SACSEngineering Dynamics, Inc EDI Wave Load • For the design of offshore structures, the waves are characterized as regular waves with reasonable accuracy. • Several wave theories are available for the purpose of determining the wave loads: Airy‟s Linear Theory Cnoidal Theory Solitary Wave Theory Stokes 5th Order Theory Stream Function Theory EDI Wave Load • The wave theory to be used is selected based on the water depth and wave height. • Wave loading on a member is categorized into Drag , Inertia, Diffraction, Slamming and Vortex Shedding Induced load • If the member size is small < (1/5) x Wavelength, Morison‟s equation can be used to calculate the wave loading. • Morison‟s Equation: Where : Cd is the coefficient of drag, Cm is coefficient of mass D is the diameter, U is the velocity , µ is the fluid density and A is the area. U A ρ C U U D ρ 0.5C F M D · · · + · · · · = Drag force Inertia force EDI Wave Load • Various options available for defining coefficient of drag Cd and coefficient of mass Cm • (1) API Defaults smooth Cd=0.65 Cm=1.6 rough Cd=1.05 Cm=1.0 Note: Cd & Cm are constant for all diameters • (2) Wake Encounter Effects As a wave moves past a vertical cylinder a wake is produced. The turbulence produced by the wake impinges on the cylinder again due to the circular motion of the water particles in a wave motion. The amount of turbulence affects Cd and Cm. EDI Wave Load • (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued) Members within 15 degrees of vertical subject to wake encounter effects. Use Keulegan-Carpenter number K to calculate Cd and Cm. K = Umo. Tapp/D Umo = Max horizontal velocity (containing inline current effects) at MWL under crest. Tapp = Apparent wave period D = Member diameter EDI Wave Load • (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued) Use relative surface roughness „e‟ to find the drag coefficient for steady flow Cds from Figure C.2.3.1-4. e=k/Deff where: k = average peak to valley height along the surface of the marine growth Deff = Dc + 2t Dc = Diameter of clean tube t = average thickness of marine growth EDI Wave Load • (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued) Use the Keulegan-Carpenter together with the steady flow drag coefficient Cds and figures C.2.3.1-5 and C.2.3.1-6 to find the drag coefficient. EDI Wave Load • (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued) Similarly use figures C.2.3.1-7 and C.2.3.1-8 to find the mass coefficient Cm. EDI Wave Load • (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued) Shielding Factor Closely spaced members such as conductors may have a reduced wave loading due to shielding. The amount of shielding depends upon the centerline spacing and the wave velocity and period. The shielding factor may be different for each wave direction. Both Cd Cm are multiplied by the shielding factor. Use shielding factor as follows: A/S > 2.5 Use figure C2.3.1-9 0.5 < A/S < 2.5 Linear Interpolation A/S < 0.5 No shielding A=U mo T app /2t (amplitude of oscillation) S=center to center spacing EDI Wave Load • (2) Wake Encounter Effects (Continued) Surface roughness input with the marine growth data (MGROV input line). EDI Wave Load • (3 ) User defined coefficients of mass and drag Input diameter verses coefficients of drag and mass. The program will linearly interpolate for intermediate sizes (CDM input line). EDI Wave Load • (4) Default table for clean and fouled members EDI Wave Load Wave Kinematics Factor Directional spreading of waves produces peak forces that are smaller than those of unidirectional seas. The wave kinematics factor is given by : where n is the exponent of the Cos n u spreading function at spectral peak frequency. API Recommendations: Kinematics Factor = 0.88 (hurricanes) Kinematics Factor = 0.95 to 1.0 (extra-tropical storms) • Note the Kinematics Factor multiplies the horizontal velocity and acceleration value of the wave. EDI Current Load • Current Profile User defined current profile defined from mudline upwards. Current Stretching options include: - constant - linear -nonlinear User defined current blockage. Blockage calculated automatically using a reference elevation. EDI Wind Load • Wind loads are calculated on all members above the mean water level as per API-RP2A guidelines. • Typically a wind load for a 5-sec gust, is considered for global loading on the decks. • For shallow water fixed platforms (i.e. jacket type structures) wind loads contribute less than 10% of the total load. EDI Wind Load • Wind load criteria options available API ABS Australian criteria Cyclonic or Non-Cyclonic criteria EDI Wind Load API –RP2A 21 st Edition Criterion API-RP2A 20 th Edition Criterion Gust effects Included Gust effects not included Where: z = height t = gust duration Uo = one hour wind speed at reference height of 10 meters (32.8 ft) EDI Wind Load API –RP2A 21 st Edition Criterion verses API-RP2A 20 th Edition Criterion EDI Wind Load ABS Criterion Shape Coefficient Cs Beams 1.5 Cylinders 0.5 Sides of buildings 1.5 Overall Projected Areas 1.0 EDI Wind Load ABS 2000 Criterion Where: P = pressure z = height Cs = shape factor Ch = height coefficient Vz = wind velocity at height z Vref = wind velocity at reference height of 10m Zref = reference height of 10m | = 0.9 – 0.16 for 1 min average wind | = 0.125 for 1 hour average wind EDI Wind Load Wind Load on Members EDI Wind Load • Wind Load on Inclined Areas/Members Where : p is pressure A is the total area exposed