Report 147ISSN: 0889-3144 Rubber Product Failure Roger P. Brown Volume 13, Number 3, 2002 Rapra Review Reports Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows: 1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References and Abstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstracts section. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Rapra Abstracts database, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc. 2. A comprehensive References and Abstracts section, resulting from a search of the Rapra Abstracts database. The format of the abstracts is outlined in the sample record below. 3. An index to the References and Abstracts section, derived from the indexing terms which are added to the abstracts records on the database to aid retrieval. Source of original article Title Item 1 Macromolecules 33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83 EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han Akron,University The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714 from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment. The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Authors and affiliation Abstract Location GOODRICH B.F. USA Companies or organisations mentioned Accession no.771897 DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE Almost all of the documents which are listed in the References and Abstracts section are available in full text form, as photocopies or pdf files from Rapra Technology Ltd’s Document Delivery Service. Documents can be delivered by a variety of methods, including email, post or fax. Customers may pay for individual copies at the time of ordering by credit card or alternatively open up a deposit account. See the back of this report for further information. Please contact the Document Delivery Department for availability, current prices and delivery methods. Document Delivery Department Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)1939 250383 Fax: +44 (0)1939 251118 Email:
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[email protected] Please Return to: Publications Sales, Rapra Technology Limited Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire SY4 4NR, United Kingdom www.rapra.net Previous Titles Still Available Volume 1 Report 3 Report 4 Report 5 Report 8 Report 11 Report 12 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough. Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton. CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandland and M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology. Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant. Communications Applications of Polymers, R. Spratling, British Telecom. Process Control in the Plastics Industry, R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries. Report 39 Report 41 Report 42 Report 43 Report 44 Report 45 Report 46 Report 47 Volume 4 Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright, University of Surrey. Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications, D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services. Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College. Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, Bayer AG. Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources, J.M. Methven, UMIST. Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics, J. Green, FMC Corp. Composites - Tooling and Component Processing, N.G. Brain, Tooltex. Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson, J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing. Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, Leicester Polytechnic. Volume 2 Report 13 Report 14 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics, A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology. Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and Leisure Industries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd. Polyurethane, Materials, Processing and Applications, G. Woods, Consultant. Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton. Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd. Agricultural and Horticultural Applications of Polymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee for Plastics in Agriculture. Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging, R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd. Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry, H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd. Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey, Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd. Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank, Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd. Recent Developments in Materials for Food Packaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division. Report 15 Report 16 Report 17 Report 18 Volume 5 Report 49 Report 50 Report 51 Report 52 Report 53 Report 54 Report 55 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics, H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV. Automotive Applications of Polymers II, A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant. Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein, Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University. Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge, University of Manchester. Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, Building Research Establishment. Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt, Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade. Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing, E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter for Industriforskning, Norway. Plastics in High Temperature Applications, J. Maxwell, Consultant. Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University. Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, Rapra Technology Ltd. Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications, A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd. Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 19 Report 20 Report 21 Report 22 Report 23 Report 24 Volume 3 Report 25 Report 26 Report 27 Report 28 Report 29 Report 30 Report 31 Report 32 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom Technology Associates. Polymers and Structural Composites in Civil Engineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey. Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans, Consultant. Adhesives for Structural and Engineering Applications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd. Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton, Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy. Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds, National NDT Centre, Harwell. Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan, Dow Corning Ltd. Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications, D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and 3M Belgium SA. Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels, T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd. Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, Nova Petrochemicals Inc. Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey, Hotpoint Ltd. Developments in Additives to Meet Health and Environmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 56 Report 57 Report 58 Report 59 Report 60 Volume 6 Report 61 Report 62 Report 63 Report 64 Report 65 Report 66 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd. Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH. Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory. Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson, International Automotive Design. Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processing and Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey Polymer Extension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology. Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation, V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy. Cure Assessment by Physical and Chemical Techniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 33 Report 34 Report 35 Report 36 Report 67 Report 68 Report 69 Report 70 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell, Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station. Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers, M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. England and D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Research and Development Center. Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’s University of Belfast. Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier, Econology Ltd. Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites, C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine. Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten & Masch Manufacturing Co. Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman, St Clair (Polymers) Ltd. Report 95 Report 96 Report 71 Report 72 Volume 9 Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, Fire Retardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster. Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore & S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd. Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes, Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V. Volume 7 Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown, P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Science and Technology, University of Bradford. Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson. Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, Boustead Consulting Ltd. Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials, R.C.P. Cubbon. Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves, Goodyear Technical Center. PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications, J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd. Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theory and Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems, Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for General Purpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster. Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and Other Polyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University. Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications, J.A. Brydson. Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization, Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council Canada. Molecular Weight Characterisation of Synthetic Polymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, Rapra Technology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd. Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing, P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University. Report 98 Report 99 Report 74 Report 75 Report 76 Report 77 Report 78 Report 79 Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory and Applications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Mulhouse. Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company. Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd. Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, Tangram Technology Ltd. Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development, B.G. Crowther. Report 106 Properties and Applications of Elastomeric Polysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University. Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 80 Report 81 Report 82 Report 83 Volume 10 Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide, J.A. Lindsay. Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers, R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis, The Open University. Report 84 Volume 8 Report 85 Report 86 Report 87 Report 88 Report 89 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, Université Pierre et Marie Curie. High Performance Engineering Plastics, D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd. Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, Rapra Technology Ltd. Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications, A.S. Wilson. Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures and Separation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The Smart Chemical Company. Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood. Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton, University of Surrey. Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles, A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke. Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, Sherwood Technologies Inc. Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications, J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG. Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula, University of Texas at Austin. Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene, V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences. Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky, University of Hamburg. Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders, Y. Wang, Tunghai University. Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing, R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward Mackenzie Consulting. Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd. Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest and J.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd. Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey, Shipley Ronal. Report 90 Report 91 Report 92 Report 93 P. V.C. Rolando. Hercules Incorporated. Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems. Report 139 Rubber Analysis . Professor R. Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers. Guidant Corp. Pascoe. M. Mallon. Singh.S. Rudd. Rapra Technology Ltd. C. Goodship. R. Volume 13 Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding. P. Kröhnke and F.C.-W.J. R. BIP Ltd.L. Page. D. Mirau.N. Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure. Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers. Lambert and F.. Love and V. National Research Council Canada. Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation. Yushin Inc. R. University of Nottingham.J. Clariant Huningue SA. H. The University of Warwick .C. Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers.Polymers. Goodship and J. B. Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation.D. Chaiear. Jerschow. Lucent Technologies. Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR. Case Western Reserve University. Report 123 Polymer Blends. DavRad Services. Werner. Report 122 Flexible Packaging .C. University of Exeter. Koenig. Wright. Compounds and Products. C. Love. Brewis and I. Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry. Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling. Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams. S.B. Evans. Institute of Surface Science & Technology. Khon Kaen University. Datta. D. Flexsys BV. R.J. N. J. J. Mathieson.M. Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University. P.Adhesives. Davidson. Brown. Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications. Tang.N. I.A. D.A. Rothon. Volume 12 Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics Injection Moulding. Report 137 Silicone Elastomers. The University of Warwick. Consultant. Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins. M. H.S.D. Report 136 Radiation Curing. Cheng. Huntsman Polyurethanes. J.C.N. Rogers. Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications. and W. Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins. Coatings and Processes. Loughborough University. Kumho European Technical Centre. T.N. Utracki. Fuller Company. Wright. D.Volume 11 Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials.B.E. Wright. Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack. L. Wacker-Chemie GmbH. Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance. Forrest. Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics. . Brown ISBN 1-85957-330-4 .Rubber Product Failure Roger P. . ............. 5 Inappropriate Material ..... Stress Relaxation and Creep ... 18 6..................................................................................................................................................................................................................6 4.....................2 4...................................................................................5 6.........................................................5 3.................. 19 Other Products ................................................................... 14 5.......................................................................................................................... 14 4........................................................................................................................ 17 Quality Control ... 15 Service Trials .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Abrasion ................................................................ 9 Weathering ............... Design Error ..........................3 4................................................... 18 The Literature .......................................11 Ionising Radiation .........................................................4 3....................................... 5 Manufacturing Faults .................................................................................................................. 18 Tyres .............................1 3..............................Rubber Product Failure Contents 1...................................................................... 6 Deliberate or Accidental Misuse ............................................................ 6 Incorrect Installation ...................................................................................................................................................... Preventing Failure ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1 5...................................................... 20 1 ...3 3........................................................................................................................ 13 Set............................................................................6 3..............9 General ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Seals .1 4................................................................................................................................. 7 Temperature ........................................... 8 Effect of Fluids ....................................................................................7 4.............................. 15 Experience .............................................................................................................................................................................7 4..................................................................................................... 16 Accelerated Testing ....10 Electrical Stress ........................................................................................................... 6 Unexpected Service Conditions ................................................................................... 7 The Causes of Failure ....4 5....................................... General .......... 12 Biological Attack .. 2........................................3 6...........................2 6...1 6............... 7 4.......................................................................... 7 Strategic Weakness ...........................................................4 General ........................................................................................5 4.............2 3.............................. 12 Fatigue ........................................................................................... 3 The Reasons for Failure ............... Introduction ......4 4................................................................... 15 5........................2 5........................................................................................................................ 5 3...................................................................... 3 Failure Analysis ..................8 4................................... 3........3 5.......................................... ............................................................................................................................................... 20 Additional References ......................... 21 Subject Index ....................................................................................................... Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.................... 2 ....... 20 Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database ................................Rubber Product Failure 7................................... 95 The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. It is possible to dispute whether or not failure has occurred. In the inspection of rubber flooring the installer may believe it to be adequate whereas the purchaser considers there are excessive gaps. It will be appreciated that lifetime can be measured in time. Failures are at the very least expensive due to the requirement to replace the parts. the absence of accounts of failures will only make it more probable that others will repeat the same mistakes. What is considered a reasonable lifetime spans a wide timescale. Whilst the vast bulk of rubber products give good service and satisfactory lifetimes. especially for safety critical products. For products in the construction industry decades of service may be required. Many of these examples of failures used for illustration are taken from unpublished investigations carried out by the author. it can be expected that all products will eventually fail. This review report will not attempt to systematically add to the detailed examples referred to above but will consider the process of failure diagnosis and the various causes of failures in service illustrated with reference to particular cases. for example. 2 Failure Analysis If used for long enough. which clearly could be some time before complete failure. In the case of catastrophic failure. new compounding techniques and more sophisticated design methodology. Clearly. unevenness or debonding. manufacturers seek to minimise the number of defective products and random failures through careful quality control and thorough testing at the design and prototypes stage to result in a very low 3 . Older people will well remember when both the tread life and the road holding capability of a typical tyre were greatly inferior to modern standards. Over the last few decades the demand for improved performance and the increase in severity of service conditions over a wide range of rubber products has been addressed by the introduction of new materials. There is also a review in this series that is mostly concerned with plastics but includes a few cases of rubber product failure (71). A major contribution to making accounts of the failure of polymer products generally available has recently been made by Wright in a compendium of case histories covering both plastics and rubbers (9). In contrast. such as the rupture of an elastic band. mileage. some modern elastic bands are essentially one trip which defeats the misers who studiously reclaim and horde them. It will be appreciated that what constitutes failure has to be defined. A generalised model for failure rate is that initially there is a relatively high failure rate due to defective products followed by a plateau region of low failure rate (random failures) and finally an increasing high failure rate as the normal lifetime expires. it is clear that this has happened many times in practice as often the cause of failure has been diagnosed as due to a known problem or phenomena. failures do occur. For example. When considering the published accounts of failures. the definition of end point is the level of a property at which it is thought to be not a good idea to carry on using the product. number of cycles. Consequently. this is obvious but in many cases there is no such clear end life. Such instances are generally concerned with faults due to poor quality control rather than poor design or ageing. it is sensible that every possible precaution is taken to prevent failures occurring and this should include study of past failures. etc. is the end point when a few ozone cracks have appeared or when they have reached 5 mm in length? Broadly.Rubber Product Failure 1 Introduction It is only necessary to consider tyres to appreciate that rubber compounds are used in demanding applications. Campion and Morgan (48) give a number of modes for failure definition from excessive abrasion (worn out) to formation of cracks/blisters in bulk due. The situation is even more serious if the whole population of the product is threatened and sometimes the result is disaster. This is not the most satisfactory of conditions. Whilst innovative materials and techniques are generally well recorded in the literature there is still a reluctance to publish accounts of failures. If a seal in a racing car engine lasts the race everyone is happy but in a normal road car ten years would be more reasonable. The prime benefit of making accounts of failures public is the opportunity to learn from the mistakes and misfortunes of others. This is not too surprising as the producers of products that have failed are usually none too keen to advertise the fact and those who diagnose the causes of failures are generally prevented from revealing their results by confidentiality agreements. Short lifetimes in very low value products are accepted. to explosive decompression. but generally the ill will generated will be a greater penalty. The outside of the bottle gave the appearance of long use but it was claimed to be only a few weeks old.the manufacturer is at fault in either case. The plus side was a very observant test technician. Generally. The analysis process can be defined in deceptively easy steps from the collecting of all the evidence and facts through examination and testing. Experts for one side in a dispute over failed polyurethane bound rubber crumb playground surfaces were convinced it was due to the installer using too low a ratio of binder. Closer • • 4 . This is the policy applied to electricians’ gloves for high voltage working where. There are three basic requirements for failure analysis: • correct observation of evidence and gathering of facts a logical sequence of measuring. Two ‘mistakes’ were made: nobody had the chance to interview the user at the outset and the technologist should have inspected the inside before deciding on tests. it was primarily due to variation in tile dimensions and the occurrence of gaps would certainly continue to occur unless dimensional tolerances were tightened. the other side’s experts could not reconcile this with the installer having laid many other successful installations using nominally the same ratio.Rubber Product Failure failure rate up to the design lifetime. Inability to correctly diagnose the cause of failure can come from a shortcoming in any of these three factors.such as the abrading away of flooring or the gross swelling of a seal. The technician cut the bottle to obtain test pieces and noticed that the inside was in pristine condition. However. to arriving at conclusions. The following is a simplistic example of how the cause of failure can be unexpected. The main impetus for undertaking failure analysis should not be about blame but to find the root causes and learn from the mistakes. It transpired that the old lady who bought the bottle was filling it with cold water and heating it in her gas oven. A considerable knowledge of material behaviour will not always suffice if a piece of evidence is overlooked or the sequence of reasoning has an illogical step. to logical reasoning to find what possible causes can be eliminated. reasoning and deduction a knowledge of the material properties and behaviour. In a very recent inspection of an unsatisfactory floor installation. the user inspects the gloves before each occasion of use. However. Consideration of the resin supplier’s advice seemed to bear this out. additionally. whether it was poor design or poor quality control . It is not appropriate here to consider the details of the failure analysis process but it needs to be recognised as an important discipline that requires experience and training. meticulous observation and reasoning will fall short of finding the correct answer without appropriate material knowledge. Another example of deliberate replacement is critical seals in engines. The lady had previously cooked another two bottles. The inside should fare worst. In principle. Examination of a hot water bottle showed that it had split with no signs of damage from external sources. This relates to the two reasons for conducting a failure analysis future prevention and blame. Experts investigating a failure do not always agree. in many cases the process will be far from easy with plenty of opportunities for error. The investigation of failed articles to deduce the causes of failure is variously termed failure analysis or failure diagnosis. This information is required to know what steps to take to prevent it happening again or to know who to blame. When a product fails before its expected lifetime it is probable that questions will be asked as to why it failed. whilst replacement of tyres is legally required in the UK when the tread depth reaches a particular level. it would have been all too easy to blame the floor layer for gaps between tiles. It was decided to test to the relevant British standard. if the service life matches expectations relatively little attention is paid to the failure although investigation could be valuable for future design and hence potentially valuable information is lost. The technologist knows that bottles normally deteriorate by oxidation of the rubber accelerated by heat and perhaps trace metals in the water. The cause of failure may be at least superficially obvious . for example. the ideal of virtually no failures can be achieved by the combination of 100% inspection and testing together with replacement at intervals much less than the expected life. On the other hand. The more detailed cause of the obvious failure is likely to be more important and also is likely to be more difficult to deduce. It is also interesting to know that this failure was only diagnosed because the hot water bottle supplier had a policy at the time of replacing returned goods twice but on the third return commissioning a full investigation. However. In the latter case the investigation need only go as far as establishing fault and may not need to establish. When the density of the EPDM granules was taken into account the ratio used was lower than ideal but not unacceptable. Many years ago Rapra investigated brake hoses that had been successful on a number of cars but fatigue failures were experienced on a particular model.2 Inappropriate Material 3 The Reasons for Failure The basic reasons why products fail can be stated as: • • • • • • Design error Inappropriate material Manufacturing fault Incorrect installation Unexpected service conditions Deliberate or accidental misuse. It can of course be very difficult to predict the stress or strain levels in service for some products. 3. Many years ago it amused staff at a rubber moulding company that a prestigious car manufacturer had black rubber written on the drawing as the material specification. The details have been lost but the problem was associated with the particular geometry of the bending that the hose was subjected to. Also. (2) You cannot guarantee that a supplier will tell you of changes. There were many lessons in this case and it indicates that the conclusion will perhaps depend on the avenue of investigation.1 Design Error Intrinsic faults in the design of a product generally imply a lack of appreciation of how the product is used in service. Design errors can also occur because the engineers involved do not properly appreciate the unique properties and behaviour of rubber which are so different from metals.Rubber Product Failure examination of the recommendations for resin showed that there was some confusion between percent by weight and percent by volume. for example: (1) However reputable a supplier and long standing his data sheets. particularly when he does not think that they are important. Inappropriate choice of material arises for basically the same reasons as poor design but in many cases it could be argued that those responsible were in a position to know better. finite element analysis is used as an aid to design and in theory at least one would expect that it should reduce the incidence of design mistakes – although it is still dependent on the quality of input data. 3. There are certainly cases where rubber components are specified by the user for incorporation into a product but the user’s expertise in the material is questionable. they may still be misleading. A different type of design error is where the product fails in a business sense because it infringes intellectual property rights or fails to comply with legislation. This includes underestimating the stress or strain levels involved or not understanding the detailed distribution of stresses 5 . Turning attention to the granules supplied then ascertained that there had been a change not notified to the purchaser. and what it is subjected to. All avenues need to be explored as there may be more than one contribution to the problem. and strains. design faults have resulted in dimensional instability some time after being put into use. Increasingly. In other cases of sports surfaces. Nevertheless he was always provided with the best quality. in many cases the problem with the material selected would have been realised if adequate testing had been carried out. wrong choice of material stems from overlooking known problems and the experience of others. The author has investigated a number of cases where an artificial sports surface failed the performance specification because the shock pad was not designed with sufficient energy absorption. which resulted in greater absorption of resin and in consequence inadequate strength of the resin/rubber granule matrix. (4) When there is no quality control testing of incoming materials trouble is likely sooner or later. (3) It is not a good idea to run a process on the edge of its viability. These installations were usable but not acceptable to the purchaser. Probably more than for the other reasons for failure. 5 Unexpected Service Conditions Manufacturing faults are taken to mean errors in the composition of the material. Here. Because the investigators were only required to prove damage from fat the actual human errors involved are not known. Many instances of ozone cracking fall into the second category. This problem is two sided in that the designer may be required to assess the needs of the application. It transpired that. wrong installation is often the first ‘defence’ from the supplier. The company appeared unaware that there was more than one type of rubber nor that stress concentrations aided ozone cracking. whereas considering the people who specified the floor it would be a case of incorrect choice of material. If installation is by the manufacturer this is a form of quality control lapse whereas if installation is by the user or a third party it could be considered misuse. It was not possible to exactly diagnose the reason for the change but it was clearly a control problem and most probably associated with degree of cure. nobody did any tests and the radiator manufacturer did not conduct any trials. 6 . This may seem rather silly but. 3. 3. the most significant factor was that both the failed and unused membranes had much lower strength and elongation than the previously tested samples. this number can be very significant and there is a rule that dictates it is likely to happen where the consequences are most serious. but in one case involving cable glands on an oil rig the original arrangement was for them to be covered but this was changed at a later date. However. In an example of failed fuel hose the consequences were made worse by the faulty components being installed in ambulances.Rubber Product Failure The author owned an outboard motor which was very well engineered except that the rubber sparking plug cover cracked in a matter of weeks. Failures can quite often be traced through a sequence of events. Design and material selection errors are likely to affect the whole population of the product whereas Unexpected service conditions may be truly unfortunate in that despite careful research the unlikely still happened. Fat contaminated the polyurethane floor at a margarine production factory causing it to break up. mistakes during processing and forming. one would expect it to have pushed inwards not outwards due to water pressure.4 Incorrect Installation A perfectly good product can be ruined or have its life curtailed by incorrect installation. although the used membranes had deteriorated to some extent. In failure analysis. and lapses in quality control.the cracks were really only a cosmetic problem. but the user may fail to disclose vital information. Thus there is a good chance of failure if quality control is lacking. being away from the part of the gland doing the sealing. manufacturing faults are in principle restricted to a more modest number. Aeration diffuser membranes made of EPDM were found to have failed because of circumferential splits. the material manufacturer’s literature was not exactly helpful for the application in question. The design of these diffusers includes perforations which result in the membranes being much stronger in one direction than in the other so the investigation involved testing mechanical properties in the two directions. A case involving the failure of numerous central heating radiator seals was basically caused by a material being recommended without proper understanding of the service conditions and the capability of the material. The analysis was made easy because samples of new membranes were available and previously both new and used membranes had been tested for a different reason. One of the arguments advanced when a largely polymeric echo sounder unit was lost from the hull of a yacht (resulting in sinking of the vessel) was that it had not been attached properly. which would have quickly found the problem. In one sense they are all attributable to quality control as the control procedures should detect compounding and processing mistakes.3 Manufacturing Faults 3. “How many times has a nonozone resistant rubber been used in an application where cracking was inevitable?” In the case of the radiator seals the misguided recommendation was compounded by lack of any proper evaluation of the new seals. it could be that the factory owner did not disclose the actual use of the floor area in question. It is probable that the floor material manufacturer was not aware of the circumstances of use so that to him/her it would be unexpected service conditions. the moulder thought the material would be suitable on the basis of other applications. This case was also interesting as regards what constitutes failure . Yet again. In other instances the unexpected could have been expected if sufficient study of the application had been carried out. However. the problem as environmental stress cracking due to silicone grease used as a lubricant. followed by poor design and processing errors. for example stress relaxation is accelerated by thermal degradation. Ten years later he was called to investigate the same problem and found they had reverted to using silicone grease. With many products. failure due to accidental or deliberate damage is fairly obvious. however obvious the steps to prevention may seem. Hence. they will change at different rates and hence to different degrees. He quickly diagnosed 4 The Causes of Failure 4. the cause of failure can be ascribed to one or more of a number of ‘degradation agents’ covering both environmental and mechanical factors as listed in Table 1. in combination. with many synthetic rubbers hardness and modulus can rise appreciably whilst tensile strength remains virtually 7 .7 Strategic Weakness With the possible exception of unexpected service conditions. It is not easy to apportion premature failures of rubbers to the basic reasons listed above. of these degradation agents. and two agents may have a synergistic effect in that their effect.000 failures of plastics products and found 45% due to material misselection and poor specification. All the staff had changed and the knowledge had been lost. 3. is greater or less than the sum of their individual effects. This may result in the poor properties of a material being overlooked and. through the lack of information. Cuts and indentations were considered to have been caused by a sharp instrument and debris below the membrane respectively. He noted that the figures may underestimate failures due to abuse or accident as these are often obvious and do not invite high expenditure on independent investigation. although not involving rubbers. An investigation into leaking ethylene-propylene roofing membrane demonstrated no deficiencies in the material. in this case what started as suspected deficient material moved to emphasis on misuse. but in actual fact was an installation problem. Changing lubricant prevented the splitting. Wright (9) considered some 5. but it is highly probable that use of inappropriate materials outweighs all the others. Whilst many properties will change because of the environment.but the supplier does need to make the limitations of the product known. failures happen. or usually several. Casings for storing mines in readiness for war started to split. The public has blind faith in tyres running under-inflated and probably a high percentage of tyre problems are self inflicted. which result in the wrong choice of material or in design errors. expert examination is likely to be needed to establish whether a tyre failure was misuse or a manufacturing fault and diagnosis may be difficult. although there are probably differences for particular products. When a lesson has been learnt after a failure it is also necessary to appreciate that the knowledge is valuable and has to be preserved to prevent the mistake being repeated by others at a later date. whilst failure modes that threaten the whole population of a product may be overestimated. is illuminating. the root causes can all be attributed to human error. Tyres are particularly exposed to misuse by the public and play and sports surfaces have probably had a high proportion of failures due to quality control. Hence. it can be argued that a large proportion of failures are basically the result of lack of awareness.6 Deliberate or Accidental Misuse Deliberate or accidental misuse is generally a fault on the part of the user – he or she is rather less likely to understand the material and its capabilities . It could also be established that the cuts were made before or during laying and hence not due to deliberate damage later. The proportions for rubber would be expected to be not dissimilar. However. even if in some cases the error was very difficult to foresee.1 General Leaving aside abuse and gross faults that result in immediate failure. When the reasons for failures are spelt out like this it all seems obvious but the fact is that. fatigue life often deteriorates more rapidly than tensile strength. The contribution of each of them is often complicated to evaluate as they are generally interrelated. Polymer producers emphasise the good performance aspects of their materials and the product manufacturer only publicises successes. Wright gives an example which. Wright (9) illustrates what he terms strategic weaknesses. mistakes being made. information that could have prevented the problem not being available or not heeded. For example.Rubber Product Failure 3. 20% each due to poor design and poor processing and 15% due to abuse. During its lifetime a rubber product will be exposed to one. Repeated temperature cycling is essentially a form of fatigue. For products subjected to relatively moderate stresses and normal ambient temperatures. vapours) Bio-organisms Mechanical stress Electrical stress Type of ageing or effect Thermo-oxidation. there is not much point in compounding for maximum abrasion resistance if failure in practice will occur from cracking at low temperature. and material selection and design can be appropriately focused. Assessing the critical factors is not always easy and many instances of premature failure in service have occurred because a critical factor had been overlooked. creep. mechanical attack Fatigue. In one particularly baffling case artificial grass appeared to expand and formed waves when the temperature was lowered.2 Temperature Low temperatures cause stiffening and eventually brittleness which in some applications can be the prime cause of failure. some fluids may cause little swelling but may extract protective agents or cause chemical attack. experience of what most frequently causes failure of rubber products depends somewhat on the application. ozone cracking is very often the first problem whilst in applications involving elevated temperatures. The effect was found to be a result of internal stresses and the differential expansion between the grass and the rubber shock pad.Rubber Product Failure Table 1 Degradation agents (17) Agent Temperature Light Ionising radiation Humidity Fluids (gases. cracking Decomposition. In many of the cases of unexpected failure where apparently reasonable choices of material had been made the problem has been overlooking aspects of service exposure which potentially could occur. A slightly surprising case was found with soles of sandals made in a country where low temperatures did not occur but which cracked when used in frozen conditions. Large areas such as the shock pads of artificial sports surfaces can experience very considerable dimensional changes due to temperature. Thermal expansion and contraction are reversible short term effects of temperature which may be very important in some applications. As a simple example. swelling. additive migration. crosslink loss (reversion) Photo-oxidation Radio-oxidation. Unfortunately. The presence of one plasticiser was a design error but the other was present as a result of contamination during processing. if the service temperature turns out to be lower than the glass transition temperature of the rubber used. which is unacceptable. 4. stress relaxation. In seals the combination of the effects of fluids and temperature on stress relaxation is most likely to be the important factor. the longer a product is in service the greater the risk of the unusual or unanticipated occurring because over time there can be a change in operating conditions or the environment. abrasion. the effect of thermal degradation on critical mechanical properties is generally the most common cause. crosslinking Hydrolysis Chemical degradation. Rubbers can indirectly be the cause of failure. set. Oxidative degradation is generally considered to be the most serious problem in the use of rubber at high 8 . In many cases it will be possible to identify the critical or most important degradation agent(s) for the particular application. crosslinking. liquids. Typical of this is the acceleration of ageing through the presence of metal ions. additive extraction. Lewis (71) mentions a case of plasticisers migrating from the rubber parts of a drug container into the drug. adhesive failure Local rupture the same. Not surprisingly. For rubbers which crystallise at particular sub-ambient temperatures the long term effect of low temperature may also need to be considered. and could be considered another definition of failure. Massive bridge bearings have given good service for decades but a thin membrane of the same material may only last a few years or even months. or may catalyse oxidation or have direct chemical effects. The effect of ageing on reducing fatigue resistance or increasing the degree of stress relaxation may be rather more important than the changes produced in such basic properties as tensile strength. Temperature has a short term effect on properties and where the service temperature is elevated the properties should be monitored at that temperature. The difference in performance may be quite marked for modest temperature change. but it also proceeds slowly at ambient temperature so that in the very long term it will be a factor for all products. Because oxygen is used up in the ageing process it follows that the rate of degradation is dependent on the rate of oxygen supply. This means that the thicker the product the greater the differential between the ageing of the surface and the interior and this is another complication to predicting lifetime. This illustrates that it is the critical factor in service that needs to be evaluated and basic information in suppliers data sheets could be misleading. or may extract soluble constituents of the compound. Fluids can be absorbed and cause swelling of the rubber. An example of metal ion catalysis in central heating expansion joints is given later and copper in water supplies accounts for the early failure of many hot water bottles.3 Effect of Fluids Fluids encompass a whole range of chemicals. The Underwrites Laboratory (UL) index indicates the safe temperature of use of a material in air for up to 100. Long term predictions from accelerated heat ageing tests are by no means easy but the problems are compounded if detailed knowledge of the service conditions is not available. both liquids and gases which can come into contact with rubber in various ways during service. Table 2 Generic maximum continuous use temperatures for rubbers (9) Material Bromobutyl Butadiene Butyl Butyl (resin cured) Chlorinated PE Chlorobutyl Chloroprene Chlorosulphonyl Ebonite Epichlorohydrin EPDM (sulphur cured) EPDM (resin cured) Ethylene vinyl acetate Ethyl acetate Fluoroelastomer Fluorosilicone Isoprene Natural rubber Nitrile (< 20% ACN) Nitrile (> 20% ACN) Nitrile/PVC polyblend Nitrile (carboxylated) Nitrile (hydrogenated) Perfluoroelastomer Styrene-butadiene Urethane (ester) Urethane (ether) CO EPDM EPDM EVM ACM FPM FVMQ IR NR NBR NBR PNBR XNBR HNBR FFKM SBR AU EU IIR IIR CPE CIIR CR CSM Designation BIIR MCUT (°C) 120 60 100 130 120 120 90 120 80 130 120 150 110 150 210 200 60 60 110 120 90 110 150 260 70 75 75 4. elongation at break and modulus.000 hours (11. in environmental exposure tests. A flexible hose failed through heat ageing and it was concluded that the nitrile/SBR blend used was only adequate for continuous service at about 70-80 ° C whereas in practice 80 °C was reached. Maximum continuous use temperatures for a range of rubbers with minimal stabilisation are shown in Table 2. the changes in properties are normally monitored at ambient temperature even when accelerated heat ageing tests have been used.4 years). Many of the failures which are thermal degradation related are due to an inappropriate rubber being used for the service conditions. Less SBR in the blend would probably have resulted in satisfactory service. It should be noted that. 9 . particularly where there is a synergistic effect with other agents.Rubber Product Failure temperatures. A high degree of swelling clearly indicates that the material is not suitable for use in that environment. Buried products. If chemical reactions take place. There are numerous instances where failure was the result of a rubber being used that was not sufficiently resistant to liquids encountered. such as seals. Volume change is a very good measure of the general resistance of a rubber to a liquid. although in certain applications. one case being where water stops swelled because oil leaked in during flooding. such as cable. the degradation will continue long after equilibrium absorption has been reached and volume change alone will not be a sufficient measure of the effect of the fluid. Figure 1 illustrates three different types of material behaviour in contact with a test liquid. Absorption of fluid is a reversible process and consideration has to be given as to whether in service fluid contact will be intermittent. in some cases because contact with the liquid in question had not been expected. may be exposed to soil contaminants. A particular form of this problem is when the service liquid becomes contaminated.Rubber Product Failure Figure 1 Time-swelling curves for three different materials in contact with test fluid (17) Tests in which rubbers are exposed to liquids are often called swelling tests simply because the resulting change in volume of the test pieces is by far the most commonly used measure of the effect of the liquid. including the effect of temperature. In one case a ducted cable (see Figure 2) disintegrated due to the effects of exposure to solvents Figure 2 Schematic of waveconal cable (9) 10 . a negative swelling (extraction) could be equally bad as regards service. The term oil ageing is also sometimes used because standard grades of mineral oil are the liquids most often specified. As an illustration. There had been many successful installations but problems only occurred at particular conditions of temperature and pressure and was hence difficult to foresee. natural rubber. styrene butadiene rubber. However. However. Indeed. but an extra consideration where high pressures are involved is the possibility of explosive decompression due to absorbed gas rupturing the rubber when pressure is released. This was found to be the cause of blisters in sleeves of gas line valves at one particular installation.7 and 11 for a xenon lamp with respect to exposure in Arizona and London. ozone and any pollutants present.Rubber Product Failure from a car respraying plant above it. fluorocarbon rubbers. Time after time complaints. polychloroprene Acrylics. arise because of ozone cracking due to an insufficiently resistant rubber being selected. it is important because less than 1 pphm (part per hundred million) can severely attack nonresistant rubbers in the strained condition. often large. Nevertheless. The relative ozone resistance of a variety of rubbers in the unstabilised state is shown in Table 3.g. One factor is that the relation of severity of cracking to strain is not simple. particularly as there is uncertainty in the match of the spectrum of the lamp used to that of the sun. ozone attack can be the major factor as regards lifetime when exposed to the atmosphere. such as polyurethanes. 