Version 1EVERLAST ® KWILA/MERBAU GL17S ENGINEERED MAGNA BEAMS & KWILA/MERBAU GL13 ENGINEERED MAGNA POSTS DRAFT SAFE LOAD TABLES MARCH 2012 Page | 0 Page | 1 Contents Introduction Page 3 Engineering Certification Page 4 Warranty Information Page 5 - 6 General Specifications Page 7 Installation Guide Page 8 - 10 Determination of Load Widths Page 11 - 12 Safe Load Tables o Verandah Beams – Sheet/Tile N3 o Verandah Beams – Sheet/Tile C2 o Verandah Beams – Light Sheet Roof N2 o Verandah Beams – Light Sheet Roof C2 o Deck Bearers – Single/Continuous o Deck Joists – Single/Continuous o Floor Bearers – Single/Continuous o Floor Joists – Single/Continuous o Rafters – Sheet/Tile N3 o Rafters – Sheet/Tile C2 o Rafters – Light Sheet Roof N2/C2 o Roof Beams – Sheet N3 o Roof Beams – Tile N3 o Lintels – Sheet/Tile N3 o Lower Lintels – Sheet N3 o Lower Lintels – Tiled N3 o Upper Lintels – Sheet/Tile N3 o Verandah Posts – Tiled N3/C2 o Verandah Posts – Tiled N3/C2 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 19 Page 20 Page 21 Page 22 Page 23 Page 24 Page 25 Page 26 Page 27 Page 28 Page 29 Page 30 Page 31 Page | 2 Introduction “Everlast” Magna Finger Jointed Laminated Kwila products are manufactured to perform in applications where a combination of both Structural and Visual characteristics are required. which has a natural above ground durability rating of 1 (Effective life expectancy of more than 40 years). or where the timber is directly exposed to sun and/or rain. Page | 3 . All Beams and posts need to be installed and maintained appropriately to ensure their ongoing performance and appearance! Please refer to the Installation Guide for further details. waterproof and chemical and fungal resistant. Service class 3 is characterised by climatic conditions leading to higher moisture content. “Everlast” Magna Finger Jointed Laminated Kwila products are made exclusively with selected Kiln Dried (Moisture content less than 15%) Kwila/Merbau (Intsia bijuga). “Everlast” Magna Finger Jointed Laminated Kwila products are Service Class 3 and are suitable external use. “Everlast” Magna Finger Jointed Laminated Kwila products use phenolic adhesives which are not only durable but heat proof. All laminated “Everlast” Magna Kwila products including GL17S Beams and GL13 Posts products must be used in above ground applications! “Everlast” Magna Finger Jointed Laminated Kwila products are Naturally Termite resistant and Fire resistant and are manufactured to Australian Standards (AS1328 – Glued Laminated Timber) and are accredited by the GLTAA (Glued Laminated Timber Association of Australia) with third party quality assurance certification to ensure consistent quality and performance. Engineering Certification Page | 4 . Warranty Information Page | 5 . Page | 6 . 8. 3.8.0m 140x140 – 2.0m 240x80 – 2.General Specifications Sizes and Lengths Available “Everlast” Magna GL17S Kwila Beams 140x42 – 2.7. 5. 3. 3. 3.0m “Everlast” Magna GL13 Kwila Posts 90x90 – 2. 3.4.4 and 6.6.4 and 6. 3.8 and 6.8. 3.8.0m 190x42 – 2. 4.6 and 6.0m 290x65 – 2. 3. 4. 3.4.4.0.6. 3.0.6. and 6.0m 100x100 – 2.0.4.0.0.0.4.0m Page | 7 .0.7. 3.4. 2. 4.6 and 6. 3.0m 290x32 – 2.6.7.6.4. 4.4. 2.2. 3.7.4.8 and 6.0. 5. 4. 4. 4. 3.0m 140x65 – 2.6 and 6. 3. 4.4 and 6.0. 3.4.0.0m 240x65 – 2.6.6. 2.4. 3.4. 3. 3.6 and 6.2.7.4.8.0m 240x42 – 2.0m 115x115 – 2.4. 2.8 and 6. 3.8 and 6. 3. 3. 2.0. 3.0.4. 3. 5. 4.6 and 6. 3. 5.6. 4.4. 4.0. 3.0m 190x190 – 2.0m 290x42 – 2. 3.0. 3. 5.8 and 6.0m 190x65 – 2.6.0.4 and 6. 4. 3. 3.6. posts and handrails should be kept dry by securely covering with a suitable weather proof plastic or tarpaulin 3. Joint detailing. Exposed ends of GL13 posts must also have capping installed to prevent splitting on the end grain 8. GL17S joists and bearers in weather exposed applications should be installed with drip edges and end capping as per the below diagrams 1 and 2. advice from a suitably qualified structural engineer is required Service Holes should be restricted to the middle third of the beam span (Holes should not be greater than 25mm diameter) Service Holes should be restricted to the middle third of the beam depth (Holes should not be greater than 25mm diameter) If holes are required in any other area of the beam (eg near end supports) then advice from a suitably qualified structural engineer is required Vertical holes for plumbing or electrical services are not recommended. All beams and posts should be installed with allowances for adequate ventilation and should be installed so that the moisture content within the product does not exceed 15% so that moisture gradients across the beam will not occur 5. this reduces the chance of any coating failures on sharp square edges 4. where possible. builders and homeowners following the recommendations outlined below. Horizontal contact areas should be keep to a minimum in favour of self-draining vertical surfaces Use only compatible fasteners that have adequate corrosion resistance and do not cause splitting when installed (eg stainless steel or hot dipped galvanized steel) Wherever possible joint surfaces should be ventilated using spacers Ensure that all joints have adequate drainage for any moisture that enters. jarred or dragged as this may adversely affect their performance Design 1. On Site Handling 1. particularly if located in the tension zone. The use of damp proof membranes is highly recommended where the product is in contact with porous materials like masonry and/or concrete 3. plastic or fibro to protect the products and keep them in a dry unstressed condition 7. Notches/Birds Mouthing can seriously reduce the strength of a GL17S beam. Holes in GL17S beams for services should follow the below guidelines Horizontal holes for fixing should follow the guidelines as per diagram 4 Holes should not be greater than 25mm diameter. Notches/Birds Mouthing is not recommended. The use of building overhangs. If a hole is required with a diameter larger than 25mm. should follow the below principles. posts and handrails should be stored on evenly supported blocks or dunnage at least 100mm above ground allowing for good drainage and ventilation 2. All “Everlast” beams. so that moisture is not trapped in the joint Make allowance for any thermal expansion and contraction in the joint design 2. The use of rounded or arrised edges on all posts and beams is recommended. columns and posts should also have appropriate drainage as per diagram 3. like eaves and/or other structures which protect the posts and/or beams from direct sun exposure and high levels of moisture movement is highly recommended 6. All “Everlast” beams. advice from a suitably qualified structural engineer is required 9. advice from a suitably qualified structural engineer is required Page | 8 .Installation Guide All laminated “Everlast” Kwila products including GL17S Beams and GL13 Posts must be used in above ground applications and as with all timber products their performance in weather exposed applications is reliant on all parties including the specifiers. Shielding of the products in weather exposed applications is highly recommended by using metal. posts and handrails should be handled with care to ensure that the dressed finished surfaces are