to wind load in the direction of wind o is the angle between the direction of the wind and the axis of the member (or plane of surface) EDI Wind Load • Wind Areas Wind areas or are defined to account for the wind loading on un-modeled items such as derricks, buildings, mechanical equipment, flare booms, etc. A wind area is designated by a two character area identifier and consists of one or more surfaces defined using AREA input lines. The orientation of the surface is specified either by entering the projections of it on planes normal to the global axis or by specifying the area along with the azimuth and elevation angles. EDI Wind Load • Wind Areas If more then one projected plane is specified for the same area identifier then the resultant area is used. It is recommended that if an object has projected areas in two or three planes that two separate wind areas be defined rather than specifying two projections together. EDI Wind Load • Wind Areas The surface shape may be designated as flat or round together with a corresponding shape factor. The wind force components are calculated by multiplying the calculated wind pressure by the shape factor and the projected areas. The wind force is assumed to act at the specified centroid of the surface. EDI Wind Load Wind Areas The wind load is distributed over the specified number of joints. If more than one joint distribution is specified, the program assumes that these joints are connected to a rigid body to which the wind force is applied. The load is distributed to each joint by assuming the rigid body is supported at each joint by three translational and three rotational springs. The stiffness of the translational springs is unity while that of the rotational springs is 0.01 in the unit system the problem is defined. Wind Shield Zones By default, members located above the water surface receive wind loading. The program allows the specification of wind shield zones where members do not receive wind loading. Wind shield zones are defined by specifying the bottom and top elevation of the zone. Elevations are defined using global z elevation. EDI Special Elements SACS Special Elements : Wishbone Elements Gap Elements : Compression Only Element Tension Only Element No Load Element User defined Load Deflection Element Friction Element EDI Special Elements Wishbone Element: Wishbone Element is a factious element connecting two coincident joints used to model special boundary conditions between connecting structures. 6 inch direction of offset For example : Pile inside leg, conductor guide. two coincident joints member end release at one joint 10 0 1 1 1 x y z rx ry yz 1 EDI Special Elements Compression only elements: Compression only element can be used to model supports during load out where loss of contact may occur between the structure and the support due to uneven fabrication yard surface or motion of barge. Initial gap spacing can also be defined on the MEMB2 input line. EDI Special Elements Tension only elements: Tension only elements/ Cable elements can be used to model slings for a lift analysis in conjunction with moment member end releases. Pre tension can be defined on the MEMB2 input line. EDI Special Elements No Load elements: No load elements can be used to model tie downs for the pre transportation analysis phase. The no load switch can then be turned off for the transportation analysis and the results from the two can then be combined directly. Same model can be used for both analysis. No load elements can also be used for loadout analysis to model loss of support. EDI Special Elements User defined load-deflection elements: User defined load deflection elements can be used to define non- linear load deflection characteristics. Many uses: Contact problems, suction pile behavior…etc P o o EDI Special Elements Spring Elements Any or all degrees of freedom of a joint may be designated as a translation or rotation elastic spring provided that the degree of freedom is designated as fixed (i.e. „1‟) on the respective joint description line. When all three translational and/or rotational degrees of freedom are fixed, the support joint coordinate system may be redefined using two reference joints on the „Joint Elastic Support‟ line. The support joint local X-axis is defined by the support joint and the first reference joint. The local XZ plane is defined by the support joint and the reference joints with the local Z-axis perpendicular to the local X axis. EDI Special Elements Dented Members Accounts for local indentation and overall deformation. The local dent and the overall deformation are in the direction of member local z direction. The length of the dent is the length of the member or length of segment. The local z can be orientated in any direction using a chord angle or a reference joint. Code check in accordance to modified API equations to account for reduction in cross section and overall deformation as per J.T. Loh paper “Ultimate Strength of Dented Tubular Steel Members” EDI Special Elements Super elements: A super element can be defined to be a portion of the structure which has been modeled and reduced down to a set of boundary joints in terms of a reduced stiffness matrix and reduced loads – also known as sub-structuring. Super elements can be useful where: The model is too large for analysis, where portions of the structure are repeated or for linearization of the foundation. Method: The structure is broken down into