Rumjanceva Kalnina EnglishGrammar 2A

D A U G AV P I L S U N I V E R S I T Â T E HUMANITÂRÂ FAKULTÂTE Angïu valodas katedraL. Rumjanceva, B. Kalniòa ENGLISH GRAMMAR II Practice Part 1 2003 Apstiprinâts DU Mâcîbu padomes sçdç 2003. gada 17. februârî, protokols Nr. 61. Grâmata “English Grammar. Morphology” (I) un “English Grammar. Practice” (II) domâta universitâtes jaunâko kursu studentiem gramatisko iemaòu izkopðanai un tâlâkveidoðanai, kâ arî studentu komunikatîvo prasmju attîstîðanai gramatikas jomâ. Recenzenti: Dr. paed. Larisa Sardiko, Mag. paed. Aivars Dunskis ISBN – 9984–14–209–4 © DU izdevniecîba “Saule”, noformçjums, 2003 PREFACE The textbook “English Grammar” is intended for the junior students of the Daugavpils University. The aim of the book is to consolidate and develop students’ knowledge and skills in the use of English grammar forms and structures. The book consists of two parts: “Morphology” and “Practice”. Book I presents all English parts of speech, focusing on their categories and functions. The rules are illustrated with examples. Each chapter ends with comprehension questions to check students’ understanding. Besides, the questions give students a better idea of the contents of the material presented and encourage them to reflect on it. Book II (part 1 and 2) includes various exercises meant for developing students’ skills in the use of the grammar forms and structures described in Book I. The exercises are focused on the comprehension of the form, meaning and use of the grammar structures through reflection on the forms, their transformation and selection. Besides, each unit of Book II has translation exercises, necessary for the comparison of the corresponding English and students’ native grammar constructions. It is also important to relate each grammar construction to various communicative situations in which it may occur. Thus there are special communicative exercises at the end of each unit. At the end of each section there are revision exercises, aimed at both consolidating and testing the material that has been presented in earlier chapters. ................................................................................................. The Adverb ......... The Numeral .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... The Present Indefinite Tense .................................................................................................................. Simple Tenses ............................................................................................................................................................................... The Present Continuous Tense ..................................... Passive Voice .............................................CONTENTS The Noun ...... The Past Perfect Continuous Tense .......... 5 5 8 10 16 18 24 25 28 28 31 33 36 39 41 43 45 47 48 50 52 53 53 55 56 57 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... The Pronoun ..... The Present Perfect Tense .. Revision Exercises ..................................................................................................................................................... The Verb ........................................................................................... Number . Perfect Tenses ................... The Past Continuous Tense ....................................................................... The Adjective ..... The Past Indefinite Tense ..... The Present Perfect Continuous Tense ............ The Sequence of Tenses ......................................................................... The Article . Continuous Tenses ........................................................................................ The Past Perfect Tense ......................................................................... The Future Perfect Tense ... Case ..................................... The Future Indefinite Tense ................................................................................................ The Future Continuous Tense .................................. 2. 5 . Give those articles to Mr. 2. A netting wire fence ran all around to keep our rabbits and deer. Julia looked at the pretty. 5. Raymond Parker was a foreman at the motor works. Philip gazed with delight upon the passers-by. 10. 5. Define the class the nouns in the following sentences belong to. 6. State the number of the nouns in bold type. 1. Esther swallowed porridge in silence. the hotel was facing a financial crisis. The wines and liqueurs and champagnes of New Orleans were new and exhilarating to her. 5. 6. 3. 9. I’d never recommended a gentleman to dye his hair. clever face and wondered whether the stones that framed the little picture were diamonds or only paste. 1. Balthus had reached the outskirts of the native market and was moving among the first of the stalls. 8. he began again. curses itself. 8. He seemed to have more grey hairs at his temples. The tongs made a pleasant clicking sound. 2.” said Daniel. Elsing was a thin. 7. or practically so. What I have said. “The children are on the stairs. the only sound in the darkness was the bubbling of the stream. She sat on a stone. 4. I counted it. remembered their fathers. Herbert looked at the youths. Ex. refers to beauty in the wider sense of the word. 1. 8. did you? 7. At Capracotta he had told me there were trout in the stream below the town. 2. Tom like a most noble youth. The sheep were silent. 10. Youth is so beautiful. 12. Is this house your headquarters? 11. 7. Define the class they belong to. 6. unfortunately. who had been a beauty. Youth. Mrs. Ex. Here were all species of female and one species of male hat. State whether the nouns in bold type are countable or uncountable. Certainly. My money was wet but all right. 9. You’re a pretty little thing and young. frail woman. 3. “Why is it assumed that people forget all moments but the last?” said Daniel. It seems unnatural somehow. He wore the remains of shorts and his feet were bare like Jack’s. The police have made up their minds. 1.THE NOUN Number Ex. 3. You did not witness any of these phenomena yourself. 9. and was on the management committee. 4. 4. He looked as if he had turned to stone. The information that the superintendent gathered was entirely favourable. as if looking for someone. He took five or six fish out of the net. 11. 2. narcissi and hyacinths in the garden. 14. Public sanatoria are short of beds. He gave me all the necessary money on education. He would like to have a pair of scissors and cut his hair. 6 . 6. 8. 12. 12. it treats of light. The child’s illness gave her much trouble. 9. He wasn’t above five foot five. He used his white linen handkerchief. 5.10. Explain the formation of the plural of the nouns in bold type. 13. Ex. 7. The larks sprang up in front of his feet. She gave me some good advice. State whether the nouns in bold type may be used in the given meaning in the forms of both numbers (countable nouns) or only in the singular (uncountable nouns). We have much fruit this year. 1. 14. May I help you to some cheese? 4. 15. The goose waddled to the water’s edge. Ex. 4. These scissors were made in Germany. 3. 9.The wages were paid once a month by the secretary. 5. It has always seemed as a pair of giant antennae to me. I should think. Under the great oaks a flock of sheep was feeding and behind a steel fence a herd of deer. 11. 11. Such phenomena as we saw last night are rarely to be seen. 1. The fruit is not yet ripe. there aren’t any grown-ups there. The radii of a circle are always equal. He was just six feet tall and he had a gallant bearing. 6. 12. The struggling fire illuminated the whole chimney with a glow of light. 3. 4. What is the news? 2. 6.Optics is a branch of physics. 5. Perhaps. The cattle were driven home. It became almost a phenomenon in this back street. 7. What beautiful weather we are having! 8. 5. etc. pears. All our troubles are over. 10. 3. 13. 13. She is making good progress in English. These data are insufficient. Ex. 8. There was a door at the end of the corridor and a light coming through. 1. This district is rich in coal. Her hair is dark. 6. Two big cheeses were lying on the table. Indicate the number of each noun in bold type in the following sentences and state whether the noun has the corresponding singular or plural form. Our government spends much money on education. 4. A series of English classics has recently been published. 2. 7. Many fruits ripen now: apples. Would you like some more soup? 10. plums. There were some daffodils. We had goose for dinner. You are not one of those people who see nothing and hear nothing. river. 2. factory.Ex. fox. bridge. grouping them into four columns: -s [z] bags -es [iz] dresses survivals of Old English plurals. bank. State the number of the nouns in bold type and give the corresponding singular or plural. top. boy. 5. basis. 8. farm. goose. deer. ski. Change the number of the nouns in bold type making all the necessary changes. chimney. machine. chief. He was as lively as trout in a mountain stream. 9. 5. brother. 3. Clients will find a wide assortment of tinned fruits and vegetables. I wish a flying fish would come on board tonight. The old man had seen many great fish. lake. box. 3. Great parcels of groceries and dried fruits arrived from the city. month. gun. cheeses and sausages. The waitress spent the morning working in the diningroom. His clothes were work of art – of exquisite cut. man. The fish were white and not very big. 1. toy. I saw a number of mango trees still bearing fruit. 5. 4. place. 7. There is so much fruit at the market today. b) 1. day. fond of dancing and light wines. There was an underground river with blind fish in it. The doctor told him to read without glasses. Now all the passengers were gone in a bus along with the stewardess and the second officer. One of the stewardesses. Ex. Comment on the nouns fish and fruit. her lips moving silently. Everybody had a handkerchief concealed in his cuff. 6. 4. sheep. 8. The boy went in another boat and caught three good fish. 5. potato. His shirt cuff showed up spotlessly. just half an inch beneath the sleeve. The Japanese are a wonderful people. room. Ex. a) 1. mistake. Frenchman. child. penny. 3. was making a count of heads. armchair. 1. foreign plurals men class. if any. Ex. Suddenly she realized that there was not a passer-by in the street. roof. rifle. eye. The smell of those little fishes will follow me wherever I go. tooth. 7. This was a fish (shark) built to feed on all the fishes in the sea. army. ship. ear. 10. airman. Why should I let you have the fruits of my labour? 4. Afterwards he took a photo of me with wet hair to finish out the film. watch. She evidently remembered Joseph and his 7 . wharf. -s [s] maps Form the plural of the following nouns. 2. 2. hill. 6. phenomenon. bush. You’re not to leave the state unless we give you permission. 4. 2. 3. son. chief. cuckoo. half. A passer-by saw the accident. 4. wife. Ex. 7. making any other necessary changes. editor-in-chief.brethren. 8. brother-in-law. 14. Case Ex. 9. 3. Man nepiecieðams padoms ðajâ jautâjumâ. We have a splendid morning after yesterday’s rain. Viòð vienmçr paziòo mums kâdas jaunas ziòas. The roof of that house leaks. A window blazed like a jewel in the sun’s 8 . 2. 7. 4. Translate. He escaped the danger only by a hair’s breadth. Love can never make us forget that we are brothers-inarms. 12. active day. There was a fish in the net. bet acis zilas. cuff. Give an account of groceries you just bought at the supermarket to your parents back at home. The leaf turned first yellow and then brown. There was a potato in the basket. Viòas mati ir melni. Vai jûs klausîjâties ðodien jaunâkâs ziòas? 7. His voice was always more decided than his brother’s. 10. The miners’ meeting was held the following day on the outskirts of the town. 4. bet es nevaru tiem sekot. The ox has hurt its hoof and cannot draw the plough. Write the plural of: Latvian. can it? Ex. penny. fish. Kâdi interesanti jaunumi! 9. 2. 1. nucleus. datum. ox. Jûsu padomi ir ïoti labi. 12. bush. 1. The key to the box is lost. 3. The sheep is grazing in the meadow. Ex. Dutchman. story. 7. He dragged me out of harm’s way as an automobile turned the corner on two wheels. 6. Ex. 11. 1. mouse. 13. Change the number of the nouns in bold type. Ðî nav mana nauda. 6. tomato. storey. The boy caught several trout in the mountain stream. Several exceptionally large cod have been caught. 3. crisis. 11. Explain the use of the possessive case in the following sentences. 1. Kur ir nauda? – Tâ ir portfelî. onlooker. A bush and a fir-tree grew upon the slope. journey. 5. 5. a night’s sleep will seem good. Cik interesants darbs! 5. 8. 10. cargo. 6. After such a long. 2. es nevaru to paòemt. This shelf contains several books on different subjects. Informâcija bija ïoti svarîga. It’s my mother-in-law’s seventieth birthday. 9. not the job of old Lady Winnie. Drops of water are falling from the bare boughs of the tree. I’ve got a dentist’s appointment at five-thirty. Use the Absolute Genetive Case (Independent Possessive). 1. 4. Peter was the son of one of Aunt Lottie’s friends. You must come to the house of my father. 16. I am thinking of one of my father’s cousins. 1. 3. The rays of the sun do not penetrate through that thick foliage. 6. It was her job. 3. The room of Mary and Ann is on the first floor. Will you join the expedition of tonight? 2. Scarlet was Miss Ellen’s child. Just run to the shop of the baker. 7. 13. 12. 7. 15. between the poplar trees. 17. I am Mr. We admire the pictures of Rembrandt and Rubens. 4. 15. they’d passed me and were at the water’s edge. Brown had been satisfied with the results of Tom’s and Nick’s visit. Will you join the excursion of today? 17. 5. Their hatred of the enemy was great. I saw him just now at your aunt. The clock’s hands crept on to seven before she heard voices in the hall. Can you picture that time when the surface of the earth was the sea? 5. 2. I think we ought to drink dear James’ health. 9. The supper of the children is ready. 5. His eyes avoided the eyes of Andrew. Ann has gone to the butcher’s. We saw a figure of the man shabbily dressed. Correct or justify. His landlady was doing the week washing. He looked attentively at the speaker dry. 8. and so was Robert’s. 14. 8. was heard in the distance. 6. 11. 9 . 3. 16. The works of Shakespeare enjoy great popularity all over the world. doubting face. 13. 12. Ex. 7. 1. I had seen before. Mr. 10. She might know Kate first name. He told me of the return of his brother Roger.last rays. She had an unexpectedly pleasant voice. 4. A hundred houses were evacuated for safety’s sake. The voice of the girl. They had found refreshment over the way at Brown and Smith’s. 3. The cheeks of the secretary continued to brighten. Change the of-phrases into the possessive case where possible. 11. 14. We kept him at arms length. Wilkes sister. 10. 8. The house of my daughter-in-law is within a stone’s throw from here. 4. 