LISTENING Dalam menyelesaikan soal listening ada beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan, salah satunya memahami petunjukpengerjaan soal yang biasanya selain diperdengarkan petunjuk tersebut tercetak di lembar soal. Macam-macam contoh petunjuk pengerjaan yang biasanya ada adalah sebagai berikut: PART I (Question – Response) Question 1- 5 Directions : In this part of the test, you will hear a dialogue or a question spoken in English, followed by five responses, also spoken in English. The dialogue or questions and the responses will be spoken just one time. They will not be printed in your test book, so you must listen carefully to understand what the speakers say. You have to choose the best response to each dialogue or question. Pada bagian ini, kamu akan mendengar sebuah dialog atau pertanyaan dalam Bahasa Inggris yang diikuti 5 respon yang juga dalam Bahasa Inggris. Dialog/pertanyaan dan respon tersebut hanya akan diperdengarkan satu kali dan semua itu tidak tercetak dilembar soal jadi kamu harus mendengarkan baik-baik untuk memahaminya. Kamu harus memilih respon terbaik untuk setiap dialog/pertanyaan. Pilihan tersebut tercetak di lembar soal. Contoh 1. Menentukan respon yang tepat atas satu pernyataan lisan Voice : I’m very tired Lembar soal : a. You like your job b. You’ll be promoted c. You must work hard d. You have a lot to do e. You should take a rest 2. Memilih jawaban yang tepat atas satu pertanyaan lisan Voice : Can you come to see me tomorrow? Lembar soal : a. Can b. It is c. I can d. Yes, I can e. I can come PART II (Short Conversation) Question 6 - 10 Directions : In this part of the test you will hear three conversations. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the five possible answers and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Pada bagian test ini kamu akan mendengar 3 (bisa lebih/kurang) percakapan. Setelah 1 mendengar sebuah percakapan dan pertanyaan tentang percakapan tersebut, baca 5 kemungkinan jawaban (tercetak di lembar soal) dan tentukan yang mana yang merupakan jawaban yang paling tepat atas pertanyaan yang kamu dengar. Contoh : (Voice) Woman : May I have this prescription filled here? I have a terrible headache. Man : Yes, but you’ll have a 15-minute wait. (Narrator) Where did this conversation most probably take place? Lembar soal : in a… a. mall b. shop c. hospital d. pharmacy e. supermarket PART III (Short Talk) Question 11 - 15 Directions : In this part of the test, you will hear three short texts. After you hear a text and the question about it, read the five possible answers and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard. Pada bagian tes ini, kamu akan mendengar 3 teks pendek (bisa kurang/lebih). Setelah mendengar satu teks dan pertanyaan tentang teks tersebut, baca 5 kemungkinan jawaban (tersetak) dan putuskan mana yang merupakan jawaban yang paling tepat atas pertanyaan yang kamu dengar. Contoh : Voice : diperdengarkan sebuah teks berjudul “EGYPT” Narrator : What is the text about? Lembar soal : a. Egypt b. The river Nil c. The seasons in Egypt d. The climate in Egypt e. Cairo, the capital of Egypt PART IV (Picture) Question 16 - 20 Directions : For each question, you will see a picture in your test book and you will hear a question followed by five statemnents. The questions and the statements will be spoken just one time. They will not be printed in your test book, so you must listen carefully to understand what the speaker says. When you hear the questions and five statements, look at the picture in your test book and choose the statement that best describes what you see in the picture. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark 2 your answer. Untuk setiap pertanyaan, kamu akan melihat sebuah gambar di lembar soal dan kamu akan mendengar pertanyaan diikuti dengan 5 pernyataan. Pertanyaan dan pernyataan tersebut akan diucapkan satu kali dan semua itu tidak tercetak di lembar soal jadi kamu harus mendengarkan baik-baik untuk memahaminya. Ketika kamu mendengarkan 5 pernyataan, lihat ke gambar di lembar soal kamu dan pilih pernyataan terbaik yang menggambarkan apa yang kamu lihat di gambar. Contoh Voice : a. The window is open b. There is a book near the vase c. The vase is on the chest drawer d. The cat is sleeping on the armchair e. There is a picture on the wall near the window Lembar soal : sebuah gambar READING A. Dibawah ini adalah macam-macam bentuk pertanyaan yang biasa ada dalam soal Reading: 1. Menemukan gambaran umum/topic isi bacaan/teks. Contoh pertanyaan : Which of the following is the most suitable title…? What is the suitable topic of the passage? The text mainly tells us about____. 2. Menemukan informasi tertentu/khusus dari bacaan. Contoh pertanyaan : When did she make her first solo flight? In… 3. Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersurat dari bacaan teks/dialog. Contoh : Which of the following requirements is not mentioned in the passage. “They may be classefied in several different ways…” The underlined Word refers to …. 4. Menemukan informasi rinci yang tersirat dari bacaan teks/dialog. Contoh : Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the text The following are TRUE about Maria EXCEPT… 5. Menentukan main idea yang tersurat/tersirat dari suatu paragrap. 3 Contoh : What is the main idea of the passage? The fourth paragraph tells us ____. 6. Menentukan makna kata, frasa dan kalimat berdasarkan konteks. Contoh : “Brownie is Chinese breed, it is small, fluffy. And cute.” The underlined word mean ____ 7. Menentukan type text yang digunakan penulis. Contoh : What type text is used by the writer? The text above is in the form of _____. 8. Menentukan communicative purpose/tujuan kominikativ sebuah teks Contoh : The communicative putpose of the text above is ___. The purpose of the text is _____. 9. Menyusun kalimat dengan baik. Contoh : The best order of the sentences above is … The best arrangement of the sentences to make a good paragraph is … B. Apa yang dimaksud dengan: 1. TEXT adalah segala bentuk tulisan yang ada pada sebuah buku, artikel dll yang mempunyai makna. Non-continuous text misalnya brosur, label, grafik, tabel, map, diagram dsb. Continuous text misalnya narrative, descriptive,exposition, spoof dsb. 2. PARAGRAPH adalah bagian dari sebuah tulisan/teks dan mungkin saja terdiri dari sebuah kalimat atau sekumpulan kalimat yang merupakan pengembangan dari pokok pikiran/main topic/main idea. 3. Kalimat yang menggambarkan main idea/pokok pikiran dari sebuah paragraph disebit TOPIC SENTENCE. 4. Topic sentence biasanya ada pada awal/akhir/kadang di tengah sebuah paragrap. 5. Gambaran umum tentang isi bacaan bisa merupakan MAIN TOPIC atau MAIN IDEA. 6. TOPIC dari sebuah paragrap/teks adalah subjek dari tulisan, sedangkan MAIN IDEA adalah keterangan, penjelasan, uraian topic atau merupakan pendapat penulis tentang topic tulisannya. 7. Oleh karena itu pertanyaan tentang topic dari sebuah paragraph/text bisa tentang inti isi tulisan yang juga bisa merupakan judul. 8. Jika pertanyaan menanyakan ‘TOPIC’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam satu kata atau bentuk frasa, tetapi jika pertanyaan menanyakan tentang ‘MAIN IDEA’ maka jawaban ditulis dalam kalimat lengkap. 9. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tertentu/specific information’ adalah informasi yang tertera jelas dalam text, biasanya tentang nama, tempat, tanggal, tahun, dsb. 10. Yang dimaksud dengan ‘informasi tersirat’ adalah informasi yang tidak tertera jelas dalam text. Untuk dapat menjawab pertanyaan spt ini dibutuhkan keterampilan ‘reading between the lines’. 11. Frasa adalah rangkaian kata yang mempunyai makna. 4 The dwarf said. dsb. Time connectives dan conjunction untuk mengurutkan kejadian-kejadian. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Menghibur pendengar/pembaca (To entertain reader/listener). waktu. she heard her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving her in the castle because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough money to take her. Then. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Orientation (pengenalan tokoh. yang pada akhirnya menemukan penyelesaian. saw dsb. Contoh teks narrative Orientation Complication 1 Resolution 1 Snow White Once upon a time. Saying verbs yang menandai ucapan seperti said. she woke up. that. then. promised. climed. Adverbs untuk menunjukan lokasi kejadian/peristiwa. happily ever after. told. She saw the dwarfs. dsb.B. They went inside. there lived a little girl named Snow White. hewan dan benda tertentu dalam cerita misalnya stepsister (saudara tiri). before. “My name is 5 Complication 2 Resolution 2 . khayal/ peristiwa pelik yang mengarah ke suatu krisis. “What is your name?” She said. She lived with her uncle and Aunt because her parents were dead. dsb. dan tempat) Complication (pengembangan konflok) Resolution (penyelesaian konflik) c. There they found Snow White sleeping. The next morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and Uncle were having breackfast. Snow White didn’t want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decides it would be best if she ran away. dongeng) a. she saw this little cottage. dsb. She knocked but no one answered so she went inside and fell sleep. soon. Adjectives (kata sifat) yang membentuk noun phrase. One day. She ran away into the woods. Action verbs dalam past tense seperti stayed. the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. understood. JENIS-JENIS TEXT: CIRI & CONTOH 1. misalnya thought. misalnya the next morning. two red apple. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Nouns (kata benda) tertentu sebagai kata ganti orang. Then. misalnya long white hair. dan thinking verbs yang menandai pikiran. Meanwhile. Teks bertalian dengan pengalaman nyata. misalnya here. b. persepsi atau perasaan tokoh dalam cerita. dsb. Narrative (naratif. felt. d. housework (pekerjaan rumah tangga). dsb. Procedure (prosedur) 6 . misalnya badly injured. pendengar/penonton tentang peristiwa-peristiwa atau kejadian-kejadian yang dipandang penting atau layak diberitakan. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Kejadian inti Latar belakang: elaborasi kejadian. d. and she and the seven dwarfs lived happily ever after. 2. but was covered up by officials of the Soviet Union. She said. which killed 10 sailors and contaminated an entire town. And those involved in the clean up operation to remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to secrery. Sumber informasi: komentar saksi kejadian. orang yang terlibat. misal say. dsb. b. dsb.Snow White. c. Menggunakan kata keterangan. pendapat para ahli. dsb. tell. “Oh could I? Thank you.” Doc. spread radioactive fall-out over the base and nearby town. which occurred 13 months before the Chernobly disaster.A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another soviet nuclesr catastrophe. one of the dwarfs. Latar belakang: Elaborasi Sumber Informasi 3. the most beautiful bride in the worl. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Memberitakan kepada pembaca. A board of investigation was later to describe it as the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.” Then she told the dwarfs the whole story. said. Residents war told the explosion in the reactor of the Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a ‘thermal’ and not a nuclear explosion. saying verbs. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline menggunakan action verbs. News Item (Berita) a. “If you wish. Contoh teks News Item Kejadian inti Town Contaminated Moscow. tempat kejadian. Yelena Vazrshaskya is the first journalist to speak to people who witnessed the explosion of a nuclear submarine at the naval base of shkotova-22 near Vladivostock. you may live here with us. The accident. Whisk the egg with a fork until it is smooth. 4. Eat while warm. misalnya turn. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum. dsb. lingkungan benda buatan manusia. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Memberi petunjuk tentang cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan/langkah. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Tujuan Kegiatan Bahan-bahan Langkah-langkah c. b. sekolah. dsb. atau gejala-gejala sosial. Pour the mixture into the frying pan 7. dsb. Adverbials untuk menyatakan rinci waktu. 6. 3 table spoons cooking oil. 2. 3. dsb. 5. Contoh teks Procedure Tujuan Bahan How to Make a Cheese Omelet Ingredients 1 egg. warung tegal. put. bowl. misalnya ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. don’t mix. Heat the oil in a frying pan. Untuk membuat laporan semacam ini. misalnya then. Cook both sides 9. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Pola kalimat imperative. cheese grater. misalnya Cut. rumah sakit. while. 2 centimeters from the top. siswa perlu mengamati dan membandingkan ikan paus dengan binatang lainnya yang memiliki ciri-ciri yang sama. Turn the omelet with a spatula when it browns 8. misalnya rumah sangat sederhana. misalnya for five minutes. Report (Laporan Hasil Pengamatan) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu apa adanya. Connectives untuk mengurutkan kegiatan. Langkahlangkah 4. a pinch of salt and pepper Utensils Frying pan. Add milk and whisk well. Sesuatu yang dapat dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gejala alam. sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Grate the cheese into the bowl and stir. cara yang akurat. plate Method 1. Place on a plate. fork. Crack an egg into a bowl. Action verbs. Don’t mix. season with salt and pepper. Siswa dapat mencoba membuat teks laporan tentang. tempat. spatula. 50 g cheese. 1 cup milk. 7 . dsb.a. d. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Nouns tertentu misalnya teacher. Fossils of this genus have been found dating back 40 million years. beating the water furiously with their wings. Paragraf dengan topic sentences untuk menyusun sejumlah Informasi. c. will gather in a curved src some distance off shore. the formaion breaks up as each dips its bill into the water to scoops up its meal. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Pengenalan subjek Ciri-ciri subjek. Section verbs dalam menjelaskan perilaku. 5. c. The bird then begin to move forward towards the shore. house.dsb. seperti Reptil in Comodo Island. misal lizards cannot fly. misalnya tampilan fisik. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan. driving the fish before them When the water is shallow enough for the bird to reach the fish. b. Descriptive a. sifat-sifat. my cat. misalnya water contains oxygent and hydrogen. Pernyataan tentang subjek laporan Deskripsi The success is largely due to its command hunting behavior. misalnya komodo dragon usually weigh more than 160 kg. dsb. misalnya It 8 . Present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum. dsb. kualitas. perhaps two dozen birds. dsb. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: General nouns. Istilah tekhnis. Contoh teks Report The Pelican Report The white pelican is one of the most succesful fish eating birds. misalnya reptile are scaly animal (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia). a. benda atau tempat tertentu. the water drains from its bill leaving the fish which are then swallowed Pelicans are among the oldest group of birds. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Mendeskripsikan (menggambarkan) ciri-ciri seseorang. dsb. A group. As the bird lifts its head. keterangan dan klasifikasinyaTujuan Kegiatan Deskripsi b. Simple present tense Detiled noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek. dsb. Relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri. prilaku umum. I think it is the clever animal. 6. This year. in 2004. native plants and eucalypts. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Abstrak Pengenalan Krisis Tindakan Koda (prubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh dan pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita) 9 . a sweet young lady. MacQuarie area was a rural retreat on the city fringe. it celebrates its 40th anniversary. My mum is realy cool. Anecdote (cerita lucu) a. Sydney. Action verbs.andartificial lake surounded by rock and pebbels. sat tigh. misalnya Our new puppy bites our shoes. The university is located at the North Ride Greenbelt. misalnya Police belive the suspect is armed. sharp white fang. two strong legs. misalnya. In 1964. Adverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut. Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis tentang subjek. North Ride District has growen into a district of intensive occupatian anchored by a vibrant and growing university.The white pelican is one of the most succesful fish eating birds. Bahasa figurative. Contoh Teks Descriptive MacQuarie University Subjek Deskripsi MacQuarie is one of the largest unuversities in Australia. but today the campus and its surrondings have evolved beyond recognition. dsb. was a large open rowboat. Adjectives. seperti simile.dsb. One of the highlights of the landsape is the Mars Creek zone. It has very tick fur. misalnya. d. dsb. dsb. yang bersifat describing. b. Relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek. dsb. Misalnya John is white as chalk. metafor. It comprises landscaped creek sides and valley floor. dsb. dsb. numbering classifying. where the New South Wales government sets aside 135 hectars for the institution. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Menceritakan kejadian/peristiwa lucu berdasarkan khayalan atau peristiwa nyata yang bertujuan menghibur. a gress amphitheatre. misal fast at the tree house. misalnya go. dsb. misalnya We must preserve. dsb. Modal verbs. dsb. misalnya certainly. 10 . write. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Seruan/kata seru. who was rich died and left Dave a lot of money. came in and waited politely for the agent to finish his conversation. She must save. Then he said to me. isn’t it? dsb Action verbs. misalnya Many people believe. pollution. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Pernyataan pendapat/ Thesis statement (tujuan memperkenalkan topik) Argumen terdiri dari point yang dikemukakan dan elaborasi Penguatan pernyataan/conclusion c. dsb. Action verbs misalnya. d. pertanyaan retorik dan kata-kata seperti Listen to this! And do you know what? It’s awful. c. He quickly p[icked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country. and I was sent here to connect your telephone. dsb. misalnya It is important. misal car. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) bahwa ada masalah yang tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian. afterwards. Relating verbs. one of his uncles. The man knocked at the door while this was going on. Analytical Exposition (eksposisi analitia) a. seperti then.” Coda/ koda 7. leaded petrol car. government . Conjuctions yang berhubungan dengan waktu. dsb. “It’s my first customer!” he thought. misalnya policy. b. dsb. Modal adverbs. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: General nouns. Contoh Teks Anecdote Abstract Orientation Crisis Reaction/ tindakan Soon after Dave left college. He had only been there for a few hours when he heard some onr coming towards the door of hos offoce. Abstrac nouns. So he decided to set up his own real estate agency. “I’m from the telephone company. dsb. Thinking verbs. dsb. we. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Memaparkan dan mempengaruhi audience (pendengar/pembaca) bahwa seharusnya demikian atau tidak demikian . Technical verbs.misalnya policy. Kalimat pasif (passive voice) d. misalnya firstly. dsb. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Pernyataan isu yang dipersoalkan Argumen : berupa alasan mengapa ada keprihatinan. misalnya important. dsb. Modal verbs. dsb. Connectives. dsb. doesn’t seem to have been . Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: Abstrac nouns. dsb. Contoh Teks Analytical Exposition Air pollution is one of the harmful substances that causes demage to the environment.government dsb. secondly. misalnya species of animals. and quality of life. natural pernyataan pollutanta tend to remain in the atmosphere for a short time (conclusion) and do not lead to permanent atmosphere change. misalnya. there doesn’t seem to have been any dipersoalkan mention of the diffence between driving in the city and in 11 .dsb. misalnya important. misalnya I believe . misalnya should be. misalnya certainly. Contoh Teks Hortatory Exposition (eksposisi hortatory) Pernyataan isue In all discussion over the removal of lead from petrol ( and yang the atmosphere). Connectives. dsb. Relating verbs. misalnya firstly. dsb. dan mengarah ke rekomendasi Recomendasi : pernyataan tentang bagaimana seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya c. Hortatory Exposition (eksposisi hortatory) a. we must save. Action verbs. valuable. dsb. For instance. Simple present tense Bahas evaluatif. misalnya We must preserve. Modal adverbs. valuable. It makes people sick like having breathing problems and cancer. b. 8. Thinking verbs. Kalimat pasif (passive voice) d. dsb. secondly. decomposing garbage in landfills and solid waste disposal sites emits methane gas and many product give off VOCs Pernyataan pendapat Argumentasi Penguatan Unlike pollutants from human activity however. Pollutants also come from other sources. Bahas evaluatif. human healt. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Penjelasan umum Penjelasan proses Penutup c. misalnya word chopping. misalnya the large cloud. atau yang bertujuan menjelaskan. Explanation ( Penjelasan ) a.the country. Abstract nouns.should be treated differently to the people who live in the city Rekomendasi 9.the problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city roads. Argumentasi While I realise my leaded petrol car is polluting the air wherever I drive.. Passive voice. leaded petrol vehicles and their owners donn’t seem to appreciate thet in the country there is no public transport to fall back upon and ones own vehicle is the only way to get about. who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: General dan abstrac nouns . b. Complex sentences. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Menerangkan proses-proses yang terjadi dalam pembentukan atau kegiatan yang terkait dengan fenomena dunia ilmiah. I feel that when you travel through the country. Conjunctions of time dan cause. misalnya the temperature. Nouns phrase. Adverbial phrases. Contoh dan Struktur Teks Explaination Making Paper from Woodchips 12 .where you only see another car every five to ten minutes. earthquakes. Bahasa teknis . sosial-budaya. Kalimat pasif (passive voice) d. Actions verbs. Simple present tense. I feel that country people. Those who want to penalise older . Klausa panjang dan kompleks. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Pengenalan Evaluasi 1 Evaluasi 2 Tafsiran Evaluasi 3 Evaluasi 4. At the mill. Metafor. The stories were bright. Ciri kebahasaan : Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu Menggunakan: Adjective. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Melakukan kritik terhadap peristiwa atau karya seni untuk pembaca atau pendengar. dan buku. intriguing.however. the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper wich cuts them into pieces called woodchips. Next the tops and and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken to the mill. misalnya film. pertunjukan. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. 13 . fast-paced. When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. menunjukan sikap. b. the pulp is rolled out to make paper 10. d. Review ( Ulasan atau tinjauan ) a.at this stage they are either exported in this form or damaged into pulp by chemical and heat The pulp then bleached and the water content is removed Finally. The woodchipping process begins when the trees are cut down in a selected area of the forest called a coupe.good. dan sebagainya. I have to say that off all of the books.and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.Penjelasan umum Penjelsan proses Penutup Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp and paper products form forest tree. seperti bad. Contoh dan Struktur Teks Review Pengenalan/ Orientasi Evaluasi 1 Evaluasi 2 Harry Pooter and the Order of the Phoenix I absoluttely love the Harry Potter series. and ultimately satisfying. khalayak ramai.Jika ada Rangkuman c. this was not my favorite. misalnya evolution. The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here. considerated person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads of over nothing. but his predecessor may go back many hundreds of years. and parts of it do seem long. magical or not. two legged bear of today evolved from a single celled organism a speck of dust perhaps. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks (Communicative Purpose) Menjelaskan proses yang terjadi pada sebuah fenomena sosial sebagai sebuah penomena natural. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book. A few other changes in this book-the “real” would come much more in to ply rather than the fantasy universe of the previous book. especially with being a teenager and all. Then gradually. It just seemed like it didn’t fit his character. but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. We do not know exactly when the frist soft furnishing appeared Rangkuman 14 . Other time the book just has slightly a reary. Commentary a. like he turned into a walking clich of the “angry teen” overnight. teddy bear. and Harry has apparently been taken of his meds. for example-housekeeping is still housekeeping. depressing feel. Most authorities now believe that the handsome. b. Past tense conjunction d. In some instances this works… you feel a whole new level of intensity truly moved by the last page. 11. Contoh Teks Commentary Pernyataan umum Where did bears come from? Bear as we know him has bot axisted on this earth for every long period of time. dsb. through natural selection and survival of the speck. Ciri kebahasaan menggunakan: General nouns. as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Reading in detail about Herry cleaning up an old house. Struktur Teks (Text Structure) Pernyataan umum Penjelasan lanjutan c. He goes from being a warm-heart.Tafsiran Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. Teks mengenai ilmu alam menggunakan genre/bentuk teks explaination dalam penyampaiannya. cotton wool balls developed. and I’m not very interest in doing it or reading about other people doing it. Penjelasan lanjutan Penjelasan Lanjutan Penjelasan Lanjutan Penjelasan lanjutan Penjelasan lanjutan 12. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks mengetengahkan suatu masalah (isu) yang ditinjau paling tidak dari 2 (dua) sudut pandang. . Movement became easier with invension of wheel. being incredibly floppy. He must have appeared very strange to his fellow cushions. misshaped cushion was created. its tendency to lie along the bottom of draughty doors perhaps points to the lack of an efficient body cooling mechanism. Discussion (Pembahasan) a. When the first soft toy stood up and walked on two legs instead of four. the Cushion was developing along different lines into the draught excluder. Filled with bean. he still had difficulty in muving about owing to his very short appendages. b. sebelum sampai pada suatu kesimpulan atau rekomendasi. however. modern bear was born. Penjelasan Lanjutan In the beginning was the Cushion. At about the same time as the time as the Bean Bag Frog was emerging. it graduallyeveloped eyes. A few remain in captivity but they appear to have difficulty in reproducing them selves under these circumstances. From these rather basic creatures the first Toy Dog developed. Not a very ampressive object – simply a lump of padding material held together with some sort of covering – but from this induspicious start developed two reptilian forms that were the direct ancettors of modern bear. Dog – on – Wheels was a very succesful species for many years but is now thereatened with extincion. he had two eyes and four legs.on earth. rice or other non-toxic substance. One of the first evolutionary step occurred when a mutant. but they must have been very simple beings. and in water they tended to sink. were pretty on kind. Bean Bag Frogs. and with four leg like a Bean Bag Frog. 15 . • pendapat yang mendukung. but he was the first bean bag frog. a forked tongue and an a patternbody. Long and thin like a Drought Excluder. At first merely a long thin Cushion. Struktur Teks • Isu.Gagasan Pokok 1. Tujuan Komunikatif Teks Melaporkan peristiwa. Gagasan Pokok. RECOUNT (retell/menceritakan kembali) a.