4. Consequently. it has been found that the effect of water absorption on compression stress relaxation at ambient temperature is not noticed until upwards of one year. The effect of ozone is to produce clearly visible and mechanically very damaging cracking of the rubber surface. polythioethers. The number of applications where gases (other than air and ozone) are involved is relatively small compared to liquids. Rubbers with unsaturated (C=C) bonds in the main chain have very poor ozone resistance.4 Weathering Weathering is taken to mean exposure to the atmosphere which includes sunlight. It only attacks rubber in the strained condition. although after longer times they will coalesce. By definition there are no cracks below the threshold strain for any given exposure period. It also makes predicting weathering performance from accelerated tests very difficult. hydrins. the underlying cause was thought to be associated with poor dispersion of ingredients and the relatively low strength of the material which could have been investigated earlier. and. budadiene rubber) Butyl rubber. hydrogenated nitrile rubber. such as UV light. It is quite possible for the cracks at very high strains to be so small as to be invisible to the naked eye. silicone rubbers the threshold and the cracks will become more numerous and smaller at progressively higher strains. time of year. With any degradation being restricted to the surface layer it is thought only of consequence for thin 11 . It appears that often the likelihood of cracking is overlooked for such reasons as the degree of strain being underestimated or simply through lack of knowledge. Further. Apart from being absorbed and having a plasticising effect. The permeation of water into rubber is very slow compared to organic liquids and even thin products require a very long time to reach equilibrium. The effect of light on rubbers has generally been considered to be much less important than it is for plastics. Acceleration factors are calculated but they are approximate to say the very least. serious problems. It also implies that a material would last over twice as long in London as in Arizona but that factor would doubtless change when the temperature difference was also considered. moisture can produce hydrolysis in some materials. particularly when accelerated testing is considered the emphasis is on the effect of UV light. less often. ethylenepropylene rubbers. although with the less resistant rubbers the ‘threshold strain’ for attack may be very low. A few cracks. precipitation. it can have a synergistic effect with other agents. as an example the author estimated acceleration factors of 4. nitrile rubber. Although ozone exists in only very small quantities in the atmosphere.. are found at strains slightly above Table 3 Relative ozone resistance of unstabilised rubbers (17) Rubbers with very poor resistance Rubbers having some resistance Rubbers having good resistance Diene rubbers (e. Both the intensity and the spectral distribution of sunlight vary with the location. The PVC sheath swelled and cracked exposing the devulcanised rubber underneath to similar attack (9). the apparent resistance of a material will vary considerably depending on the installation and even service trials could easily be misleading. temperature. the atmospheric conditions and the angle of the sun. chlorosulphonated polyethylene. Despite the uncertainty. In Europe there has been considerable concern that products such as rubber pipe seals are susceptible to microbiological degradation. gamma rays.000 Up to 100.000 Up to 100. Biological attack in service is relatively rare.000 Up to 100.000 Where radiation is a consideration it needs to be appreciated that the effects can depend on dose rate. Clearly. Also it should be noted that temperature can have a significant effect on the degradation as it controls both the rate of oxygen diffusion into the material and the rates of reaction of the products of the irradiation. The relative resistance of a range of rubbers is shown in Table 4. i. In many cases the observed changes on weathering could be accounted for by the effect of temperature. the temperature reached by light exposure in outdoor exposure can be surprisingly high and cause much greater effect. the cost implications in underground pipe networks are considerable and research has identified the 12 . Beta radiation has a range of up to a centimetre or two whilst X-ray. Gy) Up to 10. Although actual cases of damage appear to be few. 4. Gamma radiation is commonly used in sterilisation of medical devices. This is seen in the earlier failure of seals on the south side of buildings. but in at least as many cases there was evidence that the effect of weathering was significant and.6 Biological Attack 4. with an ambient temperature of 26 °C a black rubber is likely to reach 50 °C and a white one 33 °C. although rubbers and/or additives can prove attractive to living organisms. Nevertheless. The intensity of ionising radiation at the earth’s surface is not high enough to significantly affect rubbers and hence radiation exposure is only a consideration in connection with applications in nuclear plant and possibly where radiation is used to induce crosslinking or for sterilisation. electrons neutrons. so that inevitably the uncertainties were very large.5 Ionising Radiation Ionising radiation means atomic and nuclear particles.000 Up to 500.000 Up to 100. plus coloured materials (the effect on pigments may be much greater than on the rubber polymer). Alpha radiation has the least penetrating power and its effects are limited to the surface layers of a material so it only needs to be considered when a surface is contaminated by an alpha emitter.Rubber Product Failure walled articles and coated fabrics.1) reported significant weathering effects on both black and white filled compounds. This was achieved using the results of accelerated ageing tests and applying a WilliamsLandel-Ferry (WLF) shift.. This is probably a complacent view as back in 1970 Angert and Dubok (a. this will include a contribution due to temperature and an attempt was made to isolate the purely weathering effect. failures in rubbers attributed to UV light do not seem to be numerous. Attack by animals or insects is only likely to be a serious problem in tropical countries where there have been reports of such things as bus window seals being eaten. also. Table 4 Gamma radiation resistance of a range of rubbers (17) Rubber type Butyl rubber Acrylic rubber Silicone rubber Chlorosulphonated rubber Nitrile rubber Fluorocarbon rubber Polychloroprene rubber Styrene-butadiene rubber Ethylene-propylene rubber Polyurethane rubber Insignificant damage (radiation dose. that in other cases the effects of weathering and temperature were in opposite directions.000 Up to 100.000 Up to 500.000 Up to 500.e. Hence the lifetimes could be expected to be very different depending on the aspect of the product. Even if the effect of UV light itself is not generally serious. In sunlight. The only cases seen by the author involved chalking and colour change and as one of the factors in the cracking of roofing membranes.000 Up to 100. Recent experience at Rapra is that artificial weathering in fluorescent tube apparatus at 45 °C produces quite large changes in many compounds. Each of the types of radiation has a characteristic way of interacting with matter and transferring its energy. etc. gamma radiation and neutrons are very penetrating. the evidence was sufficient to suggest that the effects of weathering should not be ignored. With an insulated backing this could rise to as high as 80 °C for a black material and under glass temperatures can exceed 100 °C. A few years back there were a spate of early failures of rubber playgrounds which were mostly a result of poor installation practice or lack of quality control of the rubber granules used. including tyres. It is not difficult to measure or compute the temperature likely to be reached through dynamic stressing and design to avoid excessive heating. such as in tyres. Another important area is in medical implants. There was no bonding of the ferrule to the neck of the bottle nor was there a mechanical arrangement to prevent its removal and this was either a design error or manufacturing fault. but for longer periods of use the associated ageing has to be considered. 13 . The second type is by far the most common and occurs with any product which is repeatedly stressed. Excessive heat build up is particularly likely to occur at flaws in the product and this was found to be a problem in tank pads at the boundaries of multiple blanks used to load the mould. Increasingly. Cracks grow in nominally perfect mouldings from minute flaws although any induced damage such as a cut will be a potential failure site. (2) Where cracks are induced and/or propagated without significant heating – flex cracking or cut growth. 4. a serious manufacturing error. The rate of growth is. Sports and play surfaces are a little unusual in that they are often ‘manufactured’ in situ . An example of the last situation was a fire hose which burst during use injuring a fireman. most likely by being dragged over a piece of glass. a loss of mechanical strength and ultimately rupture. In another case the stopper of a hot water bottle together with its threaded ferrule came out of the bottle causing scalding of the user. there is no chance of quality control testing on the final product and rejecting non-complying product before it reaches the user. as well as the temperature rise there will be a change in stiffness and ultimately the temperature can be so high that rupture of the product occurs. use with stresses in excess of those expected or deliberate or accidental damage. The manner of degradation will vary according to the geometry used. The mechanisms which may contribute to breakdown include thermal degradation. The traditional fatigue tests which operate in a bending mode generally suffer from poor definition of maximum. Tests in tensile mode with interpretation using fracture mechanics principles are more satisfactory. the minimum strain experienced on each cycle is very important as cycles passing through zero strain are particularly severe. dependent on strain. product tests are devised that seek to simulate the service movements. This has been found to be the simple answer to why one material lasted longer than another in a particular dynamic application. As well as the maximum strain. strain. oxidation and attack by ozone as well as the propagation of cracks by tearing. For rubber products it is possible to distinguish between two types of fatigue situation: (1) Where the repeated cyclic deformation cause heating of the rubber by the stressing process – heat build up. Such failures must be associated with either gross under design in terms of mechanical strength.7 Fatigue There are of course occasions when a rubber product fails mechanically in an abrupt manner after little or no service that could be said to have induced such failure. as would be expected. In the heat build up situation. The other side to the coin of attack by living organisms. mechanical failure occurs after a period of service as a result of environmental degradation or fatigue. is when it is welcomed. Hence. The first type generally occurs with bulky objects. The failure analysis concluded that the hose had been cut. biodegradable polymers have been introduced which are specially formulated so that they are broken down by microorganisms relatively quickly and hence their disposal after use causes no environmental problems. For such products as hose and belting. In many practical situations the flexing that a product is subjected to is quite complex and it is important that localised strains due to stress concentrations are considered at the design stage. With regards to the strains in service it is important to distinguish situations where the applied deformation is strain or stress amplitude controlled as clearly materials of different stiffness will not behave the same. the type of stressing and the environmental conditions. Fatigue is taken here to mean the application of repeated cyclic deformation which results in a change in stiffness. and particularly minimum.Rubber Product Failure polymers and compounds that should be avoided. More usually. particularly microorganisms. The great majority of failures in seals is due to loss of sealing force and/or excessive set rather than the loss of mechanical strength. There can also be corrosive wear due to direct chemical attack on the surface and the term erosive wear is sometimes used for the action of particles in a liquid stream. Adhesion wear is much less common but can occur on smooth surfaces. wear by roll formation is sometimes considered as a separate mechanism. Although it is relatively easy to detect a bad joint by using simple quasi static tests. Creep is also related to set and stress relaxation but the number of applications in which it is an important factor is relatively few. such tests are not so good at distinguishing between quite good and excellent bonds. In any practical circumstance the mechanisms may be complex and critically dependent on the conditions. greatly influence the degree of stress relaxation or set and. 4. The less than excellent bond may be prone to failure through repeated stressing. In most cases it is the ability to maintain the sealing force (stress relaxation) rather than the ability to recover dimensions (set) which is important. With careful selection of material and attention to design rubber seals can be made to perform for long times under very severe conditions of temperature and in the presence of oils in such products as motor engines. sharp cutting edges and high friction. Set is more frequently use to characterise materials because it is easier to measure. assuming that the material has been adequately evaluated. Abrasive wear requires hard. fatigue wear and adhesive wear. Additionally. perhaps quite suddenly. and frequently the problems stem from the use of a material which is inadequate for the service conditions over the desired lifetime. particularly temperature and the presence of fluids. Even a comparison between two rubbers may be invalid if the dominant mechanism is different in test and service. electrical stress is only of concern in electrical applications of rubbers and generally restricted to incidences of high voltage or current. Nevertheless. It seems that unexpected premature failures are mostly related to misuse. the critical factor as regards estimating service life by laboratory tests is that the test conditions must essentially reproduce the service conditions if a good correlation is to be obtained. speed and temperature. Stress Relaxation and Creep For seals and gaskets the most critical parameter is generally the ability to maintain a seal. and hence the rate of wear. This was well illustrated by the Rapra long term ageing programme where thermal ageing was relatively small for many materials even after 40 years exposure but well before that time set of some materials was approaching 100% (67). Fatigue abrasion occurs with rough but blunt surfaces and does not need high friction. In any particular wear situation more than one mechanism is usually involved but one may predominate. can change. Notable exceptions are antivibration mountings and bearings and generally the success of the component is very dependent on the design used.8 Set. Consequently. A great deal of research has been carried out for such very important applications as tyres and conveyor belts and there is a wealth of experience. The mechanisms by which wear of rubber occurs when it is in moving contact with another material are complex but the principle factors involved are cutting and fatigue. Wright (9) cites a case of a flexible hose carrying hot water where set under the end fittings resulted in failure and the diagnosis was that the polymer used was not suitable for the temperatures encountered whereas it worked well with cold water. but the relation between the two is not always simple. Relatively short term premature failures due to breakdown will be due to flaws in the product. 4.10 Electrical Stress Clearly. 4. the useful life. with the conditions such as contact pressure.9 Abrasion Abrasion is clearly only an important factor in the failure of particular products but then it can be the limit to useful life. Hence. as for example in shoe soles and rubber flooring. The range of conditions and the complexity encountered means that this is very difficult or impossible to achieve. it is common for 14 .Rubber Product Failure Fatigue is often the cause of failure in bonded joints. but the wrong choice can result in catastrophic failure. the environmental conditions. Even in temperate conditions when the effect of ageing may be small considerable set or stress relaxation will occur through physical processes. The mechanism. It is possible to categorise wear mechanisms in various ways and commonly distinction is made between abrasive wear. hence. heating due to the current or dielectric heating will result in thermal ageing. with environmental effects evaluated separately. material selection and production stages. With an AC voltage. 5 Preventing Failure 5. However. In the longer term a particular area of concern is partial discharges occurring within or at the surface of insulation.Rubber Product Failure critical products such as electricians’ gloves to be 100% proof tested. although in practice the conditions and timescale required frequently rule it out completely.1 General It follows from most premature failures being attributable to human error. it might be found that although the mechanical properties after a simulated 10 years were reasonable they deteriorated very rapidly in heavy service because the additives used to protect against high running temperatures had been depleted. For example. This makes a good example of a case where the most unexpected occurred. Apart from the direct electrical stress. rigs are often designed to cover one aspect of service. Hence one would be advised not to use tyres stored for long periods even if they seemed intact. to a chosen design life and then performance is assessed by operating the product. the service conditions and the timescales for which products are expected to perform. forms fine channels. under particular conditions. that most such failures could be prevented by appropriate action at the design. the product could be given a simulated lifetime of. 5. and variation in. the cost and difficulties have restricted their application and it is fairly clear from accounts of failures that there are many instances where a service trial or rig test could have detected the problem before it occurred in the field. for example the mechanical stressing expected. Water treeing arises with polyethylene insulated cables in wet conditions and at modest voltages where water diffuses into the insulation and. Leaving aside lapses in quality control. which in turn implies that an analysis needs to be carried out to make predictions of the long term performance of the product. The product is subjected to environmental exposures which equate. It can be claimed that from accelerated ageing and via the Arrhenius relation reaction rates for mechanical properties of a rubber are known at least approximately. The exposures normally have to involve accelerated procedures and may comprise several environmental agents applied simultaneously or sequentially. 10 years by heat ageing and then actually operated under service conditions. It can be very difficult to devise a satisfactory test rig that adequately reproduces the conditions of service and as they get more complicated so the cost escalates. the local electrical stress can exceed the breakdown level of the material at that point. with the inevitable approximations. Although a great number and diversity of product test rigs have been used. partial discharges occur at each half cycle and the ‘electrical fatigue’ causes degradation of the insulation and a conducting path.2 Service Trials Few would argue against real service trials being the first choice. There are undoubtedly intrinsic problems in reliably predicting service lifetime of rubbers due to the uncertainty of. say. A different use of service trials is in the procedure of simulated design life. in the case of radiator seals cited earlier the use of a relatively basic test rig would have found the deficiencies in the material chosen. From this. Thermal or UV ageing will promote tracking and may reduce breakdown strength. Using a tyre as an example. the three basic approaches to assessing service life are: • • • Real (or simulated) service trials The use of experience Accelerated testing 15 . Wright (9) notes that this has also been seen in EPDM rubbers and he also cites a case of automotive cooling hose where a voltage was apparently generated by electrochemical processes between the coolant and metals in contact with the coolant. The process can be illustrated by a very simplistic example. Product tests are generally devised to suit a particular product and application and the range of sophistication is very wide. which means that the problems of extrapolation inherent in accelerated testing apply. Product test rigs commonly operate with a degree of acceleration. for example by increasing frequency in a fatigue test. If there are local flaws or voids. this means selecting materials and a design that are satisfactory for the service conditions. For this reason. Simulated service trials using test rigs are more widely feasible and are often considered essential for critical components. Under tyre testing small ozone surface cracks grew quite rapidly. When (a) (b) Figure 3 Surface cracking of stored tyres before (a) and after (b) 3. 5. which were put into store for many years and then put into service in an emergency.000 miles of testing on surface cracking.3 Experience It is probable that the majority of rubber products are designed largely on the basis of experience.Rubber Product Failure This was seen in practice with tyres on Green Goddess fire engines kept for emergencies by the Home Office in the UK. which allowed oxygen and moisture to reach the viscose rayon cords. not because any scientifically based predictions have been made. Products made to such specifications are satisfactory in practice. Figure 3 shows the effects of 3.000 miles at 40 mph on a test drum (9) 16 . The tyres looked fine but failures occurred because over the long storage time the antioxidants were depleted and degradation was then rapid at running temperatures. A great many product specifications do not include real performance tests but are based on general material properties using tests which do not yield fundamental results. essentially because experience over many years has shown that materials meeting the minimum requirements work. which rapidly broke down. 4 Accelerated Testing Accelerated testing can be seen as the least attractive option because of the inherent cost and difficulties of making reliable predictions. In addition. as mentioned above. It is essential that extrapolation rules from the test conditions to those of service are known and have been verified such that they can be used with confidence. Polyurethane oil seals failed due to hydrolytic degradation which happened because over time the oil became contaminated with water. extrapolation models have not generally been comprehensively validated. Expansion joints for a central heating system made from a natural rubber/polychloroprene blend severely degraded due to metal ions catalysing thermooxidation. it has to be recognised that in some cases service conditions can be quite unexpected. Knowledge of how other materials performed in similar applications. the use of an EPDM replacement hose in the fuel line of a pleasure cruiser which resulted in the boat bursting into flames could hardly be blamed on the (unknown) manufacturer of the hose.Rubber Product Failure significantly different materials are introduced. Knowledge of the same material in other applications. If testing had been done in used oil the problem would have been obvious. Predicting from known performance to different conditions. time and again it is seen that knowledge was available that could have prevented the failure but it was ignored or simply was not available to the people concerned. From comparison of new material with one proven. The reason why one compound cracked more badly was due to it being softer and hence it was subjected to larger strains. Nitrile/PVC coated fabric diaphragms used in a fuel lift pump suffered ozone cracking. As an extreme example. An account of available prediction techniques is included in the Practical Guide to the Assessment of the Useful Life of Rubbers (17). in a great many circumstances accelerated tests have to be relied on at least in part. Clearly. The problems particular to accelerated tests are related to the extrapolation process. those from one supplier being much more badly affected than those from a second supplier. there are uncertainties associated with knowing the critical degradation agents and the critical properties for the application. The material had been chosen on the basis of cost and resistance to water at 85 °C and there had been no direct contact between the supplier and end customer. In these examples it is not unreasonable to suggest that the inadequacy of the selected material for the service 17 . conditions should have been avoided. service conditions are not constant and. (2) Obtaining a function for the rate of change of the parameter(s) with the level of the degrading agent. the success of the process is critically dependent on the validity of the models used but. new products are envisaged or the conditions of service change there are several sources of experience which can be usefully tapped: • • • • Using data generated by others. either the degree of extrapolation is very large or even accelerated tests need considerable timescales. General knowledge of materials. • • In cases discussed by Wright (9). In practice this is only an ideal as extrapolation procedures have not generally been comprehensively validated and almost certainly will not give accurate predictions in all cases. Nevertheless. Regardless of how you go about making assessments. It is well known that many rubbers are susceptible to this type of degradation and it is a distinct possibility that a water supply will contain metal oxides. However. 5. The only choice is to use the best techniques available and apply them with caution. Eventually the material was changed to EPDM. All polyurethanes are prone to hydrolysis and oil absorbs water during use. In general there are two stages to modelling the degradation process: (1) Obtaining a function for the change of the parameter(s) of interest with time. with long expected lifetimes. Using these relationships the change in property on exposure to longer times and lower levels of the degrading agent can be predicted. It transpired that neither compound contained an antiozonant and ozone attack had not been considered a critical factor even though one side of the diaphragm was exposed to air and subject to tensile strain. Although suitably formulated. in many cases they provide information on how performance can be improved by selection of alternative materials. the supplier or the purchaser. Almost all of the instances mentioned that came from the author’s experience have not been published simply because they were examined in commercial circumstances. In this and other aspects of quality control it would be hoped that the very widespread adoption of accreditation to ISO 9000 standards will have lead to a general improvement in the rubber industry. Such procedures are likely to be very complicated and add greatly to the uncertainty. 5. In practice comprehensive accelerated test programmes are often of limited scope or omitted altogether largely because of the cost. For this case. although the result was the same. the extrapolation rules for each have to be combined in such a way that synergistic actions are accounted for. 18 . acceleration and time is only likely to be valid for a limited range of acceleration because the degradation mechanism may change with the level of the agent. and a and b are two adjustable coefficients dependent upon the material. there had been a processing error and because the quality assurance (QA) testing for ozone resistance had not been carried out this went undetected. There are examples of inadequate control at all stages from checking of incoming materials. Any relation between degradation.Rubber Product Failure By far the best known model is the Arrhenius relation which relates temperature and reaction rate through: ln K (T ) = − E / RT + C Where: K(T) is the reaction rate for the process E is the reaction energy R is the gas constant T is absolute temperature C is a constant. One way in which break down of quality control occurs is through misunderstanding of who is controlling a material. A general approach is to apply the time-temperature superposition principle in which plots of the parameter against time are shifted along the time axis to construct a master curve and the WLF equation used to perform the superposition: Log ( aT ) = a(T − T0 ) b + (T − T0 ) knowledge of the performance of the material was relied on. By definition when T=T0. As one illustration of quality control lapses causing failure. the literature is lacking in direct accounts of specific failures.1 General As said earlier. Regardless of the validity of the extrapolation procedure.5 Quality Control It is self evident that mistakes in manufacture could result in premature failure of the product and consequently quality control in some form is essential. case histories show that sensible control precautions are not always applied and in some instances appear to be totally absent. whereas accelerated tests to cover the actual service conditions would have warned of the likelihood of failure. Unfortunately. As well as giving results for changes caused by the degradation agents (often accelerated). through lack of testing of the product to incorrect installation. A plot of ln K(T) against 1/T should yield a straight line with slope E/R. where. aT is the shift factor of an isotherm determined at temperature T. This was probably the case for examples of failure due to thermal ageing where general 6 The Literature 6. this has received many times more attention than analysis of causes of failure. the intrinsic experimental uncertainty of the measurements will be magnified as the degree of extrapolation increases so that predictions will always be very far from precise. log(aT) = 0 and there is no shift to apply. Despite it being generally thought that data suitable for reliably predicting service life is scarce. The best results will be obtained with the lowest acceleration levels but at the cost of longer test times. Where multiple degradation agents apply. there are many papers giving examples of measuring the degradation of rubber materials in particular environments. nitrile/PVC hoses analysed by the author failed from ozone cracking. there was in theory a control procedure which is one stage better than no provisions for control. in relation to the isotherm at the reference temperature T0. However. is being developed to aid design of rubber components to provide satisfactory service lifetime. 6. environmental response and human intervention (including poor manufacture and fitting and the inadequate dissemination of knowledge).Rubber Product Failure There are also many papers considering methodology for prediction of lifetime from accelerated tests (for example (50. A Chinese paper (105) apparently claims that premature failure is mainly a result of underinflation. Interestingly. Several recent papers consider the process of crack development and the estimation of fatigue life. Zhoa and Ghebremeskel (37) review the effects of polymer macro and micro structure on the failure mechanisms of butadiene and styrene-butadiene in considerable detail. for example. several seals. from which the appropriate lessons have not always been learned. Pannikottu and co-workers (45) describe a finite element method for modelling stress decay which is said to be consistent with experimental results. Stevenson (54) refers to costly mistakes having been made in critical offshore applications. the tyre related incidences of fatality are miniscule compared with the total number of road related incidents. The conclusion of a report into abnormal tread separation of particular brands of tyres (39) was that various factors contributed. Heat ageing of two compounds and applying the time temperature superposition principle and models based on Miner’s rule of cumulative material damage is described by Gillen and Celina (41). Apart from the case studies. which is often difficult to achieve. The essential property of stress relaxation (change in sealing force) needs to be measured under conditions that equate with service and measurement continued or extrapolations made for long times. computer modelling. In an overview 19 . Increasingly. a railway crossing pad and a valve. The failure of rubber components subject to dynamic conditions is frequently due to the development of cracks and is generally termed fatigue. failure of tyres receives considerable attention. Modification of the standard compression set test is suggested to give better correlation with stress relaxation.2 Tyres Because of their importance from a safety angle. Some studies are briefly outlined by Chouchaoui (47. it could be argued that it is surprising that catastrophic failures are not more common and indicates that generally the level of technology and quality control is high. The literature on failures has been very significantly added to. damping mountings. Another report (72) cited increased speeds and poor maintenance for an increase in the failure rate of lorry tyres.3 Seals Seals are perhaps one of the most severe applications of rubber. Consequently. However. this book is also useful for the accounts of degradation mechanisms that are included. The analysis of seal failure modes is discussed by Page (63) who classifies causes of failure as structural response (such factors as seal and housing design). and considers some of the applications and the material evaluation requirements. of possible causes of tyre failure Vance (32) highlights the interest taken by the US authorities in any cases of death or injury which may be related to tyre performance and the resultant recall of tyres and court proceedings. 61. A less common use of accelerated tests is to estimate remaining lifetime. The problem of accumulated structural damage resulting from running tyres under. A review has been given (66) of the Parker O-ring handbook which is a manual detailing O-ring design. or virtual testing. 79) where problems of unsatisfactory products were solved by modelling. Hawkes and co-workers (161). Tyres are unusual in that they are used by the public in a great variety of service conditions and are likely to be subjected to abuse rather more than most rubber components in typical engineering applications. often being subjected to harsh environments in terms of temperature and chemicals and being required to not only maintain mechanical integrity but to also retain their sealing force. in fact probably doubled. Yeoh (118) demonstrates how finite element analysis can be applied to compute tearing energy for classical test pieces. Months later experts were disagreeing (12 extra) as to whether failures were largely due to design defects or to incorrect operating conditions. consider the tearing energy approach whilst Mars (46) introduces the concept of cracking energy density to aid prediction of fatigue. including design. which include the crimping of a hose.or overinflated is considered by Wagner (34). Sun and co-workers (50) found that Miner’s rule did not apply for fatigue of black filled NR and SBR. a diaphragm. by the case histories given by Wright (9) and from which some examples have been extracted. 6. 62) and this has been considered comprehensively in a guide to lifetime prediction (17). manufacturing factors and external factors such as underinflation. 11. It appears that too often these essential steps are omitted or inadequately carried out. A detailed investigation was made into the failure of rigid polyurethane foams of different densities that had been deliberately formed with elongation of the cells in the longitudinal direction (36). Summaries of papers presented at a RILEM symposium on the durability of building sealants have been published (129). Deficiencies in design. For cases of failed tissue expanders he suggests the causes were a combination of poor design and poor manufacturing. Soviet Rubber Technology. 7 Conclusions It is essentially self evident that the study of failures is essential to successful design and the prevention of reoccurrence. which include case studies on the inspection of failed joint systems. 1970.1 L. There have been a number of Japanese papers on fatigue failure of rubber products but translations have not been found in most cases other than a wide ranging review (100) and a study on failure of timing belts (156). The practice is that relatively little has been published although there are indications that this situation is improving. In contrast to the number of reports of failure case studies. Generally. Lewis also cites investigations of problems with synthetic heart valves and implanted pacemaker leads. This resulted from the effect of overnight low temperature on Viton elastomer.Rubber Product Failure Probably the most famous of seal failures ever was the Challenger disaster which has been described in some detail by Lewis (71). Such medical products are subject to apparently exhaustive testing but despite the precautions taken failures have still occurred. Lewis (71) mentions the case of ozone cracking of fuel lines on Fiat cars which resulted in fires. The failure of silicone rubber in breast implants has received plenty of coverage in the popular press and several technical articles have been reviewed by Lewis (71). Perhaps most shocking is that this was a case where there had been several warnings of potential failure. it is essential that performance is fully evaluated at the design stage and quality routinely maintained by testing.4 Other Products Failure of condoms would clearly be of concern and a survey (165) appears to reveal a significant number of failures. 20 . It follows that it is important that accounts of failures are published so that the experience is of value to others. Additional References a.G. It appears that there have been a number of failure mechanisms but they all generally relate to lack of thorough testing to cover the expected lifetime and all service conditions. there are many papers on the measurement of degradation in various environments. it must be concluded that in too many cases service trials were deemed not feasible. Stress analysis of failures in the form of cracks in cord rubber composites as a result of fatigue has been carried out which is said to be of help in estimating the severity of local failures (35). Although the process of predicting lifetime is undoubtedly difficult and testing is expensive. sufficient knowledge or experience was not available and accelerated testing was thought too expensive. Dubok. November. including mechanical inadequacy. 29.N. It was found that the failure mode changed with change of density but in a different manner to that found previously for materials foamed in the vertical direction. Many of the case studies of failures demonstrate the frequency with which the failure could have been prevented if existing knowledge had been available to or had been heeded by the people concerned. 6. In some cases a seemingly small lapse has been disastrous or at least very expensive. material selection and control may have far reaching implications. Other workers (25) have characterised defects in condoms and investigated artificial defects. Angert and N. cure variations and biodegradation. Problems with leaking under-bonnet hoses have been investigated but only brief details were published (80). This unavailability or disregard of knowledge is not restricted to small companies and even very prestigious establishments could be called guilty. p. Riggs D C © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 21 . In the development of new compounds. Rubber hoses and seals. Paper 86. Permeability data are presented for grades of Viton. Under similar environmental and loading conditions. 16th-18th October 2001. The newly-developed sealant exhibited retention of TS. pp. Oh. Pirelli Settore Pneumatici (ACS.12. pp. Under sustained high pressure and temp. 012 COMPOUND VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES AND FRACTURE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR IN TRUCK TIRE DURABILITY PREDICTION Moneypenny H G.Fall 2001. tread separation and breaker/ply ending separation. hardness and elastic recovery after prolonged 70C water immersion. Achenbach M Parker Hannifin GmbH Ways of reducing the emission of volatile organic compounds from the fuel systems of passenger cars and trucks are discussed. initiation point.References and Abstracts Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database Item 1 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 54. the effects of EDD could be reduced to acceptable levels. The specimens were tested in a specially designed pressure vessel representing the extreme environment and exposure that were encountered in offshore oil production. 10 refs. Rubber Div.. and FVMQ. propagation and cause of failure.2. i. EUROPEAN UNION. No. Small-scale specimens representing full-scale connections were designed with the aid of non-linear finite element analyses. The use of compound fracture mechanical behaviour measurements in the development of sidewall compound with improved cut initiation/propagation resistance is described. No.816-26 German SEALS AND JOINTS IN FUEL CIRCUITS . Dec. GERMANY. Cleveland. Oh. National University Cohesive failure was shown to arise for currently-used commercial PU sealants under extreme conditions of combined water and heat. Hogan M E. 31 refs. Zhou X Singapore. HNBR. (ACS. p.) Truck tyre durability is discussed with reference to the importance of identifying the mode. Cleveland. Paper 21. The need for a special elastomer compound which gives low emission rates over the whole temperature application range is emphasised. particularly those with quick connectors and the fuel rail. 2002. Oil States Industries Inc. The results showed that EDD could adversely affect the performance of an elastomeric connection.843010 Item 4 160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting . When the internal pressure was rapidly decreased (due to shutdown or other emergencies). it is important to consider the operating conditions (strain/stress/temp. USA Accession no. 16th-18th October 2001. 2001.845972 Item 3 160th ACS Rubber Division Meeting . levels) of the component in the running tyre.33. A test package was designed for evaluation of cohesion under these conditions.e.. SINGAPORE Accession no. Rubber Div. the explosive expansion of the absorbed gases within the elastomer caused internal rupture of the elastomer structure (also known as explosive decompression damage(EDD) that could gradually affect the load-bearing capacity of the connection. in addition to requirements for a new. A formulation was developed for a two-component PU sealant which was resistant to cohesive failure under prolonged exposure to combined water and heat.13. Pirelli Tire LLC. are all responsible for the emission of VOCs due to permeation and/or leakage. patented geometry which helps to fulfil future requirements as regulated by the various government bodies. With adequate confinement of rubber. The retreadability of the truck tyres is also considered with Accession no. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. A new test method was developed to identify the principal design variables that affected the extent and nature of EDD.187-93 ENHANCED RESISTANCE OF POLYURETHANE SEALANTS AGAINST COHESIVE FAILURE UNDER PROLONGED COMBINATION OF WATER AND HEAT Chew M Y L. The process is illustrated for two possible types of failure mode. Nahmias M Moneypenny Tire & Rubber Consultants.HOW TO MINIMIZE EMISSIONS Streit G P.Fall 2001.846497 Item 2 Polymer Testing 21. thicker rubber layers were more susceptible to EDD. (100C) was studied by means of small-scale testing corroborated by non-linear finite element analysis. rubber layers absorbed hydrocarbon gases.) The behaviour of elastomeric flexible connections (FlexJoint) in offshore pipelines transporting hydrocarbon fluid/gas mixture under high pressure (10-25 MPa) and temp.. WESTERN EUROPE AK Consulting Engineers. 12 refs. Mowdood S K. 012 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION DAMAGE IN ELASTOMERIC FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS Kumar A. coefficient of rolling resistance. Rapra Technology Ltd. the specialist tyre testing firm SDS Systemstechnik GmbH makes tyre defects visible through opto-electronics.. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Vol. Results are discussed. and mass). spectroscopic.148.838228 Item 7 International Polymer Science and Technology 28. COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES Accession no..842959 Item 5 Gummibereifung 76. pp. Conference Proceedings.. inner liners. 1 ref. Initial failure stresses at temps. This review aims to provide an introduction to the techniques and methods that are used to carry out quality control work on rubbers. NALOAN RUBBER ANALYSIS . COMPOUNDS AND PRODUCTS Forrest M J Rapra Technology Ltd. 9 FAILURE OF PLASTIC AND RUBBER PRODUCTS . 2001. No.139 A number of elemental. aquaplaning speed). No. 000 tyres used and recorded in the Moscow region in the period from 1995 to 1999. 012 AERODYNAMIC HEATING OF ROCKET MOTOR ADHESIVE BONDS Wylie P D. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina. stability and controllability..T/15-7 22 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . stability at high speeds). 2001. reliability.References and Abstracts reference to the stability of the various tyre components to mechanical excitation. No. pp. SDS SYSTEMTECHNIK GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. pp. p. ranging from 20 to 160C at 20C intervals were determined and samples were then loaded to a percentage of the determined failure strength at each temp. The results obtained showed that there was a significant reduction in the strength of the propellant and the strength of the propellant-liner interface at high temps. speed properties. EUROPEAN UNION.18-20). ITALY. EFFECTS AND ACES STUDIES INVOLVING DEGRADATION WRIGHT D Rapra Technology Ltd.838562 Item 6 Structural Adhesives in Engineering VI. and economy (service life. heat and oxidative ageing. Kalinkovskii NIIShP The level of service characteristics of tyres was assessed by the analysis of data on the life of over 50. Hobman C E.211-4. UK. UK.10. the time under load was critical in predicting the suitability for service of these bonds. EUROPEAN UNION. nonuniformity. This book describes mechanisms of polymer degradation for the following reasons: Thermo-oxidation. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 4th-6th July 2001. the results of laboratory road testing of tyres. WESTERN EUROPE ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF SERVICE PROPERTIES OF TYRES PRODUCED BY THE CIS AND PROBLEMS OF THEIR IMPROVEMENT Putankin K S.) Rapra. results of bench tests of different manufacturers. 26cm. Photo- Accession no. to investigate the failure of rubber products and to deformulate rubber compounds.838077 Item 9 Shawbury. Methods of testing new and remoulded tyres are described. 5 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.CAUSES. and the study of the design and materials of tyres by different tyre works in the CIS and the leading foreign companies.838102 Item 8 Shawbury. GERMANY. A new ‘Interferometric Tire Tester System’ is discussed. 2000. Rapra Technology Ltd.POLYMERS. 400. particularly over 100C. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. including measurement of belting. Rapra Review Rept. Also examined are efficiency and savings on staff costs as well as examples of defects that have been detected. pressure distortion and broken fibres. Evidence was also found to suggest that some thermal degradation of the test samples occurred during constant load testing. Edited by: Ward S (Rapra Technology Ltd. 30 cms. Tod D A DERA (IOM Communications Ltd.xii. No. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 2001. and their time to failure was recorded. 2001.12. No. p.) The effect of temp. Bristol. Apart from the temp. NETHERLANDS. EUROPEAN UNION.58-9 German TYRE TESTING SYSTEMS Mutz K-H As the market leader. and stress on the bond strength between insulating liner (Hypalon chlorosulphonated PE) and solid rocket propellant (hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene) was studied. comfort (external noise.2. EUROPEAN UNION. 2001. 379 refs. repairability.12.Review Rept. CIS.7. The tyres were assessed from criteria of international priority requirements: safety (grip properties. USA. chromatographic and thermal techniques are described for the analysis of rubber compounds and products. p. including treeing. are noted. and discusses both the consequences of the failure and the lessons that may be learned from it. p. and offers high damage-resistance . The new tyre technology is called “Near Zero Growth” or NZG. Other miscellaneous effects.833850 Item 12 Tire Technology International Annual Review. This article reports on damage tests carried out in Spain an NZG radial tyre and a bias tyre.2001. INTERNATIONAL TIRE & RUBBER ASSOCIATION. and the International Tire & Rubber Association. Flood T R Standards Testing Laboratories Inc. An analysis of the causes of failure indicate that 7090% of tyres fail due to treadwear. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE & INDUSTRY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. It should be equally suitable to other rubber products such as vehicle tyres. Factors affecting the service life of tyres mean that tyres fail at different stages of their life. May 2001. SAE USA Accession no.8.833109 Item 13 Rubber and Plastics News 31. Environmental stress cracking. RUSSIA Accession no. It is claimed the technique will give earlier warning if a rubber part such as a conveyor belt is degrading or losing elasticity. prior to withdrawal from service. CEAT EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. No. Each failure mechanism is illustrated with a number of case studies.831538 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 23 . UK. Some cautions with regard to significant changes in parameters. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina. RUBBER MANUFACTURERS’ ASSN.158-62 Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE.14-5 TYRE-D OUT? Hill S CSIRO and Monash University have developed a simple technique for nondestructively testing the internal condition of the material in rubber components in service.832638 Item 14 International Polymer Science and Technology 28. STL’s testing protocols and data quantification are described and its applicability to forensic tyre analysis for revealing and validating failure modes is discussed. Tarnovskii V N. No. US. NORTH AMERICA. p. so that the part can be replaced well before failure occurs. WORLD Accession no. The technique is based on NMR technology.a key quality in the field of aviation. which may give rise to different results and conclusions to those obtained using a specific range of parameters. No.9. Aug. Wright’s own experiences whilst working at Rapra.1. as a starting point.78-9 CONCORDE IS TO TAKE OFF AGAIN Mutz K Engineers at Michelin have recently developed a new aircraft technology using a high-modulus reinforcement material developed by the company in 1999. No. suburban and intercity routes. 2001.. Smith J M. Degradation due to ionising radiation. FIRESTONE USA Accession no.T/20-2 PERFORMANCE OF BUS TYRES Gudkov V A. p. 2001. The Concorde is shortly to be equipped with these new tyres. p. UK. CSIRO AUSTRALIA IMPACT SIMULATIONS IN THE LAB Bolden G C. In each case he describes the circumstances of the failure. MICHELIN. Each chapter is well referenced. p.References and Abstracts oxidation. 2001. TIRE ASSOCIATION. FORD MOTOR CO. NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION. p. SPAIN.6 ASSOCIATIONS GIVE INPUT ON TIRE MONITOR PROPOSAL Stumpf T This article explains the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s proposed regulations mandating tyre pressure monitoring systems in new passenger vehicles by model-year 2004.834605 Item 11 Gummibereifung 77. and Nizhenkamsk works. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. the Tire Association of North America. Belotserkovsk. which was developed using SAE J1981. It also presents the comments and suggestions in response to the proposals from three major US tyre-related associations: the Rubber Manufacturers Association. Chemical attack. FRANCE. No. A report is presented on STL’s road hazard impact testing machine for tyre/wheel assemblies. where the former produced excellent results. electrochemical degradation and biodegradation. Ganzin S V Volgograd.837010 Item 10 Materials World 9. EUROPEAN UNION.21). many of which are based on Dr.2001. 3 refs. meeting all the specifications in regard to damage resistance. EADS.4. with reference to tyres produced at the Bobruisk. EUROPEAN UNION.5. 17th Sept. including urban.. State Technical University A statistical analysis is made of the service life of bus tyres and the economy of various tyres under different bus service conditions. References and Abstracts Item 15 Industria della Gomma 44, No.10, Dec.2000, p.16-22 Italian GUIDE TO THE SOLUTION OF RUBBER-TOMETAL BONDING PROBLEMS Peters D Par Chemie Consideration is given to the different steps involved in rubber-to-metal bonding, including surface preparation of metal substrates, the application of primers and adhesives, and moulding, vulcanisation, curing and posttreatment processes. Factors which can lead to weak adhesion and bond failure are discussed, and approaches to the identification and correction of such problems are outlined. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE headings in Part One - Basics are: Introduction; The problems; The choice of approaches; Degradation agents; Degradation mechanisms; Time dependent limitations; Critical factors; Parameters to monitor degradation; Preparation of test pieces. The main headings in Part Two - Product Tests and Experience are: Simulating service; Experience; Principles of product testing. The main headings for Part Three - Accelerated Tests are: Fundamental problems; Designing an accelerated test programme; Effect of temperature; Effect of liquids; Effect of gasses; Weathering; Fatigue; Abrasion; Other degradation agents; Service conditions; Prediction techniques; Limitations and pitfalls in accelerated testing. (35 refs.) RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.826524 Item 18 IRC 2001. Proceedings of a conference held Birmingham, 12th.-14th. June. Birmingham, IOM Communications, 2001, p.596-607. 012 NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF FABRIC REINFORCED DIAPHRAGMS Daley J R; Ellaway T M; Mays S TISPP UK Ltd.; Dowty Engineered Seals (Institute of Materials) Fabric reinforced elastomer diaphragms are critical components in valves, pressure regulators, actuators, pressure switches, expansion chambers and pumps used in a variety of end-use industries. They need to be able to withstand operating environments with extreme pressures and service temperatures, and in order to design reliable diaphragms, realistic prediction techniques are required to enable better models of seal behaviour and failure. One such technique, Non-Linear Finite Element Analysis (NLFEA) is examined in this paper. An example of modelling a fabric reinforced diaphragm is demonstrated through the use of beam elements in combination with solid elements. The material properties and weave of the fabric are shown to be critical in the prediction of the failure mode and the behaviour of the diaphragm during the stroke cycle. The paper concludes that FEA can help limit the stress diaphragms are exposed to, predict potential wear areas and reduce prototype costs. 4 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.828666 Item 16 Rubber to Metal Bonding. Proceedings of a one-day seminar held Shawbury, 30th January 1997.. Shawbury, 1997, paper 5, pp. 5. 012 PROBLEM SOLVING IN RUBBER TO METAL BONDING Worthington K Compounding Ingredients Ltd. (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Typical applications are examined in which rubber to metal bonding failures are possible, and possible solutions are examined. Examples of problem solving include glycol resistance in a hydromount test, and fuel resistance of a turbo injection inlet manifold gasket. Retreading a tyre with a PU precured tread is examined, with reference to the selection of a suitable bonding agent. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.827807 Item 17 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2001, pp.vi, 156, 25cm, 93 PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE USEFUL LIFE OF RUBBERS Brown R P This book provides practical guidance on assessing the useful service life of elastomers. It covers test procedures and extrapolation techniques together with the inherent limitations and problems. The information can be applied to help maximise the effectiveness of a durability testing programme. The results of a project studying 40 years of natural rubber ageing and an accelerated testing programme conducted by Rapra have been drawn on to indicate the limiting factors for particular materials and methods. The book is split into three parts. The main Accession no.820090 Item 19 IRC 2001. Proceedings of a conference held Birmingham, 12th.-14th. June. Birmingham, IOM Communications, 2001, p.334-346. 012 USE OF ELASTOMERS FOR AUTOMOTIVE 24 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited References and Abstracts FUEL AND AIR CONDITIONING FLUID CONTAINMENT Harrison C; Campion R P (Institute of Materials) The use of elastomers as seals, hoses and diaphragms in automotive air conditioning and fuel operating systems is examined, and the environmental concerns relating to emissions which has made fluid loss prevention increasingly important. In addition, in recent years, the use of higher pressures for both types of system has also added to the difficulties of containment. Fluid loss can be due to permeation through the elastomer (e.g. through seals or hose walls), or through flaws, and/or can be by leakage past the seal. An example where the latter becomes most important is with modern snap-fit or barb connectors, especially in dynamic situations. This paper enlarges upon these matters, describes equipment and procedures developed for making relevant measurements, and provides data. Details are also given of equipment capable of operating at realistically high pressures both for permeation measurements and for seal leakage testing under vibrating conditions appropriate to automotive service. Test data obtained include permeation rates and related coefficients, and numbers of cycles to leakage onset for several automotive service-realistic elastomer/ fluid (gas or liquid) combinations. Rationales are outlined. Some extreme forms of elastomer service failure modes, such as explosive decompression fracturing, or extrusion of the seal into the adjacent housing, are briefly mentioned. 8 refs. MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Item 21 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, No.1, March/April 2001, p.79-88 AGEING OF NATURAL RUBBER IN AIR AND SEAWATER Mott P H; Roland C M US, Naval Research Laboratory Accelerated ageing experiments are carried out on an NR vulcanisate exposed to air and to seawater. Failure strain, shown to correlate well with the fatigue lifetime, is used to monitor the extent of degradation. The effect of temperature on the rate of ageing follows an Arrhenius law, with activation energies equal to 90 + or -4 and 63 + or -3 kJ/mol for air and seawater ageing, respectively. The difference can be accounted for by the difference in oxygen concentration for the two environments. 35 refs. USA Accession no.818146 Item 22 Rubber Asia 15, No.3, May/June 2001, p.81-2 RESISTANCE TO AIR PERMEATION - WATER LEAKAGE Bader H F Akron Rubber Development Laboratory Inc. A manufacturer of natural latex sports ball bladders seeks an improvement in air permeation. As an alternative to total replacement of the NR latex, it is suggested that an over dip is applied of another latex polymer at a thickness which does not adversely affect the bounce. Information concerning water leakage testing of examination gloves and condoms is presented. A toy balloon maker seeks a solution to losses due to tears when removing the balloon from the dip form. Whether the low temperatures encountered in unheated cargo planes can affect nitrile gloves is considered. USA Accession no.820066 Item 20 Tire Business 18, No.22, 12th Feb.2001, p.1/18 TREAD ACT COULD AFFECT, ELIMINATE SOME TIRE LINES Fisher P J Fleet Tire Consulting US legislation, the TREAD Act, which was passed in October 2000 after the Firestone tyre recall, establishes early-earning reporting requirements of safety-related tyre and automotive defects, and criminal penalties for falsifying or withholding information on vehicle safetyrelated defects. This article examines in detail the impact this new legislation will have on businesses in the US, products sold, and how the law could even affect a company’s survival. FIRESTONE; US, RUBBER MFRS.’ASSN.; US, NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION USA Accession no.816968 Item 23 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1997, pp.96. 30 cms., 1/6/01. Rapra Review Rept. Vol. 8, No. 12, 1997. NALOAN POLYMERIC SEALS AND SEALING TECHNOLOGY Hickman J A St.Clair (Polymers) Ltd. Edited by: Dolbey R (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra.Review Rept. No. 96 This review of polymeric seals and sealing technology covers the types of seals available and the elastomer materials used for their manufacture. The properties of specific materials chosen for seal design are outlined, and minimum and maximum usage temperatures are Accession no.818276 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 25 References and Abstracts indicated. Applications of these seals in heat exchangers, EMI/RFI shielding, explosive decompression, suspension units, and in high-power mechanical hammers are described. The failure of seals is discussed, and a case history is included to illustrate the failure of a seal, and its subsequent redesign. Seal materials examined include NR, EPM, EPDM, IIR, CR, NBR, ECO, HNBR, ACM, AEM, silicone rubber, fluorosilicone rubber, fluorocarbon rubbers, polysulphide rubber, polyurethane rubber, and PTFE. 400 refs. Photocopies and loans of this document are not available from Rapra. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE showed that this test method did not increase the size of pre-existing microscopic defects. Examination also showed that these creation techniques generated reproducible defects within a condom type, with the size of acupuncture needle defects varying less than laser-drilled defects. Results of water leak testing showed that the leakage characteristics of defects were affected by the material type, the condom shape and size, the type of defect and the defect size, and the presence of lubricant. 9 refs. USA Accession no.813791 Item 26 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 73, No.10, 2000, p.555-61 Japanese EXAMPLES OF TROUBLES WITH ACRYLIC RUBBER AND COUNTERMEASURES Kubota I Information is presented on mixing of acrylic rubbers, with details on tackiness, content of other materials, carbon black dispersion and dispersion of other fillers, and processing and vulcanisation of acrylic rubbers. 6 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Accession no.813618 Item 27 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 73, No.10, 2000, p.548-54 Japanese TROUBLE-SHOOTING OF NBR AND HNBR Komatsu K A discussion is presented of the structure of NBR type rubbers and their basic properties and processing, the nonrubber components present, ways of avoiding processing problems, and some examples of defects in commercially available NBR. 8 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Accession no.813617 Item 28 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 73, No.10, 2000, p.541-7 Japanese TROUBLE-SHOOTING OF FLUOROELASTOMERS Nagasawa A Examples are given of problems arising during processing of fluororubbers, e.g. roll tackiness during milling, impurities on the roll, curing faults, splitting during demoulding. Articles from this journal can be requested Accession no.815494 Item 24 Tire Business 18, No.23, 26th Feb.2001, p.1/20 BFS RECALLS 98, 500 FIREHAWKS Moore M For the second time in six months, Bridgestone/Firestone is recalling tyres. The company will voluntarily recall approximately 98, 500 Firestone Firehawk GTA-02 tyres, size P205/55R16 for what is described as a ‘design issue’. Some 88, 000 of the tyres were fitted as original equipment on 22, 000 Nissan Altima SE sports models, while the rest went to the replacement market. The bulk of the vehicles and tyres were sold in the USA. The tyres featured an extra-wide steel belt which left insufficient distance between the steel belt edge and the tread surface, leaving potential for a crack to develop at the bottom of the circumferential shoulder groove, and progress to the edge of the steel belt. No accidents, injuries, lawsuits or defect claims are involved. The DOT identification numbers of the tyres subject to recall are listed. BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC.; NISSAN USA Accession no.815354 Item 25 Journal of Testing & Evaluation 29, No.2, March 2001, p.214-9 CHARACTERIZATION AND CREATION OF DEFECTS IN CONDOMS Kerr L N; Chaput M P; Boyd S M; Galevi E A; Millward P A US, Food & Drug Administration Defects in condoms were examined, characterised and compared with defects introduced using various techniques. Eighty-five percent of the condom defects examined were classified as either a hole (void in material) or a slit (puncture). Laser drilling and puncturing with a 160 micrometre diameter acupuncture needle artificially introduced similar types of defects. Microscopic examination of the created defects, before and after FDA water leak testing, 26 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 813616 Item 29 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 73. by means of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy provided with microsonde analysis. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. No.11. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. can be bleached when exposed to total immersion conditions.4. and the influence of high temperatures and pressures on these processes are examined. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. to update passenger car tyre testing standards. Factors determining the solubility.10. No. 2000. Accession no. is carried out. 7 refs. applied on rolled steel specimens exposed to total immersion conditions in aqueous solutions with different salinity.533-40 Japanese EXAMPLES OF FABRICATION TROUBLES OF SILICONE RUBBER AND COUNTERMEASURES Sumimura S A discussion is presented of troubles that can occur with the properties (permeability.2. the US Senate has passed the Transportation Recall Enhancement and Documentation Act (TREAD Act). Accession no. Induced by the massive recall of BFS tyres.2.813614 Item 31 International Polymer Science and Technology 28. diffusion and permeability of gases in elastomers. p. March/April 2001. Periodic visual inspections of the coating films. Tyre manufacturers will be bound by a reporting system to establish an early warning reporting system to assist the NHTSA in identifying safety-related defects.813615 Item 30 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 73.811222 Item 33 Pigment & Resin Technology 30. p. New cars will include dashboard low pressure warning systems for tyres. this legislation requires car.T/43-53 ELASTOMER-GAS SYSTEMS Zuev Y S NIIEMI Open Joint Stock Co. 2001. together with a study of the possibility of increasing the working life of seals under these conditions. CSIC Aluminium pigmented chlorinated rubber coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 2000.8 million tyres. and to develop a dynamic roll-over test. No.2000. University. No.23-4 WHAT CAUSES TYRE FAILURES? Vance P Accession no. 2001. p. p. widely used for steel ship protection. p. The effect of the TREAD Act on the tyre industry is considered.References and Abstracts for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. 6 refs. are used. SPAIN. p. The relationship between external salinity and contamination by sodium chloride of the steel/coating interface in the bleaching processes is analysed. No.811261 Item 32 Rubber Asia 15. Morcillo M Basque Country. foreign bodies) and processing of silicone rubber. (Translated from Kauchuk i Rezina.36) RUSSIA Crusader Chemical Co. Nov. The influence of the osmotic processes in the coating bleaching is also established. No.10. Accession no. 46 refs.2. enaction of regulations to assist consumers in identifying tyres subject to a recall and to notify the NHTSA of any foreign government safety tyre recalls on a motor vehicle or its parts. 2 refs. hydrogenated nitrile rubber and silicone rubbers is explained. A general overview is presented of possible causes of tyre failure in its various forms. together with a deep analysis of the coating microstructure. USA Accession no. No. EUROPEAN UNION.109-13 ANALYSIS OF BLEACHING PROCESSES IN ALUMINIUM PIGMENTED CHLORINATED RUBBER COATINGS UNDER OSMOTIC EFFECT Cayuela F. p. Following the Bridgestone/ Firestone recall of 4. polyurethane rubbers. A deep study on the development of the decolouration processes of these coatings.16-7 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 27 . contact obstacles and impurities. The bleaching processes of the coatings mainly depend on the salinity of the external solution. while the influence of the steel/ coating interface contamination is not relevant. 2000.524-32 Japanese TROUBLE-SHOOTING OF RUBBER PRODUCTS Ohtake Y Trouble shooting in the case of products made from fluororubbers. heat resistance. tyre and parts manufacturers to make changes to ensure public safety.811148 Item 34 Modern Tire Dealer 81. Another instance of accumulated tyre structure damage can occur when a radial truck tyre.804346 28 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . formulation. Running tyres overloaded. National Academy An experimental investigation was undertaken to assess the failure behaviour of a series of PU foams of variable specific density. and the diene microstructure on fracture and fatigue life of the vulcanisates. with practical applications in the form of case histories in which the use of additives played a part in enhancing durability. for example. a tyre operated significantly underinflated for a specific load can result in the weakening of bonding material strength due to excessive heat generation and resultant deterioration of constituent materials. It also discusses the role played by carbon black and vulcanising systems on fracture and fatigue.808305 Item 36 International Journal of Damage Mechanics 10. at sustained high speeds or underinflated can and do contribute to a structural breakdown within the internal confines of the tyre body. electrical and mechanical stresses imposed on the finished product. as well as upon their relative proportions.2000. Some of the basic scientific processes involved in durability are discussed. Results show that crack type.9. 12 refs.804735 Item 38 Your Ticket to Outstanding Color and Additives. May A W Purdue University Stress analysis of failures in the form of cracks due to fatigue of cord-rubber composites was carried out using micromechanical 2D and 3D finite element analysis. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Simple uniaxial tension and compression tests were executed and the experimental data were introduced into the elliptic Accession no. USA Accession no.. and the environmental influences and physical. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 17 refs. RETEC 2000. Jan.2000. The level of durability achieved depends on a complex interaction of ingredients. MONSANTO USA Accession no. as a result of being subjected to environmental factors. was expressed in terms of a smooth transformation of its failure behaviour from the ordinary C-strong one to the irregular T-strong one. p. All the foam materials examined were transversely isotropic materials. p. USA paraboloid failure surface criterion.3-42 FAILURE MODES OF FOAMS: INFLUENCE OF ORIENTATION OF VOIDS Theocaris P S. It is explained that most rubber products due to the development of cracks. EUROPEAN UNION. The results obtained indicated that the dependence of the failure modes of a mixed foam upon the specific densities of its strong and weak-axis elements. 27th Nov. No.References and Abstracts MTD ANSWERS THE BURNING QUESTION: WHY DO SOME RADIAL TYRE TREADS PEEL? Wagner E Tire Technical Services Inc. For example. Washington. associated with primary failure. the weak axis of the medium.810120 Item 35 Polymers & Polymer Composites 9. This paper reviews in depth the underlying failure mechanisms. Use of the results of the von Mises-Tresca stress should help in estimating the severity of local failures in cord-rubber composites.C. of the PU foams of different porosities.807150 Item 37 Rubber and Plastics News 30. and discusses ways and means of minimising them. D. The von Mises-Tresca stresses were computed from the results of finite element analysis and compared. strikes a rock or curb with sufficient speed and force to severely impact the shoulder area where steel belts and body ply meet. Ghebremeskel G Ameripol Synpol Corp. In the absence of faulty tyre production. however.1. fabrication.1. the problem of tread peels may lie in “accumulated tyre structure damage”. No. This condition was used for the comparison of the failure loci. and assembly. whose axis of symmetry was. 2001.14/21 REVIEWING FRACTURE AND FATIGUE FACTORS Zhoa J. 17th-19th Sept. chemical. p.15-24 STRESS ANALYSIS OF FAILURES IN CORDRUBBER COMPOSITES Pidaparti R M V. Conference proceedings.2001. No. (SPE) The concept of durability is discussed with reference to rubber and plastic products. It presents the effects of polymer molecular weight. paper 12 DURABILITY? Coleman E CP Technology Inc. 56 refs. Sokolis D P Athens. it is proposed. GREECE. the styrene content of SBR. USA Accession no. loading and crack size have a strong effect on the values of the von Mises-Tresca stress. which is quite rare. Golko P J Illinois University at Urbana-Champaign The acousto-ultrasonic approach to damage detection in tyres is described.. 2000. 8th Jan. SARTOMER CO. No. USA temperature environments is demonstrated. 2000. No. Celina M Sandia National Laboratories The principles underlying the above wear-out approach. Conference preprints.796617 Item 42 European Rubber Journal 182. Such techniques can be used in troubleshooting problems and formulation experimentation. Ill. which is based on the Palmgren-Miner concept that degradation is cumulative and that failure results directly from the accumulation of damage with time. paper 101 SOLVING PROBLEMS IN RUBBER FORMULATIONS WITH ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Dlunzneski P R Hercules Inc.12. Oct. AVON RUBBER.-19th.694/700 INSTRUMENT TO EVALUATE DAMAGE IN STEEL BELTED RADIAL TRUCK TIRES dos Reis H L M. PART 1: METHODOLOGY Clark R C. Conference preprints. 27 refs. BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC. and the other with field fatigue damage.12. are reviewed and the application of these principles to materials in Accession no. which replaces a contact ultrasonic rolling transducer in the evaluation and detection of ply cord fatigue damage in steel-belted radial truck tyres.11.794199 Item 44 158th. MANUFACTURING Collins C An internal probe by experts at Bridgestone/Firestone has concluded that there was no single factor that caused the abnormal rate of tread separations in P235/75R15 Firestone Radial ATX. in extreme cases and working together.References and Abstracts Item 39 Rubber and Plastics News 30. Results are given of a feasibility study involving two tyres.. all relating to automotive coolant hoses. AKZO NOBEL POLYMER CHEMICALS.5 million of them. CABOT CORP. the instrument increased its robustness to better endure the environment of a new tyre or retreading facility for on-line inspection of new and used tyres. and problem areas in peroxide curing.799299 Item 41 Polymer Degradation and Stability 71. Witte J SHAMBAN Seals © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 29 . known in the retreading industry as zipper failure mode occurs around the radius of the tyre in the sidewall flex area. 17th. (ACS.Fall 2000. electrochemical degradation (ECD).15-30 WEAR-OUT APPROACH FOR PREDICTING THE REMAINING LIFETIME OF MATERIALS Gillen K T..3 REPORT TIES TYRE PROBLEMS TO DESIGN. Cincinnati. paper 82 RADIAL SEAL FORCE RETENTION.1. Oct. . USA Accession no. By reducing the number of moving parts in the sensing unit. The various spectroscopic. carbon black morphology.. plant.-19th. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Cincinnati. They discuss: EPDM as the material of choice. with details of how they can be applied to solve problems in rubber compounding. No. Oh. p. p. USA Accession no. p. EUROPEAN UNION. Analyses of experimental wear-out results for a nitrile rubber where time-temperature superposition is valid and for EPDM where it is invalid are presented and discussed. Nov. 2000. with reference to the development of an air-coupled transducer. 17th. and thermo-analytical techniques are described.22/8 EPDM COMPOUNDS FOR COOLANT HOSE UNDER SCRUTINY White L This article is actually one long article and several smaller ones. coagents and peroxides needed to meet VW specification. SCANDINAVIA. Such damage.803708 Item 40 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 53. ACS Rubber Division Meeting . ATX II and Wilderness AT tyres that led the firm to voluntarily recall 6. peroxide cured coolant hoses. 2001. have contributed to the phenomenon. NETHERLANDS. DSM ELASTOMERS BV.795699 Item 43 158th. 18 refs.2000. sulphur curing. Getz N.Fall 2000. p. USA Accession no. chromatographic. ECD testing.one with seeded defects. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Rubber Div. external factors such as low inflation pressure and certain manufacturing factors at the company’s Decatur. Oh. FINLAND. No.2001. The company has concluded that a combination of design factors. peroxide evaluations.) Analytical techniques available to the rubber compounder are reviewed. Dec. ACS Rubber Division Meeting . it may not always be possible to predict the time to ultimate Accession no. However. Oct. Conference preprints. Germany. and compares them with prediction based on this new parameter.Fall 2000.) Details are given of a test method. The sealing force is recorded continuously at a finite time interval. Tests are also presented which are aimed to ensure the accuracy of virtual prototypes based on finite element analysis. which may result in a gain or loss of retained seal force that over time may pose a critical failure mechanism. Morgan G J Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd. The stress relaxation results from FEA are shown to be consistent with the experimental measurements. Conference preprints. The stress decay of sealant materials is modelled using finite element method for both constant and cyclic temperature conditions. and hydrogenated nitrile rubber which were compounded for seal and gasket applications. Materials tested include fluoroelastomers.) A new continuous compression stress relaxation test method has been developed for evaluating elastomeric materials for sealing applications. but the degree of deterioration varies immensely between different elastomers. This paper presents an applied approach incorporating ‘radial seal force’ to obtain uniformly consistent.-19th. USA predict the effects of such complex strain histories on fatigue life is therefore seen as crucial in the design of rubber components. Karmakar U Akron Rubber Development Laboratory Inc. 4 refs.794181 Item 45 158th. polybutadiene. Oh. (Rapra Technology Ltd. (ACS.Fall 2000. These fluids can cause excessive swelling or shrinkage of O-rings or custom seals in their glands. paper 47 OPTIMIZING RUBBER PRODUCTS VIA COMPOUND CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPUTER MODELING Chouchaoui B Windsor Industrial Development Laboratory Inc. Conference preprints.794169 Item 47 158th. 2000. successful service of the elastomer will depend on different overriding factors concerning deformation mode and environment. 17th.. Conference proceedings. has been proposed as an at-a-point parameter for correlating fatigue crack initiation life. performance-capable materials in O-ring and custom configurations. Oh. This paper presents results of cyclic. ACS Rubber Division Meeting .-19th. Such predictions are required because elastomers can deteriorate in hostile environments. During a test. which are necessary to build computer models which can be used to simulate the performance of finished rubber goods. The timedependent elastic behaviour of sealant materials is modelled using the finite-strain viscoelasticity theory.2000.. the elastomer component is compressed at various strain levels under precise displacement control. USA Accession no. USA Accession no. with particular reference to the effects of low density phosphate ester hydraulic fluids and red oils over a long period. paper 4 ELASTOMERS IN HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS Campion R P. USA Accession no. The ability to 30 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . Berlin.) Rubber parts in service often experience complex strain histories that can cause mechanical failure. Cincinnati. Oct. ACS Rubber Division Meeting . paper 67 CRACKING ENERGY DENSITY AS A PREDICTOR OF FATIGUE LIFE UNDER MULTIAXIAL CONDITIONS Mars W V Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. Oh. (ACS. as will any approaches to life prediction with regard to material or component. 14 refs. combined tension/torsion fatigue experiments.. ACS Rubber Division Meeting . These examples demonstrate the usefulness and accuracy of virtual testing. Rubber Div. the cracking energy density. A new parameter. Cincinnati.794180 Item 46 158th. Cincinnati. European Rubber Journal) For most applications involving elastomeric components.-19th. The measurement technique is claimed to be suitable for diagnosing seal failure. EPDM. (ACS. developed to meet the more demanding requirements of seals used in aerospace applications. It also presents several analytical studies successfully carried out by WIDL on behalf of rubber moulders in Canada and the USA. Oct.. Rubber Div. 2000. 17th. paper 80 NON-LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF ELASTOMER SEALS Pannikottu A.Fall 2000. 2000. 17th. The ability of cracking energy density to predict the fatigue life and cracking plane is evaluated for both in-phase and out-of-phase histories of combined axial and shear strain.References and Abstracts (ACS.794152 Item 48 High Performance Elastomers 2000. 16 refs. representing the available energy density of a given strain state and crack orientation. Rubber Div. Sadon S. 10th-11th Oct. Rubber Div.) This paper describes some tests on rubber. ATX II and Wilderness tyres following a spate of accidents involving tread separation. No.791577 Item 51 Industria della Gomma 44. Marteny P Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. predicted thermal degradation lifetime and reliability evaluation techniques are examined which focus on the relationship between various rubber components and other typical degradative factors in the automotive environment. p. 2 refs. ITALY. Detailed descriptions of a range of approaches to life prediction for elastomers both from a general viewpoint in a variety of environments and using various case studies have previously been given. 4th Sept. AIRCRAFT TIRES MEET STRINGENT STANDARDS Dawson B © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 31 . The Wisconsin court in this case described a cap ply as ‘an additional adhesive to prevent belt separation’. breaking elongation and flaw growth. p.703.788988 Item 53 Rubber and Plastics News 30. 5 refs. An earlier court case is referred to when the driver. Other opinions relating to the use of cap plies are reported. USA. May 2000. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.791816 Item 50 Tire Science and Technology 28. Applications in the inspection of rubber seals are described. 2000.1/60 COUNTING ON SAFETY. Instead one might foretell from accelerated test observations a time when a known. No. WESTERN EUROPE of the rubber materials investigated. Current warranty periods worldwide are summarised to provide a basis for anticipated failure rates of automotive components. 2000.T/33-40 DEGRADATION AND LIFETIME OF RUBBER VIBRATION INSULATORS FOR VEHICLES Akema T The need for a method of predicting degradation in rubber products is discussed.196-208 EFFECT OF FATIGUE STEP LOADING SEQUENCE ON RESIDUAL STRENGTH Sun C. p.References and Abstracts failure. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.792366 Item 49 International Polymer Science and Technology 27.790898 Item 52 Rubber and Plastics News 30. It was found that Miner’s rule did not hold for the fatigue failure of these rubber compounds but the relative rankings of the rubber compounds remained the same in both step-up and stepdown strain sequences. No. with reference to the recent recall of Bridgestone/ Firestone’s ATX. (Eighteenth annual conference of the Tire Society.4. with particular reference to automotive engine mounts. an attempt is made to focus on factors involved when the environments surrounding the elastomers are hostile. p. The applicability of Miner’s rule to typical rubber compounds subjected to repeated tensile strains was evaluated. 19 refs. However. It is helpful to be aware of the basic molecular structure of these materials. the dispute continues. 1999). Akron. No. Gent A. No. rendered quadriplegic by an accident in which the tread separated.54 NYLON TIRE CAP PLIES DRAW MORE SCRUTINY Moore M The function and necessity of nylon cap plies is discussed. especially since the company is accused of mislabelling the Wilderness tyres for Ford Motor Co in Venezuela. By selecting from the previous descriptions and presenting further relevant data. key property level still applies to the elastomer at service conditions.3. acceptable.19-20 Italian ARTIFICIAL VISION. July-Sept. No. REAL CONTROL Salva D Doss An examination is made of the use in quality control of artificial vision techniques using a video camera and image processor. as having the cap plies requested by Ford. EUROPEAN UNION. 27-28 April. Ohio. Tests were carried out on NR and SBR filled with carbon black to determine the effects of loading sequence on residual energy to break.3.8 million US dollars against Continental AG. nylon cap plies are used almost exclusively on high speed-rated tyres. was awarded 6. According to the company. UK. In particular. USA Accession no. and to indicate possible approaches for making reasonable estimations of how long adequate levels of relevant properties might be retained during service. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. VENEZUELA Accession no. p. and which take into consideration the combined degradation by heat and vibration in engine mounts. BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC. 4th Sept. EUROPEAN UNION.11. 1998. 2000. 2000. A model is proposed to predict flaw (crack) growth under mixed strain cycles and the influence of loading sequence on the order of durability rankings Accession no. JAPAN Accession no.3. p.9. 2. In addition. principle of operation. Recently a unique new filler called “Neuburg siliceous earth” has arrived in the North American marketplace from Europe. 5 triazine (TAPDT) is discussed for the long term resistance to dynamic ozone crack resistance. p. This study compares the influence of these unique fillers with those presently used in North America. The use of low levels of wax or its complete elimination in the tyre sidewall by combinations with dialkyl paraphenylene diamine (77PD) or 2. which involves a scavenging function. No.25/7 DEDICATED. Oxygen also reacts with rubber. No.References and Abstracts Comments are reported from companies involved in the aircraft tyre industry. The iridescence sheen phenomenon occurs particularly in EPDM when the fabricated articles are exposed to UV light and ozone. the use of retreaded tyres. AUTOMATIC TIRE SIDEWALL INSPECTION O’Neil E Bytewise Measurement Systems USA A US manufacturer of precise non-contact product and process measurement systems. These include load bearing applications. It is chemically inert and does not react with rubber.10 NEW FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: IT’S A GAS Fisher P J It is claimed that the new technological advancement in tyres may be the use of nitrogen instead of air to inflate tyres. benefits of laser measurement technology. Helsinki. 7 refs. 4. has introduced a dedicated tyre sidewall bulge/ dent inspection system. several companies are marketing affordable systems to produce nitrogen using a conventional air compressor. 17th July 2000. paper 65 FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MATERIALS EVALUATIONS FOR CRITICAL OFFSHORE APPLICATIONS Stevenson A (Nordic Council of Rubber Technology) Elastomeric components are finding increasingly critical use in a number of applications in offshore oil and gas engineering projects.9. USA Accession no. USA Accession no. oxidizes it and can make it less flexible and weaker. which aim to reassure the user about the safety of such tyres following the recent Air France Concorde crash which resulted from tyre debris puncturing the plane’s fuel tank.785010 Item 57 Rubber World 222. May 2000. Some of the applications and the materials evaluation requirements for long and safe life are discussed.12-4 REDUCING IRIDESCENCE IN EPDM WEATHERSTRIPPING Larson L C. Conference proceedings. 29th May 2000. Bytewise Measurement Systems. 4 dimethyl pentylp-phenylene diamino) 1. EUROPEAN UNION. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.783618 Item 58 Rubber and Plastics News 29. 5 refs. UK. 13th-15th June 2000. As air migrates through the tyre liner at a rate of about 2psi per month. US. letter elimination software. It is increasingly unacceptable to experience unexpected failure due to the cost of downtime and maintenance operations. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.787099 Item 55 Tire Technology International 2000.of America Automotive manufacturers continue to demand improvements in the colour stability of their weatherstripping. p. FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION USA Item 56 Tire Business 18. This study will also Accession no. Full details are given under the headings: why measure tyre sidewalls?. p. AIR FRANCE INDUSTRIE. 3. Finland. Danilowicz P A Struktol Co. p. Substitutes for wax to provide protection of tyre sidewalls against static ozone cracking are examined. Nitrogen permeates the tyre 30-40% slower than the oxygen in the air and does not carry any water.788963 Item 54 IRC 2000. water vapour and carbon dioxide. USA Accession no. and summary. Lin C Uniroyal Chemical Co.22. Test and inspection methods used. Today. such as flexelements for deepwater tension leg platforms. it is carrying moisture with it which contaminates the steel and initiates the growth of rust in the steel body plies. All that is required to make nitrogen is an air compressor with a membrane system to separate out the oxygen. hoses and swivel joints in floating production systems. from which the appropriate lessons have not always been learned.FINDING ALTERNATIVES TO WAXING OVER THE CRACKS Hong S W.(N-1. 6-tris . a mechanism is proposed to explain how ozone reacts with antiozonants. No.59-66 IN FULL BLOOM . wellhead sealing and downhole sealing. and the trend towards the use of radial tyres are discussed. Greene P K.785679 32 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . Qualification of materials is therefore of concern and there have been some costly mistakes in the past. References and Abstracts provide compounders with key compounding suggestions that will aid in the reduction of iridescence, improve profile aesthetics and increase plant productivity. 4 refs. USA Accession no.780107 Item 59 Rubber India 52, No.4, April 2000, p.17-22 PROCESSING CHALLENGES TO ACHIEVE QUALITY, PRODUCTIVITY AND VALUE FOR THE PRODUCT Ramdas S Fenner India Ltd. Consideration is given to factors affecting the quality, productivity and value of rubber products with reference to processing methods. In particular, mixing, extrusion, moulding, transfer moulding, metal to rubber bonding, process control, FMEA, value engineering, quick tool changes, and prototyping are discussed. INDIA ADVANCES AND CHALLENGES IN LONGTERM SERVICE LIFE PREDICTION OF ELASTOMERIC ENGINEERING COMPONENTS Harris J A; Hawkes J R; Campion R P; Derham C J Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd. (ACS, Rubber Div.) Various mechanisms that may dictate the service life of elastomeric engineering components are identified and discussed. For life prediction, predictive modelling and accelerated testing are required. Predictive models currently available for crack growth, creep/stress relaxation, fluid compatibility and chemical ageing are discussed. Case studies are used to illustrate the use of predictive models and accelerated testing for various types of component. These include the use of a fracture mechanics approach for crack growth prediction in an automotive type mount and the Arrhenius approach and other factors on sealing systems for oil and gas. The challenge is to develop life prediction methodology to account for some of the complex aspects of real service environments. 16 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.778560 Item 60 Journal of Testing & Evaluation 27, No.4, July 1999, p.249-65 NEW DYNAMIC WIND LOAD CYCLE TO EVALUATE MECHANICALLY ATTACHED FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE ROOFS Baskaran A; Yin Chen; Vilaipornsawai U Canada, National Research Council A report is presented on progress towards developing test procedures for certifying roofing systems under dynamic wind loads by the National Research Council of Canada’s Special Interest Group for Dynamic Evaluation of Roofing Systems(SIGDERS). Wind tunnel investigations were carried out using two flexible roofing membranes, PVC and EPDM. Using the wind tunnel pressure records as source data and comparing the membrane responses of PVC with EPDM, SIGDERS developed a dynamic load cycle. With input from industries, building owners and roofing associations, the developed load cycle was generalised and extended to evaluate the ultimate strength of flexible membrane roofs. To validate the newlydeveloped load cycle, several membrane roofing systems were investigated and then reported separately. The SIGDERS load cycle in a laboratory mimicked failure modes similar to those observed in the field. 23 refs. CANADA Accession no.771678 Item 62 157th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2000. Preprints. Dallas, Tex., 4th-6th April 2000, paper 38 REVIEW OF POLYMER LIFE ESTIMATION USING VARIABLE TEMPERATURE/STRESS ACCELERATION METHODS Vicic J; Maligas M; Jones W; Janoff D Cameron; FMC Corp. (ACS, Rubber Div.) Elastomers are used in many critical service applications that require long, trouble-free life such as seals, gaskets, bridge pads, tyres, medical components and rocket fuel binders. An estimate of long-term durability or the time to failure for materials and components presents a challenge to both scientists and technologists that work with these materials. Interest in this area is high as evidenced by the fact that the American Petroleum Institute Committee 6 and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers Committee T1-G have task groups working on developing accelerated life estimation tests for elastomer seals. It is shown how thermal acceleration tests based on Arrhenius’ theory and modifications by other researchers such as Zhurkov that include the effect of applied stress may be used to estimate the long-term property changes in elastomers. A brief historical background of work in this area and its implications are included. Current industrial practices that use thermal acceleration are reviewed. Some examples of thermal acceleration techniques applied to failure life estimation for actual components are examined. 19 refs. USA Accession no.776393 Item 61 157th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2000. Preprints. Dallas, Tex., 4th-6th April 2000, paper 40 Accession no.771676 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 33 References and Abstracts Item 63 157th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2000. Preprints. Dallas, Tex., 4th-6th April 2000, paper 37 SEAL LIFE IN REAL LIFE Page N Walker J., & Co.Ltd. (ACS, Rubber Div.) The practical analysis of seal failure modes and mechanisms has previously been described. Firstly, failure modes are summarised, followed by describing the remedial actions which may be taken to avert failures such as those caused through housing, application and other non-time/temperature dependent effects. Secondly, a method for the prediction of time/temperature dependent elastomer degradation is presented and its practicality is discussed. Finally ‘good practice’ is shown to be an essential tool for maximising seal performance against a background that the majority of seal failure is still unpredictable, although in many cases avoidable. Pragmatic and predictive approaches to minimising seal failure are compared. 2 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Depending on their structure (inherent chemical efficiency), they act as efficient antioxidants, antifatigue agents and/or antiozonants. Some of them combine these activities in one molecule. The unique antidegradant properties are based on the presence of the secondary amine functional group greater than NH in the parent additive and amine transformation products. Sacrificial consumption of amines accounting for these transformation products is a consequence of active stabilisation of the rubber matrix by amines (scavenging) of ROO. radicals, contribution to deactivation of hydroperoxides ROOH, and reaction with ozone and/or ozonides. Transformation products are mostly coloured derivatives of quinone imine and more complicated compounds derived from them. Their formation cannot be avoided. Quinone imines contribute to the overall stabilisation performance of amines by scavenging carbon-centred free radicals. This unique property is important for the antifatigue effect. Moreover, the reaction is associated with a partial regeneration of the secondary amine moiety greater than NH. The integral mechanism of sacrificial transformations of amines is outlined. 9 refs. CZECH REPUBLIC; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.771675 Item 64 Rubber World 221, No.5, Feb.2000, p.55-8 REVERSION RESISTANCE OF ENGINE MOUNTS Graf H J; Sayej E Cooper Standard Automotive Reversion is defined as the softening and weakening of natural rubber vulcanisate when the curing operation has been continued too long. This article describes experimentation carried out on a natural rubber engine mount with a reversion-resistant polychloroprene coating. Materials and methods are detailed, results are presented and discussed, and conclusions drawn. 18 refs. USA Accession no.769256 Item 66 Machine Design 72, No.6, 23rd March 2000, p.98 HANDBOOK GUIDES O-RING DESIGN A review is presented of the Parker O-Ring Handbook, a manual detailing o-ring design over 11 chapters. Technical information is provided on topics such as chemical compatibility, O-ring specifications, and sizes and tutorial chapters include O-ring elastomers, applications and static and dynamic sealing. Other topics covered include material selection, installation, the effects of friction and O-ring failure analysis. PARKER HANNIFIN CORP., O-RING DIV. USA Accession no.768062 Item 67 Shawbury, 2000, pp.ii, 170. 30cms. 11/4/00. 93T NATURAL AGEING OF RUBBER - CHANGES IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OVER 40 YEARS Brown R P; Butler T Rapra Technology Ltd. This report is an output from the Weathering of Elastomers and Sealants project which forms part of the UK government’s Department of Trade and Industry’s Degradation of Materials in Aggressive Environments Programme. Rapra Technology Limited has just completed a comprehensive natural ageing and physical testing programme on 19 rubber compounds, stored in controlled conditions, for a period of 40 years. This is Accession no.770976 Item 65 Rubberchem ’99. Conference proceedings. Antwerp, Belgium, 22nd-23rd Nov.1999, paper 14 AMINIC ANTIDEGRADANTS: DISCOLOURING TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS AS ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN THE INTEGRAL STABILISING MECHANISM IN RUBBER Prosisil J; Habicher W D; Nespurek S Czech Republic, Academy of Sciences; Dresden, Technische Universitat (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Aromatic amines and diamines and planar heterocyclic amines rank among the most important rubber chemicals. 34 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited References and Abstracts believed to be the most extensive such study ever carried out. The results of this unique programme are published in this report. Accession no.766772 Item 68 Rubber Technology International 1999, p.48-51 KRATON IR, A PURE ALTERNATIVE Migchels P Shell Chemicals Kraton synthetic isoprene rubbers are offered as an alternative to natural rubber products, and provide an option for use in applications requiring no discolouration, odour and a high degree of purity. The benefits are described of two currently available synthetic isoprene processing technologies, - Kraton anionically polymerised IR marketed by Shell and Ziegler-Natta IR, with reference to their ability to reduce problems of discolouration, odour and adverse skin reactions, and to improve the overall quality and performance of finished products without sacrificing the traditional benefits of NR. 2 refs. Accession no.763106 Item 69 Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings. Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.55-60 TIME DEPENDENT MECHANICAL FAILURE OF STRONG ELASTOMER-TO-METAL BONDS: CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL MECHANISM? Albihn P; Chapman A V; Lake G J; Lawrence C C Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research; Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn.; East London, University (IOM Communications Ltd.) Studies were made of chemical and physical factors influencing time dependent near-bond failure in NR/steel bonded joints. Chemical studies revealed no evidence to indicate that chemical modifications were substantially weakening the rubber adjacent to the bond. Video observations suggested that a cavitation-like process, probably arising from dilatational components in the stresses near an interface, could lead to time dependent mechanical failure near the bond. 10 refs. TUN ABDUL RAZAK RESEARCH CENTRE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Rhodia Silicones (ACS, Rubber Div.) The cracking of silicone sealants during cure is studied. These elastomers cure slowly at room temperature by diffusion of water vapour from the atmosphere, which initiates hydrolysis and condensation crosslinking reactions. Sealants are used as waterproofing seals in construction. Joint movement due to thermal expansion of building materials lead to extension of seals during cure. Cracks in the seal may appear for movement lower than 10% and may cause seal failure. The effect of movement is examined and characterised for several sealant types. The elongation at the time where the cracks appear varies during the cure. It quickly drops to a low value during the first minutes of curing. While the cure continues, it increases to reach the elongation at break of the cured elastomer. The cracking is related to brittleness of the network obtained during the first crosslinking steps. A model based on water vapour diffusion, hydrolysis and condensation reactions is developed. This model can explain the cracks observed. The crosslinking rate plays a major influence on the curing sealant capability to tolerate movement. 8 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.759664 Item 71 Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2000, pp.104. 30 cms. 17/12/99. Rapra Review Rept.111, Vol.10, No.3, 2000. NALOAN POLYMER PRODUCT FAILURE Lewis P R Open University Edited by: Dolbey R (Rapra Technology Ltd.) Rapra.Review Rept.No.11 Case studies are used to demonstrate failures in polymer products. Aspects of defect analysis considered include the occurrence of recrystallisation, surface contamination, frozen-in strain, mixing efficiency, and formulation problems. Case histories examined include those involving pipes and fittings, storage tanks, and medical products. 383 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.759543 Item 72 Tire Business 16, No.25, 29th March 1999, p.3/19 “GATOR” HUNTING Davis B This article provides information on lorry tyre failure in the USA, with figures taken from a recently-published report by a tyre industry task force. The reports states Accession no.761623 Item 70 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Conference preprints. Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 70 CRACKING WHILE CURING IN SILICONE SEALANTS Pujol J-M © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 35 The retreaded tyre was fitted on the steer axle of the truck and when the tyre blew.759395 Item 73 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting . Rubbers are. No. and under high-pressure weathering. Conference preprints. The 36 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . No..) Initially transparent polybutadiene develops micron-sized surface cracks when stretched and exposed to ozone. Orlando. where the cyclic acetal has to be used in combination with waxes.) The demand for white and coloured rubber articles for various applications is steadily growing. USA Accession no.2. The effect in diene rubbers. USA consequent reduction in the transparency of the rubber provides a facile method for quantifying the ambient ozone concentration.Fall 1999. MICHELIN NORTH AMERICA. TIRE RETREAD INFORMATION BUREAU. a broad dynamic range. some of which contained a protective agent based on N. Accession no. CONTINENTAL GENERAL TIRE. Translation of Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 21st-23rd Sept. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.1999. was determined under conditions of continuous weathering. and increases with increasing strain. carbon black-filled and unfilled natural rubber. is presented. p. The rate at which opacity develops is linearly dependent on the amount of ozone. BRIDGESTONE/FIRESTONE INC. the maximum daily air temperature was at least 18C. and partly because of low pressure resulting from poor maintenance. Rubber Div. styrene-butadiene rubber and butadiene acrylonitrile rubber.758356 Item 75 International Polymer Science and Technology 26. partly because of the increased speeds allowed in some states. Conference preprints. p.A SOLUTION FOR WHITE AND COLOURED RUBBER GOODS Jeske W Bayer AG (ACS. 1999.6 STEER-AXLE RETREAD BAN SOUGHT Mikolajczyk S J In May. butyl and halobutyl compounds. 20 refs. 31 refs. GOODYEAR.3. Naval Research Laboratory (ACS. with the samples being exposed for the entire period May to September/October. No. Rubber Div. very sensitive to ozone. GERMANY. 2 refs. Cyclic acetals do not affect the peroxide cure like other antiozonants and hence the material has also been tested in peroxide-cured cable jacket compounds based on a saturated elastomer. 1999. The effectiveness of the cyclic acetal is compared with paraphenylenediamine antiozonants in chloroprene. Accession no. US.. and the crack depth.1999.. The samples were evaluated from considerations of the initial elongation. TEKNOR APEX CO. 21st-23rd Sept.Fall 1999. A lawsuit is being filed on behalf of the victims’ husbands seeking unspecified damages for negligence and product liability.756152 Item 76 Rubber and Plastics News 2 21. The attorneys handling the case hope it will spur efforts nationwide to get retreaded tyres banned from use on commercial vehicles’ steer axles. is investigated.1999. paper 62 OZONE DETECTION BY CRACK-INDUCED OPACITY IN RUBBER Mott P H. 25th Oct. and hence effective antiozonants are necessary.109. HERCULES TIRE & RUBBER CO.. paper 65 HOW TO AVOID OZONE CRACKING . This method of detecting atmospheric ozone has high sensitivity (1 ppb).758359 Item 74 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting . the number of cracks.2.. The surface morphology of exposed material can be interpreted in terms of crack nucleation and growth. It was concluded that only those materials with an effective protective system or based on ozone-resistant rubbers could withstand effects of ozone during episodes of summer smog. where the daily maximum for the half-hour values of ozone concentration was at least 80 mg/cu m. YOKOHAMA TIRE CORP. para-phenylenediamine antiozonants cannot be used in compounds for white or coloured articles. Due to their discolouring and staining effect. and is unaffected by the presence of other chemicals.. Orlando. EUROPEAN UNION. N’ substituted p-phenylene diamines and a microcrystalline wax.7-14 CRACK FORMATION AND GROWTH UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH GROUND SURFACE OZONE CONCENTRATION Ehrhardt D The influence of ozone on the weathering of tensilestressed. a cyclic acetal providing excellent ozone protection in coloured compounds based on various elastomers. depending on their content of olefinic double bonds.References and Abstracts that both new and retread lorry tyres are failing at a faster rate than four years ago. Roland C M US. Fl. Fl. HAWKINSON COMPANIES. OLIVER RUBBER CO. p. the driver lost control of the vehicle and it collided head-on with the women’s car. A survey of the effectiveness of Vulkazon AFS. and the total daily sunshine duration at least 10 h. an accident in Montana caused by a tyre blowout on a concrete mixer truck resulted in the death of two women. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Topics covered damage to tyres. EUROPEAN UNION. mobile tyre repair support call-out services and aspects of retreads regarding tyre damage.27-30 MORE ADVANCED WAY TO DESIGNING RUBBER PRODUCTS Accession no.750794 Item 81 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting.. July 1997. Brief details are given. US.References and Abstracts LES SCHWAB TIRE CENTERS INC. dampening a tractor cab. The NHTSA is investigating complaints of fuel leaks in the former and problems with incompatibility of OE front brake hoses and aftermarket high speed front brake linings on the Cobras. the computer testing of products and processes. MERCURY VILLAGES. 13th-16th April 1999. p. involvement of customers. pp. p. BUNDESVERBAND REIFENHANDEL UND VULKANISEURHANDWERK E. NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY ADMINISTRATION USA Accession no.1997. Aug. the closure of an electrical connector. TIP TOP STAHLGRUBER..78 German TYRE CHECK CAN SAVE LIVES Mutz K Statistical evidence for road deaths in Germany resulting from faulty tyres is examined as background to regular momentary tyre checks advocated by Germany’s Bundesverband Reifenhandel und Vulkaniseur-Handwerk e. This article describes testing rubber towards building computer models.6. Jones R H.7. Sept. No. Spring 1999. Il. indentations in the running surface or bits of rubber separated off.752478 Item 79 Rubber World 220. Paper 59.V. USA Accession no. The numerous world-wide tyre firms contributing to this exchange are listed. STAHLGRUBER STIFTUNG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Studies completed include leakage of crimp on a composite hose. as well as the use of steel cord patches.1999. 5 refs. The BRV along with the TUeV for Rhineland have published free safety information on tyre care and many tyres traders offer free tyre safety checks. Issues include low tyre pressure. The mechanical properties and ageing and ozone resistance of black sidewall compounds consisting of NR blends with neodymium catalysed polybutadiene protected with different antioxidants and antiozonants were also evaluated. design of a pad for rail crossings and optimisation of a dishwasher seal. p. (BRV). USA Chouchaoui B Windsor Industrial Development Laboratory An alternative to trial and error in designing rubber products is virtual testing. The effects of the bromine content of bromobutyl rubbers on the performance of inner liners.23. TUEV EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. repair to damaged tyres. 