2. Jenny’s car was there. Ex. I am no good at other people’s affairs. a little deeper than the voice of a clown. Before I knew it. 2. You are quite sure he wasn’t one of the doctor’s patients. and the health of Soames’ wife. Ex. 6. The return of my cousin interrupted our game. 7. to one’s heart’s content. The approach to the gateway was deep and muddy. Explain the use of the indefinite article in the following sentences. The moral I draw is that the writer should seek his reward in the pleasure of his work. 8. 1. 4. He hesitated a moment at the door and tapped on it. 6. talking to Earle Fox. He was enjoying the conversation about tennis and all. Choose one of the set-expressions and make up a story to illustrate it. 10. 6.Ex. On the evening of Labour Day. He sat down on the vacant end of the 10 . 9. Tie nav mani draugi. THE ARTICLE Ex. at one’s wit’s end. kâ man nokïût pilsçtâ pusnaktî. The station was at centre of the eastern quarter of the city. Ex. not a sound was made. 5. Translate. 4. 5. Iestâjâs minûtes klusums. 6. out of harm’s way. Vakar man nebija laika aiziet uz frizçtavu. to a hair’s breadth. A week or two passed. Lord Henry pulled out his watch. 6. Why is it that a girl has to be silly to catch a husband? 3. Mûsu vasarnîca atrodas divu kilometru attâlumâ no upes. Es pavadîju ziemas brîvdienas pie tantes. 9. chemist’s. Jûs lasîjât ðodienas avîzi? 8. Here I am.1. 2. 3. 1. 5. he thought. 2. Kâ es mîlu ðo tçva portretu! 3. Can a bird fly faster than an aeroplane? 7. Explain the use of the definite article. Now the only thing to do is to admit the error. 4. Nevaru iedomâties. hairdresser’s/barber’s. 7. 2. I ordered an ice-cream for her and two coffees. a scientist who won the Nobel Prize. florist’s. Jûs varat darît to sev par prieku. Viòi ir mana tçva un mâtes draugi. but he hadn’t got a job. 2. 1. Ex. After a pause. Speak on you latest visit: to the dressmaker’s/tailor’s. at one’s fingers’ ends. the empty field near the mills was no longer empty. baker’s. for appearance’s sake. A traveller must be able to walk long distances. Ex. for old acquaintance’s sake. Ko jûs satikât pie maniem vecâkiem? 5. This is a light French wine. 7. Not a word was spoken. 10. 8. Ex. She went on packing sandals in paper. 6. 8. They arrested him after … breakfast. which stood in … middle of … room. 8. He was … most extraordinary lad I ever came across. 2. Sunday came fine. 10. she whispered. He’s made of iron. 4. 3. Ex. I asked … question I feared to ask. 3. He gave them the permission to make the necessary changes in the text. They decided to start off the following morning. It was … lovely landscape. I was anxious to have … good comfortable breakfast ready before I called Joe. … small village in Devonshire. Here’s Doctor Sheppard. 11. Use the proper article. sent me to live with his cousins. Pay attention to the use of the article with the names of meals. “This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen”.sofa. I thought 11 . E. as she had hoped. Use the proper article. 7. We went there on foot – it was so exciting! Ex. Hautin. my father. I am … old man who is afraid of no one. Ex. 4. Hemingway. He was … pretty baby and then … good-looking child. … close friend of poor Roger’s. He laid his hand upon … chair. … dinner was as good as it looked and smelled. 3. Explain the absence of articles. 6. … great American writer. 3. This is … terrible thing for you. Point out the nouns. 9. 9. 6. 1. 1. which have a limiting or a descriptive attribute. Thirst for knowledge is his trait of character. 7. 2. … travelling man. 12. 1. They have always lived from hand to mouth. That’s … best dinner I’ve had in years. … town of Windsor is … typically English town. 9. which are so light. 10. 2. my poor child. At half past nine … last patient left … surgery. had business dealings in the town. I don’t think it’s only misfortune that makes people change. In fact. she said. 1. They live in Lynton. Use the proper article. 5. I think it is … place I will choose. … lawyer by profession. She has made good progress. 10. “Love is everything to me”. Her brother belonged to … same club we did. I took … bottle I wanted and went off with it. 5. that man. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun in apposition. 4. 6. After my mother died. “I don’t want you to get in trouble again”. 2. I like French wines. … editor. 13. 5. had lived in Cuba for many years. I’ve arranged for you to call tomorrow on a friend of his. I think you are unwise to eat meat. 3. In … corner of … room there was … wash-basin with … cold and hot water. 11. he said. 4. … soft spring day. 7. 4. 5. 5. 2. … other in her first year at … university. Chris. When we started it was already … morning. 2. Even in … broad day she looks beautiful. She went up to … bed and took her sleeping child. If she goes to … hospital now for some treatment and then on to … sanatorium it ought to be quite all right. 9. and placed … candle on … old-fashioned chest of drawers.I might give … little dinner next week. a) 1. 2. I saw … bed made up for me. It was … hot day and there were many flies in … room. Valentine’s Day. hospital. d) 1. It was ridiculous to feel that he had to send his children to … private school. warm and still. Pay attention to the use of the article with the nouns bed. 4. Pay attention to the use of the article with the nouns denoting the parts of the day. … night was cloudy and still very dark. 8. He had … comfortable room at … hospital. Ex. Comment on the noun it is used with. 3. one of them still at … school. 3. 6. He looked cleaned and brushed. 3. Sometimes he took me out to … dinner or … theatre. On … day of his departure we had no classes. You see. 2. Ex. and for which he was paying. Fill in the blanks with the definite article in the general meaning if necessary. 3. … evening of St. Boldwood sat down to … supper as usual. 4. He reached … hospital.7. 9. he was going to … town for … day. Then … day came when I had to go back to … school. 8. parked his car and went up to … ward. 2. school. even in quite … small provincial town you could have … clinic. c) 1. 7. 10. town. It was … blue night with … full moon hanging over … city. They had two children. Jane lay in … narrow hospital bed and tried to adjust herself to her new surroundings. They were chasing round … town while she waited for them. feeling that something was wrong. I can arrange for her to go along to … public hospital. He awoke in … morning. On … warm September evening he strolled idly to … river. 3. At … dusk. 1. It was … pleasant evening. She wanted to assure him that everything was perfect here in … hospital to which he had sent her. Ex. 5. b) 1. … next day his knee was badly swollen. His father insisted that he attend … law school. 7. following … family tradition. 12 . Use the proper article. 11. 6. 5. He hasn’t been to … bed all night. Use the proper article. 4. He had … miserable lunch all alone. 4. 4. When we get back to … town we’ll get … doctor to see your throat. We live in such … mysterious universe. and Mrs. 13 . From a social standpoint … man of science does not exist. Minho? How interesting! I’ve never read anything of yours. … man crossed … space in metallic cylinders that twisted time and space. sharp against the bright blue of … winter sky. Pardon. I put myself in harmony with the universe. 7. The town lay still in … Indian summer sun. They feel as much as … poet though they have not the same power of expression. Ex. Ex. 4. 11. 5. and … sea was whipped white with … merry wind. beating in the gun metal sky. 7. …King exacted huge sums from the barons and they. The sun blazed down out of a cloudless noon sky. Far away to the south-east … dazzling white sun climbed up above … cloudless horizon. A miserable world. said the man and ‘sir’ struck a chord of memory. The Mr. Robinson reside here? 4. especially with a drop of brandy in it. I can see the rippled sky fluffy with clouds. 1. 2. 7. A few gulls circled. Old Jolyon had little Holly on the knees. Comment on the use of articles with personal names. Spenlow began life as a betweenmaid in a large house. “Welcome to Earth. with much talk and laughter amongst the Ivorys. the Freedmans and the Hamptons. 5. 3. 1. … artist can express everything. … sun was so full of promise. 7. but could you tell me if a Mr. sir”. Pay attention to nouns referring to unique objects. 2. This Pat wasn’t at all like the Pat of his memories. 5. taxed … people. 3. Ex. but always and predominantly a white world of softness and beauty and strangely muffled sound. A strange company assembled in the Burnell’s washhouse after tea. 5. 6. … heart understands when it is confronted with contrasts. 6. 2. That is because … public isn’t really interested in … theatre. Milk is very nice. 8. … world is a busy place. Introductions followed. and the white-whipped sea. 2. 12. 6. 3. This was not the Beatrice he knew. 4. 3. 1. In the light of the world’s attitude towards … woman and her duties the nature of Carrie’s mental state deserves consideration. in turn. I kept my eyes on … horizon. Fill in the blanks with articles whenever necessary.1. 6. He could see the earth itself was spinning faster. don’t we? 4. The late Mrs. 8. 8. The moon hung low in the sky like a yellow skull. she had taken possession of his watch. a wet world. but … domestic cow is only too glad to be rid of it. Analyse the use of articles with nouns referring to unique objects. 10. Pusdienojot viòi runâja par kâzâm. How ill she was when there was a storm in … Indian Ocean. 17. if anything. He’s moved to … Lebanon. Es ïoti reti eju uz kino. 8. Viòa bija tâda jauna sieva un tâda pievilcîga. That is the love that makes the world a miracle. 16. Ex. The problem concerned is of great importance for the whole world. Pusdienu laikâ viòa neteica ne vârda. Mongolia spans a huge steppe plateau and … Gobi Desert. 16. … Rocky Mountains extend from Mexico to Canada. In a moment she opened the door and brought all the actors to her side with a loud scream: “I’ve been cheated”. 8. 14. 7. but the weather. 15. Mçs nespçlçjam kârtes. Viòð aizgâja no viòiem vçlu naktî. 4. he said suddenly. I hear he’s off to … Central Africa. was worse. We drove up from … Valencia. 6. Es piepildîju vannu ar aukstu ûdeni. viòa meita spçlçja klavieres.Ex. 10. His large grey eyes were sun-veined from rowing on … Lake Geneva. 15. He had grown up at the shores of … Lake Superior and had sailed small boats ever since he was a kid. 4. “four14 . Viòi abi ir skolâ. 7. 7. Read and retell the following jokes. “I wonder”. they lived in … South China . 1. They sent us a postcard of … Lake of Geneva. 14. 16. 13. Kad viòð ienâca istabâ. Viòi abi bija labâkie pasaulç aktieri. Viòus ielûdza pusdienâs. Es gribu jûs redzçt rît no rîta. I suppose it’s the most wonderful moment in his/her/my life. Think of situations for the following sentences. 5. 11. 13. That evening he glanced at the tape for any news about … Transvaal. Fill in the blanks with articles before geographic names if necessary. After the first night of her new show. The first three department stores in … United States were in … Chicago. Viòð mâcâs vakarskolâ. 10. the star cried. Translate. 18. 6. Ex. Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. We were going to climb … Monte Solaro.” 10. The wish is farther of the thought. 5. 2. 9. Dienâ un naktî es gribu zinât. 1. 3. 9. 9. 8. 17. 1. 4. 3. An apple a day keeps the doctor away. You are doing the right thing. 2. 2. 14. Anyhow. They were in … Mediterranian passing … Gibraltar. Here are some of his belongings such as the sword given to him in …Caucasus and many historical documents. The wicked always think other people as bad as themselves. 12. 15. Bija silta pavasara diena. Bija nakts. Es nolçmu braukt ekskursijâ ar autobusu. Nedçïas nogalç viòi nolçma aizbraukt pie jûras. It’s the only thing that deeply amuses me. 11. 12. kur tu esi. 5. He decided to take his profit and buy a house on … Riviera. 13. 6. Ex. the leading lady went to her dressing-room. 3. It’s a matter of entire indifference to me. Jûra bija gluda kâ stikls. 1. “where that ballet goes after … Argentine. 5. but he did not know the name of the brand she used. 3. The cat is an extremely self-willed animal doing only what it actually wants. In his old age. he went to the window and looked out. he found the door locked. of course. and was too shy to ask her. teen bouquets – only fourteen bouquets!” “Fourteen is a wonderful lot”. He solved the problem by taking his little pet dog for a walk. He ordered dinner and the waiter brought him a plate of soup. At last came a perfume which caused the animal to jump up excitedly and wag its tail. and discovered that he had not taken his key with him. “You must not let him have it. Lessing. After he put it on the table before the guest. Coming home one night with his mind on some work. cried the lady. the waiter said to the guest. On Cats and Dogs The cat and the dog have been man’s pets for many centuries. said the doctor. The sky was covered with heavy clouds. Cats make their feelings abundantly clear. agreed the man as he was tasting the soup. This sometimes happens when a cat accidentally scratches its owner’s hand while playing. He was hungry and went to the dining-room to have dinner. said the producer. On this evidence he bought his gift which turned out to be right. He decided that perfume would be appropriate. for instance. too”. Snatching the animal into a store he proceeded to instruct the astonished clerk to wave the stoppers of a large number of perfumes under the nose of the rather indifferent dog. you should watch out for its paws: its claws can. “It looks like rain. “And it tastes like rain. became very absent-minded. “Maybe”. “Your husband is too fond of strong coffee”. cause several scratches. 15 . “Yes”. 17. “but I paid for fifteen”.2. you should see how excited he gets when I give him weak coffee”. “But. doctor. Lessing answered meekly as he turned away. on the other hand. If. Speak of your own (or your friend’s) pets. In no way can the cat be persuaded to do anything against its will. Once a man put up at an English hotel. 4. sir”. “Tell him that I’ll call another time”. stroke it just because you wish to do so. the German author. and mistaking his master for a stranger. Ex. a servant looked out of an upstairs window. it lashes its tail in anger or arches its back. Read and retell the text. “The professor is not at home”. A cat that feels happy and purrs contentedly can be the most enchanting of pets. You must wait until the cat comes to you of its own free will and invites you to stroke it. In answer to his knock. If you have a cat you must already know that you cannot. He gets too excited”. The story is told of a young man who decided to present his sweetheart with a gift. “Very well”. called out. Putting on a hat or picking up a walking stick means an outing and many dogs encourage their masters in this way. 5. Write in numbers. There had been nothing else for it but to go. THE NUMERAL Ex. three score Ex.1999.1944.1900 16 . Philip. The man seemed to be in his late forties. When my friend took the cap from the dog and placed it on his knee the disappointed animal sat for a moment and then picked up the cap again.The dog is different: it is believed to obey its master and his wishes unquestioningly. There is a letter for you. with a long sandy mustache trailing across his lip. 4. Comment on the use of the numerals in the following sentences. 