• Pendapat yang menentang. dsb thinking verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi penulis. hope. siapa. Hopefully. should have been. doing homework is not a great idea. dsb. misalnya uniforms. Isu Pendapat yang Mendukung Pendapat yang Menentang 12. on the other hand. however. misalnya smoking is harmful. • Kesimpulan. I think we shouldn’t heve homework because I Like to go out after school to a restaurant or the movies. d. dsb. Contoh dan Struktur Teks Homework I have been wondering if homework is necessary I think we should have homework because it helps us to learn and revise our work. action verbs. misalnya feel. could be. dsb. dsb additives. Elaborasi (uraian). Struktur Teks • Pendahuluan (orientation): yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa. adverbias of manner. c. misalnya deliberately. dsb. relating verbs untuk memberi informasi tentang isu yang didiskusikan. Elaborasi (uraian). contrastives dan causal connectives untuk menghubungkan argumen misalnya similatly. Gagasan Pokok 2. Homework is really good because it helps with our education. kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan/ menghibur. misalnya the dumping of unwanted kittens. dsb. Homework helps People who aren’t very smart to remember what they have learned. - Elaborasi (uraian). must. 16 . many times. I think homework is bad because I like to play and discuss things with my family. Sometimes homework is boring and not importany. alcohol dsb. modalities. Ciri Kebahasan: Mengunakan : general nouns untuk menyatakan kategori. seperti perhaps. b. detailed noun groups untuk memberikan informasi secara padu. misalnya We must save. believe. But. Why don’t you have some biscuit. Adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk mengungkapkan tempat. Thanks. Conjunction dan time connectives yang mengurutkan peristiwa/kejadian/kegiatyan.Shall I …? Cara memberi tawaran seperti menawarkan makanan atau minuman dalam bahasa Inggris lazimnya dengan menggunakan ungkapan Would you like…?. run. Offering Help or Things (menawarkan bantuan / menawarkan sesuatu) Untuk menawarkan bantuan. No. Misalnya yesterday.Could I help you? . at my house. well. slowly dsb.Can I help you? . • Komentar pribadi dan/ungkapan penilaian (jika ada).How can I assist you? . d. Dono. Contoh dan Struktur Teks EARTHQUAKE Orientation I was driving along the coast road when the car suddenly lurched to one side.Would you like some bread? . I’d love to. FUNCTIONAL SKILL 1. dsb. The rocks came tumbling across the road and I had to Event 2 abandon the car. 17 . Past tense misalnya We went to the zoo. Misalnya and. please. hewan/benda yang terlibat misalnya. I don’t drink coffee. She was happy. why don’t you have…?.Would you care for some coffee? . thanks. dsb. Would you care for …?.What can I help you . the monkey.Let me help you? . dapat digunakan ungkapan-ungkapan berikut: . • Rentetan Peristiwa /events: kegiatan/peristiwa yang terjadi yangf disampaikan secara berurutan.dimana dan kapan. Action verbs atau kata kerja tindakan. as I said.How can I help you? . How about having …? May I offer you …? Contoh: Tawaran . At first I thought a tyre had gone but then I saw telegraph Event 1 poles collapsing like matchsticks. we dsb. sleep. Ciri Kebahasan: Mengunakan : Noun dan pronoun sebagai kata ganti orang. c. there wasn’t much Event 3 left. but.May I help you? .What can I do for you? .How can I be of assistance to you? . waktu dan cara. after that. misalnya go. When I got back to town. then.Do you want me to help you? . please? Respon Yes.How can I be of help to you? . That’s all right Not at all Don’t mention it Thet’s all right Any time 18 .Let me introduce you to …. let’s not. Menerima .I’d like to but… . I’d love to but….I want to introduce you to …. Congratulations (ucapan selamat) Ungkapan Respon Respon You are welcome.No. Thank you very much for… (kata benda) I’m grateful for…(kata benda/noun) 5.let’s + V1 .I’m sorry I can’t .I’d be happy/glad to accept .Why don’t we …? . I’d love to. 3. That’s great but… 2.How about…? .I’d love to . Untuk menolak tawaran digunakan ungkapan seperti: No. Expressing Thanks (terimakasih) Ungkapan Thank you Thank you very much Thanks.I want to introduce myself Memperkenalkan Orang Lain . Certainly. . I’d be delighted to.I’d like you to meet … (nama) . Please don’t bother.Yes.Let me introduce myself! . Inviting (mengundang/mengajak) Menolak Undangan/Ajakan .Jawaban untuk menerima tawaran antara lain: Yes please.Have you met…(nama)? . Sure. Ofcourse. Introducing (memperkenalkan) Memperkenalkan Dri . That’s great.I’d like to invite you to… .May I introduce you to …(nama/jabatan) . Why not.I’d like to introduce myself.I wonder if you’d like to . . thanks.I’d like very much .This is my friend/boss/etc…(nama) .Would you like to…? .I’m afraid I can’t .My I introduce myself? . It’s a good idea.That’s good ide 4. . Happy birthday to you. that’s too bad. I need it. Displeasure (senang & tidak senang) Pleasure/senang It’s really delightful/Iam delighted I’m satisfied That’s great That’s wonderful It’s really a great pleasure Displeasure/tidak senang I’m dissatisfied We are fed up with… I feel dosappointed She is extremely displeased 8. Satisfaction. ketidakpuasan) Ketika kita akan mengungkapkan kepuasan atas kerja seseorang. Good luck! Have a nice holiday 6. kita dapat gunakan: • I’m not satisfied with work • You haven’t done well enough 19 . • How awful! • How terrible! • Poor! 7. Happy new year. I’d like to congratulate you on… It was great to hear… It was to hear about…. Dissatisfaction ( kepuasan.Congratulations Congratulations on … I’d like to congratulate you. Pleasure. Thank you very much. kita dapat gunakan ungkapan: • Well done! • Great! Good work • I am satisfied with your work • You did well • Your job is satisfactory • I am so happy about this • I’m glad to what you’ve done • It’s really satisfying Katika kita akan mengungkapkan ketidakpuasan atas kerja seseorang. Ungkapan-ungkapan perasaan simpati atas mala petaka/musibah yang dialami orang lain diantaranya: • I’m sorry to hear that • Oh. Sympathy (menyatakan rasa simpati) Thank you Thank you and the same to you Thank you. no! It’s not very nice It’s really not good enough 9. As I see. kegelisahan) Fear I am afraid Respon Don’t be afraid 20 .• • • • • I am really dissappointed Sorry. Fear. In my opinion…. I agree with you • It is certainly • Exactly • That’s what I want to say • I am with you • I am on your side Ketika kita merasa tidak sependapat dengan opini orang lain. … If you ask me. but your work is not satisfactory Oh. I feel… 10. kita bisa mengatakan: • So do I • Yes. kita bisa mengatakan: • Well. Asking & Giving Opinion (meminta & memberi pendapat) Asking Opinion How was the trip? How do you like your new house? How do you think of Rina’s idea? How do you feel about this dicition? What is your opinions of the movie? What are your feelings about it? Giving opinion I think (that)…. I don’t think so • I don’t think that is true • I disagree with … • I wouldn’t say that • Exactly not • I can’t say so • On contrary • I don’t buy that idea 11. tidak setuju) Ketika kita merasa sependapat dengan opini orang lain. Anciety (ungkapan ketakutan. Disagreement/disapproval (setuju. Agreement/approval. Relief (ungkapan kesakitan. Like/Love & Dislike/Hate (suka/cinta & tidak suka/benci) Like I love it I like it I am keen on it I am crazy about it We all enjoy (benda/noun/gerund)…is my cup of tea Dislike I don’t really like it I dislike it I am not really interested in… I can’t enjoy… (benda/noun/gerund)…is not my cup of tea I can’t stand I hate it 14. Don’t worry I am afraid if… Stay cool 12.I am feared There is nothing to be afraid of I am scared It is nothing I am terrified The sound is horrifying Anciety Respon I am worried about… Take is easy I am anxious to know about… Calm down I wondered if… I know you are worried but… That made me worried It is not a big deal I have been thinking about …. Pain. kejengkelan) Embarrassment I am embarrassed I feel ashamed Oh my God Shame on me I don’t feel comfortable I feel awkward Annoyance I am annoyed I had enough with it I can’t bear it any longer You made me annoyed You are such a pain in the neck You made me sick 21 . Embarrassment & Annoyance (Ungkapan rasa malu. kelegaan) Pain Ouch! That was hurt It is painful It hurts me I’ve got a backache/toothache/stomachache I feel sore all over My eyes hurt Relief I’m very relieved to hear… Finally. it was over I feel relieved I feel much better I’m glad it’s over That’s a great relief I’m extremely glad to hear… Thank goodness for that Marvellous What a relief! 