transition 5. Because Serials Solutions also offers complete MARC records for journals and an Open URL resolves. we associate title/ISSN combinations with MARC records obtained from the Library of Congress. the ISSN may be incorrect. The manner in which the databases aggregators describe their content. was the first company to provide a comprehensive solution to determining which journals a library could access through its electronic databases. To do that. the Cooperative Online Serials Program. The company has nearly 1200separate clients. Table 1 provides several examples of the irregular title and ISSN combinations that come from different providers. Print and e-print holdings Serials Solutions. however. and when they do. While competitors have joined (and left) this market. By associating 146 . Often. These records are all created to the highest existing cataloging standards. abbreviations. and in order to deliver our MARC record product. No individual information about each library is expressed or described here. however. Many aggregators include non-serial items. and should be countered toward the number of journals their clients can access. etc. reports. To develop this study. These are not serial in nature. quality MARC records. and thirty from the Doctoral classification. such as transcripts. [2] and the 2002 American library directory (“ALD”). Twenty-five public libraries. and checked to see if they were a Serials Solutions client. Two sources. and compared that with data about the number of journals the library can access in print. After compiling information about the number of journals the library can access electronically.. From the resulting set of Serials Solutions clients. they will not be included in the number of MARC records Serials Solutions would create for 147 . supplements. we are able to accurately determine the number of true serials that are available to a library in an electronic format. Baccalaureates. the IPEDS data of 1998. the author created a cohort of libraries that are Serials Solutions clients from each of the major Carnegie classifications [1]. corporate annual report.these title/ISSN combinations to existing. plus a separate group of public libraries. Since no CONSER MARC records will be founded for these non-serial items. as it is necessary to review each library’s profile of subscribed databases to determine how many electronic journals they can access. The libraries in this study had to be Serials Solutions clients. [3] provided the most current information available about the number of journals each library can access. brochures. and these increase the number of titles they can claim to offer. all information is presented in the aggregate. Every fifth library in each Carnegie classification was selected. and Masters classifications. sixty libraries were randomly selected from the Associates. were also studied. Discussion about the variation in those number will follow. of all sizes. Twelve of those libraries are among the 75 largest public libraries in the country. Libraries. as any individual who has worked at a reference desk can attest. Since almost none of these institutions are tracking their electronic journals through their online catalogs. For Baccalaureate institutions.3% of their periodical titles are available electronically.3% of their titles are available electronically. on average 64. for which CONSER records do not yet exist. Without effective quality control. For Associates institutions. many local or regional papers. and twenty-five public libraries. As a result. On the other hand. most academic libraries are unable to access between 80% and 90% of their entire periodical collection. For public libraries. on average 86. on average 83. but have not yet been located.5% of their titles are available electronically. This study compared electronic journal holdings versus all journal holdings in sixty institutions in each of the Carnegie classifications of Associates. and Masters. CONSER records exist. thirty institutions in the Carnegie Classification of Doctorate.3% of their titles are available electronically. For Masters Institutions. Baccalaureate. in their attempts to fill these 148 . They may have an A-to-Z list of their electronic journals. For Doctoral institutions. on average 39. some A-to Z lists contain the numerous errors that were initially introduced by the aggregators themselves. twenty are in the top twenty-five are in the top 20% by book volume. the number of reported journals for public libraries is significantly. are included in these resources. Students clearly prefer electronic access to journals. but this requires that patrons know to search both the OPAC and the A-to-Z list when seeking a specific title. In some cases. The result is that the numbers given as the number of serial titles available at an institution are somewhat undercounted.these libraries.5% of their periodical titles are available electronically. on average 71. Libraries without A-to-Z lists have almost no knowledge of what they can access through their myriad databases. wants, have moved increasing amounts of their resources toward obtaining journals electronically, but have not kept up with tracking these journals for their patrons, or making these journals fully accessible to their patrons. When purchasing online resources, librarians need to ensure that their patrons can determine what is contained in these resources, and then access the resources in a manner with which they are familiar. One great surprise from this study was the extreme variation in data reported by libraries to the various sources used for collecting information of the number of journals available in a library. While journals counts can certainly vary from year to year, and four years’ separation between data collection could lead to some variation in the number of titles available at a specific institution, it cannot explain the massive variation between numbers provided by libraries for the two sources used in this study. Knowing what is or is not a journal can some times be tricky. Knowing which ones to report, and when, can be downright hopeless. Libraries can be excused for not being certain which types of journals to report where, and some fault does lie with those creating data collection forms. But many libraries report very different numbers in the two different sources used in this study. The general instructions for 1998 IPEDS data collection sheet for the relevant fields reads. Electronic journals are a fact of life in today’s library. Patrons and libraries recognize their value, and access through database aggregators, while occasionally problematic, is also incredibly cost-effective. Unfortunately, however, the vast majority of most libraries’ journal holdings are now compiled within these databases, and very few libraries are able to track the journals in these databases, particularly through the OPAC. If libraries are to obtain the greatest possible value from the journals in these databases, they need to present information about these journals to their patrons. 149 Retained Following are examples of criteria for retaining subscriptions to the print versions of journals that were cited by a number of research libraries: Demand  Strong faculty demand for retention of print.  Print is being used.  Print is needed to support local curriculum or research. Price  The cost/benefit of print is superior.  The subscription model is still based on print. Function  Print offers better features (e.g., browsing or current awareness).  Poor interface design in the electronic version.  Quality of images or graphics is demonstrably poorer in the electronic journal.  Print has significant art factual or aesthetic value.  Electronic does not meet needs of users.  Electronic access has unacceptable limits on use (e.g., simultaneous users, physical location). Long-Term Electronic Availability  There is no credible contractual guarantee of continued access to the subscribed electronic volumes in case of future cancellation or in the event the publishers fails.  There is no evidence of the publisher’ s commitment to long-term digital preservation of the journal(e.g., journal is not in a trusted digital repository). 150  Electronic is a available only in aggregator packages and library cannot control if a title drops out (considered unstable). Print Retention Responsibility  Library has a consortial or other responsibility to retain a print archive of the journal title or the subject area to which it belongs.  Resources sharing requirements indicate the need for print.  Library has a “premier collection” in the field. Timeliness and Reliability  There is a delay between publication of the print and availability of online content.  The provider of the electronic journal is unreliable. Content  The content of the print version differs from that of the electronic (e.g., the print contains significantly more material than the electronic; mastheads, letters, conference announcements, etc., are not maintained historically).  The electronic is not the primary publication venue (e.g., it does not provide at least as much or more content than the print). Open access (OA)-The free availabity and unrestricted use of scholarly research – shall not cease. While there are certain, formidable barriers to the adoption of universal OA publishing and protocols, the infrastructure and groundswell of support from governments, publishers, and the academic research community all but ensures OA is here to stay. We believe that open access will be an essential component of scientific publishing in the future and that works reporting the results of current scientific research should be as openly accessible and freely useable as possible. Libraries and 151 publishers should make every effort to hasten this transition in a fashion that does not disrupt the orderly dissemination of scientific information. Libraries propose to: 1. In our education and outreach activities, give high priority to teaching our users about the benefits of open access publishing and open access journals. 2. List and highlight open access journals in our catalogs and other relevant databases. (Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. June 20,2003. Accessed September 24,2010. http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm.). While funding is very tight for most libraries these days, as print subscriptions are canceled, an initial, one-time savings may be realized and could provide “seed” money for funding or cost-sharing of such OA publishing fees by various departments within the organization. Online catalog access to electronic OA serials ensures users will have a reliable access point to OA titles. Many electronic resources management systems (ERMSs) list OA journals Users may not know to go directly to DOAJ, or Google Scholar, but they may know the library online catalog or ERMS as the one reliable source of access for most of their journal needs. Such local access also provides an opportunity to talk about open access and other scholarly communications issues with interested faculty and administrators. E-Portals and Technology In an attempt to make proliferation of biomedical resources and knowledge in the digital world, many collection specialists have collaborated with electronic services librarians and outreach and instruction librarians to develop various types of information portals-many 0f which are a combination of digital content as well as discovery finding aids and tools. 152 Sometimes referred to as electronic portals e-Portals, these websites-often maintained by the library or hospital IT department through content management systems (CMSs)-provide a one-stop shop and single point of entry to a finite universe of online reasources and services for busy clinicians, trainees, and researchers. Often, clinical users and to a certain extent, clinical project scientists do not want the entire universe of information. Rather, because of time constraints, their needs are more immediate. Having ready access to a few relevant resources is better than complex access to many resources. Point-of care resources is the class of electronic medical content that includes databases containing regularly updated, filtered, review-type articles, based on the latest available science or evidence. Point-of-care resources may also include drug information, and common medical procedures with video clips and image files. For nurses, after-care instructions. In order accommodate various clinical users, facilitate access, and increase awareness of available resources, some health care libraries have deployed a few key technologies and features within their e-portals. One features of health care library e-Portals is to provide various page views based on user status. For examples, clinical research faculty (e.g., project scientists) may have one view of resources that focuses on research-oriented databases, such as Thomson’s Web of Science with access to citation analysis databases. Patient care providers and trainees (Physicians, nurses, residents), may have a different tab or page view with links to point of care resources such as medicine, Dynamic, or First Consult. Another technology or feature of health care library e-portals is the federated search or met search, which allows simultaneous searching across a group of user selected resources. Some met search engines de-duplicate results and may also provide a relevancy ranking of the search retrieval. There are a number of thirdparty federated search vendors currently 153 in the market. Web-Feat technical work. Some library managers have allocated a set amount of dollars for these resources and others have partnered with various hospital departments at the institution in order to provide the resources users most request.org) and Deep Web Technologies. these vendors will provide the set-up.com) are two such companies. Though it may be challenging to do so. and medical school curriculum committees and/or HER implementation teams and hospital IT. clinicians should be a part of the selection and evaluation process. and evaluation of point of care resources should be a collaborative process. such as electronic medical textbooks and course specific journal articles. and maintenance. into the online school of medicine curriculum . especially if integration of this content into the electronic health record is being considered. programming code or technical changes associated with the content provider. publishers. (htpp://www. Knowledge Integration The adoption of the electronic health record (HER) is increasing across the country. Selection.deepwebbtech.