17.000 Ex. During that time they had a second child. for it had come to its master and sat with a cloth cap in its mouth. 6. 50. had decided it was time they both had some exercise.005.12. The dog. Ex. A friend I met the other day walking his dog up the lane laughed about how he had come to be there. 1. 8. a score. 7. Catherine had a little over twelve hundred lire.02. It came by the second post. a couple.01. 2. 9.2001.1946. 5. 4.03. 90. 3. E.). it seemed. 482. His voice had a thousand modulations. The two sisters lived for each other as did Honor and Gavin. 8. 25. Dogs always watch everything their masters do and come to associate particular things with particular events. 14. 1.000.207. 80th. Write the dates in words (Br. 01. Simon knelt on all fours and was sick till his stomach was empty. 8th. a dozen. a boy. 18th. 1. Here is a story which illustrates how a dog can sometimes make his master do what it likes. 109. 2. 7. There are nearly two million front doors in London. Write in words. 4.09. 3. 05. But in real life it is often the other way round. 9. 15. He looked round guiltily at the boys standing by. 28. 9th. 40. 2. Ex. 5. Write the fractions in words. 1/2; 2/3; 3/4; 1 3/8; 3 5/12; 0.05; 2.15; 4.12 Ex. 6. Read the following: 10 + 20 = 30 15 + 40 = 55 80 + 11 = 91 360 + 4,009 = 4,369 Ex. 7. 50 – 18 = 32 25 – 5 = 20 68 – 30 = 38 102 – 4 = 98 3 x 5 = 15 15 x 2 = 30 18 x 6 = 108 100 x 23 = 2,300 20 : 2 = 10 100 : 2 = 50 150 : 5 = 30 1,000 : 100 = 10 Fill in appropriate articles where necessary. 1. It was only ... fifth of July, and no meeting was fixed with them until ... ninth. 2. He’d catch ... two o’ clock train back to New York. 3. She is quite aged for ... seventy, isn’t she? 4. Philip looked at his uncle with disapproval when he took ... second piece of cake. 5. “Miss Luce will be ... second mother to the children”, she said. 6. They talked of ... thousand things, and they all talked at once. 7. The phone rang almost immediately ... third time. 8. The phone, ringing for ... fourth time, interrupted his thoughts. 9. That question, too, he had asked himself ... thousand times. 10. Once more he had used the service stairs from ... eighth floor to ... ninth. Ex. 8. Answer the questions. 1. How old are you? 2. How old is your friend? 3. How old is your town? 4. What anniversary did your university celebrate? When? 5. How large is your country? 6. How big is your house/flat? 7. How high is Everest? 8. How tall are you? 9. How much do you weigh? 10. How much does your English textbook cost? 11. What time is it? 12. What is the date today? 13. What date was it yesterday? 14. What date will it be tomorrow? 15. How many days are there in a week/month/year? Ex. 9. Translate. 1. Atveriet grâmatas 25. lappusç. Lasiet vingrinâjumu Nr. 4. 2. Cik ir pareizs laiks? Bez ceturkðòa divpadsmit. 3. Nopçrc divas pudeles piena, desmit olas un puskilograma desas. 4. V. Ðekspîrs piedzima un nomira 23. aprîlî. 5. Mans brâlis ir vecâks par mani pa 5. gadiem. 6. Ârâ ir 25 grâdi zem nulles. 7. Viòð ir absolûta nulle fizikâ. 8. Kurâ kursâ jûs mâcieties? 9. Mans dzîvoklis ir pirmajâ (otrajâ) stâvâ. 10. Viòa telefona numurs ir 5439407. 11. Mans pulkstenis atpaliek (steidzas) uz 20 minûtçm. 12. Gads beidzas 31. decembrî. 13. Futbola spçles rezultâts ir 3 pret 0 par labu Anglijas izlases komandai. Ex. 10. Make up your dialogues on the following situations. a) Buying groceries at the supermarket. 17 b) Being late for an appointment/ date. c) Discussing the football game. Use as many numerals as possible. THE ADJECTIVE Ex. 1. Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives, when possible. sad, bad, old, cold, grey, happy, dead, free, yellow, far, dry, sky, large, complete, big, near, unusual, able, silver, brilliant, lovely, golden, little, heavy, slender, wooden, recent, famous, polite, pregnant, remarkable, great. Ex. 2. Copy the following sentences using the correct form of the adjectives. 1. Jane is the (tallest – taller) of the two girls. 2. Father was the (eldest – elder) of seven sons. 3. This pencil is the (sharpest – sharper) of the two. 4. I think your plan the (best – better) of the two. 5. This is the (heaviest – heavier) of the five books. 6. A (worse – worst) habit could not be found. 7. That is of the (less – least) importance of all. 8. I like your plan the (better – best) of the two. Ex. 3. Copy the following sentences choosing the necessary word. 1. Albert is (elder – older) than James. 2. This new bus will carry (much more – many more) than forty people. 3. Henry is the (oldest – eldest) of the three brothers. 4. I can walk (farther – further) than you without becoming tired. 5. Have you nothing (farther – further) to say? 6. The icebreaker is equipped with all the (last – latest) navigation instruments. 7. He bought the toys at the (next – nearest) store. 8. The (next – nearest) house was a new building. Ex. 4. Use the adjectives in the comparative or superlative degree. 1. A baseball is (hard) – a rubber ball. 2. John is (young) – the three brothers. 3. The sun is (bright) – the moon. 4. It isn’t any (warm) today – it was yesterday, is it? 5. That room is (light) – yours. 6. You haven’t come across any (good) book – this one, have you? 7. This room is (large) – the room 18 upstairs. 8. He is a (good) actor – singer. 9. It doesn’t take (much) – four days to cross the Atlantic, does it? Ex. 5. Comment on the use of the adjectives in the given sentences. 1. She was his oldest child. 2. Mary climbed hastily into the nearest compartment and was lost to sight. 3. Next morning Mildred was sulky and taciturn. 4. No further news had come. 5. The last laugh died away. 6. The latest news was very important. 7. She sent him a gold cigarette case. 8. The sand was golden yellow. Ex. 6. Copy the following sentences choosing the proper word from the brackets. 1. Please, tell me the (next, nearest) way to the post-office. 2. The exercise is on the (next, nearest) page. 3. We must wait for some (farther, further) instructions. 4. Who is that boy in the (farthest, furthest) corner of the room? 5. He is the (oldest, eldest) son of my father’s friend. 6. This is the (oldest, eldest) edition of the book. 7. Lucy is my (oldest, eldest) pen-pal. 8. I am (older, elder) than you. 9. Jim is the (oldest, eldest) son in the family. 10. He is two years (older, elder) than Mary. 11. Eleven o’clock is the (last, latest) time when my daughter goes to bed. Ex. 7. Translate into Latvian. Pay special attention to the degrees of comparison of the adjectives. 1. He made her feel like the most interesting, fascinating girl in the world. 2. Wells regarded him with the greatest kindness. 3. Our teacher is a most pleasant and intelligent young man. 4. It’s not natural that you should go there now. It’s most unnatural. 5. It was no longer possible to hear exactly what she said. 6. She is a most unbalanced woman. 7. “That’s a most extraordinary request, Mr. Smith”, he said. 8. She was having a most distressing time with Ann. 9. The greatest ideas are the simplest. 10. Everyone was most anxious to get to the camp in time. Ex. 8. Use the appropriate form of the adjective given in brackets and supply the article where necessary. 1. His shirt looked (yellow) than usual. 2. He was (hungry) than he had ever been in his life. 3. This path is (narrow) than that one. 4. She was (thin) and (white) than when last he had seen her. 5. Clutton, (silent) of them all, remained behind, listening. 6. How (handsome) he was! He was (handsome) man in the party. 7. He is much (good) now than yesterday. 8. “Oh, Dad, you are (good) in the world”. – “That means (bad)”, thought Jolyon. 19 so) clever as Jim. 7. An apple is not as sour as a lemon. 5. She is as proud as her sister. A tram is as quick as a bus. 6. She is as beautiful as her mother. Tom is not (as. Butter – milk (cheap). Tom is not as clever as Jim. Carrots – cucumbers (useful). 1. The film is as interesting as the play. Ex. 8. 5. Disagree with the following statements. he is the youngest in the group. 3. Spring and summer (warm). The furniture in her bedroom is as modern as in the sitting-room. 9. 9. Models: 1. The Black Sea – the White Sea (warm). 6. Compare the size and quality of the objects. Britain – the USA (small). 8. Tom is not so clever as Jim. 2. Jim is cleverer than Tom. 4. 8. Your holiday and your friend’s holiday (short). January and March (cold). My garden is larger than yours. Meat – vegetables (expensive). – No. Ann and Helen (pretty). Stone – wood (heavy). My flat is as good as yours. India – Japan (large). 3. The Thames is as long as you say. The grey suit and the black suit (cheap). Your spelling and your friend’s spelling (bad).Ex. Change the following sentences as shown in the model. 7. Ex. Oil – water (light). Model: – Mike is the oldest in the group (young). 2. Mike and David (tall). 2. The Indian Ocean – the Arctic Ocean (warm). 11. Ex. Your kitchen and your neighbour’s kitchen (small). Model: Your garden and your friend’s garden (large). 4. 13. 7. Ex. Tom is as clever as Jim. My dressing-table is as small as yours. An apple is not so sour as a lemon. My bag is as heavy as hers. 3. 12. 20 . 6. 5. 10. 1. 4. 3. Models: 1. Change the negative sentences from the previous exercise in the following way. 9. 10. Japanese – Spanish (difficult). This armchair is as comfortable as that one in Father’s study. 2. 1. Model: 1. A lemon – an apple (sour) A lemon is sourer than as apple. Compare the objects according to the given model. 10. 2. 14. Make up 8 sentences following the models given below. 11. Only when (late) guest left the room she sighed freely. 5. Cardiff is (large) town in Wales. Tom has the most mistakes in his test (few). This is (warm) room in the house. 3. Camera. English. Have you got many (a lot of) lessons today? Yes. 4. we have a lot of lessons today. She is one of (good) engineers at the plant.1. Helen’s dress. I have a lot of work today. the play (interesting). No. 2. 12. the book. 7. Models: 1. 2. She is (beautiful) girl we have ever seen. January is the hottest month (cold). 4. Your composition must be as (short) as possible. The Indian Ocean is the coldest (warm). Ann’s dress. What’s (late) news? 7. 1. 16. This is (funny) story in the whole collection. She is much (useful) at home than here. What can be (sweet) than honey? Ex. No. winter. TV set. Where is (near) shop? 6. Compare. Today your answer is (bad) than last week. German (difficult). 6. Her daughter is a little (tall) than I but much (thin). They always choose (easy) way. 8. 3. Have you got much work today? Yes. 16. 21 . 1. 14. 17. 9. Model: the film. Insert articles where necessary. summer (pleasant). we haven’t got many lessons today. 4. Peter does the most work (little). The film is interesting. It isn’t good. Spring. Mary. Alice (beautiful). 3. the play is more (less) interesting than the film. This room is the largest in the office (small). computer (expensive). Jane. Jack is the shortest of his friends (tall). Mary’s drawing is the best (bad). 8. Use the required form of the adjective given in brackets. Lucy’s dress (fashionable). 5. 2. She eats so much bread. 10. 13. 2. She has too many mistakes in her test. Chinese. 18. Which is (high) mountain in the world? 19. only six o’clock. I didn’t like (late) chapter in this book. 15. Ex. Ex. I haven’t much work today. My sister is much (old) than myself. He was not so (talanted) as we had expected. 5. It was (early) than I thought. 15. The 22-nd of June is the shortest day in the year (long). the book is the most (least) interesting. very little.. go and fetch . I haven’t got . There are . 2. pencils in the box. there are . college-graduates among your friends? – Yes. paper in the box.. not many. about it.. It’s very far. 8. not any.... .. 5. It was dark. 11. They have few friends.. 17.... much and not . aren’t there? 13. You can’t be a teacher. 6.. many. 7. There is little bread on the table. Ex. students in the hall... 6. I have very . I mustn’t work any longer.. 9. 2. not much. There is little tea in the teapot. There are . 12. Are there . a few... I am very tired.. tea in the tea-pot. Models: 1. . .. There are few trees in your garden. 6. girls in the family. 3....... It was too dark for us to see anything. 15. 10. 7. I haven’t many English books (instead of: I have few English books). 4.. chalk at the blackboard. I was too busy to write to you. Are there . cups on the table.. 3. Combine the two sentences into one using too + adjective + infinitive. aren’t there? 11. a little. It’s very cold.. 1. We invited few people for the party. Models: 1. any. 1. I need more. Fill in the blanks with some... people know about it. I was so angry.. It’s a secret. There are few books on the shelf. 4. 16. We can’t go out.. This dress is very old. much.. There are .. 17.. I have . glasses.. I couldn’t write to you. There is little snow in the yard. I must hurry. 22 . The music is very soft. We can’t hear it. very few.. It’s very good. 4. There isn’t . students in the next classroom? – No. questions to ask. any.. I can’t wear it any more.. There isn’t . 2. don’t take . tea in my cup. Very . It can’t be true. He has little work. We know very . There’s . 8... there aren’t .. using not . 8. but there aren’t . 5. There are few tables in this classroom. I was busy. 7. 2. Ex. 14. Very . 2. I have .. 1.. time and can’t stay any longer. I haven’t much time (instead of: I have little time). 10.. time and can help you. Change the sentences according to the model. 5.. 18. time. We couldn’t see anything. I couldn’t speak to him. 3. Please add . We can’t walk. 12. .Ex. I have little money.. She has few relatives. You are so young. You have little time. Note: Instead of little and few the English usually use a negative verb + much and a negative verb + many. There aren’t . 19.. people know Doctor Smith. 9. 3. 11. Es tagad esmu piekususi vairâk nekâ jebkad. 23 . Compare the weather in Latvia with that in Britain. . They say she’s the nicest person they know. vai ne? 7. Sakiet lûdzu. Jane: I don’t think so. kur atrodas tuvâkâ pasta nodaïa? 10. kas ienâca zâlç pçdçjais? 8. Jane. don’t you? Why do you think people like gossiping? Do you agree to the saying: The wicked always think other people as bad as themselves? Why/not? Ex.. Oh. Her neighbours always compliment her parents about her. 5. 23.Ex. She’s Victor’s best friend. Viòð ir vislabâkais pianists. 2.. Ex. She is so polite and friendly. yes. Viòa nav tik pievilcîga kâ viòas mâsa. Ðî istaba likâs lielâka un çrtâka nekâ tâ. Pçdçjas ziòas sâkâs pulkstens deviòos. Read the dialogue. Viòð ir tikpat gudrs kâ viòa tçvs. 14. Translate into English. kâdu es esmu jebkad saticis. She’s a very nice person. 25. I think you’re a bit jealous. 