two portions. The boundary elements on the substructure are defined by boundary conditions of 222222. The same joints exist on the master model with no special boundary conditions. The substructure is reduced using the Superelement module. The super element is imported into the master model during analysis via the super element tab under the analysis options. EDI Post - Processing • Member Design – API-WSD – API-LRFD – Norsok – Eurocode – Danish – British – Canadian – Linear Global (Section 17) • Joint Design – API-WSD – API-LRFD – Norsok – Danish – Canadian – MSL – Linear Global (Section 17) EDI Post - Processing • Element Code Check K-Factors / Effective Buckling Lengths • K-factors or effective buckling length, but not both, may be specified for buckling about the local Y and Z axes. K-factors are specified on the pertinent GRUP line in columns but may be overridden on the MEMBER line in columns. • When K-factors are used, the effective buckling length is calculated as the K- factor multiplied by the actual member length. When effective lengths are specified on the MEMBER line, then the effective buckling length is determined by multiplying the K factor from the GRUP line with the effective length value on the MEMBER line. EDI Post - Processing • Element Code Check X Brace K-Factors For X bracing the K factor for compression elements is 0.9 when one pair of members framing into the joint must be in tension if the joint is not braced out of plane. EDI Post - Processing • Element Code Check K Brace K-Factors For K bracing the K factor for compression elements is 0.8 when one pair of members framing into the joint must be in tension if the joint is not braced out of plane. EDI Post - Processing • Element Code Check Reduction Factor Cm Cm can be based upon a constant value of 0.85, based upon end moments or axial load calculations or set to 1.0. The various options are defined on the GRUP line on column 47. Alternatively enter „M‟ in column 34 of the OPTIONS line to exclude the value of the reduction factor Cm for combined axial compression and bending unity check, or enter „C‟ to globally set the value of Cb to 1.0 EDI Post - Processing • Element Code Check Cb The value for Cb for members with Compact or Non-compact Sections with Unbraced length greater than Lb can be taken as 1.0 (default) or based upon end moment calculations as shown below by entering B in column 33 of the OPTIONS line. EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can API RP2A 21 st Edition Supplement 2 guidelines implemented. Joints checked against API specified validity ranges. Where validity ranges have been infringed, Joint Can will report the lesser capacity based upon actual geometry or the limiting dimension. Joint capacities dependant of joint classification (i.e. K, X and Y) EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can Basic Capacity of joints without overlap is given by: Strength Factor Q u varies with the joint and load type (Table 4.3-1 API RP2A 21 st Edition Supplement 2) EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can Chord Load Factor Q f Values for C 1 , C 2 and C 3 vary by joint type (Table 4.3-2) FS = factor of safety P c and M c are axial and bending moment resultants in chord EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can Joints with Thickened Cans Lc is the chord length. Pa dependent upon chord length (BRCOVR) where : is the thickened can reduction factor T n is nominal chord member thickness T c is the chord can thickness (P a ) c is axial allowable based upon chord geometric and material properties EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can Strength Check Interaction Ratio EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can API assumes compression capacity is limited by brace. Joint Can assumes Qu for compression is the same as for tension. Grouted Joints The Q f calculation for double skinned joints is based upon the chord thickness T With load sharing between the chord and inner tube accounted for. Implementation to Overlapped Joints Currently under consideration Ovalization failure capacity estimated by using effective formulation. T=chord thickness, Tp = Inner tube thickness EDI Post - Processing • J oint Can Mixed Class Joints For mixed class joints the axial term in the interaction equation can be based upon either interpolation or ratio calculations. Interpolation Ratio In which k, x and y are proportions of the classification EDI PSI - Capabilities Foundations can be modeled using two approaches: (1) Adhesion (API + User defined) (2) P-Y, T-Z data (API + User defined) Adhesion – Linear (surface friction) P-Y, T-Z – Nonlinear load deflection curves. . EDI PSI - Capabilities Piles can be modeled as tubular or H sections. P-o Effects accounted for. Finite Difference approach used Mudslide condition simulation capabilities. Creates equivalent linearzied foundation super-elements to be used by dynamic analyses in lieu of pile stubs. Creates foundation solution file containing pile stresses to be used for fatigue analysis. EDI PSI - Capabilities • The Pile and Pile3D programs, which are sub-programs of PSI, may be executed alone to calculate the behavior of a single pile. In addition to the features outlined above, the • Pile program has the following features: • Determines an equivalent pile stub that yields the same deflections and rotations as the soil/pile system. EDI PSI - Modeling • Pile head Joint • The interface joints