(http://www. As point-of care resources proliferate. will be encouraged to provide access to as many of these resources as possible. Learning management systems(LMSs) also endeavor to integrate licensed library content. 154 . funding.webfeat. library managers and collections specialists. overhaul. particularly in academic settings. For a fee. Knowledge integration in either or both of these environments requires collaboration between the library. particularly when tough choices have to be made in difficult economic times. and updating of medical school curriculums develops. However. academic health sciences libraries will face similar challenges and issues. as the perform. With the passage of the this is a special issue and challenge particularly for medical center and hospital-libraries. They will maintain and update the list of resources APIs (application program interfaces) and other scripts. One aspect of integration involves facilitating use of existing licenses and content. In some cases, extending licenses to encompass these new environments may require license renegotiations with the publisher. In these cases, there is the potential for additional licensing fees. Library managers should be prepared to thoroughly research this issue not only with content providers but vendors also. Such research will bring compliance with copyright and the existing license agreements and the payment of additional licensing fees, if required or appropriate. Research studies regarding Info button use have shown that info buttons are an important adjunct in providing quality health care and have the potential to increase patient safety, decrease medical error, and lower health care costs. IMO (Intelligent Medical Objects) uses a slightly different approach to knowledge integration. Similar to the info button, IMO’s Health search interface provides the same contextual medical reference link outs, but does so form a menu of resources based on user status, e.g., physician, nurse, pharmacist. Institutional Repositories Repositories are being deployed in a variety of environments and contexts. “The many repository platforms available today are changing the nature of scholarly communication”. Various institutions and organizations are reestablishing their role not only as publishers, but as stewards and preservationists of locally generated and produced knowledge and research; and they are doing so through the creation of institutional repositories,(IRs). Spurred on by the open access movement, institutions have decided that the research, and knowledge generated by their own people must not only be preserved, but controlled. Both in terms of local access, of course, but also in terms of access and availability within the larger national and international scholarly and research communities. 155 Institutions undertaking this endeavor now realize that they need not rely on an outside entity (e.g., for-profit publisher) or a foreign business model to determine the destiny of the content they have paid faculty, researchers, and others to produce for the public good. An excellent background resource on institutional repositories is Building Digital Libraries . As one of the “how-to –do-it” manuals from Neal – Schulman Publishers, Reese and Beaneries step users through myriad elements and details of the decision – making, planning, and execution process. They discus the philosophical, practical, and technical aspects from beginning to end. This endeavor will require coordination and collaboration by the librarian among various technical and diverse user groups across the organization. If successful, the development and facilitation of an IR by the library manager will bring lasting value to the institution, the through evaluation is warranted. Archiving When it became clear that electronic journals were quickly becoming the preferred format, librarians immediately raised the issues of preservation, perpetual rights, and archives. In the along era, libraries owned the content once purchased through subscription services. However, in the digital era, owning is not the business model of choice for many publishers. Rather, for publishers, licensing the content for a specified time has become the prevailing business model. Thus, when the library’s license expires, access to not only current content but content accumulated since the start of the agreement may expire as well. There are troubling matters for libraries, yet very common. In their role as fiduciaries for access to all knowledge throughout all time, librarians have created some solutions. Sometimes, licensing agreements for content from publishers will include a perpetual rights access clause granting institutional licensees access in perpetuity, liar to the access enjoyed in the analog world. Inter arrangements; some publishers make the digital files available for a 156 one-time purchase. Other models preservation and access include electronic archiving tiatives and services such as Portico, LOCKSS, and TOR, mentioned previously. Participation in these serves is fee-based. Free are often tiered based on the situation’s size and mission. However, pricing for electronic journals and books is a moving target. Library managers or collections specialists should negotiate based on their on their unique institutional preferences and needs. There are as many pricing models as there are publishers. Many observers agree that pricing models for electronic content is a real concern. Publishers say that they have not yet experienced a cost savings in the transport from print to electronic. They explain that while they may no longer have to print on paper, produce color figures and gels, and mail issues to subscribers, there are still significant production costs such as editing and programming, as well as conversion costs and the ongoing management cost of maintaining digital archives in perpetuity. These tasks, they say, must still be accomplished and while some costs are about the same, other costs are slightly higher. Presently, some publishers, not willing to cannibalize their personal subscriber base, print hard copies and produce and electronic version. The activity is particularly prevalent among the smaller society publishers whose subscribers often receive a print copy of the society journal as a member benefit. Much remain to be sorted out the determined by publishers and in the end, a true savings may accrue. Whether this savings will be passed along to subscriber is an open question. A possible scenario might be that in the face of diminishing personal print subscription, if publishers decide to continue them, institutional subscriber will most likely subsidize them. Thus, as the move to electronic becomes more pervasive,annual increases for institutional subscribers/licensees-comparable to what was paid for the print –is entirely probable. But again, for institutional subscribers, the added value is access. Moreover, certain publishers are providing 157 true electronic versions of journals complete with media clips, -D graphs, charts, feeds, and integrated video discussions with researchers-features, they may contend, that will justify the cost increases. Refer to Chapter 8 in this text for more discussion on issues related to electronic resources licensing. Budget Is there a formula for determining a collections budget? Should parameters regarding expenditures based on various formats or subjects be articulated? The collections budget is one part of the library’s overall budget, thus for more detail regarding how this part might fit into the whole, pricing among publishers for electronic serials content is still a work in progress. Some publishers have shifted from print plus electronic pricing to electronic plus print so that now there is a premium on the hard copy! Perhaps, within the parameters of the allocation the librarian receives for collections, parsing out percentages by format, discipline, or program is a reasonable method. Allowing for annual increases is essential. Yet, without an increase in this allocation that keeps pace with the publisher’s annual increases, inflation, and fluctuating currencies, librarians are challenged to strategize in order to simply maintain status quo and adding new content carries with it the discussion of what to cut in order to provide it Determine the value of this shift and seek methods and opportunities for savings. Internal collaborative funding, though sometimes an administrative headache, can relieve the library’s burden and also inform users and administrators regarding the high cost of providing online content. For example, some libraries cost-share with the pharmacy department or pharmacy school when funding online drug information resources. the cost for a compelling, cost-share argument with hospital administrators because they understand that such resources enhance clinical competency and reduce medical error. 158 5.6 Changes in health Services: Globally the nature of health care is changing, and the dynamic nature of this change is equally prevalent in the Australian health care system. Changes in health care policy, and in the information needs of health care professional, require health information providers to develop a trench of skills to reflect this environment. Changes in health care delivery through managed care, care pathways and a greater focus on health outcomes have shaped the information needs of health practitioners and the types of information that they need to access in order to operate effectively in this changing climate. The need for critical appraisal skills, the development of new information sources, the impact of the World Wide Web, and new systems for managing health knowledge have created an impetus for health librarians to reassess their role, increase their profiles and take a more active part in this new environment as interpreters of evidence rather than merely as collectors and custodians of the literature. At a specific health level, the work of sub groups, such as Health Library Sections has been strong. This group provides a programmed of events both at national and state levels, reflecting current topics of interest and inn ovations affecting health information providers. This activity has ranged from half-day workshops to longer events, while also contributing to wider professional development through conferences such as the combined Specials, Law and Health Libraries biennial conference, which brings together these three sectors to explore common ground and too learn about both generic and specialized topics. In –house training has also become more formally recognized as a vital part of continuing development and training, especially with respect to generic skills such as supervision, management and use of information technology.10 It is unclear, however, how many organizations make these types of opportunities available to all staff, including those in libraries. This is especially true in health care 159 and demand for. master’s degrees and doctoral programmed. 160 . educational opportunities offered through these institutions have been in the form of postgraduate qualifications. The growth of interest in. All of these differ in length. many of which have training and continuing medical education policies that do not specifically cater for non-clinical staff.’ Factors such as relevance and its immediate use in the workshop are therefore overriding features which are considered when specialist librarians are choosing development opportunities. it is important to note that most tertiary instructions are not funded or staffed to provide continuing education. However. Research with special librarians identified a lack of suitable continuing education courses as a constraint to development. distance learning courses has in some ways been met by many of these academic institutions giving a wider audience access to development through this route. these change on a annual basis and often rely on those working within health libraries themselves to organize and conduct events that are of direct relevance to themselves. Universities and other further education institutions also play an important role in contributing to the development of librarians throughout Australia. Course in information management are offered by departments other than those that specialize in library and information studies.11 There is reason to suppose that this may be true for those working in health libraries. Durrance12 observed that ‘librarians are not willing to pay the entire cost of attending even a superior programmed designed to focus on issues rather than skill development. While there are a range of courses on offer. mix of coursework versus research and the level of professional experience needed to enter each course.organizations. because funding is generated by student enrolments. Single subjects and distance e-learning courses most also raise enough income for the institution to make it worth their while in the main. yet evaluation of such programmed has not been forthcoming.6 because organizational and personal requirements for development may overlap. the Xiv e-print server was the first widely successful automated electronic archive for research papers in physics and related disciplines: mathematics. the ability to pay. It will be interesting to see what impact the development of a national policy has no whether health librarians keep up-to date or whether other factors. with professional association and sometimes the government making a contribution. nonlinear sciences. enabled by the computing and communications revolution. Who ultimately makes funds available for such activity is a matter of contention. such as local policies. The development of the Career Development Kit has provided a useful aid towards helping individual library professionals take responsibility for their own career development.11 Responsibility for meeting the individual’s development needs has been recognized as one that should be shared between individual and employer. computational linguistics. These key scientific communities and their use of the are Xiv server represent 161 .The question of who pays for both time and money for the information professional’s development has been the subject of much debate over the years. There continues to be a prolific amount of continuing professional development activity in Australia. Development in 1991 at the Los Alamos National laboratory. The Compliance Membership category is also a brave step towards more effective professionals and will move information workers closer to the standards expected by other professionals. and neuroscience. 