21. I do. Use as many comparisons as possible. Jûs esat vismazâkais skrçjejs. I met Vicky at the disco yesterday. Compare your flat with that of your friend. Man ir ârkârtîgi svarîgi jaunumi priekð jums. 4. 3. She looked so vulgar. Make up a dialogue on the topic “gossiping”. Mans jaunâkais brâlis ir gudrâks par Dþonu. Ex. 1. Vakarâ jûra kïuva vçl skaistâka. It was a most amusing situation. Jûsu atmiòa nemaz nav labâka par mançjo. 13. 22. 20. Ann? Vicky who? Vicky Smith. Think of situations for the following sentences. Sakiet lûdzu. 12. 1. Ex. 6. What is it about? Jane: Ann: Jane: Ann: Jane: Ann: Do you remember Vicky. 9. Ann: Don’t be wicked. isnt’s she? Well. 24. 2. I think she has the worst manners I have ever seen. That was the most terrible disaster in the history of mankind. She is as irritable as her elder sister Mary. You like Victor. Ex. Viòð runâ vâciski daudz sliktâk nekâ angliski. This is the most exciting news I have ever heard. 19. I found the way easy. He was the least alarmed of all. clever. correctly). state to what group they belong (adverbs of time. gay. He read out the names in the long list in a loud voice. Ex. quietly) as soon as the bell rang. strange. 13. busy. 2. 4. sympathetic. brave. nervous. wonderful. Spell the 24 . 9. happily. far. He is a hard nut to crack. Ex. 10. 11. He is less restless today. quietly) about their lessons. I am feeling really well today. real. He works hard all day. 12. 2. greedy. cheerful. 4. hard. I’m a better singer than he now. They became (quiet. They walked fast to cover the distance before the breakfast hour. 4.THE ADVERB Ex. 12. but no one came. He shouted loud and long. 2. I am feeling worse this morning. place. careful. cheerfully. clumsy. I think we should work far better to get rid of such mistakes. 14. beautiful. heavy. 13. quiet. You think too highly of me. I can hear you distinctly if you speak slowly. 15. dryly. The children were there soonest. free. 5. 3. absolute. They talked (quiet. Ex. 7. heavily. They walked fast to cover the distance to the village post-office. She held it close 6.) and translate the sentences. He is quite different from his brother. complete. angry. noisy. 5. Form adverbs from the following adjectives by adding suffix -ly. 10. 18. He is very attentive to his work. State whether the word in bold type is an adjective or an adverb. happy. Choose the correct word in brackets. Underline all the adverbs. guilty. 5. polite. shy. 17. What a pretty view there is from your window. 9. Ex. 8. dry. fast. 11. 8. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adverbs. I found the way easily. etc. 14. 7. You write worse than your brother. He wanted to go there at once. It is (correct. I can hardly see anything in the dark. It’s pretty cold today. immense. 1. 4. 3. shaky. 3. 2. 3. late. We feel warm after exercising. hasty. He is extremely careful in his work. He walked farther than I did. 16. shyly. 1. politely. He does his work quite differently from his brother. He did not know it so well as her. uneasy. He is fast to answer. You are to answer straight out to every question. steady. 6. 1. 1. The room was absolutely full. enthusiastical. (cf. Kluss ûdens ir dziïð. 3. We lent them our books. Translate. shortly). Jo âtrâk jûs aprecçsities. Viòð ir tik stipri mainîjies. Nerunâ tik âtri. 10. It is (cold. highly) intelligent. 19. He laughs best who laughs last. 10. coldly) at me. 17. closely) to ours. She told me about herself and about her life. He was (high. 14. By doing nothing we learn to do ill. 6. Tu izskaties lieliski. 5. 13. 6. The birds were flying (high. 18. She works (hard. easy go). coldly) in the room. Viòð atstâja suni pie mâjas. 16. 8. Mçs dzîvojam tâlu no universitâtes. 8. 4. 4. 20. You know it (good. Better to do well than to say well. I heard it myself. 11.12. 12. Ex. 1. 10. 3. lately). highly) and low. One hardly knows what to suggest under the circumstances. 5. closely). Whose book did you take? 5. Better late than never. 8. He observed me (close. 6. 7. jo vairâk tas viòam patika. 7. no sâkuma padomâ.world (correct. 3. she said gently. Don’t look so (cold. Durvis bija plaði atvçrtas. jo labâk. I am leaving (short. widely) for me to examine each eye in turn”. widely) used in spoken English. Of course it is (good. Everybody can do it if s/he tries. “Open your eyes (wide. Viòa bûs ðeit tieði desmitos. 2. 15. THE PRONOUN Ex. Bifðteks garðîgi smarþo. 9. 9. Ex. The apples you have bought are larger than those on the tree. Viòð tikko varçja runât. 7. 4. hardly) breathe in the stuffy room. We could (hard. He wore his hair cut (short. He never comes (late. correctly). 2. 6. 7. Jo vairâk viòð domâja par ðo priekðlikumu. Easily earned money is quickly spent. lately) come to our club. well). 5. This word is (wide. Easy come. 1. We had found out that their family had lived (close. ka es tikko spçju viòu pazît. Underline the pronouns in the following sentences stating the class each belongs to. Tell me who was at the meeting. 11. hardly) at her English. well). 1. 9. Well begun is half done. He has (late. 25 . Tom cut himself with his knife. He rescued all the injured ones. Think of situations to illustrate the following proverbs. shortly). 6. 1. 2. Insert other or another and the definite article where necessary. I went (my. 5. 1. anyway. 2. He slipped his arm in (her. There was … kind of news in the paper: accidents. mine)”. 8. He was taller than (I). … with a window and a door giving onto the courtyard. yours) part. theirs) child. I think the first thing to do is to have … talk with your sister. 3. 7. Her two sons were playing in the garden. 1. I had turned and faced (he). He had been sitting out there. 2. mine). … few hours a fishing village came into sight. The bedrooms were all the same. 3. He shouted his name twice. 3. 6. This is (I) who can help you. 8. From one piece of news he went to … . What was this experiment of (your. hers) with (their. Insert the proper form of the personal pronoun in brackets. he said to himself quickly. Call me what you like. He didn’t answer. one on … side. “She’s better at it than (we) are”. 2. and politics. shipwrecks. Insert each or every. 2. He entered the room and saw Mike and Mary sitting on the sofa. There was … pause. You have chosen (your. sports. Alec whispered something from … side of the table. open so that its pages were on one side and its paper on … . 5. He left (her. who had insisted on seeing (he) that night. It was (I) not Martin. It was (she) who asked the next question. yours) seat? I shall go to (my. 7. keeping the paper well before his face. 4. we have chosen (our. 10. 7. hers). He took … puff on his cigarette. mine) name on it. 6. theirs). Choose the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun. 5. 8. 7. This book is (my. It was Thomas and (I) whom you met. Where’s (your. The two little girls held his hands. 4. He’ll be between (you) and (I). mine). 26 . I have … book he has ever written. 5. His nature was harder than most of (their. Ex. 6. hers). one was American and … English. 4. 1. I will come in … day to hear how they acquit themselves. He spread the magazine flat on the floor. He looked first at one. 10. 4. mine) way. 9. He cleared his throat three times to speak and failed … time. Ex. yours)? 4. 3. said Nora. Ex. 1. It’s (they) whom I pity desperately. Ann turned her eyes from one to … . ours). He had no doubt that she meant … word she said. “That thought is not (my. … trying to think of some possibility that we had overlooked. 8. 9. … time banging his fist on the table. looking suddenly quite horrible with a hand on … knee. The bar was kept by two very nice girls. 5. The principal’s room was only two doors from (my.Ex. There is (my. 2. and she went (her. 3. We sat around silently for a moment. mine). 6. 9. 10. then at … . … of them is most like yours? 9. But there aren’t … trains until morning. … are you talking about? 8. 7. Viòas onkulis bija skolas direktors. Everybody liked him. Everyone … you know is out of town. Translate. – “Loan me …”. Why do you always ask if there’s … news? 5. … believed him. Supply the appropriate relative pronoun or the conjunction that. 5. Tajâ vakarâ viòa bija pati laipnîba. 4. … did you say this parcel was for? 10. … hat is mine. 7. 4. 8. Tell me … you have written. Viòa satika viòu slidotavâ katru sestdienu. 9. 1. Jane said … . He gave me the directions … I needed. 10. … do you want me to do with … article? 6. Ann is much younger than … other girls in her class. 8. Ðî ir viena no manam kaimiòiençm. Viòð bieþi sarunâjâs pats ar sevi. 9. She wanted to know … he was supposed to do. … was afraid of him. 6. 11.7. 9. I ran into a young man … I had not noticed. … tells me anything. Katru nedeïu es pavadîju daþas dienas laukos. There is … bread and … forks on the table. Katrs students zin ðos likumus. This is the very place … I visited several years ago. 11. Ex. You may eat it. There is … soup in the pan. Insert in each blank the necessary interrogative or demonstrative pronoun. They pretended to notice … . Jûs lieliski izskatâties savâ uniformâ. 5. 10. I have … time to go to the cinema with you. I don’t remember to … I lent the book. Ex. 2. 5. His mother bought … notebooks for him. Viòð bija divus gadus vecâks par mani un manu draudzeni. We certainly don’t want … trouble. It was cold outside the house and he looked up and down for a taxi but there was … in sight.4. … is he? He is a doctor. Viòa sevi nesaprata. 8. 2. 3. and we had … to say to each other. 6. I prefer … to … . She looked everywhere for matches but could not find … . … did you give the letter to? Ex. He may turn up at … moment. 1. 3.Ex. 3. 5. “Have you … money? – “Yes”. 1. … put you … question? 7. 10. 1. 6. 7. 6. 1. Un mans arî. There are … pears on the tree. Katram 27 . 4. 10. Es pati viòu redzçðu rîtdien. Insert no. 4. Insert some or any. With … did you go there? 3. 3. 2. 12. 6. I had turned to him for support. 7. 8. May I give you … more cake? Ex. 2. 8. … of those attitudes were stated at this meeting. The box … you packed so carefully was broken on the way. 2. none or their compounds. 9. I sleep here. 1. 17. What’s good for one is bad for another.Who will not keep a penny. You can’t eat your cake and have it. 3. He owns a big car. Express a contrasting idea about some other person. The train leaves at eleven. 5. ejiet pastaigâties. 10. I do a lot of travelling. 1. 3. I seldom miss my lectures at the University but my group-mate … (often). One hand washes the other. (cf. 2. Mçs satiekamies ar draugiem katru vasaru. never shall have any. 4. 3. Put special questions to the words in bold type. 14. Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 1. 5. My father sleeps in the study. To know everything is to know nothing. 5. 18. 9. One man’s meat is another man’s poison). Changes happen very quickly here. 2. but my mother … (at 3 o’clock). I watch television every evening but my brother … (only at weekends). as a rule. 2. Give him a ring and he’ll want your whole arm. 28 . 4. You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours). 7. Ex. I always go to bed late at night but my sister … (never). 2. Ja jums nav ko darît. Make them negatives and interrogative. Everyone thinks his sack the heaviest. I finish my work at 5 o’clock. (cf. He. Explain the use of the present indefinite tense in the following sentences. Model: I buy newspapers every day but my friend … (seldom). THE VERB The Present Indefinite Tense Ex. 8. Viòð apciemo mûs katru svçtdienu. 6. I brush my teeth every night. History repeats itself. Think of situations to illustrate the following proverbs and sayings. 6. is paid by nobody. 13. 4. 11. 16. Mçs nevienu nepazinâm. I always do my morning exercises but my sister … (never). 6. 15. Vai mçs varam kaut ko izdarît priekð jums? Ex. Neviens nerunâja. I buy newspapers every day but my friend seldom buys them. that serves everybody.no mums bija jâizpilda savs darbs laikus. I get up very early but my grandmother … (after ten). 1. 7. Fred often reads English periodicals but he doesn’t read German periodicals. 7. that’s why people wear warm clothes. That’s natural. Begin your response with: Quite so. At what time do your classes at the University begin. if s/he likes to wash in cold water. When do you watch television? 6. 29 . too. No wonder. Ask your fellow-student: if s/he studies well. 6. 2. I go there by bus (by train). if s/he plays the piano. Model: Fred often reads English periodicals (German periodicals). Where do you go to listen to the recorded laboratory text? 4. Winter is the coldest season. When do the mid-term exams usually begin? 5. 1. 6. 4. if s/he misses her/his lectures. Express a contrasting idea. as a rule. Answer the following special questions. Ex. What time his/her classes begin.Ex. Ex. Who usually cooks dinner in your family? 3. 1. I don’t like to be cold either. They spend too much time at work (at home). As for me. Model: In winter people wear warm clothes. 3. Where s/he meets her/his friends. When it rains hard. 7. What s/he usually does when the weather is good. My friend plays the piano (the violin). using the negative form of the verb. What kind of magazines/ newspapers s/he reads. Ask your fellow-student: What s/he does after classes. if s/he plays chess well. 5. Ex. How do you usually spend your free time? Ex. Pay attention to their formation. He studies on weekdays (on Sundays). 5. She knows English and French (Spanish). No wonder. How many meals s/he has a day. so I wear warm clothes. Respond to the following remarks using the present indefinite tense. Naturally. if s/he spends much money on books. as a rule? 2. They often have coffee with us (have dinner). Where the sun sets. 3. 4. I always forget his telephone number (his address). At what temperature water boils. 11. Stop A young foreigner wants to learn English. 9. In autumn the days get shorter. Manam brâlim nepatîk skatîties televîzijas pârraides. 5. Kas atceras ðo dzejoli? 9. 8. using the present indefinite tense and the vocabulary of the text below. psychological novels. 3. You don’t? What do you think of them then? I think them perfectly tiresome. Ex. Winter is the coldest season. 7. Ðeit ir tik tumðs. Autumn is harvest time. vai ne? Ex. 4. books of short stories. 1. 6. Still waters run deep. 1. even detective novels sometimes. What do you think of Wallace’s detective novels? Don’t you think they are sometimes a bit tiresome? No. es nodarbojos ar mâjas darbiem. “Why do you call me a fool?” 30 . 4. Ex. Tçtis bieþi mums stâsta par savu jaunîbu. using the present indefinite tense and the following proverbs in short situations. bet pçc tam eju pastaigâties. What books do you prefer? All kinds of books. 4. Translate. 2. Children like to ski and skate in winter. 5. – – – – – – – – What’s your favourite pastime? I like reading books best of all. 2. The young man looks very angry. Time works wonders. Ex. 3. At last he doesn’t bear it and calls out angrily. What the heart thinks the tongue speaks. The early bird catches the worm. Act out a conversation. 8. I don’t. One day his teacher is dictating to him a passage and at the end of every sentence she says “full-stop”. no sâkuma.1. Ko tu dari svçtdienâs? – Parasti. Fool.3. He decides to have regular classes. 