ROBOTICSWHAT IS ROBOTICS? Robotics is the branch of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and computer science that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots , as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing. HISTORY OF ROBOTICS 320 BC .. when ordered. then there would be no need either of apprentices for the master workers or of slaves for the lords..Greek philosopher Aristotle made this famous quote: “If every tool. .Around 1495 Leonardo da Vinci sketched plans for a humanoid robot. could do the work that befits it. or even of its own accord.” 1495 . . . 1700 .Between 1700 and 1900 a number of life-sized automatons were created including a famous mechanical duck made by Jacques de Vaucanson that could crane its neck.1900 . flap its wings and even swallow food. . A Model T can be assembled in 93 minutes.Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory. 1913 . The Matrix etc. The play was about a society that became enslaved by the robots that once served them. This idea is now a common theme in popular culture. ie Frankenstein. .Karel Capek coins the word ‘robot’ to describe machines that resemble humans in his play called Rossums Universal Robots. Terminator. 1920 . The ‘Lilliput’ was a wind-up toy which walked. It was made from tinplate and stood just 15cm tall. 1932 .The first true robot toy was produced in Japan. . 1937 . Robot” in 1950 – later reproduced as a movie starring Will Smith. 1941 -Legendary science fiction writer Isaac Asimov writes the short story ‘Liar!’ in which he describes the Three Laws of Robotics. His stories were recompiled into the volume “I.Alan Turing releases his paper “On Computable Numbers” which begins the computer revolution. Asimov’s Three Laws of Robotics . 1950 . 1954 . 2001: A Space Odyssey into a movie. This marks the beginning of the space race. completing dangerous and repetitive tasks on an assembly line at General Motors (1962). 1957 .Stanley Kubrick makes Arthur C. Clark's. It features HAL. It has become known as the ‘Turing Test’. the first artificial orbiting satellite. .The IBM 360 becomes the first computer to be massproduced. 1964 . 1968 .The Soviet Union launches ‘Sputnik’.Alan Turing proposes a test to determine if a machine truly has the power to think for itself. This later became the first industrial robot. an onboard computer that develops a mind of its own.George Devol and Joe Engleberger design the first programmable robot ‘arm’. To pass the test a machine must be indistinguishable from a human during conversation. Dante ll. 1994 . George Lucas‘s movie inspires a new generation of researchers through his image of a human future shared with robots such as the now famous R2-D2 and C-3PO. robotic and space technology to land Neil Armstrong on the moon. 1977 . The goal of Robocup is to have a fully automated team of robots beat the worlds best soccer team by the year 2050.he first LEGO based educational products are put on the market and Honda launches a project to build a walking humanoid robot. successfully descends into Mt Spur to collect volcanic gas samples. a computer built by IBM known as Deep Blue beat world chess champion Garry Kasparov.On May 11.The first Robocup tournament is held in Japan.S. successfully use the latest in computing. 1969 . .The first Star Wars movie is released.Carnegie Universities eight-legged walking robot.The U. 1997 . 1986 . Each ‘robot’ is made up of a small tower of computerized cubes which link together through the use of magnets. 2004 .Epsom release the smallest known robot. More advanced versions have followed. The robot helicopter is intended to be used as a ‘flying camera’ during natural disasters. the next generation in its series of humanoid robots.Honda debuts ASIMO.5 million units. 1998 .Sony releases the first version of AIBO. . 2008 . 2005 . a robotic dog with the ability to learn.After being first introduced in 2002. 2000 . standing 7cm high and weighing just 10 grams.LEGO launches its first Robotics Inventions System. entertain and communicate with its owner.Researchers at Cornell University build the first selfreplicating robot. the popular Roomba robotic vacuum cleaner has sold over 2. 1999 . proving that there is a strong demand for this type of domestic robotic technology. allow a human being to come to harm. . A robot may not injure a human being or. through inaction. except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3.THREE LAW OF ROBOTICS 1. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings. 2. • • • • • • • Electric motors Linear actuators Series elastic actuators Air muscles Muscle wire Electroactive polymers Elastic nanotubes .COMPONENTS POWER SOURCE • • • • • • Pneumatic ( compressed gas ) Solar Power Hydaulics Flywheel energy storage Organic garbage Faeces ACTUATION – actuators are like the muscles of a robot. or internal components.COMPONENTS SENSING . • Touch • Vision • Other common forms of sensing in robotics use lidar. . radar and sonar.Sensors allow robots to receive information about a certain measurement of the environment. or otherwise have an effect. • Mechanical grippers • Vacuum grippers • General purpose effectors Locomotion • • • • • • • Rolling robots Two-wheeled balancing robots One-wheeled balancing robots Spherical orb robots Six-wheeled robots Tracked robots Walking applied to robots .Robots need to manipulate objects.COMPONENTS Manipulation . Thus the "hands" of a robot are often referred to as end effectors. destroy. modify. pick up. COMPONENTS • • • • • ZMP Technique Hopping Dynamic balancing (controlled falling) Passive dynamics Other methods of locomotion • • • • • • Flying Snaking Skating Climbing Swimming (Piscine) Sailing . and Meinü robot have particularly good robot navigation hardware and software . people and other obstacles that are not stationary) can cause problems or collisions.COMPONENTS Environmental interaction and navigation Though a significant percentage of robots in commission today are either human controlled.g. In particular unforeseen events (e. or operate in a static environment. These robots require some combination of navigation hardware and software in order to traverse their environment. there is an increasing interest in robots that can operate