between the linear structure and the nonlinear foundation must be designated in the SACS model by specifying the support condition „PILEHD‟ on the appropriate JOINT input line. NOTE: The „PILEHD‟ support condition represents fully fixed condition in lieu of a PSI analysis. • Pile Local Coordinate System The pile default local coordinate system is defined with the local X axis pointing upward from the pile head joint along the pile axis defined by the pile batter joint or batter coordinates. By default, the local Y and Z axis orientations are load case dependent. For each load case, the local Y axis is automatically oriented such that it coincides with the direction of maximum pilehead deflection. The orientation of the local Y and Z axes may be overridden by the user by specifying the rotation angle about the local X axis in columns 51-56 on the PILE line EDI PSI - Modeling • Specifying Elevations for Soil Resistance Curves • Within a soil stratum, the PSI program connects the input P-Y or T-Z points with straight lines to fully define the pile/soil interaction curve for arbitrary displacements in that stratum. At depths between specified soil strata, PSI has the ability to linearly interpolate between curves or to use a constant T-Z curve. Interpolation between different strata may be achieved by omitting the bottom of strata location. EDI PSI Solution Procedure (P-Y, T-Z) The jacket structure is initially reduced to a super element at each pile head. EDI PSI Solution Process Iterative Solution Procedures Stiffness Table Approximation (5%) Fine Tune Solution SOLUTION EDI Pile Head Axial Force vs. Axial Deflection F ax (d) d Actual Solution Stiffness Table Approximation Solution Objectives EDI Stiffness Table Approximation • Approximate model of the pile head behavior • Pile head forces are sampled for a range of points • Linear interpolation between the points • Reduction of computation time • Improved chance of solution for highly non-linear problems • Automatically generated (internal) … OR … • User-specified with the TABR line EDI TABR lines Excerpt from PSI Listing File *********************** TABR CARD IMAGES ******************* TABR AXIAL DF .0250 .10 PL1 SOL1 TABR DEFLECTN 0. 2.0 5.0 PL1 SOL1 TABR ROTATION -.01500. .0150 PL1 SOL1 TABR TORSION 0. 100.0 PL1 SOL1 TABR AXIAL DF -.0557.44430 PL2 SOL2 TABR DEFLECTN 0. 2.0 5.0 PL2 SOL2 TABR ROTATION -.01500. .0150 PL2 SOL2 TABR TORSION 0. 100.0 PL2 SOL2 TABR AXIAL LD -7500. 0. 7500. PL3 SOL3 Axial Adhesion Model cm/in rad kips-ft/kN- m cm/in kN/kips EDI User-specified TABR lines • PSI Listing File Cut and paste into PSI Input File Manually refine using Datagen • Single Pile Analyses (Pile, Pile3D) Generate SPA Data Additional refinement as needed Starting Points Non - Convergence Alternative Method to refine TABR data EDI PSI Convergence Tolerances Iterative Solution Procedures Stiffness Table Approximation Fine Tune Solution SOLUTION Force Tol. (0.5%) Deflection Tol. (5%) Rotation Tol (0.0001) Deflection Tol (0.001) EDI Convergence Report ** ITERATION DATA FOR LOAD CASE XXXX ** ITERATION RMS DEFLECTION RMS ROTATION 1 0.039673 0.000027 2 0.001083 0.000003 3 0.000070 0.000000 MAXIMUM PILEHEAD FORCE DIFFERENCE= 7.53085 % 4 0.022679 0.000026 MAXIMUM PILEHEAD FORCE DIFFERENCE= 7.67680 % 5 0.000626 0.000001 MAXIMUM PILEHEAD FORCE DIFFERENCE= 0.35047 % Excerpt from PSI listing file • Stiffness Table Approximation • Fine Tune Solution EDI Trouble Shooting – A checklist • Review convergence report • If necessary, use TABR lines • Check tolerances and controls • Review soil data • Investigate each pile using Single Pile Analysis • Fully constrain the pile heads and run SACS EDI Future Developments • Shallow Foundations Spud-can Foundations Soil Plasticity Models (Collapse only) • API RP 2A-WSD /21 Supplement 3 CPT Methods (loose soils, dense silt) Scour Depth Guidelines EDI Solution Objectives (lateral) F z (d z ,θ) θ d z Actual Solution Stiffness Table Approximation Lateral Pile Head Force vs. Lateral Deflection and Rotation EDI PSI/Pile Module • PSI Utilities Plot Soil Data Plot Pile Capacity Plot Pile Load EDI Grouted J oints – J oint Can The following technique is used to determine the internal loads of a leg. 1.The internal moment in the leg is determined by ratio the moment of inertia of the combined section to that of the leg only. 2. Similarly, the axial load in the leg is based upon the ratio of the combined section area to that of the leg only. EDI Grouted J oints – J oint Can/Fatigue The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a leg for joint can and fatigue analysis. 1. Effective thickness based upon moment of inertia of composite section EDI Grouted J oints – J oint Can/Fatigue The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a leg for joint can and fatigue analysis. 2. Effective thickness based upon moment of inertia of the walls instead of composite section. EDI Grouted J oints – J oint Can/Fatigue The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a leg for joint can analysis. 3. Square root of the sum of the squares of the leg and pile thickness. EDI Grouted J oints – Fatigue The following methods are available for determining the effective thickness of a leg for fatigue analysis. 4. API RP2A 21 st Edition Supplement 2 recommendations. 