ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTASSIGNMENT NO 1 Submitted By SHWETA BHAVE 9109 DIVISION A Submitted To Sushma mam Similarly. major and undesirable disturbances to the ecological balance of the biosphere.Acc to Section 1 of the Enviroment (Protection) Act. safety and health. earth and living beings. for the protection.In brief. 1986:1.e. Development without regard to the ecological equilibrium has led to an environmental crisis in the recent past.The Water (Prevention and COntrol of Pollution) Act was passed in 1974.the protection and improvement of human environment is a major issue which effects the well beings of the people and economic development throughout the world. It is. the urgent desire of the people of the whole world and the duty of the all Governments and the all peoples to protect environment. Object of the Act-. Short. by . mental and social wealth of man in the man made environment. water. That is why the Articles 48A and 51A of the Constitution of India have cast a solemn duty not only on the State but also on the citizens towards the protection of the environment and conservation of the forests and the wild life. dangerous levels of pollution in air. there is growing evidence of man made harm in many regions of the earth. the Air (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passedin 1981 to COntrol Air Pollution. ii) It extends to the whole of India.Salient Features of environmental protection act :Salient Features of Environment (Protection) Act 1986-. regulation of discharge of environmental pollutants and handling of hazardous substances. iii) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government may. It aimed at maintianing the purity of water by preventing water pollution and provided for establishment of the Pollution Control Boards at the State Level. 2. 1986. Recent Legislation in India. Title . destruction and depletion of irreplaceable resources and gross deficiencies harmful to the physical. thereon. 186i) This act may be called the Environment (Protection) Act. Extent and COmmencement.The act was passed for the following objects and reasons i. Objects and Reasons. In fact. therefore. speedy response in the event of accidents threatening environment and deterrent punishment to those who endanger human environment . Thus. the following are the special features of the Environment (Protection) Act.Environment has been defined as the aggregate of all external conditions and influences effecting the life and development of an organism. other living creatures plans. conversion.'Environment' includes water . vi) Prescribed. General and Particular Powers of Central Government. iii) Environmental pollution. use.This act was conferred on Central Govt.means prescribed by rules made under this Act. means the manufacture. 1 of this Act that the Environment Act. micro-organisms property or the environment. Definitions of Various Terms used in the Act. The Act come into force in India on 19 November 1986 by a notification published in the official gazette vide notification No. or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be. injurious to environment. iv) Handling-"Handling' in relation to any substance. means a person who has control over the affiars of the factory or the premises and includes. is liable to cause harm to human beings. in relation to any substance . Thus. it is clear from the perusal of S. collection. destruction.'Environmental pollutant' means any solid.R 1198 (E) dated 12. . treatment.in relation to any factory or premises. G. 1986 applies to the whole of India equally. plants. Operation and Handling Hazardous Substances etc.chemical properties or handling. ii) Environmental Pollutant. Air. Air Act etc.11. air and land and human beings . or tend to be. vide general and special powers for the purpose of its successful enforcement and to achieve the desired objections. Duties and Liabilites of the persons carrying on Industries. 6. transfer or the like of such substance. 5. unles the context otherwise requires. 3. the person in possession of the substance. v) Hazardous Substance.notification in the offical gazette. processing. Subject matter of the Act.1986. package. liquid. storage. vi) Occupier.. appoint and different dates may be appointed for different provisions of the Act and for different areas. other living creatures. 4.'Environmnetal pollution' means the presence inthe environment of any environmental pollutant. micro-organism and property.Acc to Section 2 in this act.i) Environment. transportation.S. offering for sale. it is to be noted that this act is a special law and has priority over the other general laws like Water. air and land and the interrelationship which exsits among and between water.this is to protect and improve human environmental quality.means any substance or preparation which by reaosn of its chemical or physico. .One of the most striking features of this act is that it provides a locus standi to every person. Provisions relating to penalties 8.7. Every person has a locus standi. Now even a citizen has the right to approch a court provided he has given notice of not less than 60 days of the alleged offence and his intention to make a complaint to the Central Govt or the competent authority. In 1994. The official immediate death toll was 2. UCC CEO at the time of the disaster.Write a short note on 1. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558. including the former UCIL chairman. Dow Chemicals and others on the Centre¶s extra-ordinary petition seeking an additional compensation of Rs7.844 crore for the victims of 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy.900 severely and permanently disabling injuries. Bhopal Gas tragedy The Bhopal disaster was the world's worst industrial catastrophe. Civil and criminal cases are pending in the United States District Court.125 injuries including 38. An eighth former employee was also convicted but died before judgment was passed. India. Others estimate that 3. the Central Government has requested Supreme Court to take a re-look at the entire evidence and enhance the compensation amount. The bench also decided to hear CBI's curative petition asking the court to restore the stringent charges of culpable homicide not amounting to murder against the accused in the criminal case. The Bhopal plant was sold to McLeod Russel (India) Ltd. .000 deaths.787 deaths related to the gas release. On 28th Feb 2011 the Supreme Court of India issued notice to the Union Carbide Corporation. Through its curative petition. UCIL employees. the maximum punishment allowed by law. and Warren Anderson.000 died within weeks and that another 8. 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal. Estimates vary on the death toll.478 temporary partial and approximately 3.9 percent share. India.000 have since died from gas-related diseases.000 each.259 and the government of Madhya Pradesh has confirmed a total of 3. seven ex-employees. It occurred on the night of December 2±3. In June 2010. Indian Government controlled banks and the Indian public held 49. involving UCC. were convicted in Bhopal of causing death by negligence and sentenced to two years imprisonment and a fine of about $2. UCC was purchased by Dow Chemical Company in 2001. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from the plant resulted in the exposure of hundreds of thousands of people. Manhattan and the District Court of Bhopal.1 percent ownership share. UCIL was the Indian subsidiary of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). Other government agencies estimate 15. the Supreme Court of India allowed UCC to sell its 50. Madhya Pradesh. Kyoto protocol The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement between countries. 168 countries have signed the Kyoto Treaty At 3rd December. on 11th December. And global warming affects everything. y y y Annex I countries ± industrialised countries Annex II countries ± developed countries Developing countries The Kyoto Protocol requires 55 industrialised countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to target levels 5.2. Of course negotiations began long before that date but this is all that needs to be said in the Kyoto Protocol Summary I think. Following are greenhouse gases does the Kyoto Prootcol aim to limit y y y y y Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs. loss of bio diversity. Hotter. drier climates in others. 2007. It came into force on 16th February. to limit emissions of greenhouse gases. in Kyoto. worldwide. If unable to. 2005. and other. Colder climates in some parts. Rising sea levels. . 175 countries have signed the Kyoto Treaty. and Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) At 18th April. the Kyoto Protocol knows three categories. and so on. they must buy emission credits from countries that are under these levels. Japan. effects.2% below that of 1990. 1997. Of course I cannot tell you more than this in a Kyoto Protocol Summary only. The Kyoto Protocol was first open for signature to countries willing to participate. water shortages. 2006. Greenhouse gases are a major cause of global warming. The Kyoto Protocol is an effort to curb these. Russia has a 0% target. depending on their emission status. Recycling. . The United Nations now predict a rise of 10% in greenhouse emissions since 1990.Further. due to its declined industrial output since the collapse of the USSR. Australia and Iceland are permitted to increase their emission by respectively 8% and 10%. the emission cut target for the European Union is set at 8% and 7% for the USA. Even if it did. Living well within the inevitable limits. hours after the swearing in of the new Rudd Labor government. Some targets for some countries are higher than for others. Australia signed the Treaty on the 3rd December 2007. current projections call for the need of much bigger cuts in emissions than the Kyoto Protocol requires. is a sustainable life. Developing countries have no requirements under the Protocol. green power. The Kyoto Protocol is a unique international initiative that recognises the dire environmental straits that we are in. dependency and fragility that are part of life. Not having the USA ratify the Kyoto Protocol is a big problem as the USA also roughly contributes a quarter of the world¶s greenhouse gases. Some local governments are not waiting for their national governments to come to the party and introduce their own individual carbon trading schemes or offer incentives for solar heating. They may sell emission credits and receive funds and technology from Annex II countries for climate-related studies and projects. or technological wizardry alone can deliver a sustainable world. Its processes seem painfully slow and its results small against daily reports of serious global warming effects. Getting on with each other can. However its symbolic value may be its greatest asset. A number of countries have not so far met the Kyoto Protocol emission targets. no amount of recycling. Notable exceptions remains the USA as a major emitter of greenhouse gases. people everywhere are doing what they can do. as its first governing act. Any effort is better than none and if governments are slow. it provides that developed countries pay for costs of developing countries. wearing a jumper rather than turning up the heater. and so on. For instance. Many Annex I and Annex II countries overlap.