6. es neko neredzu. 8. Viòam patîk lasît. Katru nedeïu mçs braucam uz laukiem atpusties. The weather changes in spring. Express habitual actions. novels of adventure. Summer is a busy time for those who live in the country. Kâpçc tev patîk ðî filma? 10. 7. 10. Rûdenî lapas dzeltç un krît no kokiem. 2. Read the following stories and reproduce them. In spring we can see lots of birds in the countryside. Many people like spring most of all. Vasarâ saule lec agri un riet vçlu. *** An English man wants to learn French. A quarter of an hour later he (to hear) voices. 31 . When he (to arrive) he (to find) the patient to be a small boy of nine years of age. He (to look) at her for a moment with surprise. 6. 3. The stranger (to climb) into his car and (to drive away). Use the past indefinite tense instead of the infinitives in brackets. She (not to smile) when she (to see) him. why they used to spend their vacation in the country. 1. Brown had for dinner. On the way home she usually (to buy) a slice of honey-cake at the baker’s. “The first six lessons”. 1. My aunt looked after my father when he was a small boy. 5. Sunbury (to cut) the cake and (to put) a large piece on Betty’s plate. 4. why they had to return to London so soon. At home we heated soup. 5. 3. Make them negative and interrogative. She knew her brother at the University where he lectured on physics. “I want to begin with the seventh lesson”. 1. what kind of soup Mr. Put special questions to the words in bold type. 8. He moved across the lawn to the house. “Then”. 2. 6. He always smiled at children when he saw them. says the English man. what they took for breakfast. That evening she had a date with a man who sold cosmetics. You heard what he said. says the teacher. but after that you will begin to appreciate the beauties of the language”. Mrs. 9. 7. 7. He sat down and silently took one of the cigarettes from the desk. if the Browns thanked the waitress for a delicious dinner yesterday. 8. 4. Ask your fellow-student: if the Browns often had dinner at a restaurant when they lived at the seaside. Ex. Ex. He applies to a teacher and asks him if it is very difficult. “are rather difficult. When Eddy (to leave) in the morning he (to take) her photograph with him. 3. It (to be) her Sunday treat. when the family left the seaside for London. Explain the use of the past indefinite tense in the following sentences. 2. The Past Indefinite Tense Ex. 2. left his flat. Translate. He entered the classroom. Ann went to the library first to borrow some books. 3. Respond to the statements. Two years ago she became a firstyear student. Yesterday Ann began to prepare her lessons early in the morning. 4. On Tuesday Alec was on duty. Neviens nezinâja. Then she decided to watch TV. 1. Viòð nolçma kïût par skolotâju. 4. took a taxi and went to the railway station. 1. 5. Ann passed her entrance exams to the University with excellent marks (to do one’s best. Ann was very good at English and always helped her fellow-students (to make good progress). 5. Ex. 7. Last Sunday Alec got up at 10 o’ clock. did his morning exercises to the music and went to bed again. Model: – Yesterday after classes Ann went to the students’ canteen. 3. tâpat ka viòa vecâki. Correct the following wrong statements. When her friend came to visit her. using the suggested combinations of words. listened to the latest news and read the newspaper. Mçs apmetâmies ðajâ viesnîcâ katru reizi. On Monday he had breakfast. Model: – Robert used to get to the University by Metro when he studied in London. – That’s right. Pete used to do sports when he was a first-year student (to have good gymnasiums and a stadium). to be hard-working). 2. 1. to master the language). a steak with potatoes and a glass of juice. She bought some salad. Ex. Viòi lûdza mûs nezvanît viòiem uz darbu. 6. 2. 5.Ex. 6. to come true). 2. 6. So she missed her morning lectures at the University. He used to go there by Metro as it was the quickest way of getting to the University. 32 . 3. 7. 5. (to be the quickest way). un tâpçc nenokârtoja eksâmenu. took a clean handkerchief out of his pocket and cleaned the blackboard with it. kad atbraucâm uz Londonu. using I’m afraid you are mistaken. Pagâjuðajâ nedçïâ mums bija kontroldarbs gramatikâ. She always took part in the work of the English club (to give a good opportunity. – I’m afraid you are mistaken. she showed her round the University (to admire the fine old building with its beautiful columns). 4. 4. Viòa pabeidza skolu piecus gadus atpakaï un uzreiz iestâjâs universitâtç. kâ pareizi atbildçt uz ðo jautâjumu. (to be one’s dream. At his English lesson he prepared his homework. Viòð bieþi izlaida lekcijas pagâjuðajâ semestrî. on the contrary. Steve used to work with tapes in the language laboratory (to get rid of mistakes in pronunciation). had breakfast. Then she went shopping. In a quarter of an hour he came back panting and put in front of his clients two tickets for a bullfight. 5. 4. 33 . Make them negative and interrogative. 1. 8. Absence makes the heart grow fonder. I’m not surprised. the waiter didn’t understand them. Read the following story and reproduce it. but he didn’t see us. they spelled it. He’s always deep in thought. I’ll get up in a minute. He’s a professor. It will be warm on Sunday. we didn’t. He took out his notebook and pencil and drew a cow. Ex. nor did the waiter speak English. Ex. 1. Put special questions to the words in bold type. You will get soaked to the skin. Explain the use of the future indefinite tense in the following sentences. There is no smoke without fire. There will be a discussion at our club tonight. God helps those who help themselves. 7. when in Spain. 7. 5. 3. We saw Mr. 2. The Englishmen wanted to order some milk. he didn’t. nodded in approval and rushed out of the room. 3. 4. using the following proverbs in short situations. Neither of them spoke Spanish. – – – – – – – – – – – How did you enjoy the play last night? Very much indeed. Soon summer will come. All in vain. The performance ended rather early. came into a small restaurant to have their lunch. Did you go straight home? No. Express the idea of a past action. Two heads are better than one. At last it occured to one of the Englishmen to draw a cow. Roberts on our way. they drew it with their fingers on the table. Didn’t he? No. 9. Where to? We walked home. They pronounced the word several times. All the students will take an active part in it. They will come back soon. using the past indefinite tense and the vocabulary of the text below. Act out a conversation. 6. 2. 1. And what did you do then? We went for a walk. The waiter smiled. The appetite comes with eating. The Future Indefinite Tense Ex. We went to a cafe ÿ. Misunderstood Two Englishmen.Ex. Comment on the use of the present indefinite and the future indefinite. If you (to wait) ten minutes. we shall be late for our classes. 2. It will rain soon. – Certainly. confirming them.Ex. If it gets dark we shall lose our way. using the future indefinite tense. 5. 1. Look at the clouds. I (not to work) any more today. Ex. You just stay there until I (to tell) you. we shall get wet through. 5. 2. 3. 5. Use the present indefinite or the future indefinite instead of the infinitives in brackets. I (to come round) tomorrow night. 5. The weather will be fine. 7. 3. 5. 2. When it (to come) to an end it (to be) a wonderful experience for him. 7. we shall. If we wait until the rain stops. The necessary papers (to reach) you in due course. If we run in the rain. Respond to the statements. 6. You (not to sit down)? 7. They’ll go to the country on Sunday. 7. 3. Jim is afraid that his mother will send him to bed as soon as the clock strikes 9. We’ll travel to the South this summer. and I (to clean up) the house. There will be a storm soon. Model: – We’ll have a good rest on the bank of the river. 4. 2. We’ll live in the country-house in summer. 6. 4. unless somebody tells her about it right now. 8. 4. I (to stay) with you. and the match begins at half past nine. 2. 6. It (to be) easier when you get away. 4. They (to wonder) where I am. It really (to make) a man of him. 3. Children will have the longest holidays in summer. Ex. 1. We’ll go to the skating-rink today. 3. Use the future indefinite instead of the infinitives in brackets. according to the weather forecast. He will call you as soon as he finishes his work. 1. 1. Now I (to tell) you a secret if you (to promise) not to tell anyone. She will never know about it. 6. He certainly (to find) it out for you. Ask your fellow-student: if s/he will go home by bus or in a taxi today. if s/he will read the book in class or at home. It (not to do) Tony any real harm to wait. I (to run) both of us round in the car. Ex. my girl. 8. 6. I think you will be cold if you don’t put on your hat and coat. I (not to mention) it unless he (to do). 4. You go home and if we (to see) Tommy we (to tell) him. Ex. Within a week you (to agree) with me. We (not to see) one another every day. 34 . you’ll catch neither. Temperatûra celcies lîdz +20°C. 1. 5. out of mind. I’m not afraid of rain. 3. tu nokârtosi visus eksâmenus. and its rather cold too. Every bird likes his own nest. I like rainy weather. ar slidâm. Act out a conversation. Ïoti daudzi no viòiem dzied un dejo. – Don’t go now. Drîz iestâsies ziema. vai mûsu grupas studenti piedalîsies koncertâ. to travel by air. to freeze over. Ja nelîs. if s/he will stay at the University after lectures. Express the pure future. mçs obligâti brauksim uz meþu. Translate. – All right. 10. Ex. 6. vai rît bûs labs laiks. it is. Summer. 2. 8. 4. using the present indefinite in the adverbial clauses of time and condition and the vocabulary of the text below. Winter. – Myself I prefer sunny days. Ex. First think then speak. if the winter will be frosty. – What nasty weather we are having today! It’s raining heavily. 1. Rît kïûs siltâks. Interesanti. to spend on’s holidays at the seaside. to enjoy skating and skiing. If you run after two hares. about 15 degrees of frost. I don’t think it’ll rain long. using the following proverbs in short situations. viss mainîsies. 2. tiklîdz pabeigðu ðo rakstu. Ex. to make friends with somebody. It never rains but it pours.if s/he will go to the theatre or to a concert this Sunday. Express the idea of future action. to snow heavily. if it will rain tomorrow. to lie in the sun. veidos sniegavîrus. Ja tu cîtîgi strâdâsi. As a man sows. It’s wonderful to be out of town on a fine warm day. 9. pikosies. 6. 8. 3. 2. un bçrni brauc ar slçpçm. 7. Out of sight. Wait till it stops if you are in no hurry. Ex. it doesn’t matter. 35 . to swim and bathe. bet ja bûs silts. It’s ever so nice to walk in the rain with your raincoat on. 1. 7. Es nezinu. You will get through if you go out now. to be fond of mountaineering. 5. mçs brauksim uz laukiem. – Well. speaking about summer and winter. Es tev palîdzçðu. – Of course. Tiklîdz atnâks pavasaris. so shall he reap. to have a wonderful time on Sunday. 4. to be covered with clouds. She can’t hear me very well because (to make a lot of noise). The women on the stage are wearing white blouses with long black skirts. 2. Ex. 2. “My friend Smith will dine with us this evening”. Once being in his office he says to his friend. We are having breakfast now. It is snowing hard. Robert is playing chess with his father. Mike is playing football. Read the story and reproduce it. 5. 8. and my aunt … . Then he gives the receiver to Smith and says. this telephone business is a wonderful thing. The children are drawing on sheets of paper. and their teacher … . I can’t hear the phone because (to listen to the radio). and my husband … . I can’t walk very far because (to wear high-heeled shoes). I can’t go out because it is raining heavily. 5. My granny is knitting. I want you to dine with me this evening. 7. “Ask your friend Smith if he thinks we keep a hotel”. Smith. 7. My friend can’t come because (to leave for London) tomorrow. They are meeting their friends at the airport tomorrow morning. “I tell you. She can’t help you now because (to cook dinner). 4. 36 . and the girls … . 2. “Now listen and hear how distinctly her reply will come back”. 4. Mother is cooking the dinner. He speaks over the telephone. He can’t phone her at the moment because (to sleep). He is always phoning his friends late at night. I can’t come up to him now because (to speak). I am going to the reading hall to get ready for my grammar test. All the guests in the room are listening to the music. Mrs. 1. I shall call my wife and tell her to expect you”. and her brother … . 3. indeed. 4. Little Lizzy is playing with her cat. Explain the use of the present continuous tense in the following sentences. 6. Model: I can’t go out because (to rain heavily). Express a contrasting idea. 8. 11. Mr. The Present Continuous Tense Ex. 5.Ex. 2. Brown’s reply comes back quite distinctly. Make them negative and interrogative. 3. Smith by name. 1. Put special questions to the words in bold type. 1. 8. 6. The boys are eating sandwiches. 7. 3. You can’t see Tom at the moment because (to have a walk). Brown is very proud of the telephone he has at home. Ex. They are talking about their life and studies. and her daughter … . Complete the following sentences. She is wearing a new dress. 1. 3. 6. I am washing up. and the men … . and Judy … . 9. Act out the conversation. 2. Lûk. why s/he is going shopping. Who are you going shopping with? 8. 5. if s/he is graduating from the University this year. 4. Tagad es gatavojos starptautiskâm sacîkstçm. why s/he is putting on her/his warm winter coat. 1. “Is she going to spank you. Charlie’s father is rather thin and when he comes home he is able to creep under the bed to get Charlie out. ka lîst lietus. Where are you going shopping? 7. His mother is too stout to creep after him. Nâkoðajâ nedçïâ mçs atzîmçjam mana tçva dzimðanas dienu. – Ko viòa dara? – Gatavo vakariòas. Ask your fellow-student: if his/her brother is doing his/her lessons at the moment. 3. what s/he is going to do after classes. Tâ ir mazâ Nellija. Ðajâ fotogrâfijâ jûs redzat daudz cilvçku. When the boy sees his father come. Man liekas. Mans sapnis ir kïût par èempionu tenisâ. 8. 5. Translate. 7. using the construction to be going to and the vocabulary of the text below. but he creeps under the bed. tâpçc tagad es uzklâju galdu. 1. When are the guests arriving? 5. giving your reasons. arî tagad viòð pïauj mauriòu. Read the story and retell it. Manam vectçvam patîk strâdât dârzâ.Ðodien mçs pieòemam viesus. where s/he is hurrying. un paðlaik viòas vecâkâ mâsa viòu pieskata. Where are you spending the weekend? 3. Why are you going to bed early tonight? 6. Ex. Charlie is a bad boy and his mother is going to spank him. Kur ir mamma? – Virtuvç. – Change your way of life? 37 . what s/he is taking with her/him for the week-end. Ex. if the weather is going to change soon. bet pçc tam laistîs ziedus. What are you doing tomorrow evening? 