5.Effective thickness based upon NORSOK standards EDI Ring Stiffened J oints – Fatigue SCF‟s factored using Smedley and Fisher ring stiffened formulation. The RING input line may be used to define the ring dimensions and the ring group. The ring stiffened connection input line CONRST may be used to apply the rings to a particular brace and the location of the ring. EDI Modal Extraction : DYNPAC • Some of the main features and capabilities of the DYNPAC MODULE are: • Determines Natural Frequencies and modes of vibration. • Accounts for structural mass and fluid added mass automatically • Supports lumped or consistent mass generation • Determines modal mass participation to allow determination of number of modes required for subsequent forced dynamic analysis. EDI Modal Extraction : DYNPAC Analysis Procedure: Linearize Foundation (Pile Superelement) - identify load cases for pile linearization, load cases dependent upon type of analysis. - include dead load - run PSI to generate Pile superelement. Modal Analysis - specify retained degrees of freedom. - Identify load cases to be converted to mass. - check cumulative mass participation factors. - check natural frequency and period (dynamic response low if period less that 2 seconds) EDI Load Path Dependent SCF’s For any tubular connection, all braces that lie in a plane with the Chord or within 15 degrees of that plane are considered in the calculation of load path SCF‟s The chord member is selected on the following hierarchy: 1. Largest diameter 2. Largest wall thickness 3. Highest Yield stress 4. Members that are in-line with a 5 degree tolerance EDI Load Path Dependent SCF’s J oint Classification KT-connection: Axial load in middle brace opposes axial load from outside brace. For a KT connection the load to be transferred is taken as the smallest value of: 1) Center brace axial load 2) Twice the axial load component normal to the chord. The KT percentage for each brace is ratio of the transferred KT normal axial load component and the original axial load value. The remaining axial loads are then considered for K joint load transfer. EDI Load Path Dependent SCF’s J oint Classification For a K joint the axial load component normal to the chord is balanced by the axial load component normal to the chord in other braces (on the same side of the chord). The brace with the smallest normal axial load component is considered first with the brace containing the largest opposing normal axial load component. The balanced load is subtracted from the opposing brace and the process is repeated until all K joints are identified. Any X joint load paths are considered next for braces on opposite sides of the chord. The largest opposing normal axial force is considered first. The balanced load is subtracted from opposing brace and the process is repeated until all X joints are identified. Braces with remaining unbalanced axial loads are treated T/Y joints. EDI Load Path Dependent SCF’s SCF Determination The load path dependent SCF is calculated as a weighted average of the applicable KT, K, X and TY joints as: SCF = R KT *SCF KT + R K *SCF K + R X *SCF X + R TY *SCF TY where R KT , R K , R X , and R TY are the ratios of each type of joint action. EDI Importing FE J oint Mesh J oint Meshing Two approaches are available for importing meshed joints into a SACS „stick‟ model. 1. FEMGV Precede can generate a FEMGV batch file once a joint has been isolated by inserting a joint on the braces and chord members to define the portion of the joint that needs to be meshed. Precede will require the joint name, the number of elements around the circumference of a brace with the smallest diameter and also the element type. The batch file can then be subsequently read into FEMGV and the mesh is generated automatically. FEMGV can generate a FEMGV neutral file which can be read back into Precede and the mesh can be incorperated into the rest of the model by tools provided in Precede. EDI Importing FE J oint Mesh J oint Meshing (Continued) 2. SACS Mesh Joint Utility Very simple to use. Provide joint name to mesh, the mesh intensity ( limits 0.5 – 2, mesh intensity 1 = approx 28 nodes around the circumference of the smallest brace) and the model file name. The mesh utility will automatically mesh the joint and output a OCI file containing the „stick‟ model with the joint mesh incorporated. FEMGV - Mesh J oint Utility FEMGV allows the user to control the length of brace/chord to be meshed. Also gives choice of element types. Cannot mesh joints with overlapped braces. Mesh Joint Utility allows the meshing of overlapped joints. No user control over the length of brace/chord member to be meshed. Meshing restricted to triangular palte elements (this is not a disadvantage). EDI Fatigue Analysis • Fatigue analysis is required due to the cyclic loading imposed on the Jacket tubular joints by wave loads. • Fatigue analysis could be of two types: Deterministic Fatigue Spectral Dynamic Fatigue • SCF for tubular joints are based on parametric equations available for the class of joint under consideration. • Number of cycles to failure N i is obtained from the S-N curve. • S-N curve used is selected based on the particular weld detail. EDI Fatigue Analysis • In Deterministic Fatigue, discrete number of waves are used to characterize the total fatigue environment • Partial Damage from the sea state = • Damage is accumulated over all sea states (Miners Law): • Deterministic analysis has been done for many years and has proven to be a reliable approach for dynamically insensitive structures, and for situations where all fatigue waves are of sufficiently