14 refs. Rubber Div.65-6 German TRADE SUMMIT MEETS AT STAHLGRUBER Mutz K In 1997 the tyre firm Tip Top Stahlgruber and the Stahlgruber Stiftung (Foundation) hosted the third round-table conference for a pool of specialist representatives from the German tyre industry and its trade associations for an exchange of experiences and ideas.749872 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 37 . collapse of an underhood latch. No. and of sulphenamide accelerators on the adhesion of NR belt compounds to brass coated steel cords were investigated.) The influence of polymers and additives on the service life of non-tread tyre components is discussed on the basis of results obtained from studies of inner liner.V. CANADA Accession no. a cracked T-joint in a piping system.1999. Neilsen J G Bayer Corp. Chicago. including mobile puncture sets like the Mercedes Benz Tirefit which should replace the spare tyre in the future. No. belt and sidewall compounds. (ACS.38 INFLUENCE OF COMPOUNDING MATERIALS ON TIRE DURABILITY Niziolek A W. GERMANY. p. GERMANY. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. blow-outs and assistance in handling punctures. tyre damage.751229 Item 80 Rubber and Plastics News 2 20.754185 Item 77 Gummibereifung 73.8. Conference Preprints. 16th Aug.753826 Item 78 Gummibereifung 73. EUROPEAN UNION. No.7 INVESTIGATION BEGINS ON POSSIBLE FUEL HOSE LEAKAGE Moore M Problems with leaking under-the-bonnet hose or hose fittings on the 1993-1997 Mercury Villagers minivans and Ford SVT Mustang Cobra model years 1994-98 are reported. AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF O-RINGS Morgan G J. including the study of the surface structure of EPM samples and damage detection in tyres. pp. in a small but growing number of hospitals. Spring 1999. estimates of the prevalence of latex allergies and sensitisation among healthcare workers ranges from 5 to 17%. JOHNS HOPKINS MEDICAL INSTITUTION USA Accession no. USA Accession no. passengers and all road 38 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . Rubber Div.) The effects of stresses and associated strains on O-rings used in sealing pressurised fluids are discussed. (ACS. Il. Il. Chicago. 26th July 1999.1999. transient effects of temperature on sealing force.24 APPLICATIONS OF ULTRA-HIGH RESOLUTION EVANESCENT MICROWAVE IMAGING PROBE IN TIRE AND RUBBER MEASUREMENTS Tabib-Azar M.749855 Item 86 Rubber and Plastics News 28. USA.. Comfort and cost are the main reasons latex remains dominant in the barrier protection market. Spring 1999.1/10 SYNTHETIC FUTURE Moore M NR latex has long been the barrier protection of choice for physicians. Chicago. Il.) The use of evanescent microwave probes for imaging nonuniformities in a variety of materials is discussed. Conference Preprints. Paper 56. Pirelli Tire LLC. LUMENX USA Accession no. US. Mowdood S K. LumenX Div. However. Paper 40. 13th-16th April 1999.46/53 CRASH! Newland G Newlaw Associates Tyres are arguably the most important feature on a vehicle for ensuring the safety of drivers. 26 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Rubber Div.) Automatic X-ray inspection using linear diode array imaging systems is discussed as a quality control method for tyres. Paper 42. Paper 39. Spring 1999. nitrile rubber and hydrogenated nitrile rubber. 13th-16th April 1999.19 INSTRUMENT TO EVALUATE DAMAGE IN STEEL BELTED RADIAL TRUCK TIRES dos Reis H L M. Applications of this technique are illustrated by a number of examples. pp. Results are presented for the application of the instrument to damage detection in a new tyre having seeded defects in the sidewall area and a used tyre with field fatigue damage. Derham C J Materials Engineering Research Laboratory (ACS.26. Golko P J Illinois. Results are presented of studies of ageing and property changes of stressed and unstressed elastomers exposed to a hot aqueous solution of ethylene diamine. pp. 7 refs. UK. Campion R P. Rubber Div. Il. LeClair S Case Western Reserve University. and the influence of memory effects on gas induced fracture by explosive decompression. Air Force Research Laboratory (ACS. Conference Preprints.747150 Item 87 Tire Technology International Sept.References and Abstracts Item 82 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting.. dentists and other healthcare professionals. University (ACS.20 STRESS-INDUCED PHENOMENA IN ELASTOMERS. Materials examined included fluoroelastomers. 25 refs.749869 Item 83 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. the idea of an eventual latex-free environment has taken root and those institutions are replacing natural with synthetic rubber in more and more applications.. However. Conference Preprints. a likely cause of the zipper mode of failure in steel belted radial truck tyres.749856 Item 85 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. 13th-16th April 1999. 13th-16th April 1999. Rubber Div. p. thereby reducing the possibility of operator error which could result in damaged tyres being placed in service. p.) Details are given of a prototype instrument which uses an acousto-ultrasonic approach to detect and evaluate ply cord fatigue damage. Conference Preprints. Spring 1999. WESTERN EUROPE WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE USA Accession no. nurses. pp. Accession no.8 AUTOMATIC X-RAY INSPECTION FOR THE TIRE INDUSTRY Neuhaus T Yxlon International Inc.749858 Item 84 155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. EUROPEAN UNION. the instrument is capable of producing colour coded scans.. Chicago. Using an ultrasonic roller transducer as the sending transducer and an air coupled receiving transducer.. Chicago. No. US. 4 refs. the mechanical load plays only the role of supplier of the energy ‘pumped’ into the dilaton and causing thermal expansion of the bonds up to their breakdown. No.745570 Item 89 International Polymer Science and Technology 26. Accurate forensic examination of tyres after a car crash requires more than just a rudimentary understanding of how they are made. inventor of silicone implants.1/21 STUDY FINDS BREAST IMPLANTS DON’T CAUSE ILLNESS Moore M Silicone gel breast implants do not cause cancer or systemic disease in women. and therefore the decision was taken to manufacture new sealing elements from rubbers with increased cold resistance. 1999. However. such as implant rupture and deflation or contraction of the fibrous tissue around the breast. cornering and braking. From this point of view. Thus. Such examination requires knowledge of the manufacturing processes and materials involved. 28th June 1999. The panelists. Popova A F. said the report ‘provides additional solid evidence that breast implants do not cause disease’. UK. No. US.References and Abstracts users. concluded the three-member panel organised under the auspices of the Institute of Medicine. the Talakan-Vitim oil pipeline was built and put into service. USA consists of pipes of 6 m length.C.1. the difference between mechanical and other forms of breakdown of solids is removed. All the evidence indicates that rupture. Furthermore. The construction of the Talakan-Vitim oil pipeline was preceded by a long preparatory period. Analysis of design and technical decisions showed that the main obstacle to the use of the pipeline in a cold climate is the inadequate cold resistance of the sealing materials used. It requires knowledge of all the external factors that affect tyre performance. 1999. p. p. With experience. considerable reduction in the mechanical properties of seals intended for pipeline assembly was found. The heat ageing of a vulcanisate is one of the most common causes of failure of structural elements manufactured from it. It was proposed that vulcanisate V-14 based on SKN-18 acrylonitrile butadiene rubber be used for the manufacture of sealing rings. But other complications. DOW CORNING CORP. disfigurement or infection are the main problems with silicone implants. Kovalenko N A Russian Academy of Sciences In 1996. who have no connection with any parties in the silicone implant dispute and worked without compensation. according to a governmentfunded study. Cherskii I N. 000 publications on implants. INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE. the medical arm of the National Academy of Sciences. The PMTP-150 long-distance pipeline Accession no. in the course of which the question of the possible use of PMTP-150 pipelines in conditions of the Sakha Republic was tackled. and the way each component works in relation to the other components. 8 refs. are fairly common and need to be studied further.T/38-41 PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF PMTP-150 PIPELINES WITH BELL AND SPIGOT JOINTS IN A COLD CLIMATE Petrova N N. They are the vehicle’s only contact with the road surface for acceleration. the use of welding methods is eliminated. Details are given. giving particular weight to peer-reviewed scientific articles. important clues as to the causes of crashes can be found.745523 Item 90 International Polymer Science and Technology 26.t/10-2 DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVATION ENERGY OF HEAT AGEING OF VULCANISATE FROM THE CHANGE IN ITS ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS Meshchaninov S K Ukranian Academy of Sciences Until recently the main factor in the breakdown of solids was considered to be the mechanical load. All joints are detachable. RUSSIA Accession no. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. This level of cold resistance of the rubber sealing rings is unacceptable for reliable service in conditions of the Far North. No. joined with bell and spigot joints sealed with rubber sealing rings. and how a tyre behaves when these other influences are brought to bear. in connection with expiry of the permissible storage times. The sealing rings regulated by specifications TU 38. yet they are the most consistently abused and neglected part of a vehicle. EUROPEAN UNION.105. according to the study. reviewed more than 3.1. tissue contraction and other local complications resulting in pain. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. p.24.1962-90 for the sealing of pipe joints are intended for service at temperatures ranging from -40 to +80 deg.C. the dilaton theory of strength which has appeared in the past decade has altered these concepts radically.745516 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 39 . In the general case the heat ageing of a material can be described by a firstorder reaction. Storage and transportation of the seals are permitted at temperatures no lower than 30 deg. RUSSIA Accession no. Dow Corning. A pipeline design of this kind determines its main advantage . NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.the possibility of mechanised assembly at high speed with a minimum number of engineering personnel.745577 Item 88 Rubber and Plastics News 28. 775.57-62 French DEFECTS IN THE EXTRUSION OF PROFILES Del Peso R.2.740628 Item 93 Rubber World 220.739042 Item 95 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 52. level and formation of ground surface ozone concentrations in Central Europe.3. 15 refs.738743 Item 96 Rubber World 220. AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATION MAINTENANCE COUNCIL. EUROPEAN UNION. The article supplies details of the campaign. 1999. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. and a study is described of the weathering behaviour of various rubber materials (crack initiation and growth) under the effect of ozone. University The use of flow theories in determining the fundamental interrelationships between the leak rate of gaskets for flange connections and the relevant influencing parameters is discussed. the leak rate-related gasket characteristics defined in various standards and the measuring techniques for their determination are discussed. The relationships between the leak rate of gaskets on the one hand and the internal pressure. EUROPEAN UNION. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. No.739158 40 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. diameter and entry angle on the occurrence of surface defects on EPDM profiles. Karam S. The derivation of the basic rule for the transfer of results obtained for special boundary conditions to other conditions is considered and it is shown that the effort involved in gasket testing can be reduced. March 1999. This investigation was designed to determine if EPDM composition variables influenced resistance to chloramines. LRCCP Results are presented of a study undertaken by LRCCP to determine the influence of extrusion parameters such as die temperature. No. March 1996.109-15 German CRACK FORMATION AND GROWTH UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH GROUND SURFACE OZONE CONCENTRATION Ehrhardt D Information is given on the frequency. An Association of Citizens for Reliable and Safe Highways (CRASH). The failure of the rubber parts coincides with the implementation and use of chloramines as a method of water purification. the effect of antioxidants and whether practical compounds can be developed for water systems. Aubin C IFOCA. medium and gasket thickness on the other hand are presented. p.38-40 EP POLYMER SELECTION AND COMPOUND CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHLORAMINE RESISTANCE Mitchell J M The failure of rubber parts used in domestic water applications has been reported from several US states.11 RETREADING’S VERY SURVIVAL THREATENED Fisher P This article supplies details of the issues discussed at the annual meeting of the Maintenance Council of American Trucking Association.742250 Item 92 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No. 5 refs. The effect of the gasket stress and thickness can be determined only from experimental investigations. EUROPEAN UNION.50-3 INCREASING THE LIFE OF NR PIPE JOINT RINGS Accession no. No. May 1999. The complaints involved swelling and cracking and are related to nitrile and ethylene-propylene copolymer type compounds. FRANCE.3. GERMANY. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Also evaluated were peroxide vs sulphur cure systems. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. No.2. p. The article focuses on the latest activities by safety activates to restrict and regulate truck tyre retreads. 26th April 1999. 20 refs. together with possible repercussions on the truck tyre retread market. p. has launched a major campaign against truck tyre retreads. June 1999. length. A study in 1998 of tyre failures revealed that 85% were retreads. p. CRASH USA Item 94 Chemie Ingenieur Technik 68. USA Accession no. temp..2. p. REQUIREMENTS. The requirements placed on gaskets.References and Abstracts Item 91 Tire Business 17. No. 2 refs. GERMANY.219-27 German LEAK RATES OF GASKETS FOR FLANGE CONNECTIONS: INFLUENCING PARAMETERS. MEASURING TECHNIQUES AND LEAK RATE RELATED GASKET CHARACTERISTICS Kockelmann H Stuttgart. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. T/51-7 FATIGUE FAILURE OF ELASTOMERS Fukahari Y The main points of a previous review are given and augmented a discussion of later developments.9. However. The range of sulphur and filler loadings is from 1 to 5 phr and 10 to 50 phr. Carbon black (N 330).771. ENR 25 indicates the highest abrasion loss. 1998. Topics covered are (1) failure-initiating processes.732497 Item 99 Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering 38. It is explained that if extreme heat builds up in aircraft tyres it can lead to reversion of the compounds and tyre failure.17. and examine the in situ chemical modification of exposed surfaces of the pre1970s rings to increase their longevity. 1999. This paper traces the development of work done in which the combination of two anti-reversion agents used in an aircraft carcass compound provided a synergistic improvement in reversion resistance. (9) simulation of fracture by molecular dynamics. p. University The abrasion resistance of two grades of epoxidised NR (ENR 25 and ENR 50) and one grade of SBR is studied using an Akron abrasion tester.729169 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 41 . Reinforcing filler such as carbon black exhibits better abrasion resistance than calcium carbonate. MALAYSIA Accession no. and studies of the photooxidative and ozone degradation of polybutadiene. FRANCE.733809 Item 98 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No.Inc. Razai M J B Sains Malaysia. (11) synergistic effect of loading and deterioration in fatigue failure. Results obtained show that for all the rubbers studied. NEW ZEALAND NATURAL RUBBER Poh B T.1998. No. (6) fracture mechanical treatment of growth initiation. establish the likely life of the improved (post-1970s) rings. results are presented and discussed. Universite Approaches to the prediction of the long-term ageing behaviour of vulcanised diene rubbers are discussed. polyisoprene. 22nd March 1999. This observation is attributed to the changes of crosslink types from monosulphidic to polysulphidic crosslink as sulphur concentration is increased. and (12) size of decrease in activation energy due to loading. An accelerated sulphur vulcanisation system with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) as the accelerator is used. respectively. (2) the size of microcracks. FLEXSYS USA Accession no. p. (3) analysis of stress in the vicinity of latent defects in large deformation.2. and conclusions drawn. followed by SBR and ENR 50. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING & MATERIALS. The project was intended to assess the condition of rubber joint rings from many parts of New Zealand.732334 Item 100 International Polymer Science and Technology 25. Materials and methods are detailed. particularly those reported by the author and co-workers. For the filled stock. further sulphur loading would cause a ‘tight’ cure.98/104 French AGEING OF DIENE ELASTOMERS Lemaire J Blaise Pascal. This article describes a recent recent research project on the topic. No. minimum loss is observed at about 35-40 phr of filler.734158 Item 97 Rubber and Plastics News 28.16/9 ANTI-REVERSION AGENTS WORK TOGETHER Kuebler T P Kumho Tire Co. (8) the final step in failure (formation) of irregularities in the fracture surface. p. Mixing is done on a two-roll mill. EUROPEAN UNION. p. (5) the crack growth process (fracture mechanical treatment). the volume loss due to abrasion decreases with increasing sulphur loading and passes through a minimum at about 3 phr of sulphur. The microbiological degradation of NR pipe joint rings was first reported by Leeflang in 1963 and has since been found to be a worldwide problem. thus increasing the abrasion loss.References and Abstracts Hills D A Materials & Quality Consultancy Ltd. (10) finite element simulation of fracture surface irregularity. Oct. JAPAN Accession no. as reflected by the higher abrasion loss in the presence of ozone. precipitated silica and calcium carbonate are chosen as the fillers.341-50 ABRASION PROPERTY OF EPOXIDISED Accession no. For sulphur loading less than 3 phr. No. SBR and nitrile rubber under accelerated artificial ageing conditions are reported. 12 refs. The abrasion loss increases at higher filler loading due to the dilution effect of fillers. (7) fracture mechanical treatment of fatigue failure. (4) limiting negative pressure for microcrack initiation. 17 refs. 12 refs. a nonreinforcing filler. Ozone plays an important role in the abrasion properties of unsaturated rubbers. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 32 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. JAPAN Accession no. The handling system of the Basler 03 is able to quickly and reliably separate and convey round parts of different sizes precisely to the sensor units.714427 42 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . The combination of overload and under-inflation would result in fatal damage to the tyre. p. No. 1998.Fall 1997. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Load tests of 9. 1998.) National and international standards on surgical and examination gloves. Also discussed are the differing approaches to sampling methods for these testing procedures as well as the acceptable quality levels for some typical attributes and conflicting features between certain standards.720522 Accession no. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EUROPEAN UNION. Li Chengmin Hualin Group Corp.References and Abstracts Item 101 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting . WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.690-5 Japanese FATIGUE PHENOMENA OF RUBBER ROLLS Soumiya S A discussion is presented of the mechanisms involved in fatigue phenomena of rubber rolls. Oh.This article discusses the requirements covered by these standards.37-9 Chinese IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT TIRE INFLATION PRESSURE Gao Dongping. University The mechanism of fatigue failure of synchronous rubber belts is discussed. The results obtained showed that the effect of under-inflation was equivalent to that of overload. 21st-24th Oct.1997.721171 Item 102 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 71.1. Wulff P Basler Systemtechnik GmbH The technology is available now for flexible and modular automatic inspection systems which make it possible to inspect rotational symmetric mass-produced articles with high throughput for surface defects and dimensions. strength and barrier properties.11. Jan. The optical inspection of engineered seals includes the inspection of geometrical properties and surface defects.00R20 16PR tyres at different inflation pressures were carried out. No.716382 Item 106 Rubber World 219. CANADA Item 104 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 71.00-20 16PR and 9. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. 1998.683-9 Japanese FATIGUE LIFE OF AUTOMOTIVE SYNCHRONOUS BELTS Iizuka H Yamagata. dimensions.654-61 Japanese FATIGUE FAILURE OF ELASTOMERS Fukahori Y Bridgestone KK Fundamentals of the mechanics of fatigue failure of elastomers are discussed. Premature failure of tyres was thought to be mainly a result of running at under-inflation pressure. No. p.11. p.20-1 AUTOMATIC INSPECTION OF SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS AND DIMENSIONS ON ROTATIONAL SYMMETRIC MASS PRODUCTS Fuss M. 20 refs.11. 8 refs. 1999. Rubber Div. JAPAN Accession no. GERMANY.720518 Item 105 Luntai Gongye 19. Cleveland.Ltd. 32 refs. p. such as basic material. paper XXV STANDARDS FOR SOME LATEX MEDICAL DEVICES Simon T R TANDA Associates (ACS. p. Reprints. JAPAN Accession no.. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 20 refs. CHINA Accession no.4. No.1999. and of the determination of the causes and sites of fatigue failure. No. Outlines for possible future developments in the standardisation of these medical devices are given. and new developments in fatigue failure research are reviewed. and the appropriate test methods to determine these characteristics. condoms and diaphragms are crucial in the manufacture of quality products designed to prevent the spread of infectious diseases or to act as efficient mechanical contraceptives.720523 Item 103 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 71. Kakarla V Purdue University Fracture analysis of delamination-type cracks in angleply elastomeric laminates was carried out using threedimensional finite element analysis. Numerical results of stress distributions and J-integral values are presented for various cord orientations and crack sizes.713769 Item 108 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71. 66 refs. Insulator service life can be affected by electrical. UK.713768 Item 109 Polymers & Polymer Composites 5. A review is presented of the literature describing the surface discolouration problem of tyre black sidewalls and approaches to the formulation of a black sidewall compound to eliminate this surface discolouration upon exposure to ozone. University The author describes a procedure involving a consideration of the type of failure.3.1998. 1998. The objective of this laboratory study was to evaluate several new antioxidants versus two control antioxidants in a natural rubber/polybutadiene-based white rubber compound. USA Accession no.1998. The fracture parameter. the amount of deformation. p.713461 Item 110 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 70.7. July/Aug. JAPAN Accession no.713271 Item 111 Rubber Technology International 1998. mechanical and environmental stresses. WESTERN EUROPE of tearing energy/J-integral. p. EPDM or EPR. July/Aug. USA Accession no. was computed from the finite element results of stresses and strains. The results of the stress distributions and J-integral should aid in understanding delamination-type failures in elastomeric composite laminates. and compared with existing analytical results using three different methods. 22 refs.715-21 Japanese FAILURE MECHANISM OF SYNCHRONOUS BELTS Iizuka H Yamagata. University A review is presented of the literature on the performance and failure of synchronous and V-ribbed belts in order to develop an overall picture of the way in which the understanding of belt materials. EUROPEAN UNION. p. tearing energy/J-integral that characterised delamination failure in elastomer composites. analysis of the dynamics of failure. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. mechanics and failure mechanisms has progressed in recent years.75/80 NEW NON-STAINING ANTIOXIDANTS FOR DRY RUBBER APPLICATIONS Stuck B Sovereign Chemical Co. Methods include use of non-staining antiozonants and use of elastomers with saturated backbones such as EPDM. The results showed several new antioxidants were developed with improved heat resistance. and estimation of the service life of the belts and ways of reinforcing them. The results obtained were validated with existing analytical methods in the literature. USA Accession no. halobutyl rubbers and brominated isobutylene-co-para-methylstyrene.22-5 SILICONE RUBBER FOR ELECTRICAL INSULATORS Goudie J Dow Corning Corp. 67 refs. p. No. No. No. p. No. One of the biggest © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 43 .3.References and Abstracts Item 107 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71. 23 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.590-618 TIRE BLACK SIDEWALL SURFACE DISCOLORATION AND NON-STAINING TECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW Waddell W H Exxon Chemical Co. with an outer housing made from either silicone rubber. p.619-36 POWER TRANSMISSION BELT PERFORMANCE AND FAILURE Dalgarno K W Leeds.12. The market for composite insulators is growing steadily.713209 Item 112 Rubber Technology International 1998. Composite designs generally employ a fibreglass rod or hollow core for mechanical strength. The results obtained showed that cord orientation and crack size had a strong effect on the values Accession no. colour properties and economics over traditional control antioxidants.439-45 FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF DELAMINATION FAILURE IN ANGLE-PLY ELASTOMER COMPOSITES Pidaparti R M V. 1997. JAPAN. The surface of a silicone elastomer has a unique ability to interact with the contaminant and control leakage currents. USA.1998. Some ideas are suggested for increasing traffic safety. Chloramines. 60 ppm chloramines and 60 deg.-2nd Oct. Lytle C D US.5-6. and the air burst) and by a virus penetration test. cure systems filler selection and the effect of antioxidants are described. No. Food & Drugs Administration Defective condoms were created by puncturing with small acupuncture needles and were then tested by three quality assurance tests (the water leak test.) Rubber gaskets. GERMANY.1998. EUROPEAN UNION. Doucette J M.703496 44 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . Nashville. Jan.38/42 NEW COMPOUNDS FOR HOTTER USES Knoedgen M This article explores developments in automotive hoses.. Tn. A volume change of less than 5% after exposure for 1000 hours is accepted in the industry for water systems. MASCHINENFABRIK. No.703387 Item 117 154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting .712027 Item 115 European Rubber Journal 180. are used to accelerate the oxidising effect on rubber parts. Coyne L. which require expensive high-performance rubbers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.258-60 Croatian FAILURE OF AUTOMOBILE TYRES Markun B Sava Semperit Failure of automobile tyres.1998. 29th Sept. 6 refs. solar tubing and membranes used in today’s water systems must resist the strong oxidising effect of water treatments. seals.Fall 1998. VERITAS AG. ELF ATOCHEM.References and Abstracts problems in outdoor applications is airborne contamination that settles on the insulator surface. Nos.1. TROESTER P. Conference preprints. Thomas D P. possibilities of its determination and its consequences are analysed from different standpoints. USA Item 116 Journal of Testing & Evaluation 26.. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. A number of methods are available to manufacturers to allow them to quantify the level of contaminants in such systems and optimise their production processes.11.1998.713199 Item 114 Polimeri 17. In the laboratory.Fall 1998. paper 23. USA Accession no. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. EPDM polymer selection along with compound considerations are important to achieve chloramine resistance. USA Accession no. 5 refs. The concentration of chloramines and the exposure temperature may vary. Conference preprints.-2nd Oct. 13 refs. BAYER AG. USA Accession no. but the rubber parts must resist degradation for long periods of time. especially in air conditioning units and fuel systems where more aggressive fluids are being used. including accumulation of debris that results from the hose assembly process itself. 1996. Rubber Div. EPDM is commonly used and preferred by rubber parts manufacturers because these polymers are known to have excellent resistance to harsh environments. Tn. a proposed electrical test.713200 Item 113 Rubber Technology International 1998.701860 Item 118 154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting .C. Cyr W H. 29th Sept. paper 2. p. 5 refs.18-21 CLEAN ASSEMBLIES MINIMISE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM CONTAMINATION Lough S Gates Rubber Co. Hydraulic system contamination can arise from a number of sources. p.. Nov. 012 ETHYLENE PROPYLENE POLYMER SELECTION AND COMPOUND CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHLORAMINE RESISTANCE Mitchell J M (ACS. p. a combination of chlorine and ammonium hydroxide. SLOVENIA Accession no. is commonly used to control bacteria in most water systems. p. Nashville. ZEON EUROPE GMBH EUROPE-GENERAL. 012 STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE RATES FOR SOME CLASSICAL RUBBER TEST PIECES BY FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Accession no. The polymer characteristics.10-4 ABILITY OF QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTS TO DETECT PUNCTURED LATEX CONDOMS WITH POTENTIAL FOR VIRUS PENETRATION Pierdominici V J B. The law imposes on the manufacturer the duty to reasonably foresee the hazards arising from all aspects of product use. Conference proceedings. GERMANY.3. Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd. instructions. apart from a small number of classical test pieces. Mashimo S Yamagata.) Strain energy release rate or tearing energy has proved to be a valid failure criterion for a variety of rubber failure phenomena. The belts consisted of rubber. p. and the other mode was crack initiation which was observed under a relatively high loading on the mating flank of the belt tooth. The authors describe the experience gained during intensive work by all members of the organisation. EUROPEAN UNION. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology.. Two modes of failure initiation were observed. intended uses. One was cord failure initiated under various conditions. testing. JAPAN Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.700430 Item 121 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67. Some classical rubber test pieces consisting of cracked strips and cylinders in tension are described.701562 Item 120 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 48. it is perhaps surprising to find that there are basic questions relating to these classical test pieces that can be readily addressed using finite element analysis. 1994. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. it has been used for this very purpose since the early 1970s. March 1995.10.701843 Item 119 ITEC ’96 Select. The teeth were made of hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber (HNBR) while the facing fabric was made of nylon. JAPAN Accession no. A procedure for system design safety is suggested. service and disposal. The belts investigated in this paper were constructed from fibrereinforced rubber composite materials. No. Ghomiem M MSG Gummiformtechnik GmbH The paper details the basic assumptions. 1994. p. No.700397 Item 122 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67. misuses. fibre cords and facing fabrics. Rubber Div.. Accession no. it is difficult to calculate the tearing energy. However. inspection. 7 refs. Tsutsumi S. The morphologies of tooth shearing in synchronous belts were examined after three types of fatigue tests.700392 Item 123 Luntai Gongye 18. The cord was made of glass fibre and a processing compound. No. Finite element analysis may be used to compute the tearing energy. 11 refs. Oh. p. 1998. 1996.References and Abstracts Yeoh O H Lord Corp. This hampers the wider use of this criterion in failure analysis. p. Among the considerations. maintenance.670-5 Japanese BREAKDOWN OF NATURAL RUBBER PRODUCTS BY MICRO-ORGANISMS Tsuchii A Shomei Industrial Technology Research Centre A brief history of research into the breakdown of natural rubber by micro-organisms is followed by a description of the nature of micro-organisms attacking rubber products. installation. No. and yet remain unanswered. Akron. assembly.714-20 Japanese MECHANISMS OF TEETH SHEARING IN SYNCHRONOUS BELTS Iizuka H.10.246-8. Watanabe K. warnings.9. The effect of compounding and curing conditions is discussed. Indeed. the approach and the results of implementing ISO 9002 in a medium-sized enterprise specialising in the production of rubber products. with particular reference to the ways in which it affects tyre producers. 11 refs. USA Accession no. 6T CHANGES IN PRODUCT LIABILITY LAWS IMPACT FUTURE OF TIRE INDUSTRY Weinstein A S Weinstein Associates (Rubber & Plastics News) A detailed review of the product liability laws in the US is presented. p. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Therefore. are hazards arising from shipping. 14 refs. University.515-9 Chinese STUDY ON DISCOLOURATION OF TYRE SURFACE Lu Shangbin © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 45 .159-65 German INTEGRATED QUALITY CONTROL Sticher J. (ACS. USA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. and of the stages of breakdown of the rubber products. Plastics & Rubber Weekly. antioxidant 4020 and wax did not discolour. These are NBR. The three major engineering tasks in elastomer applications are to determine the shelf life.Spring 1998. (Rapra Technology Ltd. Conference proceedings. Halmstad.1998. 012 MICROSCOPIC IMAGE ANALYSIS OF ELASTOMERS CAN INFER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DiFoggio R. Rubber Div. USA Accession no. 7th-11th April 1997. simple operation and easy integration into existing inspection systems.Nordic Rubber Conference 1998. EUROPEAN UNION. together with methods developed in a recent joint industry project for assessing the lifetime of a seal in service in potentially hostile environments such as occur offshore. fluids and mechanical stress. Hence. The service life of an elastomer sets a limit to engineering design. perfluoroelastomers and tetrafluoroethylenepropylene. Elastomers can undergo changes in properties large enough to cause product failure. Conference preprints. Shawbury. Conference proceedings. Sweden. Service life prediction is of both practical and scientific interest. with some plants finding their savings to be over one million US dollars annually. This comprehensive article supplies details of the operation.. 9T ELASTOMERIC SEALING IN OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENTS Morgan G J Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd. Their use as a seal material is mainly dictated by their ability to absorb wide tolerances and misalignments in metalwork and still maintain sealability better than other materials such as thermoplastics and metal itself. Paper 23. CHINA Item 126 Rubber Asia 12. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.692116 46 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . life prediction of elastomers should be part of the engineering design process. 2 refs. Elastomer properties are sensitive to heat.) Accession no. Paper 3. No. SWEDEN. Indianapolis.685107 Item 128 153rd ACS Rubber Division Meeting . It was found through the compounding test and weather test that under sunlight the black compound with antioxidant 4010NA turned red. Day 4: Durability of Rubber. Ball J W Exxon Chemical Co. the engineer or the developing scientist cannot wait that long to evaluate the ageing process in actual service conditions. 4th-5th June 1998. light. The company also claim major savings from the use of the system. General properties and fluid compatibility for five most common elastomeric types used in oil and gas are described.131-5 WHY LIFE PREDICTION OF ELASTOMERS IS IMPORTANT Pannikottu A Akron Rubber Development Laboratory Inc.Ltd. USA Accession no. HNBR. July/Aug. (ACS.4. service life and remaining useful life (part already in use). 1998. p. the one with antioxidant D and BLE discoloured slightly and the one with antioxidant RD. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. In. McElrath K O. advantages and features of a sidewall monitoring system from Bytewise Measurement Systems of the USA. Applying laser triangulation to sidewall measurement has resulted in a system that offers high accuracy. The tread and sidewall compounds with antioxidant RD/antioxidant 4020/wax/microcrystalline wax showed excellent physical and ageing properties and good discolouration resistance. 5th-8th May. fluorocarbon elastomers. Tisler A L. 012 USE OF ELASTOMERIC SEALS OFFSHORE Olsen A Norsk Hydro Research Center (Sveriges Gummitekniska Forening. The means of examining the properties of an elastomer relevant to its functioning as a seal are described. European Plastics News) Elastomers are frequently used in critical offshore situations particularly in applications that require scaling of liquids and gases. Therefore. NGTR) This paper concerns the use of elastomeric seals offshore. p. moisture. paper 10.References and Abstracts Yinchuan China Strategy (Great Wall) Rubber Co.694720 Item 125 NRC 98 . EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Most elastomeric parts in engineering applications are intended to be in service for several years.286-90 TYRE SIDEWALL INSPECTION Harris M Bytewise Measurement Systems Effective final inspection prior to delivery to customers is a key element of a successful operation. A practical usable methods for quantitative life prediction of elastomers is outlined. SCANDINAVIA..690164 Item 127 Tire Technology International 1998. UK.697285 Item 124 Polymer Testing ’97. 41-5 ELASTOMER BLEND APPROACH TO EXTEND HEAT LIFE OF NATURAL RUBBER BASED ENGINE MOUNTS Measmer M B.1998. USA varying compositions and the change in these properties as the compounds are subjected to hot air ageing.1998. This follows the tragic death of Professor Karen Wetterhahn. Choi I S. the number. Good correlations are found between these quantitative image parameters and physical properties such as Shore A. the effects of joint geometry on the engineering properties of elastomeric structural sealants and adhesives. The ways in which the elastomer ingredients are mixed together and how they are cured make a big difference in the resulting morphologies of the microscopic elastomer domains. US. Feb. USA Accession no. No. Topics covered include the long term stability of elastomeric building sealants.672799 Item 132 Rubber and Plastics News 27. Schroeder M J US. The origin of this permeability is presently unknown. but there have been some failures in recent years as the underhood temperatures of certain car models have risen. Naval Academy Recent evidence of the ability of viral-sized particles to pass through ostensibly intact latex rubber films calls into question the ability of latex rubber gloves and condoms to function effectively as prophylactics. US. This article presents some dynamic property data for rubber compounds of Accession no. equilibrium swelling measurements and gravimetric analysis of the loss © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 47 . and the further development of a universal test standard for sealant durability and in-service strength. May 1998. Gueguen V. Naval Research Laboratory. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION. EDF/DER Samples of chlorosulphonated PE were thermally aged in ventilated ovens at temperatures between 70 and 135C. who died after spilling dimethyl mercury on her gloves at the college.5. No.682508 Item 130 Rubber World 217.1995.3. even if one starts out with the same set of ingredients. p.11. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE USA Accession no. p. p. No. 8th Sept.5. 21 refs.677100 Item 131 Rubber and Plastics News 27. Distinct micron-sized elastomer domains can be observed for such blends by using transmission electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy. 12th Jan. p.683241 Item 129 Adhesives Age 41. USA Accession no. adhesion. McElrath K O Exxon Chemical Co.74-6 French STUDY OF THE THERMAL AGEING OF CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE Audouin L. 2 refs. No.743.44/8 RILEM DISCUSSES DURABILITY Wolf A Dow Corning Corp. the prediction of service lives of joint sealants. p. 5 refs. USA Accession no. case studies on the inspection and resealing of failed joint systems.and submicron-size particles through latex rubber films are also described.References and Abstracts Immiscible elastomers are often blended together. Previous work has shown that brominated isobutylene-p-methylstyrene rubber.665006 Item 133 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No. DeMattia crack length and fatigue to failure. shapes and areas of these domains can be quantified. result in compounds with favourably low spring rates and significantly improved hot air ageing performance. Pinel B ENSAM. Sept. Experiments measuring the permeation of micron.14-5 INTRINSIC DEFECT EFFECTS ON NR PERMEABILITY Roland C M. Verdu J. This comprehensive article examines the size of the intrinsic flaws in natural rubber of varying grades and in guayule rubber. These correlations demonstrate the importance of microscopic morphology to the performance of elastomer blends. Natural rubber has been used for many years in engine mounts. The ageing process was studied by tensile tests.6 OSHA CITES DARTMOUTH COLLEGE IN GLOVE DEATH Campanelli J It is reported that in the USA. comparative evaluation of silicone sealants under various accelerated weathering regimes. Synopses are presented of papers given at the RILEM Symposium on the Durability of Building Sealants.1997. when blended at concentrations of 20-30phr with NR. the Occupational Safety & Health Administration has cited Dartmouth College for failing to warn its laboratory researchers about the limitations of latex gloves and for other safety violations. By applying image analysis techniques. 6. p. 9 refs. pp.1997. halobutyl rubbers and brominated isobutylene-paramethylstyrene copolymers with NR and/or polybutadiene. has proliferated.INC. particularly NR latex gloves. 5 refs. p. Rubber Div.) A study was made of the fatigue life of black tyre sidewall compounds based on NR/polybutadiene blends with highly saturated polymers. They have been Accession no. However. EUROPEAN UNION.1997. (ACS. Cleveland. The lives of a great many doctors and nurses have been saved because of this.I. fracture characteristics and rheological properties of compounds. Oh. i. 6th-9th Oct. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.31/77 EFFECT OF FLAWS ON FATIGUE LIFE IN BUSHINGS Sommer J G Elastech Inc. EPDM or a brominated isobutyleneparamethylstyrene copolymer. (ACS.. Paper 65. Oh.. the use of gloves. It was concluded that crack growth in sidewalls containing highly saturated polymers is driven primarily by the size of intrinsic defects. Conference Preprints.References and Abstracts of volatile substances. FRANCE.370-5.19.1997. JAPAN. 012 TIRE BLACK SIDEWALL SURFACE DISCOLORATION: A REVIEW Waddell W H Exxon Chemical Co.5pphr level on fatigue life in NR bushings. 21st-24th Oct. The major factor responsible for fatigue failure was found to be the size of flaws in the specimens caused by poor polymer dispersion. rather than by the crack growth rate of the polymer. Rubber Div.) A review is made of the literature describing the surface discolouration of black tyre sidewalls caused by exposure to ozone and formulation studies undertaken to overcome this problem. Fall 1997.663451 Item 134 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting. With the onset of HIV and the fear among healthcare providers about cross contamination (patient-tohealthcare provider). Methods examined include the use of nonstaining antiozonants and blending inherently ozone resistant rubbers such as EPDM. Fall 1997.659509 Item 137 Rubber World 216.659297 Item 138 IRC ’97. including scorching due to stagnation.659514 Item 135 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting. 012 BENEFITS VERSUS RISK OF USING NATURAL RUBBER LATEX GLOVES Lai Pin Fah Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia) The most important reason why personnel in the healthcare industry wears gloves is to prevent transmission of micro-organisms to and from the patient. & CO. No. These phenomena are discussed in relation to the deformation behaviour. USA Accession no. DU PONT DE NEMOURS E. Tonosaki Y Bridgestone Corp. i. Conference Preprints.1997.Ltd. Earlier work has shown that the addition of 0. resulting from incompatibility or poor mixing quality associated with highly saturated polymers. 6 refs. 012 IMPROVEMENT OF TIRE SIDEWALL APPEARANCE USING HIGHLY SATURATED POLYMERS: ORIGIN OF SIDEWALL CRACKING Mouri H. (ACS.5pphr of sand halved the fatigue life of an NR vulcanisate. Oh. crosslinking and dehydrochlorination after consumption of stabilisers. the major preoccupation of the western mass media covering glove usage has been on the negative aspects of NR latex gloves. Sept. 21st-24th Oct. USA Item 136 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting. pp. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. USA. The size of initial flaws deduced from fatigue to failure testing was in line with the polymer dispersion ranking. Cleveland. Silentbloc bushings have a long history of successful use in automotive suspension systems where good fatigue life is essential.659512 48 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . The results revealed the existence of three different processes. 67 refs.e. This study extends this earlier work by examining a range of silica particle diameters at the 0.55. Conference Preprints. USA Accession no.. JAPAN. loss of plasticisers and other volatile substances. Cleveland. Paper 62. edge roughness of sheeted rubber and inhomogeneous dispersion of carbon black.1997. in recent years. Paper 59. Conference proceedings. Fall 1997. USA Accession no. Kuala Lumpur. 012 SCIENCE OF MIXING OF RUBBER: MATERIAL PROBLEMS Yamaguchi Y Yokohama Rubber Co.11. pp.e. 21st-24th Oct. 6 refs..) Some problems associated with rubber mixing are examined. Rubber Div. 21 refs. when a seal condition steadily weakens the seal until failure suddenly occurs. EUROPEAN UNION. Failure can be catastrophic. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. The Poly Chain belt is made of a highly compounded PU material and has more than twice the horsepower capacity of a rubber belt. A simple example of a propeller shaft seal on a large ship illustrates the cost of failure. The many articles written in journals. The total costs can thus be extremely high. Modem blowers are on top of the engine and driven by a rubber timing belt. high strength and fluid resistance.657635 Item 142 Luntai Gongye 17. Seal failure can involve very high costs. Paper 34. p. Some emphasis is replaced on the material requirements of O-rings. compared to today’s records that exceed 300mph and fall well into the foursecond range. engineering analysis. Aspects covered include field observations. and also for crack initiation and growth near cord ends. CHINA Accession no.16. Helsinki. Rubber Div. 23rd-24th May. USA Accession no. failed belt analysis.5 seconds at 150mph. University (ACS. 1996.6 times the engine rpm. p. general findings and changes resulting from the test programme. The size of the blower has at least doubled from earlier models and blower speed now is as much as 1. high coefficient of friction. Since the late 1950s. Seals themselves are relatively small and cheap but some of the wide range of applications they are found in are highly critical. The essential properties of rubber that are important in sealing are low modulus. A balanced view of the allergy problem and the advantageous characteristics of latex gloves are presented. low compressibility.Clair (Polymers) Ltd. The effect of failure should be considered at an early stage in the design or selection of the seal type to be used .this is also a good time to consider the problem of installation of the seal in the first place. A typical run for a dragster at that time was 8. and more recently to a 75mm-wide. UK. 9 refs. magazines and the Internet centre almost entirely on the latex allergy problem and the risks associated with it.1997. and even loss of life. pp. UK. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Fall 1997. Belts for topmounted blowers have changed from a 1. There is hardly any discernible coverage of the immense benefits of these gloves. laboratory tests.657636 Item 141 Rubber Technology International 1997.References and Abstracts portrayed as causing more harm than good to users. The mechanics of crack propagation are considered for cracking either between the plies or around individual cords. No.5in-wide H (0.5in pitch) Gilmer belt to a 2in rubber HTD belt. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Conference Preprints. Oh.500-2 Chinese CAUSES OF BLISTERS ON INNER SIDE OF TRUCK TYRE AND THEIR PRECAUTIONS Chongcai Y 1 ref. supercharger drive belts have been used on various dragracing cars . EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. or more usually by a slowly increasing rate of leakage up to a specified maximum used to define failure. When leakage becomes unacceptable the ship is out of commission until dry-docked and a replacement fitted.STUDY Shepherd J Gates Rubber Co. 1997. Gates Rubber has devoted considerable engineering resources to understanding and solving the problem of broken supercharger drive belts on racing engines in the Top Fuel and Funny car classes. MALAYSIA special-construction Poly Chain GTO belt. USA. elasticity.651042 Item 143 NRC ’96. 21st-24th Oct. 012 APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS TO FAILURE IN RUBBER-CORD LAMINATES Lake G J East London. The ability of the approach to predict the effects of various design and construction parameters on laminate failure is also discussed. Cleveland. 14mm-pitch HTDO profile Accession no.) The use of a fracture mechanics approach based on the strain energy release rate to assess failure in rubber-cord laminated structures is reviewed. 8 CHARACTERISATION OF NATURAL RUBBER LITERATURE SURVEY AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 49 . paper 6.28-34 SUPERCHARGER BELT FAILURES .8.658288 Item 140 Rubber Technology International 1997. EUROPEAN UNION.658905 Item 139 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting.many of the first units were driven directly off the front of the engine..25-7 ACHIEVING SEAL OF APPROVAL Hickson J S St. Conference proceedings. Preventative maintenance can avoid the latter type of failure. p. 4. It is concluded Accession no. i. This work encompasses the examination of belt failure and modelling of belt operation to ensure that the current limits of belt performance are fully understood. pp. Ca. Day A J. and to identify how the significant elastomer compound properties may be changed to improve belt performance. Ca. University Work carried out to identify how the performance of power transmission belts may be improved is described. Paper 96. USA Accession no. Ca. 6th-9th May 1997. thermogravimetric analysis. The characterisation includes chemiluminescence.641385 Item 144 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting. a deproteinised NR and a guayule rubber. Naval Research Laboratory (ACS. The effects of BIMS microstructure and antidegradants on heat ageing resistance were examined. A number of chemical. Choi I S US. SWEDEN. IR spectroscopy. No. pyrolysis-gas chromatography.. The results showed that the strain required to induce crystallisation was less for polymers having larger concentrations of impurities.39. University.) The heat ageing resistance of NR compounds for automotive engine mounting applications was improved by blending with a brominated isobutylene-pmethylstyrene copolymer (BIMS). Hojjati M H. p.299-303 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER COMPOUNDS IN SYNCHRONOUS AND VRIBBED BELTS Dalgarno K W. NR 50 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 012 QUALITY ASSURANCE OF NATURAL RUBBER USING THE RUBBER PROCESS ANALYZER Dick J S. average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution.) A comparison was made of the room temperature strain crystallisation of naturally occurring cis-1.. acetone extraction. Yu D Q Leeds. USA Accession no. Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. differential scanning calorimetry. Conference Preprints. gel content. and deproteinised NR required the highest strain to induce crystallisation.) Results are presented of high strain testing for the characterisation and quality assurance of NR using the RPA 2000 rubber process analyser. Childs T H C. (ACS. pp. Spring 1997. Large variations are found in concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Such testing was found to be more effective in detecting processability differences than traditional processing tests such as Mooney viscosity or Wallace plasticity.. Conference Preprints. Spring 1997. Anaheim. SCANDINAVIA. Michelin North America (ACS.639073 Item 146 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting. 2 refs. 6th-9th May 1997. it is very important to keep all factors uniform during raw rubber production.636040 Item 147 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 50. Optimum resistance to ozone cracking was obtained for blends containing 30 phr of BIMS. structural and mechanical properties of nine samples of three different natural rubber materials are analysed. 62 refs. 012 INTRINSIC FLAWS IN NATURAL RUBBER Roland C M. 6th-9th May 1997. 24 refs. Paper 30. KTH (Finnish Association for Rubber Technology. 4polyisoprenes with varying non-rubber contents. Stenberg B Trelleborg Industri AB. Harmon C. Nordic Council of Rubber Technology) Many sources can cause chemical or structural variations in NR. Vare A Alpha Technologies. An examination is made of which mechanical properties of the elastomer compound are of significance in determining belt performance. To obtain NR with constant mechanical properties. gel content. Conference Preprints. April 1997. gel permeation chromatography. Moore R B. amount and composition of acetone-extractable material. Spring 1997. Anaheim. To ensure as little variations as possible of the rubber. dynamic mechanical analysis and rheology. Rubber Div. Anaheim. The compounds showed excellent stability of dynamic properties (less than 10% change) up to 210 hours’ ageing at 125C.15. the specification for NR grades should prescribe how a certain grade is to be produced. Rubber Div. The propensity for strain crystallisation correlated with the relative failure properties of the rubbers. Paper 97. A literature survey and experimental study are presented. 