Peter G.Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Multiple Choice 1. Which statement is true about women and leadership? a. Women are less effective leaders compared with men b. Women are not in high level leadership positions c. Women are underrepresented in elite leadership positions d. Women all lead differently than men Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Description Question Type: MC 2. Women occupy what approximate percentage of all management and professional positions in American organizations? a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 70% Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence Leadership Labyrinth Question Type: MC 3. Women hold how many Fortune 500 CEO positions a. 4% b. 12% c. 17% d. 18.5% Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence Leadership Labyrinth Question Type: MC Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 4. The number of women of color in US Congress is a. Higher than white males b. Lower than white females c. Higher than all males d. Fifty percent of all women in Congress Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Evidence Leadership Labyrinth Question Type: MC 5. An alternative to the glass ceiling metaphor and perhaps a more accurate description of the leadership labyrinth is described as a. Women not in the lower-level pipeline b. The glass cliff c. Difficulty of women to gain leadership positions at all levels of leadership d. The glass escalator Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evidence Leadership Labyrinth Question Type: MC 6. A global phenomenon whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-level and lower-authority leadership positions is the definition of a. The leadership jungle gym b. The global gender gap c. The human capital gender gap d. The gender gap in leadership Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 7. Which statement describes the pipeline of women in the workforce? a. Women lack the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management b. Men have better training and human capital than women, which prepares them for upper management c. Women have the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management d. Training and human capital is not an issue with the leadership labyrinth Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 8. Which is true of human capital differences that affect the labyrinth? a. Women assume more responsibility for domestic duties than men b. Men are assuming fewer domestic duties and child-rearing roles c. Women are less interested in leadership roles d. Men leave leadership roles often to take on more domestic duties Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 9. The gender leadership gap occurs because a. Women choose the “mommy track” b. Women using flexible time are often marginalized c. Women are not in the pipeline d. Women do not possess the right leadership skills Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Glass labyrinth c. When women use a more masculine manner of leadership a. In a more interpersonal style than men b. Their leadership was devalued b. Glass ceiling b. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 10. women were found to lead a. Women who are promoted to leadership positions that place them in precarious situations with greater risk are in positions called the a.Peter G. Their leadership was viewed as ineffective d. Glass cliff Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 11. In a more egalitarian style than men Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 12. Their leadership was viewed as effective Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness . Glass window d. In a meta-analysis by Eagly and Johnson. In a more democratic style than men d. In a less task-oriented style than men c. Their leadership was viewed positively c. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Northouse. Men and women were seen as equally effective c. Katz’s Skills Model b. Effectiveness was not determined Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 15. Men were seen as more effective than women b. When studying gender differences in transformational leadership.Peter G. Women engage in more contingent reward than men d. Women were seen as more effective than men d. High level of interpersonal skills in mid-level management is consistent with the principles in which leadership model? a. Northouse. Leadership: Theory and Practice. The Practical Authentic Leadership Model d. Men are devalued when using transformational leadership Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 14. The Full Model of Transformational Leadership Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MC . Blake and Mouton’s Leadership Grid c. which statement is true? a. Women using transformational leadership are highly valued c. Men use more transformational leadership b. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 13. In middle management positions where communal interpersonal skills are highly valued a. Women take care.Peter G. When in gender neutral leadership roles b. Men take care. A barrier to women’s advancement in leadership positions is a. Leadership: Theory and Practice. men take charge c. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 16. Women do not support other women d. In military leadership positions d. Common gender stereotypes in the leadership gender gap are a. Women are less likely to promote themselves for leadership positions Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 18. Women have less motivation to lead c. Women’s lack of interest in assuming high level leadership positions b. women take charge b. Northouse. Women use more power-oriented leadership styles Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice . Women are more likely than men to view their roles as workers as secondary to their roles as parents and partners d. When in middle-management positions c. Women were found to be more effective than men a. In masculine role leadership positions Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 17. Rationality Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prejudice . that’s just a fact!” This statement is an example of a. Northouse. Sensitivity b. “Men just seem to be naturally better at leadership than women. Assertiveness d.Peter G. Institutional collectivism d. Prejudice b. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 19. Agentics Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 20. Confidence c. Gender egalitarianism c. Diversity Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 21. Prejudices c. Which of the following is a communal characteristic? a. Cognitive shortcuts that influence the way people process information regarding groups and group members are defined as a. Stereotypes b. Ethnocentrism d. Leadership: Theory and Practice. which is true about women in leadership roles? a. Homosocial reproduction b. Applying role congruity theory. Their stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders c. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Gender stereotyping c. Their stereotypical agentic leadership results in more promotion to leadership roles b. Bias based on the typically male gender leadership roles c. When we use gender stereotypes in interactions with others a. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 22. Agentic behavior d. A tendency for a group to reproduce itself in its own image is the definition of a. Communal behavior Ans: A . Females benefit b.Peter G. Bias based on gender stereotypical characteristics Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 23. Males’ stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders d. We solve gender-based problems using facts Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 24. Gender-biased prejudice is defined as a. It often leads to biased judgments d. Bias based on the typically female gender leadership roles d. Bias based on known fact about gender differences b. Males benefit c. Northouse. Males’ stereotypical agentic leadership is inconsistent with female leadership promotion Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 25. Women are perceived as less able to complete high-level leadership roles Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 27. Males have more agentic characteristics Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 28. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 26. but not too manly c. Women respond to the gender-based leadership stereotype by a. Females are sometimes not feminine enough c. Northouse. Avoiding conflicts in the workplace Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prejudice . Females are sometimes too masculine b. Women appear more masculine than feminine b. Women need to appear masculine. Leadership: Theory and Practice.Peter G. Decreasing use of power over followers d. Using more agentic characteristics c. Males have more communal characteristics d. Which is not a stereotype of gender influences on leadership? a. The bottom line of gender stereotypes for women in leadership roles is a. Women need to appear feminine and communal d. Decreasing use of communal characteristics b. Reducing the gender pay gap b. Reducing the need for women to take maternity leave d. Responses women have to gender-based stereotypes depend on which of the following factors? a. Reactance d. When women experience multiple gender-based threats. they are likely to respond with a. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 29.Peter G. Deleterious vulnerability Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 31. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Self-efficacy b. Reducing the leadership gap Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth . Supportive mentoring and networking for women are helpful in a. Degree to which the followers engage in emotionally intelligent behaviors b. Northouse. The power the leader holds d. Experience the leader has in dealing with gender bias Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 30. The followers’ self-efficacy c. Stereotype-countering behaviors c. Increasing female leadership power c. What is one difficulty women have in achieving higher-level leadership positions? a. Many of the difficulties women face in navigating the labyrinth stem from a. 30% d. A lack of education and experience d. Using too many communal characteristics d. 20% c.Peter G. Negotiating for valued positions c. Leadership: Theory and Practice. 10% b. Using too many agentic characteristics Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 33. Lack of ability to run their own businesses b. What percentage of all privately owned businesses are owned by women? a. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MC 32. Women’s inability to be successful at upper-leadership roles Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC . 40% Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 34. Male dominance behaviors b. The incongruity in gender roles and the leadership role c. Northouse. They must be competent and appropriately female b. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Which style of leadership is beneficial for women to use if they want to successfully navigate the leadership labyrinth? a. Northouse. The inequity in gender pay is a significant factor keeping women from elite leadership roles b. Servant c. Transformational d. Contemporary notions of effective leadership styles is now more feminine . Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 35. The double standard women face in leadership roles is a. Transformational leadership includes contingent reward. Authentic b. which women use often b. They must be educated and agentic Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 36. Transformational leadership is not a markedly masculine style of leadership Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 38. They must be educated and communal d. which is highly valued by followers c.Peter G. Why is it proposed that women using transformational leadership is beneficial to women aspiring to high-level leadership roles? a. Transformational leadership is motivational and keeps women leaders motivated to achieve higher-level leadership positions d. A strength of studying the research on gender and leadership is a. They must be competent and appropriately masculine c. Transformational leadership is similar to servant leadership. Team style in the Leadership Grid Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 37. Is predominantly feminine Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Strengths Question Type: MC 40. Research has found that gender bias and leadership a. The inequity in female-owned private businesses clearly impacts the gender leadership gap Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Strengths Question Type: MC 39. The research on gender stereotypes is focused on males b. The research on gender stereotypes is focused on females c. Contemporary notions of effective leadership styles is now more androgynous d. A criticism of the gender and leadership discussion is a.Peter G. Is overt b. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource c. Northouse. Eastern European contexts d. There is little research about stereotypes between the genders d. Research on gender and leadership has been conducted primarily in a. Is predominantly masculine d. The United States of America c. Is subtle c. Western contexts b. Studying the gender demographic alone limits the understanding of leadership in other diversity demographics Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criticisms Question Type: MC 41. Southeast Asian contexts Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criticism Question Type: MC . Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence Labyrinth Question Type: MC 44. Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 45. d. Women led in a more democratic style than men. Men were more effective than women in government and education organizations. b. What is not a result found by meta-analysis on characteristics and behaviors of female and male leaders? a. They occupy more than half of all management and professional positions. b. c. Effectiveness and predominance of women-owned businesses. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of female and male leaders found all of these except a. women and men were equally effective leaders. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 42. Women devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments. c. Greater negotiation power for women. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Women led in a more democratic style than men. They tend to self-select themselves out of leadership tracks. Higher effectiveness when the majority of subordinates are men. c. Women devalued when the evaluators were men. Organizational culture is changing. b. d. Women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender. They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension . d. Factor(s) that contribute to leadership effectiveness and rise of female leaders include all of the following except a. Overall.Peter G. They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships. In the area of human capital differences. Northouse. b. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence Labyrinth Question Type: MC 43. c. what is not true for women? a. d. Women evaluated favorably when they used directive or autocratic styles. when a woman leader encounters gender-leader stereotypes. b. Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC . Is to ignore it if it is an isolated gender stereotype threat. c. Men's styles tend to be less transformational than women's. c. her likely response a. Persuasiveness d. According to research. Initiative c. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 47.Peter G. d. Research on transformational leadership did not find that a. Intelligence b. Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely to belong to men than to women? a. Is to seek support from a more powerful leader in the organization. Is to display a vulnerable response if the threats are combined. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Answer Location: Gender Differences Style and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 46. Northouse. b. Is to push back more strongly if the threats are combined. Men tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than women. Women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men. All four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership effectiveness. d. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Authoritative Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC 48. Corporate cupboard. Prejudice d. c. In the “promoting leadership effectiveness” model. b. d. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence of the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 51. By acting masculine and assertive. By strongly resisting stereotype threats. one way women can advance in leadership is a. Northouse. Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 50. Which of the following is not a cited reason for women's underrepresentation in leadership roles? a. Decreasing gender stereotypes b. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Whirlpool effect. Human capital b. d. By leading in a more democratic manner than men. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 49. Intelligence Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 52. b. an alternative metaphor now used is a. Organizational changes c. Gender equity in domestic responsibilities Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension . and not in feminine ways. Using effective leadership styles d. Leadership labyrinth. Glass escalator. According to research.Peter G. Due to researchers identifying problems with the term glass ceiling. c. Gender differences c. what is a listed goal at the interpersonal level? a. By blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation. Developmental opportunities. b. Human capital differences for women include all the following except a. Northouse. d. what percentage of privately owned businesses were women owned? a. 15% c. Leadership: Theory and Practice. 20% Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 54. Work-home conflict. c. Self-promotion.Peter G. Education. Men earn more bachelor's degrees than women. In 2014. 40% d. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC . b. Women are showing a greater presence in top leadership positions. 75% b. d. c. Organizations with women heading them have more financial success. Which of the following statements is false? a. Women still have less employment continuity than men. Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence of the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 55. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 53. Northouse. What scholar(s) used meta-analysis to research gender and leadership style? a. d. Leadership: Theory and Practice. In the last project they did. Self-promotion Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 58. However. c. Bowles and McGinn d.Peter G. and she gladly took on the extra workload. Women have as much work experience and job continuity as men. Norma and Joel work in a legal firm. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 56. Men earn more bachelor's degrees than women. Powell and Vecchio Ans: A Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences Style and Effectiveness Question Type: MC 57. Women make up 50% of people in managerial/professional positions. Gender stereotypes b. b. Which of the following statements is true? a. Joel put most of the paperwork on Norma. Developmental opportunities d. Heilman c. This is an example of what advancement barrier for Norma? a. when their boss was complimenting the project. Thirty percent of the US Congress is made up of women. Eagly and Carli b. Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence the Labyrinth Question Type: MC . Work experience c. Norma let Joel take the credit and acted as if they both did the same amount of work. They both are aware of a potential promotion coming up soon. Self-promotion b. Commitment and motivation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 61. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 59. Style and effectiveness d. which of the following is a characteristic of prejudice? a. She has worked there for 5 years and recently found out there is an opportunity to make more money if she can move to the stock room and manage the employees there. Gary tells Dora. Cross-pressures c. Developmental opportunities b. Work experience Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MC . Work-home conflict b. Gender stereotypes c. “Sorry. Negotiation Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 60.” What advancement barrier is Dora facing? a. we really need someone that can lift and throw stock around. Which of the following is not listed as a gender difference in the leadership labyrinth? a. Style and effectiveness d. Style and effectiveness d. Dora goes to her boss. and asks if she can be considered for the transfer and promotion.Peter G. Cross-pressures c. According to the leadership labyrinth. Dora is in charge of the third-shift cashiers at 24-hour superstore. Gary. Leadership: Theory and Practice. so I'm going to give it to one of our guys. Northouse. 1980s d. Rationality c. Northouse. In what decade did researchers start paying attention to issues of gender and leadership? a. Independence b. Male role models are becoming more feminized . Governmental level d. What characteristic is considered a gender stereotype of women? a. Decisiveness d.Peter G. Organizational level c. Interpersonal level b. 1970s c. According to research. The notion of uninterrupted full-time careers b. 1960s b. which of the following is not a described level of promoting leadership effectiveness? a. Separation of work and family is being challenged c. 1990s Ans: B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence of the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 63. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 62. Which of the following are cultural changes many organizations are making that should help women navigate the labyrinth? a. Helpfulness Ans: D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MC 64. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Individual level Ans: C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MC Multiple Selection 65. B. Women have less work experience than men b. Effective mentoring relationships Ans: C. Male bonding opportunities b. Northouse. B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Description Question Type: MS 67. Nepotism c. Developmental experiences that help people achieve top leadership positions include a. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Bachelors degrees than men c. Masters degrees than men b. Inclusion in key networks d. Women earn more a. D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MS 66. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource d. Which of the following factors are supported in research that keep women in the leadership labyrinth? a. Challenges to the male model of work Ans: A. C Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MS . Women opt out of the leadership track for the “mommy track” Ans: A. D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: MS 68. Women have less college education than men c. Law degrees than men d. Money in mid-management than men Ans: A.Peter G. Women have more career interruptions than men d. Men were found to be more effective than women a. Men use more democratic and participatory styles than women d. When in gender neutral leadership roles b. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Sensitivity b. In masculinized leadership positions Ans: C. Independence d. In military leadership positions d. When in middle-management positions c. D Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prejudice . Women are less effective in leading than men b. When women use negotiation tactics to promote themselves in obtaining leadership positions a. They face greater social costs than men c. Northouse. B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MS 71. D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MS 72. Women are slightly more effective than men in more feminine leadership positions c. They are typically successful Ans: A. Which of the following is an agentic characteristic? a. They are seen as unhirable b. Helpfulness c. They are viewed positively by men d. In which of the following ways does empirical research support small differences in leadership styles and effectiveness between men and women? a. Decisiveness Ans: C. D Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: MS 70.Peter G. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 69. Men are slightly more effective than women in more masculine leadership positions Ans: B. Engage in stereotype-countering behaviors d. Males who appear more feminine are viewed favorably c. What are the two types of responses women have when faced with gender-based leadership stereotypes? a. Are less deleterious to males b. Confidence level in decision making is reduced Ans: B. Engage in emotional communication behaviors b. C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MS 74. D Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Prejudice . Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MS 73. Alter the perception and evaluation of male leaders d. Greater difficulty for females to be effective in leadership roles d.Peter G. Alter the perception and evaluation of female leaders c. The result of gender-biased stereotypes is a. Demonstrate vulnerability by assimilating to the stereotype c. Empirical evidence of gender stereotypes reveals that these stereotypes a. Northouse. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Masculine leadership is a non-issue for both genders Ans: A. Less favorable attitudes toward females than males b. C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: MS 75. Directly affect women aspiring to leadership roles Ans: B. Combining agentic and communal characteristics c. Is starting to close c. Using authoritative and achievement leader behaviors d. D Cognitive Domain: Applications Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MS 78. Gender pay gap reductions d. Greater equity in domestic responsibilities b. What factors have been found successful in reducing the negative impact of the leadership gap for women leaders? a. Northouse. Changes in workplace norms c. Has not changed in the last 25 years . Greater involvement by women to help women into these roles Ans: A. Is non-existent in modern leadership in Western contexts b. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Challenges to the male model of work c. Combining transactional and servant leadership styles b. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: MS 76. B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MS 77. Using transformational leadership behaviors Ans: B. Is still in existence d. Parity in spousal support of high-level leadership roles Ans: A. Greater equity in the gender pay gap d. B Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: MS 79. Women could still be perceived as warm and as leaders with high-level potential by a. Flexibility in work-life balance b. What needs to happen in order for women to achieve elite leadership roles in the workforce? a. The gender gap in influential leadership positions a.Peter G. Northouse. True b. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Description Question Type: TF 82. a. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension . Women use interpersonal leadership styles more than men. Women occupy far fewer management and professional positions in American organizations. C Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Application Question Type: MS True/False 80. a. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 83. True b. a. Men have more communal characteristics than women. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Ans: B. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Description Question Type: TF 81.Peter G. True b. a. Men earn more master’s degrees than women. True b. True b. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 86. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: TF 84. and sexual orientations. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criticism Question Type: TF 87. Women respond to multiple gender-based leadership stereotypes with reactive behaviors rather than vulnerability behaviors. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: TF . Northouse. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: TF 85.Peter G. True b. True b. a. The research on female and male leadership has generally tended to focus on establishing differences between women and men. a. a. True b. abilities. The number of women who successfully navigate the labyrinth is on the rise. The majority of organizational research applies equally well to people of all colors. a. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 89. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 90. Northouse. True b. Research data suggests the glass ceiling is beginning to crack. True b. Meta-analysis shows that women and men leaders have many similarities. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 91. Leadership: Theory and Practice. a. Developing and promoting women leaders are in the best interest of employers. a. a. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: TF . When both genders use an autocratic. females are evaluated differently than men. True b. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 88. a.Peter G. True b. directive leadership style. a. Leadership: Theory and Practice. True b. True b. Studies have shown that men are less effective than women when they supervise a higher proportion of male subordinates. a. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Differences in Style and Effectiveness Question Type: TF 94.Peter G. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 92. True b. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 95. True b. Research shows that male leaders tend to have better-developed social skills than female leaders. a. Northouse. a. False Ans: True Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: TF . False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth Question Type: TF 93. Meta-analysis shows that women are substantially more effective than men in middle- management positions. Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of performance and effort for women. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 96. Congress is compiled of men. What evidence is there for the existence of a glass ceiling? Ans: Women are equal to men in managerial positions. Women are stereotyped with agentic characteristics. Society affirms women when they enact these roles. Women are therefore perceived as nurturing. Explain the “pipeline” argument regarding women's advancement to leadership positions and offer evidence to support or refute it. yet only 4% of them are CEOs in Fortune 500 companies. which causes people to treat them this way. a. True b. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Evidence of the Labyrinth Question Type: Essay 99. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: TF 97. This causes people to see women in this role more (stereotype activation). a. so women assimilate the stereotype. Women can become psychologically adapted to these roles. False Ans: False Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: TF Essay 98.S. Ans: An argument could be made that these represent a causal cycle because women tend to feel more responsibility with child-rearing than men. True b. Men and women are about 50/50 in the US labor force and women hold 57% of bachelor's degrees and 60% of master’s degrees but 83% of board seats in Fortune 500 companies are held by men.Peter G. Almost 85% of the U. Leadership: Theory and Practice. so they carry them to the workplace (and leadership styles). Women are less likely than men to try to negotiate for what they want. Northouse. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Understanding the Labyrinth . These striking differences show the inequality that still exists between women and men. Describe the social costs that women leaders experience for promoting themselves. Ans: Women face significant gender biases and social disincentives when they self-promote. they respond by engaging in stereotype-countering behaviors. A multitude of gender stereotypes communicate to women that they lack leadership aptitude. assimilation or reactance. Women’s expectations about their ability to engage in a leadership task becomes linked with gender stereotypes. a concept termed “stereotype reactance. often women who want to pursue a leadership position may choose not to do so because they are aware of the social costs. For example. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Gender leadership stereotypes directly affect women’s leadership aspirations and performance. Ans: Stereotypes convey to stigmatized individuals a set of beliefs that aim to devalue their group’s social identity and determine how individuals should behave. women often react in one of two ways. Explain how stereotype assimilation and stereotype reactance relate to women's leadership performance. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: Essay . Research shows that self-promoting women are seen as less socially attractive and less hirable. reminding women that the communal traits typically associated with women are incompatible with the agentic characteristics necessary for holding leadership positions can negatively influence women’s leadership performance. Women vulnerable to a particular stereotype may react by assimilating to the stereotype. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource Question Type: Essay 100. When stereotypes are subtly activated. Northouse. if there was a vacancy for a college department chairperson position. For example. When faced with gender stereotypes of leadership.” Blatant stereotype activation results in a greater desire to take on leadership positions and disconfirm the stereotype. Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Prejudice Question Type: Essay 101.Peter G. affects women’s leadership aspirations and performance. As a result. women become either less inclined to take on a leadership role and underperform on a leadership task. which unsurprisingly. and subsequently their performance suffers. Alternatively. a woman faculty member within the department may decide not to nominate herself for fear of looking less attractive to her colleagues. when women are explicitly presented with gender stereotypes. and productive organizations.” Ans: Because gender biases are so pervasive and largely affect attitudes and behavior on an unconscious level. a lack of diversity among organizational leaders can be a detriment. financially successful. homosexual man might be faced with similar advancement barriers as a woman when confronted with the stereotype of an effective leader needing to be agentic rather than communal. in extreme cases. keeping the most promising candidates from being overlooked due to implicit biases. they can easily influence those who are in a position to select new leaders without those individuals even realizing their biases. or not feminine enough to be attractive and likeable. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Navigating the Labyrinth Question Type: Essay . it is easy for male selectors to engage in homosocial reproduction and favor candidates similar to themselves. a soft-spoken. given that the generally unstructured nature of those decisions allows biased decisions without accountability. with little accountability to ensure that a fair decision has been made. When hiring selections are made on the basis of “personally knowing” a candidate’s ability through social networks. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Gender Differences in Leadership Styles and Effectiveness Question Type: Essay 103. Furthermore. Elite leadership positions. are often perceived as more stereotypically masculine than other leadership positions. Addressing the “labyrinth” would work to promote equality for all individuals and allow for greater representation of all social groups in positions of power.Peter G. Discuss the meaning of this statement: “Gender biases can be particularly detrimental in the decision-making processes for selecting elite leaders. class. In sum. innovative. Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource 102. women are at a significant disadvantage to men due to a widespread lack of female mentors in leadership positions and because women often are not presented the same socializing opportunities as their male colleagues. elite leaders are often chosen “behind closed doors” by a select group or by their predecessors. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Why should men be concerned about the labyrinth of women's leadership? Ans: The “labyrinth” of women’s leadership comprises social and structural inequalities which affect not only women’s opportunities for leadership success but also to a large extent those of racial. wherein poor decisions are made due to a lack of dissent and discussion within the group (such as in the case of JFK’s advisory board and the Bay of Pigs invasion). Making the leadership advancement field more equitable would widen the pool of qualified individuals from which to select leaders. can easily occur when a woman is considered for such a position. Northouse. or sexual minority status. For instance. establishing diversity in leadership positions promotes more ethical. In contrast. women’s restriction from top leadership positions is a detriment to all individuals as well as organizations. similarly minded groups members who feel pressured to conform their opinions can engage in groupthink. Gender biases against women as being too communal and feminine for the position. Without external accountability. due to their extreme authority and visibility. Additionally.