2. or whether s/he is watching TV. Paskaties pa logu. Viòam paliek 50 gadi. Viòas vecâki ir aizbraukuði. too. Who is spending the weekend with you? 4. Answer the following questions. When are you coming back? Ex. 8. he asks. 7. Viòi stav uz ielas un gaida savu iemîïoto mâkslinieku. Daddy?” Ex. 4.Ex. – I’m going to change my way of life. if s/he is staying away from classes tomorrow. 6. 6. – Pete is always making a lot of mistakes in his tests. 2. A drowning man will catch at a straw. – Are you really? – I’m going to have only three meals a day and take some other radical steps. Ex. Ex. 1. Ex. She plays the piano all the time. 1. She is always telling me what she does in her spare time. so you must lie on it. – Radical steps? – Yes. When are you going to start? – I’m going to think about it the day after tomorrow. 6. On his way he 38 . 11. 3. I never talk when I am working. I don’t think she is quite well. Actions speak louder than words. 2. 12. Comment on the use of the present indefinite and the present continuous. As you make your bed. Model: – Pete makes a lot of mistakes in his tests all the time. 4. 4. 2. and never listen either. I (to look) for Tommy. My neighbour is a great cinema-goer. using the following proverbs in short situations. You often (not to see) her now. Express the feeling of irritation and criticism by means of the present continuous. I am certain to know all about it when I (to get) his letter. She is not a hard-working girl. 5. Express the idea of an action taking place at the given period of time or express intention. She is fond of music. Father. His hobby is gardening. 6. It’s never too late to learn. 10. Ex. Have you seen him? 2. I (not to joke). I’m going to work in my garden and help my mother with the housework. I’m staying right here until she’s out of trouble. You (to joke). 3. Use the present indefinite or the present continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets. 1. 5. She dances all the night through. She is fond of dancing. 1. do you? 3. He works in his garden too much. She doesn’t do her homework sometimes. He’s going to America as soon as he gets his job permit. 4. She goes to the cinema very often. transforming the following sentences. 5. 9. Can’t you see that he’s laughing at you? 3.– Yes. 4. She talks about her health for hours. – That’s wonderful. Philip? – No. You are always dozing when there is something unpleasant to face. I’m going to eat less and take long walks. 6. Put special questions to the words in bold type. The Past Continuous Tense Ex. They were discussing the new film the whole evening. 5. Ex. 6. viòi paðlaik çd vakariòas. 13. 1. 7. par ko viòi runâ. At the moment my friend is speaking over the telephone (to write a report). 7. Make them negative and interrogative. I (to act) in this case solely in your interest. His dog always (to attack) strangers! Ex. 7. 3. Paskaties. Rîtdien mçs ejam uz teâtri. 1.generally (to meet) many children who (to go) to school. The old saying came back to him. bet pavasarî atgrieþas atpakaï. We were listening to the radio yesterday morning. Explain the use of the past continuous tense in the following sentences. I was always forgetting the simplest things in the exams. He was always putting off some difficult work to the very last moment. 6. Model: At the moment he is taking an exam in English (prepare for). Iesim uz peronu. cik spilgti spîd saule. At the moment the guide is showing the English tourists the sights of our town (to take the tourists to the museum). tâ kâ viòi runâ ïoti klusi. Translate into English. 2. ‘A man’s fate (to lie) in his own heart’. 5. Say what you were doing at a certain moment in the past. using the present indefinite or the present continuous. What were you reading when your friend came to see you? 2. Use the past continuous. 1. 4. 4. 3. 8. Studenti kârto eksâmenus. They were expecting some guests last Tuesday evening. At this time yesterday he was preparing for his exam in English. vilciens pienâk pçc 5 minûtçm. 1. At the moment my parents are having a walk outside (to watch TV). Netrokðòojiet gaitenî. Vilcieni atiet un pienâk precîzi pçc saraksta. Refer the action to the past. Pagaidiet mazliet. 2. Es nesaprotu. What did you see 39 . 2. I was reading an English book in the library. 2. Ex. 4. At the moment my fellowstudents are preparing for their test reading in phonetics (to give a talk). What happened when you were taking your entrance exams? 4. She was always smiling. so we couldn’t take her seriously. Steve was doing his English homework the whole day yesterday. 8. Rudenî putni aizlîdo uz siltajâm zemçm. What game were you playing when we stopped to watch you? 3. 3. 8. 3. While my friend was listening to the text in the lab. 1. Ex. ka pulkstens 8 viòð strâdâja nevis ofisâ. Read the stories and reproduce them. Viòi vienmçr pielaida daudz kïûdu rakstu darbos. 2. what time was s/he taking her/his exam in German yesterday morning.while you were walking about our town? 5. what s/he was doing while her/his mother was cooking in the kitchen. kamçr jûs trençjâties sporta zâlç. 5. using the past continuous. When a boy. 4. uz kuriem bija grûti atbildçt. Why didn’t you want to share the room with Susan? (to talk about her health). What were you revising when the teacher came in? 8. 4. why s/he wasn’t doing anything in the classroom while her/his fellowstudents were translating a new text. She told Sam that she was feeling terrible because she was very lonely. Yesterday Alice was staying home all day. Last winter the weather was awful (rain). Translate. Respond to the remarks. 40 . Viòð visu laiku uzdeva jautâjumus. At about 10 o’clock she felt better. why s/he was hurrying to the University when you saw her/him. Ex. 1. bet viòa neatnâca. She made good progress in English (to work hard). 4. Es zinu precîzi. 7. Visu laiku sniga. After school Sam stopped at her house to give her the homework and find out how she was feeling. What were you listening to while we were talking in small groups? 7. 1. but then it was too late to go to school. Pârtraukumâ mçs viòu gaidîjâm. bet mâjâs. Ask your fellow-students: – – – – – what report s/he was making when you entered the room. When she got up in the morning she felt ill and decided not to go to school. Her friends were all at school. Jûsu grupas studenti spçlçja tenisu sporta laukumâ. Ted was naughty (to talk back). Vakar mana mâsa spçlçja klavieres visu vakaru. 7. 6. Viòa skatîjâs interesantu pârraidi. It was thawing and she didn’t want to go outdoors. 3. 5. Nick didn’t pass a single exam last term (to idle away one’s time). un mçs nevarçjâm braukt ar slidâm. Alec again failed in French last term (to put things off). 6. Sam was not planning to stay at her house very long. 5. so he spent the whole evening with her. They were all having their lessons. 6. 1. kad kâds pieklauvçja pie durvîm. but she was lonely. 3. Who were you waiting for when I saw you yesterday? 6. She had no one to talk to. What were you doing while the guests were dancing? Ex. – with whom s/he was practising the intonation patterns while you were writing a composition. 8. Ex. 2. I just (to have) breakfast when the telephone (to ring). Bija zinâms. and his mother punished him. 5. Ex. 2. It will be raining hard in about ten minutes.2. but neither of the cups (to break). bathing. soon forgotten. viòi pusdienoja. Ex. 8. 9. daddy. 4. but she (to read) and (not to hear) me. Kad mçs vizinâjamies ar slçpçm. 6. Nobody (to want) to speak. “What’s the matter with you. We (to walk) in silence when he suddenly (to ask) me if I (can) help him. 5. 5. Ann (to drop) two cups while she (to wash) up last night. Eddie was sitting in a corner of the room and crying. 1. 7. Express the idea of an action taking place at a certain moment in the past. boating. 4.3. He will be having a wonderful time in the summer camp next June. Put special questions to the words in bold type. Good clothes open all doors. Kad es atnâcu. Viòð man pateica. 4. We (to walk) in silence for a long time. 3. 3. Ex. 6. ka drîz aizbrauc no Londonas. The Future Continuous Tense Ex. I have only had a quarrel with your wife”. 1. my son?” Eddie wiped his tears and answered. The anxious father asked him. “Nothing much. Vakar viòð bija aizòemts visu vakaru. Make them negative and interrogative. 2. 3. So many men. 6. 5. 1. sâka snigt. Eddie was naughty. The old man. using the following proverbs in short situations. Translate the following sentences using the past indefinite or the past continuous. fishing. We shall be lying in the sun. viòð remontçja televizoru. Robert and Tom (to talk) on the staircase as I went down. Soon learnt. He (to wait) there for half an hour. I (to speak) to her several times. During our holidays we shall be skating and skiing. picking flowers all day long. 8. but nobody (to come). 1. ka delegâcija ierodas nâkamajâ rîtâ. When you return with your basket full of mushrooms we shall be having lunch. Explain the use of the futute continuous tense in the following sentnences. 1. 41 . 4. Use the past indefinite or the past continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets. When his father came home. who (to sit) on the bench beside me (to keep) silent for some time. 10. Slow but sure. so many minds. 2. By this time tomorrow we shall be travelling by car to the seaside. 2. First think then speak. Es veselu mçnesi ciemojos pie savas draudzenes Rîgâ. what s/he will be thinking about after her/his journey. Respond to the statements. 6. – Oh. Act out a conversation. 2. anyway. 5. She’ll be helping her grandfather in the garden all day long. what s/he will be wearing if s/he is caught in a thunderstorm. 4. The ponds are frozen over. It’s harvest time. 3. 2. It is freezing harder and harder from day to day. too. But the climate in Britain is changeable. what s/he will be doing if it is raining all day long tomorrow. looking at the rain outside and envying me. Nick is going to see his aunt who lives in the country. I’ll send you a postcard from Rome. I won’t. all day long. – Will you really? – Yes. In about twenty minutes she … . it’s clear as day. – Tomorrow I’ll be flying to Italy and you’ll be working at the office. At this time the day after tomorrow I … . My favourite season is winter. I am sure. Everything is going to change soon. Ex. Complete the following sentences by using the future continuous. 3. 4. For a few hours tomorrow we … . Winter is coming. I like this season for there are a lot of sunny frosty days in winter.Ex. Ask your fellow-student: – – – – – – if s/he will be staying at your friend’s for another fortnight. if s/he will be going for a picnic lunch at 7 o’clock tomorrow. But she won’t join him. Model: – Peter is going to call for Ann on his way to the lake. 4. I’ll be enjoying playing table tennis and chatting with friends. if it will be pouring for at least half an hour. 5. 1. I’ll be having a good time. 1. Spring is coming. etc. – No. Ex. For three weeks next term we … . in a few days. Gardening is her hobby. next month. 2. by that time next month. The farmers will be busy in the fields for the next few weeks. In a few days I expect he … . 3. 5. There’s a spell of sunny warm weather in our region now. 42 . using the future continuous and the vocabulary of the text below. for the next few weeks. using the future continuous and one of the suitable adverbials: all afternoon. Ex. Next Sunday between two and four o’clock we … . When will you be coming back? – In a few weeks probably. 6. 1. 1. Ja viòð aizbrauks uz ilgu laiku. 7. 4. how long they have known each other. 1. Express the idea of an action. 3. She has taught children for ten years already. Good health is above wealth. 5. which will be going on at a definite moment in the future. 2. Ex. Mçs çdîsim vakariòas pçc kâdâm divdesmit minûtçm. Es viòam to pajautâðu. why s/he hasn’t been home for a month. The Present Perfect Tense Ex. I am a student now. 6. Ex. Paliec ar mani vçl mazliet. 1. A London policeman stopped a girl crossing the street at the wrong place and said. Es vienmçr apciemoðu tevi un stâstîðu interesantus stâstus. Put special questions to the words in bold type. We have celebrated the anniversary of the foundation of our University. using the following proverbs in short situations. if s/he has ever travelled in the Alps. 6. if s/he has ever spoken to an Englishman. mâte mani gaidîs. 43 . Translate using the future continuous or the future indefinite. My dream has come true. 8. Putni aizlidos uz dienvidiem pçc pâris dienâm. Tu nebûsi vientuïa. Make them negative and interrogative. and you won’t be able to smell them”. “My dear young lady. Mçs dzersim kafiju pçc pusdienâm. 2. They have received a new flat lately. Everything is good in its season. 8. Neaizejiet. if s/he has been to any museum for the last 5 years. 2. 3.Ex. kâ parasti. viòa ïoti skums bez viòa. Ask your fellow-student: – – – – – – if s/he has been to Germany. We have been friends since childhood. 4. Read the story and reproduce it. Ex. 5. You have done your work very well. Explain the use of the present perfect tense in the following sentences. Man ir jâiet. 2. ja jûs vçlaties. you’ll be getting flowers. Anna. Mçs drîz dzersim tçju. 7. Viòð driz atkal atnâks mûs apciemot. 6. 7. 4. It’s my friend’s. Ex. It’s his. “Is this seat vacant?” he asks the man sitting beside the briefcase.You are going to see a new film. Pârtulkojiet ðo tekstu pçc tam. The other man tries to catch the briefcase. 5. but in vain. lying on it. to make good progress. to work hard. the man who has been looking for a vacant seat. Respond. 5. Es esmu tikko atbraucis no Anglijas. You’ve come to see your friend. kad pabeigðu to lasît pats. When the train starts. Few minutes pass and the train is just about to leave. 1. You ask your friend why his/her pronunciation is so good. Tagad viòa atpûðas. He wants to be comfortable.Ex. to have lots of friends. but I have done it orally. to switch it on. Paðlaik mçs brokastojam. it isn’t. to work in a company. What will s/he say? 3. with a briefcase. “No. I’m afraid so”. 2. The train is very crowded. Why? – I’m sorry. to be a good specialist. What will s/he say? 4. You invite your friend to go with you. to have a look. Tas nedarbojas. Read the story and retell it. What will his mother say? 2. to become a student. Tu vari to izlabot? 3. Es nekad neesmu braukusi ar metro. Neesmu tevi redzçjis simts gadus. I’ll sit here until he comes back”. and the seat next to him is vacant. Kaut kas ir noticis ar televizoru. 3. he will certainly need his briefcase”. “Your friend will miss the train if he doesn’t hurry”. Translate. He has just gone to get a paper”. You are going to listen to a new song. “Your friend has missed the train. “Well. 4. Ex. for ten years. People are looking for vacant seats. 44 . Mûsu pilsçtâ nav metro. using the suggested combinations of words and the present perfect tense. kad iemâcîsieties visus nepazîstamos vârdus. using the present perfect. Es varu iedot tev ðo românu tikai pçc tam. something has gone wrong. What will s/he say? Ex. Suddenly a man sees one. You haven’t done it. using the present perfect. But your friend can’t give you the cassette with it. 8. since last year. saying. Model: – I want to collect your notebooks with the homework. 