012 ELASTOMER BLEND APPROACH TO EXTEND HEAT LIFE OF NATURAL RUBBER BASED ENGINE MOUNTS Measmer M B. Rubber Div. Thus guayule rubber crystallised at lower strains than NR. McElrath K O Exxon Chemical Co.27. pp.639074 Item 145 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Bengtsson A. USA Accession no.References and Abstracts Asplund J.e.. WESTERN EUROPE grades of different purity. Bradford. Crystallisation was assessed by stress relaxation and optical birefringence measurements and IR spectroscopy. No. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 25 refs. Sodium ion permeation did not occur until the time of rupture. Yan Z Beijing. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.1. respectively. No.2. USA Accession no. USA STUDY ON IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF NYLON TRUCK TYRE AT HIGH SPEED Shenyan L. CALCIFICATION AND POLYURETHANE STRUCTURE Bernacca G M. No. Three valves exceeded 800 million cycles without failure. 5th March 1997. indicating that true pores existed only at the time of catastrophic failure. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 9 refs.119-20 Chinese INVESTIGATION ON COMMON ABNORMAL FAILURES OF TYRE Guangxiang P. The several technical measures for improving the performance of the tyre at high speed were taken to make the overall performance of an 11. p.519-30 ROLE OF OXYGEN IN BIODEGRADATION OF POLY(ETHERURETHANE UREA) ELASTOMERS Schubert M A. 12 refs. while three valves failed at 775.3-12 Chinese Accession no.629085 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 51 .3. p. Liying M. UK.632487 Item 149 Luntai Gongye 17. Hiltner A Case Western Reserve University This work demonstrates that PEUU degradation is a surface phenomenon resulting from a classical autooxidation mechanism.371-9 POLYURETHANE HEART VALVES: FATIGUE FAILURE. CHINA Accession no.631924 Item 150 Luntai Gongye 17. Honghua L. No. Institute of Rubber Research & Design The causes of nylon truck tyre to fail on the highway were analysed. began nearly 10 min before catastrophic rupture. Mackay T G. p. Wilkinson R. Bo G.References and Abstracts that such an approach can be of value in improving belt performance. The results obtained showed that glove latex failure. By modelling the depth of the surface degraded layer with a diffusion-reaction model.3. The endurance tests showed that the maximum bench life of the test tyre at a standard test speed of 65km/h reached 158. 32 refs.00-20 16PR test tyre in accordance with the targets set in the project for tackling key problems. Xirong L. 1997. under these test conditions. Shiyan Y.72h. 18th April 1997. it was shown that PEUU degradation was controlled by diffusion of oxygen into the polymer. Xianjie G CHINA Accession no. 14 refs. UK. EUROPEAN UNION.553-66 PERMEABILITY AND MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VULCANIZED LATEX FILM DURING AND FOLLOWING CYCLIC FATIGUE IN A SALINE ENVIRONMENT Dillon J G. Comparison was made with valves prepared from polyether-urethane. University Long-term fatigue and calcification testing was conducted on six flexible-leaflet prosthetic heart valves fabricated from a polyether-urethane-urea.1. Calcification was observed with and without associated failure in regions of high strain.631089 Item 153 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 34. p. Wiggins M J. No. the tyre passed the test at the speed of 110km/h for 2h. 460 and 544 million cycles. The fatigue lifetime of the latex glove material was found to be about 2 h under stress similar to actual use. Food & Drug Administration A test apparatus was constructed which allowed the monitoring of ion permeability and electrical properties of vulcanised latex glove material during cyclic fatigue in a saline environment. 1997. 1997. equalling the fatigue life of currently-available bioprosthetic valves.631904 Item 152 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 34. Anderson J M. Royal Infirmary. p.635691 Item 148 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 64. EUROPEAN UNION. p.4. Strathclyde. The results indicated that PU valves could achieve the durabilities required of an implantable prosthetic valve. SEM of the fatigued membrane showed stress and rupture of the fibril network surrounding the individual latex particles. No. 15th March 1997.631911 Item 151 Luntai Gongye 17. Wheatley D J Glasgow. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Schroeder L W US.56-7 Chinese CHARACTERISTICS AND CAUSE OF TYRE FAILURE Yanquan Z CHINA Accession no. Xiaodong S Beijing. Xiaobing M.121-34 RESISTANCE TO BIODEGRADATIVE STRESS CRACKING IN MICROPOROUS VASCULAR ACCESS GRAFTS Carson R J. p. investigates the reducing of effectiveness of lorry tyres by increased speed.6. from the president of Tire Technical Services Inc. measurements of the displacement in the cord and its vicinity were made and fatigue tests were carried out on the cord. Meinecke E A Sava Rubber Industry. the curvature Accession no. Rubber Div. tyre temperature. No. fuel efficiency and tyre wear. WESTERN EUROPE developed in the cord was measured and its relevance to the pattern of failure was investigated. Oct.of Rubber Ind.75.. p. USA Accession no. centrifugal force. Research & Design Inst.611824 Item 159 Journal of Biomaterials Applications 11. pp. p.612210 Item 158 150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi. NETHERLANDS. 8th-11th Oct. 3 refs. Conference Preprints. and of the cracking occurring after different exposure times.T/75-80 FATIGUE FAILURE OF TIMING BELT CORD Iizuka H. tyre revolutions. 111 refs. shear stress. Experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions. Louisville. The degree of crosslinking and type of curing agent used also influenced the resistance of the vulcanisates to degradation. Osako N To elucidate the mechanism of failure in timing belts. Oct. No. fatigue. Guidelines are given for the design of rollers with longer service life. University of Chemical Technology. p. Haiping G. No. of the USA..16-20 Italian ELECTROCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF EPDM COOLER HOSES Vroomen G.1996. 1995. Ky. 11 refs. 1996.616985 Item 156 International Polymer Science and Technology 23.1995. Mashimo S. DSM Research BV Results are presented of studies by DSM of the mechanism of electrochemical degradation of EPDM automotive cooler hoses in contact with water/ethylene glycol coolants. Song C. slip and abrasion.References and Abstracts Item 154 Industria della Gomma 39. USA Accession no.325-30 Chinese DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH ON TANK TRACK RUBBER PADS Liquin Z. 37 refs.7. Szycher M CardioTech International The in-vitro test developed for comparative evaluation of microporous vascular grafts provided an aggressive oxidising environment which was known to cause degradation of a polyether-urethane. Paper 66.Science (ACS. The following are all covered: speed limits. tyre loads. friction and abrasion in rubber covered conveyor rollers are reviewed. p. In particular. similar to that 52 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . p. Beijing. Akron. China.1996. 012 STRESSES. Fall 1996. No.10. EUROPEAN UNION.1996.2. and equations are developed for predicting stresses. A model is presented for predicting the effect of belt pressure on the deformation of the lagging.621093 Item 155 China Synthetic Rubber Industry 19.) Aspects of pressure. Oct. Edwards A. University. 1996. The timing belt was of the rounded tooth STPD type. No.8. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. SLIP AND ABRASION OF RUBBER COVERED CONVEYOR ROLLERS: A REVIEW Metlikovic P.45/8 SPEED KILLS TRUCK TIRE EFFECTIVENESS Wagner E J Tire Technical Services Inc. The resistance to electrochemical corrosion was influenced by the composition of the EPDM compounds. Verhoef H DSM Elastomers Europe. CHINA Accession no. National Defence Science Technology & Industry Committee The mechanisms and model of damage of tank track rubber pads and the development of research of these pads from rubber compound and property tests are reviewed. The study investigated which of the components of cyclic deformation belt interior in the belt interior initiate and promote cord failure.559 JAPAN Accession no. Institute of Polym. This article. Vulcanisates in which electrical conductivity was reduced by partly replacing carbon black with calcium carbonate were resistant for longer periods than vulcanisates filled with carbon black alone. Some proposals for the development of these pads are presented.11. SLOVENIA. No.614560 Item 157 Modern Tire Dealer 77. paper 8. maintaining its structure throughout the test period of 35 weeks. to give a realistic approximation of the behaviour. but to much smaller cyclic fatigue loads. This phenomenon is similar to that of explosive decompression. International Rubber Conference. Conference proceedings.i Rezina. and these limitations should be recognised. UK. No. Aug. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. No. p. 012 FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTIONS FOR ELASTOMERIC COMPONENTS Hawkes J. The use of finite element techniques allows the solution of fracture problems for more complex three-dimensional geometries at large deformations.610021 Item 162 International Polymer Science and Technology 23. it is this latter mode of failure that should be used as the criteria when designing a component. Mechanics Software Inc. failure is not usually due to a large static load resulting in catastrophic failure. (Full translation of Kauch. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. The new generation polycarbonate-based PU. COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES Accession no. 21 refs. Queen Mary & Westfield College (Institute of Materials) A methodology to predict failure of rubber components under repeated stressing is discussed. Manchester. 17th-21st June 1996. based on new theories and on the proposed equation. Results from tensile tests are sensitive to manufacturing errors such as state of cure. Comparison is made with a small strain solution and agreement is excellent. paper 5. This type of failure is common in some bonded components. EUROPEAN UNION. EUROPEAN UNION.5. and the internal pressure is dramatically reduced. Samulak M. It is shown that.1996. and then this in turn can be related to a crack growth rate for the relevant elastomer.31) CIS. the third instalment of a seven-part series. Tensile testing merits considerable attention because it is done so extensively in the rubber industry. Davies C K L. 23 refs. UK. This approach is said to reduce labour costs and the time spent on preliminary tests by several orders of magnitude.5. 17th-21st June 1996. observed in off-shore industrial applications.T/39-40 CALCULATION AND PREDICTION OF FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF VULCANISATES AND RUBBER-CORD COMPOSITES Zhbakov B I A report is presented on the derivation of a relationship between log N (where N is the number of cycles to fatigue failure) and log alpha (where alpha is the mechanical fatigue parameter) for vulcanisates and rubber-cord composites under cyclic fatigue conditions. The crack growth behaviour of a penny shaped flaw caused by hydrostatic tensile stresses is particularly described. A fracture mechanics approach is adopted. 012 ASPECTS OF FAILURE IN RUBBER COMPONENTS Busfield J J C. University. 1995.15/84 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND THEIR MEANING Sommer J G Elastech Inc. 5 refs. stress-strain properties and uniaxial tension. USA Accession no. Hansen P.606709 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 53 . EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. due to the stresses induced by thermal contraction from the moulding temperatures. Miller T. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. when rubber seals are raised from the sea bed. No. Stevenson A.610683 Item 160 IRC ’96. however. 1996. displayed outstanding resistance against environmental stress cracking. This article. p. a simple method can be developed which ensures more objective and accurate calculation and prediction of the fatigue characteristics of vulcanisates and rubber-cord composites from the fatigue strength indices in the region of low-cycle fatigue. 26 refs. Harris J. Thomas A G London. Hence. USA. USA In the majority of elastomeric components.610024 Item 161 IRC ’96. p. This can be achieved by applying a fracture mechanics approach and determining the level of tearing energies generated in the component due to the fatigue loads. (Institute of Materials) Accession no. McMullen R Materials Engineering Research Laboratory. Becker E. Conference proceedings. dispersion of ingredients and presence of foreign material. ChronoFlex. examines vulcanised properties of rubber. Manchester.5.608095 Item 163 Rubber World 214. International Rubber Conference. The systems showed an acceleration factor of about 9 times over in-vivo trials (for the Estane 5714 F1 polyether-urethane material) with catastrophic failure occurring in week 6 of the in-vitro test and in week 52 during in-vivo trials.References and Abstracts observed in an in-vivo situation. At large strains the material behaves in a very non-linear manner and this requires the use of suitable stored energy functions. which has been shown to work with simple plane stress geometries. including hardness. Tensile properties of rubber demonstrate little if any relation to serviceability of most rubber products. including a test to control the trend of condoms to stiffen. with details of some of the problems encountered by users. Gibbs A Manchester. Subsequent research. No. including the cardiac pacemaker.4. Program for Appropriate Technol. high-breakage rates in use have been correlated with product stiffening. conducted at the Medical Research Council. Marlowe D E US. p. suffered premature encapsulation failures. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. UK. UK. Solanki S L. 1996. 3 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. and results of in-use studies of the Avanti condom made from Duron brand PU are discussed.590542 Item 168 International Polymer Science and Technology 22.591327 Item 166 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 16. 1995. Test methods for condoms are examined. May 1996. impermeable packaging and inclusion of antioxidants in the condom formulations can prevent or minimise aerobic breakdown of latex condoms. p. and the subsequent development of a polyurethane condom by London International Group. White N D. It was shown that bonds could be made between rubber and alumina or between rubber and titanium which could withstand boiling at pHs between 4 and 10 for at least 200 days. Lyszkowski A D L. The use of condoms for both pregnancy prevention and as a barrier to sexually transmitted diseases. in a patient.12. probably because the function of the encapsulant had received insufficient thought. The effect is to cause condoms to become stiffer.in Health.T/47-57 DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF RUBBERS Saito Y 54 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . The use of polyurethane condoms as an alternative to latex by those experiencing latex sensitivity. Under oxygen-restricted conditions (foilwrapped packages) at average storage temperatures of 30C and lower. at 37C. humidity and air and to different natural environments in five countries. EUROPEAN UNION. either due to the protein in the rubber or vulcanising agents is proposed. p. p. UK. Specifying low-modulus condoms can prevent excessive stiffening. since polyurethane has been shown to be nonallergenic. No.105-7 ESSENTIAL ROLE PLAYED BY ADHESION IN Accession no. Additional lubricant use was not significantly associated with increased condom slippage. stress properties declined.255-8 CONDOMS IN THE AGE OF AIDS Hill D M. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. The use of additional water-based lubrication was significantly associated with lower condom failure rates. 5 refs.592380 Item 165 Contraception 53.2. 1996. Srisamang V. No. A new rationale for accelerated ageing tests to predict condom shelf stability is suggested. EUROPEAN UNION. regularity of use of condoms and use of oil-based lubricants were not associated with higher failure rates. This was thought to correspond to a life of about 50 years. University A report is presented on a questionnaire-based study which investigated the use of additional lubrication with condoms amongst 525 female students presenting for post-coital contraception and the current and past experience of condom and additional lubrication use amongst 481 controls attending the same health centre. 23 refs. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. The relationship between rate of decline as a function of temperature was quadratic. 3 refs. but adhesion. EUROPEAN UNION. showed that the important property required of an encapsulant was not impermeability. Potter W D.221-9 LATEX RUBBER CONDOMS: PREDICTING AND EXTENDING SHELF LIFE Free M J. Porter M. USA Accession no. No. Silicone lubricant. Mercer D. Larque S J. with 66% of the control group having also experienced condom failure at some time.References and Abstracts Item 164 Materials World 4. Gender. p. Vail J.155-8 DOES ADDITIONAL LUBRICATION REDUCE CONDOM FAILURE? Gabbay M.591304 Item 167 Contraception 53. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Of those requesting post-coital contraception. is discussed.5. as had been assumed. Food & Drug Administration Condoms from five manufacturers were subjected to controlled exposures of heat. Kotz R.3. 83% claimed condom failure as the cause. US. strain properties declined with little or no significant change in stress properties. May 1996. Williams T H London International Group The history of the development of condoms precedes a review of the use of natural latex rubber condoms. Under aerobic conditions (condoms in permeable packages or unpackaged). and the effectiveness of both latex and PU for this purpose. including AIDS. WESTERN EUROPE THE TECHNOLOGY OF NEUROLOGICAL PROSTHESES Donaldson P E K Early implanted microelectronic devices for neurological prostheses. No. Mashimo S. Nov-Dec. 23rd-27th Oct. Schultz J. are considered in order to increase the failure resistance of rubbers. Yurtsev N N Design optimisation factors to be borne in mind when designing multi-component products containing rubber in conjunction with metals. a change in the ambient temp. Thailand. Discussed are the four primary uses for ISO 9000 as a guidance for quality management.17. second party approval or registration and third party certification or registration. Secondly. cord or plastics.3. University The wear resistance ranking of three rubber compounds (SBR(40% styrene/SBR(23% styrene). The change was probably due to a change of mechanism from mainly cutting on sharp surfaces to predominantly fatigue on blunt surfaces. 15 refs. The wear of the rubber compounds on the abrasive grinding wheels and during road tests followed Zapp’s relation in which the wear was proportional to the ratio of dynamic modulus to rupture energy. damage morphology is observed by the following fatigue tests. 9(12)4 ADHESION OF HIGHLY FILLED POLYURETHANE NETWORKS Bessaha N. Vallat M F.5.1995.1996. p. Society of Rubber Industry) Fatigue failure mechanism of synchronous belting is investigated.T/24-8 INFLUENCE OF DESIGN FACTORS ON THE FAILURE RESISTANCE OF VULCANISATES IN PRODUCTS Zuev Y S. The cord is damaged mainly by the bending fatigue. Maucourt J Accession no. in which consideration is given to reduction or elimination of tensile stresses.588415 Item 170 Indian Rubber Journal Vol. and the scale factor in which changes in the size of the rubber part of the product are taken into account. Combette C. Mitsuboshi Belting Ltd. 66 refs. Kaporovskii V M. Matthew N M. contractual agreement. Conference proceedings. Mulhouse. or contact with fittings.1995.1994. No. 012 FATIGUE FAILURE OF SYNCHRONOUS BELTS Izuka H. University.284) JAPAN Item 171 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68.586145 Item 173 Euradh ’94. and increase in resistance to corrosive media. Tsutsumi S. The fatigue initiation site is at the centre of belt cord. and the effects of belt tension and radius of pulley on the curvature are discussed. reduction in influence of changes in temperature. Ohsako N Yamagata.5. May 1995) USA Accession no. UV radiation degradation (weather resistance) and ozone degradation. and the use of quality records to provide evidence to demonstrate conformity. INDIA Accession no. radiation degradation. Philadelphia. Jan-Feb. ASIA. direct vulcanisation.. Indonesia. Ramakrishnan R.586557 Item 172 IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference. fabrics.160-3. Details are given of the number of rubber companies in Malaysia. 1995. Sri Lanka and India who have obtained certification.482-5. Spring Meeting. covering thermooxidative degradation. p. 1995.5. Texas. December 1995. the increase in amount of dispersed energy as proportion of total amount of energy produced by rubber during deformation. Watanabe K. rubbers as materials. The failure is then propagated into the outer rubber layer. p. p. Firstly. Thomas E V A review is presented of discussions which took place at the International Seminar on ISO 9000 for Rubber and Rubber Products held at Ooty. (Japan. India. Donovan J A Massachusetts.11. JAPAN Accession no.587055 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 55 . RUSSIA Accession no.References and Abstracts A review of the literature on degradation mechanisms of rubbers is presented. Two groups of factors are considered: the first involves rubbers as part of a design which includes considerations such as limitation of deformation of the rubber as a result of its being joined to rigid material by bonding. No. For these three compounds. from 23 to 75C during laboratory testing had no effect on the wear resistance ranking. SBR(23% styrene)/cis-polybutadiene and NR/SBR(15% styrene)/ SBR(33% styrene) measured in the laboratory at medium to high slip on sharp silicon carbide grinding wheels was similar to that determined by road tests at Pecos. p. p. The wear resistance ranking of the three compounds changed on blunt alumina grinding wheels compared with rankings on sharp SiC grinding wheels. The curvature of the cord is therefore measured when the belt is bent around the pulley. Kobe. 12th-15th Sept.590011 Item 169 International Polymer Science and Technology 22. (Full translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi. No. 5 refs.74-6 RUBBER AND RUBBER PRODUCTS: NEED FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENTS Thomas K K. No. 1995.804-14 CORRELATION BETWEEN LABORATORY AND ROAD RUBBER WEAR TESTS Krishnan V. thermal decomposition. (ACS Rubber Div. p. Translation of Kauchuk i Rezina. Conference Proceedings. 27 refs. p. WESTERN EUROPE current difficulties faced by dentists in the search for safe working conditions.37.. pp. Fall 1995. Paper 67. Dechema Institut) Adhesion between the propellant and the case in solid rocket fuel propellants was studied. 24 refs.582507 Item 175 Biomaterials 17.) A study was made of rubber properties responsible for seal lip followability. Biagini G. The application of the machine in optimising tyre inner liner formulations based on bromobutyl rubber and blends of bromobutyl and butyl rubber is also described.1995.References and Abstracts Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. In peel tests. while in others there was a marked lack of homogeneity in the latex structure or real holes (Pehasoft). No. EUROPEAN UNION. FRANCE. 3 refs. was introduced and shown to give satisfactory correlation with seal life.517-22 STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF LATEX GLOVES IN DENTAL PRACTICE Tucci M G. Checchi L.580254 Item 177 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. dependant on the prepolymer.580250 Item 178 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting.1996.) The Bayer Tear Analyser is described. diisocyanate and inert loadings) and a liner of the same nature of prepolymer.5. 6 refs. 15 refs. UK. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. None of the brands examined was free from morphological flaws. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. No. Pagni.. (ACS.1995. Trend). 17th-20th Oct. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. A seal life index including two major properties. radial truck tyre treads and truck tyre inner liners.. elasticity and resistance to lubricated wear. Castaldini C. 1 ref. Oh. EUROPEAN UNION. Conference Preprints. Bologna. The recovery from bending method was used to measure the change of elasticity of various rubbers during ageing in oil. Conference Preprints. Societe Nationale des Poudres et Explosifs (Societe Francaise du Vide. University. CR INDUSTRIES USA Accession no. Eisele U G Bayer AG (ACS. Bantex) were studied. The interfacial properties were found to be influenced by the properties of the prepolymer used. Fall 1995. Toschi E. the morphology and structural features of various types of disposable latex gloves commonly used in Italian dental practice (Biogel D. Cleveland.582466 Item 176 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Latechnics. with reference to claims that women have suffered physical injury from deterioration of.2. Fall 1995. Cleveland. Pehasoft. 012 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN CRACK GROWTH ANALYSIS OF TYRE COMPOUNDS USING THE BAYER TEAR ANALYSER Sumner A J M. Trend. and the results were correlated with seal life. Kelbch S A. Feb.Co. p. EUROPEAN UNION.36-7 SILICONE IMPLANTS: QUESTIONS AND STILL MORE QUESTIONS Hawthorne W Elsevier Trends Journals The current situation with regard to silicone breast implants is discussed. Legal and scientific questions and causal questions are briefly considered. Belmonte M M.584903 Item 174 Trends in Polymer Science 4. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Institute of Materials. based on hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene prepolymer. 56 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 012 RUBBER ELASTICITY: THE MAIN CHARACTERISTIC FOR DYNAMIC SHAFT SEALS Dinzburg B Chicago Rawhide Mfg. IR spectrometry of the propellant surface after separation showed the formation of an interphase in the propellant. and examples are presented of its use in predicting the cut growth performance of rubber compounds for high performance car tyre treads. as a main factor in seal leakage. car and truck tyre breakers. J&J. Good correlation between the test results and the service performance of various tyre components is demonstrated. diisocyanate. 17th-20th Oct.Sol. cohesive failure occurred in the propellant near the interface. chain extenders and carbon black were investigated. The results of this study emphasised the Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. the devices. pp. The adhesion of the assembly was only slightly affected by the state of cure of the liner before propellant coating. but in some of these only slight depressions were found (Biogel D. GERMANY. Universita Using SEM. or the ability of a shaft seal to follow the shaft wobbling due to eccentricity. Piana G Ancona. The adhesion mechanisms between an inert propellant (a highly filled PU. EUROPEAN UNION. USA. Pelliccioni G A. Paper 71. Rubber Div. Rubber Div. 1996. Conference Preprints. or leakage from. ITALY.20. Oh. Becker E. 93 GAS DIFFUSION INDUCED RUPTURE OF ELASTOMERS Briscoe B J.183-99 MECHANICS OF RUBBER-TO-METAL BOND FAILURE Ansarifar M A. 012 POROSITY IN RUBBER: A REVIEW Kasner A I. although some speculations are provided. the origins of volatile materials. 17th-20th Oct. EUROPEAN UNION. time-dependent failure with a similar locus was observed in peeling at 90 or 180 degrees. (Nordic Council of Rubber Technology) The use of the FLEXPAC finite element code for fatigue life predictions of rubber components is described. In some cases. MICHELIN. 174 refs.1995. Miller T. 012 FATIGUE LIFE CALCULATIONS FOR ELASTOMERIC ENGINEERING COMPONENTS Stevenson A. pp.561248 Item 182 Rubbercon ’95. Mechanics Software Inc. McMullen R Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd. Rubber Div. EUROPEAN UNION. In many applications rubber is bonded to metal for fixing purposes or in order to alter the stiffness. Lake G J Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. EUROPEAN UNION. stress softening and fatigue crack growth behaviour. Details of the situation are provided. Conference Preprints. The samples.6 OPEL ASTRA FIRES LEAD TO STUDY OF MICHELIN’S SILICA-BASED TIRES Davis B This article reports that insufficient conductivity of Michelin’s “green” tyres is being investigated as a possible cause of an electrostatic build-up on Opel Astra compacts.Polymers in Extreme Environments II. UK. there appears to be a relation between the failure mechanism and the diffusion of the gas from the sample to the ambient.19.560450 Item 183 Rubbercon ’95. SCANDINAVIA. that has led to flash fires during fuelling. and solutions are obtained for cracks growing within rubber layers under different modes of deformation.) This review of porosity in rubber considers the physics of bubble formation in melts and crosslinked rubbers. London. GERMANY.1994. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Imperial College of Science & Technology (Institute of Materials) Pneumatic stress-induced failures of elastomers are simulated in the laboratory. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. all of which have occurred in Germany. Provided that the tests were carried out under suitable loading conditions. Cavitation- Accession no. 15 refs.579609 Item 180 Journal of Adhesion 53. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Paper E4. Conference Preprints.3-4. UK. 012 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 57 . OPEL AG EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.580209 Item 179 Polymat ’94 . mixing and processing. 9th-12th May 1995. No.. These solutions give tearing energy values associated with the growth of cracks in various locations. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 9th-12th May 1995. The reasons for this effect are not clear. MICHELIN NORTH AMERICA. p. and the effects of porosity on mechanical properties. Meinecke E A Akron.566630 Item 181 Rubber and Plastics News 24. Hawkes J. an input fatigue spectrum and solutions for tearing energy are then used to compute the amount of crack growth as a function of cycle number or time. p. Kelly C T. Shih W-Y London.References and Abstracts Cleveland. USA. Paper E1. polydimethylsiloxane. The materials fatigue model. 3 refs. Savvas T.20. 19th-22nd Sept. are saturated with carbon dioxide gas at high pressure and the ambient pressure is rapidly reduced while the processes damage initiation and propagation are monitored visually. Harris J A. the detection and prevention of porosity. An example of the fatigue calculations is presented for a model bearing under a biaxial combination of shear and compression deformations. Gothenburg.14. USA like processes observed in the rubber in the bond region were thought to result from the constraint imposed by the metal and could be the cause of the time-dependent failure. p.. 1995. SWEDEN. 7 refs. There were indications that an energetics approach could enable results from different geometries to be quantitatively interrelated. pp. Paper 22.72-5. and the integrity of the bond is often vital for maintenance of the required stiffness characteristics and to ensure adequate life. Gothenburg. Conference proceedings. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. The mechanics of bond failure were studied for various types of deformation. Materials models are input for elasticity. UK. pp. the effects of compounding. pure shear and various combinations of simple shear and compression. EUROPEAN UNION. 10th April 1995. No. Oh. University (ACS. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.28. p. No. No. p. Permeation theory provides a quantification of the amount of gas available internally to initiate failures. May-June 1995. Pouchelon A. The resistance of adhesion failure increased on addition of 0. WESTERN EUROPE with reference to faults that have actually occurred in industrial rubber components. Translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi.554893 Item 187 China Synthetic Rubber Industry 18. Sept. Accession no. The causes of the adhesion failure of rubber-based pressure-sensitive adhesives were studied. 25 refs. Jamil S West of England.560447 Item 184 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68.References and Abstracts MATERIALS DATA FOR DESIGN Coveney V A. Furukawa M The potential of thermal analysis is reviewed. a study is made of mechanical properties data requirements for the design of rubber products. Comparison of the findings of this survey with those of a previous study suggests that some BS 903 tests may be redundant. An equation is proposed for the tearing energy associated with crack growth from internal gas bubbles in a finite thickness elastic media. SCANDINAVIA. temperature. A theoretical treatment is presented based on a fracture mechanics criterion for fracture from an internal disc shaped flaw in a thick elastic medium.5 to 1.559811 Item 185 International Polymer Science and Technology 22. The results showed that the resistance of adhesion failure decreased with increase in the amount of tackifier. No. p. Results are presented of a survey among UK rubber products manufacturers of test methods used.1994. 4 refs. June 1995. UK. 21 refs. EUROPEAN UNION. No.OF TRADE & IND.895 JAPAN Accession no. 1993. Work on the analysis of double shear test specimen arrangements and servohydraulic test machines is outlined.552653 Item 188 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No. rate of decompression and mechanical strain were studied for a range of elastomers used in oil and gas sealing applications. Zhaowei L. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. These show that although a significant number perform dynamic tests. No. Ancheng P. EUROPEAN UNION. SWEDEN.558233 Item 186 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 48. 23 refs. 1995. p. Zhongqin S Lanzhou Chemical Industry Corp. presenting actual examples of analysis 58 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited .162-3 Chinese ADHESION FAILURE OF RUBBER-BASED PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE Gangzhi J.734. The effects of gas pressure.3. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. UK.2. Zuoshu W. Morgan G Materials Engineering Research Laboratory A study was made of gas decompression failures in elastomeric seals using a fracture mechanics approach with considerations of gas permeation.T/74-83 ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PARTS: STUDIES OF THERMAL ANALYSIS FOR INDUSTRIAL TROUBLE SHOOTING Ohtake Y. Correlations are given between calculated data for stress-strain states and observed lifetimes and failure phenomena of samples.3. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. University (Nordic Council of Rubber Technology) Based on work undertaken in the UK within the Engineering with Elastomers project of the Design Data Initiative for Polymeric Materials. Bourrain P.197-211 FRACTURE OF ELASTOMERS BY GAS DECOMPRESSION Stevenson A. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.423-9 APPLICATION OF FEA ON TEXTILE REINFORCED RUBBER STRUCTURES AS USED IN AIR SPRINGS Massmann C ContiTech Luftfedersysteme GmbH The deformation behaviour of rolling lobe air springs was investigated by applying finite element analysis on different modelling levels. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. DEPT. BRMA. the proportion using the British Standard for such tests is much lower. CHINA Accession no. 3 refs. GERMANY.12.68-70 French SURFACE DEFECTS AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF HEAT CURABLE SILICONE ELASTOMERS Varlet J. particularly TGA and DSC. 1995. EUROPEAN UNION.6. UK. BPF. The synergistic effect of oxygen and/or ozone in the atmosphere with UV light also led to failure of the adhesives.0 phr of polyphenol antioxidant. p. Joachim F Rhone-Poulenc SA Results are presented of a capillary rheometer study of the influence of extrusion conditions and rheological properties on defects occurring on the surface of heat curable polydimethyl siloxane extrudates. Navy. p. Spring 1995. Mackay T G. Assogomma Procedures for the maintenance of car tyres in service and in storage are presented.1994. Hedberg D. 2nd-5th May 1995. PU Specialty Prod. University Prosthetic heart valves were fabricated from a PU containing a 4. Oct. Philadelphia.30-1 POLYURETHANES: ACHIEVING TOP PERFORMANCE Oster K R Air Products & Chemicals Inc. Wilkinson R. pp. The level of strain to failure and the rate of cyclic strain increase were also measured in order to establish the fatigue failure criteria. No.5.552429 Item 189 Industria della Gomma 38. USA Accession no.18.References and Abstracts EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.14. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.. the propensity of the rubber to creep. p. and aspects of tyre performance and types and causes of irregular wear and accidental damage are discussed. which determined the device’s lifetime. p. design suggestions. May 1994. Ku B. and levels of curative.547321 Item 194 Biomaterials 16. 2nd-5th May 1995. (ACS Rubber Division Fall Meeting. Naval Research Laboratory. and details are included of their storage. Bissonnette L C US. Conference Preprints. Resistance to deterioration by seawater was also studied. which depleted the stored energy.) The relationship between torsional stiffness.892-903 ELASTOMERIC EJECTION SYSTEM Choi I S. US. USA Accession no.552345 Item 192 Rubber and Plastics News 24..549770 Item 193 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67. Paper 8. The levels of minimum stress ranged up to 50% of the ultimate tensile strength Accession no. use in food handling applications. ITALY. Results are presented of tests conducted on traditional and prototype bushing designs using a laboratory endurance simulation machine. State University (ACS. Technological University. Pa. pp. Rubber Div. The machinability of polyurethane elastomers. Roland C M. The rate of calcification of these PU heart valves was much slower in a dynamic in vitro © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 59 . Royal Infirmary.5. and common causes of failure are also examined.40-3 Italian CAR TYRES.552348 Item 191 147th Meeting. Liu D S Pennsylvania.24. shelf life. Pittsburgh. No. Army (ACS. 41 refs. together with geometry. EUROPEAN UNION.. 012 CUMULATIVE DAMAGE AND FATIGUE FAILURE CRITERIA OF CORD-RUBBER COMPOSITES Lee B L. heat stability. Rubber Div. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. EUROPEAN UNION. curing agents. chain-extended with butanediol and with a polyether soft segment. 5 refs. aspect ratio and compression ratio and the fatigue life of rubber bushings for military vehicle track systems is discussed. melt time.552404 Item 190 147th Meeting. Paper 2. No. and which suggest that the endurance life is more sensitive to changes in torsional stiffness (shear strain) than radial stiffness (compressive stress). 4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate hard segment. FRANCE. USA Accession no. 16 refs. Wheatley D J Glasgow. p. 1995. Undersea Warfare Center The material requirements for an elastomeric torpedo launcher were examined. US. Pa. The manufacture of polyurethane prepolymers is discussed. The main properties governing an elastomer’s performance in this regard were the magnitude of elastic (recoverable) energy which. most of the considerations being relevant to energy storage devices in general. Strathclyde. Conference Preprints. Simula G. Philadelphia. No. 27th March 1995. Spring 1995.Div. A series of S-N curves was generated with the minimum stress kept constant. Saxon M Michigan.) The effect of minimum stress on fatigue life at a given stress range was assessed for angle-ply steel wirereinforced rubber composites representing radial tyre belts.1994) USA Accession no.279-85 CALCIFICATION AND FATIGUE FAILURE IN A POLYURETHANE HEART VALVE Bernacca G M. V. governed the attainable power.4. Nov/Dec. 012 EFFECT OF TORSIONAL STIFFNESS ON THE FATIGUE LIFE OF MILITARY TRACK BUSHINGS Ruonavaara N. and the failure properties. WESTERN EUROPE of the composites. the failure is a totally directed percolation problem. The ease of susceptibility to degradation depends.22-6 PREVENTING POLYMER DEGRADATION DURING MIXING Mazzeo R A Uniroyal Chemical Co. mode of operation and causes of failure of O-rings. The two categories of antioxidants.5. Azarkh M Z. upon structure and environmental exposure.5. heat. No. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the involvement of the polyether soft segments of the polymer directly in the calcification process. ozone and shear.2. A brief categorisation is given of the different types of seals in use. The results showed that the silicone sealant had poor adhesive bonding to the untreated aluminium. but they markedly retard the rate of autoxidation by interfering with radical propagation. Plasma polymerisation of hexamethyldisiloxane(HMDS) onto the aluminium was shown to move the locus of adhesive failure to between the plasma film and the silicone. HUNGARY Accession no. are discussed.545742 Item 195 Rubber World 211. Gas transport in rubbers can be described by a dynamically interpreted partly directed edge percolation. Feb.542402 Item 199 Journal of Inorganic & Organometallic Polymers 4.425-30 IMPROVEMENT OF THE ADHESION OF SILICONE TO ALUMINIUM USING PLASMA POLYMERISATION Costantino G. primary and secondary. 1994. to a large degree. extractable components were accelerating factors in the calcification process. Dec. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. which are subjected to the effect of high temperatures (415C) when used in the food industry or biotechnology. where the specific direction is determined by the pressure gradient causing the gas flow. p. EUROPEAN UNION. 24 refs.133-6 Hungarian 60 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 5 refs.542427 Item 198 Kauchuk i Rezina (USSR) No. p. No. The sealant used was Dow Corning Type 3145 RTV Adhesive Sealant. Calcification of polymer fractions also suggested that small molec. WESTERN EUROPE GENERAL FEATURES AND APPLICATIONS OF PERCOLATION THEORY FOR RUBBER PHYSICS. The effect of high temperatures on the failure of the rubber is explained and suggestions are given for improvement of the design.1995. V. 3 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. Depending on the types and combinations used.4.Inc.339-47 Japanese O-RINGS Tsuda F NOK Corp. No. Plasma polymerisation of HMDS Accession no. No.542429 Item 197 Muanyag es Gumi 31. 2 refs. p. p. light and weathering. EASTERN EUROPE. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. The calcified deposits were located exclusively at regions of material failure. JAPAN Accession no. 1994. Elastomers are subject to atmospheric oxidation. UK.1994. in the case of crack growth on the surface of rubber products. USA Accession no. Yurtsev N N Analysis is presented of the operation of two types of diaphragm valves normally made of rubber or rubber combined with a fabric. Zeik D B.44-6 Russian IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF THE RUBBER ELEMENT OF A DIAPHRAGM VALVE Kaporovskii B M. 1994. antioxidants can provide suitable polymer protection during the phases of its life cycle. This article deals primarily with the prevention of polymer degradation during mixing and examines the effects of oxygen. Clarson S J Cincinnati.wt.References and Abstracts test system than similar bioprosthetic heart valves. University The adhesion-in-peel test was used to determine peel strength and adhesion characteristics of a cured-in-place silicone elastomeric joint sealant on aluminium substrates.545435 Item 196 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 67. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Antioxidants do not completely eliminate oxidative degradation. USE OF DIRECTED PERCOLATION IN RUBBER PHYSICS Baricza K Hungarian Academy of Sciences The author explains how. even at moderate temperatures. RUSSIA Accession no.5. and a description is given of the properties. metals and fatigue. 12.) Service requirements for rubber seals used in the oil industry are examined. Pittsburgh. Conference Proceedings. Rubber Div. VISCOELASTIC CHARACTERISATION OF COMPOUND Nakajima N Akron. The development of a method for evaluating strain amplification and strain rate amplification is described. IV.535540 Item 202 146th Meeting. 11th-14th Oct. Ray T W Seals Eastern Inc. 11th-14th Oct. properties and testing of rubber footwear. Conference Proceedings. and consideration is given to the unique characteristics of compounds which are not observed in gum rubbers. Pa.1994. 14 refs. Pittsburgh.) © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 61 . WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Fall 1994. Hydrolysis is driven by Bronsted acids (proton donors) and reduction by Lewis acids (electron donors). The trends in failure pressure were correctly accounted for when appropriate tearing energy values were used for the temperature of decompression.1994.of Polym. (ACS.1994. 012 WHAT DO END USERS OF OILFIELD ELASTOMER SEALS REALLY WANT? Abrams P I Exxon Production Research Co. The effects of mechanical boundary constraint and decompression rate were also examined. 17 refs..18. and the ways in which the viscoelastic properties of gum rubbers are manifested in the properties of the corresponding compounds are examined.. Fall 1994. pp. Halliburton Energy Services Inc. Conference Proceedings. Pa. particularly safety footwear. 11th-14th Oct. When applied to a model experiment where an internal flaw of known size was pressurised up to failure. Oxidative attack at the butadiene sites is the primary cause of hardening in aboveground applications of nitrile rubber. Paper 57. Rubber Div. USA Explosive decompression failures in nitrile rubber.535532 Item 204 146th Meeting. 11th-14th Oct.) Studies of chemical attack on nitrile rubber by fluids encountered in sealing applications in the oil industry are reported.535534 Item 203 146th Meeting. Pa. Paper 58. Catalysis by metal ions could possibly cause these reactions to occur at a greatly reduced activation energy. 11th-14th Oct. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. fluoroelastomer and tetrafluoroethylene-propylene copolymer seals for the oil industry were studied by a fracture mechanics approach and considerations of gas permeation. 012 GAS-INDUCED EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION IN ELASTOMERS Stevenson A Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd. Examples are presented of the characterisation of compounds with respect to variations in gum rubbers and carbon black grades. 12 refs. 012 MIXING OF RUBBER AND VISCOELASTICITY. Fall 1994.Engineering (ACS.References and Abstracts with oxygen carrier gas produced good adhesion and cohesive failure in the silicone was observed. Paper 82. the equation correctly predicted the catastrophic fracture stage. Pa. Inst.535556 Item 201 146th Meeting. Pa. Pittsburgh. Conference Proceedings.538312 Item 200 146th Meeting. Paper 60. Bussem H. USA. Pittsburgh.37.1994. pp. Paper 66. 012 RUBBER FOOTWEAR: APPLICATIONS AND MANUFACTURE Devasthali P Norcross Footwear Inc. (ACS. The results showed that excessive hardening of nitrile rubber in the downhole oilfield environment occurs at the acrylonitrile sites. USA Accession no. USA Accession no. EUROPEAN UNION. Rubber Div. and examples are presented of costs incurred as a result of seal failure or poor Accession no. (ACS. UK. DOW CORNING CORP. Rubber Div. University.. Fall 1994. Rubber Div. 4 refs.. USA Accession no. 012 NITRILE RUBBER: PAST. pp. An equation was proposed for the tearing energy associated with internal blisters in a finite thickness elastic medium. and that it could be due to either hydrolysis or reduction of the cyano group. Pittsburgh.15. 32 refs.) An examination is made of the manufacture. PRESENT AND FUTURE Hertz D L.18. Quality control tests for gum rubbers and compounds based on viscoelasticity are reviewed.) Viscoelastic methods for the characterisation of gum rubbers are extended to rubber compounds.. pp. (ACS. pp. Conference Proceedings.1994. Fall 1994. A series of seals were subjected to high gas pressures at a range of temperatures and the amount of crack growth after decompression was determined.. 16 refs. As a result of exposure. calculations for hose structures with anisotropic reinforcement.1993) USA Item 207 Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering 33. BHR GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.7. 1994. 33 refs. No. p. samples were held at elevated temp. Kroll L.819-29 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF IN-VIVO MACROPHAGE ADHESION AND FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELL FORMATION ON STRAINED POLY(ETHERURETHANE UREA) ELASTOMERS Kao W J. The Cl:Al ratio. No. calculation of the maximum normal and shear stresses in relation to the thread orientation). No. 1994. p. A typical weathering event consisted of exposing sets of test coupons to moisture having different pH levels ranging from 3 to 11. The experimental data suggested that moisture alone can trigger additional crosslinking in silicone sealants.. EUROPEAN UNION. A chemical-kinetic model of the degree of crosslinking as a function of exposure time was developed to predict the onset of failure due to these ageing factors. 3 refs. The exposure to moisture was followed by drying outdoors in the sunlight.7. No. Technical University The effects of moisture and solar radiation on a structural silicone sealant were correlated through crosslinking changes. (Full translation of Gummi Fas. calculating the maximum stress for cord-reinforced elastomer layers. failure mechanisms in anisotropic layer composite structures. a gradual deterioration of the physical properties of the sealants were observed. p.532122 62 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . examples of calculations (calculations for asymmetric hose structures..Kunst. Williamsburg.537-50 MODELLING OF CHANGES IN CROSSLINKING FOR STRUCTURAL SILICONE SEALANTS SUBJECTED TO MOISTURE AND SUNLIGHT Keshavaraj R. simulating acid rain (pH 3) and cleaning solutions (pH 11). (Adhesion Society Inc. In a parallel test. 6 refs. The implications for metal-to-rubber bond fabrication and storage are discussed. The predominant corrosion product detected at the bondlines was aluminium oxide/hydroxide.5. Hiltner A. there was a very good correlation between the Cl:Al atomic percent ratio calculated from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the ruptured bondline surfaces and the visual characterisation of the extent of corrosion. EUROPEAN UNION. Successful application to a 140mm diameter seal in a down-hole flapper valve in service in the North Sea is described. USA Accession no. which represented the ratio of primer to corrosion product at the locus of failure.References and Abstracts performance.4 SOFTWARE PREDICTS ELASTOMERIC SEAL LIFE This article reports on new unique seal life prediction software.535531 Item 205 Journal of Adhesion 47. 16th Annual Meeting.532160 Item 206 International Polymer Science and Technology 21. Holste C The design of reinforced high-performance hoses is discussed with reference to stress-adapted hose structures. corrosion and minor insulator debonds were observed. in a dry atmosphere. UK.1-3. Anderson J M. The development of the hypothetical mechanism used for modelling the time variations in crosslink density is described. 1994.523192 Item 209 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 28. A semiempirical approach was used to estimate the chemical-kinetic rates and other parameters from the experimental data. No. USA Accession no.4 to 47.158) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. and finite element calculations.3. The involvement of end users of such seals in materials selection and testing is discussed. but that the simultaneous effect of moisture with sunlight can be detrimental.51-64 INTERFACIAL CHEMISTRY OF AN ALUMINIUM-TO-EPDM BONDING SYSTEM Hemminger C S Aerospace Corp. During recent examinations of ageing in aluminium-torubber bonds on stored solid rocket motors. A test was conducted to study the progressive effect of exposure to high humidity of the bondline. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. being used to accelerate the ageing. p. developed by BHR Group to predict explosive decompression and material degradation. Tock R W Texas. p. 1994. USA. reinforced elastomer hoses. p.T/1-13 DESIGN OF REINFORCED HIGHPERFORMANCE HOSES Hufenbach W. Virginia. elevated temp. Feb. GERMANY. The test results were compared with the analyses of corroded and non-corroded hardware samples. varied from 0.529911 Item 208 BHR Group News Summer 1994. Lodoen G A Accession no. July 1994. In general. Spring 1994. Hong S W. dieswelling. No. and the mechanisms by which they prevent polymer degradation. No.2. Conference Proceedings.57-8 DESIGNING YOUR WAY TO RELIABLE SHAFT SEALS Barrett J The causes of hydraulic seal failure are analysed and some design advice is offered. relaxation time and ultimate tensile stress of the test Accession no.149-56 OXIDATIVE EFFECTS OF OZONE ON THE AGEING OF STRUCTURAL SILICONE ELASTOMERS Keshavaraj R. Through low voltage SEM. 28 refs. Accession no. No.References and Abstracts Case Western Reserve University To correlate the kinetics of foreign body giant cell formation on polyether urethane surfaces and the extent of environmental stress cracking. 19th-22nd April 1994. 012 FUNCTIONS AND MECHANISMS OF ANTIDEGRADANTS TO PREVENT POLYMER DEGRADATION Mazzeo R A. Tock R W Texas. NIPPON ZEON CO. 10 refs. May/June 1994. pp. Drew University. Boisseau N A. The causes discussed include unsuitable surfaces. environmental stress cracking phenomena were observed.LTD. Il. but relatively weak fluoroelastomers. semiquantified. and correlated with theoretical analysis.506118 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 63 . The variables included simultaneous exposure to ozone and moisture in which the pH of the moisture was maintained at discrete levels of 3 and 11. Environmental & Toxic Disorders This detailed paper explores the possible connection between silicone breast implants and autoimmunity.26 HNBR ATTACKS THE OIL FIELD SECTOR Shaw D Manufacturers of hydrogenated nitrile rubbers are seeking new applications in down-hole seals for oil wells. Wheeler E L Uniroyal Chemical Co.5. No. Nippon Zeon claims the superior strength and compounding flexibility of HNBR yields better in-service performance than more expensive.512806 Item 212 European Rubber Journal 176. Campbell A Southern California. Its Zetol range of HNBR elastomers are compatible with typical oilfield chemicals and strong.516039 Item 211 Advances in Polymer Technology 13. University. a theoretical model was applied to strained polyether urethanes containing an antioxidant and an antifume agent. solids contamination. USA Accession no. Feb. USA Accession no.2. The extremes of the pH range represented recorded values for acid rain and basic cleaning solutions. US.151-3 SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS AND AUTOIMMUNITY: CAUSATION OR MYTH? Brautbar N. Center for Immune. types of antiozonants and antioxidants used in rubbers. immunological studies. evidence that implants leak. Technical University The changes in the physical properties of three different silicone sealants used in structural glazing applications were monitored as a function of various ageing factors. human data. (ACS.511437 Item 214 Eureka 14. gaseous contaminants. May 1994.37. back pressure.517163 Item 210 Archives of Environmental Health 49.3. An Instron tester was used to measure the changes in the engineering properties such as Young’s modulus. It considers animal data. 12 refs. p. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION USA Accession no. Alterations in polyether urethane surface topography at the cell-polymer interface were used to assess the effects of adherent cells on environment stress cracking. effects of contamination. 35 refs. Chicago. installation and start-up. p. p. Rubber Div. USA samples as a function of time of exposure to the different variables. p.Inc..512685 Item 213 145th Meeting.) An examination is made of the mechanisms of rubber degradation. wear due to abrasion and wear due to erosion. Summer 1994. gap extrusion. and evidence that silicone is immunogenic. patient reports. and experimental studies show a definite causation between silicone and the disease process. Paper 31. cavitation. The morphology of the adherent cells provided further information on the state of cellular activity. USA Accession no. It is concluded that clinical studies. wear due to adhesion. Strength is important in these applications because of the risk of explosive decompression. Vojdani A.1994. The effect of loading on the sealant performance was also investigated. . 012 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW HNBR ELASTOMERS FOR USE IN REFRIGERANT R-134A Aimura Y. explosive decompression and low temperature performance characteristics were investigated. Tests were undertaken to investigate swelling.e.) In order to develop a test method for the durability of vibration dampers for earthquake protection.505672 Item 216 IRC ’93/144th Meeting.References and Abstracts Item 215 IRC ’93/144th Meeting. The depth of oxidation showed temperature dependence. USA Accession no.505651 64 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . Hamanaka T. Paper 96. pp. University.1993.Inst.. Orlando..505667 Item 218 IRC ’93/144th Meeting. a study was made of the depth-dependent profiles of tensile properties in thick NR blocks after heat ageing at 60-100C. There was also a linear relationship between the logarithm of the oxidation depth and the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. USA Accession no. Fall 1993. Studies were made of the resistance of these materials to hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants and polyalkylene glycol and mineral oil based lubricants. Japan. Rubber Div.505671 Accession no. Zeon Chemicals Inc. An accelerated ageing method was proposed. Sueyasu T. an oxidatively degraded area near the surface showing large changes in properties. Nishikawa I Tokyo.Ltd. Rubber Div.31. Fl. with one area near the surface where oxidative degradation produced large changes in properties and another in the interior where thermal degradation resulted in only small property changes.) A study was made of the effects of chloramine disinfectants and free chlorine in water on rubber mechanical parts used in water distribution systems. Konno T. with a greater depth at lower temperatures. and a thermally degraded area in the interior showing small property changes. Recchio M.) Test methods for assessing the long-term durability of NR vibration dampers for earthquake protection were investigated. pp. i. SBR. Japan. USA Accession no.. Central Res.1993. Orlando.) Hydrogenated nitrile rubbers were evaluated for use in seals and hoses for automotive air conditioning systems. 012 STUDY FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE LONGTERM DURABILITY OF SEISMIC ISOLATORS. 26th-29th Oct. Rubber Div. University. 7 refs. Conference Proceedings. Bridgestone Corp. (ACS. (ACS.. and permeation resistance. Orlando. Fujita T. Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co. 4 refs. The blocks showed evidence of heterogeneous degradation. Bridgestone Corp. pp. Fall 1993. Orlando. Fall 1993. butyl rubber. (ACS. (ACS. Fujita T.1993.23. Conference Proceedings. polychloroprene. I. pp. The activation energy held a fixed value independent of depth. Ishida K. fluoroelastomers and silicone rubbers. Paper 83. 26th-29th Oct. JAPAN. USA Item 217 IRC ’93/144th Meeting. 012 STUDY FOR THE PREDICTION OF THE LONGTERM DURABILITY OF SEISMIC ISOLATORS. 8 refs. Conference Proceedings.505662 Item 219 IRC ’93/144th Meeting... EPDM. Conference Proceedings. Fl. Orlando..Ltd.19. An indirect method using a shift of time. Fl. Fall 1993. II. JAPAN.28. Mazda T. Nesler D M Dow Corning STI Midwest (ACS. Muramatsu Y. Rubber Div.of the Electric Power Ind. Since heat aged NR blocks showed evidence of heterogeneous degradation. Jones M. Conference Proceedings. Fall 1993. Mazda T. 26th-29th Oct. USA Accession no. Central Res.Ltd.1993. Paper 63. Paper 89. and techniques for simulating the property profile were considered. Fl. Designed experiments were undertaken to study the effect of compounding techniques on permeation and explosive decompression. Paper 95.1993.Inst. 26th-29th Oct. Rubber Div. Yoshizawa T Tokyo. Fl.. temperature and distance and a direct method for estimating the distribution of properties both gave good simulation results. Showa Electric Wire & Cable Co.. JAPAN. surface cracking and loss of elasticity and tensile strength of specimens based on NR. 012 CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT IN THE COMPOUNDING OF SILICONE RUBBER Eloph C E. pp. 26th-29th Oct. difficulties were experienced in predicting durability by conventional methods.) Details are given of quality control procedures used by Dow Corning STI Midwest in silicone rubber compounding.29. nitrile rubber.of the Electric Power Ind. 012 CHLORAMINE EFFECTS ON ELASTOMER DEGRADATION Reiber S HDR Engineering Inc. 9 refs. Hayashi S Nippon Zeon Co. Nov. 1993. p. No. i. saving about 10 US dollars per vehicle in materials and labour. p. (SPI. Besides reducing the warranty repair expense. OILS AND FLUIDS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES Hertz D L Seals Eastern Inc. No. and requirements for rubber components in contact with potable water are also reviewed. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.502768 Item 224 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 70. The chemical and physical responses of the basic elastomers and the elastomer compounds are not only logical but also predictable.279-87.1993.1994. Tables are given listing categories of rubber mix ingredients and analysis methods. Conference Proceedings. No.501140 Item 225 Rubber World 208. GERMANY. UK. NORTON PERFORMANCE PLASTICS CORP.) Results of forced cooling experiments on water blown PU foam on the Varimax half scale pilot line are presented. modifiers and catalysts. Polyurethane Div. p. Skorpenske R G. Khastgir D K. 5 refs. JAPAN Accession no. Jan..727. Wiltz E P. USA Accession no.. the company only uses half as much silicone caulk.References and Abstracts Item 220 Plastics & Rubber & Composites Processing & Applications 19. 9 refs. 19 refs. European Isocyanate Producers Assn. oils and fluids on different elastomers when subjected to the various operating environments including fuels. an average of three vans a month were returned for warranty repairs because of leaky caps.1993. field testing.245-54 DEVELOPMENT AND FIELD PERFORMANCE OF TANK TRACK PAD COMPOUNDS Thavamani P. SPI Canada Inc. has recently switched to Norton Performance Plastics’ Norex butyl-coated foam (BCF) tape as the primary sealant between the fibreglass roof caps and bodies on all its custom-made vans.. 10th-13th Oct.505518 Item 221 Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 66. Ridgway D H.1.C.1993. Sept. Bhowmick A K Indian Institute of Technology The development of suitable compounds by optimising critical properties.22-4 ELASTOMERS IN AUTOMOTIVE FUELS. together with types of analysis of problems in end products. SBR.6. power steering fluids. p. USA Accession no. 43C6 UNDERSTANDING THE FUNDAMENTALS OF FORCED COOLING IN THE PRODUCTION OF BLOWING AGENT FREE FLEXIBLE SLABSTOCK POLYURETHANE FOAMS McAfee C D. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. automatic transmission fluids. The influence of rubber type. novel polyols. with emphasis on avoiding discolouration and degradation.78-83 French RUBBER COMPOUNDS IN CONTACT WITH WATER Harmsworth N Bayer AG Tests for the resistance to microbiological attack of rubbers in water contact applications are examined.12. As well as optimising procedures.4. are discussed. EXPLORER VAN CO. Previously the company sealed with solid butyl tape backed with silicone caulk.503820 Item 222 Adhesives Age 37. p. McClusky J V Dow Chemical Co. engine coolants and refrigerants. It is claimed better test methods utilising Accession no. some formulation improvements were discovered. INDIA Item 223 Polyurethanes World Congress 1993.503489 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 65 . failure analysis and mechanism of wear of tank track pads for a battle tank are described. B. NR/SBR and hydrogenated nitrile rubber were developed with optimum physical properties. No. engine lubricants.e. The effects of automotive fuels. additives and vulcanisation processes on microbiological resistance is discussed.. manufacturing. Before the switch in sealants. Articles from this journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Technology. 1993. Four compounds based on NR. 3 refs.26-7 SWITCHING SEALANTS ENHANCES VAN CONVERTER’S IMAGE Explorer Van Co.847-55 Japanese A GENERAL INTRODUCTION: BASIC APPROACHES AND CURRENT STATE OF PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF RUBBER PRODUCTS Nakauchi H Bridgestone Industries Ltd. with reference to standards in the UK and Germany. No. Vancouver. p. Technische Hochschule. Verkerke G J Groningen.3. Biomedical Technology Centre Silicone voice prostheses used for rehabilitation of speech after total laryngectomy are inserted in a non-sterile habitat. infrared spectroscopy. June 1993.4.and end-use properties. The seal geometry allows small amounts of transmission oil to enter the bearing.488869 Item 229 Rubber World 208. p.490295 Item 228 Rubber World 208. physical testing and dynamic mechanical rheological testing should be considered. Lawless G W Dayton. June 1993. Pendle T D Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. No. Sept. Briefly mentioned is the testing of condoms for holes. Dijk F. June 1993. As a result of these destruction processes.479064 Item 231 Biomaterials 14. No.M. but filters out any foreign particles that are in suspension.Roland discussing the barrier performance of latex rubber (Rubber World.6. GERMANY. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. MALAYSIA Accession no. 15 refs. A series of SKI-3 compounds were tested to investigate the effect on their molecular weight. Research Institute. Traditional o-rings generally work quite well as aircraft fuel seals. Details are presented of the evidence for and against the pore hypothesis in condoms.19/32 LATEX FILMS ARE BARRIERS TO VIRUSES 66 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited .459-64 BIODETERIORATION OF MEDICAL-GRADE SILICONE RUBBER USED FOR VOICE PROSTHESES: A SEM STUDY Neu T R.6.3. Karp M G. 208. Air Force Materials Laboratory This article discusses in brief and general terms the application of the o-ring as an aircraft fuel seal. Deposits on explanted Groningen Button voice Accession no. p. No.497277 Item 226 Rubber World 208. Meissmer K Merseburg.1993. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. The testing of condoms for leakage is discussed as well as the testing of defects in latex rubber used in condoms and gloves. The Sealed Clean concept is designed more as a filter than an oil seal.15-8 BARRIER PERFORMANCE OF LATEX RUBBER Roland C M US.References and Abstracts ion analysis.16-7 STUDY OF USAF AIRCRAFT FUEL/SEAL LEAKAGE Fletcher A.199-202 German MECHANICAL DESTRUCTION OF RUBBERS DURING PROCESSING Vol’fson S I. p. For many years either the nitrile or the fluorosilicone elastomer has been used for aircraft fuel seals and both of these elastomers. US. June 1992. the molecular weight at the end of the mixing process is an important factor in determining the processing. Kasan.6. p. from a physical property/fuel compatibility point of view. 57 refs. Naval Research Laboratory A review is presented of the use of condoms in the prevention of spreading sexually transmitted diseases. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.3. referred to as “switch loading”. 6 refs.7 RUBBER BEARING SEAL FILTERS FINE PARTICLES A new type of rubber bearing seal has been developed by NSK Bearings. where mechanical destruction processes predominate at lower temperatures and thermooxidation destruction processes predominate at higher temperatures.15-8). No. University. RUSSIA. University. May 1993.488868 Item 230 Eureka 13.497276 Item 227 Plaste und Kautschuk 39. April 1993. USA Accession no. It is the sudden change from one fuel media to another. No. p. No. but the varieties of different fuels and flight conditions do present a spectrum of shifting demands. This follows an article by C. NSK BEARINGS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. offer the possibility of successful sealing. Busscher H J. USA Morris M D. Chemicotechnological Institute This paper discusses the extrusion of isoprene rubber. USA Accession no. to combat the problem of premature failing of bearings caused by surface fatigue. No. that is thought to be especially troublesome as different environments of chemistry and physics are rapidly presented to the seal. Netherlands. UK. p. Van der Mei H C. Murakami K (Akron. as a basis. The different explants showed a variety of sharp-edged.478732 Item 232 Journal of Thermal Insulation Vol.References and Abstracts prostheses revealed a biofilm. SPAIN.359-67. No. Simancas J. it was shown by SEM on sectioned explants that the silicone material was degraded by filamentous and vegetative yeast cells. Furthermore. No. discrete yeast colonies. HUNGARY Accession no. USA Accession no. Teikyo.1990. i. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. such as weathering and ageing in sea water.477625 Item 235 International Seminar on Elastomers. p.OF POLYM. Murakami K (Akron. can alleviate the problem. EASTERN EUROPE. 7th-9th Oct. which had a dramatic accelerating effect on the corrosion of the base steel. Fierro J L G. are described and the use of foam sampling to determine thicknesses of the foam passes or coatings.293-300 SAMPLE POLYURETHANE FOAM ROOFS Morrison R V North Carolina Foam Industries The three common methods of sampling foam roofs.478419 Item 234 European Rubber Journal 175. Institute of Technology Edited by: White J L.31 ED AND HOW TO AVOID IT Shaw D © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 67 .295-307. often causing gross. The rupture of rubber vulcanisates is examined. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Kurume. Inagaki S. 10 refs. This degradation of the silicone by yeasts appeared to be the main cause of failure and of the need for frequent replacement of the prostheses. an exact stress analysis is required for lifetime prediction.478666 Item 233 Progress in Organic Coatings 21.ENGINEERING. The yeasts grew just under the silicone surface and up to 700 microns into the silicone material. Jan. slit sampling. p. Seregely Z Taurus Hungarian Rubber Works Edited by: White J L. Kurume. p. Furukawa J Aichi. p.1990. Good design and compounding. p. Feliu S.5.in which large bubbles of gas suddenly swell up in the middle of elastomeric materials. Teikyo. adhesion of the sprayed foam to the substrate. AKRON. however.476073 Item 236 International Seminar on Elastomers. 15th March 1993. core sampling and modified core sampling. Nine different types of defect in the silicone material created by the yeasts are described.. May 1993. UK. such as carbon black and Accession no. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Seminar Proceedings. oil and H2S. University) Applied Polymer Symposium 50 The effects of vulcanisation on the elasticity and strength of rubber are considered in terms of both chemical and pseudocrosslinks. 012 LIFE TIME-AFFECTING FACTORS OF RUBBER PRODUCTS. giving rise to the formation of chloride ions.e. WESTERN EUROPE Explosive decompression is a failure mode in elastomers . SUCH AS HOSES Samay G. Seminar Proceedings. 012 RUPTURE OF FILLER-LOADED RUBBER VULCANISATE Yamada E. using. foam-to-foam knit lines and quality of the cellular structure of the foam itself is discussed. The breaking energy is shown to be a good measure of the extent of environmental ageing for various rubbers under very different conditions. UNIVERSITY. Rupture of rubber vulcanisates compounded with fillers. Okamoto H. Nagy T.315-25 ACCELERATED DEGRADATION OF A CHLORINATED RUBBER PAINT SYSTEM APPLIED OVER RUSTED STEEL Morcillo M.1993. INST. Technology & Medicine in London is given. If fatigue of the reinforcement is the lifetime limiting factor. University. BP CHEMICALS LTD. Interfacial rust appeared to catalyse the cleavage of the C-Cl covalent bonds in the polymer. 24 refs. Palotas L. NETHERLANDS. University) Applied Polymer Symposium 50 The various methods for lifetime prediction are reviewed and the key deteriorating factors identified as environmental and mechanical effects.usually seals . MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. 7 refs. catastrophic failure of the component.16. 7th-9th Oct. University. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. An outline of papers presented at a recent seminar covering this topic at the Imperial College of Science. Galvan J C Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Metalurgicas A study was made of the premature failure of a chlorinated rubber system applied directly over contaminated rusted steel. The accelerated formation of rust at the steel/paint interface rapidly resulted in complete degradation of the organic coating. the theory of failure of polymeric materials in association with the pseudocrosslink model. the result of colonisation of the silicone surface by bacteria and yeasts.4. 474121 Item 241 Polymers in Extreme Environments. FKM and EPDM. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. UK. These elastomers were CR. Tweed & Co. 9th-10th July 1991. EASTERN EUROPE. oily gas and dry gas at different temperatures and pressures on several elastomers. gaseous sour oil. 9th-10th July 1991. 9th-10th July 1991.. Examples drawn from the offshore oil and gas market are used to illustrate the consideration of explosive decompression and fluid attack to elastomers. Conference Proceedings. 13 refs.J. compounding variations. Nottingham. A theoretical background is provided and data from laboratory experiments on liquid uptake. UK. Nottingham. high pressure gas permeation and explosive decompression measurements are used to support the above conclusions. Eastwood B G Greene. UK. March 1993. 93 SEALING IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS De Silva R.476069 Item 237 Eureka 13. development of a computer program to apply these results to actual seals. 93 DURABILITY OF TFE/P AND OTHER FLUORINATED ELASTOMERS EMPLOYED FOR SEALING PURPOSES IN HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURES Abrams P I. & Associates (PRI) The effects of ozone. Details are given.References and Abstracts calcium carbonate is discussed by extending the theory of rupture. Paper 19. Conference Proceedings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 9th-10th July 1991. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Campion R P Exxon Production Research Co. JAPAN Accession no. 10 refs.474122 Item 240 Polymers in Extreme Environments.474125 Item 239 Polymers in Extreme Environments. No. Paper 3.. In addition. (PRI) It is possible for elastomers based on tetrafluoroethylenepropylene copolymer. HUNGARY Accession no. they are much more likely to happen as a result of physical attack by fluids rather than chemical attack. etc. when used for sealing purposes. pressure and environment. WESTERN EUROPE The results are reported of a study of the effects of gaseous oil. UV irradiation and sunlight on the peel adhesion of NR-based compounds were investigated and methods of preventing and/or overcoming poor interfacial adhesion evaluated. These methods included simple protection of the rubber surface.474168 Item 238 Polymers in Extreme Environments. The way in which newly developed perfluoroelastomers has brought significant performance improvements in biomedical. a collaborative research project was initiated at British Hydraulics Research Group. p.474106 68 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . NBR. Paper 20. a Seal Life Prediction Methodology is being compiled for a predictive tool for use in the assessment of the suitability of elastomers for particular applications.43/5 SOFTWARE MODELS SEAL’S FUTURE Barrett J To overcome present problems associated with the life prediction of seals. is optimised. pressure and chemical environments. 93 BEHAVIOUR OF ELASTOMERS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE CONDITIONS Seregely Z I Taurus Hungarian Rubber Works (PRI) Accession no. 93 DELETERIOUS EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENTS ON RUBBER-RUBBER ADHESION Corish P J Corish P. 7 refs. BRITISH HYDRAULICS RESEARCH GROUP EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.3. Examples are also used to illustrate various modes of failure in conventional seal types. and performance tests on 500 seals under controlled conditions. Paper 18.Ltd. Nottingham. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Materials Engineering Research Laboratory Ltd. The scope of the research included the determination of basic parameters using test specimens. pharmaceutical and semi-conductor industries is demonstrated. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. use of particulate-type adhesives and solvent scrubbing of the rubber surfaces. 3 refs. to withstand extreme conditions of temperature. Conference Proceedings. hydrogenated NBR. If reductions in mechanical properties occur during exposure to extreme environments. Conference Proceedings. Nottingham. (PRI) An overview is presented of the design processes required to address industry’s need to provide long-term integrity sealing in extremes of temperature. UK. provided that design of material recipe and housing geometry. July 1991. The increased cost is justified by the classification of the retreads in the 160-190 km/h range and the consequent improved reputation of the product.R.74/80 German TO HAVE CONFIDENCE IS GOOD. 4 refs.i Rezina. Harms R.11. REIFEN SCHWARZ. VERGOELST GMBH.References and Abstracts Item 242 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 44.472448 Item 244 International Polymer Science and Technology 19. p. Up to now there has been practically no analysis of the effectiveness and level of reliability of tyres with widened tolerances in respect of mechanical damage. leading to considerable financial savings. Product analysis is an essential part of industrial troubleshooting which enables the reasons for a product failure to be understood and explained to the end user. p.470931 Item 247 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 45. The viscosity control concept smooths out fluctuations in raw materials..11. No. No. for the manufacture of rubber mouldings to tight tolerances are discussed.4. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.472504 Item 243 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 44. April 1992. GERMANY. July 1992. WESTERN EUROPE Item 245 Gummibereifung 68. p. UK. BUV EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. A new numerical process is presented which describes the effect of the chemical processes involved in processing crosslinking moulding compounds on the heat balance in the moulded part. No.T/43-6 RELIABILITY OF AIRCRAFT TYRES WITH MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE MECHANICAL DAMAGE Gitmeier L I. Moskalenko V N Up to 40% of all aircraft tyres have to be taken out of service on account of mechanical damage. 1993. Design curves for different failure criteria were evaluated to predict the fatigue life for an automotive clutch. or novel uses of established techniques in the context of real-life problem solving. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.12 RUSSIA Accession no.4. in answer to specific problems experienced by rubber product manufacturers. This involves testing the carcass as well as the various stages of the retreading process. TUV BAYERN. which supply data for injection mould layout in rheological and thermal terms and for allowance for the reaction kinetics of the moulding compound. p. Titov V S. an approach is presented which allows statements to be made on the quality of moulded parts at the production stage. For a number of years.7. The viscosity can be kept within tight tolerances by this system.288-94 German EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS AND STABILISATION OF RAW RUBBER AND ITS Accession no.470947 Item 246 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 45. The goal was to achieve design rules based on stress cycle curves. REST GMBH. April 1992. GERMANY. GERMANY.1991. consisting of a NR compound. Sunder J Institut fuer Kunststoffverarbeitung Two kneader control units. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. p. analytical procedures have been developed at the Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. The second concept increases reproducibility by controlling the movements of the floating weight. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Various failure criteria were compared and discussed. No. REIFEN IHLE GMBH. Kretzschmar G.I. p. This paper discusses some of the less common techniques. For two of the criteria.472387 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 69 .4.659-62 German PREDICTION OF THE FATIGUE-LIFE OF RUBBER-METAL PARTS BY USE OF FEM Caspers M. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Heating times can thus be established precisely and thermal relationships in the mould can be optimised. a description is given of AIR and TUV Bayern’s quality assurance system for retreading tyres.7.296-323 German MANUFACTURING OF RUBBER MOULDINGS ORIENTED TO QUALITIES: MATERIALMOULDING-PROCESS Gernot T.Translation of Kauch. A. and this has led to a study of the fatigue life and service life and service reliability of such tyres. particularly in the case of NR. 1992. Barth T. p. the agreement between the predictions and the fatigue tests was very good. Finally. Nov. The CAD-MOULD-3D program system and the MESTRO-E stream line module are described. BUT TUV CONTROL IS BETTER After a survey of the problem of scrap tyres in Germany. No.1029-32 ASPECTS OF ELASTOMER PRODUCT ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL TROUBLESHOOTING Loadman M J R Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn. REIFF GMBH. 69 refs. No. Schenk R Freudenberg Carl Experimental test results and theoretical calculations were used together to predict the fatigue life of rubber-metal components. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. No. March 1993. New South Wales. IR spectral changes were similar to those observed after degradation in vivo.20-1 PERFLUOROCARBONS OFFER THE SEAL OF SUCCESS This comprehensive article highlights to problems that occur due to failure of pump seals and valve seats and the consequent costs to the plant operators. Details of a study commissioned to discover the origins of tyre debris are presented.470930 Item 248 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 27. model compounds for the hard and soft segments confirmed that methylene groups adjacent to oxygen were susceptible towards oxidation. 000) diluted sterile latex. No.TRL STUDY The Transport Research Laboratory is reported to have recently carried out an investigation into the incidence of tyre debris on the M4 motorway. p. hightemperature test conditions and torque/time plots were recorded.3. The elastomers were aged in recirculating air ovens at 70C and changes of Mooney viscosity (MV) and gel content were evaluated. Predamage due to storage conditions can be minimised by using suitable antioxidants for the elastomers.470120 Item 250 Tyres & Accessories No. The article supplies full details of the material and its properties. AUSTRALIA Accession no. 1993. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. University Treatment of Pellethane 2363-80A. by several microorganisms is described.References and Abstracts PROCESSING BEHAVIOUR ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNCURED AND CURED COMPOUNDS Knobloch G Ciba-Geigy AG The effect of simulated warehouse ageing on stability during subsequent processing and compounding was examined in low-cis polybutadiene and solution polymerised SBR. Samples were further evaluated using short-term. with 25% (w/w) hydrogen peroxide at 100C for times ranging from 24 h to 336 h was shown to lead to significant decreases in ultimate tensile properties and decreases in molec.345-56 DEGRADATION OF MEDICAL-GRADE POLYURETHANE ELASTOMERS: EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IN VITRO Meijs G F. Oct. The Department of Transport says that it receives correspondence from the general public concerning tyre debris and many are firmly of the opinion that the rubber littering roads comes from retreads.195-205 MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF NATURAL RUBBER Low F C. though the elastomer used for compounding had an unchanged MV. 38 refs. Chatelier R C.3. 2 refs. RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA MALAYSIA Accession no. Rizzardo E.wt. No. MV change or gel content after low temperature storage does not always correlate with high temperature processing stability after storage. Screening of micro-organisms capable of utilising NR for growth is carried out by incubating each test organism in (1:10. or it was even unserviceable. most reports of biodegradation of NR had been on vulcanised rubber and rubber products. nitrogen and protein contents. p. WESTERN EUROPE Item 249 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 7. p.1992.1. The microbial degradation of raw and purified rubber from Hevea brasiliensis Muell Arg. The degradation was accompanied by an increase in pH of the medium and a decrease in the rubber. Tan A M.467981 Item 251 Asia-Pacific Chemicals 3. McCarthy S J. 1992. The resulting compound was. NETHERLANDS. of low homogeneity leading to a low quality vulcanisate. TRANSPORT RESEARCH LABORATORY EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. The article highlights particularly Kalrez perfluoroelastomer from Du Pont.88/90 RUBBER ON THE ROAD . Chen Y C.. SWITZERLAND. thus. 24 h. UK. 100C) correlated well with their reported susceptibility to environmental stress cracking in vivo. The torque/time plot may change dramatically.wt. John C K Until recently.467283 70 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . which combines chemical resistance and resilience and so extends the use of elastomers into areas where rubbers had previously failed. UK. p. Studies conducted with low molec. DSC showed that hydrogen peroxide-induced degradation was associated with greater order in the hard domain and greater mobility in the soft domain. followed by assessment on the ability of the organism to clear the milky rubber solution. 32 refs. both at the surface and in the bulk.5. a medical-grade poly(tetramethylene oxide)-based PU elastomer. The extent of degradation of a series of commercial PUs on treatment with hydrogen peroxide (25%. DU PONT DE NEMOURS GMBH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Schindhelm K CSIRO. Antioxidant addition during compounding could not prevent the damage. Brandwood A. No.470598 Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. the rate of crack growth due to ozone may be reduced by the high internal viscosity of the material.8-9 OXIDATION PROFILING METHODS: THE HARWELL EXPERIENCE Nelson K.1-13 OZONE CRACKING AND PROTECTION OF ELASTOMERS AT HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURES Lake G J. creating an osmotic pressure in the rubber. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Fall 1992. The occurrence of the critical pre-damage conditions could be avoided. (ACS. Such damage could be identified through processing-analogous high temperature exposure in silicone oil ageing or hot shearing tests. RHONE-POULENC SA The study revealed that water vapour diffused rapidly in silicone rubber and that in a PDMS-salt compound surrounded by water. RUPTURE AND SALT RELEASE IN SALT-SILICONE RUBBER COMPOUNDS Schirrer R. Varying protective systems were employed. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.Mente P G MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. tensile modulus and osmotic pressure of the salt.1992. Equations describing the onset and propagation of the microcracks in the silicone were derived as a function of rubber fracture toughness. No. Nashville. by the use of stabilisers prior to storage. UK.) Samples of raw SBR and polybutadiene heat aged to simulate extended storage were examined to determine whether storage-induced damage is inflicted on rubber which cannot be identified by specification data such as Mooney viscosity and gel content. the water that entered the rubber was absorbed by the salt particles. Conference Proceedings. including visual inspection. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. or at least delayed.. FRANCE. No. A study was made of ozone attack on several elastomers (NR. 22 refs. 6 refs. No.23-6 NEED OF QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CELLULAR PRODUCTS The technology to manufacture sponge or expanded rubber is not so critical. 012 EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITIONS AND STABILISATION OF RAW RUBBER ON ITS PROCESSING BEHAVIOUR AND ON THE PROPERTIES OF UNCURED AND CURED COMPOUNDS Earhart N J.References and Abstracts Item 252 142nd Meeting. Aug. p. p. Thomas R W. p. which eventually percolated and resulted in a salt exchange between the rubber-salt compound and the surrounding pure water. University Oxidation profiling techniques and methods of predicting the behaviour of rubber under complex operating conditions are described with the object of predicting service life of rubber components. 1992. 2 refs.13. Hepburn C AEA Technology.3424-34 WATER ABSORPTION.1.4. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.Thepin P. diffusion of chemical antiozonants or waxes Accession no.465609 Item 253 Plastics and Rubber International 17. Oct. 1st July 1992.463437 Item 254 Rubber World 207. pp.8. SWELLING. INDIA Accession no. and which may change processing behaviour and the properties and quality of compounds and vulcanisates. Addition of anti-ageing agents during mixing could not correct changes already caused by predamage. It was found that if the ambient temp. p.1992. This paper highlights a process control system to be followed at all stages in production of expanded rubbers. epoxidised NR and two nitrile rubbers) varying in their Tgs by about 50C over a range of temps from -20C to +70C. unless a strict process control system is adopted.1. but long retention of product quality is very difficult. This comprehensive article describes the use of o-rings and the mechanical and chemical causes of failure of an o-ring seal.461434 Item 257 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 7. 3rd-6th Nov. including chemical antiozonants or waxes alone and wax/ antiozonant combinations. The article also set out a number of seal failure prevention strategies.461855 Item 256 Journal of Materials Science 27. No.16-7 TROUBLE-SHOOTING O-RING FAILURES Hawkes S Apple Rubber Products Inc. Aug/Sept. o-ring sizing and material selection. Tn. Rubber Div.463116 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 71 . was low. Vrudny F Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA Accession no. USA Item 255 Rubber India 44.33.1992. p. Ulster. This pressure gave rise to internal cracks in the rubber. However.1992. Paper 79. No.Torres G ICS(CRM-EAHP). Foldesy R.461125 Item 259 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 7. Georgia. the user of such equipment is urged to limit the amount of VOCs and VHAPs released. No. No. storage history and laboratory test performance.459648 Item 262 Polymer Preprints. Sept.350-73 INTERNAL CRACK SYMMETRY PHENOMENA DURING GAS-INDUCED RUPTURE OF ELASTOMERS Briscoe B J. 11 refs.Craig A Y EVANS C. UNIVERSITY.1. 16 refs. 41 refs. oxidation. The relationship between the properties of rubber and the performance of the resulting engineering component is discussed in depth.648-9 IMAGING OF AUTOXIDATION INDUCED CHEMILUMINESCENCE Fleming R H. Consideration is given to stress strain behaviour (quasi-static force-deformation behaviour of mounts.References and Abstracts which confer protection by forming a layer on the rubber surface. 74 refs. No.4. fatigue and cavitation.752. USA Accession no.14-37 PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS FOR ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS Muhr A H MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. Details are included on the basic seal technology with regard to the specific gravity of the fluid being sealed. With current legislation. The statistical predictor models. April 1991. material and construction is facilitated by selection guidelines offered and which have been established by the WG-3 Emissions Work Group. MALAYSIA Accession no.12. & ASSOCIATES The chemiluminescence imaging equipment developed by Charles Evans & Associates is described and an example is given of the ageing-induced image obtained from a sample of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene cured with isophorone diisocyanate (a material used as a binder in solid fuel rocket motors). environmental effects (swelling by oils.2.37/9 DESIGNING FOR ZERO LEAKAGE Barrett J The use of rotating mechanical seals to prevent leakage from rotating machinery such as pumps and valves is 72 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 1992. and the emission level requirements. No. p.. No. all appeared to have a high level of accuracy in predicting condom breakage in use. damping.7. p. may also be slowed down. 32. dynamic stiffness and dynamic to static ratio. p.Carter E FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL The value of laboratory tests in predicting condom breakage was examined for twenty lots of latex condoms which differed in age.458857 Item 263 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65.) and mechanical failure (crack propagation.Liatsis D LONDON. p. p. No. ozone attack.Cole D. p. Atlanta.459712 Item 261 International Polymer Science and Technology 19.460910 Item 260 Eureka 12. IMPERIAL COLLEGE An experimental and analytical investigation was conducted of the consequences of removing a high Accession no.461335 Item 258 Contraception 46. July 1992. 1 ref. p.3. May-June 1992. The selection of an appropriate seal design. STRAIN AND ENDURANCE) Yamashita S Full translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi. separately using ultimate elongation from the tensile test. creep and stress relaxation). UK.1992. (ACS.T/41-56 SELECTING DAMPING MATERIALS (SERVICE ENVIRONMENT. April 1991) USA Accession no. USA discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.1. and the percent of condoms failing the airburst volume test as the independent variables and the condom breakage rate as the dependent variable. It is demonstrated that the sites of material failures and possibly the sites of incipient failures can be located and studied using chemiluminescence imaging. 1992. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.279-88 STUDY TO DETERMINE THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CONDOM BREAKAGE IN HUMAN USE AND LABORATORY TEST RESULTS Steiner M. Div of Polymer Chemistry. JAPAN Accession no. No. hysteretic heating/heat build-up and the effects of water and temp. the Condom Quality Index from the airburst volume test. and designers are shown to have to meet or exceed the legislative pressure which will eventually be instated. the formation of internal symmetrical cracks whose geometry was the same as that of the sample.Bolon R B. Heat accelerates the degradation reaction. 22 refs. was studied in detail and the experimental data were interpreted using two models. One particular type of damage.Tucker H.) A report is presented of research undertaken by Gates Rubber Co. and tested by the Navy for possible defects.2. It was suggested that ruptures arose as a result of the combined effects of an overall hydrostatic tension and a localised tensile field which was created by the effusion of gas from the polymer.455981 Item 266 141st Meeting.Porta M L. (ACS.5% failed automatically. In vehicle applications.) A study was made to determine whether any of the parameters describing the polarity of liquids relate to the swelling of nitrile rubber vulcanisates. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. (ACS.& DEV. Spring 1992. 012 RELATING THE PROPERTIES OF POLAR AND NON-POLAR LIQUIDS TO THE SWELLING OF NITRILE RUBBER VULCANISATES BY THESE LIQUIDS.References and Abstracts ambient gas pressure environment from a number of elastomers after they had been allowed to equilibrate under high gas pressure. leaks or rupture of the hose. leaving thin. A sectioning procedure was developed to measure coating thickness and penetration data.457692 Item 264 International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 12. No. (ACS. Accession no. leading to cracks.. 012 FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF CORDREINFORCED RUBBER COMPOSITES Borowczak M. pp.12. Conference Proceedings.. The results of this study showed that the applied coating flowed to fill in depressions on rough substrates.457492 Item 265 Rubber and Plastics News 2 13. Detroit. with reference to the findings of some published studies.111-6 SCANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF SILICONE RELEASE COATINGS Stein J. The severity of the latter was shown to be a function of the gas transport properties of the elastomer under the conditions which prevailed during the gas desorption process. II. UK. Paper 56. but compounding for maximum heat resistance in the traditional sense does not improve electrochemical resistance.39. The trial has been postponed pending the outcome of a related case involving one of the defendants . 8th-11th Oct. Ky. USA Accession no. which shows that the primary cause of almost all such failures is an electrochemical attack on the tube compound. Louisville. Rubber Div.15. and can in fact make it worse. pp. WESTERN EUROPE RUBBER CRAFTERS INC. the engine and radiator fittings act as the anode. 6th April 1992.Causa A G GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO. It is alleged that the company knowingly supplied the US Navy with defective MK-6 rubber lifeboats.. Paper 17. Rubber Div. USA Accession no. pp. A Gaussian curve © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 73 .) The use of fracture mechanics in the study of fatigue failure in cord-reinforced rubber composites is discussed. 19th-22nd May 1992.452961 Item 268 140th Meeting. Conference Proceedings. GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. 012 ELECTROCHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF COOLANT HOSES Schneider H. Fall 1991. USA Accession no. Of 500 boats supplied by the company. Louisville.CENTER SEM and environmental SEM were used to characterise silicone release coatings on a variety of paper substrates exhibiting different release values. SWELLING CURVES Starmer P H ZEON CHEMICALS USA INC. Conference Proceedings. 19th-22nd May 1992. A 180 degree peel sub-stage was constructed for environmental SEM and used to observe and record the microdeformation occurring at the parting interface. Mi. April 1992. Spring 1992. Paper 73. RES.1991. Such defect sites changed the peel mechanism.. p. easily damaged layers on the high areas after cure. into the causes of coolant hose failure. p. 7 refs. 9 refs.Robertson C D. Ky. 82. Rubber Div.453101 Item 267 141st Meeting. the liquid coolant as the electrolyte.Grenoble ME GE SILICONES. and the hose (containing oxygen) as the positive electrode.2 COURT DELAYS CASE AGAINST RUBBER CRAFTERS Moore M This article provides a detailed account of charges laid against Rubber Crafters Inc.18.Seo E T GATES RUBBER CO. No. USA Accession no. The elastomers were shown to be irreversibly damaged and the phenomenology of this damage was examined. HUNGARY Accession no.Conference Proceedings.23 PLANNING FOR WHAT COULD GO WRONG CAN STOP PROBLEMS BEFORE THEY START The Halesowen Microcentre’s FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) software provides a logical methodology to determine all possible ways in which a part or assembly might fail to meet its specifications. pp. Detroit. No. the sensitivity of the leakage test could be improved. are discussed. EASTERN EUROPE. Paris. 12th-14th June 1990. 012 HOMOGENEITY OF THE SURFACE OF A PRODUCT MADE BY EXTRUSION STRIP WINDING 74 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . NR and chloroprene rubber. Rubber Div. p.Conference Proceedings. UK. and which sets out how checks are to be implemented. hot and old water and bovine serum. The results suggested that the cause of the staining and failure could be attributed to the rubberised asphalt adhesive. p. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.1990. 12th-14th June 1990.81-2. e.g. p. carried out by means of FTIR spectroscopy. USA Accession no.Gross D BUNDESANSTALT FUER MATERIALFORSCHUNG & -PRUEFUNG (AFICEP) A brief report is presented on studies of the ozonolysis of unsaturated rubbers. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (ACS. 12th-14th June 1990. p.Dutt O. 8th-11th Oct. Conference Proceedings. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION Accession no. Sept.References and Abstracts was obtained to describe the swelling. SEM. potential cause of failure and its likely frequency. 012 APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL TESTING AND SPECTROSCOPY IN SOLVING ROOFING PROBLEMS Paroli R M.3. GERMANY Accession no. CANADA.441598 Item 273 International Rubber Conference:Communications. USA The contact angle properties of latex condoms were investigated under various conditions. including neutral and acidic solutions. The only parameter having a good correlation was the polarity index obtained by liquid chromatography.Schroeder L W US. Paper 12. USA Accession no. and the relationship between these properties and the sensitivity of various water leakage tests examined. Mi.452341 Item 270 British Plastics and Rubber No. March 1992. 6 refs.443297 Item 272 International Rubber Conference:Communications.446320 Item 271 Journal of Testing & Evaluation 18. The prediction of the behaviour of rubbers under gas service is considered. which is generated by the software. 012 BEHAVIOUR OF RUBBER VULCANISATES UNDER HIGH PRESSURE GAS CONDITIONS (INCLUDING EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION) Seregely Z I TAURUS HUNGARIAN RUBBER WORKS (AFICEP) Factors involved in failure mechanisms in elastomers (particularly hydrogenated NBR) subjected to gas exposures at high pressures and at various temps.1991.286-7.352-8 INFLUENCE OF CONTACT ANGLE ON THE LEAKAGE OF LATEX CONDOMS Davis G .5. The FMEA information is then transferred to a control plan.) Fourier transform IR spectroscopy. HALESOWEN MICROCENTRE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. p.347-9. by various liquids.Conference Proceedings. Possible failure modes are then analysed according to effect on customer. The results obtained indicated that the biological environments encountered upon actual use are likely to promote leakage and that by using a surfactant solution instead of water to fill the condom.452494 Item 269 140th Meeting.7. Fall 1991. Paris. Paris. of a series of rubbers containing from 0 to 50% bound acrylonitrile.. 19 refs. 012 FOURIER TRANSFORM IR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE DEGRADATION OF UNSATURATED POLYMERS IN REACTIVE GASES Vogel L. energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and tensile testing were used to characterise a fully adhered EPDM roofing membrane which had exhibited surface degradation in the form of brownish staining and subsequent failure. 26 refs.441544 Item 274 International Rubber Conference:Communications. and the probability that it will be detected by existing quality checks. seriousness of this.Lavallee C CANADA. energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. The result of the ensuing legal action is reported. Rubber Div.437185 Item 276 Elastomerics 123-No. DC.1991.References and Abstracts Laurila T FINLAND. aromatic polycarbodiimide.) Various types of failures encountered in rubber/metal bonding are illustrated to demonstrate the potential effects Accession no.. USA Accession no. carried out using a cavity transfer mixer.1991. on bonding properties. 12 refs.5 TYRE INFLATORS CAUSING INJURIES. All fabric samples believed to be wickproof failed this test. Washington. 012 EFFECTS OF EXTRACTING HYDROLYTIC STABILISERS ON URETHANE PERFORMANCE Feuer H O. Paper 51.11. 012 INITIATION OF VOIDS IN REINFORCED RUBBER FABRIC BY MECHANICAL FLEXURE Nagode J B. p. product evaluation.2. UK. FINLAND. A dynamic water wicking test was developed to model actual operating conditions of the SDRWs. RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. USA Accession no. p. No. US. Bond testing by peel strength was used. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.436720 Item 278 138th Meeting Fall 1990.437159 Item 277 138th Meeting Fall 1990.9-10 RAPRA MEETING EXAMINES THE FUTURE OF ELASTOMERS IN OIL FIELD APPLICATIONS Bowtell M Challenges and potential solutions associated with elastomeric components inoil field applications was the topic of a recent conference sponsored by Rapra Technology.Preprints. in particular.436025 Item 280 Rubber Southern Africa 7. USA Accession no.441406 Item 275 Tire Business 9. DESPITE WARNINGS Mikolajczyk S J An explosion occurred during the repair of a tyre which had previously been inflated using a sealant-type tyre inflator. DC. The elastomer’s degradation was monitored by the degree of deterioration of physical properties.436073 Item 279 138th Meeting Fall 1990.1990.1990. 9th-12th Oct.Preprints. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry. Rubber Div. p.15. Paper 46. Rubber Div. collated by the victim’s lawyer. Reference is made to SEM. SCANDINAVIA. secondary ion mass spectrometry and ion scattering spectrometry. NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY (ACS.1990.Greenawald E C GEO-CENTERS INC. 4th Nov. as well as specific challenges associated with aggressive environments and explosive decompression. The conference reviewed such subjects as developments in materials.1991. of means of avoiding the defect of extruder marking in extrusion strip winding of large rubber articles. 012 INVESTIGATION OF RUBBER/METAL BOND FAILURES BY SURFACE ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Madura A R LORD CORP.) Static wick test results on a ‘wickproof’ steel cord reinforced neoprene rubber fabric for sonar dome rubber windows (SDRWs) on US navy vessels are presented. RUBBER & COATED FABRICS RESEARCH GROUP (ACS. RUBBER TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATION (AFICEP) Results are presented of studies. together with summaries of other similar explosions/fires. No. installation and maintenance. USA Accession no. Paper 69.Touchet P BELVOIR RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT & ENGNG.CENTER. (ACS. 9th-12th Oct. WESTERN EUROPE of extraneous contamination. specifically silicone material.Preprints. The effectiveness of multiple surface analysis techniques are demonstrated for the detailed evaluation of bond failures. the hydrolytic stabiliser. The effects of mechanical flexure on other mechanical properties of steel reinforced rubber fabric are discussed.) Results of tests are reported to prove that collapsible fuel tank failures are due to diesel fuel extracting out the protective ingredients in the PU elastomer coatings. Washington. The volatility threshold appears to be reached at very low concentrations. 11 refs. Sept/Oct.Poranski C F. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 9th-12th Oct. Nov. DC. Washington.8 HEAT SHORTENS TYRE LIFE-BANDAG STUDY © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 75 . 1991. p. p.Seminar Proceedings. LS.127-8.50.435320 Item 282 Elastomers in Oil Recovery. An attempt is also made to establish a compounding baseline to optimise HNBR performance by examining formulation variables and their effects. 26th Aug. FKM fluoroelastomer and TFE/P is made.Summaries. BANDAG INC. Essen. Each examination was treated as part of a continuing study so that fundamental modes of failure could be identified. PROCEEDINGS OF A SEMINAR HELD MANCHESTER. 9TH SEPT. presented at this one-day seminar. INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS RESEARCH INSTITUTE An explanation is given for the surface defect. Topics under discussion include an evaluation of HNBR in severe oilfield environments. Manchester.1991 RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD. and dealt with at a design. (Deutsche Kautschuk Ges. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Retreaders attending the ARA show in April protested that releasing the test information would be damaging to the retread industry and specifically to those using the higher cure temperatures.) Causes of failure on many different hoses over a 15 year period are investigated.6.985-98 SHARKSKIN DEFECTS OF POLYMER MELTS: ROLE OF COHESION AND ADHESION Tremblay B CANADA. Paper 1. No. (Rapra Technology Ltd. Furthermore. Manchester. 4 refs. 012 ASPECTS OF ELASTOMER PRODUCT ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL TROUBLE- Accession no. commonly referred to as sharkskin.) Two demanding environments are considered. through a capillary.433843 Item 286 Tire Business 9. 12ins. hose failure and the implications for design. 24th-27th June 1991. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. are published examining aspects of elastomer component use in the oil recovery industry. A brief review of previous data is given for the former. Eight papers. depending on the respective strengths of adhesion to the die surface at the exit or of the cohesion of the bulk of the polymer. UK. as well as a brief look at the effect of ACN (acrylonitrile) content on performance. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 63Pet EVALUATION OF HNBR IN SEVERE OILFIELD ENVIRONMENTS Moore J. manufacture and service conditions. a comparison of HNBR with NBR. CANADA Accession no. The company claims that tyres cured at 100 ∞C averaged about a 30 to 35% longer life on the road wheel.435043 Item 284 Shawbury.) Long abstract only. UK. elastomeric seal life prediction. 19 refs. it is shown numerically that large negative pressures can exist at the die exit. 9th Sept.1991.1991.1991. Using a simulation of the flow of a linear polydimethylsiloxane melt. No. p.References and Abstracts A study has been carried out by Bandag on the effects of precured retread curing temperatures on truck tyre life. Aug. Paper 4. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.10. The growth or coalescence of these voids would then lead to cracks (sharkskin) at the die exit.1/22 76 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited .435266 Item 283 International Rubber Conference. 63Pet ELASTOMERS IN OIL RECOVERY. 8 Papers. CANADA Accession no. 5/11/91. 9th Sept. and polymer coated fabrics in the oil industry. explosive decompression and hydrogen sulphide exposure. UK. a series of photographs indicates that the cracks on the surface of the extrudate originate at the die exit and not further down the extrudate.434499 Item 285 Journal of Rheology 35. manufacturing or in-service stage.435337 Item 281 Elastomers in Oil Recovery. which showed significant sharkskin. USA SHOOTING Loadman M J R MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. 