5. or the relevance of available learning opportunities will instead prove to be more influential. partly by employers. Continuing professional development activity is often paid for by participants.7 E-print and digital library A far-reaching transformation of scholarly communication has thrived during the early stages of evolution. preprint can also be documents that have not been submitted to any journal. preprint servers provide a convenient way for scientists to share their results with their colleagues very rapidly. with subsequent traditional publication becoming almost a formality. or published works. placing a preprint or e-print on the World wide involves no printing costs and practically no distribution costs. electronic dissemination of preprints is an absolute necessity. updated by the author at any time. preprints. While traditional production and publication of documents requires a significant investment of time. 5. including after the peer-review process. in the form of 162 . In some subjects.5. The Americans Physical Society notes that an e-print includes any electronic work circulated by the author outside of the traditional publishing environment. providing a convenient way for scientists to share their results with colleagues without having to wait for the article to appear in print. However. FTP. and money. the e-prints can be. E-print may be unpublished works. or more recently. or even papers electronically posted for peer consideration and comment before submission for publication.2 Preprints and E-prints The term “preprint” often refers to a manuscript that has been peer-reviewed and is awaiting publication in a tradition journal. fax. An “e-print” denotes self-archiving by the author.some of the most innovative and successful experiments to date in scholarly communication. A decade ago scholarly communication involved mail. where rapid transmission of knowledge is critical. In fact. the term “preprint” also covers papers submitted for journal publication. It is perhaps the best known example of the way the Internet has already changed the way scientists communicate. materials. The online archive acts as a repository for electronic versions of papers. but for which no publication decision has been reached. More importantly. and often are. Unlike the familiar paper preprints. and electronic mail. individual articles. At this point. and (2) usefulness. The Rochester study showed that ‘Physicians rated the information provided by the library more highly than that provided by other information 163 . which is typically assessed via usage statistics. New generations of computers are hitting the market in months rather than years.5. How does the are Xiv. but still lag significantly behind in terms of server repositories and papers. Medical college librarians are the primary providers of knowledge-based information to the health care practitioner. the vast majority of preprint servers contain scientific information. are challenged to be technically advanced while maintaining a service orientation. or submission of content supplied by authors.3 Bottom Line: Is It Viable? Two factors govern the ultimate viability of any scholarly communication system: (1)the input activity. 5. has generated more ways of delivering this information with increasing speed and accuracy. A teaching role for librarians is developing as information resources become more available and user friendly. During the past few decades. and computer technology. Two key studies illustrate the value of information and its link to the quality of health care. Librarians. The profession of librarianship is in a force field. The multidimensional currents affecting the discipline are so strong and changing so rapidly that it is more challenging than ever to maintain a professional bearing. Fields in the humanities and social sciences have recently begun following the trend. as information managers. The Internet is proving multimedia information while national leaders are establishing standards for communication on a Global Information Infrastructure (GII). the volume of health sciences information has increased exponentially. Health care institution are merging and changing. those whose searches were conducted earlier had statically significant lower costs. patient mortality. surgery. ‘Of the test case patients (for whom MEDILINE searches were conducted during hospitalization). (ii) to contribute to the body of knowledge through research and publication. The future belongs to those who can manage information and package it into focused segments for the user. Any future changes in information technology will have a corresponding impact on the profession. charges. and to assist their clients in developing evidence-based practice. Distinctions between voice and video recording. requiring new skills in administration. in turn this demands that librarians expand their expertise in the computer and informatics areas.’3 This ‘current’ of information-to-practice requires at least three tasks from librarians: (i) to filter and utilize research-based information applied to their own management skills. and lengths of stay than those whose searches were conducted later. The technological movement toward integrated systems extends information resources beyond the physical boundaries of the library. The recent study by Klein et al demonstrated the economic impact of MEDILINE searches by a health sciences librarian. data files and graphics images are 164 . Electronic tools for managing information have thus-become inexorably bound to the profession of health sciences librarianship. creating ‘virtual’ libraries. mediated by a physician for patient care while the patient was hospitalized.sources…’2 and that information helped to minimize hospital admission. project and systems management. hospital-acquired infection. and additional tests or procedures. Medical college librarians are moving into new roles in information management. Although computing technology provides a way to cope with ever-increasing reserves of information. 7.7. The health sciences library is becoming a locus of all forms of stored information. how do professionals continue the education that is essential for ongoing effectiveness? 5. In addition. More affordable. a number of questions need to be addressed.1 New directions It is becoming more evident that technological currents are altering the course of health sciences librarianship in new and creative ways. the growing interest in quality management and ‘benchmarking’ increases the need for evidence-based practice in the library as well as in the practice of the library’s clients.fading and merging with printed materials. The evidence shows that the increasing availability of information only increases the need for guidance in accessing the appropriate segments. The demand for librarians guides. The main focused on three key ideas: 165 .2 The response The knowledge and skills task force began its work with a survey in which members were asked to identify the knowledge and skills they currently needed to be professionally effective and the knowledge and skills they perceived would be required of them in the 21st century. more user-friendly computers put more information resources in the hands of the library user. What will be the nature of the profession a decade from now? What body of knowledge and skills will take health sciences librarians into the 21 st century? Who is responsible for providing the resources for acquiring this knowledge and skills? Where can health sciences librarians find the resources? If the ‘shelf life’ of an academic degree is 3 to 5 years. instructors and coaches pre-empts the question of whether librarians will be replaced by computers. Superhighways of information feed directly into laptops. Based on current trends. and librarians are extending their knowledge and skills to incorporate all forms of media. which calls for significant changes in the types of knowledge and skills that librarians require to remain at the forefront of their profession. 5. Each of the resources can provide professional development opportunities directly relevant to the individual. Platform for Change implies that a universe of educational possibilities does exist and begins to define the role of professional associations. p. p. academia. methodology.p. and they can also collaborate in the professional development effort. mentors and other resources for personal professional growth. developing ‘highimpact models for curriculum content. and assessment.4 Continuum of learning By placing the individual at the centre of the professional development picture. 8]  ‘A coalition of interdisciplinary educational providers and consumers’ would explore new opportunities on the continuum of learning. l7. [ ref. design. employers. close to actual work situations’. colleagues.18] 5. l. l.’ [ref. 1.]  There is a continuum of learning that includes both continuing education as well as continuing learning: ‘Learning moves along a continuum from stable and consistent condition toward those that confront the learners with changing and less-structured but learner-important problems. It calls upon ‘set the standards for professional competency and compensation … take a leadership role in creating a vital and responsive professional development program … exercise leadership and work collaboratively with all participants in the educational arena … foster staff development programs offered by employers … establish a formal caisson with schools of library and information science education … design and implements a research agenda that advances the 166 . ‘ [ref. Individuals must assume personal responsibility for aggressively seeking life-long education and professional development opportunities from a variety of sources.7.  Management of information services. 1.professional knowledge base’[ref. 167 . 5.  Information systems and technology.5 Knowledge and skills To guide the individual in seeking professional development along the continuum of learning. places librarianship in context with other related disciplines. and interpretation.  Health sciences information services.  Health sciences environment and information policies. and  Research. pp. 1. It asks employers to ‘place a high priority on staff development… provide institution-based training within the context of the broader educational experience… recruit individuals of competence and expertise’.7 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS & POLICY. analysis.  Instructional support systems.MARCH 2009 E-Journal on a Shoe String: Piero Cavaleri LIUC Michael Keren. It challenges graduate programmed of library and information science to ‘lay a broad foundation that stresses theory over application. fosters professional values and prepares students to design their own learning program throughout the length of their careers… provide a range of programs and opportunities that meet needs throughout one’s professional career… define the boundaries of their programs and develop effective relationships with other related information disciplines’.20-22].. VOL. 39 NO.7. 5. The latter problem. and when we entered the fray there was no need for new publications as such. Since this 168 . the first president of EACES-was that it was necessary to help break the stranglehold of the big publishing houses on academic publication. some 15 years after the collapse of the socialist economic system and the start of transition. The first argument-raised by Giovanni Ramello (at that time of LIUE) and Vittorio Valli. It entered the publishing field in 2004. is not straightforward. These events raised enormous interest in the field of economic systems and in comparative economics. We had hoped that open access journals could increase competition in the field and thus provide some countervailing power.Use of market power to raise subscription prices and restrict access to scientific output. We hope that this article may provide some insights into the theoretical discussion of the economics of open-access publishing. would not be met by a richer journal. to join LIUC and publish the e-journal. 5. making it a sustainable enterprise. The very fission of the economic system of the Soviet empire has provided a huge amount of new data on the importance of institutions in the economy and a lot of new information on the nature and characteristics of these institutions and their impact on the economy at large. Italy. All these have led many leading economists to contribute to these twin fields. yet that keeping it alive.7. Our experience running a poorly endowed journal has taught us that entry to the field on a very meager budget may be easy. we surmise. This interest subsided with time. Yet the General Assembly of the European Association for Comparative Economics (EACES) decided in Forli. Several arguments led to this decision.1 The EJCE is an on-line refereed journal. in market economies as much as in socialist ones. The natural response to the flood of publication was the birth of many new journals that deal with transition and comparative economics. (Meadows. a forum for its activities and a useful means of diffusion of the scientific debate on comparative economics to a wide public. This would give to EACES a larger visibility. We believe that we were correct in this assessment.g. In economics a 169 . in economics. These dynamics have over the years led to a significant concentration in the academic publishing industry. at times on behalf of scientific associations or individual scholars. The second argument was associated with the internal heeds of EACES. But this has been changing: commercial publishers have increasingly been entering the market by introducing new journals. and that this may have been one of the reasons for our success. We felt that we would satisfy a need that was keeping potential contributors ad readers away. We hoped we would be able to provide such help where we thought it was needed and justified. 1996).forms the background of the contemporary journal publishing market. Very often. these publishers were scientific associations or universities. The result of the increasing concentration has been a price rise far exceeding the rate of inflation and the relevant increases in costs. e. It was felt that there was a need for a new low cost journal. We had hoped that new contributors would come from these up-to-now neglected markets. Nictia and Ramello 2007). in particular to contributors from transition countries and more generally from outside the western world. we present this argument separately below. in line with what has been happening in other copyright industries (Silva and Ramello 2000. The question that arose was: Could we succeed given the excess supply of journals? We had several reasons that led us to believe that we could. We believed there were young and 91 Inexperienced economists who may have been able to make important contributions if they received some help in improving their presentation. at times by acquiring existing titles. open to promising young scholars and fully accessible both to experts in the field and to the general public. This antitrust authority has so far not found it appropriate to intervene. However. EER. Despite this divorce. Its inefficiencies are clear. research institutes in general and universities in particular are devoting significant amounts of their resources to buy 170 . claming that the latter’[have] a significant and damaging effect on Topology’s reputation in the mathematical research community’. 