13. Apology (penyesalan.… it is going to be possible for me to… that will probably … it’s quite possible … Menanyakan Kemungkinan Do you think he/it could…? Would you say we’re capable of…? Are you capable of…? Are you able to…? Do you have any experience of…? Can you…? Do you know how to…? Do you think you can…? 22 .please? Would you mind …? Any chance of… Can you…? Acceptance Refusal I should be delighted to I regret to say that we find come ourselves unable to go By all means I’m afraid it’s not possible I have no objection I’m afraid not I’d be happy to Sorry Sure No.menyalahkan) Complaint I’m not at all satisfied with the service I really do/must objec to the service I take great exception to… I want to complain about… This is crazy! Blame You’re the one to blame It’s your fault! It’s your mistake! You’re wrong 17. I … Apology Please accept my apologies for what I did Please forgive me for what I did I am extremely sorry I really must apologies May I offer you my sincerest apologies? 18. Blame (keluhan. Regret. Unfortunately I’m terribly sorry I honestly regret that I … Sorry. I …. I won’t Yeah Not likely OK You must be joking No problem Mmm 16. Possibility & Impossibility (kemungkinan & ketidakmungkinan) Menyatakan Kemungkinan I think there is possibility to … I sassume/believe… In all probability. meminta maaf) Regret Much to my regret Sadly. Complaint.15. Request (permintaan) Request Would it be possible for you to Would you be so kind as to Would you…. you.she.we Does utk S= he.we Has utk S= he.she.you.they.it) (-) S+Do/Does not + V¹ Do utk S= I. KET.he.she.it Father has gone to work for 12 hours N= (+) S + have/has+Been + adj/n/adv Father has been at his office since 12 hours ago.LANGUAGE USAGE TENSES TENSES Present Tense (Menyatakan kebiasaan hingga sekarang masih dilakukan) POLA V= (+) S+V¹ (-s/es utk S he.she. WAKTU Every… Usyally Always dll Now At present At this moment To day Lately Recently For Since already yet lately just Yesterday Last… …ago V= (+) S + V2 (-) S + did not + V¹ Did utk semua Subjek N= (+) S + Be (was/were) + adj/n/adv Was utk S= I.it She goes to school everyday She does not go to school everyday N= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are) + adj/n/adv She is beautiful Present Continuous V= (+) S+ to be (am/is/are)+V-ing (Menyatakan aktivitas She is not going to school everyday yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu bicara) Present Perfect (Menyatakan perbuatan/tindakan yang terjadi pada waktu yang tidak tertentu di masa lampau dan pada saat berbicara perbuatan/tindakan tsb telah selesai/baru aja selesai dilakukan) Past Tense (Menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan pada waktu lampau) V= (+) S + have/has + V3 Have utk S= I.it Were utk S= you.they.we 23 .they. waktu Yesterday Last… Just now If + simple past 24 . Perbuatan tsb sudah direncanakan tapi At this time tomorrow At ten tomorrow By + ket.waktu By + ket.Past Perfect Tense (Menyatakan aktivitas yang telah selesai dilakukan ketika aktivitas lain terjadi pada waktu lampau) Past Perfect Continuous (Menyatakan aktivitas yang telah berlangsung selama periode waktu tertentu ketika aktivitas lain terjadi diwaktu lampau. aktivitas tsb masih berlangsung) Future tense (Menyatakan aktivitas yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang) V= (+) S + had + V3 Had utk semua Sabjek (S) N= (+) S + had been + adj/n/adv V= (+) S + had been + V-ing Before/when + S + V2 For + periode waktu + when/ before + S + V2 V= (+) S + will/shall + V¹ Will utk semua Sabjek (S) Shall utk S = I.we N= (+) S + will/shall +be + adj/n/adv Tomorrow Next… Future Continuous (Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + be + V-ing yang akan sedang berlangsung di waktu yang akan datang) Future Perfect (Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall + have + V3 yang akan telah selesai dilakukan ketika aktivitas N= (+) S + will/shall +have +been +adj/n/ lain terjadi diwaktu yang akan datang) Future Perfect Continuous (Menyatakan aktivitas V= (+) S + will/shall +have+been + V-ing yang akan telah sedang berlangsung selama waktu tertentu ketika aktivitas lain terjadi di waktu yang akan datang) Past Future Tense (Menyatakan V= (+) S + would/should + V¹ perbuatan/keadaan yang akan datang N= (+) S + would/should + be + adj/n/adv dilakukan/terjadi diwaktu lampau. works d. the telephone rang twelve times. has been working b.were have/has/had + V3/been will/shall/may/can/must + V¹/be would/sould/might/could/had to + V¹/be Tobe + v-ing TO BE Am.waktu yang seharusnya sudah V-ing sedang berlangsung di suatu waktu di masa lampau tetapi kenyataanya gagal berlangsung) Kita bisa mengenali setiap tensis dengan mengetahui ciri-ciri khusus yang dimiliki setiap tensis: Simple Present Simple past Perfect Future/modal (present) Future/modal (past) Continuous Present Past Perfect Future/modal V¹/do. a. have been practising b. Fred : Juda. The doctors and paramedis work hard to improve the people’s health especially children. worked e.is. are Was. they are succesful.does/am. The infant/death rate has decreased remarkably. will be practising c. were Been be Contoh soal 1. sesuatu seharusnya N= (+) S + would/should + have been + akan telah terjadi pada saat adj/n/adv suatu syarat terpenuhi) Past Perfect Continuous (Menyatakan perbuatan V= (+) S + would/should + have been + By + ket. is working 25 .tidak terlaksana) Past Future Perfect Tense (menyatakan suatu V= (+) S + would/should + have +V3 If + past perfect pengandaian pada masa lampau. What were you doing? Juda: I____ Javanese dancing.are V2/did/was. Dian : The Public Health Centre ____ there for more than twenty years. was parctising e. a. is. Iwan : Yes. practised d. “Srimpi”. will have worked c. have practised Jawaban : B (Past Continuous Tense) 2. will have started e. Agam : Where will we go next holiday? 26 . had cleaned Jawaban : D (Past Continuous tense = menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung ketika kegiatan lain terjadi di waktu lampau. carry d. have been having lunch c. will cause 5. were having lunch Jawaban : C (Past Continuous tense biasa juga dipakai untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan ketika kegiatan lain terjadi pada waktu lampau. Vina : When did you get the letter? Fani : Yesterday. will start b. would have started d. a. am carrying b. carried e. When did you do it? Sri : I did while you ____ the yard. have caused c. will have lived b. have carried c. My family ____ when the postman arrived. Tanda waktu since dapat dijadikan ciri) 5. When airport are located in the center of citied. Kata while bisa dijadikan ciri) 4. a. am living d. they ___ noise pollution and distrub people’s life. Ada tanda waktu for yang bisa dijadikan ciri) 3. caused d. Devi : So you have finished washing the dished. causes e. a. starts c. Retno : Why don’t you reply my letter? Hadi : Oh sorry. has worked for six months e. was living e. a. will have lunch e. Librarian : What was the noise? Student : I dropped some books while I ____ them to the table. have been cleaning c. the meeting ___ by the time we get there. has got a new job d. was carrying 3. has stopped looking for a job b. were cleaning b. were causing b. Ann has been looking for a job for six month. is still looking for a job 4.Jawaban : D (Present Perfect Continuous = peristiwa yang terjadi/dimulai pada waktu lampau dan sekarang masih berlangsung. The librarian suddenly heard a noise. have to live Jawaban : E (Present Perfect Continuous. a. have been living c. will be started 2. a. a. started to work 6 months a go c. have lunch d. clean d. I forget to tell you that I ___ in Bali since last year. will have had lunch b. cleaned e. If we don”t hurry. When + simple past dapat dijadikan ciri) Soal-Soal Latihan 1. This sentence means that Ann ___. Possessive (kata ganti kepemilikan). Is it right? Student : Yes. have been c. was d. would be b. Anto : I’m sorry Ary. was e. a. Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di kalimat langsung/tidak langsung. learn d. a. Kata penghubungnya adalah if/whether dan what. has been b. why. Jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat tanya maka ketika kalimat itu diulang (kalimat tidak langsung) tidak membentuk kata tanya lagi tetapi menjadi kalimat berita. had forgotten e. has attended b. is d. Begitu pula jika kalimat langsung adalah kalimat perintah maka di kalimat tidak langsung menjadi kalimat berita. have learnt e. was e. Student : All right. am d. Learn all these. when.Joko : What about Bali? Agam : That’s OK. has been attending e. but I ____ there many times. struktur kalimat. will have been c. You can’t meet her at her house at 10. dan tempat. am learning 10. will be learning b. had been 7. had been 9. a. where. My father is still in Bali. would forget 8. how. pronoun (kata ganti orang). will be attending d. would be attended DIRECT . will have been c. attended c.INDIRECT (Reported Speech) Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung. have been 6. a. has been e. Teacher : I”ve heard that Benny is ill. Teacher : You will be ready for a test next week. forgets b. sir. forgot c. (-) not to infinitive/V1 27 . He ____ ill for a week. Kata penghubungnya adalah (+) to infinitive/V1.00 tomorrow. He ____ there for three weeks. She ___ the lectures. has forgotten d. will have learnt c. Ary : What did he say Lina? Lina : Anto said that he ___ to bring your book. a. ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan diantaranya perubahan tenses. keterangan waktu. a. sir. I ____ them by then. She studies business. I forget to bring your book. who. Reni goes to her university every morning. will be b. (!) He ordered me not to bring my bag there. “I do not have a present for you in my bag” (?) He asked. (?) He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. (?) He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag. “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” (?) He asked me.Contoh Kalimat Kalimat langsung/direct (+) He said. “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? (!) He ordered/commanded me. (-) He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. “ I have a present for you in my bag. Perubahan Tenses Indirect (kalimat tidak langsung) Simple Past Past Continuous Past Future Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Lebih singkatnya perubahan tenses tersebut adalah: Direct Indirect V1 (eat) V2 (ate) V2 (ate) Had + V3 (had eaten) Am/is/are Was/were Do/does Did Do/does not Did not Did not Had not + V3 Was/were Had been Am/is/are + V-ing Was/were + V-ing Was/were +V-ing Had been + V-ing Has/have + V3 Had + V3 Will/shall/can/may/must Would/should/could/might/had to Could/might/should/would + V1/be could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been 28 .” (-) He said. “Bring my bag here now!” (!) He ordered me. “Don’t bring your bag here!” Direct (kalimat langsung) Simple Present Present Continuous Present Future Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Simple Past Past Continuous Kalimat tidak langsung/indirect (+) He said that he had a present for me in his bag. (!) He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. indirect/tdk langsung harus past perfect) 2. Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday? Jenifer : What did the teacher want to know. he goes to his country c. The baby is sleeping. that Mary had been absent b. He said ____ the previous day. a. a. I am very noisy b. Ferdy? Ferdy : he wanted to know ____ a. why Mary had been absent c. I wasn’t so noisy d. he will go to his country Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past. why Mary was absent e. mom. if Mary was absent d. Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday? Raul : Of course. Rudy : What did your mother just told you? Herman : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping. Herman : Okay. to be not so noisy c. Herman. don’t be noisy 29 . he went to his country b.Perubahan Keterangan Waktu dan Tempat Direct Indirect Now Then Today That day Tomorrow The next day The day after The following day A day later Next… The… after The following… Last… The…before The previous … The preceeding …ago …before …earlier Yesterday The day before The previous day The preceeding day The day before yesterday Two day before Here There This That These those Contoh Soal 1. not to be so noisy e. he has gone to his country e. why was Mary absent Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk past perfect) 3. had gone to his country d. Mother : Don’t be so noisy. what I was doing then 5. can he go with us e. if I opened my mouth e. forgot c. I hadn’t cleaned d. Does Mira close the window. Ari : What did he say. Doctor : Open your mouth! Mother : What did the doctor tell you? Son : The doctor told me ___ a. 4. Mother asked Mira to close the windows because it was windy outside. “ ___________” a. a. He asked me ____ a. would forget 3. e. b. he does not clean e. going with us b. Anto : I am sorry Lina. Lina? Lina : Anto said to me that he ___ to bring my book. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken d. Mira closed the window. Mira. had forgotten e. has forgotten d. “What are you doing now?”. what I am doing now. Head master : Why didn”t you clean this room this morning? Jani : I am sorry. what were you doing now. he asked me ____”. “Is John coming to the party tonight?” “yes. Mother said. to open my mouth Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O) 5. It is windy outside. d. Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken? Mother asked me ____ a. whether I want meatball or fried chicken c. c. It was windy outside. If he could go with us d. he hasn’t cleaned 2. a. wether he goes with us 30 . c. that I want meatball or fried chicken e. he asked. he would not clean c. to open my mouth b. that I open his mouth d. forgets b.Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be) 4. a. e. b. if I want meatball or fried chicken Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2) Soal-Soal Latihan 1. Mira closed the window. I forgot to bring your book. he headn’t cleaned b. To close the window Mira! It is windy outside. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken b. It is windy outside. It was windy outside. Closed the window. what I was doing then. what are you were doing now d. The headmaster asked her why ___ the room this morning. I got a headache. opened my mouth c. d. b. not spending b. Perubahan iti terjadi hanya pada struktur kalimatnya saja. Slamet. a. he went with us 6. Father said. not to spend e. Mean____ a. Hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merubah aktif ke pasif adalah: • Yang dapat dijadikan kalimat passive adalah Verbal Sentence (kalimat yang predikatnya kata kerja/V) • Verbal sentence yang dapat dirubah ke Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang memiliki objek penderita. “Finish your work!” The indirect form is: Father told me ____ a.c. My friend asked me if I could help him find a hotel. to finish your work b. My parents advised my sister ____ too much money on clothes. did I have an appointment d. not spend c. • Ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice adalah to be + V3 dan kata by (kata ini bukan merupakan syarat yang harus ada dalam kalimat pasif ) Contoh : (Aktive) Bajuri loves Oneng S P/V1 O (Passive) Oneng is loved by Bajuri. did not spend 7. finished your work e. My friend asked me to find a hotel for him. she said. “Can I find you a hotel?”. She told the children not to make noise. finish your work d. how was my appointment e. to finish my work c. do not spend d. a. I wondered if my friend could help me find a hotel. She told the children don’t make noise d. a. whether I had appointment 8. that I finish my work PASSIVE VOICE (kalimat pasif) Kalimat passif adalah kalimat dimana subjek dikenai tindakan/pekerjaan. My friend asked me whether he could help me find a hotel. 31 . that I had an appointment c. S P/V3 (Active) I bought a new motorcycle last week. when is my appointment b. She said the children didn’t make noise e. My friend said that I could help him find a hotel. She didn’t say the children should noise noise 9. • Perubahan aktif ke pasif atau sebaliknya tidak merubah makna kalimat. 10. c. “don’t make noise. b. e. children”. sedangkan kalimat aktif subjeklah yang melakukan tindakan/pekerjaan. My friend said to me. She didn’t tell the children to make c. The secretary asked me ___ with Mr. was being postponed e. has to be postponed b. What happened to her just now? B : While playing with her brother. A : Do you know the result of the test? B : Not yet. are sold e. was kicking b. A : Look! The girl is crying. were sold b. Karena subjek items jamak 32 . was sold Jawaban: B (konteks kalimat adalah simple present. had been sold c. kicks d. will be postponed Jawaban : A (konteks kalimat adalah simple past) 3. she ____ a. a. was postponed d.(passive) A new motorcycle was bought by me last week Tenses Rumus Pola aktif-pasif untuk semua tenses Active Passive S + V1 S + V2 S + am/is/are + V-ing S + have/has + been + V-ing S + was/were + V-ing S + had + been + V-ing S + will/shall + be + V-ing S + will + have + V-ing S + would + be + V-ing+ S +would +have+been+V-ing S + have/has + V3 S + had + V3 S + will/shall + V1 S + would/should + V1 S + may/can/must + V1 S + might/could/had to + V1 S + am/is/are + V3 S + was/were + V3 S + am/is/are + being + V3 S + have/has +been + being +V3 S + was/were + being + V3 S + had + been + being + V3 S + will/shall + be + being + V3 S + will +have+been+ being +V3 S + would + be + being + V3 S +would+have+been+ being+V3 S + have/has + been + V3 S + had + been + V3 S + will/shall + be + V3 S + would/should + be + V3 S + may/can/must + be + V3 S + might/could/had to + be + V3 Simple Present Simple Past Present Continuous Present perfect continuous Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Continuous Future Perfect Continuous Past Futurre Continuous Past Future Perfect Continu Simple Perfect Past Perfect Simple Future Past Future Modal (present) Modal (past) Jadi lebih singkatnya ciri kalimat pasif/passive voice selain by + O adalah Present am/is/are + V3 Past was/were + V3 Perfect been + V3 Continuous being + V3 Future/modal be + V3 Contoh Soal 1. Mela : Why do you prefer Surya Depstore to others? Noni : Because the items ____ at a reasonable price. The announcement ____ twice. is sold d. has been postponed c. a. kicked e. will kick Jawaban : E (simple past: S + was/were + V3) 2. was kicked