long wave periods to avoid peaks and valleys of the structures transfer function. • Very sensitive to the waves chosen for the analysis i i N n .......... N n N n N n N n 3 3 2 2 1 1 i i + + + = | | . | \ | = ¿ i D EDI Fatigue Analysis • The spectral fatigue approach utilizes wave spectra and transfer functions, thus allowing the relationship of the ratio of structural response to wave height as a function of wave frequency to be developed for the wave frequency range. Therefore spectral fatigue accounts for the actual distribution of energy over the entire wave frequency range. • In Dynamic Spectral Fatigue , Spectrum used to define the fatigue environment are: • JONSWAP • Ochi-Hubble • Pierson-Moskowitz • These Spectra are in-built in SACS EDI Fatigue Analysis •Fatigue program features are as below • Includes a wide range Stress Concentration Factor (SCF) theories and allows user defined input. • Automatic redesign of chords or braces may be done to determine required joint can or brace stub thickness • API, AWS and NPD fatigue failure (S-N) curves are built into the program. Also allows user defined input. • Generates output for the Interactive Fatigue Module for Interactive redesign. J182 J186-J182 TUB 45.7 1.0 K BRC 3.74 5.03 4.76 4.74 4.84 0.26334 B 94.93 J182 JF2-J182 TUB 55.9 2.5 K CHD 3.74 2.31 1.88 1.88 1.99 3.70E-03 T 6,763.51 Chord Len.(m) Out of Plane Service Life Stress Concentration Factors OD (cm) WT (cm) Joint Type Member Type Original Dimensions Joint Member Type ID Inplane Damage Location Axial (Crown) Axial (Saddle) MEMBER FATIGUE REPORT (DAMAGE ORDER) EDI Dynamic Spectral Fatigue Analysis Procedure: Linearize Foundation -choose load cases for developing foundation superelement Modal Analysis to generate mass and mode files - check cumulative mass participation factors Run Wave Response to generate Transfer Function for each direction. - use waves of constant steepness to generate transfer function. - avoid waves under 1 foot ( 30cm ) - check transfer function for overturning moment and base shear. - solve for equivalent static loads. Run Fatigue - choose appropriate spectrum - choose S-N and SCF options EDI Earthquake Analysis Two approaches available: 1)Response Spectrum: A response spectrum depicts the maximum response to a ground motion of a series of single degree of freedom oscillators having different natural periods but the same amount of internal damping. 2) Time History Time History is a continuous record of ground motion or response. EDI Earthquake Analysis Analysis Method: 1. All support points are assumed to be moving with the ground. 2. Each mode of vibration is assumed to act as a single degree of freedom. 3. Solve equations of motion for each mode. 4. The response from each mode for each direction (X, Y and Z) is combined using the SRSS (Square Root of the Sum of Squares) method to obtain the multi directional response. The SRSS approach is used on the assumption that the responses from different directions are uncoupled 5. The response for each mode in each direction is also combined using the CQC (Completer Quadratic Combination) method. For the cases where there is sufficient modal separation in different directions the CQC method devolves into the SRSS approach. EDI Earthquake Analysis Analysis Method: 6. The dynamic response program creates a common solution file containing end forces, stresses, reactions and displacements. Because these results are obtained by combining modal results using RMS techniques, end forces, stresses…etc. have no sign associated with them and are taken as all positive values. 7. The dynamic response generates two sets of load cases for both the member check and the joint check. 8. The seismic results are then combined with the results from a static analysis. This is followed by element code check and joint can check. EDI Earthquake Analysis Damping: Damping effects are important and for structure immersed in fluid the damping is a nonlinear effect since damping is a function of the amplitude of response. Three options for damping available. 1.Linear modal damping. (API recommends overall modal damping of 5% (SDAMP line) 2. User defined amplitude to be used in fluid damping calculation (FDAMP line). 3. Program will calculate through iterative technique as follows (FDAMP line): (a)Calculate the response based upon an assumed amplitude. (b) Calculate equivalent fluid damping based upon this response. (c) Repeat this process until the response until the response amplitude agrees with the amplitude used for equivalent fluid damping. EDI Earthquake Analysis Strength Requirements: Zone Z 1 2 3 4 5 G 0.005 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.40 G is the ratio of the effective horizontal ground acceleration to gravitational acceleration. Using the response spectrum, the ordinates of the spectrum should be multiplied by the factor G for the zone in which the platform is located. The resulting spectrum should be applied equally along both principal horizontal axis and one half in the Vertical direction. All three spectra should be applied simultaneously and responses combined using CQC method. EDI Earthquake Analysis Strength Requirements: The strength requirements are intended ensure that no significant structural damage can occur due to a strength level earthquake. For strength level earth quake both the member check and joint check allowables may be increased by 70 percent. Tubular Joints Joints for the