4 That the British market for scientific. A comparable position has been endorsed by other important US educational institutions.’5 These feeble attempts at countermeasures have so far not changed the state of affairs. First. The market. technical and medical (STM) journals faces similar conditions was brought to light through an investigation Fair trading.rising number of top ranked journals are now in the hands of three big publishing houses that have emerged. In a similar vein. through inertia. an international journal of mathematics founded in the late. yet it clearly asserts that the ‘position will be kept under review’ as ‘three is evidence to suggest that the market for ST journals may not be working well’ and that ‘many commercial journal prices appear high. the journal of the European Economic Association. at the expense of education and research institutions’ ‘Journals are the principal means by which scientific knowledge is disseminated. which operates worldwide. has a number of features that suggest that competition may not be working effectively. 50s resigned from their positions in December 2006 in reaction to the new publisher’s pricing policies. Or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing’ 2.3 The European Economic Association adopted a different strategy: it decided in 2002 to found a completely new organ. still enjoys a significant reputation that is keeping it safely among the top journal in the ISI ranking. the EER. the editors of the Journal of Topology. after having invested 23 years in building up the European Economic Review (EER) that was published by a commercial publisher. market forces harnessing new technology may change this without the need for intervention. the concurrent increase in potential demand would have permitted a reduction of prices had the market been competitive. according to many commentators. it increases the cost of research. which are reducing the cost of disseminating information. Journal. according to our hypothesis. driven by the ease of getting the support of a scientific society. while in the past the market power enjoyed by the publisher was significantly attenuated by provisos such as the ‘fair dealing’ exceptions. that essentially provided a spill-over space of knowledge for the non-paying users. necessary. Furthermore. From this viewpoint the choice of running a journal dealing with comparative economics was largely fortuitous. seem paradox ally to be strengthening the hands of the oligopolists and leading to price increases. whether the open access model is a sustainable project in scholarly publications and whether scientific journals can exist outside the confines of the commercial market. by the pricing strategies imposed by most commercial publishers. We wished to counter the current trend of increasing ‘propertization of just about everything’ which. is significantly 171 . We expected that being the first e-journal in the field may benefit us. these provisos are no longer effective in the digital domain. It was one of our aims to expand the ‘invisible college’ of the economic scientific community by including those who have thus far been excluded from the access to many journals. included in copyright law. although ICT technologies are providing means for cheaper production and delivery of research results. even though we were aware of the fact that the leading journals in the field were also extending their presence on the web. to obtain the reputational foundation for the journal’s attractiveness. And advances in ICT. Since a substantial part of the costs per subscriber is fixed. By leading to a wasteful duplication of costs.the intellectual output of their own uncompensated researchers. Secondly. the price increase must be based on market power. plus a selected range of the journals of their field of specialization. the set of its potential readers. Most researchers read only the top journals in their wider field. browse its contents and read those articles that are relevant to it. by providing wide circulation of ideas through open access.affecting the circulation of knowledge and hampering innovation. and indirectly that of submitting to it. easy to cover. the set-up is simpler and running costs too are low. the longevity of the journal. much easier than a traditional print journal. which is usually borne by an institution. These readers ‘time is a highly constrained resource and the time and attention they can allocate to scientific literature is limited. fixed and now sunk costs and low positive marginal costs. is only indirectly affected by its price. The audience of an academic journal. This is an example of a chicken-egg problem: good papers raise the interest of readers. a readership that will. This raises the importance of quality as 172 . covered partly by LIUC but mostly by voluntary labour. When it comes to submission. Consequently top journals and few specialized. Journals are ranked. at the least. Yet readers will spend time perusing it only if they are assured that they may find in it material that is worth the time they invest. Our experience since then has proved that it is easy to start an e-journal. What worries us is the future. our publishing model relies on low. To attract good submissions a journal needs to build a reputation. the ‘publish or perish’ rule leads researchers to send their work to the most visible and high reputation journals. Accordingly. is primarily composed of the costs of time and only partly of the pecuniary expense usually borne by their institutions. and their ranking is determined by the numbers of readers and citations. Thus the opportunity cost of reading a given journal. yet the former will not be submitted to a publication which will not attract readers’ interest. The initial investment is low. much lower than those of a print journal. to manage editorial work. How the latter are Print journals have additional stages of production from which e-journals are free. enables readers to read and download the journal. 5. The technology for accomplishing the above is today easily provided on the web. allowing us to change it often and quickly. printed or electronic: to receive and evaluate submitted papers. the fact that a journal if free on the web does not assure it of a readership and most assuredly not of worthwhile submissions the convenience of being available on the web may be to its advantage.7 In other words.the almost-exclusive consideration for reading a journal. and if the quality of a journal is not perceived as comparable to the best.1. and we tried to use available software solutions. Yet a critical aspect for independent open access journals is website quality and ‘look’.1 ECONOMICS OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS The initial investment in setting up an e-journal is low. 5. 173 . and.1 Running an E-journal Certain operations have to be undertaken by any scientific journal. to maintain and modify the journal web site. to process and format articles. Open access journal websites have to be perceived as authoritative and professional as commercial publisher websites. Each module of the program is very simple. The fast and secure transmission of manuscripts and mail means savings of time. Some of these have to be done by a central office and in our case by Piero Cavaleri. only those who are unable to access the paying ones will choose to read (and indirectly-to submit to ) it. to disseminate information and register the journal in internet directories and submit new issues to bibliographic databases.8. that provides a secure access to the editors. of course. yet now all most important journals are provided both electronically and in print. All these separate modes of access have naturally to be separate and secure. You need to set up a site that allows contributors to upload their papers and referees to upload their reports.8. who are increasingly pushing users to switch to electronic submission. But for traditional publishers it meant a costly reorganization of their existing routines. Pure e-journals enjoy a few additional advantages. It is available and widely exploited by traditional publishers. freed from locational anchors. and a technical editor who is responsible for transforming the manuscripts into the published articles and takes care of running the website. reviewing and subscriptions. which may be very useful in maps and diagrams. no paid workers.g. though the use of ICT is not the monopoly of open access journals. E-journals pay no postage. of submissions to indexing services and of other activities. Skype. a figure has to represent several distinct entities. Most printed journals are in black and white and have to use substitutes for colours when. exploits ICT. the simplification brought by Internet is not an exclusive feature of open access journals. no secretaries. the use of colour. Paper journals printed in colour face an added cost. e. a managing editor who is the busiest of the four. It is true that many traditional journals have gone over to electronic uploading of papers and reports. We are a staff of four. because it is most unlikely that the overworked editors will be able to add to their other chores the stuffing of journals into envelopes and the sticking of address labels. Their readers do not get them by mail but by email or through search on the web. The editorial team. However. editorial blogs..paper and labor. whereas EJCE started off in a paperless way. For an e-journal colour comes free. Posting journals requires paid labor. The latter job is carried out at LIUC while the 174 . and email communication of editorial decisions has replaced paper mail. and the likewhich permit cooperation that would be prohibitive in the physical world. say.email. The journal has no office. all volunteers: two co-editors. which may be quite substantial. and. Alessandria. It is another weak link in all academic publication. We rely fairly heavily on the cooperation of the members of our association in the choice of referees.9 E-publishing: and E-journals 175 . which do not differ from those suffered by paper journals. depends on the desire of the existing staff of four to continue to carry out their job. Jerusalem and wherever else the team’s members. so it seems to us. however. We were. the editors have managed to determine the fate of a paper within a few days of the arrival of the referees’ review. As a rule. 5. Referees. LIUC that can spare but limited resources for the publication of our journal. At the start we hoped that we would be able to achieve a very rapid process and make very fast decisions on our submissions. in our case not been too much of a hindrance. an important cost-saver for an association that is starved of resources and for its co-publisher. sometimes disappointed with the speed of the referees’ work. Our operation is too much of a personal one. may happen to be. But these savings are not costless: an employed staff provides some permanence to an organization. if any. Some journals in economics have solved this matter by paying their reviewers who respond by the appointed deadline.former is done inTorino. and some much longer. The ever-lurking question is: How long will they manage it? We cannot omit to mention refereeing in the context of unpaid labour. Although the average time span has been seven months there have been too many papers that have had to wait longer. get little. with all its limitations. As a result we have not been able to achieve the fast throughput that we had hoped for. Now this de-localized organization is of our course a huge advantage. peripatetic academics. Our aim has been that the time between the submission of a paper and its publication (if accepted should not exceed one year. although miraculously it has. We can obviously not do so. Let us open with a few data on our ‘production process’. reward for their pro bono labour. storage and distribution of information.1 Components of Electronic publishing The term ‘electronic publishing’ is generally used to signify the use of computers in the production of printed publications and also in the sense of distribution of information using computers and telecommunication technologies. scissors and glue. printing. How information is presented is not less significant. Pages are laid out using the computer’s memory rather than paper. in its broad sense. electronic submission.9.The information content of a document goes far beyond the simple text and graphics which it contains. leads from gathering of information during research and development to its appearance in a journal. But electronic publishing is a more radical service than either document delivery or information.9. 5. tools for the preparation of illustrations make the job of creating a mixed-media document simpler. The benefits are twofold: the document is typeset with added information due too the presentation format at a cost commensurate with that of a text-only typewritten document. This process usually consists of four crucial steps: manuscript preparation.1. and electronic distribution. The ability to manipulate text without having to rekey it has revolutionized the way documents are created.1 Manuscript Preparation 176 . The personal computer equipped with a visual text editor has replaced the typewriter in any environment where documents are created. The application of the above electronic publishing concepts in scientific publishing has been considered here to illustrate the phenomena involved. Likewise. 5. It is a form of publishing where the computer network becomes the primary medium of creation. The process of technical publication. Everything is handled using a computer. It is here that the new technologies are having a major impact. Tools have now emerged to support the development of documents and their maintenance. the second crucial step. selection of fonts. How are paragraphs. and prints the documents. When coupled with high-resolution laser printers. the printer program takes that file and a file of fonts. When coupled with low-cost.9. g. paragraphing. After the networks are in operation. 