63Pet HOSE FAILURES: DESIGN. MANUFACTURE OR SERVICE CONDITIONS Hindmarch R S RAPRA TECHNOLOGY LTD.Ridland J POLYSAR RUBBER CORP. which occurs at the die exit. It is postulated that negative pressure cavitates the polymer melt very close to the die lip at the die exit on the surface of the die or in the bulk of the polymer.Seminar Proceedings.1991. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. (Rapra Technology Ltd. For the latter. comparing different polymer types. Attempts were made to identify non-destructive in-service monitoring to ascertain length of service limits. Murakami K (Akron. 8th-11th April 1991. It was found that the vulcanisates failed in a time-dependent manner at high stresses within the range 10 to 30 MPa.21.T/16-7 DESIGN AND MONITORING OF RELIABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL RUBBER GOODS Karbasov O G Full translation of Kauch.1988. heated in a microwave oven or heated by passing an electric current through a copper wire embedded in the sample before vulcanisation. A special grade of perfluoroelastomer O-rings was fitted to resist the high- Accession no. The effects were attributed to the influence of atmospheric oxygen.9. 012 BLOW-OUT OF RUBBER BLOCKS DUE TO INTERNAL HEATING Gent A N. USA Item 290 Cellular Polymers 9. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. have exploded. (PRI) The influence of atmospheric oxygen on the fracture of NR vulcanisates subjected to tensile failure.i Rezina.Conference Proceedings. but as many as three quarters of the 16 inch tyres currently on the road do not have fail-safe beads. USA Accession no. INJURIES Slaybaugh C S An estimated 2000 to 3000 people have been killed over the last twenty years. UNIVERSITY Edited by: White J L. This comprehensive article supplies the details. p. 26th-28th Oct. No. March 1991. BR.206-28 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION IN ELASTOMERS. Blowout temps. Factors and theory involved in the gas ingress and decompression stages occurring in rubbers exposed to gas at high pressures are discussed and the results of tests performed on several engineering elastomers (NBR.Tohoku. UK.Hindi M AKRON. creep and stress relaxation testing.430768 Item 289 International Polymer Science and Technology 17. No. p. Yield and Fracture of Polymers.Sedov V Full translation of Kauch. 1990. p. lowered the strength of the elastomer backbone chains.i Rezina. 1990. 23 refs. 1990.427865 Item 291 International Seminar on Elastomers. SBR. 1990. but leakage was a problem. The seals used on the turbines originally were of the floating carbon ring type.4. p. No.T/18-20 PREDICTING THE SERVICE PROPERTIES OF A VULCANISATE AND OF SEALING RUBBER COMPONENTS Yurtsev N N. CR.431542 Item 288 Deformation. Cambridge. EASTERN EUROPE.255-62. 951 EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN ON FRACTURE IN VULCANISED ELASTOMERS Lake G J Malaysian Rubber Producers’ Research Assn..428863 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 77 . p. Such failure occurred under constant load or at constant deformation or could be revealed by a rate dependence of the strength in constant rate tests. 5 refs. A lower duty variant of the John Crane type 28 spiral-grooved dry gas seal was developed. when 16 inch tyres mounted on wrong sized rims. Up to 30 million such tyres are said to have defective failure-prone beads.11. The hazard does not exist in every 16 inch tyre. 12 refs. which. chlorinated PE. 1990. UK.4.23. IIR and NBR) were determined and the possible nature of volatiles causing blow-out examined. USSR Accession no.432136 Item 287 International Polymer Science and Technology 17. University. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Oh. p.10. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. p. 7 refs. Deviations from simple predictions and several forms of failure are shown and important parameters are identified. following reaction. USSR Accession no. Akron.References and Abstracts GROUPS FAULT 16-INCH TYRES IN DEATHS. FKM and a transparent cis-polyisoprene) are reported. No.32 STEAM TURBINES SEALED TIGHT WITH JOHN CRANE 28 An ethylene manufacturing plant had experienced bearing failure on a number of small steam turbines used to drive the cooling fans. INTERNAL BLISTERING AND FRACTURING IN RUBBERS AFTER HIGH PRESSURE EXPOSURE TO GASES Campion R P MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. 14 refs. University) Applied Polymer Symposium 44 A study was made of blow-out of rubbers subjected to repeated compression. EASTERN EUROPE. for a range of rubbers (NR. No. namely the solubility coefficient of the gas in the elastomer at the actual pressure and moduli and tearing energy of the elastomer.116/1-116/5. p.Symposium Proceedings. after being inflated.426039 Item 292 Plastics Southern Africa 20. No.Kuznetsova I A. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.3. Accession no.183-203. 15 refs.179-86 German QUALITY INCLUDED .423300 Item 295 Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe 44. did not rule out sealants that tend to postcure or embrittle upon ageing. CRANE J. p. Various aspects of quality control are discussed and an attempt made to assess what will be required in the future. INC. p.155-60 Chinese APPLICATION OF FINITE ELEMENT METHOD IN PNEUMATIC TYRE RESEARCH Xiaomei H. October 1990). the seals have operated without measurable leakage. It was found that stress concentration was the main cause of bead burst.OF RUBBER IND. 1990.423778 Item 294 China Rubber Industry 38. No.. 63ECi STRUCTURAL ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS AND RESILIENT SEATINGS Grootenhuis P IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Edited by: Hollaway L C (Institution of Civil Engineers) Design considerations for supporting structures on rubber bearings are discussed as applied for isolation from ground borne vibration but excluding earthquakes. UK. The best correlation was obtained if the sealants were allowed to fully cure prior to laboratory testing. Fl. as included in ASTM C-719. the pneumatic tyre is said to remain a most unsatisfactory vehicle component: it can and will fail in the most inconvenient place at the most inconvenient time. 6 refs. CHINA Accession no. SOUTH AFRICA Accession no. basic facts of isolation. was helpful in identifying sealants which fail due to high compression set. suggested during the development of an ISO standard on sealant durability. were compared with those obtained from outdoor weathering under mechanical strain. 1991. Subject headings are: trends in development and construction.4.3.Lizhen C. No.Shouzhi L. selection and performance of elastomeric bearings.9 EXAMINE ROUTINE TYRE FAILURES TO AVERT LAWSUITS Ball C A Despite improved technology. 7 refs. human sensitivity to vibration. 6A2 EXPERIMENTAL WORK CARRIED OUT IN SUPPORT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ON MOVEMENT CAPABILITY OF SEALANTS Wolf A T DOW CORNING EUROPE SA Edited by: O’Conner T F (American Society for Testing and Materials) ASTM STP 1069 The results of different laboratory tests.Lijun X BEIJING. The deformation and stress-strain of all the components under inflation pressure of the tyre were predicted and the effects of three different bead structures on tyre performance were studied.Symposium Proceedings.. USA (Paper given to the DKG Eastern Group. The heat compression test. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. Properties and Performance. separation and wear and that the tendency of the tyre to undergo early damage increased with decrease in bead rigidity. No. p. BERGER R. 19 refs. which means that an injured person may recover against the manufacturer or seller of a defective product.122-40. p.ASTM STP 1069. however.1990. p. 20th May 1991.424978 Item 293 Tire Business 9. and. & PARTNER GERMANY Accession no. April 1991. Since their installation.422683 Item 296 Polymers and Polymer Composites in Construction. London.421273 Item 297 Building Sealants:Materials.. Thomas Telford. The legal doctrine of strict liability is expanding. Fort Lauderdale. even though the manufacturer was not negligent and even though the injured party had no dealings with the manufacturer or the seller. vibration damage of structures.3.QUALITY CONTROL UP TO 2000 AD Strothenk H CONTINENTAL AG 78 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . applications of composite construction for vibration isolation and movement control.References and Abstracts pressure steam. RESEARCH & DESIGN INST. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. The study showed that the finite element method was an effective means of optimising tyre structure. location of resilient bearings. The comparison revealed that the 70C compression test. Pneumatic tyre structure mechanics were analysed using non-linear finite element analysis. 31st Jan-1st Feb. with reference to quantification. Fort Lauderdale. including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and auger electron spectroscopy/scanning auger microscopy. 6J REVIEW OF EXPERIENCES WITH MECHANICAL SEALS IN AN OPERATING REFINERY Roos E ESSO NEDERLAND BV (BHRA Fluid Engineering) Information gathered during two years of operation with newly designed and revamped mechanical seals is presented together with information concerning the use of the PF-value for troubleshooting and design.139-73. p.69-73. such as lack of surface preparation. USA Accession no. test environments for determining the durability of bonded structures. chemicalstate information. 1 ref. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. p.417896 Item 303 Rubber & Eastern Europe. 9(12)4 DURABILITY EVALUATION OF ADHESIVE BONDED STRUCTURES Minford J D Edited by: Lee L H (Xerox Webster Research Center) The following topics are reviewed: chemical and physical attributes of adhesion and durability. Plenum Press.419596 Item 302 12th International Conference on Fluid Sealing.Symposium Proceedings. effect of water on adhesive-bonded structures. and durability of dissimilar materials structures. USA Accession no.. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.1990. 100 refs. characteristics of metal adherend surfaces. and Performance.Williams B L KENNEY/WILLIAMS/WILLIAMS INC. failure site variabilities. 6A2 SEALANT USAGE FOR EXTERIOR INSULATION AND FINISH SYSTEMS Williams M F. 31st Jan-1st Feb.ASTM STP 1069.Conference Proceedings.303-14. 21st Nov.Symposium Proceedings. 9(12)4 CHARACTERISATION OF SURFACES Davis G D MARTIN MARIETTA LABORATORIES Edited by: Lee L H (Xerox Webster Research Center) Surface-sensitive techniques for use in the study of adhesive bonding are discussed. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. These reasons are categorised by design errors. London. bondline characteristics affecting bond Accession no.1990. USA Accession no.AN OVERVIEW Warseck K L BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS ASSOCIATES Edited by: O’Conner T F (American Society for Testing and Materials) ASTM STP 1069 An overview is presented of the reasons for construction sealants failing in the ‘real world’. and lastly material failures. 1991. 6A2 WHY CONSTRUCTION SEALANTS FAIL . Edited by: O’Conner T F (American Society for Testing and Materials) ASTM STP 1069 General design. Data analysis is considered. 7 refs. specification and application procedures for sealant joints on Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems are discussed with specific recommendations for avoiding sealant joint failure due to finish coat delamination. hydration of phosphoric acid-anodised aluminium and adsorption of hydration inhibitors. USA performance. and Performance. NETHERLANDS.420304 Item 299 Building Sealants:Materials.239-90. application errors. 199 refs. p. spare part quality statistics. durability of structural joints assembled with combinations of joining procedures. 31st Jan-1st Feb. installation requirements and pre-lapping of mechanical seal rings. Brighton. p.420317 Item 298 Building Sealants:Materials. New York. bond-joint durability as a function of surface pretreatment.419598 Item 301 Adhesive Bonding.Conference Proceedings. 1991.420303 Item 300 Adhesive Bonding. Plenum Press. particularly failure analysis. depth-distribution information and surface-behaviour diagrams. such as improper joints sizing. Properties.References and Abstracts INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION BELGIUM. New York. Fl.315-26. Fl. Real field data is provided to support statements and conclusions.367-80. p.1990.ASTM STP 1069. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Applications to adhesive bonding are described. 17 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 79 .. 10th-12th May 1989. Fort Lauderdale. Properties. 1986. UK.351. and in some cases slightly enhanced it.Hironiwa T. 18/3/91.BS 5760:Part 0:1986 Aimed at directors of companies looking for overall advantages.Matsunaka H. No. UK. 114-71 BS 5760:PART 0:1986. sealant joint performance.416904 Item 309 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 43. Bangkok. O’Conner T F AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS ASTM STP 1069 Twenty-four papers are provided dealing with five areas of structural sealant concern . details are given. FL. CHEMICALS INSPECTION & TESTING INST. new and retreaded tyres have suffered premature failure in the punishing environment of Operation Desert Storm. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. 9ins. p.4.417410 Item 305 London.. p. RELIABILITY OF CONSTRUCTED OR MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. (Crain Communications Ltd. THAILAND Accession no. US. 31ST JAN-1ST FEB. however. management skills.16. p. pp.417184 Item 307 Philadelphia. Accession no. EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS. JAPAN Accession no.21. LS. Addition of carbon black. A series of natural rubber vulcanisates containing varied amounts of sulphur and accelerator (CBS) were prepared and their resistance to attack by a strain of Nocardia. sealant stresses in tension and shear.417437 Item 304 Proceedings of the 31st Assembly of the IRSG.S.1. and architectural design challenges for sealant technology and design standards. The higher the content of sulphur or CBS. Addition of calcium carbonate as a filler did not affect the microbial degradation. testing procedures for structural glazing silicone sealants. AND PERFORMANCE.1990. ASTM STP 1069. made the vulcanisate apparently more resistant to microbial attack. USA Accession no. April 1990. Particular aspects considered include European and U. 1990. 1990.Vol.321-6 80 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 63Bu-6A1 BUILDING SEALANTS: MATERIALS. In this system of curing without filler. PROPERTIES. No. HAF grade carbon being more effective than SRF grade.43. No.Takeda K JAPAN FERMENTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. movement capacity of sealants.. WESTERN EUROPE was examined. motivating the workforce.References and Abstracts MAINTAINING QUALITY Russell-Fell R LRC PRODUCTS LTD.417293 Item 306 Journal of Applied Polymer Science 41.1181-97 EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS ON MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF VULCANISED NATURAL RUBBER Tsuchii A. All replacements for the failed tyres are said to have been new tyres purchased by the US Army’s Tank Automotive Command. laboratory investigation.structural sealant glazing. July 1989. PAPERS FROM A SYMPOSIUM HELD FORT LAUDERDALE.5/6. engineers not trained in quality and reliability to show how reliability can help in their technical decision making and at middle management not specialised in engineering to demonstrate how reliability should be dovetailed in with other disciplines to give them the best result.First Europe Communications) The paper outlines ways of improving and maintaining Quality Standards in Eastern Europe. 11 papers. ARMY USA Accession no. PART 0. INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO RELIABILITY BRITISH STANDARDS INST. raw materials and machinery.417013 Item 308 Tire Business 8. BSI.154. water resistance of sealants for construction. 9 refs. and testing and certification. the less the wt.1/12 DESERT STORM TAKING TOLL ON VEHICLES’ TYRES Moore M According to several US government and industry sources. the rate of microbial degradation was suggested to depend on the crosslink density estimated from the swelling. failure of construction sealants. 11th Feb. pp.1991. 12ins. 17 QUALITY OF ELASTOMERS INTERNATIONAL RUBBER STUDY GROUP Eleven papers are presented on various economic aspects of the tyre industry and on the quality of elastomers. Pa.. pp.Hayashi K. SYSTEMS. JAPAN. loss of the vulcanisates after microbial attack. capable of utilising natural rubber as carbon substrate. and present and future trends. covering aspects such as production standards. No. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. incorrect tyre pressure and mismatching of dual tyres.409256 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 81 . AMERICAN RETREADERS ASSN.. No. CO. is discussed with reference to a law introduced in January 1990. BSI.1989). Mi. 17th-20th Oct. Sept. (Second German French Rubber Symposium. 6T1 RUBBER ON THE ROAD . SC. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. Fall 1989. ozone formation. 2 refs. UNI EUROPE. Greenville. 25-26th Oct.INC. 21st Jan. company responsibilities and monitoring of raw materials.1-2. free-radical mechanism. WESTERN EUROPE failure. Rubber Div.318-20 German LIABILITY FOR DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS AS DESCRIBED IN THE WEST GERMAN PRODUCT LIABILITY LAW Kreifels T ANWALTSSOZIETAET BRUCKHAUS KREIFELS WINKHAUS West German legislation on liability of producers.411254 Item 315 Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63. FRANCE.ITS NOT ALL FROM RETREADS Brodsky H TIRE RETREAD INFORMATION BUREAU (Clemson. for defective goods. No. The main reasons for this are overloading. USA Accession no. Freiburg. & CO. July/Aug. MIDDLE EAST. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. UK.1990. It is claimed that a good portion of the rubber comes from new tyres and not retreads. p. e. 5 refs. A review is presented of the literature on the protection of rubber against ozone. chemical antioxonants for polychloroprene. An understanding of the nature of variability is regarded as being fundamental to quality management.14.Larson S F DU PONT DE NEMOURS E. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.412795 Item 314 Tyre Industry Conference.. Sept.3.1989).) A description is given of the technology used by Du Pont Elastomer Products for design and management of a statistically-based product release system.416607 Item 311 136th Meeting. April 1990. USA Accession no.Lattimer R P GOODRICH B. (Second German French Rubber Symposium. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. chemistry of the ozone-rubber reaction.g. Jan-Feb. 88 refs. US. University) A study has been carried out to discover where the scrap rubber on the roads comes from. p. The retreads have been replaced on the military vehicles with new tyres. Conference Proceedings. Freiburg.1989.. SAUDI ARABIA. chemical antiozonants. WEST GERMANY. and critical stress and antiozonants. (ACS. relevant European standards (Italian standards being closely modelled on BS 5750 (1979). and that practically all the rubber comes from truck tyres. Paper 128. Particular attention is paid to the historical background. ITALY.1/31 RETREADS PULLED FROM USE IN DESERT Moore M The US Army is reported to have withdrawn retreaded tyres from Persian Gulf operations. ARMY IRAQ. Release criteria and release decisions are based on the concept of statistically estimated ‘true values’ as opposed to observed values of products.1989.Conference Proceedings.1990.29-32 Italian MEANING OF QUALITY ASSURANCE WITH RESPECT TO RUBBER PRODUCTS Bassi A C This article. p.I. physical methods of ozone protection.F. which first appeared in the UNI journal for January 1990. due to a high incidence of blowouts and retread separations caused by casing Accession no. USA Accession no. physical requirements for ozone cracking.415257 Item 312 Rubber and Plastics News 20.414704 Item 313 Industria della Gomma 34.426-50 PROTECTION OF RUBBER AGAINST OZONE Layer R W. covers production organisation.References and Abstracts LIABILITY FOR DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS AND THE FRENCH LAW Faugerolas L A discussion is presented on the rather complicated French legislation on product liability. 012 UNIQUE APPROACH TO PRODUCT CHARACTERISATION AND RELEASE Forrest D D.1991. rubber and plastics manufacturers and processesors.. mechanism of action of chemical antiozonants.4. details are given. paper 8. Detroit. USA Accession no.416608 Item 310 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 43. No. chemistry of the reaction of ozone and p-phenylenediamine. 407920 Item 317 International Polymer Science and Technology 17. EASTERN EUROPE. No.Govodnichev Yu N. surface coatings. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.Gubanov V V 4 refs.145-51 MOULD FUNGUS GROWTH ON SANITARY SEALANTS Wolf A DOW CORNING SA NV The requirements that must be satisfied by sanitary sealants are summarised.6. Accession no.Davidhazy A CONSUMERS UNION. 10 refs. p.T/6-8 DEFORMATION AND FAILURE OF CONVEYOR BELTS IN IMPACT Zuev Yu S. The performance levels to be expected from a variety of different sports shoe materials and constructions are reviewed. 1990.Dymnikov S I.692. Dec. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.T/9-11 METHOD OF CALCULATING THE DURABILITY OF V-BELTS Chibisov V A. 1990. Finally. Recommendations for upper materials for use in sports footwear and constructional guidelines are presented. EASTERN EUROPE. 15 refs.1.1989. MARIPOSA FOUNDATION. UK.Verschave A HUTCHINSON SA A detailed account is presented of the use of scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy selection X-ray spectrometry to investigate features of rubbers such as heterogeneity of composition. Diagrammatic representations of equipment.Shtern T M 8 refs. p. are reported. p. No. USA Accession no. aimed at providing information on the probability of fungus attack. March 1990. The suitability and minimum thicknesses of soles for sports shoes are indicated and methods of avoiding discolouration problems and adhesion problems are highlighted.3. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.77-80 GUIDELINES FOR BETTER SPORTS FOOTWEAR Worswick B. blooming. ROCHESTER. p.1.8. June 1990.Cross S SHOE & ALLIED TRADES RESEARCH ASSN. 1989. interfacial characteristics and surfaces of substrates. It was found that rupture of the condom was initiated at a small focal point on the shank of the condom and rapidly propagated throughout the condom’s surface.3. No. often ending with partial or full severance of the condom at its point of attachment to the air burst instrument.407205 Item 319 Adhasion 34. Sometimes redesign of the sealant elements is the only solution to the problem. USSR Accession no. BELGIUM.1990. 1989. p.i Rezina. p. INSTITUT DES GLASERHANDWERKS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. No. visual defects. p. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY The location of break initiation and the direction of break propation in latex condoms inflated to burst under standard (ISO) conditions were investigated using highspeed cinematography. p. (Full translation of Kauch.407918 Item 318 SATRA Bulletin July/Aug.23). the results of Wallhaeuser tests on several commercially available sanitary silicone sealants. p.403447 Item 322 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques No. typical defects and their causes are described and mould fungus growth and attack on these sealants discussed in detail. No. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. No.i Rezina.References and Abstracts Item 316 International Polymer Science and Technology 17. USSR Item 320 Construction & Building Materials 3.591-603 HIGH SPEED CINEMATOGRAPHY OF THE INITIAL BREAK POINT OF LATEX CONDOMS DURING THE AIR BURST TEST Stube R. Methods of combatting and preventing fungus attack are considered and procedures for testing the effectiveness of fungicides used in these sealants are examined. Sept. WEST GERMANY.Voeller B.406897 82 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited .21-3 German DEFECTS IN WINDOW SEALING Froelich H INSTITUT FUER FENSTERTECHNIK EV The paper explains how moisture can gain access to the sealant and suggests remedies.114-25 French HIGH PERFORMANCE EVALUATION TECHNIQUE FOR RUBBERS Cardinet C.1989.405626 Item 321 Contraception 41.8.31). No. (Full translation of Kauch. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. 124 refs. 35 refs.OF STANDARDS & TECHNOLOGY NIST Building Science Series 169 The most frequently reported fault in EPDM single ply roofing systems is in field formed joints. It is suggested that combinations of selected antioxidants might give improved results. No.401936 Item 323 Washington.v.References and Abstracts electron micrographs. the adhesives used being based on hydroxyl-terminated PU prepolymers prepared from suitable adipate polyesters and aromatic isocyanates.9.1989. 1989.Stutzman P E. Particular attention is paid to developments in the field of non-staining antiozonants. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY. p. 3 refs. USA Accession no.10 OEMS EXPECT REFINEMENT IN TYRE TECHNOLOGY Rowand R According to executives at the top three US automotive companies . although some were used at a lower concentration than others. pp.397356 Item 327 Adhesion 14. p. EASTERN EUROPE Accession no. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.Knobloch G. WESTERN EUROPE Accession no. a washing treatment followed by hot air ageing. WESTERN EUROPE polydienes are considered and details are given on suitable antiozonants. 42C11C12D1-6R43-9(12)4 STRENGTH AND CREEP-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF ADHESIVE-BONDED EPDM JOINTS STRESSED IN PEEL Martin J W. Sept. p. and weatherometer tests. NATIONAL INST.126-60. 42 refs.4. 1990. Physical and chemical phenomena of rubber ageing by ozone and mechanisms of ozone reaction with rubbers are described. p.Smit I. 9(12)4 ADHESIVE COMPOSITION SYSTEMS IN DEGRADATIVE CONDITIONS Kovacevic V. FRANCE. Ford Motor and Chrysler - © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 83 .Kliajie-Malinovic L J. 1990. SOUTH CHINA. Elsevier Applied Science.760-70 German OZONOLYSIS OF UNSATURATED RUBBER AND THEIR VULCANISATES. WEST GERMANY.Agic A.Cerovecki Z ZAGREB.400398 Item 325 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 42. City University) Results are presented of a studies of the ageing of PU adhesives for leather. MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. 11ins. UNIVERSITY Edited by: Allen K W (London.70-1 POLYURETHANE COATED FABRICS: REIVEW OF GUIDELINES Rose S SATRA FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY CENTRE A comprehensive review is given of SATRA’s current performance recommendations for PU coated fabrics. This technical report finds the cure time and level of cleanness of the EPDM membrane have the greatest effect on joint strength. UK. and this difference should have important implications in standards writing and in establishing performace requirements for EPDM roofing joints. 20/8/90.Bauer R. SURVEY Brueck D BAYER AG This article reviews literature on ozone reaction with diene rubbers.Bravar M. DC. ACADEMY OF TROPICAL CROPS Ten antioxidants were studied under conditions of dry heat ageing. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.Raue D P. and X-ray spectrogrammes are included. No. Particular attention is paid to the yellowing of white leather in contact with the adhesive.399717 Item 326 NR Technology 20.396761 Item 328 Rubber and Plastics News 18th Oct. YUGOSLAVIA. Possibilities of improving ozone resistance of rubbers and vulcanisates made from Accession no.Special Issue. Barking. p. The rankings of variables in creep rupture and short time strength experiments were different.65-71 EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE AGEING OF NATURAL RUBBER LATEX THREAD Gorton A D T. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.401308 Item 324 SATRA Bulletin June 1990. It was found that the efficiency of the antioxidant depended on the ageing conditions.Lechner J A US.Chen Ying CIBA-GEIGY AG.Embree E. outdoor exposure. 55.. p. 7 refs.1989. UK.General Motors. while the thickness of the adhesive and the magnitude of the mechanical load have the greatest effect on a joints creep rupture time to failure. 10-14th Oct. GENERAL MOTORS CORP. service use. The relationship between abrasion resistance and fibre orientation was investigated along with the influence of adhesive on abrasion using SEM. A trouble-shooting guideline for fluoroelastomers is also given.References and Abstracts tyre makers have done a good job in overcoming tyre vibration. p. Rapid irregular shoulder wear is caused primarily by excessive low contact pressure in the shoulder area. chlorinated PE. flat spots.OF RUBBER IND.2. p. RESEARCH & DESIGN INST.28/35 UNDERSTANDING AND CORRECTING IRREGULAR WEAR ON RADIAL TYRES Jones A Irregular wear is said to be initially attributable to tyre design. 012 LASER HOLOGRAPHY FOR INSPECTION OF TYRE Shaoying Z.Wang Mengjiao. Paper 20.13.. Sydney. Accession no.390797 84 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . processing conditions and part/mould design to efficiently process FKM fluoroelastomers. pp.12.1988. compounding ingredients. with particular reference to severe mechanical and environmental conditions relevant to offshore engineering applications.7. USA Accession no..1989. lack of durability and other technical problems. No.1988. Oct.Yufang S.10.625-9 APPLICATION OF AN EMPIRICALLY DERIVED GROWTH CURVE MODEL TO CHARACTERISE STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS BIOFILM DEVELOPMENT ON SILICONE ELASTOMER Holmes C J.1989. pp..394973 Item 329 China Rubber Industry 36.2. XPO Exhibitions) Some recent developments in understanding the physics of failure mechanisms in elastomers. Sydney.390322 Item 334 Rubbercon ’88. vacuum stressing and the analysing of the interference fringes of double-exposure of tyres to evaluate tyre structural uniformity.393327 Item 330 Modern Tire Dealer 70.XPO Exhibitions) A general guide is presented aimed at providing fabricators with a basic understanding of the effects of polymer type. These defects are examined along with the effects of poor tyre and vehicle maintenance. they will have to do more.Vonesh E BAXTER HEALTHCARE CORP.Zhang Tao BEIJING.613-6 Chinese ABRASION FAILURE OF VULCANISATES CONTAINING SHORT FIBRES Wang Weidong. 012 FRACTURE PROCESSES IN ELASTOMERS IN SEVERE SERVICE CONDITIONS Stevenson A MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. maintenance and the state of the vehicle on which they are used.Zhi Z BEIJING. Paper 3. River wear or tramlining is caused by high compression which forces the rib edges to spread and abrade on the road. p. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Accession no. (PRI. in the future.1988. Vol. USA Accession no. leaks. polychloroprene and NR are subjected to high mechanical stresses and severe hydrocarbon fluid environments at elevated temperatures in an attempt to determine component service life.. NBR. define the type of the defects and to estimate their size is described.Bingyu L.Developed from an international conference. are presented. UK. RESEARCH & DESIGN INST. (PRI. 14 refs.Developed from an international conference.Pacific Dunlop Ltd. Nov.OF RUBBER IND. cure systems.Pacific Dunlop Ltd. Photographs of reconstructed holographic interference patterns of tested tyres are given. 10-14th Oct. Vol. 012 PROCESSING OPTIONS OF FLUOROCARBON ELASTOMERS Kosmala J L. Sydney. CHINA Item 332 Rubbercon ’88. No.. June 1989. noise. pp.1.390328 Item 333 Rubbercon ’88. Vol. CHRYSLER CORP.390812 Item 331 Biomaterials 10. 24 refs USA Accession no.Pacific Dunlop Ltd. (PRI.Micallef J 3M CO. No. CHINA Accession no. FORD MOTOR CO. It was found that the presence of short fibres in the composite gave rise to changes in the failure mechanism and that fibre orientation had varying effects on the abrasion resistance of the composite. XPO Exhibitions) The utilisation of laser holographic interferometry. Paper 16.9.Evans R C. 8 refs.Developed from an international conference. Details are given.30. 10-14th Oct. harshness of ride. 9 refs. 36.Campion R P MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. polychloroprene and NR are presented.389330 Item 335 Fall Meeting(134th). and blow-out. 012 HEAT BUILD-UP AND BLOW-OUT OF RUBBER BLOCKS Hindi M. No.) The concept of root cause analysis. were affected by ground pad design.Gent A N AKRON.388771 Item 337 Spring Meeting(133rd). Rubber Div. 8 refs. The observations were made to define the temps. pp. Elastomers investigated and compared included SBR. generated by tank track pads under field test conditions (on paved road) in order to relate them to wear and failure modes of abrasion.30.Peck M C P. 012 FRACTURE MECHANISMS AND LIFE PREDICTIONS FOR ELASTOMERS IN HIGH PRESSURE OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTS Stevenson A. the roadwheel path and the type of material. Paper 41. Rubber Div.. 18-21st Oct. 19-22nd April 1988.1988. which must be followed to achieve the desired end-result.2. pp.References and Abstracts USA Accession no. cutting and chunking. 10 refs. NR.1988. Paper 18. Rubber Div. Tx. 19-22nd April 1988. 19-22nd April 1988. is described. Tx. which presents data for unadulterated and modified PETP samples and describes a successful attempt to identify anomalous broadening of intense bands observed in the spectrum of fibres. June 1989. Tx. USA temps.Carter R O. specific to the particular elastomer and crosslinking system employed.386647 Item 340 Journal of Natural Rubber Research 4.. USA Accession no. Local surface temps.35. pp. 13 refs. Cincinnati. The reaction was. UK Accession no. 012 QUALITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS Floyd R C EXXON CHEMICAL CO. Oh..Murray T J. 1988.) The results are reported of the application of Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to the study of the chemical degradation of a PETP fibre/nitrile rubber composite under consideration for use in an experimental automotive subsystem. Paper 43. of sufficient quantities of a volatile decomposition product. p. Oh. The thermal behaviour of the rubber bushings was also analysed. (ACS. initially from a purely mechanical viewpoint and subsequently in relation to the effects of hydrocarbon liquids and gases at elevated temps. Some preliminary experimental results for nitrile rubber. UNIVERSITY (ACS. of the ground pad side of US Army track shoes operating on an M-1 tank. which demonstrate how it works.386925 Item 339 Spring Meeting(133rd). ARMY MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LAB. It is shown that the mechanism of polyester decomposition responsible for failure is aminolysis. 1988. USA Accession no. pad location. (ACS. 1988. Rubber Div. chlorinated PE. 012 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF PETP DEGRADATION IN POLYESTER FIBRE/ NITRILE RUBBER COMPOSITES Carduner K R. however. Dallas. 9 refs. Cincinnati. 18-21st Oct. pp.. (ACS. polybutadiene and butyl rubber (as used in articles such as tyre treads and tank track pads) showed that the principal cause of blow-out was the generation at high Accession no.Alesi A L US. An appendix is included. (ACS. 012 FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON RUBBER TANK TRACKS Pergantis C G.389096 Item 336 Fall Meeting(134th).Killgoar P C FORD MOTOR CO. Paper 1.Shuford R J. NR and highly-saturated NBR. 1988. where strength is preserved. pp. Paper 16.386943 Item 338 Spring Meeting (133rd).Mead J L.93-106 CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF RUBBERS SUBJECTED TO REPEATED LOADINGS © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 85 . Some examples of root cause analysis are presented.) Failure mechanisms in elastomers subjected to high pressures are discussed. USA Accession no. Rubber Div.. Dallas.31. Dallas.15.) Studies with thick rubber blocks of SBR. 1988. which is fundamentally concerned with the cause-and-effect chain of an operation. 21 refs.) IR thermography was used to observe elastomer surface temps. and a few simple rules. are outlined. No. hexylamine and 2.Murray T.References and Abstracts Pond T J MALAYSIAN RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. CANADA Accession no. No. ARMY MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY Information is presented in detail on data obtained from testing of rubber tank tracks for Army tracked vehicles such as the M-1 Abrams tank. It was found while the ozonolysis of butyl and chlorobutyl rubbers involved normal cleavage of olefinic double bonds. it is shown that degradation is very heterogeneous through the sample thickness. triisopropyl phosphite.Sokolov S L MOSCOW.7. namely free radical-mediated radiation chemistry and ozone chemistry in the surface regions of the samples. p. March 1989.7.Feke D L CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY A dispersive mixing model focussing on the rupture of agglomerates as the step that primarily determines the dynamics of the mixing process has been derived and analysed. April 1989. April-June 1989.Gillen K T SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES A study was made of the gamma-radiation degradation of SBR and Buna-n rubber in the presence of air.1. such as diphenylamine. p. Rupture is predicted to occur when hydrodynamic forces exerted on the outer surface of the agglomerate exceed cohesive forces binding the agglomerate together. USA Accession no. Main areas of failure of rubber track pads are identified and results of field tests are Accession no.2435-55 OZONOLYSIS OF BUTYL AND HALOBUTYL ELASTOMERS Ho K W. pure elongation.380697 Item 345 Rubber World 200. USA Accession no. 13 refs. 29 refs. The synergistic action of ozone and ionising radiation is discussed.Shuford R J. as well as their model compounds in hexane. The effect of various additives. Using a recently developed modulus profiling technique. An analysis is made of agglomerate rupture in four flow geometries: simple shear. p. visco-elasticity accounts for the remainder. 6-di-tert-butyl cresol. UK Item 343 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition 27. p. Influence of the crosssection geometry and of the inner structure of the tyre on stress-strain cycles in the belt and bead of radial tyres is investigated. Half of the cyclic creep can be accounted for in this way. Agglomerates are modelled as clusters of aggregates bound by van der Waals forces. 6 refs.386035 Item 341 International Polymer Processing 4.381832 86 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . on chain scission and rearrangement of bromobutyl rubber. uniaxial extension and biaxial extension. Cyclic loading is found to produce an enhancement of creep rates thought to be due to crosslinks breaking under stress concentrations caused by crystallisation. No.100-8 TYRE DESIGN THEORY BASED ON OPTIMISATION OF STRESS-STRAIN CYCLES OF ITS ELEMENTS Tretyakov O B.1.Mead J L. A tyre design theory based on stressstrain optimisation of its elements is proposed as is a hierarchic system of complicated tyre models for calculation of stress-strain cycles.2. No.31-8 FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON RUBBER TANK TRACKS Pergantis C G. June 1989.Alesi A L US. No. A study was made of the ozonolysis of butyl rubber and its halogenated derivatives. Degradation is considered to result from two different processes. MALAYSIA. TYRE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Some criteria are presented for evaluating the various tyre design theories that are based on the equilibrium shape of the sidewall and on the rolling contour of a tyre. 21 refs. USSR.3-8 ANALYSIS OF AGGLOMERATE RUPTURE IN LINEAR FLOW FIELDS Manas-Zloczower I. The creep behaviour of various vulcanised rubbers under cyclic conditions has been compared with that under constant loading.381828 Item 344 Tire Science and Technology 17. June 1989. Tyre failure types and the mathematical models by which they can be predicted by modern theories of rubber/cord fatigue are also described. 8 refs.2313-24 POLYMER DEGRADATION UNDER IONISING RADIATION: ROLE OF OZONE Clough R L.382415 Item 342 Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Chemistry Edition 27.Guthmann J E POLYSAR LTD. was also evaluated. EASTERN EUROPE Accession no. the mechanism of ozonolysis of bromobutyl rubber was more complicated. p. 1988. fluorescence microscopy. (Full translation of Prom. No. 1988.992-6 German PRODUCTION FACTORS INFLUENCING THE QUALITY OF ELASTOMERIC INJECTION MOULDINGS .Thoma R J Accession no.1988. 13 refs.12.REQUIREMENTS OF AN AUTOMOTIVE USER Walter G DAIMLER-BENZ AG An inspection by Daimler-Benz of elastomer components for use in car construction showed that the percentage of defective components was much higher than that for plastics or metal parts. natural rubber and fibre-filled rubber pads. USA Accession no. (Full translation of Kauch.Yudina G I USSR.379082 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 87 . Reasons for this situation are discussed and ways and methods (failure mode effects analysis and statistical process control) of improving the quality of rubber injection mouldings outlined.Yurtsev N N 9 refs. p.References and Abstracts presented.Smith M C.9. It is concluded that quality should be achieved by quality planning and development rather than by quality control.Gerritse G A. p.207-27 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYURETHANES: IMPLICATIONS OF FAILURE MECHANISMS Phillips R E.i Rezina. NETHERLANDS Accession no. under conditions which simulated those of pipe seals in water supply pipes.379264 Item 347 International Polymer Science and Technology 15.3.379956 Item 346 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 41.T/19-22 CALCULATION OF THE BURSTING ENERGY OF HOSES Huszka J Full translation of Muanyag es Gumi. TNO PLASTICS & RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE A novel NR vulcanisate containing a fungicidal plasticiser (chlorinated paraffin) was tested for its resistance to attack by the rubber-degrading bacterium.379092 Item 348 International Polymer Science and Technology 15. p. Oct.23) USSR Accession no. the samples were found to have undergone no significant deterioration. FRANCE Accession no. The vulcanisate was exposed to tap water inoculated with the bacteria and the growth of bacteria on the surface of the material and any resultant deterioration were monitored by SEM.Shin i Rez.2.Iz. viable counts in selective media and tensile strength determination. 8 refs. Materials studied included nitrile rubber. triblends. 1988. 1 ref. After an exposure of nearly two years.50-8 STUDY OF THE BIODETERIORATION OF VULCANISED RUBBER PIPE SEALS EXPOSED TO INOCULATED TAP WATER Hanstveit A P. No. WEST GERMANY Item 349 CETIM Informations No.Zuev Yu S.105.23B) USSR Accession no. 1988. No.53-7 French SEALS FOR ROTATING SHAFTS: STUDY OF LEAKAGES Faure L CENTRE TECHNIQUE DES INDUSTRIES MECANIQUES Results are presented of a study of oil leakages from nitrile rubber rotary shaft seals.377540 Item 350 International Polymer Science and Technology 15. 1988. Oct.6.9.tekhn. No.381) HUNGARY Accession no. 1987. UNIVERSITY.Sveshnikova N V. No.T/83-6 STUDY OF THE BREAKDOWN OF SEALS WITH CYCLIC TEMPERATURES Shpindler V M. April 1988. RUBBER RESEARCH INSTITUTE 3 refs. No.1988. No. 23 refs. 1988. TNO. p. No.Bondareva V S.373613 Item 352 Journal of Biomaterials Applications 3.8. Methods of testing included the use of infrared thermography for monitoring thermal behaviour of the track pads. p.Sint.6. p.Chulyukina A V.375889 Item 351 NR Technology 19. p..10.Scheffers W A DELFT. TEM. p.Sedov V V. Nocardia asteroides.Kauch. p.T/30-1 EFFECT OF VIBRATION ON THE SEALING POWER OF RUBBER GASKETS IN FIXED JOINTS Shtitel’man M I. p. No. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting held Williamsburg..371989 Item 354 Rubber World 199.1987. 9(12)4 EFFECT OF WATER ON MATRIX/FILLER ADHESION IN A POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER Bowditch M R. The degradation of mechanical properties in the presence of water. chemical attack.369900 88 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . USA Accession no. halobutyls.137-52. Each may result in implant device failure and each appears to involve metal ion complexation as a key parameter. two failure mechanisms are proposed and investigated.369899 Item 356 Adhesion International 1987. Aspects covered include abrasion.. Montreux. environmental stress cracking and chain scission.7.266) JAPAN Accession no.153-66. Three mechanisms are described which explain various observed interactions between PU chemistry and body chemistry. POLYSAR LTD.) A study of the role of electrochemical potentials on the durability of rubber/metal bonds in sea water is described. p. No. p.) The static moduli failure stresses and dynamic moduli of both filled and unfilled polyurethanes are measured over a range of equilibrium water contents and these results are compared with those obtained from dry controls. 1985.373588 Item 353 International Polymer Science and Technology 13. No.1987. The filler was found to dissolve out into water more easily in parts which were subjected to a large stress due to deformation of the rubber. p. permanent set and heat/cold. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers.Ishikawa H The relationship between the nature of the sealing ring material (fluoroelastomer) and the ocurrence of blistering was investigated. 4 refs. and the hydrolytic disruption of filler/matrix adhesion is assessed. UK Accession no. 1986. These include calcification. USA Accession no. oxidation. The results indicated that blistering occurred more readily when the crosslink density was high as a result of over-vulcanisation. 1988. 7 refs. 23-27 Feb. ethylene-propylene copolymers and nitrile vulcanisates are evaluated. Va.1. Oct.368269 Item 357 Adhesion International 1987. Oct. No. Edited by: Sharpe L H (Adhesion Society Inc..1. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers. An ageing test method is developed. p. Continued expansion of PU into implantable product applications will require further clarification of the effect of each of these interactions on long-term product performance.1988. 9(12)4 EFFECT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS ON THE DURABILITY OF RUBBER/METAL BONDS IN SEA WATER Stevenson A MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. 23-27 Feb.Stannard K J UK. 4 refs. A quantitative relationship between the water content and mechanical properties is established and the mechanics of the water/polymer/filler interaction are considered. Va. 1988. Failure of rubber parts used in domestic water applications has been frequently reported. It was possible that traces left behind after dissolution of the filler provided nuclei for crack formation which led to the occurrence of blistering.Yokoyama T. 58. No.4. (Full translation of Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi. Butyl. p. USA Item 355 Rubber World 199. 25 refs. INTERMEDICS INC. p.References and Abstracts CARBOMEDICS INC. ADMIRALTY RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT Edited by: Sharpe L H (Adhesion Society Inc.12/51 MAKING IT LAST Menough J Some of the typical causes of rubber product failure are reviewed. and effects of the different chemicals used in the purification processes on nitrile and EPDM vulcanisates compared. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting held Williamsburg. and complaints include swelling and cracking and are related to nitrile and ethylene-propylene copolymer-type compounds. Montreux.16/24 EFFECT OF THE ADDITIVES IN DOMESTIC WATER SYSTEMS ON RUBBER VULCANISATES Simmons C L. The effect of electrochemically inert conditions is shown Accession no.Evanson P P MINNESOTA RUBBER.T/31-40 BLISTERING OF SEAL RINGS IN STERN TUBE SEALS Yamajo S. and some of the potential methods of overcoming these problems are described.1988. 18-21 Oct. (US. ‘quality assurance’ and ‘quality control’ are explained and examples of the need Accession no. Permeation measurements showed that permeation rate decreased from proportionality against pressure at high pressures. Glen Ellyn.9/1-9/10.368118 Item 358 Polymers in Offshore Engineering. Il.) A detailed description is given of the problems encountered in the bonding of PU. UK Accession no. The research. p.78/82 QUALITY ASSURANCE.IV 104-10.LTD.244-50. The effect of bonding of the rubber to the more noble of a pair of metals in electrical and electrolytic contact. 63Pet FAILURE MECHANISMS IN ELASTOMERS IN HIGH PRESSURE OIL AND GAS CONDITIONS Campion R P MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. Redesign engineers have concluded that fluoroelastomers are still the best material available for the construction of the Orings. BUREAU OF STANDARDS The terms ‘quality management’.Phelan P ANSON LTD. PART I Ford R H SOUTH AFRICA. July 1988. © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 89 .Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. p.5/1-5/14. Conference Proceedings.367343 Item 359 Expanding Technology and Markets for Adhesives and Sealants. c.. The Anson Superseal has now been approved and accepted by major operators for sour gas explosive decompression service. however.. no. 4 refs. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL USA Accession no.1981.7. 14-16 June 1988. p.50 SPACE SHUTTLE REDESIGN POSES CRITICAL CHALLENGE TO THE RUBBER INDUSTRY Hertz D L The tendency of fluoroelastomers to lose resilience at lower temperatures is said clearly to be a major cause of the failure of the Challenger space shuttle. development and field testing of Union seals made of this material is described. Aug. (PRI) Experimentation at temps. 2 refs.365816 Item 363 Plastics Southern Africa 18. 10 refs. 63Pet INTRODUCTION OF AN IMPROVED ELASTOMER FOR HIGH PRESSURE PIPEWORK FITTINGS Rispin A. and at 700 atm. 14-16 June 1988. details are given. and logical methods of analysing and solving bonding problems are presented. WALKER J.. and 27C for carbon dioxide (now a liquid) permeation apparently was effectively halted. p. p. Pa. No. bubble growth and elastomer fracture: an optimised balance of properties related to these factors is presumably necessary for an elastomer to withstand explosive decompression. UK Accession no. (Polyurethane Manufacturers Assn. Factors contributing to the denigration of sealants in recent years are briefly considered and ways of improving the quality of sealants are suggested. USA Accession no.1986.366056 Item 362 Elastomerics 120.1988. UK Scotland. is shown to cause bond failure much faster. up to 130C and pressures up to 700 atmospheres was carried out to assess the explosive decompression performance of a number of elastomeric compounds.References and Abstracts to be measured in stable bond strength after years. Philadelphia.367095 Item 361 PMA’s Reference Guide to Polyurethane Processing. (PRI) The problem of explosive decompression damage to oilfield flowline equipment prompted the development of James Walker’s FR58/90 fluoroelastomer.2.367165 Item 360 Polymers in Offshore Engineering.Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. 6A1 SEALANTS ..ARE THEY TRULY THE MIRACLE COMPOUND . & CO.ALL THAT WE HAVE BEEN LED TO BELIEVE? Grenadier G GRENADIER CORP. USA Accession no. These observations are discussed together with aspects of nucleation. p. 43C6 PROBLEM SOLVING IN POLYURETHANE BONDING Stahr B WHITTAKER CORP. Adhesives & Sealants Council) A contractor’s view that sealants are not what they are supposed to be and certainly are not what they used to be is discussed. reasons suggested include the forced close packing of molecular chains and the dependency of D on concentration. Scotland. Raft tests were carried out on steel plates coated with the paint and immersed for 25 months in sea water at Puerto Belgrano. 19 refs. A study was made of the effect of electrochemical potentials on the durability of double shear type samples consisting of 2 black filled NR and 3 metal discs alternately bonded together. 12 members of the quality assurance association are listed. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd. SASOC.365468 Item 364 Journal of Adhesion 21. Nos.364963 Item 366 Journal of Adhesion 21. A quantitative relationship between water content and mechanical properties was established and the mechanics of the water/ polymer/filler interaction assessed. USA. Div. Virginia. binder percentage.364839 Item 367 Adhesives. 63Tr. (Pt. Nos. Williamsburg. and Coatings for Space and Harsh Environments. ADMIRALTY RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT The static moduli. HENKEL KG A description is given of a system of quality assurance.del Amo B. titanium and titanium alloy. Metals employed were carbon steel.1987).. cuprous oxide content. INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION AND FILM THICKNESS ON BIOACTIVITY OF ANTIFOULING PAINTS CONTAINING CASTOR OIL AS THE THIXOTROPIC AGENT Giudice C A. 22-27 Feb... 1987. SASOL SOUTH AFRICA Accession no.Van Halteren A FACHVERBAND KLEBSTOFFINDUSTRIE EV. USA. (Tenth Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society Inc. The implementation of quality assurance on the factory floor is emphasised.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng. it analyses the possible defects and their results and derives statistical process control data and quality cards based on this analysis. p. (Tenth Annual Meeting of the Adhesion Society Inc. 1987. Colorado. p. 14 refs. developed by the West German Association of the Adhesives Industry. Variables investigated were rosin/chlorinated rubber ratio.159-91. amount of castor oil incorporated as gel.329-41 EFFECT OF WATER ON MATRIX/FILLER ADHESION IN A PU ELASTOMER Bowditch M R. 012 REVIEW OF ELASTOMERS USED FOR OILFIELD SEALING ENVIRONMENTS Revolta W N K.1987). Denver. Barking.1988. VOLVO AB WEST GERMANY Accession no.32-4 German QUALITY ASSURANCE IN THE ADHESIVES INDUSTRY Bucken H J. Williamsburg. UK Stevenson A MATERIALS ENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORY LTD. Sealants.3/4. high cathodic potentials and elastomer strain was evaluated and the results discussed in terms of failure penetration depth. Based on DIN/ISO 9004. p.313-27 EFFECT OF ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS ON THE DURABILITY OF RUBBER/METAL BONDS IN SEA WATER Accession no. stainless steel.365347 Item 365 Adhasion 32. 4 refs. UK Accession no. failure stresses and dynamic moduli of an unfilled and filled polyether-urethane were measured over a range of equilibrium water contents and the results obtained compared with those for dry controls. The influence of dissimilar metals in contact. 22-27 Feb. which takes into account the requirements of its various customers. Virginia. p. dispersion time of toxicant and dry film thickness.II is to appear in the Sept.Stannard K J UK.361195 90 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited .Lee K S A general overview is given of elastomers used for sealing applications during the exploration and production of oil and gas. 7-9 April 1987. p. Fillers employed were barytes (and small amounts of fumed silica and carbon black) or iron oxide. 1987.364050 Item 368 Developments in Rubber Technology-4. 