autonomously in a dynamic environment. Some highly advanced robots such as ASIMO. gestures.COMPONENTS The state of the art in sensory intelligence for robots will have to progress through several orders of magnitude if we want the robots working in our homes to go beyond vacuum-cleaning the floors. It will probably be a long time before robots interact as naturally as the fictional C-3PO. and so any interface will need to be extremely intuitive. Although speech would be the most natural way for the human to communicate. . The people who interact with them may have little or no training in robotics. the way they are instructed to perform their jobs. and facial expressions. and especially how they will be told to stop will be of critical importance. rather than a command-line interface. it is unnatural for the robot. If robots are to work effectively in homes and other non-industrial environments. Science fiction authors also typically assume that robots will eventually be capable of communicating with humans through speech. COMPONENTS • • • • • • • Speech recognition Robotic voice Gestures Facial expression Artificial emotions Personality Social Intelligence . These robots are designed to operate on the surface of the earth or other planet.Robots can be designed and built for any environment imaginable. This category includes robotic arms. robots are classified based on their capabilities. Some standard classifications of robots include their domain of operation. The large majority of these robots are stationary and tethered to a computer. welding robots.g.These robots are fixed in one place and cannot move. degree of autonomy. and are usually sub categorized by their drive train: • Wheels • Tracks • Legs . computerized machine tools. Industrial Robots are robots used in mass production e. One popular way of classifying robots is by what environments they're designed to operate in.CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS In general. Ground . and most other Industrial Robots . CNC plate cutters or CNC drills. and the goal they are designed to fulfill. Some typical examples include: Stationary . Domain of Operation . such as earth orbit. Aerial . . these are designed to operate underwater.Robots that have been designed to operate in low-gravity environments. These are only the endpoints. there is a continuum of possibilities between them. Power. other specific Hazardous Environments Degree of Autonomy Autonomy is the quality of being self-controlled. Microgravity . and other things may be located either on the main chassis or connected via a cable tether or wireless link from another location. possibly at great depth. An autonomous robot can operate properly without intervention indefinitely and can deal with unexpected problems gracefully. One measure of autonomy is the amount of human control that is required for the robot's operation. Tele-operated robots constantly require humans to send the robot control signals.Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are various kinds of robotic flying machines. A robot can also be classified by how self-contained it is. logic circuitry.Also known as Autonomous Underwater Vehicles.CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS Underwater . including planes and helicopters. Here are some applications where robots play important roles. The most common use of robots is in the automobile industry where they are used for various applications like welding. both programmable and reprogrammable to carry out certain tasks with high precision and accuracy. The robots can carry out tasks which are very difficult or hazardous for human beings. With proper maintenance procedures and schedules. Robotics have come a long way and new findings or developments never end. resolved and controlled. manufacturing plants run by industrial robots can run smoothly without much trouble and with less interactions of humans. machine wear-out or breakdowns can easily be predicted. They are efficient and produce high yields or output. etc. Let us have a look at robots already invented and being used in the industry. Over-all. Because robots use a perfect copy of exact strategy for troubleshooting purposes. issues and solutions can easily be resolved and implemented. Robots have been extensively used in highly advanced manufacturing facilities or high volume assembly lines for a long time. Industrial robots: Industrial robots are electronically controlled. What robots can do? Robotics is highly advanced technology that strives to develop robots for various applications. . painting.MODERN USE OF ROBOTS Though robots have certain limitations in the way they are made. humans are able to utilize them perfectly based on the desired applications. With controlled robots. Due to technological advancement. You can conquer or be conquered with a robot. Scientists can explore in outer space without putting themselves in great danger considering the risks involved if they go to outer space themselves. we hope that robots will not be used justify an end result for their own favor. The risk to lose a human life in outer space has been greatly avoided. Healtcare delivery: A highly possible advancement in healthcare is using robots in robotic surgery. Our only hope is that man. this is possible even if the patient is located in remote areas. This possibility defies distance. With man always in conquest of power. Aerospace robots: Another application of robots is in aerospace for outer space exploration. human-like robots and robotic pets have always been considered friends and companions. the same results can be achieved safely. . as it may curtail human life instead of upholding it. dance. Aerospace robots or unmanned robotic spacecraft play a key role in outer space probe. sing. They can play a musical instrument. only to please us humans for our own comfort. Robots resembling human beings and robotic pets: At home. Military robots: Possibly the worst part of robotic application is in military use. proper healthcare could be delivered to the patient even in remote areas without the corresponding risks involved. etc. along with the advancement in technology. With the proper tools and set-up in place. always promotes for the well being of mankind.