primary structural members should be sized for either the tensile yield load or the compressive buckling load of the brace. EDI Earthquake Analysis Strength Requirements: Tubular Joints – calculation of allowables. The punching shear stress allowable, v pa is : The factor Q f is given by : In which the factor A is computed as : Where f AX , f IPB and f OPB are stress in the chord due to twice the strength level seismic loads in combination with gravity, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure or or the full capacity of the chord away from the joint can – whichever is the less. EDI Earthquake Analysis Strength Requirements: Tubular Joints – calculation of unity check For combined axial and bending stresses in the brace the following interaction equation should be satisfied: For earthquake analysis the terms corresponding to bending are ignored since we are checking against the tensile yield loads or the compressive buckling load of the brace. Joint can requirements for a earthquake analysis can be activated by specifying the EQK option on the JCNOPT line and also by specifying 2.0 for the joint load case factor on the STCMB line. EDI Earthquake Analysis Ductility Requirements Rare Intense Earthquake: In seismically active areas, rare intensive earthquake motion may involve inelastic action and structural damage may occur. The ductility requirements are intended to ensure that the structure and the foundation have enough reserve capacity to prevent collapse in the event of a rare intense earthquake. Equivalent Static Loads: The Dynamic response module can output equivalent static loads corresponding to The modal responses being combined to generate the highest amount of base shear or overturning moment in 20 directions (every 18 degrees) EDI Earthquake Analysis Design Criteria: Equivalent Static Loads: The Dynamic response module can output equivalent static loads corresponding to the modal responses being combined to generate the highest amount of base shear or overturning moment in 20 directions (every 18 degrees). For rare intense earthquakes the equivalent static loads can be used to design the foundations and also conduct an elasto-plastic analysis of the structure to design against failure. EDI Earthquake Analysis Design Criteria: Low-level Earthquake: For areas where the ground acceleration is less than 0.05g no earthquake analysis is required. For areas where the ground acceleration is between 0.05g – 0.1g a low level earthquake analysis is required. The joint check requirements for a low level earthquake are the same as those for an in-place analysis. The joint can requirements for a low-level earthquake analysis can be activated by specifying LLEW option for API working stress design , LLEL for API LRFD design on the JCNOPT line and also by using the DLOAD load line in the Joint can input file to identify the dead load case used in static analysis. EDI Spectral Wind Fatigue Method: 1.Conduct modal extraction analysis – determine mode shapes and natural frequencies. 2. 2. Each mode of vibration is assumed to act as a single degree of freedom. 3.Determine Mechanical Transfer function H(f) for each mode. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. where K i is the generalized stiffness matrix, f n is the natural frequency and c is percent damping. EDI Spectral Wind Fatigue Method (continued): 4. Determine o RMS response for each mode. where S i (f) is the Harris spectrum given by: where L H is the reference length (1800m), k is the surface roughness coefficient (0.0025) and v 10 is the wind speed at 10m reference height. EDI Spectral Wind Fatigue Method (continued): 5. The response for each mode is combined to obtain the total response using the CQC (Completer Quadratic Combination) method. where I and k refer to the i th and the k th mode and P ik is the modal correlation coefficient. EDI Spectral Wind Fatigue Method (continued): 6. Wind velocities are assumed to conform to the Weibull distribution. Wind velocities are selected to define the Weibull distribution time slices and velocity ranges for integration limits to calculate fraction of occurrence. EDI Non-Linear Analysis : Collapse • Salient Features of Collapse Module are • Linear and non-linear material behavior • Includes member Global / Local buckling including 8 or more hinge points per member • Includes tubular joint flexibility, joint plasticity and joint failure due to excessive strain • Includes strain hardening and residual stress • Creates analysis results file which is read by Collapse View Program which shows failure progression and the gradual plastification and collapse mechanism graphically EDI Pushover Analysis • Pushover Analysis conducted to determine the reserve strength ratio of a jacket structure. Loading applied to the structure in sequence. Apply all gravity loads first. Apply environmental storm loading. Increase magnitude of environmental loading until the structure fails. RSR = Base Shear at 100% storm Load Base Shear at Failure Other approaches define failure with 100, 500, 1000, 5000,…year storms First Failure EDI Ship Impact Analysis is carried out to determine the Reserve Strength in the structure after the collision. Vessel mass, added mass coefficient and velocity at the time of collision is specified on ENERGY line. Impact load case and impact joint defined on IMPACT input line. Run Collapse – impact load will be applied until all kinetic energy is absorbed. The structure will then automatically unload and the post impact loading can be applied. SACS can optionally account for vessel deformation. Local indentation energy can be accounted for by either meshing the impacted member or using API methodology. Ship Impact Analysis (Static) EDI Dynamic Response Force Driven Analysis Force time history, Periodic and Engine vibration analyses are supported. The main capabilities and features for force driven analysis are detailed below: Force Time History 1. Linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation available for the time history input. 