2. Mâte tikko sagatavoja tçju un sviestmaizes. 3. But s/he doesn’t want to. 1. He is out. to put it right. Kur tu biji visu ðo laiku? 6. “Yes. 1. Viòa ir izmazgâjusi veïu un sakopusi dzîvokli. 6. Speak about Steve Smith. and he gets what he has deserved. takes the briefcase and throws it out of the window. S/he can read any text with correct sounds and intonation. Irene came home soon (before). 3. 8. 6. I can’t go with you as I (not to finish) my work. 7. 4. 3. 1. 1. James listened to the latest news. Mçs sastrîdçjâmies. Kad tas notika? – Tikko. 1. Ðajâ nedçïâ man gandrîz nebija laika. 8.Ex. 2. You (to see) her on Monday. 4. We (to miss) the train. Make them negative and interrogative. (before). The performance (to begin) at 7 o’clock and (to last) for 3 hours. 5. Mary had her breakfast. Mary had taught English at school for two years before she left. 2. The sun had appeared in the sky before they left. Put special questions to the words in bold type. How long you (to know) him? – I (to know) him since 1985. Bet mçs neesam sastapuðies daudzus gadus. Mrs. 2. 6. 5. (after). Use the past indefinite or the present perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets. 9. I (to read) this book when I was at school. 6. as soon as. I had known her for five years before we parted. lai pârlûkotu avîzi. 1. Tom said he had missed two classes since the beginning of the second term. when. Bet es pats neko neesmu redzçjis. Ex. When he got home after classes. 4. 2. Kad viòi aizbrauca? – Tieði nezinu. 7. (before). 8. Then he went downstairs to the recreation room. Smith laid the table for supper. Es viòu neredzçju trîs nedeïas. 5. ka neko nezinu par to. 3. Mary dusted the furniture in her flat. Explain the use of the past perfect tense in the following sentences. using the past perfect. 2. You are a little late. Tu redzçji viòu ðodien? – Jâ. When he (to arrive)? – He (to arrive) at 2 o’clock. 4. He (to live) in Poland for two years and then (to go) to the USA. 1. Model: Irene’s mother cooked dinner. You (to have) dinner yet? 7. Ðodien mçs pusdienojâm restorânâ kopâ. Es nebiju mâjâs. Then the clock struck 8. The Past Perfect Tense Ex. Soon she felt tired. The lesson had already lasted for fifteen minutes when I entered the classroom. The family sat down to table to have 45 . Ex. Ko tu teici? – Es teicu. Pirmo reizi par to dzirdu. before. viòð paziòoja man labas ziòas. Irene’s mother had cooked dinner before Irene came home. Translate into English using the present perfect or the past indefinite. 3. 10. Combine the following sentences with the help of the conjunctions after. Now we’ll have to walk. The lecture just (to begin). Es agrâk pazinu tavu tçvu. his sister had gone to bed. 8. 7. (as soon as). 2. 2. 4. He sighed again and again. Ex. John had no sooner mentioned the picnic lunch when … . Ann had no sooner seen clear soup on the menu than she said she was going to take it as it was her favourite soup. 4. Hardly had Mrs. It had hardly begun drizzling when … . Hardly had Mrs. He had hardly begun his speech when the audience interrupted him with stormy applause. They had scarcely entered the barn when … . John’s sister began to knit a sweater for him. 3. Transform the following sentences so as to use the inverted word order for the sake of emphasis. Margot (to go) to the door and (to lock) it. 5. (after). 1.it. Smith had hardly asked Ann to fetch some more milk from the kitchen when the latter readily brought it. Smith had no sooner finished his bacon and eggs than his wife gave him a cup of strong tea. Smith come into the garden when … . Mr. The house (to be) much smaller than he (to think) at first. 6. They had hardly entered the canteen when they saw their friend Edd at a small table near the window. 5. damp fields. Ex. Model: Mrs. Ex. Helen joined our company. 46 . Ann and Bob were hungry. Scarcely had the lesson begun when … . and (to return) with the key. 6. When the cinema (to be) over they (to go) for a walk across the dark. Smith asked Ann to fetch some more milk from the kitchen when the latter readily brought it. 1. Use the past indefinite or the past perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets. 4. Nelly introduced her sister Helen to us. Then John came home. We had no sooner opened the door than she rushed out of the room and disappeared. 4. 6. 3. At the age of seventy-four he (to be) excited as a boy about his expedition. 1. like one who (to escape) from danger. They started for the nearest canteen. 5. Complete the following sentences. They had hardly left the house when it began to rain heavily. There was a wide choice of dishes on the menu. 6. Ex. 5. It (to be) all so sudden that for a moment no one (to know) what (to happen). 2. (when). Translate into English using the past perfect or the past indefinite/continuous. He (to tell) me that they (to be) at the same public school and (to be) friends ever since. Near the door he (to see) the man he (to notice) at the station. 3. 3. 5. 2. I shall go to the country for a couple of days. 1. Shall we come round at 8 o’clock? 2. Toms bija nodarbojies ar sportu piecus gadus. Ex. “Better”. madam”. she did her best to be concise. was the doctor’s advice. The next day the woman returned and said. 4. tie uzreiz sâka vît lîgzdas. 2. 8. 7. “The same”. bet visu dienu lîòaja sîks lietus un lîdz vakaram mçs pilnîgi izmirkâm. This had lasted for a week and she hadn’t said more than ten words to the doctor since she burnt her hand. Model: – Will you be able to return from your trip on Sunday? – Yes. Kad es atnâcu mâjâs. Put special questions to the words in bold type. un lietus sâka lît kâ no spaiòa. Tikko noplaiksnîja zibens un nograuda pçrkons. Respond. The Future Perfect Tense Ex. 6. As she knew. Viòð bija satriekts. 3. 5. “A burn”. pirms viòð piedalîjâs starptautiskâs sacensîbâs. After we have done 3 years at the University. Tiklîdz putni bija atgriezuðies no siltajâm zemçm. viesniòi bija jau aizgâjuði. kad iezvanîjâs telefons. 2. we shall have our teaching practice. Make them negative and interrogative. tâ kâ vilciens tikko aizbrauca. kad sâka pûst spçcîgs vçjð. Viòð neatstâja pilsçtu kopð tâ laika. said the doctor. He requested them to speak briefly and to the point.1. Expand your responses. Will you finish the work on Monday? 3. 4. A woman who had burnt her hand came to consult him. After I have passed my first exam. 3. Will she make her new dress for 47 . kad uzzinâja. ka viss bija beidzies. 1. I shall have done most of the work by 7 o’clock. that he was very particular in this respect. Lai gan stipri nelija. Showing the doctor her hand she said. The Shorter the Better A well-known English physician hated it when his patients spoke too much about their troubles. He will have completed his work by the time you telephone him. 1. I’ll have done all the important things in Riga by Sunday. They will have got married by the time you return from abroad. 5. Read the story and retell it. Lîdz pulkstens deviòiem viòa bija pabrokastojusi un posâs doties prom. “A compress”. using the verb in the future perfect and by then. Explain the use of the future perfect tense in the following sentences. “I’d like all my patients to be as sensible as you are. 6. At last she asked about the fee. Will they have supper at 6 o’clock? 4. 7. We shall have made up our minds what to do by then. I’ll have been at home by then. Ex. “None” exclaimed the delighted physician. Think what questions you would ask about the following statements. Their steamer has been sailing down the Mississippi for a fortnight. 1. Uz ðo laiku viòi bûs nokârtojuði visus eksâmenus un aizbraukuði uz mâjâm. Baidos. Mçs gaidâm ciemiòus. 3.the party? 5. and by the time the sun rises. Before we part with our friends. 6. 48 . Express the idea of a completed future action. Pulkstens astoòos mçs ejam uz kino. Lîdz pusastoòiem es pacentîðos padarît visus mâjas darbus. nopirkt produktus veikalâ un sagatavot vakariòas. ka viòð jau bûs aizsûtîjis vçstuli. 3. kad mçs atnâksim. Ex. using the following proverbs in short situations. Uz ðo laiku es bûðu sagatavojis visu pusdienâm un uzklâðu galdu. janvârim mçs jau bûsim nokârtojuði visus eksâmenus. Es esmu pârliecinâta. My parents moved to Canada in 1970. 1. Ex. Explain the use of the present perfect continuous tense in the following sentences. 5. My friend has been strictly keeping to his diet since his last visit to the doctor. ka lîdz tam laikam jûs mani bûsiet aizmirsis. Translate into English using the necessary future tense. I shall have got everything arranged by the time my friends call for me. 3. We shall have got home before it gets dark. 1. Mary has been wishing to become a teacher since her childhood. 2. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense Ex. we shall have made plans for going to the country next Sunday. 4. 1. Put special questions to the words in bold type. Will they manage to build the new supermarket if winter comes earlier than usual? 6. Since early morning Pete has been reading stories and legends. We shall start early. 2. 5. 1. 4. 2. Jûnija beigâs sâkas studentu brîvdienas. I am going to spend the coming weekend with my friends out of town if the weather is nice. 4. We shan’t have got tired before our trip comes to an end because we shall have had a lot of rest. 3. 2. Viòi atnâks tieði pulkstens 5. 5. 4. All’s well that ends well. Lîdz 23. we shall have reached the suburbs. A friend in need is a friend indeed. They have been talking about English traditions since the beginning of their class. 5. I have been living in Toronto since. 6. Make them negative and interrogative. Shall we be able to see him if we arrive in time? Ex. It has been raining so hard that you can’t go for a walk now unless you want to catch a cold. 5. Answer the questions. 3. 4.Ex. Viòð izskatâs vesels un spçcîgs pçc vasaras brîvdienâm. sauïojâs un visu laiku spçlçja futbolu. 2. It is still raining. She is still knitting it. Es dejoju visu vakaru. 1. Viòa to gatavoja veselu nedçïu. He is still wearing it. Padejosim. – Piedod. bet es piekusu. 2. Model: – Going for a walk is out of the question. – if Edward has been repairing the iron. 3. – if his/her mother has been cooking in the kitchen or whether she has been watching TV all the morning. – if Helen has been working in the library. 3. She is still pressing them. My grandmother began to knit this sweater a fortnight ago. She came to the language laboratory two hours ago. Ted looks so tired and pale. Where have you been spending your summer holidays? 5. Viòð peldçjâs upç. 49 . What has he been doing? 6. Have they been bringing in grain? 2. Mary began to press her clothes at 8 o’clock. 1. Viòas referâts ir ïoti labs. Ted’s mother is upset. It started raining last Sunday. Ex. Translate into English. Has it been raining hard? – Certainly it has. There are a lot of puddles and the roads are muddy. using the present perfect continuous. Ex. 2. The farmers look tired. Mçs zinâm ðo dialogu no galvas. Have you been swimming and lying in the sun? 4. You look so fresh and sunburnt. or whether she has been preparing meals at home all the morning. She is still practising there. Viòð daudz praktizçjâs fonolaboratorijâ visa semestra laikâ. They have been studying the text since Monday. Autumn is harvest time. Combine the two sentences into one by introducing the present perfect continuous. Has she been speaking to Ted’s teacher? Ex. 4. They are still working at it. Model: They began to study the text on Monday. Have you been eating blackberries? 3. 5. 1. You look so happy. 5. 4. Ask your fellow-students: – if s/he has been looking forward to travelling around Europe. Your lips and hands are so black. or whether he has been looking through the newspapers all the day long. Viòam ir laba izruna. or whether s/he has been thinking of her/his coming examinations all day long. Pete bought this light suit a year ago. Mçs klausîjâmies to daudzas reizes nedçïas laikâ. 6. but I (not to make) good progress yet. I (to try) to learn English for years. 3. By last year he had been studying English for three years. One of them has become particularly thin. using the past perfect continuous. Read the story and reproduce it. 2. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense Ex. Ted had been doing sports for a year before he joined the sports club. I (to think) about you all day. 1. At last one of them exclaims. I (to wait) here for her since 7 o’clock and she (not to come) yet. You (to pass) your exam in English literature? 2. 7. Ex. I (to know) her all my life and we always (to be) good friends. 2. 4. “I am afraid you have been doing nothing but eating ever since”. Then his sister asked him to swim ashore. the other very fat. 5. Then he returned home. He never (to be) here before. 6. 7.Ex. That book (to lie) on the table for weeks. 5. 8. Use the present perfect or the present perfect continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets. John got tired as he had been hunting since early morning. 1. Combine the sentences. Then they started for the station. Explain the use of the past perfect continuous tense in the following sentences. “Why! It’s Dick! I’m sure you have been fasting ever since I saw you last”. The family prepared everything for their departure for some hours. He lay in the sun for an hour. “As for you”. The children walked along the beach for a short time. 50 . Roger swam in the sea for half an hour. She had been working hard since she came. Then they chose a nice place. He had been eating for ten minutes when his friend called to pick him up. 3. We watched television for an hour and a half. We had been working for three hours before we stopped for a meal. At first they don’t recognize each other. 1. Ex. 4. 5. Tom had been travelling abroad for a year before he returned home. Then he went for a swim. 3. Put special questions to the words in bold type. replies the other. Too Much and Too Little Two middle-aged friends haven’t seen each other for ages. Then I turned it off. you (to sit) here all the time and doing nothing. Model: Tom travelled abroad for a year. You (not to read) it yet? 4. 2. Make them negative and interrogative. I can’t help being angry with you. 6. 1. 5. 4.Ex. Mçs zinâjâm. – what s/he had been discussing for a little while before you entered the room. To make both ends meet. 3. 1. One day the king showed his verses to a learned man. When I passed you. Ârâ bija diezgan auksts. Again he showed him his verses and again asked what the man thought of them. Last night I met Pete. I saw some of our students there. kad nolçma apmeklçt Nacionâlo galerçju. 7. – if s/he had been playing chess or the guitar for a little while before you called on him/her. 2. you didn’t notice me. This made the king so angry that he sent his critic to prison. Ex. When I entered the hall. The people to whom he showed them praised them to the skies. He looked very tired. 6. tâ kâ atpûtâs dienvidos no mçneða sâkuma. mçs negaidot sastapâm senus draugus. 5. 3. 8. I rang you up last Sunday. 6. Ex. 2. “Take me back to prison. 