c. the baby is well looked after d. would be built 4. a.A. have been unloaded d. will be rewarded 33 . is being built c. X : There’s no longer a rule for the youth to enter military service in Britain. A big dam ___ in this area next year. They had just been living in the house for two years when it ___ by the fire.? a. were being unloaded e. the baby was looked after well e. She looks after the baby well. has been built b. will be unloaded b. a. when…. have arranged b. Dita : When did the accident happen? Dini : When the goods ____ from the truck. did it abolish e. was it to abolish b. destroyed d. is being cleaned e. is being destroyed c. a. will build d. The books in the library ___ in alphabetical order. is being rewarded b. are being unloaded Jawabab: B (pola pasif past continuaou tense: S + was/were + being + V3) Soal-Soal Latihan 1. The passive form is ____ a. was it abolishing d. a. have been arranged 3. are unloaded c. cleaned c. rewarded d. has arranged c. will be born 2. a. We can’t swim in the swimming pool now because it ___. was arranged e. has been born c. was being cleaned d. would be born b. a.maka to be yang sesuai adalah are) 4. Everybody knew that he had shown great loyalty to the company. a. was born e. was it abolished Jawaban: C (pola pasif introgative simple past: was/were + S + V3) 5. Y : Really. will be destroyed b. was destroyed 6. Kartini ____ in Jepara in 1879. is arranged d. is born d. the baby will be well looked after 7. therefore he ____ a big sum of money at the anniversary of the company. the baby is being looked after well b. R. will clean b. will be built e. was rewarded e. has been rewarded c. to be abolished c. the baby would be well looked after c. had destroyed e. has been cleaned 5. is demolishing c. will be taken d. At the moment the old building ____ to make space dor a parking lot. As the victem was badly hurt in the car accident. he ____ to the nearest hospital. has been taken DEGREES OF COMPARISON (tingkat perbandingan) Terdiri dari 3 tingkatan. Beberapa kata harus dibentuk dengan cara tidak beraturan pada comparative dan superlative. was being promised c. Superlative (tingkat palinga) S + tobe + the most/-est + noun phrase Contoh: Jojon is the most handsome Bajuri is the cleverest person Catatan a. will be promised 10. Contoh: bad worse worst good better best much more most c. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua/lebih harus diawali kata “more” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “the most” pada kalimat tingkat paling/superlative. has promised d.sifat contoh: Jojon is handsome Gogon is clever 2. Sita is waiting for her birthday party dress because she ____ a new one by her mother. demolishing d. is being demolished e. Adjective/kata-kata sifat yang bersuku kata satu/dua yang berakhir dengan akhiran “-er/-r” pada kalimat perbandingan/comparative dan “-est/-st” pada kalimat tingkat paling/superlative adalah: 1. Positive (tingkat biasa) S + tobe + adjective/k. took c. Comparative (tingkat perbandingan) S + tobe + more/-er + adjective + than contoh: Jojon is more handsome than Aming Bajuri is cleverer than Oneng 3. a. will be promised e. has been promising b. was taken b.8. a. yaitu: 1. Contoh: rich richer richest deep deeper deepest 34 . a. Contoh: beautiful more beaitiful the most beautiful b. Kata yang berakhir dengan 2 konsonan / 1 konsonan yang didahului dengan 2 vokal. had been demilishing b. is being taken e. was being demolishing 9. Begitu pula jika statement adalah kalimat nominal maka question tag-nya pun dibentuk menurut kaidah kalimat nominal yaitu ada kata kerja to be yang dipakai seperti: am/is/are. will. -er. large larger largest 4. Dalam perubahannya konsonan tersebut digandakan sebelum diberi akhiran –er dan –est. may. have/has. Kata yang berakhir dengan 1 konsonan yang dudahului oleh 1 vokal. had. did. Tetapi jika –y tsb didahului vokal maka aturan tersebut di atas tidak berlaku. Jika anak kalimat mendahului induk kalimat maka setelah anak kalimat ada koma (.). shall. Ada 3 tipe conditional sentence : 35 . -le. dll. Kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran –some. Jika statement adalah kalimat verbal maka question tag-nya dibentuk menurut kaidah kalimat verbal yaitu ada kata kerja bantu/modal yang dipakai seperti: do/does. big bigger biggest 3. Contoh : Pok Ati is a beautiful woman. easy easier easiest coy coyer coyest 5.Contoh: Contoh: Contoh: Contoh: Contoh Soal 1. was/were. b. QUESTION TAGS 2. Kata yang berakhir dengan –y yang didahului konsonan dalam perubahannya huruf –y tersebut berubah menjadi –i. isn’t she? My husband didn’t go to Bandung last week. Kata yang berakhir dengan –e dalam perubahannya hanya diberi akhiran –r dan – st. -ow. clever cleverer cleverest Merupakan bentuk pertanyaan berekor yang fungsinya untuk mempertegas suatu pertanyaan. can. Induk kalimat biasanya diawali dengan kata “if”. did he? a. dll. Jika statement (+) maka question tag (-) dan sebaliknya CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (kalimat pengandaian) Conditional sentence terdiri dari anak kalimat (sub clause) dan induk kalimat (mean clause) dimana bentuk tenses yang di pakai pada keduanya berbada. (Saya sebenarnya tidak punya waktu sekarang ini sehingga tidak bisa pergi) Pola: If + simple past + past future/modal V2 would/should/could/had to/might + V1 Was/were would/should/could/had to/might + be Di tipe ini hanya were saja yang dipakai. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah ada (bukan imajinasi) tapi kalau syarat terpenuhi. saya sudah mengirim surat padamu.ini bermakna saya tidak mengirim surat karena saya tidak tahu kamu berada di sana) Pola: If + past perfect + past future perfect/modal perfect Had + V3 would/should/could/had to/might + have + V3 Had been would/should/could/had to/might + have been RELATIVE PRONOUNS (kata ganti penghubung) Relative Pronoun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mengantikan salah satu pokok kalimat/bagian kalimat lainnya yang menghubungkan dua buah kalimat menjadi satu kalimat majemuk (complex sentence). ( Jika saya tahu waktu dulu kamu berada di sana. Kalau kalimatnya (+). Past Conditional (type 3) Kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kewajiban/kegiatan yang dilakukan dimasa lampau. Contoh: If I have much money.1. Present Conditional (type 2) Kalimat yang diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa sekarang. Contoh : (+) If I had time. Apa yang diucapkan. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja). 3. Kata-kata yang digunakan sebagai penghubung yaitu: who. whose. Kalimat ini diucapkan bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya di masa lalu. I will buy a new car. Kemungkinan harapan terpenuhi di tipe ini adalah tidak ada (hanya imajinasi saja) Cnth : (+) If I had known you were there. tetapi tidak dilakukan/ tidak terpenuhi. Kalau kalimatnya (+). maka makna/meaning-nya (-) dan sebaliknya. itulah yang diharapkan. I would go to the beach with you. I would have written you a letter. maka makna/meaning yang disampaikan (-) dan sebaliknya. Future Conditional (type 1) Kalimat yang diucapkan dan kenyataan yang sebenarnya tidak bertolak belakang. saya akan membeli mobil baru) Pola : If + simple present + simple future/modal S + V1 S + will/shall/can/must/may + V1 S + am/is/are S + will shall/can/must/may + be 2. which. Who/that: “yang” orang Who/that Whom/that whose benda Which/that Which/that Of which 36 . of which. (jika saya punya uang. Rumus Umum : Jabatan dalam kalimat Subjek Objek Kepunyaan (possesseve) 1. whom. Its surface is not smooth. Contoh: We saw the people. Possessive I sent the table of which surface is not smooth back to the store. When 37 . Meja yg dimaksud the table) 7. S O possessive We saw the people whose car had been stolen. O O My mother loves a red car which/that I bought last year very much ( it = a red car. Where 8. their. sebuah benda. jabatan sebagai objek) . her. (they = the stories/cerita adalah kata benda yg kedudukannya sebagai S) My mother loves a red car very much. They live in Jakarta S O S We know a lot of people who live in Jakarta (They = a lot ao people. I met him last week. its.Digunakan utk pengganti orang sbg subjek Contoh: We know a lot of people. I bought it last year. (him = the man. They are printed in English. your. Whom/that: “yang” Digunakan untuk pengganti objek Contoh: The girl feel in love with the man. jabatan dalam kalimat subjek. our. jabatan sebagai objek) 3. Contoh: I sent the table back to the store. which/that Digunakan untuk mengganti kata benda/binatang sebagai subjek Contoh: I don’t like the stories. Orang yang dimaksud = the people) 4. (their car = mobilnya orang-orang.) 2. 