5. it can be transferred on a floppy disk. or over a network. in the absence of standards. centering. from editor to reviewer. ASCII) that can be read by different computers. all they need to do is manually strip out the format commands and insert their own. graphs. over a telephone connection. The approach to manuscript preparation involves embedding format commands in the source file of a document which is prepared with any simple text editor. or from editor to publisher. and the like to be represented? How many markup languages-the name for description languages in the publishing trade – should publishers support and editors allow? Even today. medium-resolution laser printers. spacing between words and justification of lines. they provide a creditable desktop printing facility. they help produce results of professional caliber. a major obstacle is lack of standards for describing documents and their components. tables.2 Electronic Submission Electronic submission. charts.Systems for manuscript preparation have become quite sophisticated. citations. hyphenation. fonts. refers to the transfer of a manuscript electronically from author to editor.’ this saves work and removes the possibility of errors that normally occur when the publisher retypes the manuscript. The formatter program takes care of margins. the source file can be given as input to a printer commands. the third crucial step. many publishers are pleased to receive a copy of a source file. involves the use of formatters’ output to drive devices ranging from ‘letter quality’ dot matrix printers to laser printers and 177 . Often called ‘capturing the author’s keystrokes. and footnotes. pagination.1. The file must be stored in a standard text code (e. sections. Printing. indenting. Many of the products covered are transitory – as distinct from transient – and are clearly the forerunners of far more sophisticated services. 5. either broadcast or more probably via cable networks. which will be surely replaced in time by far more sophisticated services using full channel delivery mechanisms.phototypesetters. refereeing and distribution of an item are carried out without any paper intermediaries. the links between many of these products are at best feeble. among the most successful and stable of the strictly information technologies in electronic form. The most common example in the United States is PostScript. Even bibliographic databases online. 178 . Despite the comprehensive nature of such a list. Such an example is broadcast teletext. and a ‘marking engine’. the cost of publication. delays in disseminating research information through conventional channels and added pressures on library budgets. editing. the laser’s control signals coming from the microprocessor rather than from an optical scanner.2 Electronic journal An electronic journal is the one where the writing. are evolving quickly. As can be seen. literature scatter. electronic publishing is essentially in its infancy. This is a full text delivery system and differs from conventional bibliographic databases available online only in the nature of material being carried. The more microprocessor. The manufacturers of printers have been interested in standardizing the languages in which printer input (formatter output) is expressed. The patterns of small dots impressed on paper by a dot matrix printer are too coarse to produce aesthetically pleasing documents. The interest in the electronic journal is spurred mainly due to the literature.9. Much of the drive for the electronic journal comes from the concem within the scientific community over current pressures on conventional publishing. the marking engine uses a laser to imprint images on paper. a memory for holding fonts and the data to be printed. 2.9. In video particularly.2. As we progress. these are not really in direct competition with the printed equivalent. 5.2 Higher Costs Publishing has traditionally been regarded as an easy-entry industry. This is less true of many electronic publishing sectors where initial hardware. like secondary publishing and online. Even in more established information services areas. will hamper the progress.2. both to corporate investment and purchases by individual end-users. it is becoming increasingly clear that technology alone will not determine the rate of progress in electronic publishing. marketing and support costs tend to be high. 5.9. it is now becoming clear that many of the products will take longer for commercialization than had been anticipated initially. there has been a willingness by companies to switch 179 . 5. start-up costs are high and this has prevented many conventional publishers from entering the market. like software. launching a new product now involves major expenditure before any returns are forthcoming. It is also one of the factors that has delayed progress. as many of the larger companies are understandably unwilling to invest without a clear indication of the potential market. pre-recorded video cassettes and even teletext. In some hardware areas. including economics.1 Market and user Information The lack of hard market and user information highlighted by the electronic document delivery sector tends to be a major problem for those involved with electronic publishing. Other factors. It is also noticeable that where market for rapidly emerging electronic products exists.3 Absence of Standards The absence of proper guidelines and standards in many areas is a major disincentive. user acceptance and a commitment to established products and services.While the potential of electronic publishing has been recognized for some time.9. 9. Copyright. 5. transborder data flow and many other problems are thrust into limelight by a technology capable of handling vast quantities of information at unprecedented speed.2. The whole electronic publishing area is littered with legal problems which demand a solution.4 Legal Implications Outside the product standards area. electronic publishing has major legal implications for which solutions are not easy to find. Delays and uncertainties in the legal area will undoubtedly have an impact on the speed with which many electronic publishing products reach the marketplace. privacy. 180 .manufacture from one product to another with scant regard for users who may be locked into an earlier system. 92. Of med.1994. Thomas L. e. 2008 ) pp . discipline.3. Chicago. Soe. Tenopor. Of Eco.” Jrl.pp. 2006.2002. B. (1998) 181 .745-750. Usage. “ Assesing print and electronic use of preference medical textbook Irl. Colombo. (2004). Randy (1994).W. C. and Byrd.10.pp. electronic journals. Technical services today and tomorrow. Jacobson.T. T. Dev.1994.hittoton.14-20. and Golbraith.” Computers in libraries.(1990). p.vol. Michael (1998). “Perception of value and value beyond perception Measuring the quality and value of journal article readings. 1998. “ Response: Procong and cost of e.6. Perspective.pp.14-34. Vol.pp232-238 Siehenberg.B.5 (2004). Se.14.45.” Jrl. ramana . “ The changing role of librarians in the challenging dynamic web environment . (2004). Michael (1992). Lib. Vol. of MED . Lib. Dykhuis.2.for Inf.S.1990.” Jrl. Ana G .65. 2. 145 – 147. “Evaluating the effectiveness of clinical medical librarian program.” Inf. Redesigning library services. restick.pp. targen [2008] . K. What going on hera2.of Amen. Ed. and King . Bergstrom.References: German.” Service. (1994). Buckland. “the role of information professional in development. Pauline A. college 2 Res.1992. CALIBER Calibers .b – Asso NO -1 90 .pp28-33.2007. Lib.1. Venkata .R. “ The promising of electronic publishing OCLC program. (2002). Vol.16.D.2004. “ Print V. ( 2006) .pp. ALA. (2007). Oswitch. Vol.vol. u. Asso.201 Wegmen. P.” Vol.427-438. “The Electronic publishing revolution is not global. Electronic journal use in three Sc/Tech.20.p.199-207. Ramaiah. Isaac Hunter (2008). or those with degrees in such fields as computer science or health sciences librarianship. and there are a number of pathways for ac hieving this.2.577-590. Vol. “Medical faculty’s use of print and electronic journals: changes overtime and in comparison with scientists. Those with clinical experience and no information technology expertise.4. (2004). Opp.35. W.vol.132141.34.18.6.1.of Inf or. Sc. synthesis. carol and king. Enheim chanler (2008).pp.h. p 182 .92. “ Going digital: The transform tics of scholarly communication and Academic libraries policy future in Edu.2008.2008. “Multimedia systems in libraries and their application.6.” Jrl. Lib. “Electronic scholarly publishing and open access. Careers in health informatics require formal education and training.233-241.p. Technology vol. Dunlap.” DESIDOC Bull.2 1998. Of Inf.2004.of med. Asso. D.pp.” Jrl. Vol. . and application of information to problem solving and program development in their chosen area.pp. Tenopir. C.K. 85 3. 35.74 35.1 Respondents Statement Questionnaire Questionnaire Questionnaire distributed received Used for Total study.00 32.67 165 32.U.68 30.07 687 100 609 556 550 1715 100 110 students 31.G. 34.02 4.G.67 55 165 100 220 505 100 40.07 10.08 19. 183 .66 175 students 28. After scrutiny only 550 questionnaires were considered for study.25 132 110 2.74 29.Chapter 6 Data Analysis T.51 40. Research & 21.00 171 32.75 Scholars 9.50 31.78 56 32.23 242 225 39.75 32.47 32.faculy 27. P.00 100 The above table shows that total 609 Questionnaires distributed to users out of which 556 received.25 110 100 352 20.42 32. 1.17 100 10.00 32.67 6035. G. students 17% 32% P. students 40% D 2 Questionnaires received 184 .23% 28% Research scholar Faculty U.G.students P.G.G students D 1 Questionnaires distributed 10% 30% 20% Research scholars Faculty U. SANMCG yes yes Yes _ 7600 61 112 8.2 Collection: 2011-12 Institutes: Type of collection Language Indian Foreign English Hindi Collection Books Reports C D. SARMCH Yes Yes Yes _ 4500 11 75 9. MD and 185 . SUBMCM yes Yes Yes _ 21300 68 1560 11. RAMMCK yes yes Yes _ 9500 35 240 6. Being limited students and courses (MBBS.G. Energy medical college has a collection of Indian and foreign publications and that is in English language only. RAMMCB yes yes Yes _ 4700 29 115 7. TMUMCM Yes Yes Yes _ 7900 45 980 100% 100% 100% The above table shows the states of the collection of medical colleges of U.10% 30% 20% Research scholar Faculty U. HINIMB yes yes Yes _ 3800 21 35 4. ERAMCL Yes yes Yes _ 19500 56 337 3.P.G. students P. MNMCM yes Yes Yes 19800 56 1740 5. CHSMCK yes yes Yes _ 19600 45 950 2. students 40% D 3 Questionnaires considered For study T. 1. SHAMCG yes Yes Yes _ 7500 81 172 10. Most of CDs are those attached to the book.000 books.36 09.09 100% 5001-10000 Below 5000 20001-30000 9% 10001-20000 27% D 4 Collection of books T.09 100% 186 . The reason is the limited publication and less variety and more costly.3 Collection of books: Books Below 5000 5001-10000 10001 15001 -20000 20001 Institute 3 4 3 1 11 27% 36% Percentage 27. The libraries have also a collection of reports and CD.28 36.4 Reports: 2011-12 Below 50 51-75 76-100 Institute 6 4 1 11 Percentage 54.55 36. T.few diplomas) the quantity of print collection is not much as of colleges of other disciplines: 7 colleges have less than 10.36 27.27 09. 18% 18.18% 100% 187 .5 CD-2011-12 Quantity Below 500 501-1000 1001-1500 1501-2000 Institute 7 2 2 11 Percentage 63.36% Below 50 55% 76-100 51-75 9% D 5 Reports T.64% 18. HINIMB 4.82% service Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% No.81. (2011-12) T.18% Below 500 1001-2000 18% 64% D6 501-1000 C D. RAMMCG 7.Resources available: Institute 1. SHAMCG 10. All medical colleges have CD-ROM/DVD databases. E. SARMCH 9.SUBMCM 11. and 81. 188 .P. Moreover E-mail is also popular among the users.18.18% The above table shows the states of E-resources available in medical colleges of U. SANMCG 8.TMUMCM CD/DVD ROM Bibliographical Internet e-mail Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 100% database service Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes. RAMMCK 6. CHSMEK 2.82% have bibliographical database. 6. ERAMCL 3. MNMCM 5. 650000 1100000 NIL. HINIMB 4. ERAMCL 3.18 0. CHSMCK 2.TMUMCM Number of periodicals 3100 3500 3800 3500 NIL. of institutes 1 6 2 1 11 189 Percentage 9.09 100% .7. ranges from 3000 e-journals to 5500 ejournals. 2500 5500 NIL. RAMMCK 6. MNMMC 5. 8 Journals covered under consortia: Below 2500 2500-5000 5001-7500 No faculty No.09 54. and the cost ranges from 6000 to 11 taken. Consortia package of periodicals: Institute 1.75000 900000 880000 750000 NIL. RAMMCB 7. SHAMCB 10. The above table shows the position of consortia package. SARMCH 9. 4500 3500 5500 Cost of consortia Network 8.SUBMCM 11. SANMCG 8. 900000 650000 1050000 connectively EMBSCO INFLIBNET INFLIBNET EBSCO INFLIBNET DELNET DELNET DELNET DELNET.T. T.54 18. All medical colleges have consortia available except 2 colleges. Total frequently 58 52.18 15.20 6.64 29 52.82 23.00 2. 9 Extent of use E-journals 1.45 25.91 190 55 .21 31.45 10.42 40.73 35 17 110 17. Faculty More Frequently.27 19.20% 2501-5000 Below 2500 10% No facility 60% 5001-7500 10% D 7 Journals covered under consortia T.53 63.73 04 7. Res.45 27. Occasionally. scholar 22 6. 03 165 10. P.09 152 45.81 18 20.27 337 27.27 550 students 61. P.3. students and 17. U.G. 31.10% U. G.G.45 151 62 T.10% students 100% The above table shows that 45.46 23 38.00 220 11. 3. 191 .21% faculty is more frequently use e-journals.16% students 4. faculty 2.53% 31.16 42 69. 17. U. 105 students 4.10 27.80 29. staves are more frequent in use while 31. G. 45.45 45 29.16% P.21% 6.10 More frequently: 1. G. Res. ScRo. G. 81% 29. G. G. students U. scholars P. students P. G students 45% D 8 More frequently T.7% 17% 31% Research scholars Faculty U. 11 Frequently: faculty Res. students 23. G.80% 100% 192 .18% 19.20% 27. G. students .scholar 6% 29% D 10 Occasionally 193 P. scholars 3.students 28% D 9 Frequently T.45% 29. G. P. G. G. P. Faculty Res.U. students 4. students 27.00% 100% 27% 38% Faculty Res.42% 6. G.03% 38. students U. 12 Occasionally 1. U. students 19% 4. Scholars 3. G.23% 30% 1. faculty Res. T. More frequently Frequently Occasionally 40.82% 3. 1.73% 7.00% 52.13 Faculty. More faculty 2. Frequently 52.14 Research scholar.27% 100% 194 . Occasionally 15. 1.45% 100% 15% More frequently Frequently 53% Occassionly 32% D 11 Faculty T.73% 31. 15 P. Students: 1.7% More frequently 40% frequently Occassionly 53% D 12 Research scholars T. Students 195 Occassionlly . More frequently 2. G.G. Occasionally 63.64% 25. Frequently 3.91% 100% 11% More frequently 25% Frequently 64% D 13 P.45% 10. 91%) and photocopy 20%. Bulletin Board mode could not gain popularity (5. 3. Students.45% 10.T. conferencing Photocopy 110 550% 20% 100% Above table shows the status of resource sharing models.46% 100% 10% More frequently 20% Frequently Occassionly 69% D 14 U.09%) while video conferencing is used 10% 196 .91% 5. transmission Video 55 10% 5. SR No.09% - 4. G. 17 Research sharing models. Research scholar Users % 1. 