2. Automatic load case selection based on overturning moment, base shear, joint displacement, etc. 3. Variable time step integration procedure. 4. Time history plots including modal responses, overturning moments, base shear, etc. 5.Generation of equivalent static loads for force/time history collapse analysis. EDI Blast Analysis Large Deflection, Elasto-Plastic Non- Linear Finite Element Analysis is performed in SACS for Blast loads. Blast Resistant Design to minimize the risk to people and facilities from the hazards of accidental explosions. Dynamic Response Module can be used to apply blast load profile to the structure at discrete time steps. Dynamic Response EDI Blast Analysis (continued) Dynamic Response will generate a structural output file containing incremental loading (including dynamic and static components). Dynamic Response will also output a load sequence file for Collapse. Run Collapse for non-linear elasto-plastic analysis using incremental loading. Collapse shows plasticity over time with each load step representing a time increment. Dynamic Response EDI Dynamic Ship Impact Use Dynamic Response module to determine dynamic structural response due to impact. Set analysis option to SHIP on the DROPT line. Define vessel mass, velocity, direction of motion and the impact joint on the SHIP input line. Define the time history source as SHIP on the time history load line THLOD. Prepare Collapse input with control parameters and load sequence for dead loads. Run dynamic response. Dynamic will output Collapse load sequence and incremental loading containing dynamic and static components of the structural response Dynamic Response EDI Dynamic Response Earthquake/Base Driven Analysis Both spectral earthquake and time history earthquake analyses are supported. Some of the seismic analysis capabilities follow: Spectral Earthquake 1. API response spectra are built into the program. 2. Supports user defined response spectra. 3. Spectral motion can be described as acceleration, velocity, or displacement. 4. Modal combinations using linear, SRSS, peak plus SRSS, or CQC methods. 5. Ability to use a different response spectrum for each direction. 6. Combines seismic results with static results automatically. EDI Dynamic Response Earthquake/Base Driven Analysis Time History Earthquake 1. Includes earthquake time history libraries. 2. User defined input time histories. 3. Linear, quadratic, or cubic interpolation available for the time history input. 4. Variable time step integration procedure. 5. Automatic load case selection based on overturning moment, base shear, etc. 6. Graphical representation of output variables. EDI Dynamic Response Engine/Compressor Vibration 1.Supports mechanical unbalanced forces and gas torques in addition to reciprocating loads. 2. Linear and/or nonlinear interpolation of forces between running speeds. 3. User can select specific joints to monitor or monitor all joints. 4. Allows user defined phasing of forces and moments within a load case. 5. Can automatically combine maximum response of various load cases. 6. Generates plots of input data versus time for any load case. 7. Calculates periodic forces amplitudes and periods from force versus time input. EDI Dynamic Response Spectral Wind Analysis The wind spectral fatigue and extreme wind analyses are supported. Some of the spectral wind analysis capabilities are as follows: Extreme Wind 1. Determines dynamic amplification factors automatically. 2. Generates common solution file containing internal loads, stresses, reactions and displacements multiplied by its own dynamic amplification factor. 3. Includes cross correlation of modal responses using the Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) modal combination technique. 4. Plots generalized force spectrum and response spectrum for each wind speed. 5. Uses Harris Wind spectrum. EDI Dynamic Response Spectral Wind Analysis The wind spectral fatigue and extreme wind analyses are supported. Some of the spectral wind analysis capabilities are as follows: Wind Fatigue 1. Uses Harris Wind spectrum. 2. Optionally creates Fatigue input file automatically. 3. Distributes wind speed utilizing a Weibull distribution. 4. Assumes Rayleigh distribution of RMS stresses. 5. Handles multiple wind directions in same analysis execution. EDI Dynamic Response Ice Force Analysis Ice Vibration The ice vibration analysis capability includes the following features: 1. Automatically includes ice stiffness. 2. Maximum and minimum peak selection. 3. Automatic cycle count for fatigue analyses. 4. Creates fatigue input data automatically. 5. Full plot capabilities including ice forces, modal responses, overturning moments, base shear, etc. 6. Variable time step integration procedure. EDI SACS Engineering Dynamics 2113 38 th Street Kenner LA 70065 USA Telephone: (504) 443 5481 www.sacs-edi.com