6. (its surface/permukaannya meja. Of which Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan/possessive untuk benda/binatang. S I don’t like the stories that/which are printed in English. whose: “yang punya” Digunakan untuk mengganti kata ganti kepunyaan: my. Their car has been stolen. S O S O The girl feel in love with the man whom I met last week. his. (saya meminta mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya) 38 . (saya berharap kamu akan berhenti mengatakan itu) I wish she would come to my party to night (saya berharap dia akan dapat datang ke pesta saya minggu ini) .SUBJUNCTIVE WISH Subjunctive/angan-angan digunakan untuk menyatakan/mengungkapkan harapan yang tidak dapat terpenuhi. Causative have berarti menyuruh/memerintahkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu. sedangkan causative get berarti meminta (dengan persuasif) seseorang melakukan sesuatu.Present Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + V2/were Contoh : I wish you were old enough to marry me. (saya berharap tadi malam dia punya banyak waktu) CAUSATIVE HAVE/GET Causative have dan get digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pekerjaan yang dilakukan orang lain untuk si Subjek.Past Rumus : S¹ + wished + S² + had V3/could have V3 Contoh : She wished she had had more time last night. Rumus Active S + have/has/had + Object¹ + V1 + Object² S + get/gets/got + Object¹ + to V1 + Object Contoh : (1). (mereka berharap sekarang ini mereka tidak harus pergi sekolah) . . (Dia meminta Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya) (2). She gets the shoemaker to mend her shoes. I got the mechanic to repair my car.Future Rumus : S¹ + wish + S² + could/would + V¹/be Contoh : I wish you would stop saying that. She has the shoemaker mend her shoes S Someone/O¹ V1 something/O² (Dia menyuruh Pembuat sepatu memperbaiki sepatunya) O¹ V1 O² (2). (saya menyuruh mekanis memperbaiki mobil saya Contoh : (1). I had mechanic repair my car. (saya berharap sekarang ini umurmu cukup tua untuk menikahi saya) They wish they didn’t have to go to school today. Kata kerja/V setelah kata kerja tertentu Admit Appreciate Claim Can’t help Resume Consider Avoid Delay Deny Risk Enjoy Finish Quit Resist Siggest Mind Miss Postpone Practice Advise Recall Regret Report Recent resist Contoh : We enjoy seeing them again after so many years. Verb/kata kerja sebagai subjek. 2. Contoh : My hobby is cycling. The manager gets the letter typed.her. 4. get used to. Contoh : It is no use studying without practicing. can’t help/can’t bear. Contoh: Swimming is a good sport. 5. (Menejer meminta surat itu ditik) GERUND Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan/ kata benda yang dibentuk dari kata kerja yang diberi akhiran –ing (V-ing). Gerund digunakan bila: 1.Amir’s. Setelah kata depan/preposition seperti for. to be worth. to be busy. Jogging makes us fresh. Before leaving. (Dona lebih menyukai menari ketiumbang menyanyi) 39 . his. Verb sebagai complement/pelengkap. dll) Contoh : His staring frigtens me. O V3 (Menejer menyuruh surat itu ditik) (2). 6. S + prefers + noun/V-ing + to + noun/V-ing Contoh: . Contoh : I am sorry for coming late. Setelah possessive adjective (my. he said nothing.to be used to.their.Dona prefers dancing to singing.your.Rumus Passive S + have/has/had + O + V3 S + get/gets/got + O + V3 Contoh (1). PREFERENCES (pilihan/kesukaan) Menyukai A ketimbang B 1. 3. on. The manager has the letter typed.our. before dll. Setelah istilah khusus seperti no use. I was really sad when I saw a drama movie. Menunjukan tanda urutan: first. I prepare my ticket and passport before I go on holiday to Paris.Juned prefers combro to deblo.V better than radio.Kokom likes reading better than watching T. 3. a. b.You can read this book if you like. I started to look for an apartment as soon as I arrived in this city. c. We went home after the rain stopped. we put them into frying pan. While he was reading her novel.Ayu would prefer to phone me rather than send SMS. Kata sambung yang berdiri sendiri seperti: and. then. first. if. since. 1. Next. Connectors dibagi menjadi 3. (Juned lebih menyukai combro ketimbang deblo) 2. dll. c. 3. d. yaitu: 1. I can’t treat you. S + like + noun/V-ing + better than + noun/V-ing Contoh: .V . S + would prefer + to V1 + rather than + V1 Contoh: . b. S + would rather + V1 + than + V1 Contoh: . CONJUNCTIONS (Kata Sambung) Kata sambung adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menyambung dua kalimat/kata-kata. for. that.I like T. (Ayu lebih menyukai menelpon saya ketimbang mengirim SMS) CONNECTORS (Kata Penghubung) Connectors digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat/lebih menjadi satu kalimat. after that. (kamu dapat membaca buku ini jika kamu mau) . while. Menunjukan waktu: before. although/though. somebody knocked on the door. Finally. a. or. b. d. next. I went to the hospital because of my serious accident.. when. I went to the hospital because I had a serious accident. (Dita lebih menyukai nonton T. 2.V ketimbang main video game) 4. finally. c. Since I have no money.V. we must prepare the ingredients. 40 . . but. as soon as. After that. we cut the vegetables into small pieces. Contoh: .I went to your house but you weren’t at home. a. e. after. than plays a video game.Dita would rather watch T. we put some sauce and salt. Menunjukan sebab dan akibat: because/because of. maupun…) neither…nor… (…tidak…dan tidak…) Contoh: .He is not only active but also clever. (dia tidak hanya aktif tetapi juga pintar) . SELASA.He is both wise and good. yaitu structure question dan wriiten expression questions. yaitu terdapat pada soal nomor 1 sampai 15.Factory pollutions have polluted either land or water in our environment. 41 . (dia bijaksana dan juga baik) . Pertanyaaan yang diujikan dalam bagian ini sebanyak 40 soal yang dibagi ke dalam dua model.(saya pergi ke rumahmu tapi kamu tidak ada di rumah) . STRUCTURE Model pertama structure questions terdiri dari lima belas pertanyaan. he come on time. Kalimat elip digunakan untuk menghindari adanya pengulangan kata yang sama dalam suatu kalimat. (Polusi pabrik telah mencemari tanah maupun air di lingkungan kita) . bagian pertama ini digunakan untuk menguji kemampuan Anda dalam memahami struktur kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris secara benar. (walaupun hujan dia datang tepat waktu) 2. Ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kompetensi Anda dalam hal Tata Bahasa di dalam bahasa Inggris. (Amir dan saya pergi ke sekolah setiap hari) .The research is neither intersting nor accurate (Penelitian itu tidak menarik dan tidak akurat) ELLIPTIC CONSTRUCTION Kalimat elip merupakan pemendekan dari dua kalimat/lebih dengan cara menghilagkan beberapa bagian kalimat yang memiliki kesamaan arti asalnya. Durasi waktu yang disediakan hanya selama 25 menit.Although it was raining. 06 MEI 2008 Kunci Menaklukkan STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION dalam TOEFL STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION Structure and Written Expression adalah bagian kedua yang diujikan dalam ujian TOEFL.Amir and I go to school everyday.) not only…but also… (…tidak hanya…tetapi juga…) either…or… (…. Kata sambung yang berpasangan seperti: both…and… (…dan juga…. KUNCI STRUCTURE I. Anda akan menjumpai bagian kalimat yang masih kosong/belum lengkap. Contoh : Young children . KUNCI WRITTEN EXPRESSION I. Contoh : There are thousands of kinds of bacteria.Pengujian pada model ini menggunakan format structure completion... KUNCI UMUM I. III.. Pertama-tama perhatikan kalimat yang dipertanyakan dalam soal. II... Jangan pernah mengeliminasi sebuah pilihan jawaban dengan hanya melihat pada jawaban tanpa melihat kalimat soal.. C atau D) yang tersedia. Anda harus melengkapinya dengan salah satu dari empat pilihan jawaban (A. Kerjakanlah soal-soal structure terlebih dahulu... Pilihan yang paling mungkin adalah (A) dan (B)... sehingga (B) tidak bisa diterima maka jawaban yang tepat adalah (A). and tag. WRITTEN EXPRESSION Model ini meliputi dua puluh lima pertanyaanya terdapat mulai soal nomor 16 sampai 40. B.. Dengan demikian verb yang tepat bukanlah “is” melainkan “are”. tetapi children mengacu pada kata benda jamak.. yaitu pada lembar soal. Bagian yang tidak tepat ini terdapat pada salah satu dari empat kata atau kelompok kata yang diberi tanda garis bawah. bagian ini terutama ditujukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan dan pengetahuan Anda tentang bentuk-bentuk ekspresi yang digunakan dalam tulisan berbahas Inggris. Pertama-tama perhatikan kata yang digarisbawahi dan temukan secara cepat bagian mana yang tidak tepat. 42 . ABCD Selanjutnya Anda harus mengidentifikasikan bagian mana yang salah dari keempat kata/kelompok kata yang diberi garis bawah.. most of which is harmless to humans. (A) enjoy (B) enjoys (C) enjoying (D) does enjoy Anda harus memilih salah satu dari keekmpat jawaban tersebut yang paling tepat... Dengan pengamatan yang teliti akhirya Anda menemukan bahwa pilihan (C) merupakan komponen penyusun kalimat yang salah karena “most of which” merujuk pada noun yang jamak.playing active games such as chasing. Anda harus mengidentifikasikan kekurangan dari kalimat tersebut. III.. pilihlah yang paling tepat untuk melengkapi kalimat yang dipersoalkan. Lanjutkan pada soal-soal written expression. Berikut beberapa kunci mendasar yang harus Anda pahami dalam mengerjakan soal-soal structure and written expression. II. Perhatikan masing-masing jawaban yang tersedia. Pahamilah bentuk-bentuk perintah (direction) pada masing-masing bagian (part) dengan baik sebelum hari H ujian. hide and seek.. Pada bagian ini Anda diminta untuk mengidentifikasi bagian yang tidak tepat dalam sebuah kalimat. Pada kalimat di atas.... Bila soal yang Anda hadapi tidak bisa diidentifikasi hanya dengan melihat kata atau kelompok kata yang bergaris bawah. segeralah membaca kalimat secara lengkap. 43 .II.