2. models E-mail Bulletin Board Talley 357 28 00 64. Students T. More frequently frequently Occasionally 69. G. The largest use of E-mail (64.09% 20. 16 U. 64 28.0 0 0 31.81 33. ERAMCL 3.19% E-mail Bulletin Board 10% Video Conference 5% Photocopy 67% D 15 Resource Sharing mode T.26 1112 589 32.78 +0.30 43.71 197 3 yrs 5380 Dire Age ct ncy Yes yes yes yes yes - .55 7550 235 270 286 210000 25400 29100 00 +3.37 30.97 +1.21 33. of journals 1.67 -5.09 31.75 1021 347 378 387 302000 35400 36500 000 +2. CHSMCK 2.14 +5.58 +5.81 0 0 35.93 +13.09 35.99 3 34.32 32.60 32.83 34.80 29.33 967 27. HINIBM Total Cost of periodicals Total 2009 2010- 2011- 3 2009- 2010- 2011- - 2011 2012 yrs 2010 2011 2012 2010 26. 18 increasing level of print journals and their cost No.08 35. 81 35.57 37.87 32.25 36.68 1063 295 367 345 320100 37800 35800 000 +7.41 -2.09 -1.73 +13.16 36.58 -1.40 +10.80 35.78 35.37 34.21 +4. SHAMC Gr 26.89 -1.05 10.13 0 38.73 37.05 +7.88 -3.34 17200 19000 +2.51 25.76 -0.26 30.97 28.97 +7.192 4.85 9600 290000 34500 32500 00 5.96 +5.35 33.04 227 1007 757 235 295 +1.62 9940 268000 37200 35400 00 0 977 355 344 +7.78 7290 207000 23200 29000 00 7.41 +1.16 -2.99 31.96 170 233 245 648 26.21 26.94 -1.78 39.46 -1.26 +1. SANMCG 29.60 6770 171 229 171000 26500 24100 00 0 0 245 645 +11.18 270 8. RAMMCB 28.45 36.29 36.52 34.88 33. RAMMCK 29.34 278 34.14 +9.42 -2.18 39.60 25.88 0 0 29.98 35.45 34.93 0 0 26. SARMCH 926 321 +9.46 270 279 285 834 198 - yes - yes - yes - yes - yes - - .19 0 0 0 30.23 37.12 6720 185000 23700 25000 00 0 0 32.62 8340 275000 28700 27200 00 +11.09 35.66 176000 32. SUBC M 00 335 6.76 9.17 33.80 30.56 +3.52 0 0 35. MNMC Ms 190 207 -0.54 34. 13 1.78 7.88 7.88 0.2010 2011.83 12 - 2.71 0 0 31.91 0 0 +3. TMUC M -0.34 - - 5.16 9.8 11. CHSMCK 2.00 8280 265 292 276 268000 29500 26500 00 +3.09 7.2010.54 1.93 12 % 13.73 1.71 1.89 1.80 3.44 35.20111. HINIMB 4.81 2.79 3.25 -1.80 5.85 0.63 -1.+1.26 -3.58 1.19 Increase in number and cost (in %) No of journals Cost of Jrls Increase Decrease Increase Decrease 2010.09 1.09 9.60 1.46 9.44 3.13 2.TMUMCM 11 % 3. SARMCH 9.63 7 yes .2011.08 +3.88 2.SUBMCM 11.52 1.79 32.37 +1.76 1.26 10 -1.20102011. RAMMCK 6.81 35.80 3.63 833 - T.14 32.78 13.19 -1.09 4.87 4 1 11+11=22 -1.91 7 2011 2012 5.05 11. ERAMCL 3.05 33. MNMCM 5.52 1.41 11.93 4 1 11+11 =22 199 2. SHAMCG 10.03 -11 - 2012 - 2011 5.25 10 0.78 10. SANMCG 8.35 - 7. RAMMCB 7. No of journals Cost of journals Increase Increase 2010-11 = 10 2010-11 = 10 2011-12 = 01 2011-12 = 01 11 11 Decrease Decrease 2010-11 = 04 2010-11 = 04 2011-12 = 07 2011-12 = 07 11 11 CHSMCK: Year 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 No of journals 235 270 286 % 26.37% 30.33 100% 200 Increase 3.03 Decrease - .93 13.30 43. 03 Increase 2010-11 3.26% 30% 2009-10 2011-12 increase 13.64%) .55%) 13% 72% D 17 Cost of journals: cost 201 2010-11 Increase (33.93% 43% D 16 CHSMCK: Number of Jrls 15% 2009-10 2011-12 Decrease (28. 7 35.78% 35% D 18 ERAMCL.75 6.58 -10 2010 378 1 33.67 2.78 -11 2011 387 9 35. 21 ERAMCL Year NO.9 34.09 - - 1.81% 2010-11 Increase 2. Cost Increase No.2 29.81 -12 5 100 100 % % % 31% 34% Decrease No. of journals 202 . of Percentage journal No.08 - - 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Increase 0.T.% Cost s 2009 347 % % 31. Cost % % - - 5. No. % Cost journal Increase No.78% 36% D 19 CHSMCK: Cost of journals T.% Cost % Decrease No.78 .30% 35% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Increase 1.71 10 2010- 378 32.97 11 2011- 387 35. of Percentage No.88 3.% Cost % 2009- s 347 32. of journals Year No.60 32.14 35.56 12 203 % -034 2. 20 HINIMB: No.26 31.35 0.08% 2010-11 Increase 2. 71 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Increase +3. 1956-2010 204 .078 35.56 D 21 HINIMB: Cost of journals In take Punjab colleges. of journals: 31.35% 2010-11 Decrease -.32% 33% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Increase 2.88% 2010-11 Decrease -054 35% D 20 HINIMB: No.97 32. 19 1.56 +7. of Percentage Increase Decrease journal s Year Number Cost Number Cost Number Cost % % % 295 % 30.45 35.23 MNMCM: No.76 % 2009 % 29.80 -11 2011 345 34.26 33.88 -12 205 .68 2.1956-2010 18000 16352 16000 14000 12087 12000 1956-2010 10000 8000 5350 6000 3958 4000 2000 1156 1536 1990 1994 1996 2862 90 0 1956 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2010 T.29 -10 2010 367 36.16 4. 19 2010-11 Increase +7.88 2010-11 Increase +4.16% 34% D -22 MNMCM: Number of journals 2009-10 base year 31% 36% 2011-12 . 24 RAMMCK: 206 .80% 34% D-23 MNMCM: cost of journals T.100% 100% 2009-10 Baseyear 29% 36% 2011-12 Decrease -2.Decrease -1. 09 - Cost of of of Journals Jrls Journals 5.Years Percentage Increase Number of Numbe Cost of Number journals 2009-10 270 2010-11 235 2011-12 321 r of jrl 29.16 36.21 35.85 100% 9.09 34% D-24 RAMMCK: Number of jrls 207 2.66 100% Jrls of Jrls 30.09 .52 2009-10 Base year 29% 36% Cost Decrease Number 2011-12 Decrease -1.73 1.94 33.18 34.52 2010-11 Increase +9. 62 2011-12 100 100% % 208 1.34 37.46 9 344 35.8 10.08 .96 355 36.42 2009-11 2010-11 7.73 34% D-25 RAMMCK: cost of journals T.45 26.09 2010-11 Increase 5.25 RAMMCB: Increase Trend: Number of Percentage Increase Decrease journals Year 278 28.30% 36% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Decrease -2.21 35.13 1. 46% 35% D-27 RAMMCB: Cost of journals 209 .89% 35% D-26 RAMMCB: Number of journals 37% 2009-10 Base year 27% 2011-12 Decrease 1.2009-10 Base year 28% 36% 2011-12 Decrease -1.80 2010-11 Increase 10.13 2010-11 Increase 7. T.40 30.05 32% D-28 SANMCG: Number of journals 210 journals of journals .10 2010-11 2011-12 227 235 295 of Number of Cost of Number of Cost journals journals journals journals 29.04 28.05 7.68 2009-10 Base year 33% 34% 2011-12 Increase +7. 26 SANMCG: Increasing trend Number Percentage Increase Decrease of journals Number of Cost Year 2009.78 100% 1.14 39.99 31.93 1.97 100% 28.75 9.93 2010-11 Increase 1. 29% 31% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Increase 9.60 13.26 10 2010- 245 37.51 25.76 3.57 25.98 39.14 11.14 11 2011- 229 35. 27 SARMCH: Increase trend Number of Percentage Increase Decrease journals Year Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of of journals of 2009- 171 journals 26.68 2010-11 Increase 1.75 40% D-29 SANMCG: Cost of journals T.88 12 211 journals journals of journals journals 2.54 . 54% 43% 2010-11 Increase 11.76% 2010-11 Increase 11.41% 28% D-31 SARMCH: Cost of journals 212 .41 35% D-30 SARMCH: Number of journals 28% 2009-10 Base yaer 2011-12 Decrease3.27% 38% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Decrease 2. 85 12 27% 38% 2009-11 Base year 2011-12 Decrease 1.87 1.81 34.58 11 2011- 233 35.28 SHAMCG: Increase trend Number of Percentage Increase Decrease journals Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of Year of journals of journals 2009- 170 journals 26.85% 2010-11 Increase 11.T.96 36.58% 36% D-32 SHAMCG: Number of journals 213 journals - .12 100% 100% journals of journals 7.25 11.52 1.73 10 2010- 245 37.93 26. 52% 37% D-33 SHAMCG: Cost of journals T.79 . 29 SUBMCM: Increase trend Number of Percentage Increase Decrease journals Year Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of of 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 270 285 279 journals 32.44 0.17 33.97 34.71 1.37 34.41 32.28% 35% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12 Increase 1.80 journals journals 1.46 100% journals of journals of journals 32.62 100% 214 1.87% 2010-11 Increase 7. 79% 2010-11 Increase 1.32% 34% 200-10 Base year 2011-12 Decrease 0.71% 2010-11 Increase 1.8% 33% D-34 SUBMCM: Number of journals 33% 34% 2009-10 Base year 2011-12Decrease 1.44% 33% D-35 SUBMCM: Cost of journals T.30 215 . 00 100% 3.37 35.25 3.05 33.6 1.63 .91% 2010-11 Increase 3.14 100% journals 32.63 32.81 35.25% 33% D-36 TMUMCM NUMBER OF JOURNALS 216 journals journals 2009-10 Base year 32% 35% journals of 3.91 2011-12 dicrease 1.TMUMCM: Increasing trend Number of Percentage Increase Decrease journals Year Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of of 2009-10 265 2010-11 292 2011-12 276 journals of journals 31.2. volume day National International I 1. 31 Information programmed of Medical College library Institution coverage No.2.6% 32% D-37 TMUMCM: COST OF JOURNALS T. RAMMCB 7. HINIMB 4. of No. SARMCH 9. RAMMCK 6. CHSMCK 2. ERAMCL 3.2009-10 Base year 32% 36% 2011-12 Dicrease 3. MNMCMJ 5. SANMCG 8.69% 2010-11 Increase 3. SHAMCG 10.SUBMCM 11.TMUMCM per of copies per vents day 385 800 327 229 235 195 248 212 235 258 248 232 540 430 285 212 210 190 312 285 318 272 Return Yes Yes semi 350 275 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 290 195 210 175 235 179 211 235 247 190 217 Photostats 217 182 190 138 212 162 186 215 221 145 . The users cover the global areas for conducting medical education.09 100% 9% Less than 200 36% 55% 218 201-300 More than 301 . The leading services range from 150 books to 300 books per day depends on the services and staff availability. There is a proper photocopy service available in every medical college. The users attended library daily ranges between 200 to 400 users.32 Number of volumes per day: Returned Less than 200 201to 300 More than 301 Institutes Percentage 6 4 1 11 54. The Medical colleges run their programmed at national and international level.36 9. T.The above table shows the position of information programs available and sum by the medical colleges.55 36. 54% 9.09% 63. 33 Number of volumes per day: Issue Less than 200 201-250 251-300 Institute Percentage 04 6 1 11 36.to 300 Institute 1 7 1 Percentage 9.09% 219 .37% 54. 34: Number of vents per day: Less than 200 201 to 250 251.38 Number of volumes per day: Returned T.09% 100% 9% 36% Less than 200 201-250 251-300 55% D-39 Number of volumes per day: Issued T.64% 9.D. 18% 18.18% 100% 220 .18% 100% 9% Less than 200 201 to 250 9% 251to 300 301 and above 64% D.28% 18.18% 9.40 Number of visits per day T-35: Photo state per day Less than 200 201 to 250 251 to 300 301 to 350 351 to 500 500 and above Institutes 1 3 2 2 1 2 11 Percentage 9.301-and above 2 11 18% 18.09% 27.09% 18. MNMCMr 221 . RAMMCK 89 25. ERAMCL 3.57 33.33 148 66.18% 9% Less than 200 201 -250 9% 251-300 27% 301-350 351-500 18% 500 and above 18% D-41 Photo state per day T-36: Pint Periodicals: Institute Number of periodicals Indian 35.16 68.67 258- 86 28. CHSMCK 2.89 Total 413 145 268 11. HINIMB 4.84 215- 67 33.66 66.69 324- 1.99 172 71.34 410- 138 272 31.11 Foreign 64.31 218 74.00 307- 5. 09 220 68 33.86 385 67. 35% Indian Foreign 65% 222 . SANMCG 87 30.83 188 75.28 152 66.72 577- 192 32. SARMCH 9.17 290- 72 218 1118 245% 8.SUBMCM 11.6.P. RAMMCB 82 31.64 242 68.14 280- 92 24.TMUMC M 3569 The above table shows the status of periodicals available in medical colleges of U.91 188 69. SHAMCG 10. Since the emerging of e-resources. the print periodicals are subscribed in less number ranges between 65to 200 and 150to 400 which is insufficient but satisfy the users because of change in nature to access e-journals more in number.36 275- 7. D-42 CHSMCK 34% Indian Foreign 66% D-43 ERAMCL 31% Indian Foreign 69% D-44 HINIMB 223 . 33% Indian Foreign 67% D-45 MNMCMr 29% Indian Foreign 71% D-46 RAMMCK 224 . 25% Indian Foreign 75% D-47 RAMMCB 32% Indian Foreign 68% D-48 SANMCG 225 . 31% Indian Foreign 69% D.49 SARMCH 33% Indian Foreign 67% D-50 SHAMCG 226 . 52 TMUMCM 227 .33% Indian Foreign 67% D-51 SUBMCM 25% Indian Foreign 75% D. 83 article/project 32.00 10.00 11.18 24.57 15.91 39.18 12.0 teaching and 16.81 20.55 37.27 27.66 45 38.64 14.14 5.09 25.68 16.T.48 19.09 38.00 68 195 242 To search for 5.60 46.27 For research 16.45 270 140 22.00 learning aids To current in Total medical service 45 550 dowse 42 To collect 4.00 25.45 44.00 110 34.58 9.96 11.06 53.36 35.55 190 45.27 210 135 160 For 24.45 e NIL 550 NIL 550 49.73 42.00 15.92 activities 228 550 550 .31 events 8.55 15.90 medical 550 36. 37 Purpose of using E-journals More Frequently Occasionally No frequentl respons y 25.80 information on 26.36 82 215 211 6.45 To prepare 14.36 management 148 51 200 30.63 4.45 250 prepare 12.42 specific desire 7. More use is made for project preparation and use of online database To prepare teaching aids: 25% More frequently 49% Occasionally frequently 25% D-53 for teaching & learning aids 229 .64 11.87 33.preparation 180 231 139 18.73 22.83 10.77 100 875 1027 1299 459 3850 100 100 100 100 To collect and 20.72 31.57 NIL 550 use of online database The above table shows the purpose of users e-journals. 20% 35% More frequently Occasionally Frequently 45% D-54 Prepare current events in medical service 8% 12% 44% More frequently Frequently Occasionally No response 35% D-54 To search for specific desiase drugs 230 . 8% 15% 38% More frequently Frequently Occasionally No response 39% D-56 To collect information on medical management 25% 28% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 10% 38% D-57 To research activities 231 No response . 37% 38% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 25% D-58 For articles project preparation 25% 33% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 42% D-59 To collect and use of online database 232 . To prepare for current events 5% 13% 5% 17% 16% For teaching& learning aids For online database For project For research activities 24% Information for medical muget 21% For specific desiase D-60 More frequently 15% For teaching and learning aids 22% For use of online database 6% For project 7% For research activities 19% 20% Information for medical mugt For specific desiase 11% For current events D-61 Frequently 233 . 17 For specific desiase For current events D-62 Occasionally T.16 For project For research activities 0. 21 47.0. 78 24.27 220 550 180 231 139 234 . U. 38 To use of online database: More Frequently Occasionally frequently No Total respons e 1.73 92 42.19 For teaching & learning aid 0. Research 28 38.91 55 students 4.G.09 69 41.82 12 10.45 43. P.18 0.64 30.09 165 students 53 32.15 For information on medical mugt 0.27 22 41.00 75 25.82 110 2. Faculty 25.82 18 34.91 48 40.G.18 scholars 3.00 34 21.11 For use of online database 0. 64 Research scholar 235 Occasionally .25% 31% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 44% D-63 Faculty. 