5. – what s/he had been doing since morning before you called on her/him. Viòi ïoti labi iedega. ka Toms spçlç tenisu jau 3. Ex. 1. 4. 7. But you were out. When he returned from the South. Respond. 51 . Ask your fellow-student: – if s/he had been walking in the park for a long time when you met her/ him there. Mçs gaidîjâm viòu vairâk par stundu. he was brown. using the following proverbs in short situations. Read the story and reproduce it. 1. friends”. The learned man turned to the soldiers who had been standing near him since the beginning of the dinner and said in a loud voice. Tom said he had a lot of things to tell us. 2. Ass ziemeïu vçjð pûta jau vairâkas dienas. bet viòð neieradâs. Too much of a good thing is good for nothing. using the past indefinite or the past perfect continuous. using the past perfect continuous. she was surprised. A certain king liked to write verses. The man had been staying in prison for some time when the king decided to pardon him and invited him to dinner. which he himself thought perfect. Translate into English. They were glad when you joined them. Kad mçs atbraucâm uz Maijami. Ex. gadus. 4. When Nelly saw me. who found them poor and told the king about it. Express the idea of an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking. 3. Viòi bija pavadîjusi Londonâ divas dienas. I understood that he had been waiting for me since he got two tickets for the performance. Translate into English. Observe the sequence of tenses. 6. He told his lawyer he would leave three thousand pounds to each of his employees 52 . ka. viòð vienmçr ieslçdz radio. 4. 6. ka tuvâkajâ brîvdienâ viòð apmeklçs izstâdi. 1. lai paspçtu uz vilcienu pulkstens seðos. kâ mes dosimies ceïâ. 3. True to Himself An old businessman on his deathbed was making his will. (to remark). 1. – He reminded me that we were to start for our hiking tour pretty soon. 2. Read the following stories and reproduce them. (to tell somebody). ja nekas viòam netraucçs. Transform the sentences.The Sequence of Tenses Ex. Roger admitted that his best friend Henry would go cycling at the coming weekend. Viòð teica. Mans draugs mani pârliecinâja. (to assure somebody). ka. observing sequence of tenses. Observe the sequence of tenses. tâ kâ mçs devâmies prom nâkoðajâ dienâ. kad viòð gatavojas nodarbîbâm. Viòð ïoti steidzâs un teica mums. tiklîdz beigsies lekcija. Alice complained that they had been quarrelling since morning. Mums bija maz laika. 4. They didn’t know that I had joined the football team before they did. For weeks we talked of nothing else but our trip to Cyprus. 3. Comment on the sequence of tenses in the following sentences. 2. viòð steigsies uz staciju. 1. (to deny). I never made my journey to the south by car. Mans draugs man pateica. 6. He remarked it was unkind to forget people in their old age. 2. 3. ka tâ bija viena no labâkâm brîvdienâm. using the suggested introducing verbs. She promised she would have made up with Roger by lunch time. (to deny). 5. 2. Tçvs teica. 1. ka jau bija iesaiòojis visas lietas un gaidîs mûs uz perona pçc pusstundas. 7. I hope you’ll be a help in looking after the children at the seaside. I’ll certainly spend at least a fortnight at the seaside. 5. Ex. Ex. Ex. I didn’t spend much time on the beach. kuras viòð jebkad pavadîja laukos. (to remind). Model: – I hope you remember that we are to start for our hiking tour pretty soon. Bija skaidrs. 5. Picnics are popular with women and children and some men. 3. 4. 4. tiklîdz bûsim pabejguði brokastot. (to remind somebody). Soon the ship was lost sight of. for he was sure it would look splendid in the newspapers. Ex. – But you used to be fond of skating as far as I remember. Pete. He meant to produce a favourable impression on the public. however. and it was difficult to ski because it was snowing hard. Passive Voice Simple Tenses Ex. Two Champions Once a famous boxer went to a restaurant to have dinner. 3. – If you say it’s good. The lawyer was struck by such generosity. the famous boxer. – I say. but he was afraid that somebody would take it. When he returned. The students of our department are given every opportunity to master the language. I’m a little tired. You look very tired. – As for me I prefer summer sports. The weather forecast will be broadcast in a few minutes. He took off his coat at the door. too. I took part in the skiing competition. which said that his coat had been taken by a famous runner. We were sure that their plan wouldn’t be fulfilled. his coat was not there. 5. 4. 2. for none of his employees had stayed with him longer than a year. Reproduce the following dialogue in indirect speech with reference to the past. 5. such as swimming and tennis. If you join us next Sunday. 6. Your suggestions are never objected to. you’ll enjoy a real skiing trip. your grandmother will be well looked after. 1. 7. Vary the introducing verbs. and that he would come back in a few minutes. It’s too cold in winter. She was greatly impressed by the size and beauty of the city.who had been working with him for twenty years or more. – I like different kinds of sports. 1. So he took a piece of paper and wrote on it that the coat belonged to Tom Brown. He fastened the paper to his coat and went to have his dinner. but he found a note in its place. – You say so because you never skied in the country. – Yes. I’ll try this kind of sport. who would never come back. Observe the sequence of tenses. Don’t worry. 53 . Comment on the use of the passive voice. But the old man said he didn’t mean to be generous at all. 3. Multi-storeyed buildings are built in this district. This scientist is highly thought of. didn’t it? 5. using the passive simple tense forms. You take care of your pets. Our main subject is the English language. 7. 3. who(m) this hostel is inhabited by Ex. 2. 1. – Oh. wasn’t it? A lot of congratulations will be sent to our school on the occasion. 1. Many valuable pictures were destroyed by the fire. Express the same idea in the past and in the future. Lots of trees. 2. 2. 3. when its eightieth anniversary was celebrated. 4. My sister will graduate from the University next year. The visitors are recommended to attend another museum. Then it was founded in 1970. 5. Ex. Model: – We shall celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the foundation of our school in 2020. 4. 54 . that’s wonderful. 3. I was lent the book by a friend. That work was handled by other people. Explain why the doer of the action is mentioned in the following passive constructions. I think. Hundreds of students are taught various specialities at our University. 8. don’t you? Ex. when its hundredth anniversary will be celebrated. how often grammar tests are written. His remarkable collection was admired by everybody. 8. when our University was founded. Respond. 6. I was deeply struck by her beauty. bushes and flowers are planted in our city every spring. The students are paid their grants at the beginning of the month. This exhibition made a great impression on you. Your friend is a capable student. Ask your fellow-student: – – – – – – what video film they were shown last week.Ex. 1. These goods are exported to different countries. won’t you? 6. 5. 2. 7. 6. Read the story and reproduce it in indirect speech with reference to the past. 4. Ex. 4. 5. The dam may be broken by a sudden increase in water pressure. 6. The little boat was overturned by a huge wave. Animals in this zoo are taken good care of. The house will be locked up for the summer and it will be looked after by the gardener. You will pass all your exams at the end of the semester. “if you live in friendship and help each other. 3. Ex. The work is being done in silence now. What sort of work is being done. Ex. 2. Ann is in the sanatorium now. 1. You are being looked at. who s/he is being looked at by. who is being examined in the next classroom. why s/he is being looked for. 2. Fashionable shoes like these are being worn now. 1. Today many kinds of fruit are being sold at the market nearby.A Bundle of Sticks An old man had several sons who were always quarrelling. 1. but no one could break the bundle. I wonder? Ex. Each of the sons tried with all his strength. 55 . Then the old man untied the bundle. One day the sons were called before their father. Ann felt that she was being praised. Express the same idea in the past. 2. 5. 1. said their father. Comment on the use of the passive voice. I’m sure she is being taken good care of. you will always be strong and you need not be afraid of any enemy”. Use the following proverbs in short situations. 4. making all the necessary changes. What was being discussed when he came in? 3. What is done cannot be undone. 3. 6. and each son was given one stick. Ask your fellow-student: – – – – – – what is being held in the Assembly Hall now. the sticks were easily broken. what was being listened to when s/he came to the classroom. 6. He said he was always being made fun of. This interesting fashion is being followed now. 7. We knew we were being looked at. Never put off till tomorrow what can be done today. 2. 4. Continuous Tenses Ex. “My sons”. what was being built when s/he arrived in the city. A bundle of sticks was given to them and they were ordered to break it. Of course. 5. Your words are being taken no notice of. Read the joke and reproduce it in indirect speech with reference to the past. 2. Ex. but I can’t hear a word that is being said”. “Excuse me. how many new words will have been learnt by the end of the term. what I am telling my wife”. Comment on the use of the perfect forms. It appeared that the city had never been ruined like that before. No decision had been arrived at by the end of the meeting. 3. by what time all the letters will have been answered. 56 . 4. sir. 4. During the performance at the theatre a man in the pit was much annoyed by a young couple next to him who were talking all the time. 3. 2. exclaimed the talkative young man. Ask your fellow-student: – – – – how long this story has been discussed. 6. “It’s no business of yours. The man got angry with them. She had hardly been told the news when she ran out of the room. Have any of my ideas been carried out? Editor: Did you meet the office boy with the waste paper-basket as you came upstairs? Youth: Yes. Youth: I sent some suggestions telling you how to make your paper more interesting.Ex. 1. using the following proverbs in short situations. Ex. Read the dialogue and reproduce it in indirect speech with reference to the past. 5. 2. Editor: Well. Well begun is half done. His new novel has been so much talked of for the last month. “I like that”. 1. Ex. A good deed is never lost. 1. 5. he was carrying out your ideas. What can’t be cured must be endured. Express the idea of something being done. 3. By that time a new railway station will have been built in the city. if the article had already been translated by the end of the lesson. I did. Lots of interesting books have been sold today. Perfect Tenses Ex. 10. 2. Tea (to clear) away and the curtains (to draw). Nobody has ever treated me with such kindness. 9. 3. But there were signs that order (to restore) in the town. 6. 8. When I arrived the family were in the sitting-room. Use the required passive forms in the following short texts: 1. It was Saturday night and Pete sat watching TV.Ex. 4. 10. 1. 6. Ex. 12. 5. I (to receive) by one of the chiefs and (to take) for lunch to the canteen. On the chest of drawers there was a collection of small presents which (to bring) to the old woman at various times by her children. What books are people reading this year? 7. Express the idea of something that has/had been done. grumbled the driver. From where I stood the house (to hide) by lime trees. 11. People have made great progress in electronics. Joe (to try) and (to sentence) to five years in New Caledonia. 11. Two cargo ships (to unload). 1. All the furniture (to dust). Turn the following active constructions into passive ones omitting all mention of the doer of the action. gangsters 57 . They are discussing the possibility of new negotiations. Revision Exercises Ex. 1. People (to kill) by the hour on the screen. 9. I said we yet (not to teach) anything. They gave his little daughter a present. The piano (to move) out but a wireless set (to add). The walls (to paint) light blue. To know which side one’s bread is buttered on. I’m sure they will look better after him in an army hospital. His house was large. Supply the required passive forms of the verbs in brackets. They promised the workers higher wages. What do you call it? 3. 2. The scene (to put) an end to abruptly by the arrival of their father. It was now a charming room. 2. 5. 2. 4. 12. Ahead of us the port lay in a flood of lights. They will show the visitors all the new pictures. Someone found the children in the morning. The curtains (to draw) and the fire (to light). She (to operate) on at seven o’clock next morning. Policemen (to shoot) in the line of duty. Ex. using the following proverbs in short situations: 1. 3. 4. No one has made any mistake. 2. 8. and it completely (to furnish) and (to decorate). “Remember I (to pay) by the hour”. On Friday she (to give) two weeks notice at the Works. 7. Rome was not built in a day. They asked us to stay a little longer. 1). and ingenues (to save) from deaths by the quick-thinking young men. 58 . lai iesaistîtu studentus zinâtniskajâ darbâ. It was taken for granted that … 8). Ðo mâcîbu grâmatu lieto skolâs. Villains holding guns (to leap) at by brave. It is well-known that … 3). 8. 2. It has often been questioned whether … 6). Mûsu darbs drîz bûs pabeigts. Ðis jautâjums tika rûpîgi pçtîts. As is well-known … Ex. As has been said … 11). Veikalos tiek pârdotas daþâdas preces. It was widely assumed that … 7). Grîda ir krâsota 2 stundas. Mans brâlis tika aizsûtîts uz sanotoriju. unarmed actors. and her murderer (to bring) to justice by a cigarette company after long discussions which (to hold) in the office of a private detective. I thought that it had been clearly understood that … 10). 3. It has been decided that … 5). Universitâtç tiek darîts viss. Translate the following sentences into English using passive constructions. It is generally agreed that … 2). Tajâ laikâ krâsos grîdu. Augïus novâc rudenî. Ex. 7. 9. and an elderly lady slowly (to poison) for her pearls.(to throw) off roofs. Kâds ir uzminis uz piezîmju grâmatiòas. 12. 10. 5. It has now been proved that … 9). 6. Mums lika strâdât labâk. 4. It is hoped that … 4). 11. 4. Annas gultâ nav gulçts. 5. 1. Make up situations of your own using the following common sentence openings in which the verbs are used in the passive voice. 59 . Formâts 60x90/16.2003. 3. Latvija.7 izdevn. Kalniòa. g. Parakstîts iespieðanai 2. 2003. 56. B. Metiens 300 eks. – Daugavpils: Saule. II. apliecîba Nr. 2003. daïa. 2-0197. g.07. Izdevçjdarbîbas reìistr. l. – 60 lpp. LV–5400. Iespiests DU izdevniecîbâ «Saule» — Saules iela 1/3.75 iespiedl. 2. . “Vingrinâjumi”. Angïu valodas gramatika. Rumjanceva.L.. Teksta salicçja: Tatjana Rumjanceva Maketçtâja: Marina Stoèka Datorsalikums. 1. Daugavpils. Pasûtîjuma Nr.