4 refs.Conference Proceedings. Inconel.References and Abstracts for quality assurance given.1988 issue).Sp.Rascio V J D CIDEPINT (ACS.371-80. ARGENTINA Accession no. Sept.) The results are reported of a study of the influence of chemical composition and film thickness on the biological activity of high-build anti-fouling paints containing gum rosin and chlorinated rubber as binders.Sweet G C DU PONT (UK) LTD. Edited by: Whelan A. UK Accession no. An attempt is made to define the main problem areas and to give broad distinctions between different elastomers to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. BAYER AG.3/4. EUROPEAN ORGANISATION FOR QUALITY CONTROL. BRITISH STANDARDS INST.Proceedings. manufacturing control and training are detailed. Paper 1. Goteborg. US.) WEST GERMANY Accession no.343-5. currently moulded in SBR.2. No. 2 refs. 62Bu-6A SERVICE EXPERIENCE OF ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS IN BUILDING © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 91 . The terms ‘quality’. UK Accession no.459-63. p.. wear longer.CENTER. Details are given. May 1988. Vol. 1987. p. Goteborg. FMC CORP.359812 Item 371 International Rubber Conference IRC 86. No. 1986. The relationship between oxidative thermal degradation changes and mechanically induced fatigue of the polymers is demonstrated. to determine the cause of damage and provide the basis for corrective measures.4. (German translation appears in Kaut. 1988.each time attributed to improper application of the adhesive. Topics covered include assembly procedures. 012 THE SPECIFICATION . USA Accession no. The change by a manufacturer of automated teller machine rollers from one anaerobic adhesive to another to meet performance requirements is examined. Details are given. testing and cost savings.358151 Item 373 Adhesives Age 31. steel wire reinforcement and rubber cover.Manley T R NEI CLARKE CHAPMAN LTD. The effect of tangential stressing at higher rubber hardness levels was also examined and the consequences of using a rubber layer of thinner thickness in the joints assessed.2. 16th May 1988.22. Tests were carried out on a PU modified umbilical hose component transmitting fluid power from an offshore structure to a submersible or submerged structure and a high pressure.u.Proceedings.ITS ROLE IN QUALITY ASSURANCE Clowes F BRITISH RAILWAYS BOARD (Swedish Institution of Rubber Technology) The usefulness of standards and quality control in everyday life is emphasised and definitions of Accession no.359356 Item 372 Rubber and Plastics News 17. ‘quality control’ and ‘quality assurance’ are defined and the requirements as far as management organisation.. NEWCASTLEUPON-TYNE. ARMY MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY USA Accession no. The fatigue life of the specimens at 60 Shore hardness was investigated as a function of alternating radial loads and the influence of rubber hardness on fatigue life at a force level of + or . 40. p.359815 Item 370 International Rubber Conference IRC 86. 012 IMPROVEMENT OF RUBBER JOINTS FOR LOCOMOTIVE TRANSMISSION GEAR Schenk H (Swedish Institution of Rubber Technology) Tests were carried out on rubber joints for locomotive transmission gears.5.22. Supplementary Volume. p. London. POLYTECHNIC (Swedish Institution of Rubber Technology) The results are reported of a study of the service life of heavily worked hydraulic hose components subject to impulse conditions over long periods using DSC. 012 SERVICE LIFE OF HYDRAULIC HOSE COMPONENTS USED IN OFFSHORE OIL APPLICATIONS Hampson F W. flexible hose with an inner lining of oilresistant rubber. in the two years that Hiawatha Rubber has been using the anaerobic adhesive. The pitfalls inherent in overspecifying and under-specifying are described and the basic requirements outlined..30KN evaluated. which had unexpectedly failed prematurely. UK ‘specification’ are set out. 1 ref. Goteborg. Feb.347-52. Vol. p.Gummi Kunst. No. BELVOIR RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT & ENGNG. 1986.. Researchers at the Army Materials Research Laboratory and Belvoir Research Development & Engineering Centre developed a highly saturated nitrile rubber compound in 1987 in an attempt to make the pads. HIAWATHA RUBBER CO. p.References and Abstracts Item 369 International Rubber Conference IRC 86.175-85. only two bonded rollers out of about 16.Proceedings.28 ARMY RESEARCHERS CREATE TANK PADS BASED ON SATURATED NBR It is claimed that the development of a nitrile rubber-based compound for battle tank track pads could save the US Army million of dollars in maintenance costs. 1986. 000 units have failed .355963 Item 374 Adhesives & Sealants in Building & Construction. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION SWEDEN.28-9 ANAEROBIC ADHESIVE IMPROVES ROLLER ASSEMBLY RELIABILITY Loven W E HENKEL ADHESIVES CO. 1987. balanced and serviced throughout its original life if it is to provide a sound foundation for retreading is emphasised. p.125-31 French EFFECTS OF ENGINE LUBRICANT ADDITIVES ON FLUOROELASTOMERS Frapin B PROCAL SA A study was made of the effects of engine lubricant additives. 33 refs. p.672.References and Abstracts Berman A M AMBER SCIENTIFIC LTD.1986). (PRI) An attempt is made to justify the ‘belt and braces’ approach as a logical outcome of experience of practical applications of sealants and adhesives in construction work.352400 Item 377 Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology 3. Two groups of additives. The development of quality control systems in the British rubber industry from 1918 to date has been reviewed.1988. including dispersing agents. July 1987. Celle.11-41 Accession no. on the mechanical properties of automotive seals made of vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene-tetrafluoroethylene terpolymer fluoroelastomers. e. Methods considered are: IR spectroscopy. instrument errors. Dec. Their accuracy is discussed.1.354170 Item 375 Tire Business 5. No. UK REVIEW OF QUALITY IN THE BRITISH RUBBER INDUSTRY. PAST. WEST GERMANY Accession no. (DKG Conference on Special Quality Assurance Aspects in the Rubber Industry. 1987. and thermogravimetry. problem prevention and where not to use adhesives.350289 Item 379 Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 21. driver behaviour.287-97 CORROSION AND DEGRADATION OF A PU/CONI-CR-MO PACEMAKER LEAD Pei Sung. Section 1. USA Accession no. No. detergents. No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Changes in the metal surfaces and PU (Pellethane-236380A) insulation of heart pacemaker leads under controlled in vitro conditions were investigated.353435 Item 376 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques 64.13 PROPER TYRE MAINTENANCE KEY TO CASING LIFE Ball C A The causes of tyre damage and wear. 10 refs. antioxidants and viscosity modifiers. Sept.Fraker A C US. USA Accession no. PRESENT AND FUTURE Coulson S H. p.22.g. No. The tests also established a correlation between static and dynamic tests. showed the most distinct effects due to their dispersing properties. but interactions between different groups of additives were also significant. 221 refs.10. pyrolysis gas and gel permeation chromatography.Cousans J A EXXON CHEMICAL INTERNATIONAL INC. such as underinflation. Supplement p. road conditions. high speeds.351308 Item 378 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 40. partition. No. together with factors influencing accuracy. UK Accession no.7. No.642-50 German PRECISION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS FROM QUALITY ASSURANCE POINT OF VIEW Schuster R H Analytical methods employed in the rubber industry are reviewed.350002 Item 380 Hydrocarbon Processing 66. The barriers to complete acceptance of modern quality systems in the British rubber industry are identified and analysed. p.3. overloading. adhesive/substrate compatibility. The data obtained revealed that some leakage of solution into the leads had occurred and that changes were present on both the metal and PU surfaces. dispersing agents and viscosity modifiers. US.39-40 92 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . X-ray energy dispersive analysis and small-angle X-ray scattering. workmanship/ quality control. BELGIUM. climate and mechanical conditions are examined.1987.1987. Consideration is given to the probability of failure/ success. Oct. The wire leads were exposed in Hank’s physiological saline solution for 14 months and analysed using SEM. 6 refs. The necessity for a tyre to be properly fitted. 29th Feb. FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION. Their use as quality control systems is evaluated. p. Oct. FRANCE Accession no. Huang R H E. RETYRE & RUBBER CO.2.. this is in effect replacing intuition by objective procedures.347586 Item 383 Urethanes Technology 4. HARLAND TYRES LTD.Paul D B..Patt J.1985. No. No.37 CONSIDER THE DETAILS: QUALITY IN PU RIM PARTS Ruhmann H BATTENFELD POLYURETHANTECHNIK GMBH To manufacture good quality moulds economically. Sealants tested were commercial aircraft sealants PR-1750. Nov/Dec. UK Accession no. The effects of type and loading of filler.1987. USA Accession no. Pro-Seal 899 and PR-1422 and laboratory formulations prepared using Thiokol liquid Accession no. Sealants & Encapsulants Conference.348304 Item 381 TAB: Tyres Accessories Batteries 20.Oroz M A. LTD.3. the moulder must know which parameters are important and the possibilities for assessing product quality. INDIA. 8 refs.Botte J M.Adhesives.1987.MacArthur A. FRANCE polysulphide. i. No.Symes T E F AUSTRALIA. TORAL CFP-PARIS The replacement of elastomer seals with welded metal bellows shaft seals in the refining industry is discussed with reference to tests which claim to show large maintenance cost savings. termed here as dirt. Brief details are also given on the new equipment. p. processes and repair materials available to the retread industry. Several method are described of ensuring reproducibility in PU mouldings by using quantitative and qualitative methods of control.. DEPT. Sept. No. extraction of components by the swelling agent and chemical interaction with the swelling medium were evaluated and the part played by autoxidation assessed.. BANDAG TYRE CO. MONARCH REMOULDS LTD. TECH UK. McIntyre D AKRON. AUSTRALIA Accession no.11.Off-Shore Applications:Assembly..52-64.6.. A TAB SPECIAL FEATURE. p. UNIVERSITY. p. INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY The residual plant tissues and minerals.1987.OF DEFENCE (PRI) The results are reported of a study of the disparate swell behaviour in hot water of polysulphide sealants produced with different curing agents (manganese dioxide and ammonium dichromate).1986. ELDEN TYRE. GUMMIWERK KRAIBURG GMBH. 5-7 Nov. Results are discussed and evaluated.347662 Item 382 ASE ’85. BANDVULC.344441 Item 385 Plastverarbeiter 38.. TIP TOP INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PRODUCTS LTD.Regazzacci P SEALOL INC.87/94 German QUALITY CONTROL IN INJECTION MOULDING. in guayule rubber were characterised and classified into two arbitrary groups. London.25/36 RETREADS.1075-81 RESIDUAL PLANT TISSUES FROM GUAYULE RUBBER PROCESSING AND THEIR EFFECT ON FAILURE PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER Bhowmick A K.Day 3:Environmental Effects. WEST GERMANY Accession no. The cost of conversion and estimated cost recovery time is also outlined. crosslink densities. MOTORWAY REMOULDS LTD. GRUMAC LTD. MORE THAN ONE LIFE A review is presented on retread tyres in the UK. 12 refs.References and Abstracts REDUCE COSTS WITH METAL BELLOWS SHAFT SEALS Martel Y. BARWELL INC.Seeger R. The effect of these types of dirt on tensile strength and fatigue to failure properties of NR was investigated. such measuring techniques and instruments cannot be used without evaluation and analysis by trained personnel.e.. REYNER G. 6A INTERPRETATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CURING SYSTEMS ON THE WATER RESISTANCE OF POLYSULPHIDE SEALANTS Hanhela P J. However.Kasemsuwan S.LTD. Nov. p. AVOID MISTAKES IN THE FIRST PLACE Keostermann L © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 93 . Feb. Kensington. Comments are given on recent reports of faulty remould tyres and the potential damage to the industry is assessed. This information is detailed under headings for each company. VULTRA RUBBER CO.. Reasons why mechanical seals fail and methods of reducing or eliminating the major causes of mechanical seal failure are described. Applications.346856 Item 384 Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe 39.. p. fine dirt and coarse dirt.. 343396 Item 387 Rubber and Plastics News 17. p. UK Accession no. JAPAN. a member of the Fermentation Research Institute of the Agency of Industrial Science & Technology in Japan. defect analysis.5. process optimisation. degrades NR and synthetic polyisoprene through the digestion of micro-organisms.1987. has been discovered by A. 9 refs. USA Accession no. Brief details of degradation tests on rubber products. criteria for selecting biocides suitable for paint formulation and its intended end use are considered.342402 94 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AGENCY JAPAN. raw material selection and evaluation of suppliers. No. Accession no. a member of the Actinomycete group of antibioticproducing bacteria. The Nocardia germ. SWITZERLAND Finally. 10th June 1987. reliability testing. and microscopic studies. including gloves and bicycle tyres.150 SCIENTIST DISCOVERS MICROBE THAT DECOMPOSES RUBBER School R.Schreffler R A strain of bacteria that decomposes thin. No. compounding.344359 Item 386 Polymers Paint Colour Journal 177.416/8 PREVENTING BIODETERIORATION OF SURFACE COATINGS Barlow C G STERLING INDUSTRIAL COLOURS LTD. at the ‘in can’ stage and at the applied coating stage are discussed and the need for a long lasting biocide in paint formulations highlighted. The subject is considerd under the following headings: moulding compound specification.Tsuchii. recycling of scrap. Problems associated with paint biodeterioration occurring during the manufacturing process. 5th Oct.References and Abstracts WEIDMANN AG The importance of systematic defect analysis and identification of defect source or origin in quality control of injection moulding is discussed. are given. testing of bought raw materials. soft rubber products.4192. p. 69 224 ACID ETCHING. 15 35 39 64 69 81 85 128 135 158 166 173 180 187 191 199 205 209 214 232 241 264 277 278 285 298 299 300 301 318 323 324 356 357 364 366 ADHESIVE. 17 204 ARTIFICIAL AGEING. 86 131 164 228 229 BEAD. 65 82 192 195 203 213 AMINOLYSIS. 51 57 106 167 217 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION. 301 AUTOMATION. 154 ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATION. 190 372 ARRHENIUS’S LAW. 78 ACETONE. 13 56 157 AIR SPRING. 13 19 42 47 49 58 61 79 80 103 114 115 130 146 154 170 183 219 222 225 230 243 270 316 328 335 344 346 368 376 AUTOMOTIVE HOSE. 3 8 9 18 21 35 41 44 45 47 50 51 69 79 83 84 92 98 100 106 109 114 118 126 133 134 135 144 145 154 158 161 176 177 178 182 183 188 201 202 203 204 209 216 217 218 221 236 242 252 261 268 269 273 276 283 287 289 290 316 317 322 333 341 354 378 379 384 385 ANGLE-PLY. 109 191 ANODE. 64 73 81 128 130 134 135 146 158 171 177 200 213 220 225 283 345 367 BLISTERING. 224 367 386 BIOCOMPATIBILITY. 33 82 142 178 202 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 95 . 224 ALLERGY. 55 72 99 158 171 176 189 200 252 308 329 330 339 349 355 372 375 380 ABSORPTION. 238 352 BLADDER. 186 AIR-INTAKE MANIFOLD. 97 226 382 AIRCRAFT TYRE. 26 67 176 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER. 33 BLEND. 164 BIODEGRADATION. 136 341 AGGRESSIVE MEDIUM. 380 BELT. 151 BICYCLE TYRE. 136 341 AGGREGATE. 17 96 122 224 249 261 306 320 331 351 367 387 BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION. 15 ADSORPTION. 200 218 ANALYSIS. 22 56 81 AIR POLLUTION. 8 15 33 38 42 65 69 73 81 82 97 98 99 108 115 130 133 134 135 136 145 146 154 177 178 182 183 187 188 191 201 202 213 217 218 224 225 252 262 266 306 315 334 337 353 368 ADHESION. 332 AIR BUBBLE. 128 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY. 207 211 ACID RESISTANCE. 245 286 BEARING. 3 9 15 17 21 38 48 54 60 61 64 67 81 82 95 98 115 123 126 129 133 135 144 146 164 167 176 177 189 201 203 205 207 213 215 216 217 218 219 224 235 237 241 247 252 258 262 281 287 289 297 327 354 369 376 AGGLOMERATE. 201 301 AEROSPACE APPLICATION. 13 32 52 132 275 ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. 205 380 AMINE. 112 260 AIR PRESSURE. 69 98 173 AUGER SPECTROSCOPY. 68 86 164 ALUMINIUM. 17 41 48 55 61 62 98 133 154 177 204 215 218 266 287 289 ACCELERATOR. 88 174 210 ARTIFICIAL JOINT. 367 ANTIFREEZE. 166 171 205 ALUMINIUM OXIDE. 58 81 93 96 111 117 123 145 146 167 187 195 209 213 224 225 247 252 326 376 ANTIOZONANT. 154 219 266 AUTOXIDATION. 82 98 129 133 167 215 237 ACCELERATED TEST. 57 134 135 ARAMID FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER. 51 182 230 292 296 BELLOWS. 19 115 219 225 AIR ENTRAPMENT. 21 62 90 203 215 216 ADDITIVE. 387 BIOCIDE. 98 ARTIFICIAL BREAST. 3 48 82 224 240 ACCELERATED AGEING. 11 53 81 244 ALGAE. 8 65 81 146 213 377 ANTIFOULING. 39 76 ACCIDENT PREVENTION. 84 ACID RAIN. 158 176 190 BIAS TYRE. 178 AIR CONDITIONING. 269 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY. 6 11 44 97 226 295 362 AGEING. 64 81 146 224 306 ACCIDENT. 22 BARRIER PROPERTIES. 47 AIRCRAFT. 15 16 69 187 199 241 269 300 307 319 323 327 329 361 373 374 ADHESIVE FAILURE.Subject Index Subject Index A ABRASION. 178 AIR PERMEABILITY. 27 89 ACTIVATION ENERGY. 15 17 98 158 214 245 339 ABRASION RESISTANCE. 335 AMMONIA. 153 195 213 262 382 B BACTERIA. 307 ARMOURED VEHICLE. 33 42 199 205 301 319 ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE. 9 122 153 159 174 209 224 231 248 249 306 320 331 351 386 BIOLOGICAL ATTACK. 71 ASPHALT. 15 55 73 81 96 108 135 213 224 257 315 325 343 APPEARANCE. 154 225 ANTIOXIDANT. 203 368 ACRYLATE RUBBER. 22 BLEACHING. 10 103 107 110 121 140 147 156 158 172 BENDING. 224 231 331 351 387 BALL. 22 BALLOON. 154 266 ANTIDEGRADANT. 71 CAVITATION. 1 13 146 154 183 219 376 CAR TYRE. 233 343 CHEMICAL DEGRADATION. 198 200 276 278 284 317 318 324 COATING. 93 117 218 CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE. 9 10 48 82 335 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. 10 133 135 195 213 343 352 CHARACTERISATION. 31 36 82 129 158 180 182 183 190 201 202 287 291 316 347 348 COMPRESSION MOULDING. 6 133 CHROMATOGRAPHY. 23 38 47 71 129 CASING. 133 163 BRIDGE BEARING. 209 CELLULAR MATERIAL. 207 CLEANLINESS. 200 BOVINE SERUM. 152 194 352 CALCIUM CARBONATE. 88 CARDIAC PACEMAKER. 155 190 220 345 372 CATHETER. 141 158 189 COHESION. 19 66 125 134 276 374 COMPOSITE. 97 CLADDING. 15 33 38 64 112 222 224 233 264 276 279 324 386 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION. 15 16 19 21 42 44 48 54 55 61 73 75 81 82 93 95 117 124 125 134 135 146 148 154 189 200 203 204 212 218 219 226 238 239 240 248 251 261 268 276 332 335 338 352 354 355 368 376 CHEMICALLY RESISTANT APPLICATION. 73 133 253 CALCIFICATION. 8 26 37 42 50 58 69 81 98 99 108 123 133 134 135 136 144 154 173 177 181 182 191 201 202 224 236 252 266 306 340 364 366 382 CARBON DIOXIDE. 52 CAR. 38 60 129 232 269 296 298 299 307 319 323 374 BULGING. 84 85 167 183 217 363 CAMERA. 22 23 67 73 79 81 108 130 135 177 195 213 218 222 224 291 319 337 343 354 C CABLE. 51 CAP PLY. 50 137 324 BREAKING STRESS. 178 184 202 BUCKLING. 243 COATED FABRIC. 177 BREAKAGE. 69 178 180 214 259 285 CELL GROWTH. 8 25 45 47 143 153 161 205 209 301 311 354 384 CHEMICAL CLEAVAGE. 202 204 208 338 358 CARBOXYLATED RUBBER.Subject Index 204 219 290 353 BLOOM. 222 BOILING WATER. 8 221 306 334 COMPRESSION. 111 COMPATIBILITY. 15 16 69 241 269 373 BOOT. 47 CLOTHING. 101 164 165 167 258 291 321 350 BURSTING. 158 BURST STRENGTH. 72 157 314 CATERPILLAR TRACK. 271 BRAKE LINING. 290 332 338 CHLORINATED RUBBER. 299 CLEANING. 79 BUILDING APPLICATION. 6 34 277 300 357 366 BONDING. 47 137 190 339 345 BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE COPOLYMER. 136 178 200 CALIBRATION. 265 BODY PANEL. 166 CASE HISTORY. 15 16 21 42 48 54 61 82 93 115 117 125 148 154 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE. 81 135 177 343 BUBBLE. 2 15 31 199 285 299 341 COHESIVE FAILURE. 99 133 154 236 306 382 CALCULATION. 138 CLUTCH. 368 CARCASS. 135 189 213 COLOUR RETENTION. 37 50 75 98 99 158 163 171 195 201 213 218 220 224 246 247 252 291 337 339 340 342 376 BUTYL RUBBER. 22 64 67 73 86 195 225 239 273 278 290 315 323 332 338 340 CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE. 77 291 337 BOAT. 200 203 204 218 219 CHLORAMINE. 39 77 78 81 87 114 177 189 191 314 328 CARBON BLACK. 4 177 BREAKING STRENGTH. 118 160 161 162 186 206 236 243 246 256 261 340 CALENDERING. 15 42 64 67 81 97 123 134 136 144 146 177 181 188 201 217 224 243 252 266 COMPOUNDING. 53 101 116 189 BUS TYRE. 120 380 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. 139 173 COLOUR. 36 255 270 318 CHAIN SCISSION. 5 235 258 BREAKER. 82 126 141 146 184 204 222 255 287 291 297 316 347 348 96 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 15 37 43 47 92 112 123 134 136 144 145 146 147 155 178 200 212 213 217 219 224 234 247 252 385 COMPOUNDING INGREDIENT. 22 23 27 30 41 45 51 55 67 73 75 82 86 89 93 98 121 125 176 182 184 195 200 201 202 203 213 218 219 220 224 225 226 239 257 263 268 272 276 284 290 291 332 335 338 339 342 345 348 349 354 368 372 BUTADIENE RUBBER. 8 43 65 135 143 144 153 CITRACONIMIDOMETHYL BENZENE. 340 BRITTLENESS. 69 233 367 CHLOROBUTYL RUBBER. 15 16 59 69 81 97 160 169 180 205 220 261 300 323 357 361 BONDING AGENT. 195 218 269 297 BROMOBUTYL RUBBER. 8 55 58 64 135 213 322 BLOW-OUT. 6 45 74 81 98 111 134 135 136 158 195 262 291 304 337 BUTADIENE-STYRENE COPOLYMER. 7 14 83 BUSHING. 64 189 211 CLEANING AGENT. 113 CLOSURE. 135 343 CHLOROPRENE RUBBER. 145 146 178 COMPRESSION PROPERTIES. 203 BOND STRENGTH. 97 CARCINOGEN. 9 35 81 85 109 121 139 154 162 191 222 329 335 COMPOUND. 80 BRAKING. 15 81 144 146 178 185 CURE TIME. 291 337 DECOMPRESSION. 18 246 COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS CONTROL. 177 CUT GROWTH. 22 25 101 116 131 164 165 228 229 258 271 321 CONTROL EQUIPMENT. 22 24 35 37 42 46 64 69 70 74 79 81 93 95 98 109 121 128 134 135 139 146 154 167 177 182 188 191 200 202 204 213 218 219 256 257 261 315 316 338 353 CREASING. 64 98 171 262 315 325 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY. 47 79 144 237 276 CONDOM. 58 69 134 145 163 177 200 213 217 CURING. 84 200 268 DIENE RUBBER. 22 25 101 116 131 164 165 167 228 229 258 271 321 CONNECTOR. 10 158 317 COOLANT. 5 8 15 20 25 26 27 28 29 30 51 57 71 83 85 92 100 106 116 134 145 178 188 201 221 228 229 231 232 245 264 265 274 285 286 309 310 320 322 330 333 346 353 385 DEFECTIVE SAMPLE. 4 81 134 145 177 CUT RESISTANCE. 98 167 213 215 DEHYDROCHLORINATION. 82 146 190 COMPRESSION STRESS RELAXATION. 127 177 217 246 363 371 CONVEYOR BELT. 37 64 DIAPHRAGM. 151 177 CRYSTALLISATION. 37 69 71 136 145 340 CURE. 213 319 326 CORD. 51 81 106 139 190 201 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 97 . 224 D DAMAGE. 69 145 DEPTH PROFILING. 254 DAMPING. 17 61 158 191 193 243 259 288 316 340 CREEP RUPTURE. 44 45 COMPUTER AIDED ANALYSIS. 133 DEHYDROHALOGENATION. 175 DEPROTEINISATION. 83 DIMENSION. 23 56 154 205 357 379 CORROSION INHIBITOR. 51 79 83 84 182 270 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN. 296 307 CONSUMER PROTECTION.Subject Index COMPRESSION SET. 46 148 162 191 297 340 CYTOTOXICITY. 164 CRITICAL PRESSURE. 3 11 34 39 41 42 63 77 78 84 85 155 156 183 184 189 191 202 244 247 252 253 254 294 296 350 375 DAMAGE DETECTION. 134 156 CYCLIC LOADING. 15 69 134 145 178 200 280 CURVATURE. 43 143 185 248 369 DIFFUSION. 15 71 112 113 137 163 214 233 304 320 384 CONTRACEPTIVE. 215 216 DESICCANT. 326 DETERIORATION. 156 CUSHION GUM. 15 376 DETERGENT RESISTANCE. 293 CONTAMINATION. 3 18 23 24 39 54 66 89 126 139 140 141 147 161 169 183 190 192 198 206 214 234 243 260 276 281 307 319 330 339 355 362 DETERGENT. 40 252 DAMAGE TOLERANCE. 43 143 185 248 369 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS. 47 79 CONSTRUCTION. 15 28 42 64 70 73 122 173 188 195 252 255 280 297 334 340 CURING AGENT. 4 57 84 85 109 147 191 299 DENTAL APPLICATION. 95 139 154 202 CRACK LENGTH. 189 CREEP. 265 DEFLATION. 3 184 202 204 208 DEFECT. 3 9 10 15 17 21 33 37 38 41 42 44 48 49 54 60 61 63 64 67 74 81 82 93 95 96 98 115 122 123 124 126 129 133 135 144 146 153 154 168 195 208 213 215 216 218 231 233 234 248 249 252 258 262 263 266 280 281 287 289 297 327 352 354 356 369 376 379 380 DEGRADATION PRODUCT. 15 52 139 191 205 DECOMPOSITION PRODUCT. 15 48 124 169 233 276 284 357 379 380 COST. 139 156 162 267 CORROSION. 11 DEFORMATION. 69 DELAMINATION. 173 246 297 340 CURE RATE. 51 83 COMPUTER AIDED TESTING. 202 CROSS PLY TYRE. 154 219 266 COPPER. 5 20 54 59 86 91 127 162 200 204 222 245 246 254 295 380 CRACK GROWTH. 82 154 CORROSION RESISTANCE. 15 48 82 110 134 136 139 145 156 158 169 176 180 182 183 186 188 201 204 215 216 243 259 264 267 287 288 291 294 317 337 347 348 353 DEGRADATION. 98 133 DEGRADATION RATE. 134 139 177 202 CRACK RESISTANCE. 8 37 69 81 82 117 133 135 144 145 154 164 178 188 192 213 218 224 262 306 334 337 377 382 CURING TEMPERATURE. 158 171 200 217 CYCLIC DEFORMATION. 21 31 70 135 178 179 202 215 216 237 256 257 269 290 DIGITAL IMAGE ANALYSIS. 307 323 CREPE RUBBER. 44 63 82 93 146 154 219 253 255 297 COMPRESSION STRESS. 55 95 134 177 CRACKING. 47 85 177 183 COMPUTER MODEL. 42 154 225 266 COOLER HOSE. 18 19 23 47 101 198 218 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES. 93 178 DESIGN. 46 50 54 61 69 74 81 95 100 121 134 139 154 160 161 177 182 184 195 197 202 218 256 257 259 261 266 267 316 332 340 372 CRACK INITIATION. 4 134 145 177 189 339 CUTTING. 79 130 146 183 190 259 296 DEBONDING. 217 COMPUTER AIDED QUALITY CONTROL. 26 27 28 29 30 114 286 FAULT DETECTOR. 73 379 ELECTRICAL INSULATOR. 154 181 200 ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR. 84 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE COPOLYMER. 79 158 176 188 192 202 218 316 348 ELASTIC PROPERTIES. 57 318 FABRIC REINFORCED. 176 ELASTIC MODULUS. 181 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS. 143 144 146 176 183 201 225 259 DYNAMIC MODULUS. 153 EMBRITTLEMENT. 61 129 137 160 251 259 307 340 ENVIRONMENT. 59 63 82 92 93 124 136 178 188 201 227 237 251 254 274 285 368 EXTRUSION FAULT. 18 FACE SEAL. 297 EMISSION. 253 ELECTROSTATIC. 110 DRYING. 73 84 90 116 148 154 200 266 268 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY. 275 291 337 EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION. 17 138 235 251 368 ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE. 18 69 85 102 103 104 110 114 121 139 332 FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS. 270 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY. 279 EXTRACTION. 23 FAIL SAFE. 2 176 225 ELASTICITY. 9 154 159 209 248 352 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION. 126 144 171 176 183 356 364 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES. 26 27 28 29 30 51 83 114 185 FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER. 33 154 ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS. 58 93 111 133 144 145 146 154 163 176 195 201 215 216 218 219 258 341 ELONGATION AT BREAK. 138 EXPANSION. 13 14 42 157 217 328 ENERGY DENSITY. 69 98 133 224 225 EXTRUSION. 112 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES. 15 ELECTROLYTIC RESISTANCE. 225 ENGINE MOUNTING. 9 42 154 266 366 ELECTRODEPOSITION. 5 218 DRAINAGE. 164 DIPPING. 23 84 93 195 213 348 354 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENEDIENE TERPOLYMER. 218 DISPERSION. 17 130 143 144 146 DYNAMIC SEAL. 132 DIP MOULDING. 15 178 195 207 326 DURABILITY. 47 79 ELECTRICAL INSULATION. 15 22 64 DIRT CONTENT. 163 217 DYNAMIC FATIGUE. 156 177 182 183 190 191 DISTORTION. 224 EPICHLOROHYDRIN RUBBER. 98 145 158 169 177 ENERGY RELEASE RATE. 3 23 82 125 178 202 212 219 225 234 237 238 239 240 272 276 282 290 358 360 368 EXPOSURE TIME. 280 DYNAMIC LOADING. 8 ELONGATION. 69 269 277 ENERGY DISSIPATION. 82 98 133 146 154 176 207 218 224 252 EXTENSION. 82 182 193 350 ENGINE. 23 84 183 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. 17 37 40 46 50 81 85 100 102 103 104 128 134 137 139 144 145 146 148 152 156 157 161 162 171 172 177 182 183 189 190 191 194 195 213 235 243 244 259 261 267 307 317 344 358 369 370 384 FATIGUE STRENGTH. 23 41 42 45 58 60 64 79 92 93 108 115 117 134 135 154 195 200 205 213 218 224 239 269 323 340 EXAMINATION GLOVE. 81 85 121 139 154 267 345 98 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 384 DISCOLOURATION. 82 90 EXPLOSION. 84 154 ELECTRICAL STRESS. 357 ELECTROMAGNETIC. 224 DRAINAGE PIPE. 99 257 EQUIPMENT. 47 49 61 64 130 146 ENGINEERING APPLICATION. 33 68 108 111 123 135 167 189 195 213 223 269 318 327 DISHWASHER. 214 ETCHING. 96 DRIVE BELT. 190 ENERGY CONSUMPTION. 35 102 103 104 FAULT. 215 216 ECCENTRICITY. 12 20 57 77 148 158 171 254 262 381 EROSION. 79 DISINFECTANT. 82 133 141 144 158 163 167 176 177 182 193 218 236 350 ELECTRICAL APPLICATION. 129 145 182 225 324 EXTRACTABILITY. 7 8 10 14 16 19 32 35 38 40 45 49 59 66 71 85 87 91 102 103 104 110 114 121 220 242 243 254 270 301 346 365 FAILURE MECHANISM. 46 118 134 139 ENERGY STORAGE. 8 26 134 136 163 178 201 252 367 376 DISPLACEMENT. 92 188 F FABRIC. 21 92 136 144 158 164 ELASTIC RECOVERY. 17 ELECTROCHEMICAL DEGRADATION. 19 EMISSION CONTROL. 286 FAILURE ANALYSIS. 46 177 182 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS. 98 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. 51 FAULT DIAGNOSIS. 1 260 ENDURANCE. 4 7 14 31 37 38 49 50 52 81 129 152 169 215 216 237 240 297 300 316 366 DUROMETER. 23 368 EPOXIDISED NR. 23 66 176 E EARTHQUAKE.Subject Index DIMETHYLMERCURY. 59 FATIGUE. 50 65 133 136 154 167 252 324 326 376 ELUENT. 38 112 ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKING. 200 HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. 19 FLUOROELASTOMER. 226 FUEL RAIL. 214 HYDRAULIC FLUID. 25 92 175 HOLOGRAPHY. 245 HOSE. 2 4 29 81 130 146 176 192 204 219 240 247 261 266 312 355 376 HEATER HOSE. 225 GEL. 69 98 131 145 148 228 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. 379 HEART VALVE. 266 HEAVY VEHICLE TYRE. 128 FRACTURE SURFACE. 84 85 130 144 146 176 177 183 188 191 201 FRICTION. 200 318 324 327 FORCE. 369 HYDROCHLORIC ACID. 131 134 137 145 163 175 184 202 228 264 265 274 285 286 309 310 319 320 322 330 333 346 353 385 FLEX CRACK. 141 158 189 225 FUEL HOSE. 2 17 58 93 111 117 133 144 146 154 163 183 188 203 204 217 218 219 225 340 370 376 HEALTH HAZARD. 143 144 153 378 GENERAL RUBBER GOODS. 279 FUNGAL RESISTANCE. 15 FLAMMABILITY. 19 31 56 184 197 202 216 219 237 239 240 263 272 338 358 GAS SOLUBILITY. 31 202 GASES. 3 18 35 44 45 47 79 100 109 118 158 161 182 183 186 202 204 206 216 243 294 FIRE HAZARD. 69 133 203 HYDROCHLORINATION. 52 151 245 HIGH TEMPERATURE. 21 43 113 133 143 GROOVE. 154 FORMULATION. 45 93 94 218 225 251 292 348 GASOLINE. 98 143 154 213 248 266 HYDROGEN SULFIDE. 4 15 37 69 82 109 136 139 160 178 182 184 201 202 256 267 288 290 332 338 358 FRACTURE MECHANICS. 6 29 49 62 64 90 98 133 158 HEAT RESISTANCE. 96 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE. 108 135 354 HARDNESS. 200 275 FLASH POINT.Subject Index FILLED. 19 44 225 FUEL SYSTEM. 141 203 225 238 240 FLUID TIGHT. 3 18 19 202 239 272 276 290 338 HIGH SPEED TYRE. 121 GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE. 8 22 26 37 50 58 69 75 81 98 99 112 117 121 133 134 135 136 144 154 163 173 177 178 182 183 188 191 201 202 213 217 218 224 225 236 252 266 306 340 353 356 364 366 377 382 FILM. 113 HYDRAULIC HOSE. 92 135 200 GLOVE. 4 7 10 20 40 56 72 76 77 78 81 83 85 91 142 151 157 280 286 314 HEEL. 152 194 HEAT AGEING. 203 204 235 282 368 HYDROGENATED NBR. 158 319 GUAYULE. 86 88 119 132 138 174 210 242 286 293 377 HEART PACEMAKER. 31 153 178 202 GAS INDUSTRY. 167 205 224 HYDRAULIC. 1 19 42 47 79 80 113 115 154 206 219 225 235 266 276 281 284 350 HOT AIR AGEING. 52 177 HIGH PRESSURE. 22 31 58 143 185 202 204 257 348 GLAZING. 1 23 82 121 125 176 184 203 212 219 G GAMMA IRRADIATION. 261 271 382 HUMIDITY. 3 17 56 82 GASKET. 3 10 60 223 FLEXURAL PROPERTIES. 79 82 139 146 158 177 183 188 191 FORENSIC ANALYSIS. 278 FLUID RESISTANCE. 342 GAS. 69 88 144 195 201 210 247 252 367 GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY. 226 FLAW. 23 79 158 FRICTION PROPERTIES. 111 195 213 FLEXIBLE. 15 62 81 90 111 130 133 135 144 146 195 203 213 215 216 217 218 219 252 297 316 326 HEAT BUILD-UP. 195 315 342 FREQUENCY. 224 H HALOBUTYL RUBBER. 145 384 GUM. 92 98 182 190 240 GLAND. 2 42 43 45 58 73 93 111 117 128 130 147 192 240 241 282 283 386 FOURIER TRANSFORM. 1 80 FUEL LINE. 3 124 133 176 203 225 227 247 252 257 338 HOLE. 44 218 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER. 43 242 HIGH PERFORMANCE TYRE. 35 46 118 139 182 184 202 237 267 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY. 181 FISH-EYES. 22 86 101 131 132 138 148 164 175 229 387 GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS. 201 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 99 . 37 61 81 82 111 139 146 156 158 163 167 176 177 180 182 183 189 190 259 278 324 FLEXURE. 69 100 FREE RADICAL. 69 98 144 145 153 183 194 242 269 273 335 FRACTURE. 43 143 167 378 GAS DECOMPRESSION. 185 GEOMETRY. 184 GAS DIFFUSION. 36 223 232 255 270 318 FOOD APPLICATION. 211 307 319 GLOSS. 69 82 173 182 183 201 366 FILLER. 12 87 FORMIC ACID. 3 17 56 82 184 202 204 239 263 272 290 338 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. 144 146 HOT WATER. 1 19 226 FUEL TANK. 1 28 30 31 45 51 82 125 176 184 202 204 212 218 225 238 239 240 253 290 334 348 353 360 362 368 376 FLUOROSILICONE RUBBER. 23 226 368 FOAM. 80 FUEL RESISTANCE. 192 198 FOOTWEAR. 144 177 259 337 HEAT DEGRADATION. 272 360 368 GAS PERMEABILITY. 208 225 368 METHYLSTYRENE COPOLYMER. 41 50 186 204 217 236 243 256 261 287 289 290 316 317 341 MECHANICAL DEGRADATION. 203 352 METHANE. 176 225 247 257 368 LOW TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES. 15 42 51 69 154 180 182 199 213 243 261 300 301 347 348 357 366 367 379 380 METAL ADHESION. 71 LASER. 57 72 127 189 200 217 330 375 MANIFOLD. 356 364 IRRADIATION DEGRADATION. 43 69 135 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT. 218 LEAD OXIDE. 25 349 LEAKAGE. 25 57 127 135 333 LATCH. 81 134 145 191 259 267 K KNIT LINE. 6 69 134 173 205 264 301 INTERFACIAL ADHESION. 9 98 207 261 326 LINER. 23 214 INSULATION. 12 34 158 183 317 IMPLANT. 200 327 LEGISLATION. 20 72 157 LOW PRESSURE. 44 176 LIQUID ABSORPTION. 38 44 46 49 82 85 98 129 208 LIGHT DEGRADATION. 22 81 82 89 124 189 204 219 261 347 LUBRICANT. 39 52 71 76 132 275 LOADING. 15 22 25 165 167 176 219 225 376 I IMAGING. 227 MECHANICAL PART. 82 202 208 272 METHANOL. 98 102 103 107 133 153 154 156 168 171 173 180 206 207 213 220 263 264 272 315 325 329 335 338 342 343 348 352 358 MEDICAL APPLICATION. 108 130 134 135 146 ISOPRENE RUBBER. 145 IN-VITRO. 79 96 129 307 323 349 370 376 M MACROGEL. 330 LOW TEMPERATURE. 264 276 369 LIP SEAL. 246 270 346 385 INNER TUBE. 15 26 39 59 92 99 117 100 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 193 MIXING. 81 85 369 METAL INSERT. 1 19 22 44 47 56 79 80 82 94 112 113 115 116 154 164 174 176 181 210 226 229 260 266 271 275 287 292 349 379 LEAKPROOF. 342 ISOBUTYLENE COPOLYMER. 201 MACROPHAGE. 132 INFLATION. 15 220 METAL CORROSION. 191 241 INTERFACIAL DEBONDING. 28 29 INDUSTRIAL HAZARD. 19 23 42 54 66 117 140 141 204 224 225 254 261 298 368 385 386 MATHEMATICAL MODEL. 15 55 56 69 98 112 133 134 135 213 224 MILITARY APPLICATION. 82 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. 108 130 134 135 146 MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTACK. 203 213 IRON OXIDE. 8 22 68 86 101 116 131 132 138 148 164 167 170 175 228 229 249 258 271 275 321 326 LAWSUIT. 56 METAL FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER. 20 32 88 91 115 119 157 170 174 189 210 260 265 293 309 310 LIABILITY. 50 MINING APPLICATION. 189 INSERT. 70 154 203 213 279 HYDROPHOBIC. 51 82 94 176 182 190 193 202 203 204 218 219 224 349 368 376 MECHANISM. 218 HYSTERESIS. 35 173 209 322 INTERFACIAL STRENGTH. 51 57 83 85 129 170 254 371 INSPECTION SYSTEM. 6 LINING. 58 IRON. 68 69 98 144 145 290 304 387 J JOINT. 265 LIFETIME PREDICTION. 43 65 135 268 LITIGATION. 232 L LAMINATE. 25 71 138 165 229 248 258 271 321 331 352 379 MEMBRANE. 193 265 278 367 MASS SPECTROSCOPY. 39 52 71 76 132 275 LEACH. 47 MARINE APPLICATION. 6 11 34 35 60 98 105 137 139 146 177 180 182 183 190 191 211 218 288 314 370 LORRY TYRE. 31 60 93 148 179 269 MEMORY EFFECT. 51 83 84 262 IMMERSION. 96 122 224 249 306 387 MICROCRACK. 82 183 METAL. 106 127 INSTALLATION. 39 76 119 LIFEBOAT. 209 MAINTENANCE. 112 HYPOCHLORITE. 116 153 159 194 248 IN-VIVO.Subject Index 224 225 272 276 282 HYDROLYSIS. 71 MISSILE. 164 167 INFLATION PRESSURE. 82 133 LEAK DETECTION. 190 METAL ION. 6 49 181 284 307 INTERFACE. 109 139 198 234 276 366 LAMP. 34 39 81 85 105 189 191 286 294 314 INJECTION MOULDING. 277 IR SPECTROSCOPY. 79 LATEX. 200 LEATHER. 38 55 68 86 135 212 222 241 254 372 373 380 MATERIALS SELECTION. 98 100 154 218 MIGRATION. 71 88 152 166 174 194 210 231 331 352 379 IMPURITIES. 209 248 INCLUSION. 28 136 178 200 MINER’S RULE. 82 154 176 203 219 224 367 376 379 382 IMPACT PROPERTIES. 137 190 INSPECTION. 43 69 143 145 153 173 203 242 248 269 273 335 378 IRIDESCENCE. 15 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES. 155 190 193 220 265 278 308 312 339 372 MILLING. 69 173 180 199 241 264 277 PEELING. 98 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. 58 81 82 93 111 136 139 141 144 145 146 154 158 163 177 178 195 201 202 219 253 290 342 364 376 MOISTURE RESISTANCE. 116 PERCOLATION. 56 NITROSAMINE. 64 67 73 86 195 278 NITRILE RUBBER. 75 135 213 315 PHOSPHITE. 74 92 135 139 145 188 189 213 262 OPTICAL SENSOR. 125 176 184 202 203 204 349 OIL SWELL.Subject Index 134 136 144 145 146 176 178 192 195 200 201 217 246 252 255 334 341 383 MODEL. 224 ORGANOSILOXANE POLYMER. 19 132 202 219 276 284 358 PEROXIDE. 34 323 PENETRATION. 154 166 207 211 218 225 PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION. 42 98 117 154 188 213 218 PEROXIDE VULCANISATION. 44 124 176 200 203 204 212 219 225 239 261 268 368 369 376 OIL SEAL. 52 115 151 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 101 . 144 154 176 340 355 PERMEABILITY. 55 73 75 81 95 134 135 146 200 213 261 OZONOLYSIS. 81 92 136 144 177 188 195 247 252 MOULD GROWTH. 1 19 22 29 31 48 54 56 81 101 131 148 166 177 197 202 204 263 PERMEATION. 56 202 NITROGEN PERMEABILITY. 81 OFFSHORE APPLICATION. 4 10 15 56 64 98 133 154 159 185 195 203 213 215 216 218 252 259 261 262 288 326 342 OXYGEN. 233 367 386 PALE CREPE. 58 65 74 75 95 98 99 108 135 168 189 211 213 241 257 259 273 315 325 326 342 343 OZONE RESISTANCE. 167 355 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION. 353 OVERINFLATION. 10 43 69 201 242 283 NYLON. 9 PHOTOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION. 3 PLAQUE. 15 59 82 145 146 190 246 334 383 MOULDING FAULT. 84 OPTIMISATION. 68 224 OFF-THE-ROAD TYRE. 38 47 71 79 96 PIPE FITTING. 17 64 75 95 98 177 187 195 OZONE CRACKING. 212 276 282 360 368 OIL EXTENSION. 40 85 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY. 79 182 259 O O-RING. 47 110 220 294 344 OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE. 22 37 64 97 123 125 130 163 169 207 211 212 220 255 279 PIPE. 54 184 302 368 OIL RECOVERY. 10 21 22 23 50 55 64 65 67 68 69 75 81 86 96 97 98 99 101 111 122 130 131 134 135 136 137 143 144 145 146 158 163 164 167 170 171 175 182 185 195 200 213 215 216 218 220 224 241 243 246 249 257 273 288 291 304 306 326 332 337 338 339 340 345 351 366 384 387 NEOPRENE. 242 NOISE ABATEMENT. 320 MOULDING. 70 126 OVEN AGEING. 15 OIL RESISTANCE. 197 256 PERMANENT SET. 248 258 263 267 331 343 344 MODULUS. 22 23 27 30 41 45 51 55 67 73 82 86 89 93 98 125 176 182 184 195 200 201 202 203 213 218 219 220 224 225 226 239 257 263 268 290 291 332 335 338 339 342 345 348 349 354 368 372 NITROGEN. 10 40 57 84 85 218 245 262 281 333 NON-STAINING. 346 MOUNTING. 82 202 203 204 238 240 281 282 284 369 OIL REMOVAL. 10 213 343 P PACKAGING. 11 13 20 32 72 81 177 181 189 PEEL STRENGTH. 133 PLASTICISER. 112 207 222 MONITORING. 195 215 216 OXYGEN PERMEABILITY. 33 84 92 134 OPTICAL PROPERTIES. 176 ON-LINE INSPECTION SYSTEM. 98 PHOTOOXIDATION. 5 ORANGE PEELING. 135 195 213 PHOTODEGRADATION. 167 PAINT. 81 133 134 135 146 176 224 235 239 259 338 OIL DRILLING. 23 44 51 66 82 93 126 141 163 196 202 203 208 218 225 226 251 254 292 ODOUR. 93 154 188 PH. 167 216 OZONE. 64 153 187 195 199 224 288 OXYGEN ABSORPTION. 133 144 OVERCURE. 13 20 72 127 281 313 MOONEY SCORCH. 238 PHENYLENE DIAMINE. 4 9 10 15 56 64 98 154 159 185 195 203 211 215 216 253 259 261 262 288 326 342 OXIDATION RESISTANCE. 164 PASSENGER TYRE. 189 OXIDATION. 18 70 134 144 153 158 161 182 183 204 207 209 215 217 246 258 263 267 331 344 MODEL COMPOUND. 8 15 133 178 218 N NATURAL RUBBER. 3 54 82 124 125 204 238 276 284 332 358 360 369 OIL. 98 213 PHOTOLYSIS. 96 224 351 360 PIPELINE. 108 111 135 213 325 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE. 55 73 75 95 98 130 134 146 163 200 213 326 OZONE DEGRADATION. 92 ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES. 15 81 134 135 201 224 OIL HOSE. 245 NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING. 284 OIL INDUSTRY. 111 136 146 MOONEY VISCOSITY. 173 ROCKET MOTOR. 60 71 73 86 132 POROSITY. 79 206 REINFORCED RUBBER. 152 159 166 194 210 231 PROTECTIVE CLOTHING. 10 20 40 72 76 85 245 250 280 308 312 314 375 381 RETREADING. 225 POWER TRANSMISSION. 58 71 133 253 POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE. 44 57 59 119 120 295 371 QUALITY ASSURANCE.Subject Index 224 351 PLUMBING APPLICATION. 3 11 13 20 31 72 78 82 92 94 136 144 154 158 167 178 183 184 188 191 197 202 204 212 225 226 238 263 272 285 330 338 350 358 PRESSURE DROP. 6 173 Q QUALITY. 13 76 91 157 242 251 265 293 309 310 REINFORCED HOSE. 4 40 139 PNEUMATIC TYRE. 168 RADIATOR. 15 69 205 PROBLEM PREVENTION. 295 363 QUALITY CONTROL. 185 R RADIAL PLY TYRE. 159 192 327 POLYETHER URETHANE. 8 REVIEW. 107 110 140 147 172 PRECISION. 51 REJECT RATE. 83 RELIABILITY. 77 REPLACEMENT TYRE. 22 145 218 251 362 RETREAD. 116 120 144 170 245 283 295 303 311 313 363 365 371 378 QUALITY CIRCLE. 218 224 PLY SEPARATION. 152 153 209 POLYETHYLENE. 36 134 148 159 178 228 POST CURING. 112 179 188 256 POLYESTER URETHANE. 38 44 51 83 85 101 106 116 120 127 143 144 161 164 200 201 217 232 242 246 255 265 270 283 289 295 303 304 305 311 313 336 346 359 363 365 371 373 374 377 378 383 385 QUALITY MANAGEMENT. 82 PRESSURE RESISTANCE. 18 35 81 85 109 139 154 191 235 267 278 329 335 REJECT. 24 RECIPROCATING SEAL. 8 15 58 81 82 92 93 111 136 143 144 177 178 188 201 217 252 285 341 ROCKET. 47 79 PRODUCT LIABILITY. 335 POLYISOPRENE. 18 POLYBUTADIENE. 101 120 170 102 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 154 266 RAIL PAD. 2 16 30 36 129 140 152 158 163 164 183 192 194 223 232 263 307 318 324 327 352 356 361 369 379 383 POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER. 6 45 74 81 98 111 134 135 136 158 171 173 195 213 247 252 262 304 337 POLYBUTYLENE. 52 115 151 POLYARAMIDE. 193 275 PROSTHESIS. 13 24 72 308 RESEARCH. 293 POLLUTION. 369 PRESSURE LOSS. 38 PROTOTYPE. 47 170 370 RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY. 20 39 PROPELLANT. 26 27 28 29 30 PROCESSING. 23 RECORDING MEDIA. 387 PRODUCT DESIGN. 82 167 176 216 224 297 POTABLE WATER. 39 72 77 189 222 275 314 381 REPLACEMENT. 81 116 PURITY. 30 153 158 173 183 248 279 327 356 361 364 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE. 39 76 119 170 265 309 310 PRODUCT RECALL. 11 40 53 81 83 85 330 RADIATION DEGRADATION. 68 69 98 144 145 195 213 224 227 290 304 387 POLYSILOXANE. 370 RAILWAY APPLICATION. 158 172 PUMP. 11 40 53 81 83 85 177 191 330 RADIAL SEAL FORCE. 51 REFRIGERANT. 22 64 67 73 86 195 200 213 218 219 224 225 239 273 315 332 338 340 POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE. 51 127 161 217 378 PRESSURE. 112 POWER TRANSMISSION BELTING. 98 242 283 RECALLING. 42 RADIATOR HOSE. 152 159 192 194 209 248 364 379 POLYETHER URETHANE UREA. 158 PRESSURE HOSE. 23 67 129 382 POLYURETHANE. 139 183 190 238 240 259 289 298 299 334 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. 4 15 26 27 28 29 39 57 115 127 178 192 246 247 252 274 285 334 384 PRODEGRADANT. 224 PULLEY. 219 225 REGULATION. 4 16 53 81 91 280 375 381 REVERSE ENGINEERING. 276 PROTECTIVE COATING. 70 126 285 POLYSULFIDE. 79 RAILWAY. 6 205 262 ROCKET PROPELLANT. 25 77 116 189 275 PUNCTURE RESISTANCE. 11 96 104 129 131 132 167 208 250 266 280 294 328 RESILIENCE. 38 71 POLYACRYLATE. 214 244 305 REPAIR. 37 68 145 PYROLYSIS. 92 113 260 PUNCTURE. 18 204 PRESSURE SENSOR. 92 PRIMER. 11 59 79 85 190 PSEUDOMONAS. 71 POLYCHLOROPRENE. 23 26 67 368 POLYAMIDE. 218 224 351 354 POWER STEERING. 15 16 22 26 27 28 29 30 43 71 142 217 221 242 254 255 283 298 302 318 328 334 336 359 361 374 386 PROBLEM SOLVING. 8 9 17 23 43 47 66 71 91 95 104 107 108 120 122 127 129 135 143 155 158 164 168 170 178 185 221 229 242 245 246 267 286 295 300 301 303 304 311 313 315 322 325 330 363 371 377 378 383 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES. 44 RADIAL TYRE. 37 112 260 POLYACETAL. 19 21 31 69 111 178 202 203 268 290 SOLVENT. 37 61 81 82 139 146 158 163 167 176 180 182 183 190 259 STORAGE. 319 SLIP. 45 46 50 69 82 134 136 139 144 145 152 158 160 176 177 182 183 184 190 191 201 202 204 215 216 218 243 297 340 366 STRAIN CRYSTALLISATION. 92 188 285 SHEAR. 58 92 158 160 348 SHEAR STRAIN. 136 191 201 STRAIN RATE. 23 79 284 SEALING RING. 69 133 382 SOLVENT RESISTANCE. 18 ROLLING RESISTANCE. 37 65 73 75 98 133 195 213 252 279 315 STAINING. 165 SLITTING. 77 189 SPECIFICATION. 4 57 81 83 85 108 123 127 134 135 177 189 245 344 SIDING. 40 84 85 92 106 127 SERVICE LIFE. 164 SLIDING WINDOW. 7 14 21 22 41 44 48 56 58 61 62 81 82 85 96 98 110 126 129 148 158 176 180 189 190 193 200 204 218 235 244 245 253 261 280 281 287 289 305 332 338 369 374 375 SERVICE PROPERTIES. 82 134 136 144 163 191 201 323 STRAIN-SOFTENING. 189 SKIM RUBBER. 70 126 174 264 285 SILICONE RUBBER. 144 201 STORAGE STABILITY. 2 45 70 129 199 207 211 222 297 298 299 307 319 320 359 374 382 SEALING. 11 12 13 16 20 22 37 42 44 53 62 94 96 97 101 113 120 129 144 164 167 170 183 200 204 217 224 245 250 295 297 299 303 305 307 313 319 326 363 371 385 STANDARD MALAYSIAN RUBBER. 200 SLIPPAGE. 23 29 30 67 79 88 112 129 176 182 188 199 207 211 217 218 224 231 256 263 319 320 331 347 SIMULATION. 60 90 129 141 212 236 246 277 289 324 335 STRESS. 318 STABILISER. 35 92 136 144 158 178 180 182 183 188 190 195 201 213 216 252 267 307 341 366 SHEAR MODULUS. 144 158 160 183 201 SHEAR PROPERTIES. 1 18 19 23 31 44 45 47 51 54 61 63 66 79 82 89 93 106 124 125 141 160 176 184 196 198 202 203 204 208 212 214 218 219 224 225 226 230 234 237 238 240 251 253 254 260 276 284 287 292 302 347 349 351 353 354 360 362 368 376 SEALANT.Subject Index ROLL COATING. 33 69 128 134 148 153 175 209 218 229 231 264 269 277 322 329 351 379 SCORCH. 225 270 STIFFNESS. 69 136 145 STRAIN-HARDENING. 11 98 177 188 190 207 215 246 247 252 SKID RESISTANCE. 191 259 364 STATIC SEAL. 148 SANITARY APPLICATION. 200 SEA WATER. 58 99 135 177 181 188 217 364 SILICONE POLYMER. 176 214 349 380 SHARKSKIN. 362 SPARE TYRE. 38 SILICA. 135 213 269 STANDARD. 15 178 189 205 247 252 258 363 386 STORAGE MODULUS. 11 72 127 157 163 177 SPLITTING. 15 69 133 178 189 204 225 241 268 SOLVENT EXTRACTION. 189 SOFTENING. 6 15 32 69 82 89 92 94 134 136 144 145 146 148 154 158 176 177 182 183 190 191 201 202 206 215 216 218 243 261 287 288 289 307 315 323 340 347 348 353 364 370 STRESS ANALYSIS. 3 82 85 133 148 163 171 179 202 205 215 236 256 263 266 321 324 340 341 376 S SAFETY. 82 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 103 . 21 203 235 278 357 366 367 SEAL. 84 92 136 158 188 RUBBER TO METAL BONDING. 69 81 154 157 182 190 233 366 367 369 STEEL BELTED. 204 239 SPACE SHUTTLE. 15 ROLLER. 58 92 158 190 206 348 SHEET. 200 318 SOLUBILITY. 81 136 144 146 178 SCUFF RESISTANCE. 200 SALINITY. 9 17 58 67 72 78 86 95 170 210 245 304 STEEL. 182 183 SHAFT SEAL. 278 SOUR GASOLINE. 158 171 SLIP RESISTANCE. 7 13 20 32 52 53 78 91 119 131 132 175 189 200 242 286 381 SAFETY FOOTWEAR. 167 189 200 STORAGE TANK. 85 189 RUPTURE. 145 246 STATIC. 353 SEAM. 6 166 196 258 272 352 SERVOHYDRAULIC. 81 85 139 191 STEERING GEAR. 146 169 261 345 SHRINKAGE. 39 81 SKIN IRRITATION. 24 40 83 85 191 STEEL CORD. 11 42 44 101 181 242 299 371 385 SPEED. 102 158 373 ROLLING DIAPHRAGM. 25 232 SMOOTHNESS. 15 16 59 69 81 RUBBERISED ASPHALT. 71 STRAIN. 207 SOLE. 18 35 183 235 STRESS CONCENTRATION. 192 SOLAR RADIATION. 38 60 232 269 307 323 ROUGHNESS. 23 44 66 STATISTICS. 28 SPORTS SHOE. 15 189 261 268 SONAR APPLICATION. 167 192 237 289 SHOCK ABSORBER. 269 RUN-FLAT. 182 203 SOFTENING POINT. 200 323 SENSOR. 82 136 139 200 269 319 SHELF LIFE. 84 92 158 188 SNOW TYRE. 47 320 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. 7 14 81 181 245 ROOF. 136 STRENGTH. 46 139 183 190 366 SHEAR STRESS. 77 81 85 139 191 278 STEEL FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER. 44 178 225 SIDEWALL. 9 49 74 154 213 STRESS CRAZING. 24 139 146 188 SURFACE DEFECT. 67 SUBSTRATE. 193 TORQUE. 103 107 110 121 156 TORPEDO.Subject Index 92 134 136 163 176 191 201 294 340 347 STRESS CRACKING. 15 96 241 298 300 SURGICAL APPLICATION. 98 139 183 216 217 218 224 THERMAL ANALYSIS. 3 15 51 64 83 84 94 139 145 158 163 184 202 215 216 232 264 318 367 370 THIN FILM. 98 112 135 153 195 215 216 230 269 SURFACE FINISH. 46 137 182 190 TOXICANT. 21 43 143 185 242 378 THERMOOXIDATIVE DEGRADATION. 35 82 145 191 201 TENSILE STRENGTH. 82 90 251 347 THERMAL HISTORY. 37 42 69 117 133 135 154 203 204 213 218 306 326 340 SUNLIGHT. 316 TRACTOR CAB. 136 THERMAL INSULATION. 144 190 217 246 247 252 TORSION. 51 69 135 230 277 SURFACE CRACKING. 51 64 83 246 TOOTHED BELTING. 41 158 SURFACE ANALYSIS. 71 218 220 276 337 339 345 TEAR. 134 182 184 202 290 TEAR RESISTANCE. 2 4 29 81 130 146 176 198 204 219 225 240 247 261 266 312 355 376 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS. 164 STYRENE-ETHYLENE BUTYLENE-STYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER. 15 84 298 322 374 SULFUR. 8 21 185 THERMAL CONTRACTION. 29 42 THERMAL STABILITY. 268 382 SYNCHRONOUS BELTING. 93 267 TEAR ENERGY. 44 54 69 93 133 176 179 203 204 212 218 219 225 226 256 259 268 306 319 340 354 376 382 SWELLING AGENT. 17 41 45 69 180 201 202 203 204 288 367 TIME TEMPERATURE SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE. 69 82 89 136 145 185 202 204 337 339 345 347 THERMAL RESISTANCE. 58 92 200 SURFACE PROPERTIES. 82 THERMAL CYCLING. 84 123 136 153 158 188 197 209 271 274 301 379 SURFACE TREATMENT. 133 134 201 STRIATION. 156 TOILET. 88 SWELLING. 86 101 138 SURGICAL GOWN. 190 220 337 339 372 TRACTION. 37 50 75 98 99 158 163 171 195 201 213 218 220 224 246 247 252 291 337 339 340 342 376 STYRENE-BUTADIENESTYRENE BLOCK COPOLYMER. 6 9 15 17 29 49 62 64 81 90 98 111 130 133 135 144 146 158 168 205 213 215 216 223 266 291 297 307 316 326 355 369 THERMAL EXPANSION. 22 92 109 177 182 184 202 TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE. 276 299 THERMAL PROPERTIES. 187 213 326 342 T T-JOINT. 145 164 TIME DEPENDENCE. 79 TACK. 6 15 32 69 82 89 92 94 134 136 144 145 146 148 154 158 STRETCHING. 79 104 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 41 158 TIMING BELT. 103 107 110 172 SYNERGISM. 9 98 133 168 213 227 369 THICKNESS. 49 74 STRESS DISTRIBUTION. 164 STYRENE RUBBER. 10 19 85 133 144 163 177 182 183 201 217 218 TEST METHOD. 5 7 8 11 16 17 18 19 22 37 38 39 42 44 45 46 47 53 55 62 64 67 72 78 93 96 97 112 125 126 129 130 131 176 183 204 215 216 217 TEST SPECIMEN. 207 298 299 STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER. 64 144 177 200 218 TANK. 36 46 158 182 190 191 288 307 TEST EQUIPMENT. 238 355 TENSILE MODULUS. 147 189 200 TRACTOR. 8 15 51 92 106 SURFACE DEGRADATION. 37 64 118 TEAR STRENGTH. 37 64 118 145 146 183 202 217 324 372 TEARING. 218 TOLERANCE. 123 207 241 SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE. 154 266 STRIP. 2 17 35 50 58 65 67 82 89 93 111 115 129 133 134 136 144 145 146 153 154 161 163 167 204 216 248 256 258 263 269 288 326 351 372 376 384 TENSILE STRAIN. 139 176 STRUCTURAL SEALANT. 86 88 101 138 152 159 166 174 175 194 210 231 258 271 321 331 352 379 SURGICAL GLOVE. 367 TOXICITY. 132 224 286 293 377 TRACK. 45 82 251 347 THERMAL DEGRADATION. 35 82 169 191 201 211 225 316 TENSION. 17 45 54 61 82 134 139 144 145 176 183 201 237 259 287 288 326 340 STRESS SOFTENING. 58 65 67 93 115 129 134 144 145 154 164 183 191 195 201 213 215 216 217 218 219 288 351 372 376 TENSILE STRESS. 163 182 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES. 4 17 36 45 46 82 109 134 136 145 153 158 160 161 163 167 182 186 190 191 201 215 216 218 243 259 267 294 344 350 370 STRESSES. 82 109 158 201 STRESS RELAXATION. 136 144 201 216 256 TENSILE PROPERTIES. 189 275 WHEEL RIM. 15 55 58 75 123 213 257 WEAR. 17 75 81 95 123 129 WEATHER STRIPPING. 4 5 7 10 11 13 14 16 20 24 32 37 38 39 40 52 53 55 56 57 72 76 77 78 81 83 84 85 87 91 97 105 108 114 123 127 134 135 142 149 150 151 157 162 163 170 177 189 191 244 245 250 252 267 275 280 286 293 294 304 308 312 314 328 330 340 344 355 375 381 TYRE BEAD. 246 WHEEL. 167 190 WARP. 14 18 41 81 113 147 157 176 189 214 220 308 330 339 349 375 380 WEAR RESISTANCE. 24 39 245 TYRE SIDEWALL. 231 VOID. 139 TREAD. 1 15 111 133 178 260 275 291 326 337 VOLUME CHANGE. 225 TRANSPARENT. 93 218 WATER EXTRACTION. 71 98 168 189 241 326 UV IRRADIATION. 98 224 WATER PERMEABILITY. 56 UNDERGROUND PIPE. 16 22 26 27 28 29 30 43 71 142 185 192 242 255 283 302 328 334 336 359 361 386 TRUCK TYRE. 49 VIBRATION PAD. 9 TROUBLESHOOTING. 93 218 WATER TREATMENT. 81 189 TYRE. 47 51 56 113 198 208 218 251 260 VALVE SEAT. 178 VARIABILITY. 357 UNVULCANISED. 93 117 201 268 VULCANISATE. 33 128 134 351 TRANSMISSION FLUID. 85 91 105 UNDER-THE-BONNET APPLICATION. 7 189 TYRE PRESSURE. 15 37 64 69 89 90 98 144 154 162 169 177 183 188 201 218 224 236 241 247 252 268 272 287 288 289 306 316 325 329 347 351 354 366 U ULTRASONIC TEST. 345 VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY. 4 7 10 40 56 76 81 83 85 91 142 151 177 191 280 286 314 TUBELESS TYRE.Subject Index TRACTOR TYRE. 5 39 81 83 177 191 TYRE CARCASS. 2 200 203 224 261 278 307 320 353 382 WATER SYSTEM. 69 177 188 VIDEO CAMERA. 19 79 80 130 146 X X-RAY ANALYSIS. 319 WINTER TYRE. 98 144 177 247 252 UV DEGRADATION. 37 63 75 81 95 129 WEATHEROMETER. 23 137 VEHICLE TRANSMISSION. 189 TYRE SHOULDER. 85 183 UNDER INFLATION. 314 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. 4 45 92 136 144 158 183 188 201 252 340 VISCOSITY. 112 326 WATER ABSORPTION. 326 WELD STRENGTH. 81 VAPOUR PRESSURE. 20 TRAILER TYRE. 38 UNDERWATER APPLICATION. 278 WIND RESISTANCE. 25 36 163 178 278 285 VOLATILITY. 189 245 WRINKLE. 4 7 11 13 14 16 20 24 34 37 39 52 81 83 123 177 181 189 252 308 312 337 381 TREEING. 81 177 TYRE CASING. 69 98 143 145 VIDEO ANALYSIS. 189 TYRE FITTING. 74 139 188 290 TRANSVERSE CRACKING. 17 37 58 112 187 UV RESISTANCE. 81 256 WATERPROOF. 69 83 205 269 277 301 322 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 105 . 93 VALVE STEM SEAL. 93 117 354 WATER VAPOUR PERMEABILITY. 286 WICKING. 60 WINDOW SEALANT. 35 57 81 83 85 162 177 191 267 344 TYRE DEFLATION. 8 15 58 81 92 93 136 144 177 178 188 201 217 226 246 252 257 VOICE PROSTHESIS. 18 WASHER. 40 55 TYRE TREAD. 200 224 256 259 261 278 307 320 353 364 366 382 WATER ADSORPTION. 15 26 37 42 69 81 82 90 93 133 134 135 144 145 146 154 164 169 176 177 178 188 200 213 216 217 218 224 252 291 340 353 W WALL THICKNESS. 195 VULCANISATION. 17 75 81 95 123 168 189 195 207 213 235 241 289 297 326 WEATHERING RESISTANCE. 22 101 WATER PIPE. 375 TYRE INFLATION. 58 WEATHERING. 5 81 177 TYRE NOISE. 51 VIRUS. 55 72 99 158 171 176 200 372 WEATHER RESISTANCE. 183 217 VASCULAR PROSTHESIS. 79 296 VIBRATION INSULATION. 335 VEHICLE SUSPENSION. 81 85 TYRE CORD. 51 VAPOUR PERMEABILITY. 116 131 VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES. 159 VEHICLE. 182 183 348 VIBRATION DAMPER. 83 294 TYRE BELT. 56 81 85 189 191 275 375 TYRE INNER LINER. 222 VEHICLE SHELL. 93 218 WASHING. 370 VIBRATION. 92 V V-BELT. 5 32 81 85 189 191 375 TYRE REPAIR. 146 186 215 216 345 VIBRATION DAMPING. 107 147 316 VALVE. 200 320 WAX. 79 96 351 WATER RESISTANCE. 4 7 16 24 34 52 123 250 308 312 337 381 TYRE VALVE. 20 155 330 VEHICLE ROOF. 40 ZIPPER MECHANISM. 231 YELLOWING. 111 326 327 YIELD. 85 106 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited . 201 YOUNG’S MODULUS. 79 158 163 167 176 183 188 192 202 211 218 225 316 348 Z ZINC OXIDE. 37 42 98 224 326 340 ZIPPER FAILURE MODE.Subject Index Y YEAST. 2. 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