35% More frequently Frequently 65% D. 65 P.11% 47% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 42% D. students 24% More frequently 42% Frequently Occasionally 34% D-66 U. G. G. students 236 . G.72 110 48 14 2.27 15.64 4364 12.36 98 14 1.Student s 108 237 55 165 220 .45 38.09 44.Students 4.37 Scholars 25 21 9 47.P.G.67 users (Total) T-39: For prepare for current event in medical service More Frequently Occasionally Total frequently 43.55 6.U.58 78 25 62 49.Faculty 3.Research 48 45.18 16.15 37.25% 33% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 42% D. 13% 44% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 44% D-68 Faculty 16% 45% More frequently Fequently Occasionally 38% D-69 Research scholar 238 . G.Students 6% More frequently 49% 45% Frequently Occasionally D-71 U.G.Students 239 .15% 38% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 47% D-70 P. 82 45 43.Faculty frequently 77.Students - 72.P.73 00 110 2.G.G.U.27 22.18 220 125 95 - Students 140 270 140 23% More frequently Frequently 77% D-72 Faculty 240 .Research 85 100% 025 - - 55 scholars 55 3.27 165 4.73 27. 120 56.T-40 For teaching and learning aid: More Frequently Occasionally Total 1. More Frequently 1 100% D-73 Research Scholars 27% Frequently Occasionally 73% D-74 P.Students 241 .G. 67 165 - 18 2.Students 15 053. Students T-41 To search for specific disease More Frequently Occasionall No 1.Students 242 Total .Research 25 27.P.G.27 40 27.03 10 10.18 10 27.27 65 47.91 15 39.Factuly frequently 22.39 215 6.27 55 scholars 3.G.G.43% Frequently Occasionally 57% D-75 U.36 110 2.82 y 9.U.73 31.27 35 18.00 220 45 05 68 105 195 110 242 4.09 response 36.73 77 50. 23% More frequently 36% Frequently Occasionally No response 9% 32% D-76 Faculty 27% 27% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 27% 18% D-77 Research scholars 243 No response . G. Students 2% Frequently 50% 48% Occasionally No response D.G.Students 244 .3% 11% More frequently Frequently 47% Occasionally 39% NO response D-78 P.79 U. students 12 3.73 55 3.27 32 38.70 07 18. P.64 82 47 215 173 211 4.03 15 8.48 21 69.89 165 5 14 115 31 - - 21.T.36 78.18 29.18 12.09 response - 110 1. 42 To collect information on medical management: More Occasionally NO Total frequently y 22. Faculty 2.73 48.80 Faculty 245 220 . G.G.82 53 27. Research 25 21.students Frequentl 42 23% 29% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 48% D. U. 81 Research scholar 19% 3% 8% More frequently frequently Occasionally No response 70% D.G.P.13% 22% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 38% 27% No response D.students 246 . U.G.09 67. Faculty frequently 81.64 20 12.27 165 4.G. students 15 - 24 - 15 - 111 100% 220 220 148 51 247 20 331 550 .18 2.09 07 14.82 18.G.73 - - 55 3. Research scholar 90 43.43 For research scholar More Frequently Occasionally No Total response - 110 1.students 48 9.21% Occasionally No response 79% D-83P.55 9.students T. P. 18% More frequently Frequently 82% D-84 Faculty 23% More frequently Frequently 77% D-85 Research scholars 248 . G.9% 15% More frequently Frequently 9% Occasionally No response 67% D-86 P.students 249 .G.students No response 1 100% D-87 U. T.44 For project work: 1. Faculty 2. Research scholar 3. P.G.students 4. U.G.students More frequently Occasionally No response Total frequently 31.82 13.64 13.64 40.91 110 35 76.36 15 14.54 15 9.09 45 - 55 42 27.27 08 39.39 05 33.34 - 165 45 40.00 65 21.36 55 38.64 - 220 88 47 85 38.18 24.54 29.09 8.18 550 210 135 160 45 32% 41% More frequently Frequently Occasionally No response 14% 14% 250 D- 88 Faculty 27% 33% More frequently frequently Occasionally 39% D-89 P.G. students 9% 15% More frequently frequently Occasionally 76% D- 90 Research scholars 251 39% 40% More frequently Frequently Occasionally 21% D- 91 U.G. students 252 CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS In categories such as science journals the Library has already concluded arrangements with publishers that have led it to collect digital version of periodicals and this is set to continue. The Library is collaborating with other institutions in the extension of legal deposit to non-print material and a voluntary scheme is currently in operation. The shift from a print to an online environment did not represent anything as simple as a format shift for either libraries or publishers. It changed virtually everything about the way we do our work. It also cleared the way for an equally radical shift. One from an environment in which scholarly information was scarce, expensive and hard to find, to one in which the centre holidays of the world’s best libraries are suddenly widely available to the general public and fully searchable both individually and in the aggregate. At the same time, new technologies are obviating the traditional library role of collection development and making it possible for publishers to sell books in completely new ways. There are radical shifts in the information landscape, and require similarly fundamental changes in thinking and practice for libraries and publishers that wish to remain important to their clients and stakeholders. Conclusion Medical college libraries have an opportunity in health information technology and in educating health science providers in using the technology. There is a lack of awareness among medical libraries who implement and run information technology in medical colleges. There is need of skilled trained and experience manpower in medical college libraries. There is a need of medical library professionals work full and par time providing library services to users. Medical college librarians are applying new technology in libraries and users access 253 information themselves and this will in vitally reduce the librarian’s role. A librarian focuses on having right technology available. No doubt wireless technologies aiding medical users to obtain quick access to accurate information. It takes 2 minutes to find information. The role of librarian is changing from being focused on providing answer to reference question to being information support personals Internet is providing multimedia information and establishing standards of communication on a Global information infrastructure. New generation of computers are hitting the market in mouths rather than years. Librarian have changed as information to technologies and maintaining service articulation. The libraries and publishers have framed their separate motivation, perspectives and declined making processors ever sharp contrast of differences. Finding: The observation has emerged from data comparison was the sheer predominance of electronic usage compared to print usage. During the study there were about 22000 electronic viewings of full text articles out of which about 800 users for the print corresponding print volumes. Because collection of usage data for the print collection did not precede the availability of electronic version, the study could not determine how much of the electronic usage presented a migration of use form print. 2. The growth in electronic library systems has forced to review of the library services and structures. The increasing provision of information online is evident in a vast array of information services. The benefits of this change are significant, many users may access the same information simultaneously, information may be 254 on-line search. During the analysis of data and its interpretation. information retrieval services are rendered and used by research scholars such as automated lending. and staff time in shelving and handing resources is minimized. Only a few users expressed fairly in their satisfaction. it was found that the electronic mail and the Xerox machine are most used among research scholar. The users also expressed that they do not find any problem in using/searching information through electronic sources if they are properly guided where as some students face a title problem in using and searching information through electronic sources because of lack of initiation instructions. costs are reduced. State Engineering College libraries. automated CAS. It was also found that majority of the users expressed that the information can be accessed also in the department since the teachers are provided computer and internet facility in their departments. Since automated translating is not rendered in the library and therefore there was no response for it. Likewise. CD-Net. E-mail facility is used to access the information from the various information centre to the maximum. Likewise users do not use the telex and fax service in the library as found.P.update instantaneously.  It was observed that research scholars are also not satisfied with the automated information retrieval services provided in the medical College 255 . Hence. CD-ROM search. It was also found that the users are mostly not satisfied with the services extended by U. etc. e-mail. Microfiche / microfilm use is found to be less as it is outdated.  It has been observed that majority of the users do not make use of reproduction facility for the current information from the journals. they will not find any obstacles in accessing information. Internet browsing. Dial-up services. So that the users in general and the research scholars in particular of the medical colleges could access the electronic resources available through Internet and ejournals according to their choice. i.G. for example. There has been an increasing demand for a good library collection in terms of large amount of data / information. a changing pattern of usage is evident. are increasingly electing to access their information services through their computers particularly as more resources are online and down loadable.libraries of eastern U. the user of medical College libraries particularly of U. The ability to connect to library services through the Internet and to access information services from other sources has reduced the capacity to characterize and categorize users. Medical college users. The Library / information centre is considered as the backbone of any research organization as it provides its user the literature and information through electronic sources and services in order to carry out their academic activity. teaching and research. students is not much familiar with electronic information sources and therefore they should be motivated and encouraged to use more and more of these electronic sources in the library.e.  It was observed that users of medical College libraries face little problem as they are not fully aware of electronic sources and services provided in the library as they have the knowledge of handling the electronic sources but need guidance. Internet and OPAC facilities in libraries. 256 . Thus the selection of electronic sources on the Internet necessitates the knowledge of major Internet resources tools such as the www. Finally. P. and ftp. With the increasing use of electronic resources. telnet. as libraries are not properly equipped with computer. networking. and the publishing media is also striving hard to support the demand by way of e-publications as well as the online access. efficiency.Hence the hypotheses of the study proves that medical College libraries students. Many studies have suggested that the use of electronic information sources could enhance effectiveness. access. and presentation. It will help to improve the quality of research and also encourage to use these electronic information sources for their assignments and projects etc.P. The study has also revealed that a majority of medical 257 . Treasures of the human intellect previously hidden from the masses stored under tight security and accessible to only limited privileged scholars are now accessible to all. forcing to acquire the necessary skills to be benefited from these advancements. In fact information from electronic sources can not be accessed in the same manner as printed sources were consulted previously. The study was aimed to make an analytical study on the use of electronic information resources and services provided to users in the medical College libraries of Eastern U. distribution. duplication. The amazing technological advancements have also opened new horizons for information creation. Digitization of information is resulting in access to an unbelievable volume of information. storage. Thus. computer skills and ability to quickly access necessary information can assist researcher in benefiting forms this huge volume of digitized information. The pace at which information sources are being produced and converted into electronic form is marvelous. teachers and other users to access the latest scientific literatures and enables them to keep pace with the development taking place in the scientific world and helps to make a positive impact on the quality of research in various fields of literature. and the quality of education and research with the regard. researchers. technological advancements have extended new opportunities as well as posed new challenges for individuals. Adequate knowledge about computers and retrieval techniques to effectively search for these electronic information sources. CD-ROM and the Internet in the Engineering Colleges library for their studies. Since there is a significant relationship between computer literacy and the use of electronic information sources and services. e-Resources should be live and functional throughout the academic programmed in a library. learning and research activities while few suggestions tendered illustrate the scope for creating better connections with users. Emphasis should be given to developing computing skills among library users through user education programmed. the electronic library will be needed to provide a range of new value-added services for infernally generated and externally acquired academic and scholarly information. But e-Resources either have their life-term or become 258 . they will start using electronic sources more frequently and confidently. Finally. Changing Face medical college libraries Over the years.e. There is an implicit assumption that the user will be able to retrieve information successfully if the re-resourcing is suitably managed. The primary aim of the electronic library and its resources should be to support the institution’s teaching. OPACs. it is desirable that adequate. Thus the users having better computing skills can be more benefited from the ever increasing volume of digital information.college users are using these sources i. if they are computer literate and knowledge about search techniques. Precisely. The decisive point of departure in the character of the traditional library can be attributed to the advent if information technology in general and computer technology in particular. Use of Electronic Information sources and services has been influenced due to computing skills among them. they also emphasize the need to think more creatively about information service and its future paths. the library has also undergone transformations with regard to collection development and practices in true with the socio-technical changes. Table -59: Medical college libraries: Level of satisfaction of resources 1. 