not damaged also they should not be dropped. All “Everlast” beams. Oiling/Staining . One coat of oil based primer post installation followed by two coats of the exterior acrylic finish or otherwise as per the paint manufacturers recommendations Oil Based – Exterior Solid Colour Oil Based Finish. and the presence of wood fibre separation in the opening is a key distinguishing feature of checking! Opening as a result of the adhesive not bonding correctly generally appear as smooth surfaces possibly with the presence of dark and glossy adhesive residue. For further information please contact your sales representative or hardware supplier. The inspections should focus on the level of exposure. as a result of natural changes and variations in moisture content. Surface Checking – Surface Checking is where the timber fibres separate.10. all joints. fasteners.One coat of quality penetrating oil is to be applied to all surfaces prior to the installation of the product Following installation 2 further coats of penetrating oil are required or otherwise as per the oil manufacturers recommendations Further to the initial coating an ongoing inspection and maintenance programme is essential. Extreme Weather Areas – GL17S and GL13 products are NOT suitable for external applications in extreme weather areas such as Ski Resorts and Dry Desert Areas. where a glue bond has not fixed correctly.com. Painting – One coat of quality oil based primer is to be applied to all surfaces prior to the installation of the product Acrylic – Exterior Solid Colour Acrylic Finish. Beams should always be supported from the underside of the member. if installed butting up to the supporting structure then suitable framing brackets or custom made brackets should be used for all connections as per diagram 5 11. Allowance should be made on site that ALL surfaces of Beams. however the reason for the checking should be determined and mitigation and remediation procedures put into effect! For further information on remediation please refer to “Glulam Repair Protocol – Wood Addiction 2010” available at www.au Page | 9 . In general checks have negligible effect on the strength of the laminated product. hence it maintains structural load support for measurable periods of time as the fire progresses. Stainless Steel Wire Balustrade – Where stainless steel wire balustrade is to be installed the following guidelines MUST be adhered too or all product guarantees will be void. Termite Resistance . normally across the growth rings. 5. Checks are often confused with delamination. all fixings must be a bolt through type similar to the “Otter” Ezy Fix Balustrade System. generally no additional chemical treatment is required. 2.Kwila is also naturally termite resistant. the gluelines will remain unaffected in the un-charred portion of the laminated beam. Posts and Handrails (including the end grain and any concealed joints) be primed/sealed and/or coated prior to installation Coating 1. as well as following any paint and/or oil manufacturers recommendations! Additional Information 1.pacificwood. Screw type fixings are not to be used. One coat of oil based primer post installation followed by one coat of oil based undercoat followed by two coats of the exterior oil based finish or otherwise as per the paint manufacturers recommendations 2. Fire Resistance – Kwila is naturally fire resistant and is suitable for use in fire rated buildings. 4. Extensive fire test data also shows that large end section timber beams perform well in fire situations due to the formation of a protective layer of char. This charred area inhibits the effects of the fire on the inner portion of the timber beams. 3. horizontal surfaces and end grain. The glue used in the construction on the “Everlast” Beams is also resistant to fire. SAI Global Glulam Repair Protocol – Wood Addiction 2010* Page | 10 .2 Glued Laminated Structural Timber – Part 1 Performance requirements and minimum production requirements.Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 Diagram 3 Diagram 4 Diagram 5 References/Further Information GLTAA – Technical Data Sheet 1 – Handling/On-site Protection GLTAA – Technical Data Sheet 2 – Exposed Applications GLTAA – Technical Data Sheet 3 – Uniform Design Criteria GLTAA – Technical Data Sheet 4 – History of GL Grades GLTAA – Technical Data Sheet 5 – Epoxy Injection GLTAA – Technical Data Sheet 6 – Service Class 3 Applications Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand. AS/NZS 1328. Determination of Load Widths Page | 11 . Page | 12 . and Wind Loads respectively.2 5.4 4.0 4.3 3.1 5.4 3.4 4.7 5.3 4.3 4. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design. or 10mm.1-1999.8 4.2 2. Live Loads. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).3 5.4 7.3 4.2 3. and look up the larger span in the single span table.9 8.8 2.8 5.9 3.2 6. and 65mm internal supports.0 2.0 7.6 4.0 6.8 5.4 4. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of verandah beams: 45mm on end supports. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.8 3.7 4.3 4.4 9. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.0 3.3 3.2 2. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.9 5. timber code (AS1720.9 4.8 6.2 7.4 5.1 5.1 4.2 3.4 3.8 5.5 5.0 3.1-2010.0 4.2 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.8 3. maximum 40 kg/m2. the adjacent beam spans may be different.5 5.7 3. 3) For continuous spans.3 4.5 4.4 6.3 5. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.2 5.2 Supporting Tiled Roof + Ceiling – Roof Load Width (mm) Single Span Verandah Beams Continuous Span Verandah Beams 600 1200 600 1200 600 1200 600 1200 3. Page | 13 .1-2010) and AS1684.1 8.3 6.8 5.6 6. the lesser of Span/400.1 7.7 5.2 6. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.2 6.5 4. 5) For deck joists the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of flooring direct to the top edge. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.2 2.2 2.8 5.7 4. No restraint of the bottom edge of the joist is assumed.6 5. Tiled roof + ceiling.0 4.9 5.4 6.0 2. without any camber built into the beams.7 4.4 4.4 3. and for Roof Live Loads.7 4. Span/250.0 4.5 5.4 3.GL17S Verandah Beams – Sheet/Tile N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Supporting Sheet Roofing + Ceiling – Roof Load Width (mm) Single Span Verandah Beams Continuous Span Verandah Beams 600 1200 1800 2400 600 1200 1800 2400 4.9 6.5 2.4 5.0 6. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load.4 3.3 4.1 7.5 4.8 5.7 8.0 3.2 4.0 6.9 4.0 5.9 8.9 6.8 3.7 6.4 6.2 3.8 4.9 5.6 4.3 6.9 4.6 2.2 3.5 5.1-1999.3 4.3 5.0 7. If this rule is not met.3 7.5 4. but look up the larger of the spans.7 4.5 2.3 6.4 5.5 5.3 5.0 4. then consider the verandah beams are simply supported.0 6.9 4.1 4.8 6.7 3.9 5.9 3.5 7.7 5.6 5.9 7.4 4.6 3.4 6.3 5.1 5.4 5. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.9 2.9 5.4 5. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.5 4. 3 6.3 5.7 4.7 4.0 4. 5) For deck joists the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of flooring direct to the top edge.0 3.4 9.4 4.8 6.8 2.5 4.3 5.4 3.8 5.9 8. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of verandah beams: 45mm on end supports.4 4.0 7.2 5.0 4.1 4. the lesser of Span/400. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.2 2. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.2 3.5 4.5 7.7 3. Span/250.6 2.1 5.6 4.3 3.4 5.GL17S Verandah Beams – Sheet/Tile C2 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Supporting Sheet Roofing + Ceiling – Roof Load Width (mm) Single Span Verandah Beams Continuous Span Verandah Beams 600 1200 1800 2400 600 1200 1800 2400 4.7 5.4 3.3 5.1-2010) and AS1684.1-1999. and 65mm internal supports.0 6.0 6.3 4.4 5.3 6.3 4.4 4. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.1-2010.3 4.1 5.3 5. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design. then consider the verandah beams are simply supported. and look up the larger span in the single span table.5 5.8 5.7 4.8 5.3 5.9 3.5 4.9 8.9 5.2 6.3 5.4 7. Live Loads.2 3.6 4. without any camber built into the beams.5 4.8 3.6 3. Page | 14 .4 3.9 6.8 5.0 3. and Wind Loads respectively.9 3.2 7.4 4.4 3.2 6.6 5.0 7.9 6. timber code (AS1720.9 4.1 4.7 3.9 2.4 6.0 4.7 5.4 3.3 3.3 6.1-1999.7 4.2 3.1 7.4 4.4 4.4 6.2 2.5 4.9 5.5 23 4. the adjacent beam spans may be different.0 2.0 4.0 3.2 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.1 7.5 5. maximum 40 kg/m2.2 3.6 5.2 2.9 5. or 10mm.2 2.2 Supporting Tiled Roof + Ceiling – Roof Load Width (mm) Single Span Verandah Beams Continuous Span Verandah Beams 600 1200 600 1200 600 1200 600 1200 3.7 5.1 8. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load.9 4. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.5 2.0 4. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. but look up the larger of the spans.0 3.2 6.7 5.1 5.9 5.4 5. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.9 7. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as C2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.9 3.7 5.3 4.5 5. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).8 5.0 6. Tiled roof + ceiling.3 4.7 6.0 2. If this rule is not met.5 4.2 5.2 2.7 6.4 5.3 4.7 8.9 4.4 5.3 7.7 4.8 6. No restraint of the bottom edge of the joist is assumed.9 3. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.4 6. 3) For continuous spans.8 3.9 5. and for Roof Live Loads.8 4.6 6. 5 3.9 7. and Wind Loads respectively.9 6.1-2010) and AS1684.3 6.7 6.1 9.6 7.9 5.1 5.4 10. Verandah beam deflection criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.4 7.3 8.6 5.8 7.1 4.0 6.8 4. or 10mm.8 5.3 6.1-1999. and 65mm internal supports.4 6.6 6.6 4.1 6.8 Single Spans Supporting Light Sheet Roofing Only – Roof Load Width (mm) 1200 1800 2400 3000 4.1 7.3 7.9 6.1-2010.1 9. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load.1 3.6 6.0 7. 3) For continuous spans. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.9 4. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.7 5. Live Loads.1 4.6 10.6 7. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing. timber code (AS1720. 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).7 6. (Covers standard residential roof materials.4 4.7 7. without any camber built into the beams.0 4.2 8.8 3600 3.5 5.4 5.7 6.2 5. the lesser of Span/360.9 7.9 6.0 8. but look up the larger of the spans.9 6.9 5. and look up the larger span in the single span table.5 5. Span/250.5 7.5 5.4 4.9 4.5 7. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.8 Continuous Spans Supporting Light Sheet Roofing Only – Roof Load Width (mm) 1200 1800 2400 3000 4. maximum 15 kg/m2.0 3.6 8.4 5.5 7. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.8 7.8 5.7 3.0 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof with no ceiling.6 8.8 9.1 4. and for Roof Live Loads.4 5.6 5.5 6.4 3600 3.8 9.5 5.4 5.7 9.4 4.3 5. If this rule is not met. the adjacent beam spans may be different. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of verandah beams: 45mm on end supports.1 5.6 7.1 7.3 9.1 4.1 8.GL17S Verandah Beams – Light Sheet Roof N2 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 600 4.3 6.6 4.2 5.8 6.1-1999.8 6.0 8. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.5 5.4 6.1 8.8 4.2 5.0 5.8 4.4 6.6 600 4.6 7.6 8.7 6.7 7.3 5. then consider the verandah beams are simply supported. Page | 15 .7 8.1 3.3 6. 1-2010) and AS1684.6 4.4 3.6 5.GL17S Verandah Beams – Light Sheet Roof C2 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 600 4.3 2.6 3600 2. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing. then consider the verandah beams are simply supported.6 5.6 4.4 4.9 4. Verandah beam deflection criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.3 6.6 3.0 4.1-1999.0 5.5 5.1 5.4 4. and Wind Loads respectively.8 9. or 10mm.0 5. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load.8 Continuous Spans Supporting Light Sheet Roofing Only – Roof Load Width (mm) 1200 1800 2400 3000 3. without any camber built into the beams.0 6.1-2010.9 7.6 3.0 2. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.5 5.1 2.6 7.6 10.1 3.5 5.9 7. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of verandah beams: 45mm on end supports. and for Roof Live Loads. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports. maximum 15 kg/m2.3 4.4 5.9 3. 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).1 3. but look up the larger of the spans. and 65mm internal supports.9 3.3 5.6 3600 2. If this rule is not met.8 Single Spans Supporting Light Sheet Roofing Only – Roof Load Width (mm) 1200 1800 2400 3000 3. 3) For continuous spans.6 3.5 3.6 8.9 5.7 3.1 600 4. the adjacent beam spans may be different.9 6.6 5.2 2. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.6 4.4 3. Live Loads. (Covers standard residential roof materials.0 9.9 7.6 3.5 7.1 8.1 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof with no ceiling. the loading codes and timber codes take preference. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as C2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.1 2.3 6.1 6.1 7.9 4.0 4.1 4.3 8.1 5.1-1999.8 7.0 2.0 4.2 5.6 4.8 6.3 6.2 5.6 2.4 10.6 5.7 3.9 6. Page | 16 . timber code (AS1720.2 6.1 6. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.1 3.6 7.6 7.8 6.9 6.9 6.6 4.9 6.4 2.3 5.2 5.0 7.6 6.0 7.6 8. the lesser of Span/360.7 9.2 2. and look up the larger span in the single span table.0 7.1 4. Span/250.1 4.6 4.6 2.5 3.6 3.2 5.2 5.1 6.8 6.6 4. 0 1. 7) Floor dynamic load checks are not generally applicable to bearers.4 2.1 5.6 3.4 6.1-1999.7 2.1 1.1-1999.3 2.2 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.3 4.5 2.3 3.9 3.GL17S Deck Bearers Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 1.0 4.6 1.9 3.9 1. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing (secondary code if in conflict with the above).0 6.8 3.6 3. 3) For continuous spans.9 2.1 1.4 2. or 9mm. and 60mm internal spans.4 2.1 2. timber code (AS1720. Page | 17 .7 5.7 3.0 4.0 1.1 1.8kN anywhere) ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.0 2.4 2.3 2. including plasterboard ceiling below) Live Load for decks & verandahs over 1m above ground level 2.1 1.8 4.7 2. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span. but look up the larger of the spans.2 2. Live Loads.0 6. 5) For bearers the lateral restraint is assumed to be a maximum of 600mm.8 4.3 3.6 1.3 2.3 1.2 1.1 3. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.9 2.7 2.0 1.5 2.3 1.9 1.4 2.0 2.2 2. and look up the larger span in the single span table. Bearer design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.0 1.7 2.0 1.7 3.5 1.3 1.0 2.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 2.7 1.7 2.6 1.4 2.3 5.6 2.1-2010) and AS1684.4 4.9 3. 4) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations.6 Continuous Spans Deck Bearers – Deck Load Width (mm) 3.8 1. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.7 2.2 7. Member must have a minimum bearing length of 115mm at the supports.7 2.2 2.3 2.6 3. and Wind Loads respectively. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of bearers: 45mm on end spans.6 1.9 2. the lesser of Span/300.1 2.5 5. then consider the bearers are simply supported.7 4.4 3.2 1. Shaded areas in the tables represent areas where longer bearing lengths may be required to achieve the span values shown. the lesser of Span/360.6 2.1 2.9 2.0 5. or 12mm.2 Span values are in metres Member must have a minimum bearing length of 85mm at the supports.8 1. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).9 2.3 2.9 2.8 1.8 3.3 4.8 2.5 3.4 8.6 2.8 3.0 1. but may be wet in service.2 1.8 3.5 1.4 8.6 2. Loading Data: Dead Load of Deck maximum 40 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential floor materials.2 1. If this rule is not met.5 3.0 2.3 5.1 3.6 1.3 4. but these tables have been checked for these loads to ensure stable performance of these bearers.0 2.2 1.0 5.6 3.6 2.1 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.0kPa (with a check on a concentrated live load of 1.3 2.7 2.2 1. 8) These deck joist designs assume the joists are initially seasoned. without any camber built into the beams.0 0.7 2.0 1.3 2.3 4.2 4.7 2.0 1.0 1.6 7.2 2.1 1. the adjacent bearer spans may be different.3 3.1-2010. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.8 2.0 4.5 2.1 4. with an average moisture content less than 20% The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.0 1. and for Floor Live Loads.6 2.9 3.2 4.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 Single Spans Deck Bearers – Deck Load Width (mm) 3.5 3.9 2. 1 5. then consider the deck joists are simply supported.7 3.9 7. and look up the larger span in the single span table.8 3. Live Loads.4 6.5 5.4 8.4 Continuous Span Deck Joists – Joist Spacing (mm) 400 450 480 4.1 3.7 6. but look up the larger of the spans.0 4. or 12mm. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.6 3.1 5.4 4.6 6. the lesser of Span/360. with an average moisture content less than 20%.0kPa (with a check on a concentrated live load of 1. without any camber built into the beams.1 6.5 6. or 9mm.1 5.5 600 2.9 5.9 6.2 7.8 5.2 5.5 4.7 5.1-2010) and AS1684.6 5.2 7.3 4. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of deck joists: 30mm on end supports. 8) These deck joist designs assume the joists are initially seasoned.9 4. Page | 18 . 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.5 6.GL17S Deck Joists Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 300 3.6 5. the lesser of Span/300.2 3.9 3.9 6.6 4.4 4.8 5. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684. timber code (AS1720.1 6. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.7 4.5 6.9 5.9 6.7 6.6 7.5 6.1-1999. 3) For continuous spans.4 5.1 5.4 4.8 5.8 4.8kN anywhere) ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.9 4. 4) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations.6 3. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.7 7.2 7.1-1999.4 4.2 6.1 3.0 4.3 5.0 300 4. and 45mm internal supports.8 6.5 4. and for Floor Live Loads. including possible plasterboard ceiling below) Live Load for decks & verandahs over 1m above ground level 2.0 4. but may be wet in service.1 5. 7) Floor dynamic load check is made for a 1kN concentrated load to ensure less than 2mm deflection. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.1 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of floor maximum 40 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential deck materials. No restraint of the bottom edge of the joist is assumed.5 Single Span Deck Joists – Joist Spacing (mm) 400 450 480 3.3 5.6 5.2 6. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).9 5.6 6.1-2010. the adjacent deck joist spans may be different.8 7. and Wind Loads respectively. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.1 600 3. If this rule is not met.6 4. 5) For deck joists the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of flooring direct to the top edge.7 5.5 7.5 4.6 4.3 5. or 12mm.0 3.0 6. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. Live Loads. but look up the larger of the spans.6 3. without any camber built into the beams.7 3.8 1.2 2.5 2.8 5.6 1. the loading codes and timber codes take preference. but these tables have been checked for these loads to ensure stable performance of these bearers.7 Single Span Floor Bearers – Floor Load Width (m) 3.6 3.5 3.0 3. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.7 4.2 2. 5) For bearers the lateral restraint is assumed to be a maximum of 600mm.5kPa (with a check on a concentrated live load of 1. 7) Floor dynamic load checks are not generally applicable to bearers.6 2.1 1.5 4.0 3.4 3.0 1.4 5.0 2.6 5.9 2.0 2.9 8.8 3. the lesser of Span/300.8 2.5 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.0 3. including plasterboard ceiling below).1 4. 3) For continuous spans. Loading Data: Dead Load of floor maximum 40 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential floor materials. and 60mm internal spans.1 2.0 3.1 2.3 1.0 5.7 4.3 2.5 2.7 4.1 1. ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.3 2.1 2.1-2010) and AS1684.9 3.6 2.1-2010. If this rule is not met.2 4.9 2.7 4.0 2.5 5.2 4.5 3.1 1.6 3.5 2.7 4.9 3.2 4. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing (secondary code if in conflict with the above).0 1.8kN anywhere).5 3. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design. and Wind Loads respectively. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of bearers: 45mm on end spans.0 1.7 Span values are in metres Member must have a minimum bearing length of 65mm at the supports.8 3.0 4. Shaded areas in the tables represent areas where longer bearing lengths may be required to achieve the span values shown.0 6.7 1.2 2.4 2. Bearer design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.0 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.8 2.4 4. and look up the larger span in the single span table.9 2.2 4.8 2.0 1. then consider the bearers are simply supported.1-1999.0 1.0 2.2 3.3 2.8 2.9 1.0 3.6 1.9 4.0 4.0 1.2 5. Member must have a minimum bearing length of 85mm at the supports.0 5.3 1.1 2.4 1.5 1. the adjacent bearer spans may be different. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.1-1999.9 1. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).3 4.7 1.3 2.7 3.3 6.3 3.5 1.3 4.0 1.5 3.5 3.0 2.6 2.4 3.3 3.4 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.9 5. Live Load for residential loads 1.5 4.6 3.2 7.8 3.3 3. and for Floor Live Loads.2 2.7 2.7 3.0 1.3 2.5 3.5 2.4 3. 4) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations.5 3.1 4.2 Continuous Span Floor Bearers – Floor Load Width (m) 3.5 2.2 1.3 4.0 3.5 5. timber code (AS1720.9 8. or 9mm.GL17S Floor Bearers Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 1. the lesser of Span/360.5 2.7 7.1 2.1 2. Page | 19 .8 1.8 3.3 4.2 2.9 4.1 2.7 3.0 4.0 4.3 2.4 1.6 3.9 2. Member must have a minimum bearing length of 115mm at the supports. 1 5. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.9 7.3 5.9 4. timber code (AS1720.3 Single Span Floor Joists – Joist Spacing (mm) 400 450 480 3. 3) For continuous spans.4 7.4 600 2. and Wind Loads respectively. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.1-2010. including plasterboard ceiling below) Live Load for residential loads 1. the adjacent floor joist spans may be different.2 3.3 5.0 4.1 7. Floor Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.7 6.9 4. and look up the larger span in the single span table.8 6.6 5.1 3. 4) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations.0 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of floor maximum 40 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential floor materials.3 5.7 3.0 3.4 6.3 4.1 5.9 6.6 3.1 6.4 5.0 5.9 6.1 3. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of floor joists: 30mm on end supports.6 7. the lesser of Span/360.6 300 4.2 8.4 6.2 6.7 3. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing (secondary code if in conflict with the above).5 4. or 12mm.8 6.0 5.4 4. 8) These floor joist designs assume the joists are seasoned.1 6.1 6.3 6.7 6.1 7. then consider the floor joists are simply supported.0 4.6 4.6 5. but look up the larger of the spans. and for Floor Live Loads.3 5. Live Loads.1-2010) and AS1684. the lesser of Span/300.5 5.8kN anywhere) ETH LAM GL 17 beams are manufactured straight.4 6.5 6. or 9mm. Page | 20 .5 5.6 5.7 6.4 4.5 7.9 6.1-1999. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).0 5.5 6. and 45mm internal supports.8 4.5 6.9 6.0 5.1-1999. 5) For floor joists the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of flooring direct to the top edge.6 5.0 4.GL17S Floor Joists Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 300 3.8 7.4 600 3. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.0 5.9 3. If this rule is not met.8 5. 7) Floor dynamic load check is made for a 1kN concentrated load to ensure less than 2mm deflection.6 5.5 4.9 5. No restraint of the bottom edge of the joist is assumed.4 4.8 Continuous Span Floor Joists – Joist Spacing (mm) 400 450 480 4. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.5 7.6 4.5kPa (with a check on a concentrated live load of 1. and remain dry in service.3 4.3 6. without any camber built into the beams. 5 8.6 6.7 6.5 8.9 7. No restraint of the bottom edge of the joist is assumed.7 6. without any camber built into the beams.3 4.7 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.9 8.1 5.8 3.9 6. Live Loads.1 4.9 8.6 6. and 45mm internal supports.4 8.4 8.9 6.6 6.1 2.3 8.6 7.6 6. 5) For deck joists the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of flooring direct to the top edge.7 5. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.1-2010.0 5.7 8.6 6.0 5.0 6.6 6.8 5.7 8. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.1 5.6 6. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load.1 4.7 4.2 5.6 8.4 7.0 6.2 9.2 8. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of rafters: 35mm on end supports.6 6.1-1999. then consider the rafters are simply supported.1 10.2 Rafters carrying Concrete or Terracotta Tiles + Ceiling – Rafter Spacing (mm) Single Span Rafters Continuous Span Rafters 300 600 900 300 600 900 3. the adjacent rafter spans may be different.8 7. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.1 7.5 6. Tiled roof + ceiling.5 6.9 6.2 7.7 7.2 6.6 7.1 6. Page | 21 . 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).3 7.2 6.3 3. the lesser of Span/300. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.5 9.1-1999.4 3.4 6.8 4.0 9.0 6.7 7. and for Roof Live Loads.1-2010) and AS1684.6 4.6 6. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. but look up the larger of the spans.4 7.7 7.3 7.2 4. maximum 40 kg/m2.6 6.7 4. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.5 3.7 5. If this rule is not met.6 5.GL17S Rafters – Sheet/Tile N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Rafters carrying Sheet Roofing + Ceiling – Rafter Spacing (mm) Single Span Rafters Continuous Span Rafters 300 600 900 300 600 900 4.2 4.1 7.2 5. 3) For continuous spans.8 7.7 5.2 7.9 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.5 9.9 7. and Wind Loads respectively. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.4 6.5 10. and look up the larger span in the single span table.9 3. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.2 4.1 5.0 8.6 5.2 3.0 5.9 4.6 8. timber code (AS1720. Span/250.8 5.1 5.5 5.1 6.6 7.5 6.6 7.2 5.8 6. or 20mm. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684. 6 Rafters carrying Concrete or Terracotta Tiles + Ceiling – Rafter Spacing (mm) Single Span Rafters Continuous Span Rafters 300 600 900 300 600 900 3.3 5.2 4.6 6. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.6 6.5 9.3 7.6 6.1 5.1 6. timber code (AS1720.5 5.1 6.4 6.8 6. without any camber built into the beams.6 7.2 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.5 6. the lesser of Span/300.9 6.7 6.8 3.7 7. the adjacent rafter spans may be different.5 5.5 3.1-2010.6 4.3 7.1 4.4 7. and Wind Loads respectively.7 5. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as C2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.6 5.0 6.5 3. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.2 6.8 8.2 4.3 7.8 5.1 5.2 7.1 10.6 6.4 8.3 8.9 6.7 6.4 3.2 5.6 6.9 4.1 5.6 6.8 6. maximum 40 kg/m2.2 4.3 7.1 3.1 5. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.3 7.6 8.0 9. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).1 2.3 8.7 5.4 6.0 5.8 4.2 10.0 5.3 4.9 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.3 3.6 7.0 7. Span/250. If this rule is not met.0 5.8 6.4 5. Live Loads.6 7.1-1999.1 6.6 6. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.6 7. No restraint of the bottom edge of the joist is assumed.6 4.9 6.3 5.2 9.1 3.7 3. 3) For continuous spans.4 8. and for Roof Live Loads.1 4.2 7.8 3.2 8.6 4. or 20mm.7 4.1-2010) and AS1684.6 6.5 9. Page | 22 .1 6.1-1999. but look up the larger of the spans.8 3. and look up the larger span in the single span table.5 8. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of rafters: 35mm on end supports. and 45mm internal supports. Tiled roof + ceiling. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.3 7. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.GL17S Rafters – Sheet/Tile C2 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Rafters carrying Sheet Roofing + Ceiling – Rafter Spacing (mm) Single Span Rafters Continuous Span Rafters 300 600 900 300 600 900 4.9 7.9 6.8 3. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.6 8. 5) For deck joists the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of flooring direct to the top edge. then consider the rafters are simply supported.7 7.5 8.7 4.5 5. 8 11.1 7.1 5.6 12.9 5.1 8.5 4.8 12. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.8 4.8 6. If this rule is not met.3 12.2 7. but look up the larger of the spans.0 10.9 5. the lesser of Span/300. Page | 23 .1 6.6 9.6 7.2 8.6 7.8 5.5 9.7 10.5 11.6 8.5 4. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.9 8.7 8.1 11.0 9.5 7. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.1 8. and look up the larger span in the single span table.0 8.0 10.5 7.9 11.3 11.6 8.8 6.9 9.GL17S Rafters – Light Sheet Roof N2/C2 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 300 6.6 10.3 11.0 9.8 7.5 6.3 4.8 7.2 5.4 7. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.0 4.0 5.1 Light Sheet Roof N2 – Rafter Spacing (mm) Single Span Rafters Continuous Span Rafters 600 900 300 600 5.1-2010) and AS1684.7 8.5 6.8 9.8 8.3 8.0 6. Live Loads. 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series). Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of rafters: 35mm on end supports.6 12. or 20mm. Span/250. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N2/C2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.6 7.1 5.9 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Light Sheet Roof with no ceiling.7 9.5 5.1 7.0 10.4 9.4 8.2 10. maximum 20 kg/m 2 (Covers standard light sheet roofing materials.0 Light Sheet Roof C2 – Rafter Spacing (mm) Single Span Rafters Continuous Span Rafters 600 900 300 600 4.3 8. and 45mm internal supports.9 5.4 7.8 9.9 8. the adjacent rafter spans may be different.4 7.1 6. and Wind Loads respectively.4 9.8 6.0 3. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.0 10. timber code (AS1720.0 7.3 5.8 900 6.9 11.3 10.8 9.1 300 5. 4) Deflection criteria: for dead load.6 7.4 11.6 7.6 9.4 11.5 9.5 11.7 7.6 6.0 9.9 9. then consider the rafters are simply supported.7 8.3 5.8 9.3 8.6 8. without any camber built into the beams.1-1999.0 6.6 10.7 8.6 900 3.5 9. 3) For continuous spans. and for Roof Live Loads. 7 3.6 4.6 4.5 7.6 7.2 3. 3) For continuous spans.4 3.3 6.1 4. Roof Beam design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.8 2.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 3.2 3.9 3.0 10. Wind design for up to N3 wind area.4 4.1 4.9 3.5 4.7 4.1 7 1.1 3.3 4.1 2.7 9. and 65mm internal spans.5 3.3 4. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of roof beams: 45mm on end spans.4 4.4 5.0 6.GL17S Roof Beams – Sheet N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 1 4.8 2. the lesser of Span/300.6 5.4 3.8 4.0 2.7 6.3 4.3 2.1 2.8 2.25kPa.2 3. or 20mm.6 7.7 5.4 3. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.2 4.1-1999. but look up the larger of the spans. in accordance with AS4055-2006 – Wind Loads for Housing. ETH LAM GL 17 beams are manufactured straight.7 4.8 3.2 3.0 2.2 5. and look up the larger span in the single span table. The roof beam spans are suitable for unrestrained bottom edges.4 2 3.7 2.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.5 3.7 8 1. the lesser of Span/250. Page | 24 .1-1999.3 3.2 8.7 5.6 3.5 2.9 4.8 2.1 6.9 7 2.7 5.1 3.4 1 5.6 6.4 6.1 7.4 4.9 5.7 4. If this rule is not met.3 9.6 8. 4) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations.4 5.2 2.0 5.8 6.9 6.3 5.0 5.7 2.8 8. plasterboard ceiling below.9 4.7 4.9 3.7 4. 5) For roof beams the lateral restraint is assumed to be a supported rafter or truss spacing at 900mm centres.2 7.4 2 3.3 4.1 2.4 Sheet Roof Continuous Span .3 5.7 5.7 4.9 5.9 2. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.7 2.3 3.7 6.5 4.3 3. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.2 7.2 2.7 4. the adjacent roof beam spans may be different.5 7.7 8.3 6.3 5.1 3. timber code (AS1720.1 4. roof trusses or raftered roof) Roof Live Load of 0.4 4.7 3.1 3.5 7.2 4.4 4.0 2.3 3.2 2.2 4.4 2.7 5.1-2010. without any camber built into the beams.4 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof and ceiling maximum 40 kg/m2 for sheet roof with ceiling.0 8.5 3.1 3.2 5.0 6.1-2010) and AS1684. (Covers standard up to metal sheet roofing.1 7.3 5. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).8 5.4 6.3 3.0 7.1 8 1.3 9. then consider the roof beams are simply supported.6 2.4 6.8 4.7 3.8 4.3 3.5 3. and for Roof Live Loads.8 5.1 Sheet Roof Single Span . 4 2.5 6.3 2.6 4. but look up the larger of the spans.8 2.3 2.3 2.1-1999. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of roof beams: 45mm on end spans.1 1.0 2.1 3.8 2 3.5 8.5 4.1-1999. then consider the roof beams are simply supported.3 5.8 3.7 1.8 4.7 3.4 4.1 3.2 6.0 4.6 3.2 3.2 4. 6) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).9 3.1 3.4 3.8 1.7 3.9 7 1.9 2.6 3.4 3. and the shorter span must be more than 50% of the larger span.5 3.5 4.4 2.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.1-2010.6 3.1 2.5 3.7 4.2 5.3 3.1 4.7 5.4 3.1 1.8 4.8 4. and 65mm internal spans. plasterboard ceiling below.9 4.9 2. roof trusses or raftered roof) Roof Live Load of 0.7 5.4 3.3 73 6.4 2.3 3.9 2.6 3.7 5.6 3.25kPa. or 20mm. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.6 6. Wind design for up to N3 wind area.9 3.3 3.7 4.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.1 5.7 3.3 3.5 4.6 2. the lesser of Span/300.8 1.2 3.6 2.1-2010) and AS1684. (Covers standard up to terra-cotta roof tiles.4 Tile Roof Continuous Span .6 3. timber code (AS1720.9 3.0 4.4 1.3 2.2 3. in accordance with AS4055-2006 – Wind Loads for Housing.8 6.0 1. ETH LAM GL 17 beams are manufactured straight.7 2.0 2. Member must have a minimum bearing length of 115mm at the supports.7 3.0 3.1 4.0 1.3 Span values are in metres Member must have a minimum bearing length of 85mm at the supports. 5) For roof beams the lateral restraint is assumed to be a supported rafter or truss spacing at 900mm centres. the lesser of Span/250.7 2.9 1.3 8 1.5 2.3 7.1 2.1 1 4.6 3.8 6.8 1.5 3.4 1.5 2. Loading Data: Dead Load of roof and ceiling maximum 90 kg/m2 for tiled roof with ceiling.0 4.4 2.2 2 2.7 2.5 2.0 6.0 2. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.0 3. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.7 5. and for Roof Live Loads.8 2. and look up the larger span in the single span table.1 5.0 3.8 4.1 2. If this rule is not met. Page | 25 .9 4.GL17S Roof Beams – Tile N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 1 3.6 Tile Roof Single Span . Roof Beam design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684. The roof beam spans are suitable for unrestrained bottom edges.0 3.8 7.1 2.9 3.1 7 1.6 3. 3) For continuous spans.6 8 1.4 2.0 4.2 2.1 5.8 5.9 5. without any camber built into the beams.2 3.3 4.9 3.8 2.3 4.2 3.0 1.4 3.6 2.9 6.6 7.0 2. the adjacent roof beam spans may be different. 4) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations.2 5. 4 3.0 3.9 2.2 3.1 3.5 3.6 5.1 4.0 2.0 2.7 4.6 3.3 4.5 4.9 3.2 1 2.1 2 2.3 1.5 4.4 5.1 4.1 4.2 3.0 3.0 3.6 1.1-2010) and AS1684.3 3.25kPa.6 2. plasterboard ceiling below.6 5.5 2.1-2010.1 2.1 3.9 5.0 3.6 5.3 4.7 4. timber code (AS1720.2 7 1.1 2.5 7 1.3 2.9 2.6 1.GL17S Lintels – Sheet/Tile N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 1 3. without any camber built into the beams. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of lintels: 35mm on trimmer studs.4 5. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.1-1999.5 3.8 3.8 Tile Roof Lintels . or 10mm. the lesser of Span/250.3 3.3 3.6 2. Page | 26 .9 3. and for Roof Live Loads.4 1.8 3.2 4. Size and width of trimmer and jamb studs is subject to loadings outside the scope of this table.7 4.7 2.1 3.0 2 3.6 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.5 2.4 2.3 Sheet Roof Lintels .1 2.1 2.3 4.0 1.9 3.6 2.1 4.4 3.3 2.0 3.8 3.7 4.8 6.9 2.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.9 5.7 4.7 2. the lesser of Span/300.8 2.3 2.0 3.3 4. 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).7 4.8 1.0 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof and ceiling maximum 90 kg/m2 for tiled roofs.4 4. (Covers standard up to terra-cotta roof tiles.1 2.3 6.9 2.9 1.3 2.7 3.7 4.6 4. ETH LAM GL 17 beams are manufactured straight.3 3.5 5.6 6.6 4. or 15mm.7 8 1.9 1.6 3.4 2.3 3.7 3.0 3.6 2.7 3.1 4.1 1.7 3.0 3.7 2.4 3.3 4.8 2.2 2. Lintel design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.9 3. Wind design for up to N3 wind area.7 3.1 2. and 40kg/m2 for sheet roofs.9 4. 25 degrees. 4) For lintels the lateral restraint is assumed to be a maximum of 600mm.1 4.1 3. All lintels are designed for single span only.8 3. in accordance with AS4055-2006 – Wind Loads for Housing. 3) Deflection criteria: for permanent load combinations. 6) Maximum roof pitch applicable for these tables.1 2.3 2.7 2.4 3.0 3.3 4.1 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.9 5.4 3.3 2.1-1999.7 3.4 4. roof trusses or raftered roof) Roof Live Load of 0.1 8 1. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports. the loading codes and timber code take preference.4 2. 1-2010) and AS1684.1 1.7 2.0 3.2 3.2 3.7 1.2 3.6 1.0 2.6 2.5 4.2 2. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.7 2.1 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.9 1.0 1.6 3.8 2.4 3.4 3.1 2.8 3.3 2.9 2.4 3.7 1.3 3.8 3.1 3.3 3.0 2.4 4.5 1.3 2.6 1.5 2. timber code (AS1720.1 2.0 4.3 3. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports. 3) Deflection criteria: for dead load.9 2.4 3.5 3.4 4.8 3.1 3.5 2.8 2.4 3.8 3. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of lintels: 35mm on end supports.0 8.3 3.3 3.2 2.1 2. Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.5 3.1 2.7 2.2 2. Wall Frames and Floor – Floor Load Width (m) 0.0 2.8 Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) 2.9 1.1 3.6 Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) 2.6 3.0 7.0 8.0 1.0 4.0 7.0 6.7 1.9 2. Wall Frames and Floor – Floor Load Width (m) 2.4 3. the lesser of Span/300.3 3.0 1. Page | 27 .5 3.6 2.0 2.6 4.6 2.2 3. 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).1 3. and for Roof Live Loads.2 3.6 2.4 3.8 2.7 2.3 3.6 3.8 1.1 2.6 3.9 3.9 1.1 2. Live Loads.6 4.2 3. or 10mm.6 1.GL17S Lower Story Lintels – Sheet N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Lower Story Lintels supporting Sheet Roof + Ceiling.3 2.5 1.8 3.2 2. No restraint of the bottom edge of the lintel is assumed.0 4. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.0 3.9 1.8 1.8 3.5 3.4 2.7 2.2 3.2 3.0 1.8 1.0 3.1-1999.7 3.5 2.4 3.7 3.0 4.5 3.4 3.1-2010.1 3.7 3.7 2. 4) For lintels the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of joists or rafters direct to the top plate of the wall. and 45mm internal supports. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.1 3.4 4.0 1.7 1.1 2.7 3.6 3.7 4.1-1999.1 2.6 3.2 Lower Story Lintels supporting Sheet Roof + Ceiling. maximum 40 kg/m2.8 1.0 8.7 1.9 2.0 5.6 2.3 3.0 6.5 3. or 10mm.8 2.0 1.1 2.1 1.9 3.9 3.3 2.5 2.4 3.0 4.5 1.9 3. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.4 1. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.3 3.9 2.1 3.6 3.8 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.9 3.0 6.8 3.6 1.0 2.3 3. Span/250.5 3.4 3. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.9 2.0 6.0 6.5 3.4 1.1 3. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.8 1.2 3.1 2.7 4.7 3.6 2.8 1.4 3.2 1.3 2.1 1.9 3.2 3.0 2.6 1.3 3. Tiled roof + ceiling.2 2.4 3.2 2.3 2.0 2.3 3.2 3.2 2.6 3.4 2.8 2. without any camber built into the beams.2 3.0 8.4 2.8 2.5 3.8 2.4 3.5 2.3 2.0 2.0 6.5 3.4 2.9 1.0 3.3 3.9 2.5 2.6 2.0 Span values are in metres Member must have a minimum bearing length of 85mm at the supports.0 8.6 2.6 1.4 2. and Wind Loads respectively.0 1.2 2.0 2.8 4.2 3.0 5.0 3.3 3.0 8.4 3.3 2. 5 2.7 3.2 4.0 6.1 3.9 3.3 3.6 Span values are in metres Member must have a minimum bearing length of 85mm at the supports.7 3. maximum 40 kg/m2. the loading codes and timber codes take preference. without any camber built into the beams.0 2.0 8.2 2.1 2.4 1.7 3.2 3.1 2. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.0 8.0 2.8 Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) 2.2 3.1 1.8 2.5 3.5 2.9 1. and Wind Loads respectively.5 3.8 2.3 2.3 1.0 2.0 4.5 1.3 2.0 7.9 2.5 3. Wall Frames and Floor – Floor Load Width (m) 2.2 2.2 1.3 2.1 3.5 2.0 4. No restraint of the bottom edge of the lintel is assumed.6 1.7 2.0 1.5 3.7 3.1 3.3 2.4 1.3 3. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.0 2.7 3.8 2. Live Loads. Span/250.2 2.1 2.4 2.9 1.3 3.0 2.6 Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) Roof Load Width (m) 2.1 3.0 1.8 2.8 2.1 2.8 2.0 4.8 1.0 7.4 3.0 1. Member must have a minimum bearing length of 115mm at the supports.6 3.4 2.4 2.8 1.6 2.6 1.3 1.9 2.4 3.0 6.4 1.1 2.0 2.1-2010) and AS1684.5 3.0 2.9 1. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.2 3.3 1.6 1.8 1.2 2.7 1.3 2.6 3.2 3.2 2.0 1.GL17S Lower Story Lintels –Tile N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Lower Story Lintels supporting Tiled Roof + Ceiling.5 3.6 2.9 2.6 2.2 2.2 3.7 3.1-2010.4 1. the lesser of Span/300.7 1.0 6.0 3.1 2.5 1.0 3. timber code (AS1720.6 3.0 2.0 1. or 10mm.6 3.4 2.0 4.9 2.0 6.2 2.7 3.9 3.9 2.3 3.4 1.7 2.4 2.8 1. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.9 2.9 1.0 8.0 2.8 2.5 3.8 2.2 2.7 1.9 3. or 10mm.5 2.7 3.4 3.3 3.7 2.9 2.0 8.1-1999.7 2.9 3.1-1999.9 1.7 1.0 5.0 2.8 3. 4) For lintels the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of joists or rafters direct to the top plate of the wall.7 1.0 8.1 3.5 2.1 2.6 3.6 1.3 3.4 3.0 3.6 4.6 2. Tiled roof + ceiling.5 2.1 1.0 2.7 2.7 3.1 2.2 2.0 3.2 3.2 2.4 3.0 2.4 3.6 2.3 3.2 1.7 1.1 2.8 1. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of lintels: 35mm on end supports.6 1. 3) Deflection criteria: for dead load.0 6.3 1.0 1.8 Lower Story Lintels supporting Tiled Roof + Ceiling.2 1.6 2.6 1. Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.2 1.2 2.2 2. 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).9 2.3 1.5 3.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.4 3.7 3.7 2.1 3.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 3.2 3.5 3.5 1.1 3.4 3.0 5.7 1. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.6 2.6 2.2 3.6 2.4 1. Page | 28 .2 3.4 2.7 2.1 1.5 1. and 45mm internal supports.5 1.4 3. and for Roof Live Loads.9 1.9 1.2 1.8 3. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.8 3.0 6.0 8. Wall Frames and Floor – Floor Load Width (m) 0.0 2.5 3.4 2.0 1.1 2.2 2. 3 5.0 5.4 7.4 2.3 Tile Roof Lintels .6 2.2 6. 2) The span value shown is the distance between centrelines of supports.3 2.1-2010.8 3.7 3.9 3. and 45mm internal supports.1 8.3 3.7 4.0 3.9 6. and for Roof Live Loads.6 4. Tiled roof + ceiling. No restraint of the bottom edge of the lintel is assumed.5 5.8 4.0 3.5 2.7 2.0 2. Span/250.7 4.4 4. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720.4 6.4 2.7 2.1 2.4 5.0 3.9 5.7 4.2 2.9 4.0 5.1 2 2.4 3.4 2.2 4.4 3.5 4. or 10mm.5 3. and Wind Loads respectively.2 1.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.3 4.3 4.0 5.0 6.7 4.4 3.3 6.7 4.3 5.8 2.1 3.0 2.8 1 3. 3) Deflection criteria: for dead load.6 3. Notes: 1) Minimum bearing lengths for support of lintels: 35mm on end supports.4 5.2 2.9 5.4 4.7 8.8 6.6 2.9 8.8 3.4 7 3.1 3.0 5. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.8 5.3 2.0 2.5 4.2 4.GL17S Upper Story Lintels – Sheet/Tile N3 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 Size (mm) 140x42 190x42 240x42 290x42 140x65 190x65 240x65 290x65 240x80 1 4.3 4.7 5.4 6.8 4.1 Span values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.2 7.Roof load Width (m) 3 4 5 6 2.7 3.6 4.1-1999.5 4.4 6.8 5.2 3.1 3.5 4.9 8.3 5.9 6. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.1-2010) and AS1684.4 5.2 4.5 6. Page | 29 . 5) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).3 3. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.2 4. the lesser of Span/300.9 1.4 9.4 Sheet Roof Lintels .8 6.4 7.0 1.1 3. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.5 3.0 5.8 3. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684. maximum 40 kg/m2.7 1. timber code (AS1720.2 8 1.3 5.8 3.8 2. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.1 4.3 3.1 4.6 2 3.9 3. without any camber built into the beams.1-1999.4 7.4 6.0 5.5 3.0 5.8 2. Live Loads.1 1.6 3.8 5. or 10mm.7 3.3 3.6 5.4 6.7 8 3.3 4.2 7 1. 4) For lintels the lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved via the fixing of trusses or rafters direct to the top plate of the wall.2 3.3 7.0 7.5 3.5 3.8 3.2 3.0 1.5 3.8 4.9 5. and Wind Loads respectively.0 5.0 3.0 3.1-1999.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 0.8 4.0 4.6 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5. M12 bolts.9 3. Page | 30 .0 5.0 Post height values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.4 5.9 5.8 5. other than supporting standard handrails for the upper deck versions. Live Loads.9 2.0 5.6 3.0 5.4 5.1-2010. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3/C2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.7 3.5 3. 2) The height value shown is the distance between support and either verandah beam or deck bearers.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.9 5.0 8.0 0.9 3.0 5.2 2. without any camber built into the beams.0 4.3 2.8 2.0 4.9 3.1-2010) and AS1684.0 5. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.0 Verandah Posts Sheet Roof and Ceiling – Roof Load Area up to 9. Tiled roof + ceiling.3 5.0 5.5 2.3 3.2 2.0 5. lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved only from roof beams or floor beams.0 5.0 3. timber code (AS1720.0 5.0m2 Floor Area Supported (m2) 1.1 3. Verandah Posts are designed for axial loads only.0 2.9 5. as per standard post bracket supports in AS1684. and must not be in contact with the ground.0 3.0 5. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. Notes: 1) Verandah posts to be supported in steel base supports with min.0 5. 3) For posts.0 5.8 4.0 5.8 2.GL13 Verandah Posts Sheet Roof N3/C2 Size (mm) 90x90 100x100 115x115 140x140 190x190 90x90 100x100 115x115 140x140 190x190 90x90 100x100 115x115 140x140 190x190 0.0 5.0 5.9 5. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.3 5.3 5.0 2.8 3.4 5. Therefore these posts cannot be used to support any wall fames.0 2.0 4. -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing.5 2. and do not take lateral loads. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.0 2.9 5.6 2.0m2 Floor Area Supported (m2) 1.0 5.0 Verandah Posts Sheet Roof and Ceiling – Roof Load Area up to 3.0 2.0 4. maximum 40 kg/m2.0 4. look up the larger of the 2 clear distances as the value from the tables.0 4.0 4. For 2 level posts.0 6. or sheeting material that would impose a lateral load through wind pressure on the panels.5 3.0 8. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.0 2. supporting deck and roof.0 Verandah Posts Sheet Roof and Ceiling – Roof Load Area up to 6.0 6.0 6.0 3.0 5.0 2.0 4.7 3.1-1999.0 5.0m2 Floor Area Supported (m2) 1.0 2.0 8. 4) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series).0 5.5 3.0 5. 0 5.7 5. Page | 31 . -1999 Design Criteria for Residential Timber Framing. and must not be in contact with the ground.0m2 Floor Area Supported (m2) 1.8 3.0 4.2 3.0 4.7 2.0 4. 4) Where there are conflicts in design between loading codes (AS/NZS1170 series). Therefore these posts cannot be used to support any wall fames. The above span table values have been designed in accordance with the following codes: -2010 Timber Design Code -2002 Loading Codes for Limit State design.0 Verandah Posts Tiled Roof and Ceiling – Roof Load Area up to 6.2 3.0 5.0 90x90 100x100 115x115 140x140 190x190 0.2 4.9 2.0 5.0 2. and Wind Loads respectively.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 8. look up the larger of the 2 clear distances as the value from the tables.0 5.0 5.1-1999.0m2 Floor Area Supported (m2) 1.8 5.0 5.6 5.3 5.5 2.0 5. the loading codes and timber codes take preference.0 4.9 2.0 4.0 4.1-2010.9 3. without any camber built into the beams.0 4.1 2.4 3. supporting deck and roof.0 5.5 3.0 5. timber code (AS1720.0 5.0 5.0 5.2 2.8 2.0 5.2 5.8 2.9 4.6 4.3 5. as per standard post bracket supports in AS1684.0 6.9 5.0 5. for roof pitch maximum 35deg) Wind Load taken as N3/C2 in accordance with AS 4055 Wind Loads for Housing ETH LAM GL beams are manufactured straight.4 3.7 5.0 Verandah Posts Tiled Roof and Ceiling – Roof Load Area up to 9.4 3.0 5.8 5.0 5.7 3.9 5. Verandah Posts are designed for axial loads only.1 2.4 3. Notes: 1) Verandah posts to be supported in steel base supports with min.0 1.0 5.0 5.0 5. Tiled roof + ceiling.GL13 Verandah Posts Tiled Roof N3/C2 Size (mm) 90x90 100x100 115x115 140x140 190x190 0.0 4. 3) For posts. maximum 90 kg/m2 (Covers standard residential roof materials.0 5.1 3. Deck Joist design criteria in accordance with methods presented in AS1684.0 2.0 5. maximum 40 kg/m2.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 5.7 3.6 3. and do not take lateral loads.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 5.0 5. Live Loads.5 3.0 2.0 5.0m2 Floor Area Supported (m2) 1.0 Verandah Posts Tiled Roof and Ceiling – Roof Load Area up to 3.0 5.0 5. For 2 level posts.0 5.0 Post height values are in metres Loading Data: Dead Load of roof: Sheet roof + ceiling.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 90x90 100x100 115x115 140x140 190x190 0.0 3. lateral restraint is assumed to be achieved only from roof beams or floor beams. or sheeting material that would impose a lateral load through wind pressure on the panels.0 4. M12 bolts.2 4.3 2.1-2010) and AS1684.3 4.9 3.0 5. and structural timber design in accordance with AS1720. other than supporting standard handrails for the upper deck versions.0 5.0 5.0 4.7 3. 2) The height value shown is the distance between support and either verandah beam or deck bearers.0 3.8 5.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 5.0 1.0 5.2 4.6 3.0 5.6 3.0 4.0 5.1-1999.0 6.4 2.7 5.