3.76% 100.outdated due to emerging new technology. Hence they are required to be weeded out.00% D-43: Level of Satisfaction Table-60:Medical College: Library Services 259 . 2.60% 17.64% 25. Satisfactory Fair Not Satisfactory 56. 3.18% 22.Service Satisfied 3 Fair 6 260 Not satisfied 2 Total College 11 .72% 100. 2.18% 39. Satisfactory Fair Not Satisfactory 38.1.00% D-44: Library Services Table-62: Medical College libraries: Service satisfied Item Lib. P. U. Recommendations An attempt has been made to address several sets of overall recommendations based on findings and suggestions of the study that may help further to illuminate the better use of electronic information sources. Though it provides e-journals and databases in medical science under license agreement. State Engineering Colleges are providing CD-ROM Databases and Internet for research and teaching activities but this facility is not encouraging in all colleges. They are:  Providing awareness about e-journals. Library 8 2 1 11 Total 64 26 9 99 - 11 11 It is clear from the study that all medical College libraries providing OPAC facilities for the maximum use of documents of libraries.  For effective use CD-ROM database up to date should be kept. 261 .  Awareness about the worthiness of internet as an electronic information source.Videos 6 4 1 11 Periodicals 7 2 2 11 Bibliography 6 4 1 11 CD-ROM service 8 2 1 11 Photocopying 10 1 Internet 9 2 OPAC 7 3 1 11 Ref. Few of medical College libraries are member of UGC-Info net and elesco but that not satisfactorily provided.  Provision of campus network facility. Most of the medical College libraries. computer centre and library.  Above all. For effective use of ejournals. the library professionals should be cooperative.  Provision of access database at hostels. 262 . well trained and well behaved so that users may exploit the library resources to the maximum for their better academic achievement.  Strong infrastructure facilities of internet. To acquire print journals also till majority of the users are aware and use e-journals. departments.  Training program for use of e-journals. Are charging high library fees but their libraries are not no rich in eResources/e-journals and services are not encouraging which should be developed.  Adoption of Broadband technology to internet. 263 . In your city or town (immediately geographic area). Name of the institute2. (c) M. Name of the Library3. If you are associated with other department’s libraries. (d) Diploma Courses 6.D. What courses are being run in your institute(a) MBBS (b) M. Collections (a) Course programs: (b) Comprehensive Collection(c) Research (supports doctoral programs) Books … Journals … E-journals…. (a) Hours(b) Minutes(c) DaysGeographic influences 7. how much time you engaged there. It is central Library- Yes/No 4. are you considered to be the “health sciences library? Yes/no 8.. Are these other libraries- Yes/No If Yes: Name of the Library _______________________ 5.S.Questionnaire for Librarian Part-I 1. What approximate percentage of your print journal collection is also available electronically? _____% 11. do you still keep the earlier issues? (a) Yes______ (b) No______ (c)Title by title decision____ 264 .Do you keep older print journal issues when you have cancelled the subscription? (a) Yes______ (b) No______ Title by the decision_____ 14.9. biology. are you keeping the older print issues? (a) Yes_____ (b) No_____ (c) N/A_____ 13.If the journal ceased publication.) ________% (d) Social sciences _______% (e) Other________% 10. As prices continue to rise making it more difficult to support both print and online versions of the same title. are you more apt to: (a) Purchase electronic version only____ (b) Print version only______ (c) Try to maintain both formats_____ 12. pharmacology.If you had a print subscription and you converted it to an online only title. etc. What is the approximate percentage mix of journals? (a) Clinical medicine______% (b) No medical health areas (support to other health programs)_____% (c) Basic sciences (chemistry. stack apace to maintain full collection. and have sufficient in library. or will use. please proceed to question 20 16. is the facility serving just: (a) Your library collections______ (b) University library collections_____ (c) Consortia collections_____ N/A_____ 265 .Does your library contain full runs as far back as your initial subscription? (You have not weeded your journal collection.If yes do you anticipate maintaining full runs in the future? Yes____ No____ 17.______ (d) As a major health sciences library it is the mission of the library to maintain significant retrospective collection including full runs of journals.(d) Physical space issues____ 15. a remote storage facility for your collections. remote storage facility.______ (c) Faculty and researchers prefer online access.____ Other______ 18.____ (e) We maintain full journals runs because I have sufficient stack space even though current use or library mission does not require me to do this.____ (b) You feel it is important to keep full print runs.If you are using.) Yes_____ No_____ If no. is it because (check all that apply): (a) You feel it is important to keep full runs. and your older journals collections will be retained in a separate.If you find it is important to keep full runs of your journals. 19.If, in the future, you need to reduce older journal runs, would you determine the cut-off dates by (check all that apply): (a) Strictly space considerations_____ (b) Use patterns______ (c) Perceived needs of the researchers at your institute_____ 20.If, in the future, you need to reduce older journals runs, would you determine the cut-off date (choose all that apply): (a) On a title by title basis______ (b) By subject area_______ (c) By whole collection _______ (d) If you answered yes to question 14, please proceed to question 26 21.If your library does not maintain full journals runs, was that decision based on shortage of space? Yes_____ No_____ 22.If you answered yes to question 20, was it strictly shortage of collection space or was it a reallocation of space for other purposes (i.e., computer labs/classrooms/study space) ? (a) Shortage of collection space only _____ (b) Reallocation of space for other purposes _____ (Please describe) ___________ 23.We do not keep full journal runs because (check all that apply): (a) In a health sciences library, it is not, necessary to maintain old journal runs._______ (b) There are large area health sciences libraries that do maintain full retrospective journal holdings.__________ 266 24.When you initially reduce your older journal runs, did you determine the cut-off dates by: (a) Strictly space considerations________ (b) Use patterns________ (c) Perceived needs of the researchers at your institution _____ 25.How did you determine the cut-off date (choose all that apply)? (a) On a title basis _____ (b) By subject area _____ (c) By whole collection ______ 26.What is the specific cut-off date (for each option, if different)? (a) On a title by title basis________ (b) By subject area_______ (c) Comments? (d) Personal perspectives Many academic libraries are reporting that patron use statistics have fallen, which is reflected in lower number of reference questions and gate counts. The reason usually given is that more and more patrons are accessing the library’s electronic resources from office, home, or lab and visiting the physical library less often. How does this affect how we collect and what we retain?.____________ 27.In your opinion, as it pertains to your institution, is the growing influence and number of electronic resources affecting the way researchers approach the literature (please check all that apply)? Today’s researchers concentrate on current information much than in the past.__________ (a) If the information is not available electronically, than they are less likely to try to obtain earlier printed reference._______ 267 (b) Today’s researchers are no different than earlier researchers; they will try to obtain all relevant information whether it is in electronic form or in print.__________ 28.Who should ultimately be responsible for maintaining complete runs of journal titles? (a) The publisher, in electronic form____ (b) The National Library of Medicine_____ (c) Selected libraries through cooperative agreements organized by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine_________ (d) The individual institution or library needs to make its own decision based on its needs and available space_______ 29.As publisher prices continue to rise and library budgets struggle to maintain current subscriptions, will the concept of ‘access instead of ownership’ play a more important role in your collection development policies? Yes______ No_______ Please mark agrees or disagrees in response to the following statement. 29. .Overall, more money is being allocated for electronic databases and electronic journals resulting in proportionally less for print journal subscriptions. Agree_____ Disagree_____ 30.In general, use of the print journal collection is decreasing. Agree_______ Disagree_____ 31.The ‘cost’ of maintaining older print journal collections has a lower priority than in years past. 268 Agree_______ Disagree______ 32.As libraries look to create or expand computer facilities, classrooms, and other multiuse environments, sacred space that was once allocated for print collections is now up for grabs. Agree________ Disagree________ 33.I am more likely to consider reducing my own retrospective print journal collections because of the latest trends in creating electronic archives Public access, policy, various ‘open access’ initiatives, publishers providing access to older back files, and national and university digitization projects. Agree_______ Disagree_______ Part II 1. When did your library introduce electronic journals? 2. What were the first problems and/or concerns that the library faced with the introduced of electronic journals? 3. What problems and/ or concerns occurred during the process of choosing vendors and services? 4. What problems and / or concern occurred during the process of registering electronic journals? 5. What problems and / or concern arose after electronic journals was introduced? 6. Are print subscriptions ever canceled because of the availability of full-text electronic access? If so, what problems and / or concerns are associated with the cancellation of print subscription? 269 7. How many unique titles does the library provide in full-text electronic form? What percentage of the total titles in the serials collection does that number represent? 8. Currently, what are the major problems and / or concerns the library staff is dealing with in relation to electronic journals? 9. What unanticipated problems and / or concern have come up during the development of the library’s electronic journal collection? 10. What are the library’s plans for future development of its electronic journal collection? 11. What, if any, problems do you anticipate in the future development of the library’s electronic journal collection? 12. Please indicate in which area of the library you work. (a) Choose not to reply (b) Director (c) Serials (d) Acquisitions (e) Other (please specify)________ 270 edu)? Yes No Please provide suggestions for improvement: 3. credit cards.e.tamu. Where do you search when you seek information (print and / or electronic) related to research and curriculum? Please select all that apply.tamu.tamu.edu/resources) Library database (http://library.edu) E-journals (http://library. please specify: 1.edu. Are you familiar with the TAMU Libraries homepage (http:/library. please specify College/Department: Bus. 2./resources) 271 .tamu. School Economics Political Science Other. with I being the most frequently used. Internet (Free resources) Internet (resources paid by personal accounts I. etc) Library catalog (Lib cat) (http://libcat. Which libraries do you use frequently for research and curriculum purpose? Please number from 1-5.Part III Name of the Institute __ The course of study__ Session/Semester_ Status: Faculty Graduate Undergraduate Other. . 6. Ejournals. Are you fully aware that the libraries Electronic Resources (LibCat. seven days a week to any user including remote and distance usage via the proxy server? 272 .E-books (net library) (http://www. Accessibility Accuracy Cost Convenience Dependability Full-text Ease of use Speed Subject Relevancy Timelines friendliness User- (Other (Please explain): 5. please explain……………………………………………. 8.com) Instructors Peers Bookstore Other (please explain): 4. Do the Internet resources that you’ve specified in question 5 and 6 meet your research and curriculum needs? Yes No If not.netlibrary. What factors influence your information searcher? Please select all of the factors that your consider. 7. Please list your favorite paid Internet resources that you use for research and curriculum. Please list your favorite free Internet resources that you use for research and curriculum. E-databases and net Library) are available 24 hours a day. 17. No Please list your favorite print journals that you use for research and curriculum. Have you ever used E-databases? Yes 15. No Please list your favorite E-databases that you use for research and curriculum.Yes 9. Have you ever used E-journals? Yes No 11. Electronic Please list your favorite print databases (i. indexes.e. If a databases is currently available in both formats which do you prefer and why? Print Electronic Please explain: ………. which do you prefer and why? Print 13. 10. etc.. No Are you familiar with net Library electronic books website? Yes No 273 . 14. 12. Please list your favorite E-journals that you use for research and curriculum..) that you use for research and curriculum. 18. 16. If a journal is currently available in both formats. Please list your more frequently used subject categories and/or call number ranges (s) for books that you use for research and curriculum. Have you ever used E-books? Yes 19.l………………………………………………………………………. abstracts. Please list your favorite E-books that you use for research and curriculum. ) 23. What resources and/ or titles and services would you like to add or enhance to better meet research and curriculum needs? (Please suggest any training session we can provide to further your awareness of the electronic available to you. 21.20. What resources and/ or titles and services would like Libraries to add or enhance to better meet your research and curriculum needs? Thank you for participation 274 . If a book is currently available in both formats which do you prefer and why? Print Electronic Please explain: 22. 16.. “An evaluating clinical librarian services: A systematic review “Health Inf.sec.11.87-90. 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